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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13232 ***
+
+[Illustration: NEVADA FALLS (height 617 feet). Yosemite Valley.]
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+BY
+
+ELLA M. SEXTON
+
+
+NEW YORK
+
+THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
+1903
+
+
+_All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+1902,
+
+BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
+
+
+Set up, electrotyped, and published September, 1902. Reprinted
+October, 1903.
+
+
+
+Normond Press J.S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass.,
+U.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+To recount in simple, accurate narratives the early conditions and
+subsequent development of California is the purpose of this book. In
+attempting to picture the romantic events embodied in the wonderful
+history of the state, and to make each sketch clear and concise as
+well as interesting, the author has avoided many dry details and
+dates.
+
+Several of the stories endeavor to explain the remarkable physical
+characteristics of California. The work to this end was rendered
+lighter by the hope that the reader might find the book merely an
+introduction to that larger knowledge of personal observation and
+inquiry.
+
+But the writer's chief aim has been to interest the children of
+California in the beautiful land of their birth, to unfold to them the
+life and occurrences of bygone days, and to lead them to note and to
+enjoy their fortunate surroundings.
+
+Among the many authorities consulted for the work, special
+acknowledgment is due to the historians, Theodore H. Hittell and H.H.
+Bancroft.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CALIFORNIA'S NAME AND EARLY HISTORY
+
+THE STORY OF THE MISSIONS AND OF FATHER SERRA
+
+BEFORE THE GRINGOS CAME
+
+THE AMERICANS AND THE BEAR-FLAG REPUBLIC
+
+THE DAYS OF GOLD AND THE ARGONAUTS OF '49
+
+MINING STORIES
+
+HOW POLLY ELLIOTT CAME ACROSS THE PLAINS
+
+THE BUILDING OF THE OVERLAND RAILROAD
+
+STORY OF THE WHEAT FIELDS
+
+ORCHARD, FARM, AND VINEYARD
+
+THE STORY OF THE NAVEL ORANGE
+
+THE LEMON
+
+FLOWERS AND PLANTS
+
+THE BIG TREES AND LUMBERING
+
+OUR BIRDS
+
+OUR WILD ANIMALS
+
+IN SALT WATER AND FRESH
+
+ABOUT CALIFORNIA'S INDIANS
+
+THE STORY OF SAN FRANCISCO
+
+MEN CALIFORNIA REMEMBERS
+
+OUR GLORIOUS CLIMATE
+
+SOME WONDERFUL SIGHTS
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+NEVADA FALLS (height 617 feet), YOSEMITE VALLEY
+
+FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA
+
+MISSION CHURCH, MONTEREY
+
+OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. Founded 1769
+
+MISSION SAN LUIS REY. Founded 1798
+
+MISSION DOLORES. Established 1776
+
+SANTA BARBARA MISSION. Founded 1786
+
+UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER
+
+PLACER GOLD MINING. Washing with Cradle
+
+AN ORANGE TREE WITH FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS
+
+PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD AT LOS ANGELES
+
+HOP VINES
+
+AMONG THE HOP VINES
+
+WHITE SANTA BARBARA POPPY
+
+WILD CALIFORNIA POPPY
+
+IN A MISSION GARDEN
+
+A CHRISTMAS GARDEN
+
+"WAWONA" (28 feet in diameter)
+
+THE GRIZZLY GIANT (33 feet in diameter)
+
+BIG TREES AT FELTON, SANTA CRUZ CO.
+
+YOUNG TOWHEE
+
+BABY YELLOW WARBLERS. From photographs by Elizabeth Grinnell
+
+CALIFORNIA RED DEER. From a photograph by George V. Robinson
+
+LEAPING TUNA
+
+BLACK SEA BASS
+
+HUMPBACK WHALE (57 feet long)
+
+TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE
+
+INDIAN WOMAN WITH PAPPOOSE
+
+INDIAN WOMAN WITH BASKETS
+
+INDIAN BASKETS
+
+SEAL ROCKS, SAN FRANCISCO
+
+THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO
+
+ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE TEA GARDEN, SAN FRANCISCO
+
+FALLEN LEAF LAKE
+
+MOUNT SHASTA FROM STRAWBERRY VALLEY
+
+"EL CAPITAN" (3300 feet in height)
+
+YOSEMITE FALLS
+
+NATURAL BRIDGE, SANTA CRUZ
+
+[Compiler's note 1: Four illustrations were omitted from the published
+book, but were listed in the Illustrations pages.]
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+
+CALIFORNIA'S NAME AND EARLY HISTORY
+
+
+A Spanish story written four hundred years ago speaks of California as
+an island rich in pearls and gold. Only black women lived there, the
+story says, and they had golden spears, and collars and harness of
+gold for the wild beasts which they had tamed to ride upon. This
+island was said to be at a ten days' journey from Mexico, and was
+supposed to lie near Asia and the East Indies.
+
+Among those who believed such fairy tales about this wonderful island
+of California was Cortes, a Spanish soldier and traveller. He had
+conquered Mexico in 1521 and had made Montezuma, the Mexican emperor,
+give him a fortune in gold and precious stones. Then Cortes wished
+to find another rich country to capture, and California, he thought,
+would be the very place. He wrote home to Spain promising to bring
+back gold from the island, and also silks, spices, and diamonds from
+Asia. For he was sure that the two countries were near together, and
+that both might be found in the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea, as he
+called it, by sailing northwest.
+
+So for years Cortes built ships in New Spain (or Mexico), and sent out
+men to hunt for this golden island. They found the Gulf of California,
+and at last Cortes himself sailed up and down its waters. He explored
+the land on both sides, and saw only poor, naked Indians who had a few
+pearls but no gold. Cortes never found the golden island. We should
+remember, however, that his ships first sailed on the North Pacific
+and explored Lower California, and that he first used the name
+California for the peninsula.
+
+It was left for a Portuguese ship-captain called Cabrillo to find the
+port of San Diego in 1542. He was the first white man to land upon
+the shores of California, as we know it. Afterwards he sailed north to
+Monterey. Many Indians living along the coast came out to his ship
+in canoes with fish and game for the white men. Then Cabrillo sailed
+north past Monterey Bay, and almost in sight of the Golden Gate. But
+the weather was rough and stormy, and without knowing of the fine
+harbor so near him, he turned his ship round and sailed south again.
+He reached the Santa Barbara Islands, intending to spend the winter
+there, but he died soon after his arrival. The people of San Diego
+now honor Cabrillo with a festival every year. He was the sea-king who
+found their bay and first set foot on California ground.
+
+About this time Magellan had discovered the Philippine Islands, and
+Spain began to send ships from Mexico to those islands to buy silks,
+spices, and other rich treasures. The Spanish galleons, or vessels,
+loaded with their costly freight, used to come home by crossing
+the Pacific to Cape Mendocino, and then sailing down the coast of
+California to Mexico. Before long the English, who hated Spain and
+were at war with her, sent out brave sea-captains to capture the
+Spanish galleons and their cargoes. Sir Francis Drake, one of the
+boldest Englishmen, knew this South Sea very well, and on a ship
+called the _Golden Hind_ (which meant the Golden Deer), he came to the
+New World and captured every Spanish vessel he sighted. He loaded
+his ship with their treasures, gold and silver bars, chests of
+silver money, velvets and silks, and wished to take his cargo back to
+England. He tried to find a northern, or shorter way home, and at last
+got so far north that his sailors suffered from cold, and his ship was
+nearly lost. Obliged to sail south, he found a sheltered harbor near
+Point Reyes, and landed there in 1579. Drake claimed the new country
+for the English Queen, Elizabeth, and named it New Albion. A great
+many friendly Indians in the neighborhood brought presents of feather
+and bead work to the commander and his men. These Indians killed
+small game and deer with bows and arrows, and had coats or mantles
+of squirrel skins.
+
+[Illustration: FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA.]
+
+Drake and his sailors repaired and refitted their vessel during the
+month they stayed at Drake's Bay. They made several trips inland also
+and saw the pine and redwood forests with many deer feeding on the
+hills; but they did not discover San Francisco Bay. On leaving New
+Albion, Drake sailed the _Golden Hind_ across the Pacific to the East
+Indies and the Indian Ocean, and round the Cape of Good Hope home to
+England, with all the treasure he had taken. The queen received him
+with great honors and his ship was kept a hundred years in memory of
+the brave admiral, who had commanded it on this voyage.
+
+During the next century several English commanders of vessels sailed
+the South Sea while hunting Spanish galleons to capture, and these
+ships often touched at Lower California for fresh water. Some of
+the captains explored the coast and traded with the Indians, but no
+settlements were made.
+
+Then the Spanish tried to find and settle the country they had heard
+so many reports of, thinking to provide stations where their trading
+ships might anchor for supplies and protection. Viscaino, on his
+second voyage for this purpose, landed at San Diego in 1602. Sailing
+on to the island he named Santa Catalina, Viscaino found there a tribe
+of fine-looking Indians who had large houses and canoes. They were
+good hunters and fishermen and clothed themselves in sealskins.
+Viscaino went on to Monterey and finally as far north as Oregon, but
+owing to severe storms, and to sickness among his sailors, he was
+obliged to return to Mexico.
+
+For a long time after this failure to settle upon the coast, the
+Spanish came to Lower California for the pearl-fisheries. Along the
+Gulf of California were many oyster-beds where the Indians secured
+the shells by diving for them. Large and valuable pearls were found
+in many of the oysters, and the Spanish collected them in great
+quantities from the Indians who did not know their real value.
+
+In this peninsula of Lower California fifteen Missions, or
+settlements, each having a church, were founded by Padres of the
+Jesuits. But later the Jesuits were ordered out of the country, and
+their Missions turned over to the Franciscan order of Mexico.
+
+With the coming of the Franciscans a new period of California's
+history began. Spain wished to settle Alta California, or that region
+north of the peninsula, and Father Serra, the head and leader of these
+Franciscans, was chosen to begin this work.
+
+How he did this, and how he and his followers founded the California
+Missions you will read in the story of that time.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE MISSIONS AND OF FATHER SERRA
+
+
+The old Missions of California are landmarks that remind us of Father
+Serra and his band of faithful workers. There were twenty-one of their
+beautiful churches, and though some are ruined and neglected, others
+like the Mission Dolores of San Francisco and the Santa Barbara and
+Monterey buildings are still in excellent condition. From San Diego to
+San Francisco these Missions were located, about thirty miles apart,
+and so well were the sites chosen that the finest cities of the state
+have grown round the old churches.
+
+Father Junipero Serra was the president and leader of the Franciscan
+missionaries and the founder of the Missions. He had been brought up
+in Spain, and had dreamed from his boyhood of going to the New
+World, as the Spanish called America, to tell the savages how to be
+Christians. He began his work as a missionary in Mexico and there
+labored faithfully among the Indians for nearly twenty years. But as
+his greatest wish was to preach to those in unknown places he was glad
+to be chosen to explore Alta or Upper California.
+
+Marching by land from Loreto, a Mission of Lower California, Father
+Serra, with Governor Portola and his soldiers, reached San Diego in
+1769. Here he planted the first Mission on California ground. The
+church was a rude arbor of boughs, and the bells were hung in an oak
+tree. Father Serra rang the bells himself, and called loudly to the
+wondering Indians to come to the Holy Church and hear about Christ.
+But the natives were suspicious and not ready to listen to the good
+man's teachings, and several times they attacked the newcomers.
+Finally, after six years, they burnt the church and killed one of the
+missionaries. But later on there was peace, and the priests, or Padres
+as they were called, taught the Indians to raise corn and wheat, and
+to plant olive orchards and fig trees, and grapes for wine. They built
+a new church and round it the huts, or cabins, of the Indians, the
+storehouses, and the Padre's dwelling. In the early morning the bells
+called every member of the Mission family to a church service. After a
+breakfast of corn and beans they spent the morning in outdoor work or
+in building. At noon either mutton or beef was served with corn and
+beans, and at two o'clock work began again, to last till evening
+service. A supper of corn-meal mush was the Indians' favorite
+meal. They had many holidays, when their amusements were dancing,
+bull-fighting, or cock-fighting.
+
+San Diego, called the Mother Mission, because it is the oldest church,
+is now also most in ruins. But its friends hope to put new foundations
+under the old walls, and to recap firm ones with cement, and preserve
+this monument of early California history.
+
+After Father Serra had started the San Diego settlement he set sail
+for Monterey. Landing at Monterey Bay, he built an altar under a large
+oak tree, hung the Mission bells upon the boughs, and held the usual
+services. The Spanish soldiers fired off their guns in honor of the
+day and put up a great cross. The Indians had never heard the sound of
+guns and were so frightened that they ran away to the mountains. The
+second Mission was built on the Carmel River, a little distance from
+the site of the first altar. This was called San Carlos of Monterey,
+and the settlement was the capital of Alta California for many years.
+It was also the Mission that Father Serra loved the best, and after
+every trip to other and newer settlements he returned to San Carlos as
+his home. This Monterey Mission is well preserved, and books, carved
+church furniture, and embroidered robes used in the old services are
+still shown.
+
+At both San Diego and Monterey a presidio, or fort, was built for the
+soldiers. These forts had one or two cannon brought from Spain, and
+had around them high walls, or stockades, to protect, if it should be
+necessary, the Mission people from the Indians. The cannon were fired
+on holidays, or to frighten troublesome Indians.
+
+All the Mission buildings were of brown clay made into large bricks
+about a foot and a half long and broad, and three or four inches
+thick. These bricks, dried in the sun, were called adobes, and were
+plastered together and made smooth by a mortar of the same clay.
+Then the walls were coated outside and inside with a lime stucco and
+whitewashed. The roof timbers were covered with hollow red tiles, each
+like the half of a sewer pipe, and these were laid to overlap each
+other so that they kept the rain out. The floors were of earth beaten
+hard, and the windows had bars or latticework, but no glass. The large
+church was snowy white within and without and had pictures brought
+from Spain and much carved furniture, such as chairs, benches, and
+the pulpit made by the Indians. One or two round-topped towers and
+five or six belfries, each holding a large bell, were on the church roof,
+and a great iron cross at the very top.
+
+[Illustration: MISSION CHURCH, MONTEREY.]
+
+[Illustration: OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. Founded 1769.]
+
+Night and morning the Mission bells rang to call the Indians to mass
+or service, and chimes or tunes were rung on holidays or for weddings.
+These Mission bells were brought from Spain, and it was thought a
+blessing rested on the ship which carried them, and that shipwreck
+could not come to such a vessel. We read of one captain joyfully
+receiving the Mission bells to take to San Diego. When nearing the
+coast his vessel struck a rock, yet passed on in safety because, as
+he said, no harm could happen with the bells on board. On his journeys
+every missionary carried a bell with him for the new church he was to
+build. Father Serra's first act on reaching a stopping-place was to
+hang the bell in a tree and ring it to gather the Indians and people
+for service.
+
+San Antonio, a very successful Mission, was the third one established,
+and it was in a beautiful little valley of the Santa Lucia Mountains.
+Every kind of fruit grew in its orchards, and the Indians there were
+very happy and contented, and in large workshops made cloth, saddles,
+and other things. San Gabriel, not far from Los Angeles and sometimes
+called the finest church of all, was the next to be built. This was
+the richest of the Missions and had great stores of wool, wheat, and
+fruit, which the hard-working Indians earned and gave to the church.
+The Indians, indeed, were almost slaves, and worked all their
+lives for the Padres without rest or pay. At San Gabriel the first
+California flour-mill worked by a stream of water turning the wheel,
+was put up. Some of the old palms and olive trees are still growing
+there.
+
+San Juan Capistrano, founded in 1776, was one of the best-known
+Missions, for it had a seaport of its own at San Juan. Vessels came to
+its port for the hides and tallow of thousands of cattle herded round
+the Mission. The first fine church of this Mission was destroyed by
+an earthquake, and many people were killed by its falling roof. It was
+rebuilt, however, and still shows its fine front, and long corridors
+or porches round a hollow square where a garden and fountain used to
+be.
+
+Old records tell us that Father Serra felt that there should be a
+church named in honor of Francis, who was the founder and patron saint
+of the Franciscan brotherhood of monks to which these missionaries
+belonged. When Father Serra spoke of this to Galvez, that priest
+replied, "If our good Saint Francis wants a Mission, let him show us
+that fine harbor up above Monterey and we will build him one there."
+Several explorers had failed to find this port about which Indians had
+spoken to the Spanish. At last Ortega discovered it, and Father Palou,
+in 1776, consecrated the Mission of San Francisco. Near the spot was
+a small lake called the "Laguna de los Dolores," and from this the
+church was at last known as the Mission Dolores. But the great city
+bears the Spanish name of Saint Francis, or San Francisco. A fort
+was erected where the present Presidio stands, and later a battery
+of cannon was placed at Black Point. It is told that the Indians were
+very quarrelsome here and fought so among themselves that the Padres
+could get no church built for a year. In that part of San Francisco
+called the Mission, the old building with its odd roof and three of
+the ancient bells is a very interesting place to visit. There are
+pictures, and other relics of the past to see, and in the graveyard
+many of San Francisco's early settlers were buried. This was the sixth
+Mission of Alta California.
+
+The Santa Barbara Mission, where Franciscan fathers still live, has
+a fine church with double towers and a long row of two-story adobe
+buildings enclosing a hollow square where a beautiful garden is kept.
+One of the brotherhood, wearing a long brown robe just as Father Serra
+did, takes visitors into the church, and also shows them the garden
+and a large carved stone fountain. This church is built of sandstone
+with two large towers and a chime of six bells, and was finished in
+1820.
+
+The Santa Ynez Mission was much damaged by the heavy earthquake that
+in 1812 ruined other Missions. Here the Indians raised large crops
+of wheat and herded many cattle. Over a thousand Indians, it is said,
+attacked this church in 1822, but the priest in charge frightened them
+away by firing guns. This warlike conduct so displeased the Padres,
+who wished the natives ruled by kindness, that the poor priest was
+sent away from the Mission.
+
+One of the early Missions was San Luis Obispo, where services are
+still held. It was specially noted for a fine blue cloth woven by
+the Indians from the wool of the Mission flocks of sheep. The Indians
+there also wove blankets, and cloth from cotton raised upon their own
+lands.
+
+San Juan Bautista, or St. John the Baptist, north of Monterey, had a
+splendid chime of nine bells said to have been brought from Peru and
+to have very rich, mellow tones. San Miguel had a bell hung up on a
+platform in front of the church, and now at Santa Ysabel, sixty miles
+from San Diego, where the Mission itself is only a heap of adobe
+ruins, two bells hang on a rude framework of logs. The Indian
+bell-ringer rings them by a rope fastened to each clapper. The bells
+were cast in Spain and much silver jewellery and household plate were
+melted with the bell-metal. Near them the Diegueño Indians worship in
+a rude arbor of green boughs with their priest, Father Antonio, who
+has worked for thirty years among the tribe. They live on a rancheria
+near by and are making adobe bricks, hoping soon to build a church
+like the old Mission long since crumbled away.
+
+The last of the Missions was built in 1823 at Sonoma, and proved very
+active in church work, some fifteen hundred Indians having been there
+baptized.
+
+Father Junipero Serra died at more than seventy years of age, at San
+Carlos. During all his life in America he endured great hardships
+and suffering to bring the gospel to the heathen as he had dreamed of
+doing in his boyish days. A monument to his memory has been erected
+at Monterey by Mrs. Stanford, but the Missions he founded are his best
+and most lasting remembrances.
+
+
+
+
+BEFORE THE GRINGOS CAME
+
+
+This is the story Señora Sanchez told us children as we sat on the
+sunny, rose-covered porch of her old adobe house at Monterey one
+summer afternoon. And as she talked of those early times she worked
+at her fine linen "drawn-work" with bright, dark eyes that needed no
+glasses for all her eighty years and snow-white hair.
+
+"When I was a girl, California was a Mexican republic," said the
+Señora, "and Los Gringos, as we called the Americans, came in ships
+from Boston. They brought us our shoes and dresses, our blankets and
+groceries; all kinds of goods, indeed, to trade for hides and tallow,
+which was all our people had to sell in those days. For no one raised
+anything but cattle then, and all summer long the cows cropped the
+rich clover and wild oats till they were fat and ready to kill. In
+the fall the Indians and vaqueros, or cowboys as you children call
+them, drove great herds of cattle to the Missions near the ocean where
+the Gringos came with their ship-loads of fine things and waited for
+trading-days.
+
+[Illustration: MISSION SAN LUIS REY. Founded 1798.]
+
+[Illustration: MISSION DOLORES. Established 1776.]
+
+"For weeks every one worked hard, killing the cattle, stripping off
+their skins and hanging the green or fresh hides over poles to dry in
+the sun. When dried hard and stiff as a board the skins were folded
+hair-side in, and were then worth about two dollars apiece. The
+beef-suet, or fat, from these cattle was put into large iron kettles
+and melted. While still hot it was dipped out with wooden dippers
+into rawhide bags, each made from an animal's skin. When cold and hard
+these bags of tallow were sewed up with leather strings, and thus they
+were taken to Boston.
+
+"So much beef was on hand at such times that not even the hungry
+Indians could eat it all while it was fresh. The nicest pieces were
+cut into long strips, dipped into a boiling salt brine full of hot
+red peppers and hung up to dry where the sunshine soon turned the meat
+into carne seca, or dried beef. We put it away in sacks, and very good
+it was all the year for stews, and to eat with the frijoles, or red
+beans, and tortillas, which were corn-cakes.
+
+"All we bought from the Gringos was paid for with hides and tallow,
+so it was well, you see, children, that my father owned ten thousand
+cattle; for counting relatives and Indian servants, we always had more
+than thirty people on our ranch to feed and clothe. We raised grain
+and corn and beans enough for the family, but had to buy sugar,
+coffee, and such things.
+
+"Did we have many horses, you say? Yes, droves of them, and we almost
+lived on horseback, for no one walked if he could help it, and there
+were almost no carriages or roads. Neither were there any barns or
+stables, for the mustangs, or tough little ponies, fed on the wild
+grass and took care of themselves. Every morning a horse was caught,
+saddled and bridled, and tied by the door ready to use. All the ladies
+rode, too, and I often used to ride twenty miles to a dance with Juan,
+my young husband, and back again in a day or so.
+
+"Sometimes we went to the rodeo, where once a year the great herds of
+cattle were driven into corrals, and each ranchero or farmer picked
+out his own stock. Then those young calves or yearlings not already
+marked were branded with their owner's stamp by a red-hot iron that
+burnt the mark into the skin. After that the bellowing, frightened
+animals were turned out to roam the grassy plains for another year. We
+had plenty of feasting and merry-making at these rodeos, and a whole
+ox was roasted every day for the hungry crowds, so no one went fasting
+to bed.
+
+"Those were gay times, my children," and Señora Sanchez sighed and
+sewed quietly for a while till Harry asked her if they kept Christmas
+before the Gringos came.
+
+"Yes, indeed," she said, laughing, "we kept Christmas for a week,
+and all our friends and relatives were welcome, so that our big
+ranch-house was full of company. Indeed, some of the visitors slept in
+hammocks or rolled up in blankets on the verandas. Our house was built
+round the four sides of a square garden, with wide porches, where we
+sat on pleasant days. There was a fountain in this garden, and orange
+trees, which at Christmas-time hung full of golden fruit and sweet
+white flowers. On 'the holy night,' as we called Christmas Eve, we
+hung lanterns in the porches, and everybody crowded there or in the
+garden for their gifts.
+
+"No, we had no Santa Claus nor Christmas tree, but my father gave
+presents to all, even to the Indian servants and their children. A fan
+or a string of pearls, perhaps, for my sisters, the young señoritas; a
+fine saddle or a velvet jacket for my brother; and red blankets or gay
+handkerchiefs for the Indians, with sacks of beans or sweet potatoes
+to eat with their Christmas feast of roast ox or a fat sheep.
+Afterwards we danced till morning came, or sang to the sweet tinkle
+of the guitars. Well do I remember, children, when the good Padres,
+or priests, at the Mission forbade us to waltz, that new dance the
+Gringos had taught us to like. I recall, also, that the governor only
+laughed and said that the young folks could waltz if they wished.
+So at my wedding, soon after, when we danced from Tuesday noon till
+Thursday morning, you may be sure we had many a waltz.
+
+"Pretty dresses, Edith? Yes, gay, bright silk or satin ones, with many
+ruffles on the skirts and wide collars and sleeves of lace, or yellow
+satin slippers and always a high comb of silver or tortoise-shell and
+a spangled fan. And we had long gold and coral earrings and strings of
+pearls from the Gulf, and, see!" as she pulled aside her neck-scarf,
+"here is the necklace of gold beads that was my wedding gift. We
+had no hats or bonnets, but wore black lace shawls, or mantillas, to
+church, or twisted long silk scarfs over our heads to go riding.
+
+"You will think the gentlemen were fine dandies in those Mexican days,
+when I tell you that they often wore crimson velvet knee trousers
+trimmed with gold lace, embroidered white shirts, bright green cloth
+or velvet jackets with rows and rows of silver buttons, and red sashes
+with long, streaming ends. Their wide-brimmed sombrero hats were
+trimmed with silver or gold braid and tassels. They dressed up their
+horses with beautiful saddles and bridles of carved leather worked
+all over with gold or silver thread and gay with silver rosettes or
+buttons. Each gentleman wore a large Spanish cloak of rich velvet or
+embroidered cloth, and if it rained, he threw over his fine clothes
+a serape, or square woollen blanket with a slit cut in the middle for
+the head.
+
+"Los Gringos used to laugh at the Mexican and his cloak, and not long
+after they came the 'Greasers,' as the Americans called the young men
+born here in California, began to wear the ugly clothes the Gringos
+brought out from Boston. And so the times changed, children, and our
+people learned to do everything as the Americans did it and to work
+hard and save money instead of dancing and idling away the time.
+
+"And the bull-fights, Harry? Oh, yes, there was a bull-fight every
+Sunday afternoon, and everybody went, as you do to the football games.
+The ladies clapped their hands if the sport was good, or if the bull
+was killed by the brave swordsman. And if the men got hurt or the
+horses,--well, we only thought that was part of the game, you see. El
+toro, as we called the bull, always tried to save himself; and if he
+was savage and cruel, that was his nature, to try to kill his enemies.
+The gay dresses and the music was what I cared for, and then all my
+friends were there, also.
+
+[Illustration: SANTA BARBARA MISSION. Founded 1786.]
+
+"But you must be tired of my old stories; is it not so, my children?
+No, you want to hear about the dances, you say? Well, every party was
+a dance; a fandango or ball, if it was given in a hall where everybody
+could come, but at houses where just the people came who were invited
+we called it only a dance. Every old grandfather or little girl, even,
+danced all night long, and the rooms were hung with flags and wreaths.
+All the Spanish dances were pretty, and the ladies with their gay
+dresses and mantillas, and the gentlemen in velvet suits trimmed
+with gold, made a fine picture. At the cascarone, or egg-shell
+dance, baskets of egg-shells filled with cologne or finely cut tinsel
+or colored papers were brought into the room, and the game was to
+crush these shells over the dancers' heads. If your hair got wet with
+cologne or full of gilt paper, everybody laughed, and you laughed too,
+for that was the game, you know. Ah, there was plenty of merry-making
+and feasting in those days, children," and Señora Sanchez sighed again
+and went on with her "drawn-work," while the bell in the old Mission
+church near by rang five o'clock, and we children ran home talking of
+those old times before the Gringos came to California.
+
+
+
+
+THE AMERICANS AND THE BEAR-FLAG REPUBLIC
+
+
+While Spain owned Mexico and the two Californias, the Missions were at
+their best and grew rich in stores of grain and in cattle and horses.
+Almost all the people were Spanish or Indians, and they lived at the
+Missions or in ranches near by. But when Mexico in 1822 refused to be
+ruled by Spain, Alta or Upper California became a Mexican territory,
+and, later on, a republic with governors sent from Mexico. The Mission
+Padres did not like the change, and thought that Spain should still
+own the New World. Before long it was ordered that the Missions should
+be turned into pueblos, or towns, and that the Padres were no longer
+to make slaves of the Indians. The missionaries were to stay as
+priests, and to teach the Indians in schools, but the Mission lands
+were to be divided so that each Indian family might have a small farm
+to cultivate. From that time the Missions began to decay and were
+finally given up to ruin.
+
+Then Americans began to come in, the first party of hunters and
+trappers travelling from Salt Lake City to the San Gabriel Mission.
+All kept talking of the rich country where farming was so easy, and
+they wished to have land. But the Mexicans and the native Californians
+did not believe in allowing the Americans, as they called all the
+people from the Eastern states, to take up their farming lands and
+hunt and trap the wild animals. So there was much quarrelling. But the
+Americans still poured in, got land grants, and built houses.
+
+In 1836, though Alta California declared itself a free state, and no
+longer looked to Mexico for support, Mexican rule still continued. The
+United States had wanted California for a long time, and had tried to
+buy it from Mexico. The fine bay and harbor of San Francisco, known
+to be the best along the coast, was especially needed by the United
+States as a place to shelter or repair ships on their way to the
+Oregon settlements. England also wanted this bay, but the Californians
+tried to keep every one out of their country.
+
+Among the Americans who came overland and across the Rocky Mountains
+about this time was John C. Fremont, a surveyor and engineer, who was
+called the "Pathfinder." On his third trip to the Pacific Coast in '46
+he wished to spend the winter near Monterey, with his sixty hunters
+and mountaineers. Castro, the Mexican general, ordered him to leave
+the country at once, but Fremont answered by raising the American flag
+over his camp. As Castro had more men, Fremont did not think it wise
+to fight, but marched away, intending to go north to Oregon. He turned
+back in the Klamath country on account of snow and Indians, as he
+said, and camped where the Feather River joins the Sacramento. It
+is almost certain that Fremont wished to provoke Castro and the
+Californians into war, and so to capture the country for the United
+States.
+
+A party of Fremont's men rode down to Sonoma, where there was a
+Mission, and also a presidio with a few cannon in charge of General
+Vallejo. These men captured the place and sent Vallejo and three
+other prisoners back to Fremont's camp. Then the independent Americans
+concluded to have a new republic of their own, and a flag also. So
+they made the famous "Bear-flag" of white cloth, with a strip of red
+flannel sewed on the lower edge, and on the white they painted in
+red a large star and a grizzly bear, and also the words "California
+Republic." They then raised the flag over the Bear-flag Republic. Many
+Americans joined their party, but when the American flag went up at
+Monterey, the stars and stripes replaced the bear-flag.
+
+At this time the United States and Mexico were at war on account
+of Texas, and Commodore Sloat was in charge of the warships on the
+Pacific Coast. The commodore had been told to take Alta California,
+if possible; so, sailing to Monterey, he raised the stars and stripes
+there in July, 1846, and ended Mexican power forever. The American
+flag flew at the San Francisco Presidio two days later, and also at
+Sonoma, Sutter's Fort, or wherever there were Americans. The flag was
+greeted with cheers and delight. Then Commodore Sloat turned the naval
+force over to Stockton and returned home, leaving all quiet north of
+Santa Barbara.
+
+Commodore Stockton sent Fremont and his men to San Diego and, taking
+four hundred soldiers, went himself to Los Angeles, where the native
+Californians and Mexicans were determined to fight against the rule of
+the United States. General Castro and his men and Governor Pico,
+the last of the Mexican governors, were driven out of the country.
+Stockton then declared that Upper and Lower California were to be
+known as the "Territory of California."
+
+In less than a month, however, the Californians in the south gathered
+their forces again and took Los Angeles. General Kearny was sent out
+with what was called the "army of the west," to assist Fremont and
+Stockton in settling the trouble. Peace was declared after several
+battles, and Kearny acted as governor of the new territory, displacing
+Fremont. At last, by the treaty which closed the Mexican war in 1848
+Alta California became the property of the United States, and Lower
+California was left to Mexico.
+
+From that time there was peace and quiet, and before long the
+discovery of gold brought the new territory into great importance. The
+rush to the gold mines brought thousands of men, and as no government
+had been provided for the territory, Governor Riley in '49 called a
+convention to form a plan of government.
+
+This Constitutional Convention of delegates from each of California's
+towns met in Monterey. The constitution there drawn up lasted for
+thirty years, and under it our great state was built up. It declared
+that no slavery should ever be allowed here, and settled the present
+eastern boundary line.
+
+The first Thanksgiving Day for the territory was set by Governor
+Riley, in '49. The first governor elected by California voters was
+Burnett, and in the first legislature Fremont and Gwin were chosen
+as senators. Congress at last admitted California into the Union by
+passing the California bill. On September 9, 1850, President Fillmore
+signed the bill.
+
+Every year on the 9th of September, or "Admission Day," we therefore
+keep our state's birthday. At San Jose, in '99, a Jubilee Day was
+held in remembrance of the beginning of state government fifty years
+before.
+
+[Illustration: UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER.]
+
+[Illustration: PLACER GOLD MINING. (Washing with Cradle.)]
+
+
+
+
+THE DAYS OF GOLD AND THE ARGONAUTS OF 1849
+
+
+California has well earned her name of "Golden State," for from her
+rich mines gold to the value of thirteen hundred millions has been
+taken. Yet every year she adds seventeen millions more to the world's
+stock of gold. No country has produced more of this precious yellow
+metal that men work and fight and die for. The "gold belt" of the
+state still holds great wealth for miners to find in years to come.
+
+Long, long ago people knew that gold was here, for in 1510 a Spanish
+novel speaks of "that island of California where a great abundance
+of gold and precious stones is found." In 1841 the Indians near San
+Fernando Mission washed out gold from the river-sands, and other mines
+were found not far from Los Angeles.
+
+But James W. Marshall was the man who started the great excitement
+of '48 and '49 by finding small pieces of gold at a place now called
+Coloma, on the American River. Marshall, who was born in New Jersey,
+came to this state in 1847, and being a builder wished to put up
+houses, sawmills, and flour-mills. Finding that lumber was very
+dear, he decided to build a sawmill to exit up the great trees on the
+river-bank. He had no money, but John A. Sutter, knowing a mill was
+needed there, gave Marshall enough to start with.
+
+So the mill was built, and when it was ready to run Marshall found
+that the mill-race, or ditch for carrying the water to his mill-wheel,
+was not deep enough. He turned a strong current of water into it,
+and this ran all night. Then it was shut off, and next day the ditch
+showed where the stream had washed it deeper and had left a heap
+of sand and gravel at the end of it. Here Marshall saw some shining
+little stones, and picking them up he laid one on a rock and hammered
+it with another till he saw how quickly it changed its shape. He was
+sure that these bright, heavy, easily hammered pebbles were gold, but
+the men working about the mill would not believe it. So he went to
+Sutter, who lived near at a place called Sutter's Fort, because his
+stores, house, and other buildings were built around a hollow square
+with high walls outside to keep off the Indians. Sutter weighed the
+little yellow lumps and said they certainly were gold.
+
+The flood-gates between the mill-race and the river were opened again,
+and water ran through the ditch, washing more gold in sight. Sutter
+picked up enough of this to make a ring and had these words marked on
+it:--
+
+"The first gold found in California, January, 1848."
+
+Both Sutter and Marshall tried to keep what they had found a secret,
+but that was impossible, and soon people were flocking to the
+gold-fields. Then began a wild excitement known as the "gold-fever,"
+and men left their stores and houses, gave up business, and left crops
+ungathered in a wild chase after nuggets of gold.
+
+By December of 1848, thousands of miners were washing for gold
+all along the foot-hills from the Tuolumne River to the Feather,
+a distance of 150 miles. A hundred thousand men came to California
+during 1849, these Argonauts, or gold-hunters, taking ship or steamer
+for the long trip from New York by the Isthmus of Panama. Some went
+round Cape Horn, or else made a weary journey overland across the
+plains. "To the land of gold" was their motto, and these pioneers
+endured every hardship to reach this "Golden State."
+
+Then the miners, with pick, shovel, and pan for washing out gold from
+the gravel it was found in, started out "prospecting" for "pay-dirt."
+The gold-diggings were usually along the rivers, and this surface, or
+"placer," mining was done by shovelling the "pay-dirt" into a pan or a
+wooden box called a cradle, and rocking or shaking this box from side
+to side while pouring water over the earth. The heavy gold, either
+in fine scales or dust, or in lumps called nuggets, dropped to the
+bottom, while the loose earth ran out in a muddy stream. The rich sand
+left in pan or cradle was carefully washed again and again till only
+precious, shining gold remained.
+
+So rich were some of the sand bars along the American and Feather
+rivers that the first miners made a thousand dollars a day even by
+this careless way of washing gold where much of it was lost. Then
+again for days or weeks the miner found nothing at all. He would
+wander up and down the cañons and gulches, prospecting for another
+claim, and dreaming day and night of finding a stream with golden
+sands, or of picking up rich nuggets. If he found good "diggings" he
+would build a rough shanty under the pines, and dig and wash till the
+gold-bearing sand or gravel gave out again. Sometimes he had a partner
+and a donkey, or burro, to carry tools and pack supplies. More often
+the Argonaut cooked his own bacon and slapjacks and simmered his beans
+over a lonely camp-fire, and slept wrapped in a blanket under the
+trees. If he had much gold, he would go to the nearest town, buy food
+enough for another prospecting tramp, and often spend all the rest of
+his money in foolish waste.
+
+Sometimes a company of miners would build a dam across a river or
+stream, and turn it from its course, so they could dig out and wash
+the rich gravel in the river-bed. A flume, or ditch, would often carry
+all the water to a lower part of the river, leaving the bed of the
+upper stream dry for miles. In this kind of mining the "pay-dirt" was
+shovelled into long wooden boxes called sluices, and a constant stream
+of water kept the gravel and earth moving on out to a dumping-place.
+The gold dropped down or settled into riffles, or spaces between bars
+placed across the bottom of the sluices, and once a week the water was
+turned off and a "clean-up" made of the gold.
+
+It was not long before the rivers, creeks, and gulches had all been
+worked over and most of the gold taken out. The miners knew that this
+loose gold had been washed out of the hills by the rains and storms of
+countless years. So some one thought of using a heavy stream of water
+to break down the foot-hills themselves and to carry the gold-bearing
+gravel to sluice boxes. This is called hydraulic mining and is the
+cheapest way of handling earth, as water does all the work and
+very little shovelling is needed. But since a strong water-power is
+necessary, a large reservoir and miles of ditches or wooden flumes
+must be built, so the first expense is large. The water usually comes
+from higher up in the mountains, and is forced under great pressure
+through iron pipes, the nozzle or "giant" being directed at the
+hillside, which has already been shattered by heavy blasts of powder.
+The water tears thousands of tons of earth and gravel apart, and the
+muddy stream flows through sluices, where the gold is left. In this
+kind of mining a great quantity of débris, or "tailings," must be
+disposed of.
+
+For years this débris was washed into the rivers or on farming lands,
+filling up and ruining both, and leading to endless quarrels between
+farmers and miners. But at last the courts stopped hydraulic mining
+except in northern counties, where débris went into the Klamath River,
+upon which no boats could run and near which was little farming. But
+all the mines in the Sacramento and San Joaquin river-basins were idle
+till, in 1893, Congress appointed a Débris Commission. These mining
+engineers issue licenses to work the mines when satisfied that the
+débris will be kept out of the rivers. There are in the state many
+hundred thousand acres of gold-bearing gravel lands yet untouched,
+that could be worked by hydraulic mining.
+
+In drift-mining the rich gravel is covered by hard lava rock thrown
+up by some old volcanic outburst. Tunnels are driven by blasting with
+dynamite, or by drilling under the rock to reach the gravel which
+usually lies in the buried channel of an old river. The long drifts,
+or tunnels, needed are very expensive and only mine owners with
+capital can work these claims.
+
+Richest of all are the quartz mines, where beautiful white rock, rich
+with sparkling gold, is found in veins, or "lodes," cropping out of
+hillsides or dipping down under the earth. The great "Mother-lode"
+of our state runs like an underground wall across Amador, Calaveras,
+Tuolumne, and Mariposa counties and has been traced for eighty miles.
+
+Some poor miner usually finds a ledge of quartz-rock and digs down the
+way the ledge goes. He puts up a windlass, worked by hand, over the
+well-like hole he has dug out, and hoists the ore out in buckets. But
+he soon finds, as the hole or shaft goes deeper, that he must timber
+the sides to keep them from caving in, that he must have an engine to
+raise the ore and a mill to crush the hard rock. So he sells out to a
+company of men, who put in costly machinery, deepen the shaft, and by
+heavy expenditure get large returns.
+
+The quartz ledges dip and turn, so tunnels and cross-cuts are run to
+follow the golden vein, and all these are timbered with heavy wooden
+supports to keep the earth and rock from falling in on the men. The
+miners work in day and night gangs, using dynamite to break up the
+hard rock, and sending ore up in great iron buckets, or in cars if the
+tunnel ends in daylight, on the hillside. Sometimes the miners
+strike water, and that must be pumped out to keep the mine from being
+flooded.
+
+The ore is crushed by heavy stamps, or hammers, and then mixed with
+water and quicksilver. This curious metal, quicksilver, or mercury,
+is fond of gold and hunts out every little bit, the two metals mixing
+together and making what is called an amalgam. This is heated in an
+iron vessel, and the quicksilver goes off in steam or vapor, leaving
+the gold free. The quicksilver, being valuable, is saved and used
+again, while the gold, now called bullion, is sent to the mint to be
+coined into bright twenties, or tens, or five-dollar pieces.
+
+Some of the gold in the crushed ore will not mix with the quicksilver,
+and this is treated to a bath of cyanide, a peculiar acid that melts
+the gold as water does a lump of sugar. So all of value is saved, and
+the worthless "tailings" go to the dump. Even the black sands on the
+ocean beach have gold in them. In the desert also there is gold, which
+is "dry-washed" by putting the sand into a machine and with a strong
+blast of air blowing away all but the heavy scales of gold.
+
+Though the Argonauts of '49 found much wealth in yellow gold, our
+"Golden State," on hillsides, in river-beds, or deep down in hidden
+quartz ledges, still holds great fortunes waiting to be found.
+
+
+
+
+MINING STORIES
+
+
+A large book might be filled with the stories told by the men
+who found gold in the early days. Their "lucky strikes" in the
+"dry-diggings" sound like fairy tales. Imagine turning over a big rock
+and then picking up pieces of gold enough to half fill a man's hat
+from the little nest that rock had been lying in for years and years!
+
+And think of finding forty-three thousand dollars in a yellow lump
+over a foot long, six inches wide and four inches thick! This was
+the biggest nugget on record and actually weighed one hundred and
+ninety-five pounds. The next one, too, you might have been glad to
+pick up, as it held a hundred and thirty-three pounds of solid gold.
+Little seventy-five and fifty-pound treasures were common, and a
+soldier stopping to drink at a roadside stream found a nugget weighing
+over twenty pounds lying close to his hand.
+
+It paid to get up early those days, also for a man in Sonora, while
+taking his morning walk, struck his foot against a large stone, and
+forgot the pain when he saw the stone was nearly all gold. Another
+man, with good eyes, got a fifty-pound nugget on a trail many people
+used all the time. One day, after a heavy rain, a man who was leading
+a mule and cart through a street in Sonora, noticed that the wheel
+struck a big stone; he stooped to lift it out of the way, and found
+the stone to be a lump of gold weighing thirty-five pounds. In less
+than an hour all that part of the town and the street was staked off
+into mining-claims, but no more was found. One of the largest of these
+nuggets was found by three or four men, who took it to San Francisco
+and the Eastern states, and exhibited it for money. They guarded the
+precious thing day and night, but at last quarrelled so that it had to
+be broken up and divided between them.
+
+The first piece Marshall found was said to be worth about fifty cents,
+and the second over five dollars. Almost all, though, that was found
+was like beans or small seeds or in fine dust. No one tried to weigh
+or measure such gold more correctly than to call a pinch between the
+finger and thumb a dollar's worth, while a teaspoonful was an ounce,
+or sixteen dollars' worth. A wineglassful meant a hundred dollars,
+and a tumblerful a thousand. Miners carried their "dust" in a buckskin
+bag, and this was put on the counter, and the storekeeper took out
+what he thought enough to pay for the things the miner bought. A large
+thumb to take a large pinch of the gold-dust meant a good many extra
+dollars to the storekeeper in '48 and '49. Yet nearly every one was
+honest, and gold might be left in an open tent untouched, for there
+was plenty more to be had for the picking up. Those who would rather
+steal than work were driven out of camp.
+
+Some of the "sand bars," or banks of gravel and earth, washed down by
+the Yuba River were so rich that the men could pick out a tin cupful
+of gold day after day for weeks. One place was called Tin-cup Bar for
+this reason. Spanish Bar, on the American River, yielded a million
+dollars' worth of dust, and at Ford's Bar, a miner, named Ford, took
+out seven hundred dollars a day for three weeks. At Rich Bar, on the
+Feather River, a panful of earth gave fifteen hundred dollars.
+
+Yet the miners were seldom satisfied, but were always prospecting for
+richer claims. A man would shoulder his roll of blankets, his pick and
+shovel, with a few cooking things, and start off hoping to find some
+rich nugget, leaving a fairly good claim untouched.
+
+The most extravagant prices were charged the miner for everything he
+had to buy. Ten dollars apiece for pick and shovel, fifty more for a
+pair of long boots, with bacon and potatoes at a dollar and a half a
+pound, soon took all his gold-dust to pay for. A dozen fresh eggs cost
+ten dollars, and a box of sardines half an ounce of gold-dust, which
+was eight dollars. There was no butter to buy, for any milk was
+quickly sold at a dollar a pint. The hotels charged three dollars a
+meal, or a dollar for a dish of pork and beans, and a dollar for two
+potatoes.
+
+Lumber cost a dollar and a half a foot, but carpenters would not build
+houses when they could make fifty dollars a day by mining. As there
+was no lumber for the cabin floors, the ground was beaten hard and
+really made a good floor. In Placerville the houses were built along
+the bed of a ravine, and in sweeping these earthen floors some one saw
+gold-dust glittering, and found that rich diggings were under foot.
+Thereupon many of the miners dug up their cabin floors, and one man
+took about twenty thousand dollars in nuggets and gold-dust from the
+small space his cabin covered.
+
+Very few women and children came to the mines in early days, and the
+first white woman to arrive in a camp had all sorts of attentions.
+Sometimes the town was named for the woman first in the place as
+Sarahsville and Marietta. If a lady visited a mining-camp, the men far
+and near would drop work and come in just to look at the visitor. One
+lady, who sang for the miners on her arrival in their town, was given
+about five hundred dollars' worth of gold-dust.
+
+A child was a great curiosity, and any pretty little girl was sure to
+have a collection of nuggets or a quantity of gold-dust presented to
+her. The theatre and circus companies who visited mining-camps soon
+found out that a little child who could sing or dance was a great
+attraction. The miners used to throw a shower of money or nuggets at
+the feet of such little favorites as we throw flowers now.
+
+As there were no women living here for some time, the men having left
+their families at home in the Eastern states, miners had to wash
+and cook and make bread for themselves. Men who had been lawyers
+or ministers at home, when there was no one else to do such things,
+washed their dishes or their red flannel shirts. On Sunday no one
+worked at mining, and the men baked bread and cleaned house, and
+Sunday afternoons they dried, patched, and mended their clothes. If a
+minister was in town, he held services on a hillside, or in the dining
+room of some shanty called a hotel, and all the camp came to hear him
+speak, or sang the hymns with him.
+
+So the miners lived and worked and wandered along rivers and rough
+mountain trails on the west side of the Sierras, gathering up gold
+washed down by mountain streams. These Argonauts, or gold-seekers of
+fifty years ago, are almost all dead now, but the treasures they found
+made California known throughout the world. Their golden harvest has
+made the state richer than they found it, for they used the wealth to
+build cities, to cultivate farming-lands, and to plant orchards and
+vineyards where the mining-camps used to be.
+
+
+
+
+HOW POLLY ELLIOTT CAME ACROSS THE PLAINS
+
+
+This is the story of a little girl who in 1849 rode all the way
+from Ohio to California in an emigrant wagon. Polly Elliott has
+grandchildren of her own now, but she remembers very well the spring
+morning when her father came home and said to her mother, "Lizzie,
+can you get ready to start for the land of gold next week?" She hears
+again her mother saying, "Oh, John, with all these little children?"
+She says her father answered by swinging her, the eleven-year-old
+Polly, up to his shoulder and calling out, "Here's papa's little
+woman; she'll help you take care of them," as he carried her round the
+room, laughing.
+
+This was "back East," as Polly Elliott, now Mrs. Davis, says,--in
+Ohio, where they had a pretty white house set round with apple and
+peach orchards all white and pink that May day. Her mother cried
+because they must leave the house, and because they had to sell all
+their furniture and the stock except Daisy, the pet cow, and Buck and
+Bright, the oxen, who were to draw the wagon. A round-topped cover of
+white cloth was fixed on the big farm-wagon. Then they piled into it
+their bedding in calico covers, a chest or two holding clothes and
+household goods, a few dishes and cooking things, and plenty of flour,
+corn meal, beans, bacon, dried apples and peaches, tied up in sacks.
+
+Polly says she supposed the trip would just be one long picnic, while
+the four children thought it fine fun to "sit on mother's featherbed
+and go riding," as they said. So they started off for California.
+A long, long ride these emigrants had before them; a weary trip,
+plodding along day after day with the patient oxen walking slowly and
+the burning sun or pelting rain beating down on the wagon cover. There
+was a train of other wagons with them, some pulled by horses but more
+by yoked oxen, and the men walked beside the animals and cracked long
+whips. A few men were on horseback, but all kept together, for Indians
+were plenty and were often hiding near the road, watching for a chance
+to cut off and capture any wagons lagging behind the party.
+
+Day after day, Polly told me, they travelled westward to the setting
+sun. They left the orchards and shady woods of Ohio and Indiana far
+behind them, and crossed the wide prairies of Illinois and
+Missouri also. When they came to rivers they drove through shallow
+fording-places, where Polly and the children used to laugh to see the
+little fishes swimming round the wagon wheels. Sometimes the rivers
+were deep, and the wagons were ferried over on a flatboat that was
+fastened to a wire rope, while oxen and horses swam through the water
+behind them. If it did not rain, the children and all were happy, and
+it did seem like a picnic. But Polly says she never hears the rain
+pouring nowadays as it did then, and that there were many times when
+they were wet and cold and miserable, and because the wood and ground
+were wet they could not even have a fire.
+
+At night the teams were unhitched and the wagons left in a circle
+round a big camp-fire, where supper was cooked. Polly says her mother
+used to bake biscuits in an iron spider with red-hot coals heaped on
+its iron cover, and these biscuits with fried bacon and tea made
+their meal. They always cooked a big potful of corn-meal mush for
+the children, and this, with Daisy's milk and a little maple sugar or
+molasses, was supper and breakfast too. Then the women and children
+cuddled up in the wagons for the night, while men slept, wrapped in
+blankets, around the camp-fire or under the wagons, with one always on
+guard against danger from prowling Indians or wolves.
+
+Every man or boy carried a rifle or shotgun, and killed plenty of
+game. Deer and antelope were always in sight after they crossed the
+Missouri River, and the meat was broiled or roasted over the coals of
+their campfire. Wild turkeys and prairie-chicken tasted much better
+than bacon, Polly said, and she learned to cook them herself.
+
+When the emigrants reached Nebraska, they were in the "buffalo
+country," and great herds of big, shaggy, brown or black buffaloes
+were feeding on the grassy plains. The animals were larger than oxen,
+and the Indians depended upon the flesh for food and the thick, warm
+skins for robes or blankets. The emigrants shot thousands of buffalo
+cows and calves, and what meat could not be eaten at once was cut
+into long strips and hung in the sun or over the fire to dry. This
+was called "jerking" the meat. On jerked buffalo or venison and flour
+pancakes many emigrants lived all the way across. Game was so plenty
+and so easy to shoot, that by stopping a few days, a good stock of
+meat could be laid in while the oxen were resting. So they travelled
+through Nebraska, and for weeks and weeks saw nothing but long grass
+waving in the summer winds, and yellow sunflowers--miles and miles of
+sunflowers. Polly grew very tired of the hot sun blazing down on the
+close-covered wagon, and of the dust raised by the long wagon-train.
+
+About this time she remembers that her father bought her a little
+Indian pony, and from that happy day the child rode beside the wagon,
+and could keep out of the dusty trail, or ride a little way off on the
+prairie, if she liked. The pony carried double very well, so a small
+sister or brother was often lifted on behind for a ride. One night
+the Indians, who were always prowling round and coming as near the
+wagon-train as they dared, frightened the horses and got away with ten
+of them. All the women and children cried, Polly says, for they were
+afraid the redskins would come back and kill them. In the morning
+Polly's father and some of the men found the Indians' trail and
+tracked them to a wooded cañon. The hungry thieves had killed one
+horse and were so busy feasting on it that the white men surprised
+them and shot all the Indians but two or three. The lost horses and
+Polly's pony whinnied to their masters from a thicket, where they were
+tied, and were taken back to camp.
+
+On and on over the great plains of Wyoming the wagons carried these
+emigrants. Many found the trip grow tiresome, while the oxen and mules
+would often lie down in their traces and refuse to go any farther. A
+few days' rest, and the rich bunch-grass to crop soon set the stock
+all right, and the white-topped wagons crawled ahead again. Soon the
+emigrants saw blue, hazy mountains, far off at first, then nearer and
+nearer, till at last their road led through a pass between the peaks.
+
+Then Polly remembers riding through Utah, with its queer red cliffs
+and high rocks carved in strange shapes by winds and weather; the
+stretches of sandy desert; and beyond those, grassy meadows and
+streams fringed with green willows. After a while Great Salt Lake lay
+sparkling in the sun and looking cool and blue. All around it were
+alkali deserts or wide plains, hot and dusty and white with salt or
+soda. The "prairie schooners," with their covers faded and burnt by
+the sun, went very slowly over these desert wastes, Polly thought,
+and Nevada, with its dusty gray sage-brush land on either side of the
+road, seemed not much better.
+
+"Papa's little woman" had her hands full now; for her mother was so
+ill she seldom left the wagon. All the cooking fell to Polly's share,
+and then she would ride along for hours with a little sister on her
+lap and fat brother "Bub" behind her on the saddle-blanket, so that
+her mother might rest and be quiet.
+
+But soon the clear green Truckee River ran foaming and fretting beside
+the road, and off in the west rose the snowy peaks of the Sierra
+Nevada Mountains. Then the people began to laugh and to sing, for they
+knew that California, the land of gold, was almost in sight and that
+their weary journey was nearly ended.
+
+And one day they said joyfully to each other, "We are in California
+at last;" and it was a happy company that travelled down through the
+pines of the mountain sides and the oak trees of the foot-hills. Many
+emigrants left the train when they got to the great Sacramento River
+valley, and settled here and there to farming. Polly's father with
+others kept on to the gold-diggings and camped there. He built a
+log-cabin soon, for it was almost winter and time for the rains, and
+Polly says she was glad to have a house at last. They finally took up
+farming land near what is now Stockton, as gold-mining did not pay.
+
+Mrs. Davis, who is straight and strong, and still a hard worker, says
+her five months' trip across the plains was almost like a long picnic
+after all, for she has forgotten many of the trying and disagreeable
+things.
+
+
+
+
+THE BUILDING OF THE OVERLAND RAILROAD
+
+
+The army of emigrants and gold-hunters who crossed the plains to
+California found it was a long and tiresome trip by wagon-train or on
+horseback. The oxen or mules would sometimes get so tired that they
+could go no farther; and because the food often ran short, there was
+much suffering from hunger.
+
+The longest way of all to California was by sailing vessel from New
+York round Cape Horn, nearly nineteen thousand miles to San Francisco.
+The passengers paid high prices and were six months on the way. Those
+who came by the Panama route had trouble crossing the isthmus, where
+it was so hot and unhealthy that many died of fevers and cholera. The
+Pacific mail steamers connecting with a railroad across the isthmus
+at last shortened the time of this trip of six thousand miles to
+twenty-five days. For ten years all the Eastern mail came this way
+twice a month.
+
+It was thought a wonderful thing when the "pony express" carried mail
+twice a week between St. Joseph, Missouri, where the Eastern railroads
+ended, and Sacramento. To do this a rider, with the mail-bag slung
+over his shoulder, rode a horse twenty-four miles to the next station,
+where a fresh pony was ready. Hardly waiting to eat or sleep, the
+rider galloped on again. Five dollars was often charged at that time
+to bring the letter railroads carry now for two cents.
+
+So you will see that a railroad to join California to the Eastern
+states was a great necessity and had often been talked of. Several
+ways to bring the iron horse puffing across the plains and up the
+mountains with his long train of cars had been laid out on paper. The
+emigrants had found that the best highway from the Missouri River
+to California was to keep along the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort
+Laramie and the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, then by Salt Lake,
+and along the Humboldt and Truckee rivers, crossing the Sierras
+at Donner Pass. Other roads were talked of, and Senator Benton of
+Missouri favored a nearly straight line between St. Louis and San
+Francisco. Some one, in objecting to this, said that only engineers
+could lay out a railroad, and such men did not believe a straight line
+possible. The senator answered: "There are engineers who never learned
+in school the shortest and straightest way to go, and those are the
+buffalo, deer, bear, and antelope, the wild animals who always find
+the right path to the lowest passes in the mountains, to rich pastures
+and salt springs, and to the shallow fords in the rivers. The Indians
+follow the buffalo's path, and so does the white man for game
+to shoot. Then the white man builds a wagon-road and at last his
+railroad, on the trail the buffalo first laid out."
+
+For two or three years surveyors and explorers tried to find the
+easiest way to build this great overland road. Several railroad acts
+or bills were passed by Congress, and the California Legislature gave
+the United States the right of way for a road to join the two oceans.
+
+The first railway in the state was opened in '56 from Sacramento to
+Folsom, a distance of twenty-two miles. This was built by T.D.
+Judah, an engineer who had thought and studied a great deal about the
+overland road so much needed to bring mail and passengers quickly from
+East to West.
+
+A railroad convention, made up of men from the Pacific states and
+territories, was held in San Francisco in '59, with General John
+Bidwell, a pathfinder of early days, as the chairman. Here Mr. Judah
+gave such a clear and full account of the central way he had
+planned, that the convention sent him to Washington, D.C., to see the
+President, and to try to get Congress to pass a Pacific Railroad
+Bill. He had very little help in the East, but at last four men
+of Sacramento, Leland Stanford, C.P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and
+Charles Crocker, took an interest in Judah's plans, and in '61 the
+Central Pacific Railroad Company was formed. Mr. Judah went back
+to the mountains and studied the pines in summer and the winter
+snowbanks, to make sure of the easiest grades and the shortest and
+best way for the track-layers. He found that to follow the Truckee
+River from near Lake Donner to the Humboldt Desert, would mean the
+least work. The tunnels would be through rock, and he believed that
+snow might easily be kept off the track with a snow-plough.
+
+His report pleased the company, and they sent him again to present the
+case at Washington. In '62 President Lincoln signed an act or bill to
+allow the Union and Central Pacific companies to build a railroad and
+a telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific. In California
+the land for fifteen miles on each side of the way laid out was given
+to the railroad company, and two years was allowed them to build the
+first hundred miles of track.
+
+Ground was broken for the Central Pacific the next year in Sacramento,
+and Governor Stanford dug up the first shovelful of earth. Then the
+work went steadily on, but it was hard to raise money. Stanford
+and his company carried the line forward as fast as possible. More
+land-grants were given, which doubled the company's holdings, and in
+'65 the road was fifty-five miles past Sacramento and had climbed over
+much difficult work.
+
+The steamship owners, the express and stage companies were all against
+the railroad, and tried in every way to make people think that an
+engine could never cross the Sierras. Yet the grading went on, while
+an army of five thousand men and six hundred horses was at work
+cutting down trees and hills and filling up the low places. A bridge
+was built over the American River, and slowly but surely the track
+climbed the steep mountain-sides. Most of the laborers were Chinese,
+as white men found mining or farming paid them better.
+
+In '67 the iron horse had not only climbed the mountains but had
+reached the state line, and the Union Pacific, which had been laying
+its tracks over the plains of the Platte River, began to hasten
+westward. The two railroads were racing to meet each other, and the
+Central sometimes laid ten miles of rails in one day.
+
+Ogden was made the meeting-point, though at Promontory, fifty miles
+west of Ogden, the last spike was driven. A thousand people met at
+that place in May, '69, to see the short space of track closed and the
+road finished. A Central train and locomotive from the Pacific came
+steaming up, and an engine and cars from the Atlantic pulled in on
+the other side. Both engines whistled till the snow-capped mountains
+echoed. The last tie was of polished California laurel wood, with
+a silver plate on which the names of the two companies and their
+officers were engraved. It was put under the last two rails, and all
+was fastened together with the last spike. This spike, made of solid
+gold, Governor Stanford hammered into place with a silver hammer. East
+and west the news was flashed over the long telegraph line, that the
+overland railroad had been finished and that two oceans were joined by
+iron rails.
+
+Now, while flying along in the cars so fast that the trip from Chicago
+to San Francisco takes but three days, it is hard to believe that
+little more than thirty years ago travellers in the slow-moving
+"prairie-schooner" took over five months to cover this same distance.
+
+
+
+
+STORY OF THE WHEAT FIELDS
+
+
+The Spanish Padres, as the Mission priests were called, taught the
+Indians to plough and seed with wheat the lands belonging to the
+church or Mission. They used a simple wooden plough, which oxen
+pulled. When the warm brown earth was turned up, the Indians broke the
+clods by dragging great tree branches over them. After the fall rains
+they scattered tiny wheat kernels and covered them snugly for their
+nap in the dark ground.
+
+More rain fell, and soon the soaked seeds waked, and started in
+slender green shoots to find the sunshine, and day by day the stalks
+grew stronger and the fields greener. Higher and ever higher sprang
+the wheat, till summer winds set the tall grain waving in a sea
+of green billows. Have you ever watched the wind blow across a
+wheat-field? Over and over the long rollers bend the tops of the
+grain, that rise as the breeze goes on and bend low again at the next
+breath of wind.
+
+When the hot sun had ripened the grain, and all round the
+white-walled, red-roofed Mission the fields stretched golden and ready
+for harvest, the Indians cut the wheat, and scattering the bundles
+over a spot of hard ground, drove oxen round and round on the sheaves
+till the wheat was threshed out from the straw. Then Indian women
+winnowed out the chaff and dirt by tossing the grain up in the wind,
+or from basket to basket, till in this slow way the yellow kernels
+were made clean and ready to grind.
+
+A curious mill, called an arrastra, ground the grain between two heavy
+stones. A wooden beam was fastened to the upper stone, and oxen or a
+mule hitched to this beam turned the stone as they walked round. The
+first flour-mill worked by water was put up at San Gabriel Mission,
+and it was thought a wonderful thing indeed.
+
+Even in those early days California wheat was known to be excellent,
+and many ships came on the South Sea, as they then called the Pacific
+Ocean, to load with grain for Mexico or Boston or England. Since that
+time our state has fed countless people, and over a million acres of
+valley and hill lands are green and golden every year with food for
+the world. To Europe, to the swarming people of China, Japan, and
+India, to South Africa and Australia, our grain is carried in great
+ships and steamers, and hungry nations in many lands look to us for
+bread.
+
+For a long time after the Mission days, all the grain had to be hauled
+to the rivers or sea-coast for shipping. Then the overland railroad
+was finished, and within the next fifteen years an additional two
+thousand miles of railways were built in California, and nearly every
+mile opened up rich wheat land that had never been cultivated. Soon
+great wheat ranches stretched far over the dry, hot valley plains.
+
+The ground is ploughed and seeded after November rains, and all winter
+the tender blades of grain grow greener and stronger day by day March
+and April rains strengthen the crop wonderfully, and June and July
+bring the harvest-time. As no rain falls then, the ripe wheat stands
+in the field till cut, and afterward in sacks without harm. All the
+work except ploughing is done by machinery, and this makes the wheat
+cost less to raise, since a machine does the work of many men and the
+expense of running it is small.
+
+Some of the ranches have three or four thousand acres in wheat, and
+it may interest you to know how such large farms are managed. The
+ploughing is done by a gang-plough, as it is called, which has four
+steel ploughshares that turn up the ground ten inches deep. Eight
+horses draw this, and as a seeder is fastened to the plough, and back
+of the plough a harrow, the horses plough, seed, harrow, and cover up
+the grain at one time. There the seed-wheat lies tucked up in its warm
+brown bed till rain and sunshine call out the tiny green spears, and
+coax them higher and stronger, and the hot sun of June and July ripens
+the precious grain.
+
+Then a great machine called a "header and thresher" is driven into
+the field and sweeps through miles and miles of bending grain, cutting
+swaths as wide as a street, and harvesting, threshing, and leaving
+a long trail of sacked wheat ready to ship on the cars. Thirty-six
+horses draw the header, and five or six men are needed to attend to
+this giant, who bites off the grain, shakes out the kernels, throws
+them into sacks and sews them up, all in one breath, as you might say.
+The harvesters work from daylight to dusk, and three-fourths of our
+wheat crop is gathered in this way.
+
+Much golden straw is left, besides that which the "headers" burn as
+fuel, and farmers stack this straw for cattle to nibble at. The stock
+feed in the stubble fields, too, and strange visitors also come
+to these ranches to pick up the scattered grains of wheat. These
+strangers are wild white geese, in such large flocks that when feeding
+they look like snow patches on the ground. They eat so much that often
+they cannot fly and may be knocked over with clubs. In the spring
+these geese must be driven away by watchmen with shot-guns to keep
+them from pulling up the young grain.
+
+The largest single wheat-field in California is on the banks of the
+San Joaquin River, in Madera County. This covers twenty-five thousand
+acres and is almost as flat as a floor. It is nearly a perfect square
+in shape, and each side of the square is a little over six miles long.
+There are no roads through this solid stretch of grain. Two hundred
+men, a thousand horses, and many big machines are needed to work this
+wheat-field.
+
+Some of the big harvesters that cut and thresh the wheat are drawn by
+a traction-engine instead of horses. In running a fifty-horse-power
+engine high-priced coal had to be burnt but now the coal grates are
+replaced by petroleum burners, and crude coal-oil is the cheap fuel.
+This does not make sparks to set the fields on fire like burning coal
+or straw and so is safer to use.
+
+On large ranches wheat can be grown for less than a cent a pound,
+while it has brought two cents or double the money when sold. But
+there are not always good crops, as the grain needs plenty of moisture
+in the spring when rains are uncertain.
+
+The wheat crop of the state has fallen off of late to less than half
+the yield of earlier years, but the deep, rich valley soil still grows
+grain enough to feed hungry people in Europe, Asia, and Africa,
+as well as in our own Union. Great quantities are taken in large
+four-masted ships to Liverpool, England, and there made into American
+flour. Our own flour-mills turn out thousands of barrels of flour,
+and this travels far, too. The first thing picked up in Manila after
+Admiral Dewey's victory was a flour sack with a California mill mark.
+
+It would need a long, long story to tell how far from home and into
+what strange places the yellow kernels of California wheat sometimes
+travel, or to picture the odd people who depend upon us for food.
+
+
+
+
+ORCHARD, FARM, AND VINEYARD
+
+
+Long ago the Mission Fathers taught the Indians to plant and to take
+care of vines and fruit-trees. They built water-works to bring life to
+the thirsty trees in the dry summers, and to grow oranges, limes,
+and figs, as well as peaches, apricots, and apples. They trained
+grape-vines over arbors and trellises round the Mission buildings, and
+from the small, black grapes made wine. Olive trees and date-palms did
+well at the southern settlements. But most of these orchards died when
+the Mission Fathers were no longer allowed to make the Indians work
+for the church property, though a few old palms and olive trees are
+still standing.
+
+During Mexican days each ranch owner raised enough grain or corn and
+beans for his own family but planted no fruit, or but little, while
+the Americans who came to seek gold thought farming a slow way of
+making a living. People soon found out, however, that our fine climate
+and rich soil made good crops almost certain, and there was such
+demand for fruit and farm products that more and more acres were
+cultivated each year.
+
+Our leading industry now is farming and fruit-growing, and
+California's delicious fresh or cured fruit is sent all over the
+world. Large amounts of barley and hops are shipped from here to
+Europe, and our state produces almost all the Lima beans used in the
+country.
+
+The citrus fruits, as oranges, lemons, and pomelos, or "grape-fruit,"
+are called, grow in the seven southern counties, or in the foothills
+on the western slope of the Sierras. The trees cannot endure frost and
+must be irrigated in the summer. Orange trees are a pretty sight, with
+their shining green leaves, white, sweet-smelling flowers, and the
+green or golden fruit. About Christmas-time, when oranges ripen, both
+blossoms and fruit may be picked from the same tree. Los Angeles and
+Orange County grow most oranges, but San Diego is first in lemon
+culture. Half a million trees in that county show the bright yellow
+fruit and fragrant blossoms every month in the year. The other
+southern counties also raise lemons by the car-load to send east, or
+for your lemonade and lemon pies at home.
+
+[Illustration: AN ORANGE TREE WITH FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS.]
+
+[Illustration: PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD AT LOS ANGLES.]
+
+There, too, the olive grows well, that little plum-shaped fruit you
+usually see as a green, salt pickle on the table. The Mission Fathers
+brought this tree first from Spain, where the poor people live upon
+black bread and olives. Olives are picked while green and put in
+a strong brine of salt and water to preserve them for eating. Dark
+purple ripe olives are also very good prepared the same way. Did you
+know that olive-oil is pressed out of ripe olives? The best oil comes
+from the first crushing, and the pulp is afterwards heated, when a
+second quality of oil is obtained. Olive trees grow very slowly, and
+do not fruit for seven years after they are planted. But they live a
+hundred years, and bear more olives every season.
+
+The black or purple fig which grew in the old Mission gardens bears
+fruit everywhere in the state. Either fresh and ripe, or pressed flat
+and dried, it is delicious and healthful. White figs like those from
+abroad have been raised the last few years, and it is hoped in time to
+produce Smyrna figs equal to the imported.
+
+While peach orchards blossom and bear fruit six months of the year in
+the south, most of this pretty pink-cheeked fruit grows in the great
+valleys, or along the Sacramento River. Pears also show their snowy
+blossoms and yellow fruit in the valleys and farther north. The
+Bartlett pear is sent to all the Eastern states in cold storage cars
+kept cool by ice, and also to Europe.
+
+The finest apricots are those of that wonderful southern country,
+miles and miles of orchards lying round Fresno especially. Yet the
+valleys and foot-hills produce plenty, and in the old mining counties
+very choice fruit ripens. Apples like the high mountain valleys, where
+they get a touch of frost in winter, though there is a cool section of
+San Diego County where fine ones are raised. Cherries do well in the
+middle and valley regions, the earliest coming from Vacaville, in
+Solano County.
+
+Grapes grow throughout the state, though the famous raisin vineyards,
+where thousands of tons are dried every year, are around Fresno. Most
+of the raisins are dried in the sun, but in one factory a hundred tons
+of grapes may be dried at one time by steam. The raisins are seeded by
+machinery, and packed in pretty boxes to send all over the coast, and
+through the states, where once only foreign raisins were used. Many
+vineyards in the southern part and middle of the state grow only wine
+grapes, California wines, champagne, and brandy having a wide use.
+
+Great quantities of fresh fruits are used in the state or sent away,
+while the canneries put up immense amounts, also. Canned fruit reaches
+many consumers, but it is expensive. Our cured or dried fruit, however
+is so cheap and so good that millions of pounds are prepared every
+year. Such fruit ripens on the tree and so keeps all its fine flavor.
+It is then dried in the sunshine, which not only fits it for long
+keeping but turns part of it to sugar. Apricots, peaches, pears, and
+cherries are usually cut in halves or stoned before drying. Prunes are
+first on the list of cured fruits, and they seem the best to use as
+food. The ripe prunes are dipped into a boiling lye to make the skin
+tender, then rinsed and spread in the sun a day or two. They are then
+allowed to "sweat" to get a good color, are next dipped in boiling
+water a minute or two, dried, and finally graded, a certain number to
+the pound, and packed in boxes or sacks.
+
+Several kinds of nuts grow well in the state. All the so-called
+"English" walnuts, with their thin shells, are raised in the south,
+Orange County furnishing half the amount we market. Peanuts and
+almonds are a good crop there, also, though almond groves are in all
+parts of the state. Both paper and thick-shelled almonds are usually
+bleached, or whitened, with sulphur smoke to improve their color.
+
+Santa Barbara and Ventura are the bean counties of the state, and send
+Lima beans away by train-loads, while Orange County grows celery for
+the Eastern market. Very high prices are received for this celery and
+other vegetables sent from California during the winter season when
+fields are covered with snow in the East.
+
+And did you know that the state produces a great deal of sugar? Tons
+and tons of sugar-beets are grown throughout the farming lands, and
+harvested in September. When the juice of these crushed beets is
+boiled and refined, it makes a sugar exactly like cane sugar and much
+cheaper. One-fifth of the beet is sugar, it is said.
+
+Even the dry, worthless mountain sides are valuable to the bee-keeper.
+The bees make a delicious honey from the wild, white sage, which grows
+where nothing else will live. This sage honey brings the very highest
+price.
+
+Oats are raised in the coast counties, and corn in the valleys, but
+owing to cool nights and dry air the corn seldom makes a good crop.
+Orange County, however, claims corn with stalks twenty feet high and
+a hundred bushels to the acre. In the south, also, that wonderful
+forage-plant, alfalfa, will produce six crops a year by irrigation and
+give a ton or more to the acre at each cutting.
+
+Along the upper Sacramento River stretch the great hop-fields full
+of tall vines covered with light-green tassels. At hop-picking season
+many families have a month's picnic, children and all working day
+after day in the fields and pulling off the fragrant hops. Indians,
+too, are among the best hop-pickers. The dried hops are bleached with
+sulphur, baled, and in great quantities sent to Liverpool, where with
+California barley they are used in brewing malt liquors.
+
+An odd crop is mustard, and at Lompoc, in Santa Barbara County, enough
+for the whole country is grown. Both brown and yellow mustard is
+cultivated, and the little seeds, almost as fine as gunpowder, are
+sold to spice-mills and pickle-factories.
+
+Whole farms are taken up with the production of flower-seeds or bulbs,
+with acres and acres of calla-lilies, roses, carnations, and violets.
+The tall pampas-grass, with its long feathery plumes, gives a
+profitable crop. Indeed, one can scarcely name a fruit, flower, or
+tree that will not thrive and grow to perfection in our mild climate
+and rich soil.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE NAVEL ORANGE
+
+
+Who has not enjoyed a juicy navel orange, while wondering at its
+peculiar shape and lack of troublesome seeds? Yet few people know that
+this particular variety has brought millions of dollars into our state
+and made orange growing our third greatest industry.
+
+Read this story of the seedless orange, this "golden apple of
+California," which was first cultivated by Luther Tibbets, of
+Riverside, and learn how Southern California has profited by its navel
+orange crops.
+
+Nearly thirty years ago Mr. Tibbets came from New York to this state
+and took up free government land near what is now the beautiful city
+of Riverside. He was one of the half-dozen pioneer fruit-growers
+of that region, and had noticed at the San Gabriel Mission how well
+orange trees grew there. His wife and daughter waited in Washington,
+D.C., until a home should be ready here for them, and they often sent
+Mr. Tibbets plants and seeds from the Department of Agriculture. To
+this Department and its gardens in Washington, many curious plants
+are forwarded from other countries for growing and experiment in the
+United States. New kinds of grain or fruits are carefully cultivated
+and watched by the Department, and from it farmers can always get
+seeds or cuttings to try on their own farms.
+
+Mrs. Tibbets often visited the Department gardens, and in 1873 she
+wrote to her husband that she could get him some fine orange trees if
+he would promise the government to take great care of them and to keep
+them apart from other trees till they fruited. Of course he agreed to
+give them special attention, and therefore that December he received
+three small, rooted orange trees. A cow chewed up one of these, but
+for five years the others were watched and tended. Then sweet white
+blossoms appeared on each little tree, and afterwards two oranges,
+like hard green bullets at first. Finally, in January, 1879, Mr.
+Tibbets picked four large, well-flavored, golden oranges, the first
+seedless ones ever grown outside of Brazil.
+
+From the hot swamps of the tropical country at Bahia the United States
+Consul had sent six cuttings of this peculiar orange to be planted
+in the Washington gardens. All died but the two at Riverside. In 1880
+they bore half a bushel of fruit, and the new seedless oranges were
+talked of throughout Southern California. The other orange growers
+had been cultivating "seedlings," trees which bore smaller fruit, with
+many bitter seeds and a thick skin. Many of these growers now cut back
+their seedlings to bare limbs, and grafted the new orange on these
+branches. This is called "budding," and is done by cutting off a thin
+slip of bark with a tiny folded-up leaf-bud on it, inserting the graft
+in the branch to be budded and securing it there with wax to keep the
+air out. The little bud drinks in sap from the tree stem, and grows
+and blossoms true to its own mother tree.
+
+There were few orange groves then, but soon nearly all were budded
+to the new kind, seventy-five acres being so changed on the Baldwin
+Ranch; and when these trees began to bear, some five years afterwards,
+people were much excited over the seedless fruit.
+
+Such high prices were paid for these oranges at first, that orange
+growing boomed all over Southern California. People thought their
+fortunes were made when they set out a few acres of small budded trees
+they had paid a dollar or more apiece for. Whole towns sprang up in
+dry treeless valleys where only cattle and sheep had pastured,
+and land worth only twenty-five dollars an acre before the orange
+excitement, sold quickly for eight hundred and a thousand when planted
+with trees. The towns of Pomona, Redlands, Monrovia, and others in
+the orange localities were unknown before 1885, and grew to several
+thousand population in a few years. Everybody talked of the great
+profit in orange growing, and people who had nurseries of young trees
+grown from navel buds made fortunes.
+
+At this day thousands of acres of seedless oranges are in full bearing
+and no one buys the old kinds. Hundreds of car-loads of the seedlings
+are not even picked, and ninety per cent of the eighteen thousand
+car-loads which make the season's orange crop are navel oranges. Over
+forty-five millions of dollars are now invested in the growing and
+marketing of this remarkable fruit.
+
+At Riverside, the home of the orange, the two original Washington
+navel trees still stand. Mr. Tibbets guarded them for years, had them
+fenced with high latticework, and seldom allowed any one to touch
+them. He refused ten thousand dollars for them, since for months he
+sold hundreds of dollars' worth of buds from these parent trees. These
+two trees and their large family have caused thousands of people to
+come to the state, and have built up Southern California wonderfully.
+
+
+
+
+THE LEMON
+
+
+For many years people who use that sour but necessary fruit, the
+lemon, thought that only the little yellow ones which came from the
+far-away island of Sicily were good. The men who import foreign fruits
+always said so; and in spite of the fact that the larger California
+lemon was more acid, of as good flavor, smooth skinned, and golden,
+people believed the Mediterranean groves produced the best. But, at
+last, our warm, dry air, good soil, and plenty of water, together with
+care and skill while growing and packing, have made California lemons
+the most in demand. These lemons keep well, and bear shipping and long
+journeys better than the imported fruit.
+
+Citrus fruits, as the orange and lemon are called, do well in all the
+southern counties, and San Diego County boasts of not only the largest
+lemon grove in California, but in the world. This is a thousand-acre
+tract overlooking San Diego Bay and cultivated by the Chula Vista
+colony. It was once a pasture given up to wandering bands of cattle
+and sheep. There was little water, and no one ever thought these dry
+mesa lands would one day be a beautiful garden spot, green with the
+shining lemon leaves, and golden with fruit.
+
+A company was formed to develop this forty-two square miles of land,
+and to get water for irrigation, since all the trees must have little
+streams of water round their thirsty roots three or four times during
+the dry summer. A great dam was constructed on the Sweetwater River,
+near Chula Vista, and a reservoir built. Water was piped from this to
+the lemon groves, which are about a hundred feet below the reservoir,
+and from May to September the trees are irrigated. This is done by
+ploughing furrows on each side of a row of trees and turning small
+rills of water slowly down them till the ground is soaked around the
+tree roots. No one thought the great reservoir would ever be empty,
+but two winters with but little rain made it necessary to put down
+many wells in the dry bed of the Sweetwater River, and from these a
+strong steady flow of millions of gallons is pumped into the water
+pipes. So this great lemon orchard is always sure of water enough,
+returning the gift later in generous golden measure.
+
+One may pick lemon blossoms, ripe and green fruit every month in the
+year from the same tree, but most of the crop ripens from November to
+June.
+
+Lemons are carefully cut from the tree, and usually picked by size, a
+ring being slipped over them, without regard to their ripeness. They
+grow so thick on the tree that a man can pick more than twenty boxes
+a day. In preparing it for market the fruit "sweats," as it is called,
+in airy boxes, for a month in winter and ten days in summer, and
+ripens and colors during this process. Then each lemon is wiped
+dry and clean, wrapped separately in tissue-paper, and packed for
+shipment. The cost of a box of lemons from the tree to the railroad is
+about thirty-five cents.
+
+Thousands of car-loads are shipped to the Eastern and Middle states,
+while the Pacific Coast is a never-failing market.
+
+Small, imperfect, and bruised fruit goes to the citric acid factory
+near the packing-houses. From these oil of lemon, lemon sugar, and
+clear green citric-acid crystals are made, and the crushed waste is
+returned to the grove and ploughed in about the trees as a fertilizer.
+
+
+
+
+FLOWERS AND PLANTS
+
+
+"When California was wild," says John Muir, "it was one sweet
+bee-garden throughout its entire length, and from the snowy Sierra to
+the ocean."
+
+There were so many yellow poppies in this great unfenced garden, that
+the Spanish sailing along the coast called it the "Land of Fire" from
+the golden flowers covering the hills. Near Pasadena, in Southern
+California, these poppy fields may still be seen glowing so brightly
+in the sun that you do not wonder at the name "Cape Las Flores," or
+Flower Cape, which the sailors also gave to this part of the country.
+
+[Illustration: IN A MISSION GARDEN.]
+
+[Illustration: A CHRISTMAS GARDEN.]
+
+The poppy is our best-known wild flower, planted by Mother Nature
+before white men ever visited these shores. When the Spanish
+settled here they called the poppy _copa de oro_, or cup of gold.
+The gold hunters spoke of it as the California gold flower, and sent
+the pressed poppies home in their letters. But its correct name is
+the Eschscholtzia (esh-sholt'si-a), from the name of a German
+botanist and naturalist, who studied the plant and wrote about it
+almost a hundred years ago.
+
+From February to May the poppies are most plentiful, but a few may be
+found almost every month in the year. Have you noticed the finely cut
+green leaves, and the pointed green nightcap that covers each bud till
+the morning sunshine coaxes off the cap and unfolds the four satiny
+golden petals? The flowers love the sun and close up on dark, cloudy
+days, or if brought into the house. But put them in a sunny window the
+next morning, and you may watch the cups of gold open to the light.
+
+Some of the poppies are a deep orange-color, while others are a pale
+yellow. And as you walk through the fields you may pick a hundred at
+each step, so thick do the plants grow. The wild bees find a yellow
+dust called pollen or "bee-bread" in the poppy, the same golden powder
+that rubs off on your nose, when you put it too close to this cup of
+gold or to lilies.
+
+Then in this "unfenced garden" were also the baby blue-eyes, whose
+pretty pale-blue blossoms come early in the spring, each one with a
+drop of honey at the foot of its honey path, as the black lines on its
+petals are called.
+
+Can you name twenty kinds of wild flowers? Around San Francisco and
+the bay counties you will count, after the poppy and baby blue-eyes,
+the shining yellow buttercup, the blue and yellow lupines that grow in
+the sand, the tall thistle whose sharp, prickly leaves and thorny
+red blossoms spell "Let-me-alone," the blue flag-lilies and red
+paint-brush, yellow cream-cups, and wild mustard, and an orange
+pentstemon. These with many yellow compositæ or flowers like the
+dandelion, you will find growing on the windy hills and dry, sunny
+places. Hiding away in quiet corners are the blue-eyed grass, and
+a wild purple hyacinth, the scarlet columbine swinging its golden
+tassels, shy blue larkspur, a small yellow sunflower, and wild pink
+roses. Among the ferns in shady, wet nooks are white trilliums and a
+delicate pink bleeding-heart, while the wild blue violets and yellow
+pansies love the warm, rocky hillside.
+
+Mariposas, or butterfly tulips of many colors, grow in the foot-hills
+and mountains. Perhaps our most beautiful wild flowers are the lilies,
+of which we have over a dozen kinds. In the redwood forests there is a
+tall, lovely pink lily, and many brown-spotted yellow tiger-lilies. Up
+in the mountain pines a snowy white Washington lily sometimes covers
+a mountain side with its tall stems bearing dozens of sweet waxen
+blossoms. In the wet, swampy places bright red, and many small orange
+lilies bloom in late summer.
+
+In the high Sierras are found strange and pretty blossoms unlike
+the flowers of valleys and sea-coast. There you will see the
+mountain-heather with pink, purple, or dainty white bells, the
+goldenrod, and gentians blue as the sky. Strangest of all is the
+snow-plant. This curious thing sends up a thick, fleshy spike a foot
+or so in height and set closely with bright scarlet flowers. It grows
+where the snow has just melted round the fir trees, and leaf, stem,
+and blossom are all the same glowing red.
+
+Most of the valley and coast wild-flowers bloom and ripen their seeds
+before the dry summer begins. Such plants die and wither away in the
+heat, but their seeds are safe on the warm ground till fall rains soak
+the earth and set them growing again. In the high mountains a thick
+blanket of snow covers the sleeping seeds till May or June, and then
+sunshine wakes them once more.
+
+[Illustration: "WAWONA" (28 feet in diameter).]
+
+[Illustration: THE GRIZZLY GIANT (33 feet in diameter).]
+
+No doubt you have seen many of our shrubs or tall bush-plants in your
+vacations. Do you remember the sweet creamy white azaleas and the
+buckeyes that grow along the creeks in the redwoods? And the feathery
+blue blossoms of the wild lilac crowding in close thickets up
+the hillsides? One of our shrubs is a holiday visitor, the
+Christmas-berry, whose bright-red clusters trim your house at that
+gay, happy season. The manzanita is another pretty bush, with pink
+bells that ripen to small scarlet apples in the fall.
+
+Usually, these and other shrubs cover the hillsides with a thick,
+matted tangle of stems and branches almost impossible to get through.
+This chaparral, as the Spanish called it, clothes the foot-hills and
+mountain sides with a close growth through which deer and bears alone
+can travel and make trails or runways. Great stretches of buckthorn in
+the north, and of sage-brush in the south, cover the wild lands, while
+in the sandy desert tall, prickly cactus, yucca, and mesquite grow
+with the sage-brush in the blazing sun.
+
+Only a few of California's wild plants and flowers have been now
+called to your notice. But children have sharp eyes, and you will
+find many more to inquire about in your vacation days. Then
+the blackberries and thimble-berries will be ripe, and the pink
+salmon-berry in the redwoods. Perhaps you will look for and dig up the
+soaproot, that onion-like bulb of one of the lily family with which
+the Indians make a soapy lather to wash their clothes. Let us hope
+you will know and keep away from the "poison-oak," the low bush with
+pretty red leaves, for its leaves are apt to make your skin swell up
+and blister wherever they touch you.
+
+What a long and pleasant story might be told you of our state's real
+gardens! Perhaps your teacher will give you an hour to talk about your
+home gardens, and to see how much you can tell about them. You may
+have flowers the year round, if you live on the coast, or in the warm
+valleys where no Jack Frost comes with his icy breath to kill the
+tender plants. In such genial climates roses and geraniums bloom all
+year, and only rest when the gardener cuts them back; and most of the
+shrubs and trees in parks and gardens are always fresh and green.
+
+Florists who raise flowers to sell find that here they can grow the
+choicest and finest carnations, roses, and all the garden blossoms you
+know so well. Many of these florists deal only in flower-seeds, and
+bulbs or roots of the lilies to send to the Eastern states or abroad,
+where people greatly prize California flowers.
+
+Plants and trees from all parts of the world thrive here, also. You
+have seen the palms, the tall sword-palm with its great spike of snowy
+bloom in the spring, the fan-palm whose dried and trimmed leaves
+are really used for fans, and, perhaps, the date-palm. This tree
+was planted round the Missions by the Padres, and some, more than
+a hundred years old, are still standing at the San Gabriel Mission.
+These, and the magnolia with its large creamy blossoms, as well as the
+graceful pepper-tree, are natives of warm, southern lands, while the
+eucalyptus, or gum-tree, was brought here from Australia.
+
+Look round, children, as you walk to and from school, or in the park,
+and try to know and name the green things growing there, the flowers
+and plants sent to make our world a pleasant place to live in.
+
+
+
+
+THE BIG TREES AND LUMBERING
+
+
+The largest trees in the world are those forest giants of California
+which grow on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, and nowhere
+else on the globe. People carelessly call these grand trees "redwoods"
+or "big trees," but their family name is Sequoia, an Indian chief's
+name. When the trees were first discovered, in 1853, accounts of their
+height and size were sent to England. Supposing this giant to be a new
+tree, it was there christened _Wellingtonia_, and also _gigantea_
+for its immense measurements. While Americans were trying to have it
+called _Washingtonia_, a famous Frenchman who knew all about trees
+decided that the specimen sent him was certainly a sequoia, as named
+by a German professor some six years before this time. So the tree was
+called _sequoia gigantea_ and quietly went on growing, unmindful of
+the four nations who had quarrelled over its christening. Why, indeed,
+should it bother its lofty head with the chatter of people whose
+countries were unknown when this mighty tree was full grown? For
+these sequoias are the oldest of living objects and have probably been
+growing for four thousand years. How do we know this? Well, when a
+fallen trunk is sawed across, one can see rings in the wood, and it is
+thought that each ring is a year's growth. John Muir counted over four
+thousand of these annual rings on the stump of one of the Kings River
+trees.
+
+These fine old trees grow in groves, and of the nine or ten groves
+the Calaveras and Mariposa are the best known. The Calaveras group of
+nearly a hundred mighty trees was the first one discovered, and four
+trees here are over three hundred feet high. The fallen "Father of
+the Forest" must have been much higher, for it measures a hundred feet
+round its trunk at the root end. A man can ride on horseback for two
+hundred feet through its hollow trunk as it lies on the ground. Many
+of the standing trees hollowed out by fires are large enough, used as
+cabins, to live in.
+
+The Mariposa grove of Big Trees, being not far from Yosemite Valley,
+is the best known, as thousands of tourists visit both places. There
+is a big tree at Mariposa for every day in the year, and two very
+wonderful ones, the Grizzly Giant and Wawona. Stage-coaches drive into
+the grove through the tree Wawona, which was bored and burned out
+so as to make an opening ten by twelve feet. A wall of wood ten feet
+thick on each side of this opening supports the living tree. The great
+Grizzly Giant towers a hundred feet without a branch, and twice that
+height above the first immense branches that are six feet through.
+This was, no doubt, an old tree when Columbus discovered America, yet
+it is alive and green and still growing.
+
+The largest tree in the world is the General Sherman, in Sequoia
+National Park, and it is thirty-five feet in diameter. This means that
+the stump of the tree, if smoothed off, would make a floor on which
+thirty people might dance, or your whole class be seated. You can
+scarcely imagine what a mighty column such a tree is, with its rich
+red-brown bark, fluted like a column, too, and with its crown of
+feathery green branches and foliage. The bark is a foot or two thick.
+The trees are evergreens, and conifers, or cone-bearers. Sequoia cones
+are two or three inches long and full of small seeds. The Douglas
+squirrel gets most of these seeds, but there are still seedlings and
+saplings or young trees enough to keep the race alive in most of the
+groves.
+
+These groves of wonderful and rare trees are protected as National
+Parks in the Sequoia and Grant groves, and Mariposa belongs to the
+state. It is against the law to cut the trees in those groves. Their
+worst enemy is fire, and a troop of cavalry is sent every year to
+guard them, and to keep out the sheep-herders, whose flocks would
+destroy the underbrush and young trees. But, unfortunately, lumbermen
+have put up mills near the Fresno and Kings River groups, and, wasting
+more than they use, are destroying magnificent trees thousands of
+years old in order to make shingles. When nature has taken such good
+care of this rare and wonderful tree, the Sierra Giant, men should try
+to preserve the groves unharmed in all their beauty.
+
+Another _sequoia_ grows in great forests along the Coast Range from
+Santa Cruz to the northern state-line, and beyond into Oregon. This
+is the _sequoia sempervirens_, the Latin name meaning always green.
+Redwood is its common name, and the lumber for our frame or wooden
+houses is cut from this tree. Millions of feet of this redwood lumber
+are shipped from the northern counties of the state every year, up
+to Alaska or down to Central and South America. It is also sent far
+across the Pacific to the Hawaiian and Philippine islands and to China
+and Australia.
+
+While the _sequoia gigantea_ delights in a clear sky and hot sunshine,
+its brother, the _sempervirens_, prefers a cool sea-coast climate,
+offering frequent baths of fog. There is also a difference in the size
+of these trees; the redwood is often three hundred feet high, but
+is less in girth than its relative in the Sierras. There is not much
+underbrush and little sunshine in the cool, green redwood forests,
+each tree rising tall and stately for a hundred feet without branches,
+while the green tops seem almost to touch the sky as one looks up.
+Through the woods one hears the blue jay scream and chatter, and the
+tap, tap of the woodpecker as he drills holes in the bark to fill with
+acorns for his winter store.
+
+When the lumberman looks at these beautiful forests, he sees only many
+logs containing many thousand feet of lumber, which he must get out
+the easiest and cheapest way. He only chooses the finest and largest
+trunks, and there is great waste in cutting these. The men begin
+to saw the tree some eight or ten feet from the ground, and soon it
+trembles and falls with a mighty crash, often snapping off other trees
+in its way to the ground. After all the selected trees have fallen,
+fires are started to burn off the branches and underbrush so that the
+men can work easier. This fire only chars the outside bark of the big,
+green logs, but it kills all the young saplings, and leaves the once
+beautiful forest a waste of blackened logs and gray ashes. When the
+fire burns itself out, the logs are usually sawed with a cross-cut saw
+into sixteen-foot lengths, since in that form they are easy to handle.
+Then oxen or horses haul them out; or sometimes a wire cable is
+fastened to them by iron "dogs," or stakes, and a little stationary
+engine pulls them away to the siding at the railroad track. Here they
+are rolled on flat-cars, fastened with a big iron chain around the
+four or six logs on the car, and taken on the logging train to the
+mill-pond. They lie soaking in the water until drawn up to the keen
+saws of the sawmill that cut and slice the wood like cheese. The bark
+and outside is carved off as you would cut the crust off bread, and
+then sharp, circular saws cut boards and planks till the log is used
+up, and the log-carriage lifts another to its place. As the shining
+steel bites into the wood the noise almost deafens you and the mill
+shakes with the thunder of log-carriage and feeders. Useless ends,
+slabs, and refuse are burnt in the sawdust pit, where the fires never
+go out. Very much of the tree is wasted and all the limbs. The redwood
+tree has so much life and strength, however, that it sends up bright
+green sprouts around the burnt stump, and standing trees charred
+outside to the tops will have new branches the next season. In the
+older forests tall young trees are often seen growing in a ring round
+an empty spot, the long-dead stump having rotted away.
+
+[Illustration: BIG TREES AT FELTON, SANTA CRUZ CO.]
+
+Near Santa Cruz is a grove of large and beautiful redwoods, many
+of the trees being over three hundred feet high and from forty
+to sixty-five feet around the base of the trunk. The Giant is the
+largest, and three other immense ones are named for Generals Grant,
+Sherman, and Fremont. In 1846 General Fremont found this grove, and
+camped, on a rainy winter night, in the hollow trunk of the tree
+bearing his name. Here is also seen a group of eleven very tall trees
+growing in a circle around an old stump.
+
+In the Sierras, both in the _sequoia_ groves and forests above the
+Big-Tree region, are very large sugar-pines, red firs, and yellow-pine
+trees, all of which make excellent lumber. Great forests of these
+trees, with cedars almost as large as the redwoods, are in the
+northern counties also. You may have seen sugar-pine cones which are
+over a foot long, the largest of all found, while redwood cones are
+the smallest. Another great tree is the Douglas spruce, the king of
+spruce trees, growing in both Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges.
+
+The California laurel, or bay tree, with its beautiful, shining green
+leaves, and the madroño, the slender, red-barked tree on the hillsides
+you must have noticed in your trips to the country, as well as our
+fine valley and mountain oaks. Try to learn the kinds of trees and
+study their leaves, blossoms, and fruit, and you will find every one
+a friend well worth knowing. Then you will wish to save them from fire
+and the lumberman's axe, especially the rare and old _sequoias_.
+
+
+
+
+OUR BIRDS
+
+
+More than three hundred kinds of these dear feathered friends and
+visitors live in California. Along the sea-shore, in the great valleys
+and the mountain-forests and meadows, even in the dry, hot desert, the
+birds, our shy and merry neighbors, are at home. In many parts of
+the state they find sunshine and green trees the year round, and food
+always at hand. Yet sparrows, robins, and woodpeckers will stay in the
+snowed-in groves of the Sierras all winter, contentedly chirping or
+singing in spite of the bitter cold.
+
+If you know these wanderers of wood and field, these birds of sea and
+shore, and their interesting habits, you will wish to protect them
+from stone or gun, and their nests from the egg collector. You will
+listen to the lark and linnet, and be glad that the happy songster
+trilling such sweet notes is free to fly where he wishes, and is
+not pining in a cage. And you, little girl, will not encourage the
+destruction of these pretty creatures by wearing a sea-gull or part of
+some dead bird on your hat.
+
+To become better acquainted with birds, let us call them before us by
+classes, beginning with our sea-birds and those round the bays and on
+the coast. Some of these not only swim but dive in the salt waters,
+and to this class of divers belong the grebe, loon, murre, and puffin.
+They dive at the flash of a gun, and after what seems a long time,
+come up far away from the spot the hunter aimed at. These birds
+usually nest on bare, rocky cliffs near the ocean, or on islands like
+the Farallones, and their large green eggs hatch out nestlings that
+are ugly and awkward and helpless on land. But they ride the great
+ocean-breakers, or dive into their clear depths easily and gracefully;
+and as they live upon fish or small sea-creatures, the divers only
+seek land to roost at night and to raise their young.
+
+Next come the gulls, who belong to a class known as "long-winged
+swimmers." They have strong wings and fly great distances, and with
+their webbed feet swim well, too. Most of the sea-gulls are white with
+a gray coat on their backs, but they look snowy-white as they fly. You
+may see them walking about the wharves, or perching on roofs and piles
+watching for food, and seeming very tame as they pick up bits of bread
+or the refuse floating in the water. They follow steamers for miles,
+scarcely moving their wings as they float in the air; and if you throw
+a cracker from the deck, some gull will make a swift swoop and snatch
+it before the cracker reaches the water.
+
+Far out on the Pacific the albatross sails proudly on his broad wings,
+and cares nothing for high winds or storms. He rests and sleeps on the
+billows at night with his little companions, the stormy petrels. He is
+the largest and strongest of our birds of flight, the very king of the
+sea. The stormy petrels are not much larger than a swallow. Sailors
+call them. "Mother Carey's chickens," and are sure a storm is
+coming up when petrels follow the ship. The albatross, petrel, and
+a gull-like bird called a shearwater belong to the "tube-nosed
+swimmers," on account of their curious long beaks.
+
+Along the coast, and wading in the shallow waters around the bays, are
+some strange birds known as pelicans and shags. They are good fishers,
+and drive the darting, finny fellows before them as they wade in the
+water till they can see and gobble them up. Most waders have under
+their beaks a skin-pocket deep enough to hold a fish while carrying
+it to their nestlings, or making ready to swallow it. All of these
+sea-birds raise their young as far from the shore and from hunters
+as possible. Great flocks of them roost on islands fifteen or twenty
+miles out in the ocean, and fly into the bays every morning.
+
+Wild ducks, geese, the herons, mud-hens, sandpipers, and curlews are
+marsh and shore birds that feed and wade in the shallow salt water,
+and nest on the banks or, like the heron, in trees near the bay. The
+heron is a frog-catcher, and he will stand very still on his long legs
+and patiently wait till the frog, thinking him gone, swims near. Then
+one dart of the long bill captures froggy, and the heron waits for
+another. You know the red-head, green mallard, canvas-back, and small
+teal ducks, no doubt, and have seen the flocks of wild geese flying
+and calling in the sky, or standing like patches of snow as they feed
+in the marshes or grain-fields.
+
+Down on the mud-flats at low tide you see birds called rails, and also
+"kill-dee" plovers. The shoveller ducks are there, too fishing up with
+broad, flat beaks little crabs and such creatures as are in the mud,
+straining out mud and water, but swallowing the rest. All these birds
+are "waders" and delight in mud and cold salt water. They are usually
+quiet, or make only strange, shrill cries.
+
+In the sunny fields and woods we shall find many of the land-birds,
+and first comes a family whose habits are so like those of chickens
+that they are called "scratchers." These birds depend for food upon
+seeds and bugs or worms they scratch out of the ground. Up in
+the Sierra sugar-pines and fir-woods lives the largest of these
+"scratchers," the brown grouse. He is a shy creature, rising out of
+his feeding-ground with a great whirring of wings and out of sight
+before the hunter can fire at him. His peculiar cry, or "drumming," as
+it is called, sounds through the woods like tapping hard on a hollow
+log. His equally shy neighbor is the mountain-quail, while through
+the farming lands and all along the hillsides the valley--quail are
+plenty. Perhaps you have seen a happy family of these speckled brown
+birds. Papa quail has a black crest on his head, and he calls "Look
+right here" from the wrong side of the road to fool you, while Mamma
+and her little, cunning chicks scatter like flying brown leaves in the
+brush. After the danger is past, you hear her low call to bring them
+round her again. In the desert and sage-brush part of the state the
+sage-hen, another "scratcher," runs swiftly through the thickets, but
+many are caught and brought in by the Indians.
+
+Our birds of prey are eagles, vultures, hawks, owls, and the
+turkey-buzzards, those big black scavengers that hang in the air. In
+circles high above woods and fields some of these birds of prey sweep
+on broad wings, searching with keen sight for their food in some dead
+animal far below. The California condor, a great black vulture-like
+bird, is almost extinct, and is only found in the highest mountains.
+It is very large of wing, and strong enough, it is said, to carry off
+a sheep. Both golden and bald eagles nest in tall trees in the wildest
+parts of the state. The chicken-hawk, whose swift sailing over the
+poultry-yard calls out loud squawking from the frightened hens,
+you have often seen, and the wise-looking brown owls, too. A small
+burrowing owl lives in the squirrel holes, and you may catch him
+easily in the daytime, when he cannot see.
+
+The road-runner is of the cuckoo family of birds. It seldom flies, but
+runs swiftly along the roads, or in the desert, and is said to kill
+rattlesnakes by placing a ring of thorny cactus leaves around the
+snake as it lies asleep. The rattler is then pecked to death, since it
+cannot get out of its prickly cage. This fowl is like a slender brown
+hen in size.
+
+In the redwoods you hear the tap, tap, of the "carpenter" woodpecker,
+with his black coat and gay red cap. He drills holes in the bark of a
+tree with his strong beak and then fits an acorn neatly into each safe
+little storehouse. It is thought that worms and grubs fatten while
+living in these acorns, so that the woodpecker always has a meal ready
+in the winter when the ground is wet, or the squirrels have carried
+off the acorns under the trees.
+
+Humming-birds, or "hummers," as the boys call them, are plenty in city
+and country and so fearless that they will take a bath in the spray
+of the garden-hose, or dart their long bills in the fuchsias almost
+within your reach. The bill shields a double tongue, which gets not
+only honey, but small insects from the flower or off the leaves. The
+humming-bird's tiny nest is a soft, round basket, not much bigger than
+half a walnut-shell, and holding two eggs, which are like small-white
+beans. Bits of moss and gray cobwebs are woven in this nest till it
+looks like the branch itself; and here the little mother in her plain
+brown dress hatches out and feeds the baby "hummers." Her husband has
+glistening ruby feathers at his throat and green spots on his head and
+back that glow in the sun like jewels.
+
+The highest class of birds is the "perchers," and many friends of
+yours belong to this. There are two families, however, of perchers,
+those that call and the song-birds. Calling over and over their
+peculiar note, the pewees, flycatchers, and king-birds, fly through
+the forests. The crow and blue jay belong to the singers, you will
+be surprised to hear. And what a crowd of these song-birds there
+are trilling and warbling in the sunshine! Have you ever watched the
+meadow-lark singing as he sits on guard on the fence, while the rest
+of his brown-coated yellow-vested flock run along the field picking up
+seeds and insects?
+
+Then there are the linnets, or "redheads," who sing their sweet,
+merry tunes all summer, and if they do take a cherry or two the farmer
+should not grumble. They destroy many bugs and caterpillars and eat
+weed-seeds that might trouble the fruit-grower more than the missing
+cherries. The yellow warbler, sometimes called the wild canary, flits
+through bush and tree and trills its gay notes in town and country.
+Song-sparrows, thrushes, and bluebirds warble far and near, while the
+red-winged blackbird makes music in wet, swampy places. The robin,
+who comes to city gardens in the winter, has a summer home in the
+mountains or redwoods. There, too, the saucy jay screams and chatters,
+and flashes his blue wings as he flies, scolding all the time.
+
+In Southern California, among the orange groves or in gardens, the
+mocking-bird trills in sweet, liquid notes his wonderful song. He
+mimics, too, many sounds he hears, and sometimes when caged will
+whistle tunes or say words. The mocker can crow or cackle like the
+chickens, or mew like the cat. Then he will whistle clear and loud
+till dogs or boys answer his call. When they find themselves fooled,
+it is said, he mimics a laugh.
+
+From April to July the birds are busy, nesting, feeding their
+families, or teaching them to fly. Many eggs never hatch, and some
+are destroyed by wild animals. Boys often rob a whole nest to have one
+little blown egg in their collections. Then again the mother is killed
+and her brood starves to death. When the parent birds are teaching the
+nestlings to fly, cats also catch the little ones. So you see the poor
+feathered things have many enemies.
+
+Let us try to protect the birds, and to let them live happy lives
+in freedom. Each one will thank you, either with sweet songs or with
+being a beautiful thing to see on land or ocean.
+
+[Illustration: YOUNG TOWHEE.]
+
+[Illustration: BABY YELLOW WARBLERS. From photographs by Elizabeth
+Grinnell.]
+
+
+
+
+OUR WILD ANIMALS
+
+
+Once upon a time, when the Spanish owned this state and called it
+their province of Alta California, there were great herds of antelope
+feeding on the grassy plains, and at every little stream elk and deer
+and big grizzly bears came down to drink. No fences had been built,
+and the wild animals had never heard a rifle-shot. Free and fearless
+they ranged valley and hillside, or made their dens in the thick
+brush, or "chaparral," as the Spanish called it.
+
+Indian hunters watched the paths over which these wild creatures
+travelled to water, and killed deer and antelope with their arrows.
+But these hunters were afraid of grizzly bears, for an arrow in Mr.
+Bear's thick hide only made him cross, and with one hug, or even a
+light blow from his paw, he could cripple the poor Indian. So in those
+early days the old bears came year after year, and carried off sheep
+and cattle. The simple folks did not even try to kill them. Indeed,
+many of the red men believed that very bad Indians were punished by
+being turned into grizzly bears when they died, and they would not
+hurt their brothers, they said.
+
+When Father Serra's Mission people were starving at Monterey, the
+Padre learned that at a place called Bear Valley near by, there were
+many grizzlies which the Indians would not kill. He sent Spanish
+soldiers there, and they shot so many bears that the hungry Mission
+family had meat enough to last till a ship came from Mexico with
+supplies.
+
+Of all flesh-eating animals this grizzly bear is the largest and
+strongest. He can knock down a bull with his great paws, or kill and
+carry off a horse. He can live on wild berries and acorns with grass
+and roots he digs out of the ground, yet fresh meat suits him best,
+and he prefers a calf, which he holds as a cat does a mouse.
+
+Nothing but stock was raised in California in those days so long
+ago, and cattle were counted by the thousands and sheep by tens of
+thousands. Then the grizzly and cinnamon, or brown, bear feasted all
+the time on stray calves and yearlings. Every spring and fall the
+cattle, which had roamed almost wild in the pastures, were "rounded
+up" by the cowboys, or vaqueros. After the work of picking out each
+ranchero's stock and branding the young cattle was over, the vaqueros
+thought it fine fun to lasso a bear,--some old fellow, perhaps,
+who had been helping himself to the calves. It is told that one big
+cinnamon bear, while quietly feeding on acorns, looked up to find
+three or four cow-boys on their ponies in a circle around him. They
+spurred the trembling ponies as close to him as they dared, and yelled
+at the tops of their voices. The great brute sat up on his haunches
+and faced them, growling and snarling. One vaquero sent his rope
+flying through the air, and the loop settled over a big, hairy fore
+paw. Then the bear dropped on all fours and made a jump at the pony,
+which got out of his reach. Another Mexican threw a lasso and caught
+the bear's hind foot; and as he sat up again a third noose dropped
+over the other fore paw. Then the poor trapped creature, growling,
+snarling, and rolling over and over, began a tug of war with the
+lariats and the ponies. Once a rope broke, and horse and rider tumbled
+in front of the bear. He made a quick, savage jump, but was pulled
+back by the other ropes. Then Mr. Bear sat up straight and tugged so
+hard that another lariat broke and sent the saddle and rider over the
+pony's head. With one sweep of his paw the bear smashed the saddle,
+but the cow-boy saved himself by running to an oak tree. At last Mr.
+Bear was getting the best of the fight so plainly, and had pulled the
+frightened ponies so near him, that the man who was thrown off ended
+the poor animal's struggles with a rifle-ball.
+
+A Chinese sheep-herder tells this funny story about a bear: "Me lun
+out, see what matta; me see sheep all bely much scared, bely much lun,
+bely much jump. Big black bear jump over fence, come light for me. Me
+so flighten me know nothin', then me scleam e-e-e-e so loud, and lun
+at bear till bear get scared too and lun away."
+
+A few grizzlies are still found in the Sierras, and black and brown
+bears are often seen with their playful little cubs. The small
+fellows are easily tamed and may be taught many tricks. They will live
+contentedly in a bear-pit, or even if chained up, and as most of you
+know, they like peanuts and pop-corn well enough to beg for them.
+
+The panther, or mountain-lion, is another large flesh-eating animal
+which makes his home in the thick woods conveniently neighboring the
+farmers' corrals and pastures. Not long ago a boy in Marin County,
+who was sent to look after some ponies, saw a big yellow dog, as he
+thought, "worrying" one of the colts. When he came nearer he found
+it was a wicked-looking, catlike creature, and knew it must be a
+California lion. He had nothing with him but a heavy whip. The panther
+left the wounded colt and crouched ready to spring at the boy, but he
+was on the alert and struck it a terrible blow across the eyes with
+his whip, and then another and another. Half-blinded and whining with
+pain, the panther turned tail and ran away, while the boy's pony,
+trembling and snorting with fright, galloped home with his brave
+rider.
+
+In one of the mountain counties a woman, hearing her chickens
+squawking one day at noon, ran out to find what seemed a big dog among
+them with a hen in his mouth. She rushed straight at him with a broom,
+when the animal turned. She found it was a great panther, who snarled
+and made ready to spring at her. As she screamed and started to run
+away, her foot slipped on a steep and muddy place, and she slid down
+the little hill right into the panther's face. He was so frightened
+that he jumped the fence and hurried to the woods.
+
+This great yellow cat is both savage and cowardly, and he has been
+known to follow a man walking through the woods, all day, yet he
+sneaked out of sight at every loud call the man gave. He chases deer
+and gets many small and helpless fawns, hunters say.
+
+Fur-hunting was once a profitable business for the Indians, who were
+clothed in bear and panther skins when the first white men came to
+California, and had many furs to trade or sell. The Indians trapped
+otters, beavers, and minks, and the squaws tanned the deer-hides to
+make buckskin shirts or leggings. Hunters and trappers still bring in
+these wild animals' furry coats after trips to the high mountains or
+untravelled woods, where the shy creatures try to live and be safe
+from their enemies.
+
+In early days herds of a very large deer, called elk, fed on the wild
+oats and grass. These elk had wide, branching horns measuring three
+or four feet from tip to tip. Only a few of them now survive in the
+redwood forests in the northern counties. There were plenty of them
+once where San Francisco now stands. Dana in his book called "Two
+Years Before the Mast," tells us that when his ship dropped anchor off
+the little village of Yerba Buena about sixty-seven years ago, he saw
+hundreds of red deer and elk with their branching antlers. They were
+running about on the hills, or standing still to look at the ship
+until the noise frightened them off. At that time the whole country
+was covered with thick trees and bushes where the wolf and coyote
+prowled, and the grizzly bear's track was seen everywhere.
+
+[Illustration: CALIFORNIA RED DEER. From a photograph by George V.
+Robinson.]
+
+There are plenty of deer in the redwoods now, and in the high
+Sierras are black-tailed and large mule-deer. In the woods round Mount
+Tamalpais timid red deer live, too. In winter, when it is cold and
+snowy in the northern counties of our state, these deer often come
+into the farmer's barnyard to nibble at the hay.
+
+There are still left in the mountains among the pines and snowy cliffs
+many mountain-sheep. These curious big-horned animals resemble both
+the elk and the sheep, and it is said they can jump from a high rock
+and land far below on their feet or heavy, twisted horns without being
+hurt in the least.
+
+Of all the great herds of graceful, fast-running antelope, once the
+most plentiful of our wild animals, only a very few can now be found
+on the eastern slopes of the Sierras.
+
+But Master Coyote, who might well be spared, so cruel and cowardly is
+he, still sneaks up and down the whole state, and his quick sharp bark
+gives notice that the rascal is ready to steal a chicken or a lamb if
+it is not protected. With his bushy tail and large head he is half fox
+and half wolf in appearance, and mean enough in habits to be both. He
+can outrun a dog and even a deer, and though he catches jack-rabbits
+and the Molly Cottontail usually for food, he would help his brother,
+the wolf, to kill a poor harmless sheep.
+
+This gray wolf is a savage creature and hides in the thick forests by
+day, slinking out at night to the nearest sheep corral or turkey-pen
+if he can find one unwatched by some faithful dog. His friend and
+neighbor, the fox, likes fat geese and chickens as well as birds,
+squirrels, and wood-rats. The queer raccoon lives in the redwoods and
+is often caught and kept in a cage or chained for a pet.
+
+Wildcats, both gray and yellow, are found in the thickly timbered
+parts of California, and the badger makes his home in the mountain
+cañons or pine woods. There, too, the curious porcupine dwells. He is
+covered with grayish white quills, which bristle out when he is angry
+or frightened. No old dog will touch this animal, for he knows better
+than to get a mouthful of sharp toothpicks by biting Mr. Porcupine,
+who is like a round pincushion with the pins pointing out. A dog who
+has never seen this prickly ball will dab at it, and have a sore paw
+to nurse for weeks after.
+
+Two or three kinds of tree-squirrels live in the pines and redwoods,
+the Douglas squirrel being well known in the mountains. The ground
+squirrel, or chipmunk, digs holes in the ground, where he hides his
+winter's store of grain and nuts.
+
+Three of our smaller wild animals are very common and very troublesome
+to the farmer. The skunk, which looks like a pretty black and white
+kitten with a bushy tail, and also the weasel, destroy all the
+chickens and eggs they can reach, and they are so cunning that it is
+hard to keep them out of the hen-house. That little pest, the gopher,
+we are all well acquainted with, since he gnaws the pinks and roses
+off at their roots in your city garden while his large family of
+brothers and sisters kill the farmer's fruit-trees and vines. The
+gopher digs long tunnels under ground, making storerooms here and
+there in these passages, which he fills with grass, roots, and seeds.
+In each cheek he has a pouch, or pocket, large enough to hold nearly a
+handful of grain, so the little rascal carries his stores very easily.
+The traps and poison by which the farmer is always trying to make way
+with him, he is sly enough to let alone. His greatest foe is the
+cat, which watches patiently at the hole where the destructive little
+fellow is digging and usually catches him. A mother cat will sometimes
+bring in two or three gophers a day to her kittens.
+
+
+
+
+IN SALT WATER AND FRESH
+
+
+Tom and Retta Ransom were two of the happiest children in the state,
+I believe, when told that their summer vacation was to be spent at
+Catalina Island. To see the wonderful fish that swim in those warm,
+Southern waters, to watch them through the glass-bottomed boat, to
+dip out funny sea-flowers with a net, or catch the pretty kingfish and
+perhaps a "yellowtail,"--why, they could talk of nothing else!
+
+How they skipped and danced and chattered about the trip! At
+last Mamma said, "Well, everything is packed and ready, and we go
+to-morrow." Then what fun it was to stand on the steamer's deck and
+sail "right out through the Golden Gate," as Retta said. The big
+green billows of the Pacific Ocean caught the boat as she crossed the
+outside bar and tossed salt spray almost into their faces. Little the
+children cared for the drops of water, for they were so glad to be
+off on their trip and to say good-by to San Francisco's summer fog and
+cold winds for a time.
+
+And there on Seal Rocks, near the Cliff House, were the seals, or
+rather sea-lions, clumsy creatures like black rubber sacks with
+fins, or flippers, and a head. Some were lying in the sun and others
+crawling up the steep, wet rocks. Those highest up were asleep and
+quiet, but most of them kept barking or growling as they tried to find
+a sunny place to bask in. Sometimes when frightened these sea-lions
+will pitch headlong from high rocks into the ocean and dive out of
+sight at once. Mrs. Ransom said she remembered seeing one that was
+kept for years in a salt-water tank, and that, although they seem so
+clumsy, this sea-lion jumped so quick that he caught a fish thrown to
+him before it touched the water. Once fur-seals were in great numbers
+off our coast, and lived on the rocks as these sea-lions now do. But
+Indians, or later on white hunters, killed them, or drove them up
+north where the crack of the rifle is not heard.
+
+On to the south the steamer sailed through the foaming waters, and as
+Tom stood watching the white-capped waves go dancing by, he saw, two
+or three times, a black fin come up, and then another. At last a man
+said, "Look at the porpoises playing." Tom screamed with delight as
+they jumped and chased each other till their black, shiny backs were
+clear out of water. These fish are sometimes called sea-hogs and are
+five or six feet long. Either to get their food of small fish, or in
+play, they keep swimming and diving near the tops of the breakers.
+Fishermen catch them with a strong hook and use the thick, leathery
+skin for straps or strings, while they try oil out of their blubber or
+fat.
+
+All that day and night the boat kept steadily on her way, and the next
+morning they were in Santa Barbara Channel. It was so pleasant sailing
+on this summer sea in the soft, warm sunshine that even the sea-sick
+ladies felt better and came on deck. Mamma agreed with the children
+that the steamer trip was much nicer than the hot, dusty cars. Just
+then some one called, "See the whale," and looking quick Tom and Retta
+saw what seemed a fountain of water rising high in the air about half
+a mile away. Soon another went up, and two or three more, for the
+gray hump-backed whales like this stretch of smooth bay. They are
+warm-blooded animals and not fish at all, so they must come to the top
+of the waves for air to breathe. The air and water spout out through
+"blow-holes" on top of the whale's head, and rise like steam in the
+colder air. The children's mother told them that the whale is the
+largest of all animals, and that it lives on little jellyfish. It swims
+with its great mouth wide open and catches all the tiny sea creatures
+in its path. A fringe of whalebone hangs down from the roof of the
+whale's mouth, and he strains the water out through this and swallows
+the fish. As the boat went on, the children said, "There she blows,"
+as the sailors do when they see whales spouting in the distance.
+
+[Illustration: LEAPING TUNA.]
+
+[Illustration: BLACK SEA BASS.]
+
+Late that night the steamer got to San Pedro, and you may be sure Tom
+and Retta were up early the next morning. As they came off the
+boat, there was a crowd of people on the wharf who were pulling in
+"yellow-tail" as fast as they dropped their lines. This fine fish is
+a little like a big salmon, but with golden-yellow fins and tail. Its
+body is greenish gray, with spots of the prettiest rainbow colors,
+which grow brighter as the fish dies. These fish bite easily, but as
+soon as caught begin to rush back and forth, fighting and trying to
+snap the line.
+
+The children here took a smaller steamer for the twenty-mile trip
+across to Catalina Island, and on the way over they saw a whole
+"school" of whales and a flight of flying-fishes. Yes, really and
+truly, these little fish fly or sail through the air, for their fins
+balance them like a parachute. They skim along ten or twelve feet
+above the waves, and then drop in the water to rest, taking another
+flight whenever their enemies, the porpoises, chase them.
+
+How happy the children were to land at the little town of Avalon, and
+to know that they were to have a month at this beautiful place! They
+hurried down to the beach and their first choice of amusements was the
+glass-bottomed boat. These boats have "water-telescopes," which are
+only clear glass set in boxed-in places. The glass seems to make the
+ripples still, so that you can look down, down to the bottom of the
+ocean, twenty or thirty feet below you.
+
+The boatman rowed the children out in the bay, where the water, now
+green, now blue, was always clear as crystal. On the rocks and sand
+at the bottom starfish and crabs crawled slowly along or clung to some
+stone. The purple sea-urchins, queer round-shelled creatures covered
+with thorny spines, crowded together, and the ugly toad-fish hid
+in the green and brown seaweeds. Blue, purple, and rainbow-colored
+jellyfish floated on top of the waters, while gold perch with red
+and green sunfish swam through the seaweed "like parrots in some hot
+country's woods," Retta thought. In the shallow places on the rocks
+those curious sea-flowers, the anemones, looked like pink or green
+cactus blossoms. The children never tired of the water-telescope in
+all their stay at the island.
+
+At night the warm ocean waters seemed on fire, since they are full
+of very tiny, soft-bodied creatures, each of which gives out a faint,
+glowing light. Every day the fishermen brought in new and strange
+fishes. The black sea-bass, heavier than the fisherman himself and
+longer than he was tall, were wonderful, and they could hardly believe
+that such big fish were caught with a rod and line.
+
+But the leaping tuna pleased Tom the most, since he thought it such
+fun to watch them jump into the air like silver arrows after the
+flying-fish. Not so large as the black bass, the tunas are strong
+enough to tow a boat along when running with a hook. One will drag a
+heavy launch through the water as if a tug had hold of it, and
+will fight for hours, rushing and plunging till tired out. Then the
+fisherman pulls him up to the boat and ends his struggles.
+
+Tom and Retta were fond of watching the curious fish and sea-plants
+in the glass aquarium tanks on shore also, but their happiest time was
+when they gathered shells on the beach. They never found out the names
+of more than those of the limpet, turban, and scallop, though they
+picked up baskets full of tiny pink and white beauties, all frail and
+of many kinds. These shells were once the homes of sea mollusks,
+as such soft, fleshy creatures are called. But to Tom and Retta the
+shells were only pretty playthings, to be doll's dishes, or cups, or
+pincushions, perhaps.
+
+One morning some fishermen saw a shark, and no one dared to go in
+bathing for a few days. This great, savage, "man-eater" shark does not
+often come north of the Gulf of California. Sometimes small ones are
+caught with a hook and line off Catalina Island, and Tom was always
+glad to see such sea-tigers destroyed.
+
+Of course the children did not want to go home, till at last Mrs.
+Ransom explained to them that in the ocean and bay near San Francisco
+there were odd fish and strange animals too. And so it turned out, for
+in a day's fishing over at Sausalito Tom caught many silver smelt and
+tomcod, with flat, ugly flounders, and a red, big-eyed rock-cod. The
+frightened boy almost fell out of the boat, too, when he pulled in a
+large sting-ray, or "stingaree," as the boatman called it. This queer
+three-sided fish, with a sharp, bony sting in its back, flopped round
+till the man cut the hook out, knocked its head till it was no longer
+able to bite, and threw it overboard. These rays have to be fenced out
+of the oyster-beds along the bay, since they have big mouths full
+of such strong teeth that they crush an oyster, shell and all, and
+destroy every one they can reach.
+
+Oysters are grown in great quantities in the oyster-beds along the bay
+shore. The largest size, which are called "transplanted," are brought
+from the East as very small or baby oysters and dropped into shallow
+water, where they cling to rocks or brush-piles till grown.
+
+Tom also caught a perch, and clinging to it as he drew in his line
+was a large, hard-shelled, long-clawed crab. Tom put the crab in the
+basket, knowing well what delicious white meat was in the fellow's
+legs and back.
+
+Clams that burrow deep in the mud and may be found at low tide,
+by digging where their tell-tale bubble of air arises, and the odd
+shrimps, so good to eat, the children already knew about. Chinese
+fishermen catch shrimps in nets, dry them on the hillsides, and send
+both dry meat and shells to China. They dry the meat of the abalone
+also, and use the beautiful shells, which you have no doubt seen, for
+carving into curios, or making into jewellery.
+
+A salt-water creature very destructive to shipping and the wharves is
+the teredo, or ship-worm. This brown inch-long worm lives in wood
+that is always under water, such as the bottoms of ships and the round
+piles you see at the wharves. He hollows or bores out winding tunnels
+in the wood with the sharp edge of his shell until the piles crumble
+to pieces. This small animal would finally destroy the largest wooden
+ship if sheets of copper were not put on the sides and keel to protect
+it.
+
+When Retta saw Tom's basket of fish she said, "Well, I think the
+fresh-water fishes much prettier. I am sure the rainbow and Dolly
+Varden trout with their bright-colored spots, which we saw up in the
+Truckee River and the mountain lakes last summer, were better to look
+at and to eat than these sea monsters." Tom laughed and said, "Oh,
+that was because you helped to catch some of those. Do you remember
+the big black-spotted trout we saw in Lake Tahoe? And the little
+speckled fellows we caught in that clear creek in the redwoods, and
+how we wrapped them in wet paper and cooked them at our camp-fire?
+I wish we could go up to the McCloud River, though, and see the baby
+trout in the fish hatchery there."
+
+So their mother told them that the tiny trout eggs were kept in
+troughs with clear, cold water running over them till they hatched
+out. Then the little things, not half as long as a pin, were placed in
+large tin cans and sent to stock brooks and lakes, and in a year or so
+they grew big enough to catch.
+
+The most valuable of our food-fishes is the salmon, a large
+silvery-sided salt-water fish that takes fresh-water journeys too.
+For they swim up the rivers every year to lay their eggs in the clear,
+cold streams, knowing, perhaps, that the salmon-fry, as the young are
+called, will have fewer enemies away from the ocean. The salmon go
+over a hundred miles up to the McCloud River to spawn, and will jump
+or leap up small falls or rapids in their way. Indians spear many of
+them, but a number go back to the ocean again. Thousands and thousands
+of ocean salmon are caught along the northern coast and taken to
+the canneries. There the fish are put into cans and cooked, and when
+sealed up are sent all over the world. California salmon is eaten from
+Iceland to India, and its preparation and sale give employment to many
+people.
+
+[Illustration: HUMPBACK WHALE (57 feet long).]
+
+[Illustration: TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE.]
+
+
+
+
+ABOUT CALIFORNIA'S INDIANS
+
+
+When the Spanish and English first landed on this part of the New
+World's coast, they found the Indians who dwelt inland almost naked,
+and living like wild animals on roots and seeds and acorns. The tribes
+along the seashore, however, were good hunters and fishermen, and
+those Indians along the Santa Barbara Channel and the islands near
+by were a tall, fine-looking people, and the most intelligent of the
+race. They had large houses and canoes, and clothed themselves in
+sealskins.
+
+The Indians Drake saw near Point Reyes had fur coats, or cloaks, but
+no other clothes. They brought him presents of shell money or wampum,
+and of feather head-dresses and baskets. With their bows and arrows
+they killed fish or deer or squirrels, and being very strong ran
+swiftly after game. They seemed gentle and peaceable with the white
+men and each other, and were sorry to have Drake sail away.
+
+In later years the Indians who lived here when the Mission Padres came
+were stupid and brutish, because they knew nothing better. They were
+lazy, dirty, and at first would not work. But the patient Padres
+taught them to raise grain and fruit, to build their fine churches,
+to weave cloth and blankets, and to tan leather for shoes, saddles,
+or harness. But although the Indians learned to be good workmen,
+they liked idleness, dancing, and feasting much better, and when the
+Missions were given up the Indians soon went back to their former
+habits.
+
+There were no distinct tribes among these Indians, and they had no
+laws. Nor was there a king or chief over many natives. They lived
+in small villages or rancherias, each having a name and ruled by a
+captain. Each rancheria had its special place to hunt or fish, and had
+to fight its own battles with the other families of Indians.
+
+The men did nothing but hunt and fish, or make bows, stone
+arrow-heads, nets and traps for game. The women not only had to gather
+grass seeds, acorns, and nuts or berries, but they had to do all the
+field-work and carry the heavy burdens, usually with a baby strapped
+in its basket above the load. In preparing food for cooking, these
+mahalas, or squaws, put seed or acorns in a stone mortar and pounded
+them to coarse meal or paste. Sometimes a grass-woven basket was
+filled with water, and hot stones were thrown in till the water began
+to boil. Then acorn or seed meal was put in and cooked into mush. This
+meal, or that from wild oats, was also mixed into a dough and baked on
+hot stones into bread. Game or fish was eaten raw, or broiled a little
+on the coals of the camp-fire.
+
+The Indians got many deer, and one way of hunting them was to put the
+head and hide of a deer over the hunter's head. The make-believe then
+crept along in the high grass till near enough to the quietly feeding
+animals to put an arrow through one or more. All the streams were
+full of fish then, and salmon swarmed in rivers that ran to the ocean.
+These salmon the Indians speared or shot with arrows. They also built
+runways or fish-weirs and made them so that the fish would become
+crowded into a narrow passage, and could easily be dipped out with
+nets or baskets.
+
+When the Americans came here they called these Indians "Diggers,"
+because they lived on what they could dig or root out of the ground.
+They were very fond of grasshoppers, and ate them either dried or
+raw, or made into a soup with acorn or nut-meal. Fat grubworms and
+the flesh of any animal found dead was a great treat. If a whale or
+sea-lion was washed ashore on the beach, the Indians gathered round it
+for a feast, and soon left only the bones.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WOMAN WITH PAPPOOSE.]
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WOMAN WITH BASKETS.]
+
+But they had no idea of saving food, so they fattened when there was
+plenty, and starved when dry years made the acorns or nuts scarce.
+Having no salt, they did not try to dry or smoke the meat of deer or
+other wild animals. Nor did they at first lay up nuts and seeds, as
+even the squirrels or woodpeckers do, for winter use. But wandering
+from place to place, they camped in the summer along the rivers, where
+fish was plenty and the wild oats gave them grain. In the fall they
+hunted pine-nuts and berries in the mountains, till snow drove them
+down into the valleys.
+
+Each Indian town, or rancheria, had a name, and many of these names
+are still in use. At the north lived the Klamaths, Siskiyous, Shastas,
+and the savage Modocs, whose months of fighting in the lava beds
+caused the death of General Canby and many soldiers. The Porno tribes
+of Lake county, Yrekas, Hoopas, and Ukiahs, are well known at the
+present day. Tehama, Colusa, Tuolumne, Yosemite, and other places
+recall the Indians who gave each its name. The San Diego Indians are
+still known as Diegueños and live on a reserve, or lands set aside for
+them.
+
+Almost all the natives had Indian money, called wampum, which they
+made from abalone or clam-shells by cutting out round pieces like
+buttons or small, hollow beads. Little shells were also used, and the
+wampum was strung on grass or on deer sinews. The Pomos still make
+thousands of pieces of this money, and so many strings of it will buy
+whatever the buck, or Indian man, and his mahala, or squaw, wish to
+get.
+
+General Bidwell, who came to California in 1841 and surveyed the land
+for many ranches, says of the Indians at that time:--
+
+"They were almost as wild as deer, and wore no clothes at all except
+the women, who had tule aprons fastened to a belt round their waists.
+In the rough work of surveying among brush and briars I gave the men
+shoes, pantaloons, and shirts, which they would take off when work
+was done, carry home in their hands, and put on in time to go to work
+again. But they soon learned to sleep in their new things to save
+trouble, and would wear them day and night till a suit dropped to
+pieces. They were quick to do as the whites did, and when paid in
+calico and cloth Saturday night, by Monday they had on their new
+skirts or shirts all made up like ours. Yet every Indian would choose
+beads for his wages, and go almost naked and hungry till the next
+pay-day."
+
+General Bidwell treated the Indians honestly and kindly, and in return
+they were his friends and helped him much to his advantage. In 1847 he
+settled on the great Rancho Chico, and part of his land he gave to the
+Mechoopdas, as the Indian rancheria there was called. They worked to
+plant orchards and at all his farm-work, and he treated them so fairly
+that old men are still living on this ranch who as boys helped the
+general in his tree-planting and road-building. A whole village of
+these Mechoopdas live on the Bidwell place owning their houses, while
+Mrs. Bidwell is their best friend and helps them in sickness and
+trouble. The men work in the hop fields and fruit orchards, and the
+women make baskets.
+
+All the California Indians are basket-makers, and their work is so
+well done and so beautiful that it is much prized. The Pomos of Lake
+and Mendocino counties make especially fine baskets for every purpose.
+Indeed, the Indian papoose, or baby, is cradled in a basket on his
+mother's back; he drinks and eats from cup or bowl-shaped baskets, and
+the whole family sleep under a great wicker tent basket thatched
+with grass or tules. All Pomo baskets are woven on a frame of willow
+shoots, and in and out through this the mahala draws tough grasses or
+fine tree roots dyed in different colors, and after the pattern she
+chooses. Sometimes she works into the baskets the quail's crest, small
+red or yellow feathers from the woodpecker, green from the head of the
+mallard duck, or beads. She also hangs wampum or bits of abalone shell
+on the finest ones. The storage baskets are four or five feet high to
+hold grain or acorns, and the baskets to fit the back and carry a
+load are like half a cone in shape, with straps to hold the burden
+in place. Their smaller berry baskets hold just a quart. Some are
+water-tight and are used to cook mush in. Fish-traps and long narrow
+basket-traps for quail are also made out of this willow-work.
+
+On the Bidwell ranch is an old Indian "temescal," or sweat-house. It
+is an underground hut, or cave dug out of a hillside, with a hole in
+the top for smoke to reach the air. The Indians used to build a big
+fire in this cave and then lie round it till dripping with sweat. A
+cold plunge into the creek near by finished the bath,--Turkish, we
+call it. Nowadays the Indians use this place for a meeting-room and
+for dances.
+
+The older Indians still dance and rig out in all their finery of
+feathers and beads, though the young people are ashamed of their
+tribal customs and wish to be like the white folks. Some of their
+dances are named for a bird or animal, and the Indians must imitate by
+their dress and cries the animal chosen. In the bear dance the dancer
+crawls about the fire on all fours with a bear's skin about him. He
+wears a chain of oak-balls round his neck, and as he shakes his head
+these rattle like a bear's teeth snapping shut, while all the time he
+growls savagely. The feather-dancer, with a skirt and cap of eagles'
+feathers, will whirl on his toes like a top for hours, while the other
+Indians sing and the master of the dance shakes a large rattle.
+
+The California Indians are slowly passing away, and though all over
+the state there are still rancherias, the land that was once their
+very own will soon know them no more.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF SAN FRANCISCO
+
+
+The Mission and Presidio of San Francisco were founded in 1776 by
+Father Palou, and two little settlements grew up around the fort and
+at the church. The Presidio was built where it is now, and ships used
+to anchor in the bay in front of it, though the whalers usually went
+to Sausalito to get wood from the hills and to fill their water-casks
+at a large spring. From early Mission times the Spanish name of Yerba
+Buena was given to that part of San Francisco's peninsula between
+Black Point and Rincon Point. Ship-captains and sailors soon found out
+that the cove or bay east of Yerba Buena was the best and least windy
+place to anchor their vessels, and later on hundreds of ships found
+a safe harbor there. The name Yerba Buena, or good herb, was given
+on account of a little creeping vine with sweet-smelling leaves which
+covered the ground and is still found on the sand-dunes and Presidio
+hills.
+
+For many years the small settlements made no progress, and the rest
+of the peninsula was covered with thick woods, where the grizzly bear,
+wolf, and coyote roamed, while deer were plenty at the Presidio. Then
+in 1835 Governor Figueroa, the Mexican ruler of California, directed
+that a new town should be started at Yerba Buena cove. The first
+street, called the "foundation-street," was laid out from Pine and
+Kearny streets, as they are called to-day, to North Beach. The first
+house was built by Captain Richardson on what is now Dupont Street,
+between Clay and Washington. The next year a trader named Jacob Leese
+built a store. It was finished on the Fourth of July, and in honor of
+the day he gave a feast and a fandango, or dance, at which the company
+danced that night and all the next day. This was the first Fourth
+celebrated in the place.
+
+Two or three years later a new survey laid out streets between
+Broadway and California, Montgomery and Powell. A fresh-water lagoon,
+or lake, was near the present corner of Montgomery and Sacramento,
+and an Indian temescal, or sweat-house, beside it. The bay came up
+to Montgomery Street then, with five feet of water at Sansome, and
+mudflats to the east. During the gold excitement of '49, when hundreds
+of ships dropped anchor in the bay, many sailors deserted to go to the
+mines, and some of the old vessels were hauled in on these mud-flats
+and made into storehouses. All that part of the city east of
+Montgomery Street is filled or made ground, and when new buildings are
+to be started wooden piles or cement piers must go down to get a firm
+foundation.
+
+Until 1846 only about thirty families lived at Yerba Buena. Then a
+shipload of Mormon emigrants arrived and pitched their tents in the
+sand-hills. Samuel Brannan, their leader, printed the first newspaper,
+_The California Star_, in '47. That year also the first alcalde, or
+mayor, of the new town, Lieutenant Bartlett, appointed an engineer
+named O'Farrell to lay out more streets. He surveyed Market Street and
+mapped down blocks as far west on the sand-dunes as Taylor Street and
+to Rincon Point or South Beach. He gave the names of such well-known
+men as Kearny, Stockton, Larkin, Guerrero, and Geary to these streets.
+Mission Street was the road to the Mission Dolores, and about this
+time Bartlett ordered that the Presidio, the Mission, and Yerba Buena
+should be one town and should be called San Francisco.
+
+Then came the gold fever, and nearly every one left town to go to the
+mines. Many people sold all they had to get money to buy mining tools
+and food enough to live on till they struck gold. Men started for the
+mines, leaving their houses and stores alone with no one to care for
+goods or furniture.
+
+But news of the finding of gold had reached other places, and soon
+ships from the Atlantic coast, Mexico, and all over the world
+began sailing into San Francisco Bay. In '49 the first steamer, the
+_California_, arrived from New York, and soon five thousand people
+were in San Francisco, where most of the supplies for the gold-fields
+had to be bought. Many of the newcomers lived in canvas tents or
+brush-covered shanties scattered about in the high sand-hills or in
+the thick chaparral. Some houses were built of adobe bricks, and the
+two-story frame Parker House was thought to be so fine that it rented
+for fifteen thousand dollars a month. Some wooden houses were brought
+out from the East in numbered pieces, like children's blocks, to be
+put together here, and others thought to be fireproof were of iron
+plates made in the East.
+
+The first public school was opened in '48 and in the same building
+church services were held Sundays. The first post-office was in a
+store at the corner of Washington and Montgomery streets in '49. By
+1850 the city had five square miles of land that had been cut down
+from sand-hills or filled in on the mud-flats. The houses along the
+city-front were built on piles, and the tide ebbed and flowed under
+them. Long wharves for the unloading of ships ran out into deep water.
+At Jackson and Battery streets a ship was used for a storehouse, and
+after the earth was filled in this stranded vessel was left standing
+among the houses. On Clay and Sansome streets the old hulk _Niantic_
+had a hotel upon her decks, and the first city prison was in the hold
+of the brig _Euphemia_.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN BASKETS.]
+
+While most of the miners were steady, hard-working men, honest, and
+very kind and generous to each other, some drank and gambled their
+hard-earned gold-dust away with a get of men who were ready to do any
+wrong thing for money. The gamblers and bad characters grew so
+troublesome by '51 that the police could do little or nothing with
+them. Every day some one was robbed, or murdered, and thieves often
+set fire to houses that they might plunder. As the judges and police
+could not control these criminals, nearly two hundred good citizens
+formed a "vigilance committee." It was agreed that bad characters
+should be told to leave town, and that robbers and murderers should
+be punished by the committee. Not long after, the vigilance committee
+hanged four men, and roughs and law-breakers left town for the mines.
+Men soon learned to keep the laws and do right.
+
+Since almost all the houses in San Francisco were light frames of wood
+covered with cloth or paper, and since there was no fire department,
+there were six great fires, each of which nearly burnt up the town.
+The only way to stop the flames was to pull down houses or to blow
+them up with gunpowder. But almost before the ashes of one fire had
+cooled, wooden, cloth and paper buildings would cover whole blocks, to
+be burned again before long. The fifth great fire, in '51, destroyed a
+thousand houses and ten million dollars' worth of property in a night.
+One warehouse containing many barrels of vinegar was saved by covering
+the roof with blankets dipped in the vinegar, as no water could be
+had. The iron houses that had been thought fire-proof were of no use.
+Men who stayed in them found too late that the iron doors swelled with
+the heat and could not be opened, so that those within were smothered
+to death.
+
+Then people began to guard against such fires by building new houses
+of stone or of brick. The sixth great fire destroyed most of the
+wooden buildings in the business part of the city. After that,
+with two or three fire companies and engines and better houses,
+people no longer dreaded the fire-bell. Water was piped into the city
+from Mountain Lake, and there was plenty for all purposes.
+
+[Illustration: SEAL ROCKS, SAN FRANCISCO.]
+
+[Illustration: THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO.]
+
+So the city grew larger, until in '53 there were fifty thousand people
+of all races and countries who called San Francisco home. Chinese and
+Japanese, the Mexican, African, Pacific Islander, Greek, or Turk, or
+Malay elbowed crowds of Americans, English, French, and Germans. It
+was said that any foreigner could find in the city those who spoke his
+language, and that gold was a word all knew.
+
+The largest yield of gold from the mines was in '53, and the next
+year was a poor year for the miners. They bought fewer goods in San
+Francisco, and the storekeepers found business falling off. Too many
+houses had been built, so rents went down and times were hard for
+a year or two. In '55 there were many bank failures, and business
+troubles of all kinds made the people restless, and roughs and
+murderers carried a strong hand. Then the "law and order party," as
+the vigilance committee was at that time called, began once more
+the task of punishing those who robbed or killed. A list of criminal
+offenders was made out, and such were sent away from the state.
+One excellent result of the vigilance committee's labors was that a
+"people's party," as it was called, chose the best men to govern the
+city, and for years after peace and order were in San Francisco.
+
+In '54 the city was lighted with gas for the first time, at a cost of
+fifteen dollars a thousand feet. In that year also the mint began to
+coin money from gold-dust, making five, ten and twenty-dollar pieces.
+Lone Mountain Cemetery was laid out about this time, and the old Yerba
+Buena graveyard, where the City Hall now stands, was closed.
+
+San Francisco had, for some years, trouble about titles to property,
+owing to false or defective land-grants given by the Mexicans. Men
+tried to take possession of lots they had no real claim to by building
+a shanty on the ground and squatting there, and the "squatter troubles"
+between such land thieves and the rightful owners caused lawsuits and
+shooting affairs. A land commission finally settled these disputes,
+throwing out all the false claims and giving titles to the proper
+persons.
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE TEA GARDEN, SAN FRANSISCO.]
+
+The little village of Yerba Buena has now grown to be the largest
+city on the Pacific coast and one that is known the world over. It is
+widely and justly celebrated as the centre of great manufacturing
+and shipping interests, for its fine buildings, its climate, and its
+beautiful surroundings. San Francisco Bay, the harbor the Franciscans
+named for their patron saint, is noted for its picturesque scenery.
+Golden Gate Park, with its thousand acres of trees and lawn and
+flowers stretching out to the Pacific Ocean, the famous Cliff House,
+and the Golden Gate, through which so many Argonauts sailed into
+California, are the most attractive and best known places.
+
+
+
+
+MEN CALIFORNIA REMEMBERS
+
+
+Many pages of this book might be filled with California's roll of
+honor,--with that long list of men whose names are remembered whenever
+the state's history is recalled.
+
+Explorers, Mission-builders, Argonauts, and pioneers were the men who
+helped to make California the fair state you know and live in. From
+the first day of the Spanish discoveries on this shore of the Pacific
+Ocean, we find brave and great men who gave their best efforts, and
+sometimes their lives, for California.
+
+Let us head our brief list with Cortes, the name-giver, who dreamed
+long years of the golden land he was never to see. Then Cabrillo, the
+sea-king whom San Diego people honor every year because he found their
+bay and first set foot on California's ground. Next comes the bold
+Englishman, Sir Admiral Francis Drake, who intended that his queen,
+Elizabeth, should have this Indian kingdom, as he believed it to
+be. The stone Prayer-book Cross, in Golden Gate Park, was put up to
+commemorate the service of prayer and psalms, offered at Drake's Bay
+by Fletcher, the minister on the Admiral's ship.
+
+Good Father Serra, the founder of the Missions, his friend
+and brother-priest Father Palou of San Francisco, and their
+fellow-laborers Crespi and Lasuen, helped in the work of building
+churches and teaching the Indians. Governor Portola, the first Spanish
+ruler of Alta California, assisted the Padres, and also found San
+Francisco Bay. Lieutenant Ayala, however, sailed the first ship, the
+_San Carlos_, through the Golden Gate. Another governor, de Neve,
+founded San José and Los Angeles, and wrote a set of laws for the two
+Californias of his time. That wise ruler, Governor Borica, ordered
+schools opened and tried to get the Indians to farm their lands and to
+raise hemp and flax.
+
+Many of the old Spanish settlers and explorers have left us their
+names, though they are themselves forgotten, as Martinez, Amador,
+Castro, Bodega, and countless others plainly show. The Englishmen
+Livermore, Gilroy and Mark West, those early settlers, Temple and Rice
+at Los Angeles, Yount and Pope of Napa Valley, Don Timoteo Murphy of
+San Rafael, and Lassen the Dane, for whom Lassen's Peak was named,
+were among those who came here before 1830.
+
+Governor Figueroa, called the "benefactor of Alta California" ordered
+the Missions to be given up to the Indians. By directing that the
+town of Yerba Buena should be laid out, he also is remembered as the
+founder of San Francisco. Richardson, who carried out the governor's
+orders, was the first settler and Leese built the first frame-house of
+San Francisco.
+
+In Governor Alvarado's time many Americans came to the new country,
+although Alvarado and General Vallejo tried hard to keep them out.
+Vallejo was then the military commander, and had headquarters at
+Sonoma, where he had an adobe fort and a few soldiers to protect the
+Mission of Solano. Here General Vallejo was living with his Indian and
+Californian settlers when the place was taken by Ide, the leader
+of the "bear-flag party." Vallejo, set free when the short-lived
+"bear-flag republic" went to pieces, lived many years at Sonoma. He
+was afterwards a member of the first legislature. He tried hard in
+1851 to have the state capital at Vallejo; but he failed, for he did
+not keep his agreement to put up buildings for government use.
+
+A man well known in the early days was John Sutter, a Swiss, who built
+a fort and settled where Sacramento now stands. He called his colony
+New Helvetia, and soon had about three hundred Indians at work for
+him. Some of the men were carpenters, blacksmiths, and farmers, while
+the women wove blankets or a coarse cloth. His fort enclosed about an
+acre of ground, with an adobe wall twenty feet high. A large gate was
+shut every night to keep safe those inside this walled fort. You have
+read that Marshall, who found gold, was building a sawmill for Sutter
+when he picked up the precious yellow nuggets. Sutter and Marshall
+quarrelled at last about the ownership of the mill at Coloma, where
+the pieces of gold were picked up. Marshall died a poor man, unhappy
+and neglected by the state, which has since put a costly bronze statue
+over his grave.
+
+Sutter was very active in the Micheltorena war, when Governor
+Micheltorena was defeated and put out of office by Alvarado and
+Castro.
+
+The last of the Mexican governors, Pio Pico, tried his best to
+prevent the rush of Americans into his country, but though Castro,
+the military commander, helped him, the Americans came and stayed. And
+both Pico and Castro with their soldiers were driven out of California
+at last by Fremont and Stockton.
+
+General Fremont, the "path-finder," who could easily find the best way
+through a wilderness and could make maps or roads for others to
+follow him, is a striking figure in California history. He made three
+exploring trips to this coast, Kit Carson, the famous hunter and
+trapper, being his guide and scout. From the Oregon line to San Diego,
+Fremont knew the country. He was a brave Indian fighter and helped to
+capture California from Mexico. Fremont was appointed governor of the
+new territory by Stockton, and was the first senator from California
+representing the state in Congress. In 1848 Fremont sent a map of the
+country to Congress, and on it named the strait at the entrance to
+San Francisco Bay the Golden Gate. He was, therefore, the first to use
+this beautiful name now known the world over. His wife, Jessie Benton
+Fremont, is still living in Los Angeles.
+
+Commodore Sloat, who raised the American flag at Monterey, and
+Commodore Stockton were United States naval officers who helped to
+conquer the Mexican and Indian forces with the aid of Fremont and
+General Kearny. These four men won the land of gold for the Union.
+
+General John Bidwell, another "path-finder," who in 1841 led the first
+party of white men over the Sierras, lived to be over eighty years of
+age. He saw the state, once a wilderness where naked Digger Indians
+chased elk and antelope, grow to a pleasant land of orchards and
+vineyards, of great cities full of people. General Bidwell was for a
+time in Sutter's employ, and surveyed nearly all the large ranches
+and the roads in early days. All his life he planted trees and built
+roads, and at his great Rancho Chico is one of the largest orchards in
+the state. Part of his life-work was to help a tribe of savage Indians
+to be good American citizens, and as one of the fathers of California
+he should always be remembered.
+
+Many notable names appear in the days when the finding of gold brought
+this shore of the Pacific Ocean before the eyes of the world. Among
+these are Gwin, who was chosen senator with Fremont; Larkin, widely
+known as the first and last American Consul to California and for his
+accounts of the gold discovery; and Halleck, first secretary of the
+state and afterward General Halleck.
+
+The streets of San Francisco honor some of the citizens of 1848 and
+1849: Geary, the first postmaster; Leavenworth and Hyde, the first
+alcaldes or mayors; Van Ness, Broderick, Turk, and McAllister,
+recalling prominent men of those days. Spanish families like Sanchez,
+Castro, Noe, Bernal, and Guerrero had also a place on the city map.
+Indeed, every town has some native Californian names in and around it.
+
+Don Victor Castro, said to be the first white child born in San
+Francisco, died lately at San Pablo in the house he had built sixty
+years ago. He was called the last of the Spanish grandees, those dons
+who, before the Gringos came, had estates that stretched miles away
+on every hand, and thousands of cattle with many Indian servants. Don
+Victor built and ran the first ferry across San Francisco Bay.
+
+Sacramento was laid out as a town for Sutter by three lieutenants of
+the U.S. army: Warner, who was afterwards killed by Indians; Ord,
+who was a general in the Civil War, while the third, in after years
+"marched through Georgia" as General Sherman. Marysville was also laid
+out by Sutter, and Stockton by Weber, who owned all the land around
+it.
+
+In 1849 Doctor Gregg and his party found Humboldt Bay. In 1851
+Yosemite Valley was discovered by Major Savage and a company of
+soldiers, who were out hunting hostile Indians. This band of Indians
+was called the Yosemites, and their old chief's name was Tenaya, for
+whom the beautiful lake is named.
+
+Those who came to California before 1850 were called pioneers, and
+many of them built up great fortunes. Among them were Coleman, the
+president of the vigilance committee, Sharon, Flood, Fair, O'Brien,
+Tevis, Phelan, and James Lick. Lick was a remarkable man, who gave
+away an immense fortune; building the Lick Observatory, a school of
+mechanical arts, free public baths, an old ladies' home, and giving
+a million to the Academy of Science and the Society of California
+Pioneers.
+
+In later days the names crowd thickly upon each other. Among editors
+and literary men the fearless and ill-fated James King of the _Evening
+Bulletin_, J. Ross Browne, the reporter of the first convention and a
+most interesting writer, Derby the humorist, "Caxton" or W.H. Rhodes,
+Mark Twain, Bret Harte, the historians Hittell and Bancroft, and the
+poet Joaquin Miller may be noted.
+
+The governors of the state have been men remarkable as brilliant
+speakers or lawyers and as wise rulers. In 1875, during the time of
+Pacheco, the first native-born governor, the order of "Native Sons of
+the Golden West" was formed, which now numbers over ten thousand young
+California men. The "Native Daughters," a sister society, follows also
+the idea of keeping the love of California warm in the hearts of her
+children.
+
+[Illustration: FALLEN LEAF LAKE.]
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT SHASTA FROM STRAWBERRY VALLEY.]
+
+
+
+
+OUR GLORIOUS CLIMATE
+
+
+Not only a glorious but in many ways a wonderful climate is enjoyed
+by the people of California's sea-coast and mountains, her valleys and
+foot-hills. In no other state can one find so many kinds of weather
+in such short distances. For instance, in Southern California you may
+pick flowers and oranges in almost tropical gardens, and in an hour
+find winter and throw snowballs on the high mountains overlooking the
+roses and orange groves you so lately left.
+
+Only in the mountains, along that granite backbone of the state known
+as the Sierra Nevadas, are there four seasons, the spring, summer,
+autumn, and winter common to most of the United States. So the Sierras
+have a distinct climate of their own. The Sacramento and San Joaquin
+river valleys have another climate peculiar to themselves, while south
+of latitude 35 degrees the coast has less rain and is warmer than the
+coast counties north of that line.
+
+In the greater part of the state the year is divided into a dry summer
+and a wet winter. The rains begin in October, and the first showers
+fall on dry, brown hills and dusty fields baked hard by steady
+sunshine since May. After these showers the grass springs up, and
+the fields are green almost as quickly as if some fairy godmother had
+waved her wand. An army of wild flowers, whose seeds were hidden in
+the brown earth, wakes when the rain-drops patter, and the plants get
+ready to bloom in a month or so. For this season, from November to
+February, with little frost and no ice nor snow, is winter in name
+only. Roses and violets bloom in the gardens and yellow poppies on the
+hills.
+
+People expect and hope for much rain in this so-called winter, since a
+wet year assures good crops to the state. But the amount of rain that
+falls is very uncertain. It does not rain every day, nor all day, as a
+rule, and each storm seems different. Sometimes a "southeaster" blows
+up from the Japan Current, or Black Stream, as the Japanese call the
+warm, dark-blue waters that pour out of the China Sea. This current of
+the Pacific Ocean flows along our coast in a mighty river a thousand
+miles wide, and gives California its peculiar climate of cool summers
+and moist, warm winters. The southeasterly wind ruffles the bay with
+white-capped waves and dashes sheets of rain against window and roof.
+Then the wind changes, and all the clouds go flying to north or east,
+while from the clear blue sky brilliant sunshine pours down to make
+the grass and flowers grow. During the winter months the sun is strong
+and warm enough to make out-door life delightful.
+
+The farmer depends greatly upon the rainfall. In a wet winter the
+moisture sinks far into the ground, but not so deep that the thirsty
+little roots cannot find it in the summer. Early rains are needed to
+soften the ground for November ploughing, and young grain and crops of
+all kinds need rain through April. In the northern part of the state
+the wet season begins earlier and lasts longer than in the south,
+while the southeastern corner is an almost rainless desert.
+
+In San Francisco the thermometer seldom falls below 45º in the winter,
+the average for the season being 51º. Perhaps in January or February
+the sidewalks may be white with frost in the mornings, or hail may
+fall during some cold rain-storm. Once in five years or so, enough
+snow falls to make children go wild with delight over a few snowballs
+which are very soon melted. People can be comfortable the year round
+without fires, and the clear, bright winter days with soft air and
+warm sunshine are always pleasant enough to spend outdoors. This
+ocean climate, due to the warm sea air, is enjoyed by the counties
+facing the coast and San Francisco Bay. In the valleys of the interior
+white frosts are frequent, and thin ice forms on the wayside puddles.
+Once in a while killing frosts destroy fruit blossoms and cut down the
+garden flowers and vegetables, but seldom do more damage.
+
+[Illustration: "EL CAPITAN" (3300 feet in height).]
+
+[Illustration: YOSEMITE FALLS.]
+
+In mountain regions, above five or six thousand feet, the very cold
+winter lasts six or seven months. Snow falls almost constantly and
+drifts to a great depth. Small lakes are frozen and buried in snow,
+and the trees are bent and weighed down with ice and sleet. Many of
+the wild animals come down to the foot-hills below the snow-line to
+spend the winter; but the bear curls himself up in his warm cave and
+sleeps through the cold months. In this snowy zone of the Sierras,
+about thirty miles wide, winter lasts from the first snowfall, about
+the end of October, to the late spring of June. Then July and August
+are months of glorious weather, with clear, dry air and a cloudless
+sky. During the day the temperature of about 80 degrees melts much
+snow, and the rivers carry it away in rushing torrents and falls of
+icy water. In September the frost turns the leaves of all but the
+evergreen trees beautiful colors of red and yellow. Indian summer
+comes during September and October, when the days are sunny and warm,
+and then the long winter sets in again. Peaks above eight thousand
+feet are snow-clad on their crests and along their sides by deep
+drifts the year round.
+
+Along the Pacific coast in summer cool sea-winds, called trade-winds,
+blow in from the ocean, and 60 degrees is the average temperature. The
+farther you go inland from the coast, the hotter it gets, and the heat
+is very great in the interior of the state. In the San Joaquin and
+Sacramento valleys it is often over 100 degrees in the shade, though
+this dry heat is not hard to bear, and the nights are always cool
+enough for one to sleep in comfort.
+
+Summer fogs are usual in the coast counties. The mornings are pleasant
+and sunny till about eleven o'clock. At this time the sun's rays
+grow stronger in the interior valleys, and the hot air rises while
+trade-winds rush in from the cold ocean and fog settles down like a
+thick, gray cloud over the bay and hills. July and August are cold and
+foggy along the coastline, with strong west winds almost every day. In
+September the winds die away, and sometimes a shower or two falls.
+
+The rainless desert, or southeastern corner of our state, is the
+hottest region of all. Here the sun glares down till sand and rocks
+seem heated by a fiery furnace. Every living creature gasps and pants
+for breath in the scorching heat. There are no trees, but only cactus,
+that queer, prickly, thorny plant, often fifteen or twenty feet
+high in these wastes of sand, and low greasewood bushes. Under this
+vegetation snakes, lizards, and horned toads bask all day and search
+for food at night. If travellers wander from the road in crossing the
+desert, they are easily lost, and sometimes they die or go mad in the
+terrible heat. There are no springs, and water stations are a long way
+apart, so that lost people usually die of thirst. As the heat of the
+sun's rays quivers over the burning sands, a curious sight called
+a mirage is often produced. A cool, glassy lake or flowing river
+bordered with green trees seems pictured in the air, and the hot and
+weary traveller can scarcely believe that only sand and rocks are
+before him.
+
+Can you tell which season you like the best? You will find the one you
+choose in some part of this favored state. It is always summer in the
+south, and you may slide on the ice or throw snowballs all year in the
+high Sierras.
+
+
+
+
+SOME WONDERFUL SIGHTS
+
+
+California is a wonderland where snowy mountains, mighty and ancient
+forests, glaciers and geysers, lakes and waterfalls, foaming rivers
+and the cliffs and rolling surf down her long sea-coast give new and
+beautiful pictures at every place.
+
+Through the whole state stretches the granite backbone of the Sierra
+Nevadas with its highest crest or ridge at the head-waters of the
+Kings and Kern rivers near Fresno. Here Mount Whitney and a dozen
+other great peaks of the High Sierras or California Alps lift their
+heads over thirteen thousand feet in the air. Here are to be seen most
+magnificent panoramas of lofty peaks, deep cañons, towering domes, and
+snow-clad summits. The finest forests, too, in the world grow on the
+slopes of the Sierras, the immense pines and giant _sequoias_ of
+the General Grant and other National Parks in this section being the
+largest and oldest of all. Kings River Cañon is a rugged gorge half a
+mile deep with the river rushing through it in thundering rapids and
+cascades.
+
+The well-known Yosemite Valley is the gorge of the Merced River and,
+though only eight miles long and half a mile wide, holds the grandest
+of all our mountain scenery. The mighty rock El Capitan, over three
+thousand feet in height, stands at the entrance to the valley, and
+across from it is Bridal Veil Fall, a snowy cascade so thin you can
+see the face of the mountain through the falling waters. There are
+many waterfalls, but the Yosemite is chief of them all. Here the river
+takes a plunge of sixteen hundred feet, the water falling like snowy
+rockets bursting into spray from that great height.
+
+Then, for six hundred feet more, the torrent leaps and foams through
+a trench it has cut out of the solid rock to the cliff, from which it
+takes a second plunge. This Lower Yosemite fall is four hundred feet
+high, the rushing waters turning into clouds of spray, which the wind
+tosses from side to side. At Nevada Fall the Merced River leaps six
+hundred feet at a bound, strikes a mass of rocks halfway down, and
+breaks into white foam upon which rainbows play when the sun shines
+through the misty veil.
+
+Besides the grand Sentinel Rock, Eagle Peak, Clouds' Rest, and other
+high mountains in the Yosemite Valley, many domes or round-topped
+peaks like the heads of buried giants loom up, the most famous being
+South Dome, Washington Column, Liberty Cap, and Mount Broderick.
+
+But no one can picture this wonderful valley with pen or brush or
+camera and give its real charm. You must see it yourself to know and
+understand the beauty of great mountains and falling waters, of Mirror
+Lake with its fine reflections of the surrounding scenery, and of the
+rushing torrent of the Merced River in its swift coursing through this
+mighty cañon of the Yosemite. Thousands of tourists and sightseers
+visit the valley from May to October. Then snow begins to fall and
+winter sets in, as it does everywhere in the high Sierras. Very deep
+snow-drifts cover the ground, lakes and rivers freeze, and the great
+falls are fringed with icicles, while a large ice cone forms at the
+foot of the falling water. Many beautiful pictures may be found in
+the valley in winter when Jack Frost is ruler of all the snow-clad,
+ice-bound cañon.
+
+Scattered throughout the Sierras are other valleys almost as fine
+as the Yosemite. These are not often reached by the army of summer
+sight-seers, but true mountaineers find them. One valley which has
+fine scenery is the Grand Cañon of the Tuolumne, the gorge being
+twenty-five miles long, with walls so high and steep that once entered
+one must go through to the end. The Tuolumne River rushes, with
+terrible force and speed, in cascades and rapids down the granite
+stairway which is the floor of this cañon. The walls of the gorge
+rise so high that the traveller only sees a tiny strip of blue sky far
+above him, and the great pine trees on top of these cliff walls seem
+only the length of one's finger.
+
+It is supposed that all these valleys have been formed by glaciers,
+which during the ice age, thousands of years ago, filled the cañons
+and swept over the mountains. These masses of ice, moving very slowly,
+ground and tore up the rocks under and around them till deep gorges
+and steep, high cliffs were left in their tracks. Most of the glaciers
+melted long ago, but on Mount Lyell, on Shasta, and a few of the
+Sierra summits may still be found those ever-living ice-rivers, the
+one on Mount Lyell being the source of the Tuolumne River.
+
+California is rich in lakes, especially in the mountains where the
+melting snows gather in every hollow and form lakelets in chains or
+groups, or in one large body of water like Tahoe, Donner, or Tenaya
+lakes.
+
+One of the most beautiful lakes in the world is Lake Tahoe. It is six
+thousand feet above sea-level, and the mountains around it rise four
+thousand feet higher. On these peaks snow-drifts lie the year round
+above the "snow-line," as a height over eight or nine thousand feet
+is called. Nevada, treeless and barren, is on the eastern side of
+Lake Tahoe, while the western or California side is green and thickly
+wooded with beautiful pines. But the first thing one would notice,
+perhaps, is the wonderful clearness of the lake water. As one stands
+on the wharf the steamer _Tahoe_ seems to be hanging in the clear
+green depths with her keel and twin propellers in plain sight. The
+fish dart under her and all about as in some large aquarium. There a
+big lake-trout shoots by like a silver streak of light, or here is a
+school of hundreds of little fingerlings. Every stick or stone shows
+on the bottom as one starts out on the steamer, and as one sails
+along where the water is sixty or seventy feet deep. In the middle
+the lake's depth is fifteen hundred feet and the water is a dark
+indigo-blue. At the edge and along shallow places the color is bright
+green, as at Emerald Bay, a beautiful inlet three miles long. Lake
+Tahoe is twenty miles in length and about five wide, and its icy cold
+waters are of crystal clearness and very pure.
+
+Fallen Leaf Lake is a smaller Tahoe, and Donner Lake, not far from
+Truckee, and now the camping-place of many a summer visitor, is the
+place where years ago the Donner overland party spent a terrible
+winter in the Sierra snows.
+
+Clear Lake and the Blue Lakes in Lake County are delightful places
+to visit, and in this county, too, are the geysers. Some wonderful
+curiosities are seen here. You will find springs that spout up a
+stream of hot water every few minutes, mineral springs from which
+you can have a drink of soda water, and an acid spring that flows
+lemonade. Alum, iron, or sulphur waters, either hot or cold, bubble
+up out of the ground at every turn. At one spring you may boil an
+egg. Other springs are used for steam baths and also hot mud-baths. In
+Geyser Cañon is the strange place every sight-seer hurries to at once.
+Such rumblings and thunderings, such hot vapors and gases come from
+the cracks in the ground, that the Indians thought this was the
+workshop where the bad spirit which white people call the devil used
+to live and work. The deeper one goes into this cañon, the hotter and
+noisier it gets. All round are signs telling where it is dangerous
+to step, while the ground is hot, and boiling water runs by in little
+streams. Steam rises from many pools, and the sulphur smell almost
+chokes one. Another curious spring, called the devil's inkstand, seems
+full of ink. Mount St. Helena, near here, is a dead or extinct
+volcano, and probably there are fires in the earth under this region
+which keep up these steam and sulphur springs.
+
+[Illustration: NATURAL BRIDGE, SANTA CRUZ.]
+
+Many of the Sierra summits are capped with volcanic rock, and Lassen's
+Peak and Mount Shasta are extinct volcanoes. There are hot springs and
+cracks from which steam and sulphur rise on both of these mountains,
+and as earthquakes often shake the earth in different parts of the
+state we know that underground fires are still at work. A great piece
+of land on Mount San Jacinto in Southern California lately sank down
+about a hundred feet, and cracks both deep and wide show that some
+force from below gave a thorough shaking-up to that part of the state.
+
+Mono, Owen's, and several other large lakes are the "sinks" into which
+rivers flow and lose themselves in the sandy or marshy shores. These
+lakes have soda or salt in their waters, and great stretches of dry
+alkali lands around them. The famous Death Valley is a dry lake of
+this kind where the sun beats down on the white alkali plain till it
+is almost certain death to try to cross it without a guide. The
+Salton Sea is a dry lake where almost pure salt is dug out, and great
+quantities of borax and of soda are found in other beds, of dried-up
+streams and lakes.
+
+But to tell of all the curious things nature has to show us in
+California,--of the forests of petrified trees, of the caverns cut out
+of the ocean cliffs by restless waves, or of those in the mountains or
+the Modoc lava-beds,--well, you will see most of them, let us hope, in
+your vacations. A large book might be given to the wonderful sights
+of this great state, and it may be your fortune to visit and so always
+remember a few we have named.
+
+
+
+PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY
+
+Alta (äl´-ta).
+Amador (am´-a-dore).
+Alvarado (al-va-rä´-do).
+Ayala (ä-yä´-la).
+Bernal (ber-nal´).
+Bodega (bo-d[=a]´-ga).
+Cabrillo (ka-breel´-yo).
+Calaveras (kal-a-v[=a]´-ras).
+Carmel (kar´-mel).
+Castro (kas´-tro).
+Cortes (kor´-tez).
+Coloma (ko-lo´-ma).
+Diegueño (de-[=a]-gw[=a]n´-yo).
+Farallones (f[)a]r´-a-lones).
+Figueroa (fi-gwa-ro´-a).
+Franciscan (fran-cis´-can).
+Galvez (gal´-ves).
+Gringos (gring´-gos).
+Guerrero (gur-r[=a]´-ro).
+Junipero Serra (h[=u]-nip´-er-o ser´-ra).
+Klamath (klam´-eth).
+Los Angeles (los an´-ga-lees).
+Marin (ma-rin´).
+Mariposa (mar-e-po´-sa).
+Martinez (mar-tee´-nes).
+Mechoopdas (me-choop´-das).
+Mission Dolores (mis´-sion do-l[=o]r´-es).
+Modocs (mo´-docs).
+Monterey (mon-ta-ray´).
+Noe (no´-a).
+Ortega (or-t[=a]´-ga).
+Pacheco (pä-ch[=a]´-ko).
+Padres (pa´-drays).
+Palou (pa´-loo).
+Pio Pico (pe´-o pe´-ko).
+Placerville (pl[)a]s´-er-vil).
+Point Reyes (rays).
+Pomos (po´-mos).
+Portola (por-to´-la).
+San Antonio (san an-t[=o]-ni-[=o]).
+Sanchez (san´-ches).
+San Carlos (san kar´-l[=o]s).
+San Diego (san de-[=a]´-go).
+San Fernando (san fer-nan´-do).
+San Francisco (san fran-cis´-co).
+San Gabriel (san ga-brell´).
+San Jacinto (san ha-sin´-to).
+San Joaquin (san waw-keen´).
+San Jose (san ho-say´).
+San Juan Bautista (san wawn ba-tis´-ta).
+San Juan Capistrano (san wawn kap-is-tra´-no).
+San Luis Obispo (san loo-is o-bis´-po).
+San Miguel (san mig-gell´).
+Santa Barbara (san´-ta bar´-ba-ra).
+Santa Catalina (san´-ta kat-a-lee´-na).
+Santa Cruz (san´-ta krooz).
+Santa Lucia (san´-ta loo-she´-a).
+Santa Ysabel (san´-ta [=e]´-sa-bel).
+Santa Ynez (san´-ta e´-nes).
+Sausalito (saw-sa-lee´-to).
+Sierras (see-er´-ras).
+Siskiyous (sis´-ke-yous).
+Sonoma (so-no´-ma).
+Sutter (s[)u]t´-ter).
+Tahoe (tä´-ho).
+Tamalpais (tarm´-el-pies).
+Tenaya (te-ni´-ya).
+Tulare (too-lar´-ee).
+Tuolumne (too-ol´-um-ee).
+Ukiah (u-ki´-ah).
+Vallejo (väl-y[=a]´-ho).
+Viscaino (vees-kä-e´-no).
+Wawona (wa-wo´-na).
+Yerba Buena (yer´-ba bw[=a]´-na).
+Yosemite (yo sem´-e-tee).
+
+abalone (ab-a-lo´-nee).
+adobe (a-do´-bee).
+alcalde (al-kal´-day).
+arrastra (ar-ras´-tra).
+burro (boo´-ro).
+cañon (can´-yon).
+carne seca (kar´-n[=a] s[=a]´-ka).
+cascarone (kas-ka-ro´-na).
+chaparral (shap-per-ral´).
+coyote (ki-o´-tee).
+corral (kor-ral´).
+debris (day-bree´).
+el toro (el to´-ro).
+fandango (fan-dang´-go).
+frijoles (free-yo´-lays).
+galleon (gal´-le-on).
+madroño (ma-dron´-yo).
+manzanita (man-zan-ee´-ta).
+mantilla (man-tee´-ya).
+mahala (ma-ha´-la).
+mesa (m[=a]´-sa).
+mustangs (mus´-tangs),
+presidio (pr[=a]-se´-de-o).
+pueblos (p[=u]-[=a]´-blos),
+ranche (ransh).
+rancheria (ran-sha-ree´-a).
+rodeos (ro-da´-os).
+senora (s[=a]n-yo´-ra).
+senoritas (s[=a]n-yor-ee´-tas).
+sombrero (som-br[=a]´-ro).
+sequoias (see-kwoy´-as).
+serape (ser-ä´-pay).
+teredo (te-r[=e]´-do).
+temescal (tem-es-kal´).
+tortillas (tor-tee´-yas).
+tule (too´-lee).
+vaqueros (vä-ka´-ros).
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories of California, by Ella M. Sexton
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13232 ***
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of
+    Stories of California,
+    by Ella M. Sexton.
+</title>
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13232 ***</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="image-1"><!-- Image 1 --></a>
+<div align="center">
+<a href="images/lg1000.jpg"><img src="images/sm1000.jpg" alt="Nevada Falls (Height 617 Feet). Yosemite Valley."
+width="203" height="339" border="0"></a>
+<br>Nevada Falls (Height 617 Feet). Yosemite Valley.<br>
+<i>Click Thumbnail for full-size Illustration</i></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div align="center"><h1>STORIES OF CALIFORNIA</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<h2>ELLA M. SEXTON </h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>NEW YORK </h3>
+<h2>THE MACMILLAN COMPANY </h2>
+<h3>LONDON: MACMILLAN &amp; CO., LTD. </h3>
+<h3>1903</h3>
+<h4><i>All rights reserved</i></h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_1"><!-- RULE4 1 --></a>
+
+<h4>1902,</h4>
+<h4>BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h4>Set up, electrotyped, and published September, 1902. Reprinted October, 1903.</h4>
+<h4>Normond Press J.S. Cushing &amp; Co.&mdash;Berwick &amp; Smith Co.
+Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.</h4>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<a name="FOR"><!-- FOR --></a>
+<h2>
+	FOREWORD
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+To recount in simple, accurate narratives the early conditions and
+subsequent development of California is the purpose of this book. In
+attempting to picture the romantic events embodied in the wonderful
+history of the state, and to make each sketch clear and concise as
+well as interesting, the author has avoided many dry details and
+dates.
+</p>
+<p>
+Several of the stories endeavor to explain the remarkable physical
+characteristics of California. The work to this end was rendered
+lighter by the hope that the reader might find the book merely an
+introduction to that larger knowledge of personal observation and
+inquiry.
+</p>
+<p>
+But the writer's chief aim has been to interest the children of
+California in the beautiful land of their birth, to unfold to them the
+life and occurrences of bygone days, and to lead them to note and to
+enjoy their fortunate surroundings.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the many authorities consulted for the work, special
+acknowledgment is due to the historians, Theodore H. Hittell and H.H.
+Bancroft.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="TOC"><!-- TOC --></a>
+<h2>
+	CONTENTS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_3">CALIFORNIA'S NAME AND EARLY HISTORY</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_4">THE STORY OF THE MISSIONS AND OF FATHER SERRA</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_5">BEFORE THE GRINGOS CAME</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_6">THE AMERICANS AND THE BEAR-FLAG REPUBLIC</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_7">THE DAYS OF GOLD AND THE ARGONAUTS OF '49</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_8">MINING STORIES</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_9">HOW POLLY ELLIOTT CAME ACROSS THE PLAINS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_10">THE BUILDING OF THE OVERLAND RAILROAD</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_11">STORY OF THE WHEAT FIELDS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_12">ORCHARD, FARM, AND VINEYARD</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_13">THE STORY OF THE NAVEL ORANGE</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_14">THE LEMON</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_15">FLOWERS AND PLANTS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_16">THE BIG TREES AND LUMBERING</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_17">OUR BIRDS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_18">OUR WILD ANIMALS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_19">IN SALT WATER AND FRESH</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_20">ABOUT CALIFORNIA'S INDIANS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_21">THE STORY OF SAN FRANCISCO</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_22">MEN CALIFORNIA REMEMBERS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_23">OUR GLORIOUS CLIMATE</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_24">SOME WONDERFUL SIGHTS</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="ILL"><!-- ILL --></a>
+<h2>
+	ILLUSTRATIONS
+</h2>
+
+<p>1. <a href="images/lg1000.jpg">
+NEVADA FALLS (height 617 feet), YOSEMITE VALLEY
+</a></p>
+<p>2. <a href="images/lg1005.jpg">
+FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA
+</a></p>
+<p>3. <a href="images/lg1012a.jpg">
+MISSION CHURCH, MONTEREY
+</a></p>
+<p>4. <a href="images/lg1012b.jpg">
+OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. Founded 1769
+</a></p>
+<p>5. <a href="images/lg1021a.jpg">
+MISSION SAN LUIS REY. Founded 1798
+</a></p>
+<p>6. <a href="images/lg1021b.jpg">
+MISSION DOLORES. Established 1776
+</a></p>
+<p>7. <a href="images/lg1028.jpg">
+SANTA BARBARA MISSION. Founded 1786
+</a></p>
+<p>8. <a href="images/lg1037a.jpg">
+UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER
+</a></p>
+<p>9. <a href="images/lg1037b.jpg">
+PLACER GOLD MINING. Washing with Cradle
+</a></p>
+<p>10. <a href="images/lg1085a.jpg">
+AN ORANGE TREE WITH FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS
+</a></p>
+<p>11. <a href="images/lg1085b.jpg">
+PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD AT LOS ANGELES
+</a></p>
+<p>12.
+HOP VINES [1]
+</p>
+<p>13.
+AMONG THE HOP VINES[1]
+</p>
+<p>14.
+WHITE SANTA BARBARA POPPY[1]
+</p>
+<p>15.
+WILD CALIFORNIA POPPY[1]
+</p>
+<p>16. <a href="images/lg1103a.jpg">
+IN A MISSION GARDEN
+</a></p>
+<p>17. <a href="images/lg1103b.jpg">
+A CHRISTMAS GARDEN
+</a></p>
+<p>18. <a href="images/lg1106a.jpg">
+"WAWONA" (28 feet in diameter)
+</a></p>
+<p>19. <a href="images/lg1106b.jpg">
+THE GRIZZLY GIANT (33 feet in diameter)
+</a></p>
+<p>20. <a href="images/lg1118.jpg">
+BIG TREES AT FELTON, SANTA CRUZ CO.
+</a></p>
+<p>21. <a href="images/lg1133a.jpg">
+ YOUNG TOWHEE
+</a></p>
+<p>22. <a href="images/lg1133b.jpg">
+BABY YELLOW WARBLERS. From photographs by Elizabeth Grinnell
+</a></p>
+<p>23. <a href="images/lg1140.jpg">
+CALIFORNIA RED DEER. From a photograph by George V. Robinson
+</a></p>
+<p>24. <a href="images/lg1149a.jpg">
+LEAPING TUNA
+</a></p>
+<p>25. <a href="images/lg1149b.jpg">
+BLACK SEA BASS
+</a></p>
+<p>26. <a href="images/lg1159a.jpg">
+HUMPBACK WHALE (57 feet long)
+</a></p>
+<p>27. <a href="images/lg1159b.jpg">
+TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE
+</a></p>
+<p>28. <a href="images/lg1162a.jpg">
+INDIAN WOMAN WITH PAPPOOSE
+</a></p>
+<p>29. <a href="images/lg1162b.jpg">
+INDIAN WOMAN WITH BASKETS
+</a></p>
+<p>30. <a href="images/lg1174.jpg">
+INDIAN BASKETS
+</a></p>
+<p>31. <a href="images/lg1177a.jpg">
+SEAL ROCKS, SAN FRANCISCO
+</a></p>
+<p>32. <a href="images/lg1177b.jpg">
+THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO
+</a></p>
+<p>33. <a href="images/lg1179.jpg">
+ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE TEA GARDEN, SAN FRANCISCO
+</a></p>
+<p>34. <a href="images/lg1191a.jpg">
+FALLEN LEAF LAKE
+</a></p>
+<p>35. <a href="images/lg1191b.jpg">
+MOUNT SHASTA FROM STRAWBERRY VALLEY
+</a></p>
+<p>36. <a href="images/lg1194a.jpg">
+"EL CAPITAN" (3300 feet in height)
+</a></p>
+<p>37. <a href="images/lg1194b.jpg">
+YOSEMITE FALLS
+</a></p>
+<p>38. <a href="images/lg1206.jpg">
+NATURAL BRIDGE, SANTA CRUZ
+</a></p>
+
+<p class="bq">[Compiler's note 1: Four illustrations were omitted from the published book, but were listed in the
+Illustrations pages.]</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_2"><!-- RULE4 2 --></a>
+<h2>
+	STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_3"><!-- RULE4 3 --></a>
+<h1>
+	STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+</h1>
+
+
+<h2>CALIFORNIA'S NAME AND EARLY HISTORY</h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>
+A Spanish story written four hundred years ago speaks of California as
+an island rich in pearls and gold. Only black women lived there, the
+story says, and they had golden spears, and collars and harness of
+gold for the wild beasts which they had tamed to ride upon. This
+island was said to be at a ten days' journey from Mexico, and was
+supposed to lie near Asia and the East Indies.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among those who believed such fairy tales about this wonderful island
+of California was Cortes, a Spanish soldier and traveller. He had
+conquered Mexico in 1521 and had made Montezuma, the Mexican emperor,
+give him a fortune in gold and precious stones. Then Cortes wished
+to find another rich country to capture, and California, he thought,
+would be the very place. He wrote home to Spain promising to bring
+back gold from the island, and also silks, spices, and diamonds from
+Asia. For he was sure that the two countries were near together, and
+that both might be found in the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea, as he
+called it, by sailing northwest.
+</p>
+<p>
+So for years Cortes built ships in New Spain (or Mexico), and sent out
+men to hunt for this golden island. They found the Gulf of California,
+and at last Cortes himself sailed up and down its waters. He explored
+the land on both sides, and saw only poor, naked Indians who had a few
+pearls but no gold. Cortes never found the golden island. We should
+remember, however, that his ships first sailed on the North Pacific
+and explored Lower California, and that he first used the name
+California for the peninsula.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was left for a Portuguese ship-captain called Cabrillo to find the
+port of San Diego in 1542. He was the first white man to land upon
+the shores of California, as we know it. Afterwards he sailed north to
+Monterey. Many Indians living along the coast came out to his ship
+in canoes with fish and game for the white men. Then Cabrillo sailed
+north past Monterey Bay, and almost in sight of the Golden Gate. But
+the weather was rough and stormy, and without knowing of the fine
+harbor so near him, he turned his ship round and sailed south again.
+He reached the Santa Barbara Islands, intending to spend the winter
+there, but he died soon after his arrival. The people of San Diego
+now honor Cabrillo with a festival every year. He was the sea-king who
+found their bay and first set foot on California ground.
+</p>
+<p>
+About this time Magellan had discovered the Philippine Islands, and
+Spain began to send ships from Mexico to those islands to buy silks,
+spices, and other rich treasures. The Spanish galleons, or vessels,
+loaded with their costly freight, used to come home by crossing
+the Pacific to Cape Mendocino, and then sailing down the coast of
+California to Mexico. Before long the English, who hated Spain and
+were at war with her, sent out brave sea-captains to capture the
+Spanish galleons and their cargoes. Sir Francis Drake, one of the
+boldest Englishmen, knew this South Sea very well, and on a ship
+called the <i>Golden Hind</i> (which meant the Golden Deer), he came
+to the New World and captured every Spanish vessel he sighted. He
+loaded his ship with their treasures, gold and silver bars, chests of
+silver money, velvets and silks, and wished to take his cargo back to
+England. He tried to find a northern, or shorter way home, and at last
+got so far north that his sailors suffered from cold, and his ship was
+nearly lost. Obliged to sail south, he found a sheltered harbor near
+Point Reyes, and landed there in 1579. Drake claimed the new country
+for the English Queen, Elizabeth, and named it New Albion. A great many friendly
+Indians in the neighborhood brought presents of feather and bead work to the
+commander and his men. These Indians killed small game and deer with
+bows and arrows, and had coats or mantles of squirrel skins.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Natural Bridge, Santa Cruz"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1206.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1206.jpg" width="150" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="NATURAL BRIDGE, SANTA CRUZ.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">NATURAL BRIDGE, <br>SANTA CRUZ.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Drake and his sailors repaired and refitted their vessel during the
+month they stayed at Drake's Bay. They made several trips inland also
+and saw the pine and redwood forests with many deer feeding on the
+hills; but they did not discover San Francisco Bay. On leaving New
+Albion, Drake sailed the <i>Golden Hind</i> across the Pacific to the
+East Indies and the Indian Ocean, and round the Cape of Good Hope home
+to England, with all the treasure he had taken. The queen received him
+with great honors and his ship was kept a hundred years in memory of
+the brave admiral, who had commanded it on this voyage.
+</p>
+<p>
+During the next century several English commanders of vessels sailed
+the South Sea while hunting Spanish galleons to capture, and these
+ships often touched at Lower California for fresh water. Some of
+the captains explored the coast and traded with the Indians, but no
+settlements were made.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then the Spanish tried to find and settle the country they had heard
+so many reports of, thinking to provide stations where their trading
+ships might anchor for supplies and protection. Viscaino, on his
+second voyage for this purpose, landed at San Diego in 1602. Sailing
+on to the island he named Santa Catalina, Viscaino found there a tribe
+of fine-looking Indians who had large houses and canoes. They were
+good hunters and fishermen and clothed themselves in sealskins.
+Viscaino went on to Monterey and finally as far north as Oregon, but
+owing to severe storms, and to sickness among his sailors, he was
+obliged to return to Mexico.
+</p>
+<p>
+For a long time after this failure to settle upon the coast, the
+Spanish came to Lower California for the pearl-fisheries. Along the
+Gulf of California were many oyster-beds where the Indians secured
+the shells by diving for them. Large and valuable pearls were found
+in many of the oysters, and the Spanish collected them in great
+quantities from the Indians who did not know their real value.
+</p>
+<p>
+In this peninsula of Lower California fifteen Missions, or
+settlements, each having a church, were founded by Padres of the
+Jesuits. But later the Jesuits were ordered out of the country, and
+their Missions turned over to the Franciscan order of Mexico.
+</p>
+<p>
+With the coming of the Franciscans a new period of California's
+history began. Spain wished to settle Alta California, or that region
+north of the peninsula, and Father Serra, the head and leader of these
+Franciscans, was chosen to begin this work.
+</p>
+<p>
+How he did this, and how he and his followers founded the California
+Missions you will read in the story of that time.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_4"><!-- RULE4 4 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE STORY OF THE MISSIONS AND OF FATHER SERRA
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The old Missions of California are landmarks that remind us of Father
+Serra and his band of faithful workers. There were twenty-one of their
+beautiful churches, and though some are ruined and neglected, others
+like the Mission Dolores of San Francisco and the Santa Barbara and
+Monterey buildings are still in excellent condition. From San Diego to
+San Francisco these Missions were located, about thirty miles apart,
+and so well were the sites chosen that the finest cities of the state
+have grown round the old churches.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1005.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1005.jpg" alt="FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA" width="150" height="141" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Father Junipero Serra was the president and leader of the Franciscan
+missionaries and the founder of the Missions. He had been brought up
+in Spain, and had dreamed from his boyhood of going to the New
+World, as the Spanish called America, to tell the savages how to be
+Christians. He began his work as a missionary in Mexico and there
+labored faithfully among the Indians for nearly twenty years. But as
+his greatest wish was to preach to those in unknown places he was glad
+to be chosen to explore Alta or Upper California.
+</p>
+<p>
+Marching by land from Loreto, a Mission of Lower California, Father
+Serra, with Governor Portola and his soldiers, reached San Diego in
+1769. Here he planted the first Mission on California ground. The
+church was a rude arbor of boughs, and the bells were hung in an oak
+tree. Father Serra rang the bells himself, and called loudly to the
+wondering Indians to come to the Holy Church and hear about Christ.
+But the natives were suspicious and not ready to listen to the good
+man's teachings, and several times they attacked the newcomers.
+Finally, after six years, they burnt the church and killed one of the
+missionaries. But later on there was peace, and the priests, or Padres
+as they were called, taught the Indians to raise corn and wheat, and
+to plant olive orchards and fig trees, and grapes for wine. They built
+a new church and round it the huts, or cabins, of the Indians, the
+storehouses, and the Padre's dwelling. In the early morning the bells
+called every member of the Mission family to a church service. After a
+breakfast of corn and beans they spent the morning in outdoor work or
+in building. At noon either mutton or beef was served with corn and
+beans, and at two o'clock work began again, to last till evening
+service. A supper of corn-meal mush was the Indians' favorite
+meal. They had many holidays, when their amusements were dancing,
+bull-fighting, or cock-fighting.
+</p>
+<p>
+San Diego, called the Mother Mission, because it is the oldest church,
+is now also most in ruins. But its friends hope to put new foundations
+under the old walls, and to recap firm ones with cement, and preserve
+this monument of early California history.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Mission church, Monterey"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1012a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1012a.jpg" width="150" height="148" border="0"
+	alt="MISSION CHURCH, MONTEREY.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">MISSION CHURCH, <br>MONTEREY.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+After Father Serra had started the San Diego settlement he set sail
+for Monterey. Landing at Monterey Bay, he built an altar under a large
+oak tree, hung the Mission bells upon the boughs, and held the usual
+services. The Spanish soldiers fired off their guns in honor of the
+day and put up a great cross. The Indians had never heard the sound of
+guns and were so frightened that they ran away to the mountains. The
+second Mission was built on the Carmel River, a little distance from
+the site of the first altar. This was called San Carlos of Monterey,
+and the settlement was the capital of Alta California for many years.
+It was also the Mission that Father Serra loved the best, and after
+every trip to other and newer settlements he returned to San Carlos as
+his home. This Monterey Mission is well preserved, and books, carved
+church furniture, and embroidered robes used in the old services are
+still shown.
+</p>
+<p>
+At both San Diego and Monterey a presidio, or fort, was built for the
+soldiers. These forts had one or two cannon brought from Spain, and
+had around them high walls, or stockades, to protect, if it should be
+necessary, the Mission people from the Indians. The cannon were fired
+on holidays, or to frighten troublesome Indians.
+</p>
+<p>
+All the Mission buildings were of brown clay made into large bricks
+about a foot and a half long and broad, and three or four inches
+thick. These bricks, dried in the sun, were called adobes, and were
+plastered together and made smooth by a mortar of the same clay.
+Then the walls were coated outside and inside with a lime stucco and
+whitewashed. The roof timbers were covered with hollow red tiles, each
+like the half of a sewer pipe, and these were laid to overlap each
+other so that they kept the rain out. The floors were of earth beaten
+hard, and the windows had bars or latticework, but no glass. The large
+church was snowy white within and without and had pictures brought
+from Spain and much carved furniture, such as chairs, benches, and
+the pulpit made by the Indians. One or two round-topped towers and
+five or six belfries, each holding a large bell, were on the church roof,
+and a great iron cross at the very top.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Old San Diego Mission, Founded 1769"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1012b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1012b.jpg" alt="OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. Founded 1769."
+	width="150" height="138" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. <br>Founded 1769.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Night and morning the Mission bells rang to call the Indians to mass
+or service, and chimes or tunes were rung on holidays or for weddings.
+These Mission bells were brought from Spain, and it was thought a
+blessing rested on the ship which carried them, and that shipwreck
+could not come to such a vessel. We read of one captain joyfully
+receiving the Mission bells to take to San Diego. When nearing the
+coast his vessel struck a rock, yet passed on in safety because, as
+he said, no harm could happen with the bells on board. On his journeys
+every missionary carried a bell with him for the new church he was to
+build. Father Serra's first act on reaching a stopping-place was to
+hang the bell in a tree and ring it to gather the Indians and people
+for service.
+</p>
+<p>
+San Antonio, a very successful Mission, was the third one established,
+and it was in a beautiful little valley of the Santa Lucia Mountains.
+Every kind of fruit grew in its orchards, and the Indians there were
+very happy and contented, and in large workshops made cloth, saddles,
+and other things. San Gabriel, not far from Los Angeles and sometimes
+called the finest church of all, was the next to be built. This was
+the richest of the Missions and had great stores of wool, wheat, and
+fruit, which the hard-working Indians earned and gave to the church.
+The Indians, indeed, were almost slaves, and worked all their
+lives for the Padres without rest or pay. At San Gabriel the first
+California flour-mill worked by a stream of water turning the wheel,
+was put up. Some of the old palms and olive trees are still growing
+there.
+</p>
+<p>
+San Juan Capistrano, founded in 1776, was one of the best-known
+Missions, for it had a seaport of its own at San Juan. Vessels came to
+its port for the hides and tallow of thousands of cattle herded round
+the Mission. The first fine church of this Mission was destroyed by
+an earthquake, and many people were killed by its falling roof. It was
+rebuilt, however, and still shows its fine front, and long corridors
+or porches round a hollow square where a garden and fountain used to
+be.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Mission Dolores. Established 1776"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1021b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1021b.jpg" alt="MISSION DOLORES. Established 1776."
+	width="144" height="150" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">MISSION DOLORES.<br>Established 1776.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Old records tell us that Father Serra felt that there should be a
+church named in honor of Francis, who was the founder and patron saint
+of the Franciscan brotherhood of monks to which these missionaries
+belonged. When Father Serra spoke of this to Galvez, that priest
+replied, &quot;If our good Saint Francis wants a Mission, let him show us
+that fine harbor up above Monterey and we will build him one there.&quot;
+Several explorers had failed to find this port about which Indians had
+spoken to the Spanish. At last Ortega discovered it, and Father Palou,
+in 1776, consecrated the Mission of San Francisco. Near the spot was
+a small lake called the &quot;Laguna de los Dolores,&quot; and from this the
+church was at last known as the Mission Dolores. But the great city
+bears the Spanish name of Saint Francis, or San Francisco. A fort
+was erected where the present Presidio stands, and later a battery
+of cannon was placed at Black Point. It is told that the Indians were
+very quarrelsome here and fought so among themselves that the Padres
+could get no church built for a year. In that part of San Francisco
+called the Mission, the old building with its odd roof and three of
+the ancient bells is a very interesting place to visit. There are
+pictures, and other relics of the past to see, and in the graveyard
+many of San Francisco's early settlers were buried. This was the sixth
+Mission of Alta California.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Santa Barbara Mission, Founded 1786"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1028.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1028.jpg" alt="SANTA BARBARA MISSION. Founded 1786."
+	width="148" height="150" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">SANTA BARBARA MISSION. <br>Founded 1786.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The Santa Barbara Mission, where Franciscan fathers still live, has
+a fine church with double towers and a long row of two-story adobe
+buildings enclosing a hollow square where a beautiful garden is kept.
+One of the brotherhood, wearing a long brown robe just as Father Serra
+did, takes visitors into the church, and also shows them the garden
+and a large carved stone fountain. This church is built of sandstone
+with two large towers and a chime of six bells, and was finished in
+1820.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Santa Ynez Mission was much damaged by the heavy earthquake that
+in 1812 ruined other Missions. Here the Indians raised large crops
+of wheat and herded many cattle. Over a thousand Indians, it is said,
+attacked this church in 1822, but the priest in charge frightened them
+away by firing guns. This warlike conduct so displeased the Padres,
+who wished the natives ruled by kindness, that the poor priest was
+sent away from the Mission.
+</p>
+<p>
+One of the early Missions was San Luis Obispo, where services are
+still held. It was specially noted for a fine blue cloth woven by
+the Indians from the wool of the Mission flocks of sheep. The Indians
+there also wove blankets, and cloth from cotton raised upon their own
+lands.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Mission San Luis Rey, Founded 1798"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1021a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1021a.jpg" alt="MISSION SAN LUIS REY. Founded 1798."
+	width="150" height="137" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">MISSION SAN LUIS REY. <br>Founded 1798.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+San Juan Bautista, or St. John the Baptist, north of Monterey, had a
+splendid chime of nine bells said to have been brought from Peru and
+to have very rich, mellow tones. San Miguel had a bell hung up on a
+platform in front of the church, and now at Santa Ysabel, sixty miles
+from San Diego, where the Mission itself is only a heap of adobe
+ruins, two bells hang on a rude framework of logs. The Indian
+bell-ringer rings them by a rope fastened to each clapper. The bells
+were cast in Spain and much silver jewellery and household plate were
+melted with the bell-metal. Near them the Diegue&ntilde;o Indians worship in
+a rude arbor of green boughs with their priest, Father Antonio, who
+has worked for thirty years among the tribe. They live on a rancheria
+near by and are making adobe bricks, hoping soon to build a church
+like the old Mission long since crumbled away.
+</p>
+<p>
+The last of the Missions was built in 1823 at Sonoma, and proved very
+active in church work, some fifteen hundred Indians having been there
+baptized.
+</p>
+<p>
+Father Junipero Serra died at more than seventy years of age, at San
+Carlos. During all his life in America he endured great hardships
+and suffering to bring the gospel to the heathen as he had dreamed of
+doing in his boyish days. A monument to his memory has been erected
+at Monterey by Mrs. Stanford, but the Missions he founded are his best
+and most lasting remembrances.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_5"><!-- RULE4 5 --></a>
+<h2>
+	BEFORE THE GRINGOS CAME
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+This is the story Se&ntilde;ora Sanchez told us children as we sat on the
+sunny, rose-covered porch of her old adobe house at Monterey one
+summer afternoon. And as she talked of those early times she worked
+at her fine linen &quot;drawn-work&quot; with bright, dark eyes that needed no
+glasses for all her eighty years and snow-white hair.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;When I was a girl, California was a Mexican republic,&quot; said the
+Se&ntilde;ora, &quot;and Los Gringos, as we called the Americans, came in ships
+from Boston. They brought us our shoes and dresses, our blankets and
+groceries; all kinds of goods, indeed, to trade for hides and tallow,
+which was all our people had to sell in those days. For no one raised
+anything but cattle then, and all summer long  cows cropped the
+rich clover and wild oats till they were fat and ready to kill. In
+the fall the Indians and vaqueros, or cowboys as you children call
+them, drove great herds of cattle to the Missions near the ocean where
+the Gringos came with their ship-loads of fine things and waited for
+trading-days.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;For weeks every one worked hard, killing the cattle, stripping off
+their skins and hanging the green or fresh hides over poles to dry in
+the sun. When dried hard and stiff as a board the skins were folded
+hair-side in, and were then worth about two dollars apiece. The
+beef-suet, or fat, from these cattle was put into large iron kettles
+and melted. While still hot it was dipped out with wooden dippers
+into rawhide bags, each made from an animal's skin. When cold and hard
+these bags of tallow were sewed up with leather strings, and thus they
+were taken to Boston.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;So much beef was on hand at such times that not even the hungry
+Indians could eat it all while it was fresh. The nicest pieces were
+cut into long strips, dipped into a boiling salt brine full of hot
+red peppers and hung up to dry where the sunshine soon turned the meat
+into carne seca, or dried beef. We put it away in sacks, and very good
+it was all the year for stews, and to eat with the frijoles, or red
+beans, and tortillas, which were corn-cakes.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;All we bought from the Gringos was paid for with hides and tallow,
+so it was well, you see, children, that my father owned ten thousand
+cattle; for counting relatives and Indian servants, we always had more
+than thirty people on our ranch to feed and clothe. We raised grain
+and corn and beans enough for the family, but had to buy sugar,
+coffee, and such things.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Did we have many horses, you say? Yes, droves of them, and we almost
+lived on horseback, for no one walked if he could help it, and there
+were almost no carriages or roads. Neither were there any barns or
+stables, for the mustangs, or tough little ponies, fed on the wild
+grass and took care of themselves. Every morning a horse was caught,
+saddled and bridled, and tied by the door ready to use. All the ladies
+rode, too, and I often used to ride twenty miles to a dance with Juan,
+my young husband, and back again in a day or so.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Sometimes we went to the rodeo, where once a year the great herds of
+cattle were driven into corrals, and each ranchero or farmer picked
+out his own stock. Then those young calves or yearlings not already
+marked were branded with their owner's stamp by a red-hot iron that
+burnt the mark into the skin. After that the bellowing, frightened
+animals were turned out to roam the grassy plains for another year. We
+had plenty of feasting and merry-making at these rodeos, and a whole
+ox was roasted every day for the hungry crowds, so no one went fasting
+to bed.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Those were gay times, my children,&quot; and Se&ntilde;ora Sanchez sighed and
+sewed quietly for a while till Harry asked her if they kept Christmas
+before the Gringos came.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: A Christmas Garden"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1103b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1103b.jpg"  width="150" height="171" border="0"
+	alt="A CHRISTMAS GARDEN.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">A CHRISTMAS GARDEN.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+&quot;Yes, indeed,&quot; she said, laughing, &quot;we kept Christmas for a week,
+and all our friends and relatives were welcome, so that our big
+ranch-house was full of company. Indeed, some of the visitors slept in
+hammocks or rolled up in blankets on the verandas. Our house was built
+round the four sides of a square garden, with wide porches, where we
+sat on pleasant days. There was a fountain in this garden, and orange
+trees, which at Christmas-time hung full of golden fruit and sweet
+white flowers. On 'the holy night,' as we called Christmas Eve, we
+hung lanterns in the porches, and everybody crowded there or in the
+garden for their gifts.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;No, we had no Santa Claus nor Christmas tree, but my father gave
+presents to all, even to the Indian servants and their children. A fan
+or a string of pearls, perhaps, for my sisters, the young Se&ntilde;oritas; a
+fine saddle or a velvet jacket for my brother; and red blankets or gay
+handkerchiefs for the Indians, with sacks of beans or sweet potatoes
+to eat with their Christmas feast of roast ox or a fat sheep.
+Afterwards we danced till morning came, or sang to the sweet tinkle
+of the guitars. Well do I remember, children, when the good Padres,
+or priests, at the Mission forbade us to waltz, that new dance the
+Gringos had taught us to like. I recall, also, that the governor only
+laughed and said that the young folks could waltz if they wished.
+So at my wedding, soon after, when we danced from Tuesday noon till
+Thursday morning, you may be sure we had many a waltz.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Pretty dresses, Edith? Yes, gay, bright silk or satin ones, with many
+ruffles on the skirts and wide collars and sleeves of lace, or yellow
+satin slippers and always a high comb of silver or tortoise-shell and
+a spangled fan. And we had long gold and coral earrings and strings of
+pearls from the Gulf, and, see!&quot; as she pulled aside her neck-scarf,
+&quot;here is the necklace of gold beads that was my wedding gift. We
+had no hats or bonnets, but wore black lace shawls, or mantillas, to
+church, or twisted long silk scarfs over our heads to go riding.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;You will think the gentlemen were fine dandies in those Mexican days,
+when I tell you that they often wore crimson velvet knee trousers
+trimmed with gold lace, embroidered white shirts, bright green cloth
+or velvet jackets with rows and rows of silver buttons, and red sashes
+with long, streaming ends. Their wide-brimmed sombrero hats were
+trimmed with silver or gold braid and tassels. They dressed up their
+horses with beautiful saddles and bridles of carved leather worked
+all over with gold or silver thread and gay with silver rosettes or
+buttons. Each gentleman wore a large Spanish cloak of rich velvet or
+embroidered cloth, and if it rained, he threw over his fine clothes
+a serape, or square woollen blanket with a slit cut in the middle for
+the head.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Los Gringos used to laugh at the Mexican and his cloak, and not long
+after they came the 'Greasers,' as the Americans called the young men
+born here in California, began to wear the ugly clothes the Gringos
+brought out from Boston. And so the times changed, children, and our
+people learned to do everything as the Americans did it and to work
+hard and save money instead of dancing and idling away the time.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;And the bull-fights, Harry? Oh, yes, there was a bull-fight every
+Sunday afternoon, and everybody went, as you do to the football games.
+The ladies clapped their hands if the sport was good, or if the bull
+was killed by the brave swordsman. And if the men got hurt or the
+horses,&mdash;well, we only thought that was part of the game, you see. El
+toro, as we called the bull, always tried to save himself; and if he
+was savage and cruel, that was his nature, to try to kill his enemies.
+The gay dresses and the music was what I cared for, and then all my
+friends were there, also.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;But you must be tired of my old stories; is it not so, my children?
+No, you want to hear about the dances, you say? Well, every party was
+a dance; a fandango or ball, if it was given in a hall where everybody
+could come, but at houses where just the people came who were invited
+we called it only a dance. Every old grandfather or little girl, even,
+danced all night long, and the rooms were hung with flags and wreaths.
+All the Spanish dances were pretty, and the ladies with their gay
+dresses and mantillas, and the gentlemen in velvet suits trimmed
+with gold, made a fine picture. At the cascarone, or egg-shell dance,
+baskets of egg-shells filled with cologne or finely cut tinsel or colored papers
+were brought into the room, and the game was to crush these shells
+over the dancers' heads. If your hair got wet with cologne or full of
+gilt paper, everybody laughed, and you laughed too, for that was the
+game, you know. Ah, there was plenty of merry-making and feasting in
+those days, children,&quot; and Se&ntilde;ora Sanchez sighed again and went on
+with her &quot;drawn-work,&quot; while the bell in the old Mission church near
+by rang five o'clock, and we children ran home talking of those old
+times before the Gringos came to California.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_6"><!-- RULE4 6 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE AMERICANS AND THE BEAR-FLAG REPUBLIC
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+While Spain owned Mexico and the two Californias, the Missions were at
+their best and grew rich in stores of grain and in cattle and horses.
+Almost all the people were Spanish or Indians, and they lived at the
+Missions or in ranches near by. But when Mexico in 1822 refused to be
+ruled by Spain, Alta or Upper California became a Mexican territory,
+and, later on, a republic with governors sent from Mexico. The Mission
+Padres did not like the change, and thought that Spain should still
+own the New World. Before long it was ordered that the Missions should
+be turned into pueblos, or towns, and that the Padres were no longer
+to make slaves of the Indians. The missionaries were to stay as
+priests, and to teach the Indians in schools, but the Mission lands
+were to be divided so that each Indian family might have a small farm
+to cultivate. From that time the Missions began to decay and were
+finally given up to ruin.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then Americans began to come in, the first party of hunters and
+trappers travelling from Salt Lake City to the San Gabriel Mission.
+All kept talking of the rich country where farming was so easy, and
+they wished to have land. But the Mexicans and the native Californians
+did not believe in allowing the Americans, as they called all the
+people from the Eastern states, to take up their farming lands and
+hunt and trap the wild animals. So there was much quarrelling. But the
+Americans still poured in, got land grants, and built houses.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1836, though Alta California declared itself a free state, and no
+longer looked to Mexico for support, Mexican rule still continued. The
+United States had wanted California for a long time, and had tried to
+buy it from Mexico. The fine bay and harbor of San Francisco, known
+to be the best along the coast, was especially needed by the United
+States as a place to shelter or repair ships on their way to the
+Oregon settlements. England also wanted this bay, but the Californians
+tried to keep every one out of their country.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the Americans who came overland and across the Rocky Mountains
+about this time was John C. Fremont, a surveyor and engineer, who was
+called the &quot;Pathfinder.&quot; On his third trip to the Pacific Coast in '46
+he wished to spend the winter near Monterey, with his sixty hunters
+and mountaineers. Castro, the Mexican general, ordered him to leave
+the country at once, but Fremont answered by raising the American flag
+over his camp. As Castro had more men, Fremont did not think it wise
+to fight, but marched away, intending to go north to Oregon. He turned
+back in the Klamath country on account of snow and Indians, as he
+said, and camped where the Feather River joins the Sacramento. It
+is almost certain that Fremont wished to provoke Castro and the
+Californians into war, and so to capture the country for the United
+States.
+</p>
+<p>
+A party of Fremont's men rode down to Sonoma, where there was a
+Mission, and also a presidio with a few cannon in charge of General
+Vallejo. These men captured the place and sent Vallejo and three
+other prisoners back to Fremont's camp. Then the independent Americans
+concluded to have a new republic of their own, and a flag also. So
+they made the famous &quot;Bear-flag&quot; of white cloth, with a strip of red
+flannel sewed on the lower edge, and on the white they painted in
+red a large star and a grizzly bear, and also the words &quot;California
+Republic.&quot; They then raised the flag over the Bear-flag Republic. Many
+Americans joined their party, but when the American flag went up at
+Monterey, the stars and stripes replaced the bear-flag.
+</p>
+<p>
+At this time the United States and Mexico were at war on account
+of Texas, and Commodore Sloat was in charge of the warships on the
+Pacific Coast. The commodore had been told to take Alta California,
+if possible; so, sailing to Monterey, he raised the stars and stripes
+there in July, 1846, and ended Mexican power forever. The American
+flag flew at the San Francisco Presidio two days later, and also at
+Sonoma, Sutter's Fort, or wherever there were Americans. The flag was
+greeted with cheers and delight. Then Commodore Sloat turned the naval
+force over to Stockton and returned home, leaving all quiet north of
+Santa Barbara.
+</p>
+<p>
+Commodore Stockton sent Fremont and his men to San Diego and, taking
+four hundred soldiers, went himself to Los Angeles, where the native
+Californians and Mexicans were determined to fight against the rule of
+the United States. General Castro and his men and Governor Pico,
+the last of the Mexican governors, were driven out of the country.
+Stockton then declared that Upper and Lower California were to be
+known as the &quot;Territory of California.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+In less than a month, however, the Californians in the south gathered
+their forces again and took Los Angeles. General Kearny was sent out
+with what was called the &quot;army of the west,&quot; to assist Fremont and
+Stockton in settling the trouble. Peace was declared after several
+battles, and Kearny acted as governor of the new territory, displacing
+Fremont. At last, by the treaty which closed the Mexican war in 1848
+Alta California became the property of the United States, and Lower
+California was left to Mexico.
+</p>
+<p>
+From that time there was peace and quiet, and before long the
+discovery of gold brought the new territory into great importance. The
+rush to the gold mines brought thousands of men, and as no government
+had been provided for the territory, Governor Riley in '49 called a
+convention to form a plan of government.
+</p>
+<p>
+This Constitutional Convention of delegates from each of California's
+towns met in Monterey. The constitution there drawn up lasted for
+thirty years, and under it our great state was built up. It declared
+that no slavery should ever be allowed here, and settled the present
+eastern boundary line.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first Thanksgiving Day for the territory was set by Governor
+Riley, in '49. The first governor elected by California voters was
+Burnett, and in the first legislature Fremont and Gwin were chosen
+as senators. Congress at last admitted California into the Union by
+passing the California bill. On September 9, 1850, President Fillmore
+signed the bill.
+</p>
+<p>
+Every year on the 9th of September, or &quot;Admission Day,&quot; we therefore
+keep our state's birthday. At San Jose, in '99, a Jubilee Day was
+held in remembrance of the beginning of state government fifty years before.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_7"><!-- RULE4 7 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE DAYS OF GOLD AND THE ARGONAUTS OF 1849
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+California has well earned her name of &quot;Golden State,&quot; for from her
+rich mines gold to the value of thirteen hundred millions has been
+taken. Yet every year she adds seventeen millions more to the world's
+stock of gold. No country has produced more of this precious yellow
+metal that men work and fight and die for. The &quot;gold belt&quot; of the
+state still holds great wealth for miners to find in years to come.
+</p>
+<p>
+Long, long ago people knew that gold was here, for in 1510 a Spanish
+novel speaks of &quot;that island of California where a great abundance
+of gold and precious stones is found.&quot; In 1841 the Indians near San
+Fernando Mission washed out gold from the river-sands, and other mines
+were found not far from Los Angeles.
+</p>
+<p>
+But James W. Marshall was the man who started the great excitement
+of '48 and '49 by finding small pieces of gold at a place now called
+Coloma, on the American River. Marshall, who was born in New Jersey,
+came to this state in 1847, and being a builder wished to put up
+houses, sawmills, and flour-mills. Finding that lumber was very
+dear, he decided to build a sawmill to exit up the great trees on the
+river-bank. He had no money, but John A. Sutter, knowing a mill was
+needed there, gave Marshall enough to start with.
+</p>
+<p>
+So the mill was built, and when it was ready to run Marshall found
+that the mill-race, or ditch for carrying the water to his mill-wheel,
+was not deep enough. He turned a strong current of water into it,
+and this ran all night. Then it was shut off, and next day the ditch
+showed where the stream had washed it deeper and had left a heap
+of sand and gravel at the end of it. Here Marshall saw some shining
+little stones, and picking them up he laid one on a rock and hammered
+it with another till he saw how quickly it changed its shape. He was
+sure that these bright, heavy, easily hammered pebbles were gold, but
+the men working about the mill would not believe it. So he went to
+Sutter, who lived near at a place called Sutter's Fort, because his
+stores, house, and other buildings were built around a hollow square
+with high walls outside to keep off the Indians. Sutter weighed the
+little yellow lumps and said they certainly were gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+The flood-gates between the mill-race and the river were opened again,
+and water ran through the ditch, washing more gold in sight. Sutter
+picked up enough of this to make a ring and had these words marked on
+it:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;The first gold found in California, January, 1848.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+Both Sutter and Marshall tried to keep what they had found a secret,
+but that was impossible, and soon people were flocking to the
+gold-fields. Then began a wild excitement known as the &quot;gold-fever,&quot;
+and men left their stores and houses, gave up business, and left crops
+ungathered in a wild chase after nuggets of gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+By December of 1848, thousands of miners were washing for gold
+all along the foot-hills from the Tuolumne River to the Feather,
+a distance of 150 miles. A hundred thousand men came to California
+during 1849, these Argonauts, or gold-hunters, taking ship or steamer
+for the long trip from New York by the Isthmus of Panama. Some went
+round Cape Horn, or else made a weary journey overland across the
+plains. &quot;To the land of gold&quot; was their motto, and these pioneers
+endured every hardship to reach this &quot;Golden State.&quot;
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Placer Gold Mining."
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1037b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1037b.jpg" alt="PLACER GOLD MINING. Washing with Cradle."
+	width="149" height="150" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">PLACER GOLD MINING. <br>Washing with Cradle.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Then the miners, with pick, shovel, and pan for washing out gold from
+the gravel it was found in, started out &quot;prospecting&quot; for &quot;pay-dirt.&quot;
+The gold-diggings were usually along the rivers, and this surface, or
+&quot;placer,&quot; mining was done by shovelling the &quot;pay-dirt&quot; into a pan or a
+wooden box called a cradle, and rocking or shaking this box from side
+to side while pouring water over the earth. The heavy gold, either
+in fine scales or dust, or in lumps called nuggets, dropped to the
+bottom, while the loose earth ran out in a muddy stream. The rich sand
+left in pan or cradle was carefully washed again and again till only
+precious, shining gold remained.
+</p>
+<p>
+So rich were some of the sand bars along the American and Feather
+rivers that the first miners made a thousand dollars a day even by
+this careless way of washing gold where much of it was lost. Then
+again for days or weeks the miner found nothing at all. He would
+wander up and down the ca&ntilde;ons and gulches, prospecting for another
+claim, and dreaming day and night of finding a stream with golden
+sands, or of picking up rich nuggets. If he found good &quot;diggings&quot; he
+would build a rough shanty under the pines, and dig and wash till the
+gold-bearing sand or gravel gave out again. Sometimes he had a partner
+and a donkey, or burro, to carry tools and pack supplies. More often
+the Argonaut cooked his own bacon and slapjacks and simmered his beans
+over a lonely camp-fire, and slept wrapped in a blanket under the
+trees. If he had much gold, he would go to the nearest town, buy food
+enough for another prospecting tramp, and often spend all the rest of
+his money in foolish waste.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sometimes a company of miners would build a dam across a river or
+stream, and turn it from its course, so they could dig out and wash
+the rich gravel in the river-bed. A flume, or ditch, would often carry
+all the water to a lower part of the river, leaving the bed of the
+upper stream dry for miles. In this kind of mining the &quot;pay-dirt&quot; was
+shovelled into long wooden boxes called sluices, and a constant stream
+of water kept the gravel and earth moving on out to a dumping-place.
+The gold dropped down or settled into riffles, or spaces between bars
+placed across the bottom of the sluices, and once a week the water was
+turned off and a &quot;clean-up&quot; made of the gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was not long before the rivers, creeks, and gulches had all been
+worked over and most of the gold taken out. The miners knew that this
+loose gold had been washed out of the hills by the rains and storms of
+countless years. So some one thought of using a heavy stream of water
+to break down the foot-hills themselves and to carry the gold-bearing
+gravel to sluice boxes. This is called hydraulic mining and is the
+cheapest way of handling earth, as water does all the work and
+very little shovelling is needed. But since a strong water-power is
+necessary, a large reservoir and miles of ditches or wooden flumes
+must be built, so the first expense is large. The water usually comes
+from higher up in the mountains, and is forced under great pressure
+through iron pipes, the nozzle or &quot;giant&quot; being directed at the
+hillside, which has already been shattered by heavy blasts of powder.
+The water tears thousands of tons of earth and gravel apart, and the
+muddy stream flows through sluices, where the gold is left. In this
+kind of mining a great quantity of d&eacute;bris, or &quot;tailings,&quot; must be
+disposed of.
+</p>
+<p>
+For years this d&eacute;bris was washed into the rivers or on farming lands,
+filling up and ruining both, and leading to endless quarrels between
+farmers and miners. But at last the courts stopped hydraulic mining
+except in northern counties, where d&eacute;bris went into the Klamath River,
+upon which no boats could run and near which was little farming. But
+all the mines in the Sacramento and San Joaquin river-basins were idle
+till, in 1893, Congress appointed a d&eacute;bris Commission. These mining
+engineers issue licenses to work the mines when satisfied that the
+d&eacute;bris will be kept out of the rivers. There are in the state many
+hundred thousand acres of gold-bearing gravel lands yet untouched,
+that could be worked by hydraulic mining.
+</p>
+<p>
+In drift-mining the rich gravel is covered by hard lava rock thrown
+up by some old volcanic outburst. Tunnels are driven by blasting with
+dynamite, or by drilling under the rock to reach the gravel which
+usually lies in the buried channel of an old river. The long drifts,
+or tunnels, needed are very expensive and only mine owners with
+capital can work these claims.
+</p>
+<p>
+Richest of all are the quartz mines, where beautiful white rock, rich
+with sparkling gold, is found in veins, or &quot;lodes,&quot; cropping out of
+hillsides or dipping down under the earth. The great &quot;Mother-lode&quot;
+of our state runs like an underground wall across Amador, Calaveras,
+Tuolumne, and Mariposa counties and has been traced for eighty miles.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some poor miner usually finds a ledge of quartz-rock and digs down the
+way the ledge goes. He puts up a windlass, worked by hand, over the
+well-like hole he has dug out, and hoists the ore out in buckets. But
+he soon finds, as the hole or shaft goes deeper, that he must timber
+the sides to keep them from caving in, that he must have an engine to
+raise the ore and a mill to crush the hard rock. So he sells out to a
+company of men, who put in costly machinery, deepen the shaft, and by
+heavy expenditure get large returns.
+</p>
+<p>
+The quartz ledges dip and turn, so tunnels and cross-cuts are run to
+follow the golden vein, and all these are timbered with heavy wooden
+supports to keep the earth and rock from falling in on the men. The
+miners work in day and night gangs, using dynamite to break up the
+hard rock, and sending ore up in great iron buckets, or in cars if the
+tunnel ends in daylight, on the hillside. Sometimes the miners
+strike water, and that must be pumped out to keep the mine from being
+flooded.
+</p>
+<p>
+The ore is crushed by heavy stamps, or hammers, and then mixed with
+water and quicksilver. This curious metal, quicksilver, or mercury,
+is fond of gold and hunts out every little bit, the two metals mixing
+together and making what is called an amalgam. This is heated in an
+iron vessel, and the quicksilver goes off in steam or vapor, leaving
+the gold free. The quicksilver, being valuable, is saved and used
+again, while the gold, now called bullion, is sent to the mint to be
+coined into bright twenties, or tens, or five-dollar pieces.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of the gold in the crushed ore will not mix with the quicksilver,
+and this is treated to a bath of cyanide, a peculiar acid that melts
+the gold as water does a lump of sugar. So all of value is saved, and
+the worthless &quot;tailings&quot; go to the dump. Even the black sands on the
+ocean beach have gold in them. In the desert also there is gold, which
+is &quot;dry-washed&quot; by putting the sand into a machine and with a strong
+blast of air blowing away all but the heavy scales of gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+Though the Argonauts of '49 found much wealth in yellow gold, our
+&quot;Golden State,&quot; on hillsides, in river-beds, or deep down in hidden
+quartz ledges, still holds great fortunes waiting to be found.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_8"><!-- RULE4 8 --></a>
+<h2>
+	MINING STORIES
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+A large book might be filled with the stories told by the men
+who found gold in the early days. Their &quot;lucky strikes&quot; in the
+&quot;dry-diggings&quot; sound like fairy tales. Imagine turning over a big rock
+and then picking up pieces of gold enough to half fill a man's hat
+from the little nest that rock had been lying in for years and years!
+</p>
+<p>
+And think of finding forty-three thousand dollars in a yellow lump
+over a foot long, six inches wide and four inches thick! This was
+the biggest nugget on record and actually weighed one hundred and
+ninety-five pounds. The next one, too, you might have been glad to
+pick up, as it held a hundred and thirty-three pounds of solid gold.
+Little seventy-five and fifty-pound treasures were common, and a
+soldier stopping to drink at a roadside stream found a nugget weighing
+over twenty pounds lying close to his hand.
+</p>
+<p>
+It paid to get up early those days, also for a man in Sonora, while
+taking his morning walk, struck his foot against a large stone, and
+forgot the pain when he saw the stone was nearly all gold. Another
+man, with good eyes, got a fifty-pound nugget on a trail many people
+used all the time. One day, after a heavy rain, a man who was leading
+a mule and cart through a street in Sonora, noticed that the wheel
+struck a big stone; he stooped to lift it out of the way, and found
+the stone to be a lump of gold weighing thirty-five pounds. In less
+than an hour all that part of the town and the street was staked off
+into mining-claims, but no more was found. One of the largest of these
+nuggets was found by three or four men, who took it to San Francisco
+and the Eastern states, and exhibited it for money. They guarded the
+precious thing day and night, but at last quarrelled so that it had to
+be broken up and divided between them.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first piece Marshall found was said to be worth about fifty cents,
+and the second over five dollars. Almost all, though, that was found
+was like beans or small seeds or in fine dust. No one tried to weigh
+or measure such gold more correctly than to call a pinch between the
+finger and thumb a dollar's worth, while a teaspoonful was an ounce,
+or sixteen dollars' worth. A wineglassful meant a hundred dollars,
+and a tumblerful a thousand. Miners carried their &quot;dust&quot; in a buckskin
+bag, and this was put on the counter, and the storekeeper took out
+what he thought enough to pay for the things the miner bought. A large
+thumb to take a large pinch of the gold-dust meant a good many extra
+dollars to the storekeeper in '48 and '49. Yet nearly every one was
+honest, and gold might be left in an open tent untouched, for there
+was plenty more to be had for the picking up. Those who would rather
+steal than work were driven out of camp.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of the &quot;sand bars,&quot; or banks of gravel and earth, washed down by
+the Yuba River were so rich that the men could pick out a tin cupful
+of gold day after day for weeks. One place was called Tin-cup Bar for
+this reason. Spanish Bar, on the American River, yielded a million
+dollars' worth of dust, and at Ford's Bar, a miner, named Ford, took
+out seven hundred dollars a day for three weeks. At Rich Bar, on the
+Feather River, a panful of earth gave fifteen hundred dollars.
+</p>
+<p>
+Yet the miners were seldom satisfied, but were always prospecting for
+richer claims. A man would shoulder his roll of blankets, his pick and
+shovel, with a few cooking things, and start off hoping to find some
+rich nugget, leaving a fairly good claim untouched.
+</p>
+<p>
+The most extravagant prices were charged the miner for everything he
+had to buy. Ten dollars apiece for pick and shovel, fifty more for a
+pair of long boots, with bacon and potatoes at a dollar and a half a
+pound, soon took all his gold-dust to pay for. A dozen fresh eggs cost
+ten dollars, and a box of sardines half an ounce of gold-dust, which
+was eight dollars. There was no butter to buy, for any milk was
+quickly sold at a dollar a pint. The hotels charged three dollars a
+meal, or a dollar for a dish of pork and beans, and a dollar for two
+potatoes.
+</p>
+<p>
+Lumber cost a dollar and a half a foot, but carpenters would not build
+houses when they could make fifty dollars a day by mining. As there
+was no lumber for the cabin floors, the ground was beaten hard and
+really made a good floor. In Placerville the houses were built along
+the bed of a ravine, and in sweeping these earthen floors some one saw
+gold-dust glittering, and found that rich diggings were under foot.
+Thereupon many of the miners dug up their cabin floors, and one man
+took about twenty thousand dollars in nuggets and gold-dust from the
+small space his cabin covered.
+</p>
+<p>
+Very few women and children came to the mines in early days, and the
+first white woman to arrive in a camp had all sorts of attentions.
+Sometimes the town was named for the woman first in the place as
+Sarahsville and Marietta. If a lady visited a mining-camp, the men far
+and near would drop work and come in just to look at the visitor. One
+lady, who sang for the miners on her arrival in their town, was given
+about five hundred dollars' worth of gold-dust.
+</p>
+<p>
+A child was a great curiosity, and any pretty little girl was sure to
+have a collection of nuggets or a quantity of gold-dust presented to
+her. The theatre and circus companies who visited mining-camps soon
+found out that a little child who could sing or dance was a great
+attraction. The miners used to throw a shower of money or nuggets at
+the feet of such little favorites as we throw flowers now.
+</p>
+<p>
+As there were no women living here for some time, the men having left
+their families at home in the Eastern states, miners had to wash
+and cook and make bread for themselves. Men who had been lawyers
+or ministers at home, when there was no one else to do such things,
+washed their dishes or their red flannel shirts. On Sunday no one
+worked at mining, and the men baked bread and cleaned house, and
+Sunday afternoons they dried, patched, and mended their clothes. If a
+minister was in town, he held services on a hillside, or in the dining
+room of some shanty called a hotel, and all the camp came to hear him
+speak, or sang the hymns with him.
+</p>
+<p>
+So the miners lived and worked and wandered along rivers and rough
+mountain trails on the west side of the Sierras, gathering up gold
+washed down by mountain streams. These Argonauts, or gold-seekers of
+fifty years ago, are almost all dead now, but the treasures they found
+made California known throughout the world. Their golden harvest has
+made the state richer than they found it, for they used the wealth to
+build cities, to cultivate farming-lands, and to plant orchards and
+vineyards where the mining-camps used to be.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_9"><!-- RULE4 9 --></a>
+<h2>
+	HOW POLLY ELLIOTT CAME ACROSS THE PLAINS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+This is the story of a little girl who in 1849 rode all the way
+from Ohio to California in an emigrant wagon. Polly Elliott has
+grandchildren of her own now, but she remembers very well the spring
+morning when her father came home and said to her mother, &quot;Lizzie,
+can you get ready to start for the land of gold next week?&quot; She hears
+again her mother saying, &quot;Oh, John, with all these little children?&quot;
+She says her father answered by swinging her, the eleven-year-old
+Polly, up to his shoulder and calling out, &quot;Here's papa's little
+woman; she'll help you take care of them,&quot; as he carried her round the
+room, laughing.
+</p>
+<p>
+This was &quot;back East,&quot; as Polly Elliott, now Mrs. Davis, says,&mdash;in
+Ohio, where they had a pretty white house set round with apple and
+peach orchards all white and pink that May day. Her mother cried
+because they must leave the house, and because they had to sell all
+their furniture and the stock except Daisy, the pet cow, and Buck and
+Bright, the oxen, who were to draw the wagon. A round-topped cover of
+white cloth was fixed on the big farm-wagon. Then they piled into it
+their bedding in calico covers, a chest or two holding clothes and
+household goods, a few dishes and cooking things, and plenty of flour,
+corn meal, beans, bacon, dried apples and peaches, tied up in sacks.
+</p>
+<p>
+Polly says she supposed the trip would just be one long picnic, while
+the four children thought it fine fun to &quot;sit on mother's featherbed
+and go riding,&quot; as they said. So they started off for California.
+A long, long ride these emigrants had before them; a weary trip,
+plodding along day after day with the patient oxen walking slowly and
+the burning sun or pelting rain beating down on the wagon cover. There
+was a train of other wagons with them, some pulled by horses but more
+by yoked oxen, and the men walked beside the animals and cracked long
+whips. A few men were on horseback, but all kept together, for Indians
+were plenty and were often hiding near the road, watching for a chance
+to cut off and capture any wagons lagging behind the party.
+</p>
+<p>
+Day after day, Polly told me, they travelled westward to the setting
+sun. They left the orchards and shady woods of Ohio and Indiana far
+behind them, and crossed the wide prairies of Illinois and
+Missouri also. When they came to rivers they drove through shallow
+fording-places, where Polly and the children used to laugh to see the
+little fishes swimming round the wagon wheels. Sometimes the rivers
+were deep, and the wagons were ferried over on a flatboat that was
+fastened to a wire rope, while oxen and horses swam through the water
+behind them. If it did not rain, the children and all were happy, and
+it did seem like a picnic. But Polly says she never hears the rain
+pouring nowadays as it did then, and that there were many times when
+they were wet and cold and miserable, and because the wood and ground
+were wet they could not even have a fire.
+</p>
+<p>
+At night the teams were unhitched and the wagons left in a circle
+round a big camp-fire, where supper was cooked. Polly says her mother
+used to bake biscuits in an iron spider with red-hot coals heaped on
+its iron cover, and these biscuits with fried bacon and tea made
+their meal. They always cooked a big potful of corn-meal mush for
+the children, and this, with Daisy's milk and a little maple sugar or
+molasses, was supper and breakfast too. Then the women and children
+cuddled up in the wagons for the night, while men slept, wrapped in
+blankets, around the camp-fire or under the wagons, with one always on
+guard against danger from prowling Indians or wolves.
+</p>
+<p>
+Every man or boy carried a rifle or shotgun, and killed plenty of
+game. Deer and antelope were always in sight after they crossed the
+Missouri River, and the meat was broiled or roasted over the coals of
+their campfire. Wild turkeys and prairie-chicken tasted much better
+than bacon, Polly said, and she learned to cook them herself.
+</p>
+<p>
+When the emigrants reached Nebraska, they were in the &quot;buffalo
+country,&quot; and great herds of big, shaggy, brown or black buffaloes
+were feeding on the grassy plains. The animals were larger than oxen,
+and the Indians depended upon the flesh for food and the thick, warm
+skins for robes or blankets. The emigrants shot thousands of buffalo
+cows and calves, and what meat could not be eaten at once was cut
+into long strips and hung in the sun or over the fire to dry. This
+was called &quot;jerking&quot; the meat. On jerked buffalo or venison and flour
+pancakes many emigrants lived all the way across. Game was so plenty
+and so easy to shoot, that by stopping a few days, a good stock of
+meat could be laid in while the oxen were resting. So they travelled
+through Nebraska, and for weeks and weeks saw nothing but long grass
+waving in the summer winds, and yellow sunflowers&mdash;miles and miles of
+sunflowers. Polly grew very tired of the hot sun blazing down on the
+close-covered wagon, and of the dust raised by the long wagon-train.
+</p>
+<p>
+About this time she remembers that her father bought her a little
+Indian pony, and from that happy day the child rode beside the wagon,
+and could keep out of the dusty trail, or ride a little way off on the
+prairie, if she liked. The pony carried double very well, so a small
+sister or brother was often lifted on behind for a ride. One night
+the Indians, who were always prowling round and coming as near the
+wagon-train as they dared, frightened the horses and got away with ten
+of them. All the women and children cried, Polly says, for they were
+afraid the redskins would come back and kill them. In the morning
+Polly's father and some of the men found the Indians' trail and
+tracked them to a wooded ca&ntilde;on. The hungry thieves had killed one
+horse and were so busy feasting on it that the white men surprised
+them and shot all the Indians but two or three. The lost horses and
+Polly's pony whinnied to their masters from a thicket, where they were
+tied, and were taken back to camp.
+</p>
+<p>
+On and on over the great plains of Wyoming the wagons carried these
+emigrants. Many found the trip grow tiresome, while the oxen and mules
+would often lie down in their traces and refuse to go any farther. A
+few days' rest, and the rich bunch-grass to crop soon set the stock
+all right, and the white-topped wagons crawled ahead again. Soon the
+emigrants saw blue, hazy mountains, far off at first, then nearer and
+nearer, till at last their road led through a pass between the peaks.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then Polly remembers riding through Utah, with its queer red cliffs
+and high rocks carved in strange shapes by winds and weather; the
+stretches of sandy desert; and beyond those, grassy meadows and
+streams fringed with green willows. After a while Great Salt Lake lay
+sparkling in the sun and looking cool and blue. All around it were
+alkali deserts or wide plains, hot and dusty and white with salt or
+soda. The &quot;prairie schooners,&quot; with their covers faded and burnt by
+the sun, went very slowly over these desert wastes, Polly thought,
+and Nevada, with its dusty gray sage-brush land on either side of the
+road, seemed not much better.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Papa's little woman&quot; had her hands full now; for her mother was so
+ill she seldom left the wagon. All the cooking fell to Polly's share,
+and then she would ride along for hours with a little sister on her
+lap and fat brother &quot;Bub&quot; behind her on the saddle-blanket, so that
+her mother might rest and be quiet.
+</p>
+<p>
+But soon the clear green Truckee River ran foaming and fretting beside
+the road, and off in the west rose the snowy peaks of the Sierra
+Nevada Mountains. Then the people began to laugh and to sing, for they
+knew that California, the land of gold, was almost in sight and that
+their weary journey was nearly ended.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Upper Sacremento River"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1037a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1037a.jpg"  width="150" height="139" border="0"
+	alt="UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+And one day they said joyfully to each other, &quot;We are in California
+at last;&quot; and it was a happy company that travelled down through the
+pines of the mountain sides and the oak trees of the foot-hills. Many
+emigrants left the train when they got to the great Sacramento River
+valley, and settled here and there to farming. Polly's father with
+others kept on to the gold-diggings and camped there. He built a
+log-cabin soon, for it was almost winter and time for the rains, and
+Polly says she was glad to have a house at last. They finally took up
+farming land near what is now Stockton, as gold-mining did not pay.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mrs. Davis, who is straight and strong, and still a hard worker, says
+her five months' trip across the plains was almost like a long picnic
+after all, for she has forgotten many of the trying and disagreeable
+things.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_10"><!-- RULE4 10 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE BUILDING OF THE OVERLAND RAILROAD
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The army of emigrants and gold-hunters who crossed the plains to
+California found it was a long and tiresome trip by wagon-train or on
+horseback. The oxen or mules would sometimes get so tired that they
+could go no farther; and because the food often ran short, there was
+much suffering from hunger.
+</p>
+<p>
+The longest way of all to California was by sailing vessel from New
+York round Cape Horn, nearly nineteen thousand miles to San Francisco.
+The passengers paid high prices and were six months on the way. Those
+who came by the Panama route had trouble crossing the isthmus, where
+it was so hot and unhealthy that many died of fevers and cholera. The
+Pacific mail steamers connecting with a railroad across the isthmus
+at last shortened the time of this trip of six thousand miles to
+twenty-five days. For ten years all the Eastern mail came this way
+twice a month.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was thought a wonderful thing when the &quot;pony express&quot; carried mail
+twice a week between St. Joseph, Missouri, where the Eastern railroads
+ended, and Sacramento. To do this a rider, with the mail-bag slung
+over his shoulder, rode a horse twenty-four miles to the next station,
+where a fresh pony was ready. Hardly waiting to eat or sleep, the
+rider galloped on again. Five dollars was often charged at that time
+to bring the letter railroads carry now for two cents.
+</p>
+<p>
+So you will see that a railroad to join California to the Eastern
+states was a great necessity and had often been talked of. Several
+ways to bring the iron horse puffing across the plains and up the
+mountains with his long train of cars had been laid out on paper. The
+emigrants had found that the best highway from the Missouri River
+to California was to keep along the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort
+Laramie and the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, then by Salt Lake,
+and along the Humboldt and Truckee rivers, crossing the Sierras
+at Donner Pass. Other roads were talked of, and Senator Benton of
+Missouri favored a nearly straight line between St. Louis and San
+Francisco. Some one, in objecting to this, said that only engineers
+could lay out a railroad, and such men did not believe a straight line
+possible. The senator answered: &quot;There are engineers who never learned
+in school the shortest and straightest way to go, and those are the
+buffalo, deer, bear, and antelope, the wild animals who always find
+the right path to the lowest passes in the mountains, to rich pastures
+and salt springs, and to the shallow fords in the rivers. The Indians
+follow the buffalo's path, and so does the white man for game
+to shoot. Then the white man builds a wagon-road and at last his
+railroad, on the trail the buffalo first laid out.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+For two or three years surveyors and explorers tried to find the
+easiest way to build this great overland road. Several railroad acts
+or bills were passed by Congress, and the California Legislature gave
+the United States the right of way for a road to join the two oceans.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first railway in the state was opened in '56 from Sacramento to
+Folsom, a distance of twenty-two miles. This was built by T.D.
+Judah, an engineer who had thought and studied a great deal about the
+overland road so much needed to bring mail and passengers quickly from
+East to West.
+</p>
+<p>
+A railroad convention, made up of men from the Pacific states and
+territories, was held in San Francisco in '59, with General John
+Bidwell, a pathfinder of early days, as the chairman. Here Mr. Judah
+gave such a clear and full account of the central way he had
+planned, that the convention sent him to Washington, D.C., to see the
+President, and to try to get Congress to pass a Pacific Railroad
+Bill. He had very little help in the East, but at last four men
+of Sacramento, Leland Stanford, C.P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and
+Charles Crocker, took an interest in Judah's plans, and in '61 the
+Central Pacific Railroad Company was formed. Mr. Judah went back
+to the mountains and studied the pines in summer and the winter
+snowbanks, to make sure of the easiest grades and the shortest and
+best way for the track-layers. He found that to follow the Truckee
+River from near Lake Donner to the Humboldt Desert, would mean the
+least work. The tunnels would be through rock, and he believed that
+snow might easily be kept off the track with a snow-plough.
+</p>
+<p>
+His report pleased the company, and they sent him again to present the
+case at Washington. In '62 President Lincoln signed an act or bill to
+allow the Union and Central Pacific companies to build a railroad and
+a telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific. In California
+the land for fifteen miles on each side of the way laid out was given
+to the railroad company, and two years was allowed them to build the
+first hundred miles of track.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ground was broken for the Central Pacific the next year in Sacramento,
+and Governor Stanford dug up the first shovelful of earth. Then the
+work went steadily on, but it was hard to raise money. Stanford
+and his company carried the line forward as fast as possible. More
+land-grants were given, which doubled the company's holdings, and in
+'65 the road was fifty-five miles past Sacramento and had climbed over
+much difficult work.
+</p>
+<p>
+The steamship owners, the express and stage companies were all against
+the railroad, and tried in every way to make people think that an
+engine could never cross the Sierras. Yet the grading went on, while
+an army of five thousand men and six hundred horses was at work
+cutting down trees and hills and filling up the low places. A bridge
+was built over the American River, and slowly but surely the track
+climbed the steep mountain-sides. Most of the laborers were Chinese,
+as white men found mining or farming paid them better.
+</p>
+<p>
+In '67 the iron horse had not only climbed the mountains but had
+reached the state line, and the Union Pacific, which had been laying
+its tracks over the plains of the Platte River, began to hasten
+westward. The two railroads were racing to meet each other, and the
+Central sometimes laid ten miles of rails in one day.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ogden was made the meeting-point, though at Promontory, fifty miles
+west of Ogden, the last spike was driven. A thousand people met at
+that place in May, '69, to see the short space of track closed and the
+road finished. A Central train and locomotive from the Pacific came
+steaming up, and an engine and cars from the Atlantic pulled in on
+the other side. Both engines whistled till the snow-capped mountains
+echoed. The last tie was of polished California laurel wood, with
+a silver plate on which the names of the two companies and their
+officers were engraved. It was put under the last two rails, and all
+was fastened together with the last spike. This spike, made of solid
+gold, Governor Stanford hammered into place with a silver hammer. East
+and west the news was flashed over the long telegraph line, that the
+overland railroad had been finished and that two oceans were joined by
+iron rails.
+</p>
+<p>
+Now, while flying along in the cars so fast that the trip from Chicago
+to San Francisco takes but three days, it is hard to believe that
+little more than thirty years ago travellers in the slow-moving
+&quot;prairie-schooner&quot; took over five months to cover this same distance.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_11"><!-- RULE4 11 --></a>
+<h2>
+	STORY OF THE WHEAT FIELDS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish Padres, as the Mission priests were called, taught the
+Indians to plough and seed with wheat the lands belonging to the
+church or Mission. They used a simple wooden plough, which oxen
+pulled. When the warm brown earth was turned up, the Indians broke the
+clods by dragging great tree branches over them. After the fall rains
+they scattered tiny wheat kernels and covered them snugly for their
+nap in the dark ground.
+</p>
+<p>
+More rain fell, and soon the soaked seeds waked, and started in
+slender green shoots to find the sunshine, and day by day the stalks
+grew stronger and the fields greener. Higher and ever higher sprang
+the wheat, till summer winds set the tall grain waving in a sea
+of green billows. Have you ever watched the wind blow across a
+wheat-field? Over and over the long rollers bend the tops of the
+grain, that rise as the breeze goes on and bend low again at the next
+breath of wind.
+</p>
+<p>
+When the hot sun had ripened the grain, and all round the
+white-walled, red-roofed Mission the fields stretched golden and ready
+for harvest, the Indians cut the wheat, and scattering the bundles
+over a spot of hard ground, drove oxen round and round on the sheaves
+till the wheat was threshed out from the straw. Then Indian women
+winnowed out the chaff and dirt by tossing the grain up in the wind,
+or from basket to basket, till in this slow way the yellow kernels
+were made clean and ready to grind.
+</p>
+<p>
+A curious mill, called an arrastra, ground the grain between two heavy
+stones. A wooden beam was fastened to the upper stone, and oxen or a
+mule hitched to this beam turned the stone as they walked round. The
+first flour-mill worked by water was put up at San Gabriel Mission,
+and it was thought a wonderful thing indeed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Even in those early days California wheat was known to be excellent,
+and many ships came on the South Sea, as they then called the Pacific
+Ocean, to load with grain for Mexico or Boston or England. Since that
+time our state has fed countless people, and over a million acres of
+valley and hill lands are green and golden every year with food for
+the world. To Europe, to the swarming people of China, Japan, and
+India, to South Africa and Australia, our grain is carried in great
+ships and steamers, and hungry nations in many lands look to us for
+bread.
+</p>
+<p>
+For a long time after the Mission days, all the grain had to be hauled
+to the rivers or sea-coast for shipping. Then the overland railroad
+was finished, and within the next fifteen years an additional two
+thousand miles of railways were built in California, and nearly every
+mile opened up rich wheat land that had never been cultivated. Soon
+great wheat ranches stretched far over the dry, hot valley plains.
+</p>
+<p>
+The ground is ploughed and seeded after November rains, and all winter
+the tender blades of grain grow greener and stronger day by day March
+and April rains strengthen the crop wonderfully, and June and July
+bring the harvest-time. As no rain falls then, the ripe wheat stands
+in the field till cut, and afterward in sacks without harm. All the
+work except ploughing is done by machinery, and this makes the wheat
+cost less to raise, since a machine does the work of many men and the
+expense of running it is small.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of the ranches have three or four thousand acres in wheat, and
+it may interest you to know how such large farms are managed. The
+ploughing is done by a gang-plough, as it is called, which has four
+steel ploughshares that turn up the ground ten inches deep. Eight
+horses draw this, and as a seeder is fastened to the plough, and back
+of the plough a harrow, the horses plough, seed, harrow, and cover up
+the grain at one time. There the seed-wheat lies tucked up in its warm
+brown bed till rain and sunshine call out the tiny green spears, and
+coax them higher and stronger, and the hot sun of June and July ripens
+the precious grain.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then a great machine called a &quot;header and thresher&quot; is driven into
+the field and sweeps through miles and miles of bending grain, cutting
+swaths as wide as a street, and harvesting, threshing, and leaving
+a long trail of sacked wheat ready to ship on the cars. Thirty-six
+horses draw the header, and five or six men are needed to attend to
+this giant, who bites off the grain, shakes out the kernels, throws
+them into sacks and sews them up, all in one breath, as you might say.
+The harvesters work from daylight to dusk, and three-fourths of our
+wheat crop is gathered in this way.
+</p>
+<p>
+Much golden straw is left, besides that which the &quot;headers&quot; burn as
+fuel, and farmers stack this straw for cattle to nibble at. The stock
+feed in the stubble fields, too, and strange visitors also come
+to these ranches to pick up the scattered grains of wheat. These
+strangers are wild white geese, in such large flocks that when feeding
+they look like snow patches on the ground. They eat so much that often
+they cannot fly and may be knocked over with clubs. In the spring
+these geese must be driven away by watchmen with shot-guns to keep
+them from pulling up the young grain.
+</p>
+<p>
+The largest single wheat-field in California is on the banks of the
+San Joaquin River, in Madera County. This covers twenty-five thousand
+acres and is almost as flat as a floor. It is nearly a perfect square
+in shape, and each side of the square is a little over six miles long.
+There are no roads through this solid stretch of grain. Two hundred
+men, a thousand horses, and many big machines are needed to work this
+wheat-field.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of the big harvesters that cut and thresh the wheat are drawn by
+a traction-engine instead of horses. In running a fifty-horse-power
+engine high-priced coal had to be burnt but now the coal grates are
+replaced by petroleum burners, and crude coal-oil is the cheap fuel.
+This does not make sparks to set the fields on fire like burning coal
+or straw and so is safer to use.
+</p>
+<p>
+On large ranches wheat can be grown for less than a cent a pound,
+while it has brought two cents or double the money when sold. But
+there are not always good crops, as the grain needs plenty of moisture
+in the spring when rains are uncertain.
+</p>
+<p>
+The wheat crop of the state has fallen off of late to less than half
+the yield of earlier years, but the deep, rich valley soil still grows
+grain enough to feed hungry people in Europe, Asia, and Africa,
+as well as in our own Union. Great quantities are taken in large
+four-masted ships to Liverpool, England, and there made into American
+flour. Our own flour-mills turn out thousands of barrels of flour,
+and this travels far, too. The first thing picked up in Manila after
+Admiral Dewey's victory was a flour sack with a California mill mark.
+</p>
+<p>
+It would need a long, long story to tell how far from home and into
+what strange places the yellow kernels of California wheat sometimes
+travel, or to picture the odd people who depend upon us for food.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_12"><!-- RULE4 12 --></a>
+<h2>
+	ORCHARD, FARM, AND VINEYARD
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Long ago the Mission Fathers taught the Indians to plant and to take
+care of vines and fruit-trees. They built water-works to bring life to
+the thirsty trees in the dry summers, and to grow oranges, limes,
+and figs, as well as peaches, apricots, and apples. They trained
+grape-vines over arbors and trellises round the Mission buildings, and
+from the small, black grapes made wine. Olive trees and date-palms did
+well at the southern settlements. But most of these orchards died when
+the Mission Fathers were no longer allowed to make the Indians work
+for the church property, though a few old palms and olive trees are
+still standing.
+</p>
+<p>
+During Mexican days each ranch owner raised enough grain or corn and
+beans for his own family but planted no fruit, or but little, while
+the Americans who came to seek gold thought farming a slow way of
+making a living. People soon found out, however, that our fine climate
+and rich soil made good crops almost certain, and there was such
+demand for fruit and farm products that more and more acres were
+cultivated each year.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our leading industry now is farming and fruit-growing, and
+California's delicious fresh or cured fruit is sent all over the
+world. Large amounts of barley and hops are shipped from here to
+Europe, and our state produces almost all the Lima beans used in the
+country.
+</p>
+<p>
+The citrus fruits, as oranges, lemons, and pomelos, or &quot;grape-fruit,&quot;
+are called, grow in the seven southern counties, or in the foothills
+on the western slope of the Sierras. The trees cannot endure frost and
+must be irrigated in the summer. Orange trees are a pretty sight, with
+their shining green leaves, white, sweet-smelling flowers, and the
+green or golden fruit. About Christmas-time, when oranges ripen, both
+blossoms and fruit may be picked from the same tree. Los Angeles and
+Orange County grow most oranges, but San Diego is first in lemon
+culture. Half a million trees in that county show the bright yellow
+fruit and fragrant blossoms every month in the year. The other
+southern counties also raise lemons by the car-load to send east, or
+for your lemonade and lemon pies at home.
+</p>
+<p>
+There, too, the olive grows well, that little plum-shaped fruit you
+usually see as a green, salt pickle on the table. The Mission Fathers
+brought this tree first from Spain, where the poor people live upon
+black bread and olives. Olives are picked while green and put in
+a strong brine of salt and water to preserve them for eating. Dark
+purple ripe olives are also very good prepared the same way. Did you
+know that olive-oil is pressed out of ripe olives? The best oil comes
+from the first crushing, and the pulp is afterwards heated, when a
+second quality of oil is obtained. Olive trees grow very slowly, and
+do not fruit for seven years after they are planted. But they live a
+hundred years, and bear more olives every season.
+</p>
+<p>
+The black or purple fig which grew in the old Mission gardens bears
+fruit everywhere in the state. Either fresh and ripe, or pressed flat
+and dried, it is delicious and healthful. White figs like those from
+abroad have been raised the last few years, and it is hoped in time to
+produce Smyrna figs equal to the imported.
+</p>
+<p>
+While peach orchards blossom and bear fruit six months of the year in
+the south, most of this pretty pink-cheeked fruit grows in the great
+valleys, or along the Sacramento River. Pears also show their snowy
+blossoms and yellow fruit in the valleys and farther north. The
+Bartlett pear is sent to all the Eastern states in cold storage cars
+kept cool by ice, and also to Europe.
+</p>
+<p>
+The finest apricots are those of that wonderful southern country,
+miles and miles of orchards lying round Fresno especially. Yet the
+valleys and foot-hills produce plenty, and in the old mining counties
+very choice fruit ripens. Apples like the high mountain valleys, where
+they get a touch of frost in winter, though there is a cool section of
+San Diego County where fine ones are raised. Cherries do well in the
+middle and valley regions, the earliest coming from Vacaville, in
+Solano County.
+</p>
+<p>
+Grapes grow throughout the state, though the famous raisin vineyards,
+where thousands of tons are dried every year, are around Fresno. Most
+of the raisins are dried in the sun, but in one factory a hundred tons
+of grapes may be dried at one time by steam. The raisins are seeded by
+machinery, and packed in pretty boxes to send all over the coast, and
+through the states, where once only foreign raisins were used. Many
+vineyards in the southern part and middle of the state grow only wine
+grapes, California wines, champagne, and brandy having a wide use.
+</p>
+<p>
+Great quantities of fresh fruits are used in the state or sent away,
+while the canneries put up immense amounts, also. Canned fruit reaches
+many consumers, but it is expensive. Our cured or dried fruit, however
+is so cheap and so good that millions of pounds are prepared every
+year. Such fruit ripens on the tree and so keeps all its fine flavor.
+It is then dried in the sunshine, which not only fits it for long
+keeping but turns part of it to sugar. Apricots, peaches, pears, and
+cherries are usually cut in halves or stoned before drying. Prunes are
+first on the list of cured fruits, and they seem the best to use as
+food. The ripe prunes are dipped into a boiling lye to make the skin
+tender, then rinsed and spread in the sun a day or two. They are then
+allowed to &quot;sweat&quot; to get a good color, are next dipped in boiling
+water a minute or two, dried, and finally graded, a certain number to
+the pound, and packed in boxes or sacks.
+</p>
+<p>
+Several kinds of nuts grow well in the state. All the so-called
+&quot;English&quot; walnuts, with their thin shells, are raised in the south,
+Orange County furnishing half the amount we market. Peanuts and
+almonds are a good crop there, also, though almond groves are in all
+parts of the state. Both paper and thick-shelled almonds are usually
+bleached, or whitened, with sulphur smoke to improve their color.
+</p>
+<p>
+Santa Barbara and Ventura are the bean counties of the state, and send
+Lima beans away by train-loads, while Orange County grows celery for
+the Eastern market. Very high prices are received for this celery and
+other vegetables sent from California during the winter season when
+fields are covered with snow in the East.
+</p>
+<p>
+And did you know that the state produces a great deal of sugar? Tons
+and tons of sugar-beets are grown throughout the farming lands, and
+harvested in September. When the juice of these crushed beets is
+boiled and refined, it makes a sugar exactly like cane sugar and much
+cheaper. One-fifth of the beet is sugar, it is said.
+</p>
+<p>
+Even the dry, worthless mountain sides are valuable to the bee-keeper.
+The bees make a delicious honey from the wild, white sage, which grows
+where nothing else will live. This sage honey brings the very highest
+price.
+</p>
+<p>
+Oats are raised in the coast counties, and corn in the valleys, but
+owing to cool nights and dry air the corn seldom makes a good crop.
+Orange County, however, claims corn with stalks twenty feet high and
+a hundred bushels to the acre. In the south, also, that wonderful
+forage-plant, alfalfa, will produce six crops a year by irrigation and
+give a ton or more to the acre at each cutting.
+</p>
+<p>
+Along the upper Sacramento River stretch the great hop-fields full
+of tall vines covered with light-green tassels. At hop-picking season
+many families have a month's picnic, children and all working day
+after day in the fields and pulling off the fragrant hops. Indians,
+too, are among the best hop-pickers. The dried hops are bleached with
+sulphur, baled, and in great quantities sent to Liverpool, where with
+California barley they are used in brewing malt liquors.
+</p>
+<p>
+An odd crop is mustard, and at Lompoc, in Santa Barbara County, enough
+for the whole country is grown. Both brown and yellow mustard is
+cultivated, and the little seeds, almost as fine as gunpowder, are
+sold to spice-mills and pickle-factories.
+</p>
+<p>
+Whole farms are taken up with the production of flower-seeds or bulbs,
+with acres and acres of calla-lilies, roses, carnations, and violets.
+The tall pampas-grass, with its long feathery plumes, gives a
+profitable crop. Indeed, one can scarcely name a fruit, flower, or
+tree that will not thrive and grow to perfection in our mild climate
+and rich soil.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_13"><!-- RULE4 13 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE STORY OF THE NAVEL ORANGE
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Who has not enjoyed a juicy navel orange, while wondering at its
+peculiar shape and lack of troublesome seeds? Yet few people know that
+this particular variety has brought millions of dollars into our state
+and made orange growing our third greatest industry.
+</p>
+<p>
+Read this story of the seedless orange, this &quot;golden apple of
+California,&quot; which was first cultivated by Luther Tibbets, of
+Riverside, and learn how Southern California has profited by its navel
+orange crops.
+</p>
+<p>
+Nearly thirty years ago Mr. Tibbets came from New York to this state
+and took up free government land near what is now the beautiful city
+of Riverside. He was one of the half-dozen pioneer fruit-growers
+of that region, and had noticed at the San Gabriel Mission how well
+orange trees grew there. His wife and daughter waited in Washington,
+D.C., until a home should be ready here for them, and they often sent
+Mr. Tibbets plants and seeds from the Department of Agriculture. To
+this Department and its gardens in Washington, many curious plants
+are forwarded from other countries for growing and experiment in the
+United States. New kinds of grain or fruits are carefully cultivated
+and watched by the Department, and from it farmers can always get
+seeds or cuttings to try on their own farms.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mrs. Tibbets often visited the Department gardens, and in 1873 she
+wrote to her husband that she could get him some fine orange trees if
+he would promise the government to take great care of them and to keep
+them apart from other trees till they fruited. Of course he agreed to
+give them special attention, and therefore that December he received
+three small, rooted orange trees. A cow chewed up one of these, but
+for five years the others were watched and tended. Then sweet white
+blossoms appeared on each little tree, and afterwards two oranges,
+like hard green bullets at first. Finally, in January, 1879, Mr.
+Tibbets picked four large, well-flavored, golden oranges, the first
+seedless ones ever grown outside of Brazil.
+</p>
+<p>
+From the hot swamps of the tropical country at Bahia the United States
+Consul had sent six cuttings of this peculiar orange to be planted
+in the Washington gardens. All died but the two at Riverside. In 1880
+they bore half a bushel of fruit, and the new seedless oranges were
+talked of throughout Southern California. The other orange growers
+had been cultivating &quot;seedlings,&quot; trees which bore smaller fruit, with
+many bitter seeds and a thick skin. Many of these growers now cut back
+their seedlings to bare limbs, and grafted the new orange on these
+branches. This is called &quot;budding,&quot; and is done by cutting off a thin
+slip of bark with a tiny folded-up leaf-bud on it, inserting the graft
+in the branch to be budded and securing it there with wax to keep the
+air out. The little bud drinks in sap from the tree stem, and grows
+and blossoms true to its own mother tree.
+</p>
+<p>
+There were few orange groves then, but soon nearly all were budded
+to the new kind, seventy-five acres being so changed on the Baldwin
+Ranch; and when these trees began to bear, some five years afterwards,
+people were much excited over the seedless fruit.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Orange Tree with fruit and blossoms."
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1085a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1085a.jpg" width="150" height="143" border="0"
+	alt="AN ORANGE TREE WITH FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">AN ORANGE TREE WITH <br>FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Such high prices were paid for these oranges at first, that orange
+growing boomed all over Southern California. People thought their
+fortunes were made when they set out a few acres of small budded trees
+they had paid a dollar or more apiece for. Whole towns sprang up in
+dry treeless valleys where only cattle and sheep had pastured,
+and land worth only twenty-five dollars an acre before the orange
+excitement, sold quickly for eight hundred and a thousand when planted
+with trees. The towns of Pomona, Redlands, Monrovia, and others in
+the orange localities were unknown before 1885, and grew to several
+thousand population in a few years. Everybody talked of the great
+profit in orange growing, and people who had nurseries of young trees
+grown from navel buds made fortunes.
+</p>
+<p>
+At this day thousands of acres of seedless oranges are in full bearing
+and no one buys the old kinds. Hundreds of car-loads of the seedlings
+are not even picked, and ninety per cent of the eighteen thousand
+car-loads which make the season's orange crop are navel oranges. Over
+forty-five millions of dollars are now invested in the growing and
+marketing of this remarkable fruit.
+</p>
+<p>
+At Riverside, the home of the orange, the two original Washington
+navel trees still stand. Mr. Tibbets guarded them for years, had them
+fenced with high latticework, and seldom allowed any one to touch
+them. He refused ten thousand dollars for them, since for months he
+sold hundreds of dollars' worth of buds from these parent trees. These
+two trees and their large family have caused thousands of people to
+come to the state, and have built up Southern California wonderfully.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_14"><!-- RULE4 14 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE LEMON
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+For many years people who use that sour but necessary fruit, the
+lemon, thought that only the little yellow ones which came from the
+far-away island of Sicily were good. The men who import foreign fruits
+always said so; and in spite of the fact that the larger California
+lemon was more acid, of as good flavor, smooth skinned, and golden,
+people believed the Mediterranean groves produced the best. But, at
+last, our warm, dry air, good soil, and plenty of water, together with
+care and skill while growing and packing, have made California lemons
+the most in demand. These lemons keep well, and bear shipping and long
+journeys better than the imported fruit.
+</p>
+<p>
+Citrus fruits, as the orange and lemon are called, do well in all the
+southern counties, and San Diego County boasts of not only the largest
+lemon grove in California, but in the world. This is a thousand-acre
+tract overlooking San Diego Bay and cultivated by the Chula Vista
+colony. It was once a pasture given up to wandering bands of cattle
+and sheep. There was little water, and no one ever thought these dry
+mesa lands would one day be a beautiful garden spot, green with the
+shining lemon leaves, and golden with fruit.
+</p>
+<p>
+A company was formed to develop this forty-two square miles of land,
+and to get water for irrigation, since all the trees must have little
+streams of water round their thirsty roots three or four times during
+the dry summer. A great dam was constructed on the Sweetwater River,
+near Chula Vista, and a reservoir built. Water was piped from this to
+the lemon groves, which are about a hundred feet below the reservoir,
+and from May to September the trees are irrigated. This is done by
+ploughing furrows on each side of a row of trees and turning small
+rills of water slowly down them till the ground is soaked around the
+tree roots. No one thought the great reservoir would ever be empty,
+but two winters with but little rain made it necessary to put down
+many wells in the dry bed of the Sweetwater River, and from these a
+strong steady flow of millions of gallons is pumped into the water
+pipes. So this great lemon orchard is always sure of water enough,
+returning the gift later in generous golden measure.
+</p>
+<p>
+One may pick lemon blossoms, ripe and green fruit every month in the
+year from the same tree, but most of the crop ripens from November to
+June.
+</p>
+<p>
+Lemons are carefully cut from the tree, and usually picked by size, a
+ring being slipped over them, without regard to their ripeness. They
+grow so thick on the tree that a man can pick more than twenty boxes
+a day. In preparing it for market the fruit &quot;sweats,&quot; as it is called,
+in airy boxes, for a month in winter and ten days in summer, and
+ripens and colors during this process. Then each lemon is wiped
+dry and clean, wrapped separately in tissue-paper, and packed for
+shipment. The cost of a box of lemons from the tree to the railroad is
+about thirty-five cents.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thousands of car-loads are shipped to the Eastern and Middle states,
+while the Pacific Coast is a never-failing market.
+</p>
+<p>
+Small, imperfect, and bruised fruit goes to the citric acid factory
+near the packing-houses. From these oil of lemon, lemon sugar, and
+clear green citric-acid crystals are made, and the crushed waste is
+returned to the grove and ploughed in about the trees as a fertilizer.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_15"><!-- RULE4 15 --></a>
+<h2>
+	FLOWERS AND PLANTS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+&quot;When California was wild,&quot; says John Muir, &quot;it was one sweet
+bee-garden throughout its entire length, and from the snowy Sierra to
+the ocean.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+There were so many yellow poppies in this great unfenced garden, that
+the Spanish sailing along the coast called it the &quot;Land of Fire&quot; from
+the golden flowers covering the hills. Near Pasadena, in Southern
+California, these poppy fields may still be seen glowing so brightly
+in the sun that you do not wonder at the name &quot;Cape Las Flores,&quot; or
+Flower Cape, which the sailors also gave to this part of the country.
+</p>
+<p>
+The poppy is our best-known wild flower, planted by Mother Nature
+before white men ever visited these shores. When the Spanish
+settled here they called the poppy <i>copa de oro</i>, or cup of gold.
+The gold hunters spoke of it as the California gold flower, and sent
+the pressed poppies home in their letters. But its correct name is
+the Eschscholtzia (esh-sholt'si-a), from the name of a German
+botanist and naturalist, who studied the plant and wrote about it
+almost a hundred years ago.
+</p>
+<p>
+From February to May the poppies are most plentiful, but a few may be
+found almost every month in the year. Have you noticed the finely cut
+green leaves, and the pointed green nightcap that covers each bud till
+the morning sunshine coaxes off the cap and unfolds the four satiny
+golden petals? The flowers love the sun and close up on dark, cloudy
+days, or if brought into the house. But put them in a sunny window the
+next morning, and you may watch the cups of gold open to the light.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of the poppies are a deep orange-color, while others are a pale
+yellow. And as you walk through the fields you may pick a hundred at
+each step, so thick do the plants grow. The wild bees find a yellow
+dust called pollen or &quot;bee-bread&quot; in the poppy, the same golden powder
+that rubs off on your nose, when you put it too close to this cup of
+gold or to lilies.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then in this &quot;unfenced garden&quot; were also the baby blue-eyes, whose
+pretty pale-blue blossoms come early in the spring, each one with a
+drop of honey at the foot of its honey path, as the black lines on its
+petals are called.
+</p>
+<p>
+Can you name twenty kinds of wild flowers? Around San Francisco and
+the bay counties you will count, after the poppy and baby blue-eyes,
+the shining yellow buttercup, the blue and yellow lupines that grow in
+the sand, the tall thistle whose sharp, prickly leaves and thorny
+red blossoms spell &quot;Let-me-alone,&quot; the blue flag-lilies and red
+paint-brush, yellow cream-cups, and wild mustard, and an orange
+pentstemon. These with many yellow composit&aelig; or flowers like the
+dandelion, you will find growing on the windy hills and dry, sunny
+places. Hiding away in quiet corners are the blue-eyed grass, and
+a wild purple hyacinth, the scarlet columbine swinging its golden
+tassels, shy blue larkspur, a small yellow sunflower, and wild pink
+roses. Among the ferns in shady, wet nooks are white trilliums and a
+delicate pink bleeding-heart, while the wild blue violets and yellow
+pansies love the warm, rocky hillside.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mariposas, or butterfly tulips of many colors, grow in the foot-hills
+and mountains. Perhaps our most beautiful wild flowers are the lilies,
+of which we have over a dozen kinds. In the redwood forests there is a
+tall, lovely pink lily, and many brown-spotted yellow tiger-lilies. Up
+in the mountain pines a snowy white Washington lily sometimes covers
+a mountain side with its tall stems bearing dozens of sweet waxen
+blossoms. In the wet, swampy places bright red, and many small orange
+lilies bloom in late summer.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the high Sierras are found strange and pretty blossoms unlike
+the flowers of valleys and sea-coast. There you will see the
+mountain-heather with pink, purple, or dainty white bells, the
+goldenrod, and gentians blue as the sky. Strangest of all is the
+snow-plant. This curious thing sends up a thick, fleshy spike a foot
+or so in height and set closely with bright scarlet flowers. It grows
+where the snow has just melted round the fir trees, and leaf, stem,
+and blossom are all the same glowing red.
+</p>
+<p>
+Most of the valley and coast wild-flowers bloom and ripen their seeds
+before the dry summer begins. Such plants die and wither away in the
+heat, but their seeds are safe on the warm ground till fall rains soak
+the earth and set them growing again. In the high mountains a thick
+blanket of snow covers the sleeping seeds till May or June, and then
+sunshine wakes them once more.
+</p>
+<p>
+No doubt you have seen many of our shrubs or tall bush-plants in your
+vacations. Do you remember the sweet creamy white azaleas and the
+buckeyes that grow along the creeks in the redwoods? And the feathery
+blue blossoms of the wild lilac crowding in close thickets up
+the hillsides? One of our shrubs is a holiday visitor, the
+Christmas-berry, whose bright-red clusters trim your house at that
+gay, happy season. The manzanita is another pretty bush, with pink
+bells that ripen to small scarlet apples in the fall.
+</p>
+<p>
+Usually, these and other shrubs cover the hillsides with a thick,
+matted tangle of stems and branches almost impossible to get through.
+This chaparral, as the Spanish called it, clothes the foot-hills and
+mountain sides with a close growth through which deer and bears alone
+can travel and make trails or runways. Great stretches of buckthorn in
+the north, and of sage-brush in the south, cover the wild lands, while
+in the sandy desert tall, prickly cactus, yucca, and mesquite grow
+with the sage-brush in the blazing sun.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: In A Mission Garden"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1103a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1103a.jpg" width="146" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="IN A MISSION GARDEN.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">IN A MISSION GARDEN.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Only a few of California's wild plants and flowers have been now
+called to your notice. But children have sharp eyes, and you will
+find many more to inquire about in your vacation days. Then
+the blackberries and thimble-berries will be ripe, and the pink
+salmon-berry in the redwoods. Perhaps you will look for and dig up the
+soaproot, that onion-like bulb of one of the lily family with which
+the Indians make a soapy lather to wash their clothes. Let us hope
+you will know and keep away from the &quot;poison-oak,&quot; the low bush with
+pretty red leaves, for its leaves are apt to make your skin swell up
+and blister wherever they touch you.
+</p>
+<p>
+What a long and pleasant story might be told you of our state's real
+gardens! Perhaps your teacher will give you an hour to talk about your
+home gardens, and to see how much you can tell about them. You may
+have flowers the year round, if you live on the coast, or in the warm
+valleys where no Jack Frost comes with his icy breath to kill the
+tender plants. In such genial climates roses and geraniums bloom all
+year, and only rest when the gardener cuts them back; and most of the
+shrubs and trees in parks and gardens are always fresh and green.
+</p>
+<p>
+Florists who raise flowers to sell find that here they can grow the
+choicest and finest carnations, roses, and all the garden blossoms you
+know so well. Many of these florists deal only in flower-seeds, and
+bulbs or roots of the lilies to send to the Eastern states or abroad,
+where people greatly prize California flowers.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Palms over 100 years old at Los Angeles"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1085b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1085b.jpg" width="142" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD AT LOS ANGELES.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD <br>AT LOS ANGELES.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>
+Plants and trees from all parts of the world thrive here, also. You
+have seen the palms, the tall sword-palm with its great spike of snowy
+bloom in the spring, the fan-palm whose dried and trimmed leaves
+are really used for fans, and, perhaps, the date-palm. This tree
+was planted round the Missions by the Padres, and some, more than
+a hundred years old, are still standing at the San Gabriel Mission.
+These, and the magnolia with its large creamy blossoms, as well as the
+graceful pepper-tree, are natives of warm, southern lands, while the
+eucalyptus, or gum-tree, was brought here from Australia.
+</p>
+<p>
+Look round, children, as you walk to and from school, or in the park,
+and try to know and name the green things growing there, the flowers
+and plants sent to make our world a pleasant place to live in.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_16"><!-- RULE4 16 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE BIG TREES AND LUMBERING
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The largest trees in the world are those forest giants of California
+which grow on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, and nowhere
+else on the globe. People carelessly call these grand trees &quot;redwoods&quot;
+or &quot;big trees,&quot; but their family name is Sequoia, an Indian chief's
+name. When the trees were first discovered, in 1853, accounts of their
+height and size were sent to England. Supposing this giant to be a
+new tree, it was there christened <i>Wellingtonia</i>, and also
+<i>gigantea</i> for its immense measurements. While Americans were
+trying to have it called <i>Washingtonia</i>, a famous Frenchman who
+knew all about trees decided that the specimen sent him was certainly
+a sequoia, as named by a German professor some six years before this
+time. So the tree was called <i>sequoia gigantea</i> and quietly went
+on growing, unmindful of the four nations who had quarrelled over its
+christening. Why, indeed, should it bother its lofty head with the
+chatter of people whose countries were unknown when this mighty tree
+was full grown? For these sequoias are the oldest of living objects
+and have probably been growing for four thousand years. How do we know
+this? Well, when a fallen trunk is sawed across, one can see rings in
+the wood, and it is thought that each ring is a year's growth. John
+Muir counted over four thousand of these annual rings on the stump of
+one of the Kings River trees.
+</p>
+<p>
+These fine old trees grow in groves, and of the nine or ten groves
+the Calaveras and Mariposa are the best known. The Calaveras group of
+nearly a hundred mighty trees was the first one discovered, and four
+trees here are over three hundred feet high. The fallen &quot;Father of
+the Forest&quot; must have been much higher, for it measures a hundred feet
+round its trunk at the root end. A man can ride on horseback for two
+hundred feet through its hollow trunk as it lies on the ground. Many
+of the standing trees hollowed out by fires are large enough, used as
+cabins, to live in.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustrations: 'Wawona' and 'The Grizzly Giant' trees"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1106a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1106a.jpg" width="150" height="130" border="0"
+	alt="'WAWONA' (28 feet in diameter).">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">&quot;WAWONA&quot;<br>(28 feet in diameter).
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><br> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1106b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1106b.jpg" width="150" height="130" border="0"
+	alt="THE GRIZZLY GIANT (33 feet in diameter).">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">THE GRIZZLY GIANT<br>(33 feet in diameter).
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The Mariposa grove of Big Trees, being not far from Yosemite Valley,
+is the best known, as thousands of tourists visit both places. There
+is a big tree at Mariposa for every day in the year, and two very
+wonderful ones, the Grizzly Giant and Wawona. Stage-coaches drive into
+the grove through the tree Wawona, which was bored and burned out
+so as to make an opening ten by twelve feet. A wall of wood ten feet
+thick on each side of this opening supports the living tree. The great
+Grizzly Giant towers a hundred feet without a branch, and twice that
+height above the first immense branches that are six feet through.
+This was, no doubt, an old tree when Columbus discovered America, yet
+it is alive and green and still growing.
+</p>
+<p>
+The largest tree in the world is the General Sherman, in Sequoia
+National Park, and it is thirty-five feet in diameter. This means that
+the stump of the tree, if smoothed off, would make a floor on which
+thirty people might dance, or your whole class be seated. You can
+scarcely imagine what a mighty column such a tree is, with its rich
+red-brown bark, fluted like a column, too, and with its crown of
+feathery green branches and foliage. The bark is a foot or two thick.
+The trees are evergreens, and conifers, or cone-bearers. Sequoia cones
+are two or three inches long and full of small seeds. The Douglas
+squirrel gets most of these seeds, but there are still seedlings and
+saplings or young trees enough to keep the race alive in most of the
+groves.
+</p>
+<p>
+These groves of wonderful and rare trees are protected as National
+Parks in the Sequoia and Grant groves, and Mariposa belongs to the
+state. It is against the law to cut the trees in those groves. Their
+worst enemy is fire, and a troop of cavalry is sent every year to
+guard them, and to keep out the sheep-herders, whose flocks would
+destroy the underbrush and young trees. But, unfortunately, lumbermen
+have put up mills near the Fresno and Kings River groups, and, wasting
+more than they use, are destroying magnificent trees thousands of
+years old in order to make shingles. When nature has taken such good
+care of this rare and wonderful tree, the Sierra Giant, men should try
+to preserve the groves unharmed in all their beauty.
+</p>
+<p>
+Another <i>sequoia</i> grows in great forests along the Coast Range
+from Santa Cruz to the northern state-line, and beyond into Oregon.
+This is the <i>sequoia sempervirens</i>, the Latin name meaning always
+green. Redwood is its common name, and the lumber for our frame or
+wooden houses is cut from this tree. Millions of feet of this redwood
+lumber are shipped from the northern counties of the state every year,
+up to Alaska or down to Central and South America. It is also sent far
+across the Pacific to the Hawaiian and Philippine islands and to China
+and Australia.
+</p>
+<p>
+While the <i>sequoia gigantea</i> delights in a clear sky and hot
+sunshine, its brother, the <i>sempervirens</i>, prefers a cool
+sea-coast climate, offering frequent baths of fog. There is also a
+difference in the size of these trees; the redwood is often three
+hundred feet high, but is less in girth than its relative in the
+Sierras. There is not much underbrush and little sunshine in the cool,
+green redwood forests, each tree rising tall and stately for a hundred
+feet without branches, while the green tops seem almost to touch the
+sky as one looks up. Through the woods one hears the blue jay scream
+and chatter, and the tap, tap of the woodpecker as he drills holes in
+the bark to fill with acorns for his winter store.
+</p>
+<p>
+When the lumberman looks at these beautiful forests, he sees only many
+logs containing many thousand feet of lumber, which he must get out
+the easiest and cheapest way. He only chooses the finest and largest
+trunks, and there is great waste in cutting these. The men begin
+to saw the tree some eight or ten feet from the ground, and soon it
+trembles and falls with a mighty crash, often snapping off other trees
+in its way to the ground. After all the selected trees have fallen,
+fires are started to burn off the branches and underbrush so that the
+men can work easier. This fire only chars the outside bark of the big,
+green logs, but it kills all the young saplings, and leaves the once
+beautiful forest a waste of blackened logs and gray ashes. When the
+fire burns itself out, the logs are usually sawed with a cross-cut saw
+into sixteen-foot lengths, since in that form they are easy to handle.
+Then oxen or horses haul them out; or sometimes a wire cable is
+fastened to them by iron &quot;dogs,&quot; or stakes, and a little stationary
+engine pulls them away to the siding at the railroad track. Here they
+are rolled on flat-cars, fastened with a big iron chain around the
+four or six logs on the car, and taken on the logging train to the
+mill-pond. They lie soaking in the water until drawn up to the keen
+saws of the sawmill that cut and slice the wood like cheese. The bark
+and outside is carved off as you would cut the crust off bread, and
+then sharp, circular saws cut boards and planks till the log is used
+up, and the log-carriage lifts another to its place. As the shining
+steel bites into the wood the noise almost deafens you and the mill
+shakes with the thunder of log-carriage and feeders. Useless ends,
+slabs, and refuse are burnt in the sawdust pit, where the fires never
+go out. Very much of the tree is wasted and all the limbs. The redwood
+tree has so much life and strength, however, that it sends up bright
+green sprouts around the burnt stump, and standing trees charred outside
+to the tops will have new branches the next season. In the older forests tall
+young trees are often seen growing in a ring round an empty spot, the
+long-dead stump having rotted away.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Big trees at Felton, Santa Cruz Co."
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1118.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1118.jpg" width="150" height="130" border="0"
+	alt="BIG TREES AT FELTON, SANTA CRUZ CO.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">BIG TREES AT FELTON, <br>SANTA CRUZ CO.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Near Santa Cruz is a grove of large and beautiful redwoods, many
+of the trees being over three hundred feet high and from forty
+to sixty-five feet around the base of the trunk. The Giant is the
+largest, and three other immense ones are named for Generals Grant,
+Sherman, and Fremont. In 1846 General Fremont found this grove, and
+camped, on a rainy winter night, in the hollow trunk of the tree
+bearing his name. Here is also seen a group of eleven very tall trees
+growing in a circle around an old stump.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the Sierras, both in the <i>sequoia</i> groves and forests above
+the Big-Tree region, are very large sugar-pines, red firs, and
+yellow-pine trees, all of which make excellent lumber. Great forests
+of these trees, with cedars almost as large as the redwoods, are in
+the northern counties also. You may have seen sugar-pine cones which
+are over a foot long, the largest of all found, while redwood cones
+are the smallest. Another great tree is the Douglas spruce, the king
+of spruce trees, growing in both Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges.
+</p>
+<p>
+The California laurel, or bay tree, with its beautiful, shining green
+leaves, and the madro&ntilde;o, the slender, red-barked tree on the hillsides
+you must have noticed in your trips to the country, as well as our
+fine valley and mountain oaks. Try to learn the kinds of trees and
+study their leaves, blossoms, and fruit, and you will find every one
+a friend well worth knowing. Then you will wish to save them from fire
+and the lumberman's axe, especially the rare and old <i>sequoias</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_17"><!-- RULE4 17 --></a>
+<h2>
+	OUR BIRDS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+More than three hundred kinds of these dear feathered friends and
+visitors live in California. Along the sea-shore, in the great valleys
+and the mountain-forests and meadows, even in the dry, hot desert, the
+birds, our shy and merry neighbors, are at home. In many parts of
+the state they find sunshine and green trees the year round, and food
+always at hand. Yet sparrows, robins, and woodpeckers will stay in the
+snowed-in groves of the Sierras all winter, contentedly chirping or
+singing in spite of the bitter cold.
+</p>
+<p>
+If you know these wanderers of wood and field, these birds of sea and
+shore, and their interesting habits, you will wish to protect them
+from stone or gun, and their nests from the egg collector. You will
+listen to the lark and linnet, and be glad that the happy songster
+trilling such sweet notes is free to fly where he wishes, and is
+not pining in a cage. And you, little girl, will not encourage the
+destruction of these pretty creatures by wearing a sea-gull or part of
+some dead bird on your hat.
+</p>
+<p>
+To become better acquainted with birds, let us call them before us by
+classes, beginning with our sea-birds and those round the bays and on
+the coast. Some of these not only swim but dive in the salt waters,
+and to this class of divers belong the grebe, loon, murre, and puffin.
+They dive at the flash of a gun, and after what seems a long time,
+come up far away from the spot the hunter aimed at. These birds
+usually nest on bare, rocky cliffs near the ocean, or on islands like
+the Farallones, and their large green eggs hatch out nestlings that
+are ugly and awkward and helpless on land. But they ride the great
+ocean-breakers, or dive into their clear depths easily and gracefully;
+and as they live upon fish or small sea-creatures, the divers only
+seek land to roost at night and to raise their young.
+</p>
+<p>
+Next come the gulls, who belong to a class known as &quot;long-winged
+swimmers.&quot; They have strong wings and fly great distances, and with
+their webbed feet swim well, too. Most of the sea-gulls are white with
+a gray coat on their backs, but they look snowy-white as they fly. You
+may see them walking about the wharves, or perching on roofs and piles
+watching for food, and seeming very tame as they pick up bits of bread
+or the refuse floating in the water. They follow steamers for miles,
+scarcely moving their wings as they float in the air; and if you throw
+a cracker from the deck, some gull will make a swift swoop and snatch
+it before the cracker reaches the water.
+</p>
+<p>
+Far out on the Pacific the albatross sails proudly on his broad wings,
+and cares nothing for high winds or storms. He rests and sleeps on the
+billows at night with his little companions, the stormy petrels. He is
+the largest and strongest of our birds of flight, the very king of the
+sea. The stormy petrels are not much larger than a swallow. Sailors
+call them. &quot;Mother Carey's chickens,&quot; and are sure a storm is
+coming up when petrels follow the ship. The albatross, petrel, and
+a gull-like bird called a shearwater belong to the &quot;tube-nosed
+swimmers,&quot; on account of their curious long beaks.
+</p>
+<p>
+Along the coast, and wading in the shallow waters around the bays, are
+some strange birds known as pelicans and shags. They are good fishers,
+and drive the darting, finny fellows before them as they wade in the
+water till they can see and gobble them up. Most waders have under
+their beaks a skin-pocket deep enough to hold a fish while carrying
+it to their nestlings, or making ready to swallow it. All of these
+sea-birds raise their young as far from the shore and from hunters
+as possible. Great flocks of them roost on islands fifteen or twenty
+miles out in the ocean, and fly into the bays every morning.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wild ducks, geese, the herons, mud-hens, sandpipers, and curlews are
+marsh and shore birds that feed and wade in the shallow salt water,
+and nest on the banks or, like the heron, in trees near the bay. The
+heron is a frog-catcher, and he will stand very still on his long legs
+and patiently wait till the frog, thinking him gone, swims near. Then
+one dart of the long bill captures froggy, and the heron waits for
+another. You know the red-head, green mallard, canvas-back, and small
+teal ducks, no doubt, and have seen the flocks of wild geese flying
+and calling in the sky, or standing like patches of snow as they feed
+in the marshes or grain-fields.
+</p>
+<p>
+Down on the mud-flats at low tide you see birds called rails, and also
+&quot;kill-dee&quot; plovers. The shoveller ducks are there, too fishing up with
+broad, flat beaks little crabs and such creatures as are in the mud,
+straining out mud and water, but swallowing the rest. All these birds
+are &quot;waders&quot; and delight in mud and cold salt water. They are usually
+quiet, or make only strange, shrill cries.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the sunny fields and woods we shall find many of the land-birds,
+and first comes a family whose habits are so like those of chickens
+that they are called &quot;scratchers.&quot; These birds depend for food upon
+seeds and bugs or worms they scratch out of the ground. Up in
+the Sierra sugar-pines and fir-woods lives the largest of these
+&quot;scratchers,&quot; the brown grouse. He is a shy creature, rising out of
+his feeding-ground with a great whirring of wings and out of sight
+before the hunter can fire at him. His peculiar cry, or &quot;drumming,&quot; as
+it is called, sounds through the woods like tapping hard on a hollow
+log. His equally shy neighbor is the mountain-quail, while through
+the farming lands and all along the hillsides the valley&mdash;quail are
+plenty. Perhaps you have seen a happy family of these speckled brown
+birds. Papa quail has a black crest on his head, and he calls &quot;Look
+right here&quot; from the wrong side of the road to fool you, while Mamma
+and her little, cunning chicks scatter like flying brown leaves in the
+brush. After the danger is past, you hear her low call to bring them
+round her again. In the desert and sage-brush part of the state the
+sage-hen, another &quot;scratcher,&quot; runs swiftly through the thickets, but
+many are caught and brought in by the Indians.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our birds of prey are eagles, vultures, hawks, owls, and the
+turkey-buzzards, those big black scavengers that hang in the air. In
+circles high above woods and fields some of these birds of prey sweep
+on broad wings, searching with keen sight for their food in some dead
+animal far below. The California condor, a great black vulture-like
+bird, is almost extinct, and is only found in the highest mountains.
+It is very large of wing, and strong enough, it is said, to carry off
+a sheep. Both golden and bald eagles nest in tall trees in the wildest
+parts of the state. The chicken-hawk, whose swift sailing over the
+poultry-yard calls out loud squawking from the frightened hens,
+you have often seen, and the wise-looking brown owls, too. A small
+burrowing owl lives in the squirrel holes, and you may catch him
+easily in the daytime, when he cannot see.
+</p>
+<p>
+The road-runner is of the cuckoo family of birds. It seldom flies, but
+runs swiftly along the roads, or in the desert, and is said to kill
+rattlesnakes by placing a ring of thorny cactus leaves around the
+snake as it lies asleep. The rattler is then pecked to death, since it
+cannot get out of its prickly cage. This fowl is like a slender brown
+hen in size.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the redwoods you hear the tap, tap, of the &quot;carpenter&quot; woodpecker,
+with his black coat and gay red cap. He drills holes in the bark of a
+tree with his strong beak and then fits an acorn neatly into each safe
+little storehouse. It is thought that worms and grubs fatten while
+living in these acorns, so that the woodpecker always has a meal ready
+in the winter when the ground is wet, or the squirrels have carried
+off the acorns under the trees.
+</p>
+<p>
+Humming-birds, or &quot;hummers,&quot; as the boys call them, are plenty in city
+and country and so fearless that they will take a bath in the spray
+of the garden-hose, or dart their long bills in the fuchsias almost
+within your reach. The bill shields a double tongue, which gets not
+only honey, but small insects from the flower or off the leaves. The
+humming-bird's tiny nest is a soft, round basket, not much bigger than
+half a walnut-shell, and holding two eggs, which are like small-white
+beans. Bits of moss and gray cobwebs are woven in this nest till it
+looks like the branch itself; and here the little mother in her plain
+brown dress hatches out and feeds the baby &quot;hummers.&quot; Her husband has
+glistening ruby feathers at his throat and green spots on his head and
+back that glow in the sun like jewels.
+</p>
+<p>
+The highest class of birds is the &quot;perchers,&quot; and many friends of
+yours belong to this. There are two families, however, of perchers,
+those that call and the song-birds. Calling over and over their
+peculiar note, the pewees, flycatchers, and king-birds, fly through
+the forests. The crow and blue jay belong to the singers, you will
+be surprised to hear. And what a crowd of these song-birds there
+are trilling and warbling in the sunshine! Have you ever watched the
+meadow-lark singing as he sits on guard on the fence, while the rest
+of his brown-coated yellow-vested flock run along the field picking up
+seeds and insects?
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Baby Yellow Warblers (birds)"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1133b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1133b.jpg" width="150" height="135" border="0"
+	alt="BABY YELLOW WARBLERS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">BABY YELLOW WARBLERS.
+	<br>From photographs <br>by Elizabeth Grinnell.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Then there are the linnets, or &quot;redheads,&quot; who sing their sweet,
+merry tunes all summer, and if they do take a cherry or two the farmer
+should not grumble. They destroy many bugs and caterpillars and eat
+weed-seeds that might trouble the fruit-grower more than the missing
+cherries. The yellow warbler, sometimes called the wild canary, flits
+through bush and tree and trills its gay notes in town and country.
+Song-sparrows, thrushes, and bluebirds warble far and near, while the
+red-winged blackbird makes music in wet, swampy places. The robin,
+who comes to city gardens in the winter, has a summer home in the
+mountains or redwoods. There, too, the saucy jay screams and chatters,
+and flashes his blue wings as he flies, scolding all the time.
+</p>
+<p>
+In Southern California, among the orange groves or in gardens, the
+mocking-bird trills in sweet, liquid notes his wonderful song. He
+mimics, too, many sounds he hears, and sometimes when caged will
+whistle tunes or say words. The mocker can crow or cackle like the
+chickens, or mew like the cat. Then he will whistle clear and loud
+till dogs or boys answer his call. When they find themselves fooled,
+it is said, he mimics a laugh.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Young Towhee bird"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1133a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1133a.jpg" width="150" height="140" border="0"
+	alt="YOUNG TOWHEE.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">YOUNG TOWHEE.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+From April to July the birds are busy, nesting, feeding their
+families, or teaching them to fly. Many eggs never hatch, and some
+are destroyed by wild animals. Boys often rob a whole nest to have one
+little blown egg in their collections. Then again the mother is killed
+and her brood starves to death. When the parent birds are teaching the
+nestlings to fly, cats also catch the little ones. So you see the poor
+feathered things have many enemies.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let us try to protect the birds, and to let them live happy lives
+in freedom. Each one will thank you, either with sweet songs or with
+being a beautiful thing to see on land or ocean.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_18"><!-- RULE4 18 --></a>
+<h2>
+	OUR WILD ANIMALS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Once upon a time, when the Spanish owned this state and called it
+their province of Alta California, there were great herds of antelope
+feeding on the grassy plains, and at every little stream elk and deer
+and big grizzly bears came down to drink. No fences had been built,
+and the wild animals had never heard a rifle-shot. Free and fearless
+they ranged valley and hillside, or made their dens in the thick
+brush, or &quot;chaparral,&quot; as the Spanish called it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Indian hunters watched the paths over which these wild creatures
+travelled to water, and killed deer and antelope with their arrows.
+But these hunters were afraid of grizzly bears, for an arrow in Mr.
+Bear's thick hide only made him cross, and with one hug, or even a
+light blow from his paw, he could cripple the poor Indian. So in those
+early days the old bears came year after year, and carried off sheep
+and cattle. The simple folks did not even try to kill them. Indeed,
+many of the red men believed that very bad Indians were punished by
+being turned into grizzly bears when they died, and they would not
+hurt their brothers, they said.
+</p>
+<p>
+When Father Serra's Mission people were starving at Monterey, the
+Padre learned that at a place called Bear Valley near by, there were
+many grizzlies which the Indians would not kill. He sent Spanish
+soldiers there, and they shot so many bears that the hungry Mission
+family had meat enough to last till a ship came from Mexico with
+supplies.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of all flesh-eating animals this grizzly bear is the largest and
+strongest. He can knock down a bull with his great paws, or kill and
+carry off a horse. He can live on wild berries and acorns with grass
+and roots he digs out of the ground, yet fresh meat suits him best,
+and he prefers a calf, which he holds as a cat does a mouse.
+</p>
+<p>
+Nothing but stock was raised in California in those days so long
+ago, and cattle were counted by the thousands and sheep by tens of
+thousands. Then the grizzly and cinnamon, or brown, bear feasted all
+the time on stray calves and yearlings. Every spring and fall the
+cattle, which had roamed almost wild in the pastures, were &quot;rounded
+up&quot; by the cowboys, or vaqueros. After the work of picking out each
+ranchero's stock and branding the young cattle was over, the vaqueros
+thought it fine fun to lasso a bear,&mdash;some old fellow, perhaps,
+who had been helping himself to the calves. It is told that one big
+cinnamon bear, while quietly feeding on acorns, looked up to find
+three or four cow-boys on their ponies in a circle around him. They
+spurred the trembling ponies as close to him as they dared, and yelled
+at the tops of their voices. The great brute sat up on his haunches
+and faced them, growling and snarling. One vaquero sent his rope
+flying through the air, and the loop settled over a big, hairy fore
+paw. Then the bear dropped on all fours and made a jump at the pony,
+which got out of his reach. Another Mexican threw a lasso and caught
+the bear's hind foot; and as he sat up again a third noose dropped
+over the other fore paw. Then the poor trapped creature, growling,
+snarling, and rolling over and over, began a tug of war with the
+lariats and the ponies. Once a rope broke, and horse and rider tumbled
+in front of the bear. He made a quick, savage jump, but was pulled
+back by the other ropes. Then Mr. Bear sat up straight and tugged so
+hard that another lariat broke and sent the saddle and rider over the
+pony's head. With one sweep of his paw the bear smashed the saddle,
+but the cow-boy saved himself by running to an oak tree. At last Mr.
+Bear was getting the best of the fight so plainly, and had pulled the
+frightened ponies so near him, that the man who was thrown off ended
+the poor animal's struggles with a rifle-ball.
+</p>
+<p>
+A Chinese sheep-herder tells this funny story about a bear: &quot;Me lun
+out, see what matta; me see sheep all bely much scared, bely much lun,
+bely much jump. Big black bear jump over fence, come light for me. Me
+so flighten me know nothin', then me scleam e-e-e-e so loud, and lun
+at bear till bear get scared too and lun away.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+A few grizzlies are still found in the Sierras, and black and brown
+bears are often seen with their playful little cubs. The small
+fellows are easily tamed and may be taught many tricks. They will live
+contentedly in a bear-pit, or even if chained up, and as most of you
+know, they like peanuts and pop-corn well enough to beg for them.
+</p>
+<p>
+The panther, or mountain-lion, is another large flesh-eating animal
+which makes his home in the thick woods conveniently neighboring the
+farmers' corrals and pastures. Not long ago a boy in Marin County,
+who was sent to look after some ponies, saw a big yellow dog, as he
+thought, &quot;worrying&quot; one of the colts. When he came nearer he found
+it was a wicked-looking, catlike creature, and knew it must be a
+California lion. He had nothing with him but a heavy whip. The panther
+left the wounded colt and crouched ready to spring at the boy, but he
+was on the alert and struck it a terrible blow across the eyes with
+his whip, and then another and another. Half-blinded and whining with
+pain, the panther turned tail and ran away, while the boy's pony,
+trembling and snorting with fright, galloped home with his brave
+rider.
+</p>
+<p>
+In one of the mountain counties a woman, hearing her chickens
+squawking one day at noon, ran out to find what seemed a big dog among
+them with a hen in his mouth. She rushed straight at him with a broom,
+when the animal turned. She found it was a great panther, who snarled
+and made ready to spring at her. As she screamed and started to run
+away, her foot slipped on a steep and muddy place, and she slid down
+the little hill right into the panther's face. He was so frightened
+that he jumped the fence and hurried to the woods.
+</p>
+<p>
+This great yellow cat is both savage and cowardly, and he has been
+known to follow a man walking through the woods, all day, yet he
+sneaked out of sight at every loud call the man gave. He chases deer
+and gets many small and helpless fawns, hunters say.
+</p>
+<p>
+Fur-hunting was once a profitable business for the Indians, who were
+clothed in bear and panther skins when the first white men came to
+California, and had many furs to trade or sell. The Indians trapped
+otters, beavers, and minks, and the squaws tanned the deer-hides to
+make buckskin shirts or leggings. Hunters and trappers still bring in
+these wild animals' furry coats after trips to the high mountains or
+untravelled woods, where the shy creatures try to live and be safe
+from their enemies.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: California Red Deer"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1140.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1140.jpg" width="149" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="CALIFORNIA RED DEER.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">CALIFORNIA RED DEER.
+	<br>From a photograph by <br>George V. Robinson.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+In early days herds of a very large deer, called elk, fed on the wild
+oats and grass. These elk had wide, branching horns measuring three
+or four feet from tip to tip. Only a few of them now survive in the
+redwood forests in the northern counties. There were plenty of them
+once where San Francisco now stands. Dana in his book called &quot;Two
+Years Before the Mast,&quot; tells us that when his ship dropped anchor off
+the little village of Yerba Buena about sixty-seven years ago, he saw
+hundreds of red deer and elk with their branching antlers. They were
+running about on the hills, or standing still to look at the ship
+until the noise frightened them off. At that time the whole country
+was covered with thick trees and bushes where the wolf and coyote
+prowled, and the grizzly bear's track was seen everywhere.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are plenty of deer in the redwoods now, and in the high
+Sierras are black-tailed and large mule-deer. In the woods round Mount
+Tamalpais timid red deer live, too. In winter, when it is cold and
+snowy in the northern counties of our state, these deer often come
+into the farmer's barnyard to nibble at the hay.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are still left in the mountains among the pines and snowy cliffs
+many mountain-sheep. These curious big-horned animals resemble both
+the elk and the sheep, and it is said they can jump from a high rock
+and land far below on their feet or heavy, twisted horns without being
+hurt in the least.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of all the great herds of graceful, fast-running antelope, once the
+most plentiful of our wild animals, only a very few can now be found
+on the eastern slopes of the Sierras.
+</p>
+<p>
+But Master Coyote, who might well be spared, so cruel and cowardly is
+he, still sneaks up and down the whole state, and his quick sharp bark
+gives notice that the rascal is ready to steal a chicken or a lamb if
+it is not protected. With his bushy tail and large head he is half fox
+and half wolf in appearance, and mean enough in habits to be both. He
+can outrun a dog and even a deer, and though he catches jack-rabbits
+and the Molly Cottontail usually for food, he would help his brother,
+the wolf, to kill a poor harmless sheep.
+</p>
+<p>
+This gray wolf is a savage creature and hides in the thick forests by
+day, slinking out at night to the nearest sheep corral or turkey-pen
+if he can find one unwatched by some faithful dog. His friend and
+neighbor, the fox, likes fat geese and chickens as well as birds,
+squirrels, and wood-rats. The queer raccoon lives in the redwoods and
+is often caught and kept in a cage or chained for a pet.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wildcats, both gray and yellow, are found in the thickly timbered
+parts of California, and the badger makes his home in the mountain
+ca&ntilde;ons or pine woods. There, too, the curious porcupine dwells. He is
+covered with grayish white quills, which bristle out when he is angry
+or frightened. No old dog will touch this animal, for he knows better
+than to get a mouthful of sharp toothpicks by biting Mr. Porcupine,
+who is like a round pincushion with the pins pointing out. A dog who
+has never seen this prickly ball will dab at it, and have a sore paw
+to nurse for weeks after.
+</p>
+<p>
+Two or three kinds of tree-squirrels live in the pines and redwoods,
+the Douglas squirrel being well known in the mountains. The ground
+squirrel, or chipmunk, digs holes in the ground, where he hides his
+winter's store of grain and nuts.
+</p>
+<p>
+Three of our smaller wild animals are very common and very troublesome
+to the farmer. The skunk, which looks like a pretty black and white
+kitten with a bushy tail, and also the weasel, destroy all the
+chickens and eggs they can reach, and they are so cunning that it is
+hard to keep them out of the hen-house. That little pest, the gopher,
+we are all well acquainted with, since he gnaws the pinks and roses
+off at their roots in your city garden while his large family of
+brothers and sisters kill the farmer's fruit-trees and vines. The
+gopher digs long tunnels under ground, making storerooms here and
+there in these passages, which he fills with grass, roots, and seeds.
+In each cheek he has a pouch, or pocket, large enough to hold nearly a
+handful of grain, so the little rascal carries his stores very easily.
+The traps and poison by which the farmer is always trying to make way
+with him, he is sly enough to let alone. His greatest foe is the
+cat, which watches patiently at the hole where the destructive little
+fellow is digging and usually catches him. A mother cat will sometimes
+bring in two or three gophers a day to her kittens.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_19"><!-- RULE4 19 --></a>
+<h2>
+	IN SALT WATER AND FRESH
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Tom and Retta Ransom were two of the happiest children in the state,
+I believe, when told that their summer vacation was to be spent at
+Catalina Island. To see the wonderful fish that swim in those warm,
+Southern waters, to watch them through the glass-bottomed boat, to
+dip out funny sea-flowers with a net, or catch the pretty kingfish and
+perhaps a &quot;yellowtail,&quot;&mdash;why, they could talk of nothing else!
+</p>
+<p>
+How they skipped and danced and chattered about the trip! At
+last Mamma said, &quot;Well, everything is packed and ready, and we go
+to-morrow.&quot; Then what fun it was to stand on the steamer's deck and
+sail &quot;right out through the Golden Gate,&quot; as Retta said. The big
+green billows of the Pacific Ocean caught the boat as she crossed the
+outside bar and tossed salt spray almost into their faces. Little the
+children cared for the drops of water, for they were so glad to be
+off on their trip and to say good-by to San Francisco's summer fog and
+cold winds for a time.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Seal Rocks, San Francisco"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1177a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1177a.jpg" width="151" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="SEAL ROCKS, SAN FRANCISCO.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">SEAL ROCKS, <br>SAN FRANCISCO.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+And there on Seal Rocks, near the Cliff House, were the seals, or
+rather sea-lions, clumsy creatures like black rubber sacks with
+fins, or flippers, and a head. Some were lying in the sun and others
+crawling up the steep, wet rocks. Those highest up were asleep and
+quiet, but most of them kept barking or growling as they tried to find
+a sunny place to bask in. Sometimes when frightened these sea-lions
+will pitch headlong from high rocks into the ocean and dive out of
+sight at once. Mrs. Ransom said she remembered seeing one that was
+kept for years in a salt-water tank, and that, although they seem so
+clumsy, this sea-lion jumped so quick that he caught a fish thrown to
+him before it touched the water. Once fur-seals were in great numbers
+off our coast, and lived on the rocks as these sea-lions now do. But
+Indians, or later on white hunters, killed them, or drove them up
+north where the crack of the rifle is not heard.
+</p>
+<p>
+On to the south the steamer sailed through the foaming waters, and as
+Tom stood watching the white-capped waves go dancing by, he saw, two
+or three times, a black fin come up, and then another. At last a man
+said, &quot;Look at the porpoises playing.&quot; Tom screamed with delight as
+they jumped and chased each other till their black, shiny backs were
+clear out of water. These fish are sometimes called sea-hogs and are
+five or six feet long. Either to get their food of small fish, or in
+play, they keep swimming and diving near the tops of the breakers.
+Fishermen catch them with a strong hook and use the thick, leathery
+skin for straps or strings, while they try oil out of their blubber or
+fat.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Humpback Whale (57 feet long)"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1159a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1159a.jpg" width="160" height="110" border="0"
+	alt="HUMPBACK WHALE (57 feet long).">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">HUMPBACK WHALE<br>(57 feet long).
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+All that day and night the boat kept steadily on her way, and the next
+morning they were in Santa Barbara Channel. It was so pleasant sailing
+on this summer sea in the soft, warm sunshine that even the sea-sick
+ladies felt better and came on deck. Mamma agreed with the children
+that the steamer trip was much nicer than the hot, dusty cars. Just
+then some one called, &quot;See the whale,&quot; and looking quick Tom and Retta
+saw what seemed a fountain of water rising high in the air about half
+a mile away. Soon another went up, and two or three more, for the
+gray hump-backed whales like this stretch of smooth bay. They are
+warm-blooded animals and not fish at all, so they must come to the top
+of the waves for air to breathe. The air and water spout out through
+&quot;blow-holes&quot; on top of the whale's head, and rise like steam in the
+colder air. The children's mother told them that the whale is the
+largest of all animals, and that it lives on little jellyfish. It swims
+with its great mouth wide open and catches all the tiny sea creatures
+in its path. A fringe of whalebone hangs down from the roof of the
+whale's mouth, and he strains the water out through this and swallows
+the fish. As the boat went on, the children said, &quot;There she blows,&quot;
+as the sailors do when they see whales spouting in the distance.
+</p>
+<p>
+Late that night the steamer got to San Pedro, and you may be sure Tom
+and Retta were up early the next morning. As they came off the
+boat, there was a crowd of people on the wharf who were pulling in
+&quot;yellow-tail&quot; as fast as they dropped their lines. This fine fish is
+a little like a big salmon, but with golden-yellow fins and tail. Its
+body is greenish gray, with spots of the prettiest rainbow colors,
+which grow brighter as the fish dies. These fish bite easily, but as
+soon as caught begin to rush back and forth, fighting and trying to
+snap the line.
+</p>
+<p>
+The children here took a smaller steamer for the twenty-mile trip
+across to Catalina Island, and on the way over they saw a whole
+&quot;school&quot; of whales and a flight of flying-fishes. Yes, really and
+truly, these little fish fly or sail through the air, for their fins
+balance them like a parachute. They skim along ten or twelve feet
+above the waves, and then drop in the water to rest, taking another
+flight whenever their enemies, the porpoises, chase them.
+</p>
+<p>
+How happy the children were to land at the little town of Avalon, and
+to know that they were to have a month at this beautiful place! They
+hurried down to the beach and their first choice of amusements was the
+glass-bottomed boat. These boats have &quot;water-telescopes,&quot; which are
+only clear glass set in boxed-in places. The glass seems to make the
+ripples still, so that you can look down, down to the bottom of the
+ocean, twenty or thirty feet below you.
+</p>
+<p>
+The boatman rowed the children out in the bay, where the water, now
+green, now blue, was always clear as crystal. On the rocks and sand
+at the bottom starfish and crabs crawled slowly along or clung to some
+stone. The purple sea-urchins, queer round-shelled creatures covered
+with thorny spines, crowded together, and the ugly toad-fish hid
+in the green and brown seaweeds. Blue, purple, and rainbow-colored
+jellyfish floated on top of the waters, while gold perch with red
+and green sunfish swam through the seaweed &quot;like parrots in some hot
+country's woods,&quot; Retta thought. In the shallow places on the rocks
+those curious sea-flowers, the anemones, looked like pink or green
+cactus blossoms. The children never tired of the water-telescope in
+all their stay at the island.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustrations: Black Sea Bass, Leaping Tuna"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1149b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1149b.jpg" width="145" height="162" border="0"
+	alt="BLACK SEA BASS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">BLACK SEA BASS.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><br> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1149a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1149a.jpg" width="150" height="155" border="0"
+	alt="LEAPING TUNA.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">LEAPING TUNA.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+At night the warm ocean waters seemed on fire, since they are full
+of very tiny, soft-bodied creatures, each of which gives out a faint,
+glowing light. Every day the fishermen brought in new and strange
+fishes. The black sea-bass, heavier than the fisherman himself and
+longer than he was tall, were wonderful, and they could hardly believe
+that such big fish were caught with a rod and line.
+</p>
+<p>
+But the leaping tuna pleased Tom the most, since he thought it such
+fun to watch them jump into the air like silver arrows after the
+flying-fish. Not so large as the black bass, the tunas are strong
+enough to tow a boat along when running with a hook. One will drag a
+heavy launch through the water as if a tug had hold of it, and
+will fight for hours, rushing and plunging till tired out. Then the
+fisherman pulls him up to the boat and ends his struggles.
+</p>
+<p>
+Tom and Retta were fond of watching the curious fish and sea-plants
+in the glass aquarium tanks on shore also, but their happiest time was
+when they gathered shells on the beach. They never found out the names
+of more than those of the limpet, turban, and scallop, though they
+picked up baskets full of tiny pink and white beauties, all frail and
+of many kinds. These shells were once the homes of sea mollusks,
+as such soft, fleshy creatures are called. But to Tom and Retta the
+shells were only pretty playthings, to be doll's dishes, or cups, or
+pincushions, perhaps.
+</p>
+<p>
+One morning some fishermen saw a shark, and no one dared to go in
+bathing for a few days. This great, savage, &quot;man-eater&quot; shark does not
+often come north of the Gulf of California. Sometimes small ones are
+caught with a hook and line off Catalina Island, and Tom was always
+glad to see such sea-tigers destroyed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of course the children did not want to go home, till at last Mrs.
+Ransom explained to them that in the ocean and bay near San Francisco
+there were odd fish and strange animals too. And so it turned out, for
+in a day's fishing over at Sausalito Tom caught many silver smelt and
+tomcod, with flat, ugly flounders, and a red, big-eyed rock-cod. The
+frightened boy almost fell out of the boat, too, when he pulled in a
+large sting-ray, or &quot;stingaree,&quot; as the boatman called it. This queer
+three-sided fish, with a sharp, bony sting in its back, flopped round
+till the man cut the hook out, knocked its head till it was no longer
+able to bite, and threw it overboard. These rays have to be fenced out
+of the oyster-beds along the bay, since they have big mouths full
+of such strong teeth that they crush an oyster, shell and all, and
+destroy every one they can reach.
+</p>
+<p>
+Oysters are grown in great quantities in the oyster-beds along the bay
+shore. The largest size, which are called &quot;transplanted,&quot; are brought
+from the East as very small or baby oysters and dropped into shallow
+water, where they cling to rocks or brush-piles till grown.
+</p>
+<p>
+Tom also caught a perch, and clinging to it as he drew in his line
+was a large, hard-shelled, long-clawed crab. Tom put the crab in the
+basket, knowing well what delicious white meat was in the fellow's
+legs and back.
+</p>
+<p>
+Clams that burrow deep in the mud and may be found at low tide,
+by digging where their tell-tale bubble of air arises, and the odd
+shrimps, so good to eat, the children already knew about. Chinese
+fishermen catch shrimps in nets, dry them on the hillsides, and send
+both dry meat and shells to China. They dry the meat of the abalone
+also, and use the beautiful shells, which you have no doubt seen, for
+carving into curios, or making into jewellery.
+</p>
+<p>
+A salt-water creature very destructive to shipping and the wharves is
+the teredo, or ship-worm. This brown inch-long worm lives in wood
+that is always under water, such as the bottoms of ships and the round
+piles you see at the wharves. He hollows or bores out winding tunnels
+in the wood with the sharp edge of his shell until the piles crumble
+to pieces. This small animal would finally destroy the largest wooden
+ship if sheets of copper were not put on the sides and keel to protect
+it.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Trout from Lake Tahoe"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1159b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1159b.jpg" width="160" height="104" border="0"
+	alt="TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+When Retta saw Tom's basket of fish she said, &quot;Well, I think the
+fresh-water fishes much prettier. I am sure the rainbow and Dolly
+Varden trout with their bright-colored spots, which we saw up in the
+Truckee River and the mountain lakes last summer, were better to look
+at and to eat than these sea monsters.&quot; Tom laughed and said, &quot;Oh,
+that was because you helped to catch some of those. Do you remember
+the big black-spotted trout we saw in Lake Tahoe? And the little
+speckled fellows we caught in that clear creek in the redwoods, and
+how we wrapped them in wet paper and cooked them at our camp-fire?
+I wish we could go up to the McCloud River, though, and see the baby
+trout in the fish hatchery there.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+So their mother told them that the tiny trout eggs were kept in
+troughs with clear, cold water running over them till they hatched
+out. Then the little things, not half as long as a pin, were placed in
+large tin cans and sent to stock brooks and lakes, and in a year or so
+they grew big enough to catch.
+</p>
+<p>
+The most valuable of our food-fishes is the salmon, a large
+silvery-sided salt-water fish that takes fresh-water journeys too.
+For they swim up the rivers every year to lay their eggs in the clear,
+cold streams, knowing, perhaps, that the salmon-fry, as the young are
+called, will have fewer enemies away from the ocean. The salmon go
+over a hundred miles up to the McCloud River to spawn, and will jump
+or leap up small falls or rapids in their way. Indians spear many of
+them, but a number go back to the ocean again. Thousands and thousands
+of ocean salmon are caught along the northern coast and taken to
+the canneries. There the fish are put into cans and cooked, and when
+sealed up are sent all over the world. California salmon is eaten from
+Iceland to India, and its preparation and sale give employment to many
+people.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_20"><!-- RULE4 20 --></a>
+<h2>
+	ABOUT CALIFORNIA'S INDIANS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+When the Spanish and English first landed on this part of the New
+World's coast, they found the Indians who dwelt inland almost naked,
+and living like wild animals on roots and seeds and acorns. The tribes
+along the seashore, however, were good hunters and fishermen, and
+those Indians along the Santa Barbara Channel and the islands near
+by were a tall, fine-looking people, and the most intelligent of the
+race. They had large houses and canoes, and clothed themselves in
+sealskins.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Indians Drake saw near Point Reyes had fur coats, or cloaks, but
+no other clothes. They brought him presents of shell money or wampum,
+and of feather head-dresses and baskets. With their bows and arrows
+they killed fish or deer or squirrels, and being very strong ran
+swiftly after game. They seemed gentle and peaceable with the white
+men and each other, and were sorry to have Drake sail away.
+</p>
+<p>
+In later years the Indians who lived here when the Mission Padres came
+were stupid and brutish, because they knew nothing better. They were
+lazy, dirty, and at first would not work. But the patient Padres
+taught them to raise grain and fruit, to build their fine churches,
+to weave cloth and blankets, and to tan leather for shoes, saddles,
+or harness. But although the Indians learned to be good workmen,
+they liked idleness, dancing, and feasting much better, and when the
+Missions were given up the Indians soon went back to their former
+habits.
+</p>
+<p>
+There were no distinct tribes among these Indians, and they had no
+laws. Nor was there a king or chief over many natives. They lived
+in small villages or rancherias, each having a name and ruled by a
+captain. Each rancheria had its special place to hunt or fish, and had
+to fight its own battles with the other families of Indians.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Indian Woman with Pappoose"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1162a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1162a.jpg" width="150" height="179" border="0"
+	alt="INDIAN WOMAN WITH PAPPOOSE.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">INDIAN WOMAN <br>WITH PAPPOOSE.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The men did nothing but hunt and fish, or make bows, stone
+arrow-heads, nets and traps for game. The women not only had to gather
+grass seeds, acorns, and nuts or berries, but they had to do all the
+field-work and carry the heavy burdens, usually with a baby strapped
+in its basket above the load. In preparing food for cooking, these
+mahalas, or squaws, put seed or acorns in a stone mortar and pounded
+them to coarse meal or paste. Sometimes a grass-woven basket was
+filled with water, and hot stones were thrown in till the water began
+to boil. Then acorn or seed meal was put in and cooked into mush. This
+meal, or that from wild oats, was also mixed into a dough and baked on
+hot stones into bread. Game or fish was eaten raw, or broiled a little
+on the coals of the camp-fire.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Indians got many deer, and one way of hunting them was to put the
+head and hide of a deer over the hunter's head. The make-believe then
+crept along in the high grass till near enough to the quietly feeding
+animals to put an arrow through one or more. All the streams were
+full of fish then, and salmon swarmed in rivers that ran to the ocean.
+These salmon the Indians speared or shot with arrows. They also built
+runways or fish-weirs and made them so that the fish would become
+crowded into a narrow passage, and could easily be dipped out with
+nets or baskets.
+</p>
+<p>
+When the Americans came here they called these Indians &quot;Diggers,&quot;
+because they lived on what they could dig or root out of the ground.
+They were very fond of grasshoppers, and ate them either dried or
+raw, or made into a soup with acorn or nut-meal. Fat grubworms and
+the flesh of any animal found dead was a great treat. If a whale or
+sea-lion was washed ashore on the beach, the Indians gathered round it
+for a feast, and soon left only the bones.
+</p>
+<p>
+But they had no idea of saving food, so they fattened when there was
+plenty, and starved when dry years made the acorns or nuts scarce.
+Having no salt, they did not try to dry or smoke the meat of deer or
+other wild animals. Nor did they at first lay up nuts and seeds, as
+even the squirrels or woodpeckers do, for winter use. But wandering
+from place to place, they camped in the summer along the rivers, where
+fish was plenty and the wild oats gave them grain. In the fall they
+hunted pine-nuts and berries in the mountains, till snow drove them
+down into the valleys.
+</p>
+<p>
+Each Indian town, or rancheria, had a name, and many of these names
+are still in use. At the north lived the Klamaths, Siskiyous, Shastas,
+and the savage Modocs, whose months of fighting in the lava beds
+caused the death of General Canby and many soldiers. The Porno tribes
+of Lake county, Yrekas, Hoopas, and Ukiahs, are well known at the
+present day. Tehama, Colusa, Tuolumne, Yosemite, and other places
+recall the Indians who gave each its name. The San Diego Indians are
+still known as Diegue&ntilde;os and live on a reserve, or lands set aside for
+them.
+</p>
+<p>
+Almost all the natives had Indian money, called wampum, which they
+made from abalone or clam-shells by cutting out round pieces like
+buttons or small, hollow beads. Little shells were also used, and the
+wampum was strung on grass or on deer sinews. The Pomos still make
+thousands of pieces of this money, and so many strings of it will buy
+whatever the buck, or Indian man, and his mahala, or squaw, wish to
+get.
+</p>
+<p>
+General Bidwell, who came to California in 1841 and surveyed the land
+for many ranches, says of the Indians at that time:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;They were almost as wild as deer, and wore no clothes at all except
+the women, who had tule aprons fastened to a belt round their waists.
+In the rough work of surveying among brush and briars I gave the men
+shoes, pantaloons, and shirts, which they would take off when work
+was done, carry home in their hands, and put on in time to go to work
+again. But they soon learned to sleep in their new things to save
+trouble, and would wear them day and night till a suit dropped to
+pieces. They were quick to do as the whites did, and when paid in
+calico and cloth Saturday night, by Monday they had on their new
+skirts or shirts all made up like ours. Yet every Indian would choose
+beads for his wages, and go almost naked and hungry till the next
+pay-day.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+General Bidwell treated the Indians honestly and kindly, and in return
+they were his friends and helped him much to his advantage. In 1847 he
+settled on the great Rancho Chico, and part of his land he gave to the
+Mechoopdas, as the Indian rancheria there was called. They worked to
+plant orchards and at all his farm-work, and he treated them so fairly
+that old men are still living on this ranch who as boys helped the
+general in his tree-planting and road-building. A whole village of
+these Mechoopdas live on the Bidwell place owning their houses, while
+Mrs. Bidwell is their best friend and helps them in sickness and
+trouble. The men work in the hop fields and fruit orchards, and the
+women make baskets.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustrations: Indian Woman with Baskets; Indian Baskets"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1162b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1162b.jpg" width="150" height="148" border="0"
+	alt="INDIAN WOMAN WITH BASKETS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">INDIAN WOMAN <br>WITH BASKETS.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1174.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1174.jpg" width="150" height="147" border="0"
+	alt="INDIAN BASKETS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">INDIAN BASKETS.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+All the California Indians are basket-makers, and their work is so
+well done and so beautiful that it is much prized. The Pomos of Lake
+and Mendocino counties make especially fine baskets for every purpose.
+Indeed, the Indian papoose, or baby, is cradled in a basket on his
+mother's back; he drinks and eats from cup or bowl-shaped baskets, and
+the whole family sleep under a great wicker tent basket thatched
+with grass or tules. All Pomo baskets are woven on a frame of willow
+shoots, and in and out through this the mahala draws tough grasses or
+fine tree roots dyed in different colors, and after the pattern she
+chooses. Sometimes she works into the baskets the quail's crest, small
+red or yellow feathers from the woodpecker, green from the head of the
+mallard duck, or beads. She also hangs wampum or bits of abalone shell
+on the finest ones. The storage baskets are four or five feet high to
+hold grain or acorns, and the baskets to fit the back and carry a
+load are like half a cone in shape, with straps to hold the burden
+in place. Their smaller berry baskets hold just a quart. Some are
+water-tight and are used to cook mush in. Fish-traps and long narrow
+basket-traps for quail are also made out of this willow-work.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the Bidwell ranch is an old Indian &quot;temescal,&quot; or sweat-house. It
+is an underground hut, or cave dug out of a hillside, with a hole in
+the top for smoke to reach the air. The Indians used to build a big
+fire in this cave and then lie round it till dripping with sweat. A
+cold plunge into the creek near by finished the bath,&mdash;Turkish, we
+call it. Nowadays the Indians use this place for a meeting-room and
+for dances.
+</p>
+<p>
+The older Indians still dance and rig out in all their finery of
+feathers and beads, though the young people are ashamed of their
+tribal customs and wish to be like the white folks. Some of their
+dances are named for a bird or animal, and the Indians must imitate by
+their dress and cries the animal chosen. In the bear dance the dancer
+crawls about the fire on all fours with a bear's skin about him. He
+wears a chain of oak-balls round his neck, and as he shakes his head
+these rattle like a bear's teeth snapping shut, while all the time he
+growls savagely. The feather-dancer, with a skirt and cap of eagles'
+feathers, will whirl on his toes like a top for hours, while the other
+Indians sing and the master of the dance shakes a large rattle.
+</p>
+<p>
+The California Indians are slowly passing away, and though all over
+the state there are still rancherias, the land that was once their
+very own will soon know them no more.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_21"><!-- RULE4 21 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE STORY OF SAN FRANCISCO
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Mission and Presidio of San Francisco were founded in 1776 by
+Father Palou, and two little settlements grew up around the fort and
+at the church. The Presidio was built where it is now, and ships used
+to anchor in the bay in front of it, though the whalers usually went
+to Sausalito to get wood from the hills and to fill their water-casks
+at a large spring. From early Mission times the Spanish name of Yerba
+Buena was given to that part of San Francisco's peninsula between
+Black Point and Rincon Point. Ship-captains and sailors soon found out
+that the cove or bay east of Yerba Buena was the best and least windy
+place to anchor their vessels, and later on hundreds of ships found
+a safe harbor there. The name Yerba Buena, or good herb, was given
+on account of a little creeping vine with sweet-smelling leaves which
+covered the ground and is still found on the sand-dunes and Presidio
+hills.
+</p>
+<p>
+For many years the small settlements made no progress, and the rest
+of the peninsula was covered with thick woods, where the grizzly bear,
+wolf, and coyote roamed, while deer were plenty at the Presidio. Then
+in 1835 Governor Figueroa, the Mexican ruler of California, directed
+that a new town should be started at Yerba Buena cove. The first
+street, called the &quot;foundation-street,&quot; was laid out from Pine and
+Kearny streets, as they are called to-day, to North Beach. The first
+house was built by Captain Richardson on what is now Dupont Street,
+between Clay and Washington. The next year a trader named Jacob Leese
+built a store. It was finished on the Fourth of July, and in honor of
+the day he gave a feast and a fandango, or dance, at which the company
+danced that night and all the next day. This was the first Fourth
+celebrated in the place.
+</p>
+<p>
+Two or three years later a new survey laid out streets between
+Broadway and California, Montgomery and Powell. A fresh-water lagoon,
+or lake, was near the present corner of Montgomery and Sacramento,
+and an Indian temescal, or sweat-house, beside it. The bay came up
+to Montgomery Street then, with five feet of water at Sansome, and
+mudflats to the east. During the gold excitement of '49, when hundreds
+of ships dropped anchor in the bay, many sailors deserted to go to the
+mines, and some of the old vessels were hauled in on these mud-flats
+and made into storehouses. All that part of the city east of
+Montgomery Street is filled or made ground, and when new buildings are
+to be started wooden piles or cement piers must go down to get a firm
+foundation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Until 1846 only about thirty families lived at Yerba Buena. Then a
+shipload of Mormon emigrants arrived and pitched their tents in the
+sand-hills. Samuel Brannan, their leader, printed the first newspaper,
+<i>The California Star</i>, in '47. That year also the first alcalde,
+or mayor, of the new town, Lieutenant Bartlett, appointed an engineer
+named O'Farrell to lay out more streets. He surveyed Market Street and
+mapped down blocks as far west on the sand-dunes as Taylor Street and
+to Rincon Point or South Beach. He gave the names of such well-known
+men as Kearny, Stockton, Larkin, Guerrero, and Geary to these streets.
+Mission Street was the road to the Mission Dolores, and about this
+time Bartlett ordered that the Presidio, the Mission, and Yerba Buena
+should be one town and should be called San Francisco.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then came the gold fever, and nearly every one left town to go to the
+mines. Many people sold all they had to get money to buy mining tools
+and food enough to live on till they struck gold. Men started for the
+mines, leaving their houses and stores alone with no one to care for
+goods or furniture.
+</p>
+<p>
+But news of the finding of gold had reached other places, and soon
+ships from the Atlantic coast, Mexico, and all over the world
+began sailing into San Francisco Bay. In '49 the first steamer, the
+<i>California</i>, arrived from New York, and soon five thousand
+people were in San Francisco, where most of the supplies for the
+gold-fields had to be bought. Many of the newcomers lived in canvas
+tents or brush-covered shanties scattered about in the high sand-hills
+or in the thick chaparral. Some houses were built of adobe bricks,
+and the two-story frame Parker House was thought to be so fine that it
+rented for fifteen thousand dollars a month. Some wooden houses were
+brought out from the East in numbered pieces, like children's blocks,
+to be put together here, and others thought to be fireproof were of
+iron plates made in the East.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first public school was opened in '48 and in the same building
+church services were held Sundays. The first post-office was in a
+store at the corner of Washington and Montgomery streets in '49. By
+1850 the city had five square miles of land that had been cut down
+from sand-hills or filled in on the mud-flats. The houses along the
+city-front were built on piles, and the tide ebbed and flowed under
+them. Long wharves for the unloading of ships ran out into deep water.
+At Jackson and Battery streets a ship was used for a storehouse, and
+after the earth was filled in this stranded vessel was left
+standing among the houses. On Clay and Sansome streets the old hulk
+<i>Niantic</i> had a hotel upon her decks, and the first city prison
+was in the hold of the brig <i>Euphemia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+While most of the miners were steady, hard-working men, honest, and
+very kind and generous to each other, some drank and gambled their
+hard-earned gold-dust away with a get
+of men who were ready to do any wrong thing for money. The gamblers
+and bad characters grew so troublesome by '51 that the police could
+do little or nothing with them. Every day some one was robbed,
+or murdered, and thieves often set fire to houses that they might
+plunder. As the judges and police could not control these criminals,
+nearly two hundred good citizens formed a &quot;vigilance committee.&quot; It
+was agreed that bad characters should be told to leave town, and that
+robbers and murderers should be punished by the committee. Not
+long after, the vigilance committee hanged four men, and roughs and
+law-breakers left town for the mines. Men soon learned to keep the
+laws and do right.
+</p>
+<p>
+Since almost all the houses in San Francisco were light frames of wood
+covered with cloth or paper, and since there was no fire department,
+there were six great fires, each of which nearly burnt up the town.
+The only way to stop the flames was to pull down houses or to blow
+them up with gunpowder. But almost before the ashes of one fire had
+cooled, wooden, cloth and paper buildings would cover whole blocks, to
+be burned again before long. The fifth great fire, in '51, destroyed a
+thousand houses and ten million dollars' worth of property in a night.
+One warehouse containing many barrels of vinegar was saved by covering
+the roof with blankets dipped in the vinegar, as no water could be
+had. The iron houses that had been thought fire-proof were of no use.
+Men who stayed in them found too late that the iron doors swelled with
+the heat and could not be opened, so that those within were smothered
+to death.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then people began to guard against such fires by building new houses
+of stone or of brick. The sixth great fire destroyed most of the
+wooden buildings in the business part of the city. After that,
+with two or three fire companies and engines and better houses,
+people no longer dreaded the fire-bell. Water was piped into the city
+from Mountain Lake, and there was plenty for all purposes.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Entrance to Japanese Tea Garden, San Francisco"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1179.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1179.jpg" width="156" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE TEA GARDEN, SAN FRANCISCO.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE
+	<br>TEA GARDEN, <br>SAN FRANCISCO.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+So the city grew larger, until in '53 there were fifty thousand people
+of all races and countries who called San Francisco home. Chinese and
+Japanese, the Mexican, African, Pacific Islander, Greek, or Turk, or
+Malay elbowed crowds of Americans, English, French, and Germans. It
+was said that any foreigner could find in the city those who spoke his
+language, and that gold was a word all knew.
+</p>
+<p>
+The largest yield of gold from the mines was in '53, and the next
+year was a poor year for the miners. They bought fewer goods in San
+Francisco, and the storekeepers found business falling off. Too many
+houses had been built, so rents went down and times were hard for
+a year or two. In '55 there were many bank failures, and business
+troubles of all kinds made the people restless, and roughs and
+murderers carried a strong hand. Then the &quot;law and order party,&quot; as
+the vigilance committee was at that time called, began once more
+the task of punishing those who robbed or killed. A list of criminal
+offenders was made out, and such were sent away from the state.
+One excellent result of the vigilance committee's labors was that a
+&quot;people's party,&quot; as it was called, chose the best men to govern the
+city, and for years after peace and order were in San Francisco.
+</p>
+<p>
+In '54 the city was lighted with gas for the first time, at a cost of
+fifteen dollars a thousand feet. In that year also the mint began to
+coin money from gold-dust, making five, ten and twenty-dollar pieces.
+Lone Mountain Cemetery was laid out about this time, and the old Yerba
+Buena graveyard, where the City Hall now stands, was closed.
+</p>
+<p>
+San Francisco had, for some years, trouble about titles to property,
+owing to false or defective land-grants given by the Mexicans. Men
+tried to take possession of lots they had no real claim to by building a
+shanty on the ground and squatting there, and the &quot;squatter troubles&quot;
+between such land thieves and the rightful owners caused lawsuits and
+shooting affairs. A land commission finally settled these disputes,
+throwing out all the false claims and giving titles to the proper persons.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: The New Cliff House, San Francisco"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1177b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1177b.jpg" width="158" height="148" border="0"
+	alt="THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, <br>SAN FRANCISCO.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The little village of Yerba Buena has now grown to be the largest
+city on the Pacific coast and one that is known the world over. It is
+widely and justly celebrated as the centre of great manufacturing
+and shipping interests, for its fine buildings, its climate, and its
+beautiful surroundings. San Francisco Bay, the harbor the Franciscans
+named for their patron saint, is noted for its picturesque scenery.
+Golden Gate Park, with its thousand acres of trees and lawn and
+flowers stretching out to the Pacific Ocean, the famous Cliff House,
+and the Golden Gate, through which so many Argonauts sailed into
+California, are the most attractive and best known places.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_22"><!-- RULE4 22 --></a>
+<h2>
+	MEN CALIFORNIA REMEMBERS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Many pages of this book might be filled with California's roll of
+honor,&mdash;with that long list of men whose names are remembered whenever
+the state's history is recalled.
+</p>
+<p>
+Explorers, Mission-builders, Argonauts, and pioneers were the men who
+helped to make California the fair state you know and live in. From
+the first day of the Spanish discoveries on this shore of the Pacific
+Ocean, we find brave and great men who gave their best efforts, and
+sometimes their lives, for California.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let us head our brief list with Cortes, the name-giver, who dreamed
+long years of the golden land he was never to see. Then Cabrillo, the
+sea-king whom San Diego people honor every year because he found their
+bay and first set foot on California's ground. Next comes the bold
+Englishman, Sir Admiral Francis Drake, who intended that his queen,
+Elizabeth, should have this Indian kingdom, as he believed it to
+be. The stone Prayer-book Cross, in Golden Gate Park, was put up to
+commemorate the service of prayer and psalms, offered at Drake's Bay
+by Fletcher, the minister on the Admiral's ship.
+</p>
+<p>
+Good Father Serra, the founder of the Missions, his friend
+and brother-priest Father Palou of San Francisco, and their
+fellow-laborers Crespi and Lasuen, helped in the work of building
+churches and teaching the Indians. Governor Portola, the first Spanish
+ruler of Alta California, assisted the Padres, and also found San
+Francisco Bay. Lieutenant Ayala, however, sailed the first ship, the
+<i>San Carlos</i>, through the Golden Gate. Another governor, de Neve,
+founded San Jos&eacute; and Los Angeles, and wrote a set of laws for the two
+Californias of his time. That wise ruler, Governor Borica, ordered
+schools opened and tried to get the Indians to farm their lands and to
+raise hemp and flax.
+</p>
+<p>
+Many of the old Spanish settlers and explorers have left us their
+names, though they are themselves forgotten, as Martinez, Amador,
+Castro, Bodega, and countless others plainly show. The Englishmen
+Livermore, Gilroy and Mark West, those early settlers, Temple and Rice
+at Los Angeles, Yount and Pope of Napa Valley, Don Timoteo Murphy of
+San Rafael, and Lassen the Dane, for whom Lassen's Peak was named,
+were among those who came here before 1830.
+</p>
+<p>
+Governor Figueroa, called the &quot;benefactor of Alta California&quot; ordered
+the Missions to be given up to the Indians. By directing that the
+town of Yerba Buena should be laid out, he also is remembered as the
+founder of San Francisco. Richardson, who carried out the governor's
+orders, was the first settler and Leese built the first frame-house of
+San Francisco.
+</p>
+<p>
+In Governor Alvarado's time many Americans came to the new country,
+although Alvarado and General Vallejo tried hard to keep them out.
+Vallejo was then the military commander, and had headquarters at
+Sonoma, where he had an adobe fort and a few soldiers to protect the
+Mission of Solano. Here General Vallejo was living with his Indian and
+Californian settlers when the place was taken by Ide, the leader
+of the &quot;bear-flag party.&quot; Vallejo, set free when the short-lived
+&quot;bear-flag republic&quot; went to pieces, lived many years at Sonoma. He
+was afterwards a member of the first legislature. He tried hard in
+1851 to have the state capital at Vallejo; but he failed, for he did
+not keep his agreement to put up buildings for government use.
+</p>
+<p>
+A man well known in the early days was John Sutter, a Swiss, who built
+a fort and settled where Sacramento now stands. He called his colony
+New Helvetia, and soon had about three hundred Indians at work for
+him. Some of the men were carpenters, blacksmiths, and farmers, while
+the women wove blankets or a coarse cloth. His fort enclosed about an
+acre of ground, with an adobe wall twenty feet high. A large gate was
+shut every night to keep safe those inside this walled fort. You have
+read that Marshall, who found gold, was building a sawmill for Sutter
+when he picked up the precious yellow nuggets. Sutter and Marshall
+quarrelled at last about the ownership of the mill at Coloma, where
+the pieces of gold were picked up. Marshall died a poor man, unhappy
+and neglected by the state, which has since put a costly bronze statue
+over his grave.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sutter was very active in the Micheltorena war, when Governor
+Micheltorena was defeated and put out of office by Alvarado and
+Castro.
+</p>
+<p>
+The last of the Mexican governors, Pio Pico, tried his best to
+prevent the rush of Americans into his country, but though Castro,
+the military commander, helped him, the Americans came and stayed. And
+both Pico and Castro with their soldiers were driven out of California
+at last by Fremont and Stockton.
+</p>
+<p>
+General Fremont, the &quot;path-finder,&quot; who could easily find the best way
+through a wilderness and could make maps or roads for others to
+follow him, is a striking figure in California history. He made three
+exploring trips to this coast, Kit Carson, the famous hunter and
+trapper, being his guide and scout. From the Oregon line to San Diego,
+Fremont knew the country. He was a brave Indian fighter and helped to
+capture California from Mexico. Fremont was appointed governor of the
+new territory by Stockton, and was the first senator from California
+representing the state in Congress. In 1848 Fremont sent a map of the
+country to Congress, and on it named the strait at the entrance to
+San Francisco Bay the Golden Gate. He was, therefore, the first to use
+this beautiful name now known the world over. His wife, Jessie Benton
+Fremont, is still living in Los Angeles.
+</p>
+<p>
+Commodore Sloat, who raised the American flag at Monterey, and
+Commodore Stockton were United States naval officers who helped to
+conquer the Mexican and Indian forces with the aid of Fremont and
+General Kearny. These four men won the land of gold for the Union.
+</p>
+<p>
+General John Bidwell, another &quot;path-finder,&quot; who in 1841 led the first
+party of white men over the Sierras, lived to be over eighty years of
+age. He saw the state, once a wilderness where naked Digger Indians
+chased elk and antelope, grow to a pleasant land of orchards and
+vineyards, of great cities full of people. General Bidwell was for a
+time in Sutter's employ, and surveyed nearly all the large ranches
+and the roads in early days. All his life he planted trees and built
+roads, and at his great Rancho Chico is one of the largest orchards in
+the state. Part of his life-work was to help a tribe of savage Indians
+to be good American citizens, and as one of the fathers of California
+he should always be remembered.
+</p>
+<p>
+Many notable names appear in the days when the finding of gold brought
+this shore of the Pacific Ocean before the eyes of the world. Among
+these are Gwin, who was chosen senator with Fremont; Larkin, widely
+known as the first and last American Consul to California and for his
+accounts of the gold discovery; and Halleck, first secretary of the
+state and afterward General Halleck.
+</p>
+<p>
+The streets of San Francisco honor some of the citizens of 1848 and
+1849: Geary, the first postmaster; Leavenworth and Hyde, the first
+alcaldes or mayors; Van Ness, Broderick, Turk, and McAllister,
+recalling prominent men of those days. Spanish families like Sanchez,
+Castro, Noe, Bernal, and Guerrero had also a place on the city map.
+Indeed, every town has some native Californian names in and around it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Don Victor Castro, said to be the first white child born in San
+Francisco, died lately at San Pablo in the house he had built sixty
+years ago. He was called the last of the Spanish grandees, those dons
+who, before the Gringos came, had estates that stretched miles away
+on every hand, and thousands of cattle with many Indian servants. Don
+Victor built and ran the first ferry across San Francisco Bay.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sacramento was laid out as a town for Sutter by three lieutenants of
+the U.S. army: Warner, who was afterwards killed by Indians; Ord,
+who was a general in the Civil War, while the third, in after years
+&quot;marched through Georgia&quot; as General Sherman. Marysville was also laid
+out by Sutter, and Stockton by Weber, who owned all the land around
+it.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1849 Doctor Gregg and his party found Humboldt Bay. In 1851
+Yosemite Valley was discovered by Major Savage and a company of
+soldiers, who were out hunting hostile Indians. This band of Indians
+was called the Yosemites, and their old chief's name was Tenaya, for
+whom the beautiful lake is named.
+</p>
+<p>
+Those who came to California before 1850 were called pioneers, and
+many of them built up great fortunes. Among them were Coleman, the
+president of the vigilance committee, Sharon, Flood, Fair, O'Brien,
+Tevis, Phelan, and James Lick. Lick was a remarkable man, who gave
+away an immense fortune; building the Lick Observatory, a school of
+mechanical arts, free public baths, an old ladies' home, and giving
+a million to the Academy of Science and the Society of California
+Pioneers.
+</p>
+<p>
+In later days the names crowd thickly upon each other. Among editors
+and literary men the fearless and ill-fated James King of the
+<i>Evening Bulletin</i>, J. Ross Browne, the reporter of the first
+convention and a most interesting writer, Derby the humorist, &quot;Caxton&quot;
+or W.H. Rhodes, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, the historians Hittell and
+Bancroft, and the poet Joaquin Miller may be noted.
+</p>
+<p>
+The governors of the state have been men remarkable as brilliant
+speakers or lawyers and as wise rulers. In 1875, during the time of
+Pacheco, the first native-born governor, the order of &quot;Native Sons of
+the Golden West&quot; was formed, which now numbers over ten thousand young
+California men. The &quot;Native Daughters,&quot; a sister society, follows also
+the idea of keeping the love of California warm in the hearts of her children.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_23"><!-- RULE4 23 --></a>
+<h2>
+	OUR GLORIOUS CLIMATE
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Not only a glorious but in many ways a wonderful climate is enjoyed
+by the people of California's sea-coast and mountains, her valleys and
+foot-hills. In no other state can one find so many kinds of weather
+in such short distances. For instance, in Southern California you may
+pick flowers and oranges in almost tropical gardens, and in an hour
+find winter and throw snowballs on the high mountains overlooking the
+roses and orange groves you so lately left.
+</p>
+<p>
+Only in the mountains, along that granite backbone of the state known
+as the Sierra Nevadas, are there four seasons, the spring, summer,
+autumn, and winter common to most of the United States. So the Sierras
+have a distinct climate of their own. The Sacramento and San Joaquin
+river valleys have another climate peculiar to themselves, while south
+of latitude 35 degrees the coast has less rain and is warmer than the
+coast counties north of that line.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the greater part of the state the year is divided into a dry summer
+and a wet winter. The rains begin in October, and the first showers
+fall on dry, brown hills and dusty fields baked hard by steady
+sunshine since May. After these showers the grass springs up, and
+the fields are green almost as quickly as if some fairy godmother had
+waved her wand. An army of wild flowers, whose seeds were hidden in
+the brown earth, wakes when the rain-drops patter, and the plants get
+ready to bloom in a month or so. For this season, from November to
+February, with little frost and no ice nor snow, is winter in name
+only. Roses and violets bloom in the gardens and yellow poppies on the
+hills.
+</p>
+<p>
+People expect and hope for much rain in this so-called winter, since a
+wet year assures good crops to the state. But the amount of rain that
+falls is very uncertain. It does not rain every day, nor all day, as a
+rule, and each storm seems different. Sometimes a &quot;southeaster&quot; blows
+up from the Japan Current, or Black Stream, as the Japanese call the
+warm, dark-blue waters that pour out of the China Sea. This current of
+the Pacific Ocean flows along our coast in a mighty river a thousand
+miles wide, and gives California its peculiar climate of cool summers
+and moist, warm winters. The southeasterly wind ruffles the bay with
+white-capped waves and dashes sheets of rain against window and roof.
+Then the wind changes, and all the clouds go flying to north or east,
+while from the clear blue sky brilliant sunshine pours down to make
+the grass and flowers grow. During the winter months the sun is strong
+and warm enough to make out-door life delightful.
+</p>
+<p>
+The farmer depends greatly upon the rainfall. In a wet winter the
+moisture sinks far into the ground, but not so deep that the thirsty
+little roots cannot find it in the summer. Early rains are needed to
+soften the ground for November ploughing, and young grain and crops of
+all kinds need rain through April. In the northern part of the state
+the wet season begins earlier and lasts longer than in the south,
+while the southeastern corner is an almost rainless desert.
+</p>
+<p>
+In San Francisco the thermometer seldom falls below 45&deg; in the winter,
+the average for the season being 51&deg;. Perhaps in January or February
+the sidewalks may be white with frost in the mornings, or hail may
+fall during some cold rain-storm. Once in five years or so, enough
+snow falls to make children go wild with delight over a few snowballs
+which are very soon melted. People can be comfortable the year round
+without fires, and the clear, bright winter days with soft air and
+warm sunshine are always pleasant enough to spend outdoors. This
+ocean climate, due to the warm sea air, is enjoyed by the counties
+facing the coast and San Francisco Bay. In the valleys of the interior
+white frosts are frequent, and thin ice forms on the wayside puddles.
+Once in a while killing frosts destroy fruit blossoms and cut down the
+garden flowers and vegetables, but seldom do more damage.
+</p>
+<p>
+In mountain regions, above five or six thousand feet, the very cold
+winter lasts six or seven months. Snow falls almost constantly and
+drifts to a great depth. Small lakes are frozen and buried in snow,
+and the trees are bent and weighed down with ice and sleet. Many of
+the wild animals come down to the foot-hills below the snow-line to
+spend the winter; but the bear curls himself up in his warm cave and
+sleeps through the cold months. In this snowy zone of the Sierras,
+about thirty miles wide, winter lasts from the first snowfall, about
+the end of October, to the late spring of June. Then July and August
+are months of glorious weather, with clear, dry air and a cloudless
+sky. During the day the temperature of about 80 degrees melts much
+snow, and the rivers carry it away in rushing torrents and falls of
+icy water. In September the frost turns the leaves of all but the
+evergreen trees beautiful colors of red and yellow. Indian summer
+comes during September and October, when the days are sunny and warm,
+and then the long winter sets in again. Peaks above eight thousand
+feet are snow-clad on their crests and along their sides by deep
+drifts the year round.
+</p>
+<p>
+Along the Pacific coast in summer cool sea-winds, called trade-winds,
+blow in from the ocean, and 60 degrees is the average temperature. The
+farther you go inland from the coast, the hotter it gets, and the heat
+is very great in the interior of the state. In the San Joaquin and
+Sacramento valleys it is often over 100 degrees in the shade, though
+this dry heat is not hard to bear, and the nights are always cool
+enough for one to sleep in comfort.
+</p>
+<p>
+Summer fogs are usual in the coast counties. The mornings are pleasant
+and sunny till about eleven o'clock. At this time the sun's rays
+grow stronger in the interior valleys, and the hot air rises while
+trade-winds rush in from the cold ocean and fog settles down like a
+thick, gray cloud over the bay and hills. July and August are cold and
+foggy along the coastline, with strong west winds almost every day. In
+September the winds die away, and sometimes a shower or two falls.
+</p>
+<p>
+The rainless desert, or southeastern corner of our state, is the
+hottest region of all. Here the sun glares down till sand and rocks
+seem heated by a fiery furnace. Every living creature gasps and pants
+for breath in the scorching heat. There are no trees, but only cactus,
+that queer, prickly, thorny plant, often fifteen or twenty feet
+high in these wastes of sand, and low greasewood bushes. Under this
+vegetation snakes, lizards, and horned toads bask all day and search
+for food at night. If travellers wander from the road in crossing the
+desert, they are easily lost, and sometimes they die or go mad in the
+terrible heat. There are no springs, and water stations are a long way
+apart, so that lost people usually die of thirst. As the heat of the
+sun's rays quivers over the burning sands, a curious sight called
+a mirage is often produced. A cool, glassy lake or flowing river
+bordered with green trees seems pictured in the air, and the hot and
+weary traveller can scarcely believe that only sand and rocks are
+before him.
+</p>
+<p>
+Can you tell which season you like the best? You will find the one you
+choose in some part of this favored state. It is always summer in the
+south, and you may slide on the ice or throw snowballs all year in the
+high Sierras.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_24"><!-- RULE4 24 --></a>
+<h2>
+	SOME WONDERFUL SIGHTS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+California is a wonderland where snowy mountains, mighty and ancient
+forests, glaciers and geysers, lakes and waterfalls, foaming rivers
+and the cliffs and rolling surf down her long sea-coast give new and
+beautiful pictures at every place.
+</p>
+<p>
+Through the whole state stretches the granite backbone of the Sierra
+Nevadas with its highest crest or ridge at the head-waters of the
+Kings and Kern rivers near Fresno. Here Mount Whitney and a dozen
+other great peaks of the High Sierras or California Alps lift their
+heads over thirteen thousand feet in the air. Here are to be seen most
+magnificent panoramas of lofty peaks, deep ca&ntilde;ons, towering domes, and
+snow-clad summits. The finest forests, too, in the world grow on the
+slopes of the Sierras, the immense pines and giant <i>sequoias</i> of
+the General Grant and other National Parks in this section being the
+largest and oldest of all. Kings River ca&ntilde;on is a rugged gorge half a
+mile deep with the river rushing through it in thundering rapids and
+cascades.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustrations: 'El Capitan' mountain; Yosemite Falls"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1194a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1194a.jpg" width="152" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="'EL CAPITAN' (3300 feet in height)">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">&quot;EL CAPITAN&quot;<br>(3300 feet in height)
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><br> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1194b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1194b.jpg" width="155" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="YOSEMITE FALLS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">YOSEMITE FALLS.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The well-known Yosemite Valley is the gorge of the Merced River and,
+though only eight miles long and half a mile wide, holds the grandest
+of all our mountain scenery. The mighty rock El Capitan, over three
+thousand feet in height, stands at the entrance to the valley, and
+across from it is Bridal Veil Fall, a snowy cascade so thin you can
+see the face of the mountain through the falling waters. There are
+many waterfalls, but the Yosemite is chief of them all. Here the river
+takes a plunge of sixteen hundred feet, the water falling like snowy
+rockets bursting into spray from that great height.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then, for six hundred feet more, the torrent leaps and foams through
+a trench it has cut out of the solid rock to the cliff, from which it
+takes a second plunge. This Lower Yosemite fall is four hundred feet
+high, the rushing waters turning into clouds of spray, which the wind
+tosses from side to side. At Nevada Fall the Merced River leaps six
+hundred feet at a bound, strikes a mass of rocks halfway down, and
+breaks into white foam upon which rainbows play when the sun shines
+through the misty veil.
+</p>
+<p>
+Besides the grand Sentinel Rock, Eagle Peak, Clouds' Rest, and other
+high mountains in the Yosemite Valley, many domes or round-topped
+peaks like the heads of buried giants loom up, the most famous being
+South Dome, Washington Column, Liberty Cap, and Mount Broderick.
+</p>
+<p>
+But no one can picture this wonderful valley with pen or brush or
+camera and give its real charm. You must see it yourself to know and
+understand the beauty of great mountains and falling waters, of Mirror
+Lake with its fine reflections of the surrounding scenery, and of the
+rushing torrent of the Merced River in its swift coursing through this
+mighty ca&ntilde;on of the Yosemite. Thousands of tourists and sightseers
+visit the valley from May to October. Then snow begins to fall and
+winter sets in, as it does everywhere in the high Sierras. Very deep
+snow-drifts cover the ground, lakes and rivers freeze, and the great
+falls are fringed with icicles, while a large ice cone forms at the
+foot of the falling water. Many beautiful pictures may be found in
+the valley in winter when Jack Frost is ruler of all the snow-clad,
+ice-bound ca&ntilde;on.
+</p>
+<p>
+Scattered throughout the Sierras are other valleys almost as fine
+as the Yosemite. These are not often reached by the army of summer
+sight-seers, but true mountaineers find them. One valley which has
+fine scenery is the Grand ca&ntilde;on of the Tuolumne, the gorge being
+twenty-five miles long, with walls so high and steep that once entered
+one must go through to the end. The Tuolumne River rushes, with
+terrible force and speed, in cascades and rapids down the granite
+stairway which is the floor of this ca&ntilde;on. The walls of the gorge
+rise so high that the traveller only sees a tiny strip of blue sky far
+above him, and the great pine trees on top of these cliff walls seem
+only the length of one's finger.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is supposed that all these valleys have been formed by glaciers,
+which during the ice age, thousands of years ago, filled the ca&ntilde;ons
+and swept over the mountains. These masses of ice, moving very slowly,
+ground and tore up the rocks under and around them till deep gorges
+and steep, high cliffs were left in their tracks. Most of the glaciers
+melted long ago, but on Mount Lyell, on Shasta, and a few of the
+Sierra summits may still be found those ever-living ice-rivers, the
+one on Mount Lyell being the source of the Tuolumne River.
+</p>
+<p>
+California is rich in lakes, especially in the mountains where the
+melting snows gather in every hollow and form lakelets in chains or
+groups, or in one large body of water like Tahoe, Donner, or Tenaya
+lakes.
+</p>
+<p>
+One of the most beautiful lakes in the world is Lake Tahoe. It is six
+thousand feet above sea-level, and the mountains around it rise four
+thousand feet higher. On these peaks snow-drifts lie the year round
+above the &quot;snow-line,&quot; as a height over eight or nine thousand feet
+is called. Nevada, treeless and barren, is on the eastern side of
+Lake Tahoe, while the western or California side is green and thickly
+wooded with beautiful pines. But the first thing one would notice,
+perhaps, is the wonderful clearness of the lake water. As one stands
+on the wharf the steamer <i>Tahoe</i> seems to be hanging in the clear
+green depths with her keel and twin propellers in plain sight. The
+fish dart under her and all about as in some large aquarium. There a
+big lake-trout shoots by like a silver streak of light, or here is a
+school of hundreds of little fingerlings. Every stick or stone shows
+on the bottom as one starts out on the steamer, and as one sails
+along where the water is sixty or seventy feet deep. In the middle
+the lake's depth is fifteen hundred feet and the water is a dark
+indigo-blue. At the edge and along shallow places the color is bright
+green, as at Emerald Bay, a beautiful inlet three miles long. Lake
+Tahoe is twenty miles in length and about five wide, and its icy cold
+waters are of crystal clearness and very pure.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Fallen Leaf Lake"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1191a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1191a.jpg" width="160" height="148" border="0"
+	alt="FALLEN LEAF LAKE.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">FALLEN LEAF LAKE.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Fallen Leaf Lake is a smaller Tahoe, and Donner Lake, not far from
+Truckee, and now the camping-place of many a summer visitor, is the
+place where years ago the Donner overland party spent a terrible
+winter in the Sierra snows.
+</p>
+<p>
+Clear Lake and the Blue Lakes in Lake County are delightful places
+to visit, and in this county, too, are the geysers. Some wonderful
+curiosities are seen here. You will find springs that spout up a
+stream of hot water every few minutes, mineral springs from which
+you can have a drink of soda water, and an acid spring that flows
+lemonade. Alum, iron, or sulphur waters, either hot or cold, bubble
+up out of the ground at every turn. At one spring you may boil an
+egg. Other springs are used for steam baths and also hot mud-baths. In
+Geyser ca&ntilde;on is the strange place every sight-seer hurries to at once.
+Such rumblings and thunderings, such hot vapors and gases come from
+the cracks in the ground, that the Indians thought this was the
+workshop where the bad spirit which white people call the devil used
+to live and work. The deeper one goes into this ca&ntilde;on, the hotter and
+noisier it gets. All round are signs telling where it is dangerous
+to step, while the ground is hot, and boiling water runs by in little streams.
+Steam rises from many pools, and the sulphur smell almost chokes one.
+Another curious spring, called the devil's inkstand, seems full of ink.
+Mount St. Helena, near here, is a dead or extinct volcano, and probably there
+are fires in the earth under this region which keep up these steam and
+sulphur springs.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Mount Shasta from Strawberry Valley."
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1191b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1191b.jpg" width="160" height="145" border="0"
+	alt="MOUNT SHASTA FROM STRAWBERRY VALLEY.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">MOUNT SHASTA FROM <br>STRAWBERRY VALLEY.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Many of the Sierra summits are capped with volcanic rock, and Lassen's
+Peak and Mount Shasta are extinct volcanoes. There are hot springs and
+cracks from which steam and sulphur rise on both of these mountains,
+and as earthquakes often shake the earth in different parts of the
+state we know that underground fires are still at work. A great piece
+of land on Mount San Jacinto in Southern California lately sank down
+about a hundred feet, and cracks both deep and wide show that some
+force from below gave a thorough shaking-up to that part of the state.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mono, Owen's, and several other large lakes are the &quot;sinks&quot; into which
+rivers flow and lose themselves in the sandy or marshy shores. These
+lakes have soda or salt in their waters, and great stretches of dry
+alkali lands around them. The famous Death Valley is a dry lake of
+this kind where the sun beats down on the white alkali plain till it
+is almost certain death to try to cross it without a guide. The
+Salton Sea is a dry lake where almost pure salt is dug out, and great
+quantities of borax and of soda are found in other beds, of dried-up
+streams and lakes.
+</p>
+<p>
+But to tell of all the curious things nature has to show us in
+California,&mdash;of the forests of petrified trees, of the caverns cut out
+of the ocean cliffs by restless waves, or of those in the mountains or
+the Modoc lava-beds,&mdash;well, you will see most of them, let us hope, in
+your vacations. A large book might be given to the wonderful sights
+of this great state, and it may be your fortune to visit and so always
+remember a few we have named.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div align="center"><h3>PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY</h3></div>
+
+<p class="list">Alta (&auml;l&acute;-ta).</p>
+<p class="list">Amador (am&acute;-a-dore).</p>
+<p class="list">Alvarado (al-va-r&auml;&acute;-do).</p>
+<p class="list">Ayala (&auml;-y&auml;&acute;-la).</p>
+<p class="list">Bernal (ber-nal&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">Bodega (bo-d&#257;&acute;-ga).</p>
+<p class="list">Cabrillo (ka-breel&acute;-yo).</p>
+<p class="list">Calaveras (kal-a-v&#257;&acute;-ras).</p>
+<p class="list">Carmel (kar&acute;-mel).</p>
+<p class="list">Castro (kas&acute;-tro).</p>
+<p class="list">Cortes (kor&acute;-tez).</p>
+<p class="list">Coloma (ko-lo&acute;-ma).</p>
+<p class="list">Diegue&ntilde;o (de-&#257;-gw&#257;n&acute;-yo).</p>
+<p class="list">Farallones (f&#259;r&acute;-a-lones).</p>
+<p class="list">Figueroa (fi-gwa-ro&acute;-a).</p>
+<p class="list">Franciscan (fran-cis&acute;-can).</p>
+<p class="list">Galvez (gal&acute;-ves).</p>
+<p class="list">Gringos (gring&acute;-gos).</p>
+<p class="list">Guerrero (gur-r&#257;&acute;-ro).</p>
+<p class="list">Junipero Serra (h&#363;-nip&acute;-er-o ser&acute;-ra).</p>
+<p class="list">Klamath (klam&acute;-eth).</p>
+<p class="list">Los Angeles (los an&acute;-ga-lees).</p>
+<p class="list">Marin (ma-rin&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">Mariposa (mar-e-po&acute;-sa).</p>
+<p class="list">Martinez (mar-tee&acute;-nes).</p>
+<p class="list">Mechoopdas (me-choop&acute;-das).</p>
+<p class="list">Mission Dolores (mis&acute;-sion do-l&#333;r&acute;-es).</p>
+<p class="list">Modocs (mo&acute;-docs).</p>
+<p class="list">Monterey (mon-ta-ray&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">Noe (no&acute;-a).</p>
+<p class="list">Ortega (or-t&#257;&acute;-ga).</p>
+<p class="list">Pacheco (p&auml;-ch&#257;&acute;-ko).</p>
+<p class="list">Padres (pa&acute;-drays).</p>
+<p class="list">Palou (pa&acute;-loo).</p>
+<p class="list">Pio Pico (pe&acute;-o pe&acute;-ko).</p>
+<p class="list">Placerville (pl&#259;s&acute;-er-vil).</p>
+<p class="list">Point Reyes (rays).</p>
+<p class="list">Pomos (po&acute;-mos).</p>
+<p class="list">Portola (por-to&acute;-la).</p>
+<p class="list">San Antonio (san an-t&#333;-ni-&#333;).</p>
+<p class="list">Sanchez (san&acute;-ches).</p>
+<p class="list">San Carlos (san kar&acute;-l&#333;s).</p>
+<p class="list">San Diego (san de-&#257;&acute;-go).</p>
+<p class="list">San Fernando (san fer-nan&acute;-do).</p>
+<p class="list">San Francisco (san fran-cis&acute;-co).</p>
+<p class="list">San Gabriel (san ga-brell&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">San Jacinto (san ha-sin&acute;-to).</p>
+<p class="list">San Joaquin (san waw-keen&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">San Jose (san ho-say&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">San Juan Bautista (san wawn ba-tis&acute;-ta).</p>
+<p class="list">San Juan Capistrano (san wawn kap-is-tra&acute;-no).</p>
+<p class="list">San Luis Obispo (san loo-is o-bis&acute;-po).</p>
+<p class="list">San Miguel (san mig-gell&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Barbara (san&acute;-ta bar&acute;-ba-ra).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Catalina (san&acute;-ta kat-a-lee&acute;-na).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Cruz (san&acute;-ta krooz).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Lucia (san&acute;-ta loo-she&acute;-a).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Ysabel (san&acute;-ta &#275;&acute;-sa-bel).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Ynez (san&acute;-ta e&acute;-nes).</p>
+<p class="list">Sausalito (saw-sa-lee&acute;-to).</p>
+<p class="list">Sierras (see-er&acute;-ras).</p>
+<p class="list">Siskiyous (sis&acute;-ke-yous).</p>
+<p class="list">Sonoma (so-no&acute;-ma).</p>
+<p class="list">Sutter (s&#365;t&acute;-ter).</p>
+<p class="list">Tahoe (t&auml;&acute;-ho).</p>
+<p class="list">Tamalpais (tarm&acute;-el-pies).</p>
+<p class="list">Tenaya (te-ni&acute;-ya).</p>
+<p class="list">Tulare (too-lar&acute;-ee).</p>
+<p class="list">Tuolumne (too-ol&acute;-um-ee).</p>
+<p class="list">Ukiah (u-ki&acute;-ah).</p>
+<p class="list">Vallejo (v&auml;l-y&#257;&acute;-ho).</p>
+<p class="list">Viscaino (vees-k&auml;-e&acute;-no).</p>
+<p class="list">Wawona (wa-wo&acute;-na).</p>
+<p class="list">Yerba Buena (yer&acute;-ba bw&#257;&acute;-na).</p>
+<p class="list">Yosemite (yo sem&acute;-e-tee).</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="list">abalone (ab-a-lo&acute;-nee).</p>
+<p class="list">adobe (a-do&acute;-bee).</p>
+<p class="list">alcalde (al-kal&acute;-day).</p>
+<p class="list">arrastra (ar-ras&acute;-tra).</p>
+<p class="list">burro (boo&acute;-ro).</p>
+<p class="list">ca&ntilde;on (can&acute;-yon).</p>
+<p class="list">carne seca (kar&acute;-n&#257; s&#257;&acute;-ka).</p>
+<p class="list">cascarone (kas-ka-ro&acute;-na).</p>
+<p class="list">chaparral (shap-per-ral&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">coyote (ki-o&acute;-tee).</p>
+<p class="list">corral (kor-ral&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">debris (day-bree&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">el toro (el to&acute;-ro).</p>
+<p class="list">fandango (fan-dang&acute;-go).</p>
+<p class="list">frijoles (free-yo&acute;-lays).</p>
+<p class="list">galleon (gal&acute;-le-on).</p>
+<p class="list">madro&ntilde;o (ma-dron&acute;-yo).</p>
+<p class="list">manzanita (man-zan-ee&acute;-ta).</p>
+<p class="list">mantilla (man-tee&acute;-ya).</p>
+<p class="list">mahala (ma-ha&acute;-la).</p>
+<p class="list">mesa (m&#257;&acute;-sa).</p>
+<p class="list">mustangs (mus&acute;-tangs),</p>
+<p class="list">presidio (pr&#257;-se&acute;-de-o).</p>
+<p class="list">pueblos (p&#363;-&#257;&acute;-blos),</p>
+<p class="list">ranche (ransh).</p>
+<p class="list">rancheria (ran-sha-ree&acute;-a).</p>
+<p class="list">rodeos (ro-da&acute;-os).</p>
+<p class="list">senora (s&#257;n-yo&acute;-ra).</p>
+<p class="list">senoritas (s&#257;n-yor-ee&acute;-tas).</p>
+<p class="list">sombrero (som-br&#257;&acute;-ro).</p>
+<p class="list">sequoias (see-kwoy&acute;-as).</p>
+<p class="list">serape (ser-&auml;&acute;-pay).</p>
+<p class="list">teredo (te-r&#275;&acute;-do).</p>
+<p class="list">temescal (tem-es-kal&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">tortillas (tor-tee&acute;-yas).</p>
+<p class="list">tule (too&acute;-lee).</p>
+<p class="list">vaqueros (v&auml;-ka&acute;-ros).</p>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13232 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
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+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #13232 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13232)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories of California, by Ella M. Sexton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Stories of California
+
+Author: Ella M. Sexton
+
+Release Date: August 20, 2004 [EBook #13232]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ronald Holder and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: NEVADA FALLS (height 617 feet). Yosemite Valley.]
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+BY
+
+ELLA M. SEXTON
+
+
+NEW YORK
+
+THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
+1903
+
+
+_All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+1902,
+
+BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
+
+
+Set up, electrotyped, and published September, 1902. Reprinted
+October, 1903.
+
+
+
+Normond Press J.S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass.,
+U.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+To recount in simple, accurate narratives the early conditions and
+subsequent development of California is the purpose of this book. In
+attempting to picture the romantic events embodied in the wonderful
+history of the state, and to make each sketch clear and concise as
+well as interesting, the author has avoided many dry details and
+dates.
+
+Several of the stories endeavor to explain the remarkable physical
+characteristics of California. The work to this end was rendered
+lighter by the hope that the reader might find the book merely an
+introduction to that larger knowledge of personal observation and
+inquiry.
+
+But the writer's chief aim has been to interest the children of
+California in the beautiful land of their birth, to unfold to them the
+life and occurrences of bygone days, and to lead them to note and to
+enjoy their fortunate surroundings.
+
+Among the many authorities consulted for the work, special
+acknowledgment is due to the historians, Theodore H. Hittell and H.H.
+Bancroft.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CALIFORNIA'S NAME AND EARLY HISTORY
+
+THE STORY OF THE MISSIONS AND OF FATHER SERRA
+
+BEFORE THE GRINGOS CAME
+
+THE AMERICANS AND THE BEAR-FLAG REPUBLIC
+
+THE DAYS OF GOLD AND THE ARGONAUTS OF '49
+
+MINING STORIES
+
+HOW POLLY ELLIOTT CAME ACROSS THE PLAINS
+
+THE BUILDING OF THE OVERLAND RAILROAD
+
+STORY OF THE WHEAT FIELDS
+
+ORCHARD, FARM, AND VINEYARD
+
+THE STORY OF THE NAVEL ORANGE
+
+THE LEMON
+
+FLOWERS AND PLANTS
+
+THE BIG TREES AND LUMBERING
+
+OUR BIRDS
+
+OUR WILD ANIMALS
+
+IN SALT WATER AND FRESH
+
+ABOUT CALIFORNIA'S INDIANS
+
+THE STORY OF SAN FRANCISCO
+
+MEN CALIFORNIA REMEMBERS
+
+OUR GLORIOUS CLIMATE
+
+SOME WONDERFUL SIGHTS
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+NEVADA FALLS (height 617 feet), YOSEMITE VALLEY
+
+FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA
+
+MISSION CHURCH, MONTEREY
+
+OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. Founded 1769
+
+MISSION SAN LUIS REY. Founded 1798
+
+MISSION DOLORES. Established 1776
+
+SANTA BARBARA MISSION. Founded 1786
+
+UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER
+
+PLACER GOLD MINING. Washing with Cradle
+
+AN ORANGE TREE WITH FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS
+
+PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD AT LOS ANGELES
+
+HOP VINES
+
+AMONG THE HOP VINES
+
+WHITE SANTA BARBARA POPPY
+
+WILD CALIFORNIA POPPY
+
+IN A MISSION GARDEN
+
+A CHRISTMAS GARDEN
+
+"WAWONA" (28 feet in diameter)
+
+THE GRIZZLY GIANT (33 feet in diameter)
+
+BIG TREES AT FELTON, SANTA CRUZ CO.
+
+YOUNG TOWHEE
+
+BABY YELLOW WARBLERS. From photographs by Elizabeth Grinnell
+
+CALIFORNIA RED DEER. From a photograph by George V. Robinson
+
+LEAPING TUNA
+
+BLACK SEA BASS
+
+HUMPBACK WHALE (57 feet long)
+
+TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE
+
+INDIAN WOMAN WITH PAPPOOSE
+
+INDIAN WOMAN WITH BASKETS
+
+INDIAN BASKETS
+
+SEAL ROCKS, SAN FRANCISCO
+
+THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO
+
+ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE TEA GARDEN, SAN FRANCISCO
+
+FALLEN LEAF LAKE
+
+MOUNT SHASTA FROM STRAWBERRY VALLEY
+
+"EL CAPITAN" (3300 feet in height)
+
+YOSEMITE FALLS
+
+NATURAL BRIDGE, SANTA CRUZ
+
+[Compiler's note 1: Four illustrations were omitted from the published
+book, but were listed in the Illustrations pages.]
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+
+CALIFORNIA'S NAME AND EARLY HISTORY
+
+
+A Spanish story written four hundred years ago speaks of California as
+an island rich in pearls and gold. Only black women lived there, the
+story says, and they had golden spears, and collars and harness of
+gold for the wild beasts which they had tamed to ride upon. This
+island was said to be at a ten days' journey from Mexico, and was
+supposed to lie near Asia and the East Indies.
+
+Among those who believed such fairy tales about this wonderful island
+of California was Cortes, a Spanish soldier and traveller. He had
+conquered Mexico in 1521 and had made Montezuma, the Mexican emperor,
+give him a fortune in gold and precious stones. Then Cortes wished
+to find another rich country to capture, and California, he thought,
+would be the very place. He wrote home to Spain promising to bring
+back gold from the island, and also silks, spices, and diamonds from
+Asia. For he was sure that the two countries were near together, and
+that both might be found in the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea, as he
+called it, by sailing northwest.
+
+So for years Cortes built ships in New Spain (or Mexico), and sent out
+men to hunt for this golden island. They found the Gulf of California,
+and at last Cortes himself sailed up and down its waters. He explored
+the land on both sides, and saw only poor, naked Indians who had a few
+pearls but no gold. Cortes never found the golden island. We should
+remember, however, that his ships first sailed on the North Pacific
+and explored Lower California, and that he first used the name
+California for the peninsula.
+
+It was left for a Portuguese ship-captain called Cabrillo to find the
+port of San Diego in 1542. He was the first white man to land upon
+the shores of California, as we know it. Afterwards he sailed north to
+Monterey. Many Indians living along the coast came out to his ship
+in canoes with fish and game for the white men. Then Cabrillo sailed
+north past Monterey Bay, and almost in sight of the Golden Gate. But
+the weather was rough and stormy, and without knowing of the fine
+harbor so near him, he turned his ship round and sailed south again.
+He reached the Santa Barbara Islands, intending to spend the winter
+there, but he died soon after his arrival. The people of San Diego
+now honor Cabrillo with a festival every year. He was the sea-king who
+found their bay and first set foot on California ground.
+
+About this time Magellan had discovered the Philippine Islands, and
+Spain began to send ships from Mexico to those islands to buy silks,
+spices, and other rich treasures. The Spanish galleons, or vessels,
+loaded with their costly freight, used to come home by crossing
+the Pacific to Cape Mendocino, and then sailing down the coast of
+California to Mexico. Before long the English, who hated Spain and
+were at war with her, sent out brave sea-captains to capture the
+Spanish galleons and their cargoes. Sir Francis Drake, one of the
+boldest Englishmen, knew this South Sea very well, and on a ship
+called the _Golden Hind_ (which meant the Golden Deer), he came to the
+New World and captured every Spanish vessel he sighted. He loaded
+his ship with their treasures, gold and silver bars, chests of
+silver money, velvets and silks, and wished to take his cargo back to
+England. He tried to find a northern, or shorter way home, and at last
+got so far north that his sailors suffered from cold, and his ship was
+nearly lost. Obliged to sail south, he found a sheltered harbor near
+Point Reyes, and landed there in 1579. Drake claimed the new country
+for the English Queen, Elizabeth, and named it New Albion. A great
+many friendly Indians in the neighborhood brought presents of feather
+and bead work to the commander and his men. These Indians killed
+small game and deer with bows and arrows, and had coats or mantles
+of squirrel skins.
+
+[Illustration: FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA.]
+
+Drake and his sailors repaired and refitted their vessel during the
+month they stayed at Drake's Bay. They made several trips inland also
+and saw the pine and redwood forests with many deer feeding on the
+hills; but they did not discover San Francisco Bay. On leaving New
+Albion, Drake sailed the _Golden Hind_ across the Pacific to the East
+Indies and the Indian Ocean, and round the Cape of Good Hope home to
+England, with all the treasure he had taken. The queen received him
+with great honors and his ship was kept a hundred years in memory of
+the brave admiral, who had commanded it on this voyage.
+
+During the next century several English commanders of vessels sailed
+the South Sea while hunting Spanish galleons to capture, and these
+ships often touched at Lower California for fresh water. Some of
+the captains explored the coast and traded with the Indians, but no
+settlements were made.
+
+Then the Spanish tried to find and settle the country they had heard
+so many reports of, thinking to provide stations where their trading
+ships might anchor for supplies and protection. Viscaino, on his
+second voyage for this purpose, landed at San Diego in 1602. Sailing
+on to the island he named Santa Catalina, Viscaino found there a tribe
+of fine-looking Indians who had large houses and canoes. They were
+good hunters and fishermen and clothed themselves in sealskins.
+Viscaino went on to Monterey and finally as far north as Oregon, but
+owing to severe storms, and to sickness among his sailors, he was
+obliged to return to Mexico.
+
+For a long time after this failure to settle upon the coast, the
+Spanish came to Lower California for the pearl-fisheries. Along the
+Gulf of California were many oyster-beds where the Indians secured
+the shells by diving for them. Large and valuable pearls were found
+in many of the oysters, and the Spanish collected them in great
+quantities from the Indians who did not know their real value.
+
+In this peninsula of Lower California fifteen Missions, or
+settlements, each having a church, were founded by Padres of the
+Jesuits. But later the Jesuits were ordered out of the country, and
+their Missions turned over to the Franciscan order of Mexico.
+
+With the coming of the Franciscans a new period of California's
+history began. Spain wished to settle Alta California, or that region
+north of the peninsula, and Father Serra, the head and leader of these
+Franciscans, was chosen to begin this work.
+
+How he did this, and how he and his followers founded the California
+Missions you will read in the story of that time.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE MISSIONS AND OF FATHER SERRA
+
+
+The old Missions of California are landmarks that remind us of Father
+Serra and his band of faithful workers. There were twenty-one of their
+beautiful churches, and though some are ruined and neglected, others
+like the Mission Dolores of San Francisco and the Santa Barbara and
+Monterey buildings are still in excellent condition. From San Diego to
+San Francisco these Missions were located, about thirty miles apart,
+and so well were the sites chosen that the finest cities of the state
+have grown round the old churches.
+
+Father Junipero Serra was the president and leader of the Franciscan
+missionaries and the founder of the Missions. He had been brought up
+in Spain, and had dreamed from his boyhood of going to the New
+World, as the Spanish called America, to tell the savages how to be
+Christians. He began his work as a missionary in Mexico and there
+labored faithfully among the Indians for nearly twenty years. But as
+his greatest wish was to preach to those in unknown places he was glad
+to be chosen to explore Alta or Upper California.
+
+Marching by land from Loreto, a Mission of Lower California, Father
+Serra, with Governor Portola and his soldiers, reached San Diego in
+1769. Here he planted the first Mission on California ground. The
+church was a rude arbor of boughs, and the bells were hung in an oak
+tree. Father Serra rang the bells himself, and called loudly to the
+wondering Indians to come to the Holy Church and hear about Christ.
+But the natives were suspicious and not ready to listen to the good
+man's teachings, and several times they attacked the newcomers.
+Finally, after six years, they burnt the church and killed one of the
+missionaries. But later on there was peace, and the priests, or Padres
+as they were called, taught the Indians to raise corn and wheat, and
+to plant olive orchards and fig trees, and grapes for wine. They built
+a new church and round it the huts, or cabins, of the Indians, the
+storehouses, and the Padre's dwelling. In the early morning the bells
+called every member of the Mission family to a church service. After a
+breakfast of corn and beans they spent the morning in outdoor work or
+in building. At noon either mutton or beef was served with corn and
+beans, and at two o'clock work began again, to last till evening
+service. A supper of corn-meal mush was the Indians' favorite
+meal. They had many holidays, when their amusements were dancing,
+bull-fighting, or cock-fighting.
+
+San Diego, called the Mother Mission, because it is the oldest church,
+is now also most in ruins. But its friends hope to put new foundations
+under the old walls, and to recap firm ones with cement, and preserve
+this monument of early California history.
+
+After Father Serra had started the San Diego settlement he set sail
+for Monterey. Landing at Monterey Bay, he built an altar under a large
+oak tree, hung the Mission bells upon the boughs, and held the usual
+services. The Spanish soldiers fired off their guns in honor of the
+day and put up a great cross. The Indians had never heard the sound of
+guns and were so frightened that they ran away to the mountains. The
+second Mission was built on the Carmel River, a little distance from
+the site of the first altar. This was called San Carlos of Monterey,
+and the settlement was the capital of Alta California for many years.
+It was also the Mission that Father Serra loved the best, and after
+every trip to other and newer settlements he returned to San Carlos as
+his home. This Monterey Mission is well preserved, and books, carved
+church furniture, and embroidered robes used in the old services are
+still shown.
+
+At both San Diego and Monterey a presidio, or fort, was built for the
+soldiers. These forts had one or two cannon brought from Spain, and
+had around them high walls, or stockades, to protect, if it should be
+necessary, the Mission people from the Indians. The cannon were fired
+on holidays, or to frighten troublesome Indians.
+
+All the Mission buildings were of brown clay made into large bricks
+about a foot and a half long and broad, and three or four inches
+thick. These bricks, dried in the sun, were called adobes, and were
+plastered together and made smooth by a mortar of the same clay.
+Then the walls were coated outside and inside with a lime stucco and
+whitewashed. The roof timbers were covered with hollow red tiles, each
+like the half of a sewer pipe, and these were laid to overlap each
+other so that they kept the rain out. The floors were of earth beaten
+hard, and the windows had bars or latticework, but no glass. The large
+church was snowy white within and without and had pictures brought
+from Spain and much carved furniture, such as chairs, benches, and
+the pulpit made by the Indians. One or two round-topped towers and
+five or six belfries, each holding a large bell, were on the church roof,
+and a great iron cross at the very top.
+
+[Illustration: MISSION CHURCH, MONTEREY.]
+
+[Illustration: OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. Founded 1769.]
+
+Night and morning the Mission bells rang to call the Indians to mass
+or service, and chimes or tunes were rung on holidays or for weddings.
+These Mission bells were brought from Spain, and it was thought a
+blessing rested on the ship which carried them, and that shipwreck
+could not come to such a vessel. We read of one captain joyfully
+receiving the Mission bells to take to San Diego. When nearing the
+coast his vessel struck a rock, yet passed on in safety because, as
+he said, no harm could happen with the bells on board. On his journeys
+every missionary carried a bell with him for the new church he was to
+build. Father Serra's first act on reaching a stopping-place was to
+hang the bell in a tree and ring it to gather the Indians and people
+for service.
+
+San Antonio, a very successful Mission, was the third one established,
+and it was in a beautiful little valley of the Santa Lucia Mountains.
+Every kind of fruit grew in its orchards, and the Indians there were
+very happy and contented, and in large workshops made cloth, saddles,
+and other things. San Gabriel, not far from Los Angeles and sometimes
+called the finest church of all, was the next to be built. This was
+the richest of the Missions and had great stores of wool, wheat, and
+fruit, which the hard-working Indians earned and gave to the church.
+The Indians, indeed, were almost slaves, and worked all their
+lives for the Padres without rest or pay. At San Gabriel the first
+California flour-mill worked by a stream of water turning the wheel,
+was put up. Some of the old palms and olive trees are still growing
+there.
+
+San Juan Capistrano, founded in 1776, was one of the best-known
+Missions, for it had a seaport of its own at San Juan. Vessels came to
+its port for the hides and tallow of thousands of cattle herded round
+the Mission. The first fine church of this Mission was destroyed by
+an earthquake, and many people were killed by its falling roof. It was
+rebuilt, however, and still shows its fine front, and long corridors
+or porches round a hollow square where a garden and fountain used to
+be.
+
+Old records tell us that Father Serra felt that there should be a
+church named in honor of Francis, who was the founder and patron saint
+of the Franciscan brotherhood of monks to which these missionaries
+belonged. When Father Serra spoke of this to Galvez, that priest
+replied, "If our good Saint Francis wants a Mission, let him show us
+that fine harbor up above Monterey and we will build him one there."
+Several explorers had failed to find this port about which Indians had
+spoken to the Spanish. At last Ortega discovered it, and Father Palou,
+in 1776, consecrated the Mission of San Francisco. Near the spot was
+a small lake called the "Laguna de los Dolores," and from this the
+church was at last known as the Mission Dolores. But the great city
+bears the Spanish name of Saint Francis, or San Francisco. A fort
+was erected where the present Presidio stands, and later a battery
+of cannon was placed at Black Point. It is told that the Indians were
+very quarrelsome here and fought so among themselves that the Padres
+could get no church built for a year. In that part of San Francisco
+called the Mission, the old building with its odd roof and three of
+the ancient bells is a very interesting place to visit. There are
+pictures, and other relics of the past to see, and in the graveyard
+many of San Francisco's early settlers were buried. This was the sixth
+Mission of Alta California.
+
+The Santa Barbara Mission, where Franciscan fathers still live, has
+a fine church with double towers and a long row of two-story adobe
+buildings enclosing a hollow square where a beautiful garden is kept.
+One of the brotherhood, wearing a long brown robe just as Father Serra
+did, takes visitors into the church, and also shows them the garden
+and a large carved stone fountain. This church is built of sandstone
+with two large towers and a chime of six bells, and was finished in
+1820.
+
+The Santa Ynez Mission was much damaged by the heavy earthquake that
+in 1812 ruined other Missions. Here the Indians raised large crops
+of wheat and herded many cattle. Over a thousand Indians, it is said,
+attacked this church in 1822, but the priest in charge frightened them
+away by firing guns. This warlike conduct so displeased the Padres,
+who wished the natives ruled by kindness, that the poor priest was
+sent away from the Mission.
+
+One of the early Missions was San Luis Obispo, where services are
+still held. It was specially noted for a fine blue cloth woven by
+the Indians from the wool of the Mission flocks of sheep. The Indians
+there also wove blankets, and cloth from cotton raised upon their own
+lands.
+
+San Juan Bautista, or St. John the Baptist, north of Monterey, had a
+splendid chime of nine bells said to have been brought from Peru and
+to have very rich, mellow tones. San Miguel had a bell hung up on a
+platform in front of the church, and now at Santa Ysabel, sixty miles
+from San Diego, where the Mission itself is only a heap of adobe
+ruins, two bells hang on a rude framework of logs. The Indian
+bell-ringer rings them by a rope fastened to each clapper. The bells
+were cast in Spain and much silver jewellery and household plate were
+melted with the bell-metal. Near them the Diegue�o Indians worship in
+a rude arbor of green boughs with their priest, Father Antonio, who
+has worked for thirty years among the tribe. They live on a rancheria
+near by and are making adobe bricks, hoping soon to build a church
+like the old Mission long since crumbled away.
+
+The last of the Missions was built in 1823 at Sonoma, and proved very
+active in church work, some fifteen hundred Indians having been there
+baptized.
+
+Father Junipero Serra died at more than seventy years of age, at San
+Carlos. During all his life in America he endured great hardships
+and suffering to bring the gospel to the heathen as he had dreamed of
+doing in his boyish days. A monument to his memory has been erected
+at Monterey by Mrs. Stanford, but the Missions he founded are his best
+and most lasting remembrances.
+
+
+
+
+BEFORE THE GRINGOS CAME
+
+
+This is the story Se�ora Sanchez told us children as we sat on the
+sunny, rose-covered porch of her old adobe house at Monterey one
+summer afternoon. And as she talked of those early times she worked
+at her fine linen "drawn-work" with bright, dark eyes that needed no
+glasses for all her eighty years and snow-white hair.
+
+"When I was a girl, California was a Mexican republic," said the
+Se�ora, "and Los Gringos, as we called the Americans, came in ships
+from Boston. They brought us our shoes and dresses, our blankets and
+groceries; all kinds of goods, indeed, to trade for hides and tallow,
+which was all our people had to sell in those days. For no one raised
+anything but cattle then, and all summer long the cows cropped the
+rich clover and wild oats till they were fat and ready to kill. In
+the fall the Indians and vaqueros, or cowboys as you children call
+them, drove great herds of cattle to the Missions near the ocean where
+the Gringos came with their ship-loads of fine things and waited for
+trading-days.
+
+[Illustration: MISSION SAN LUIS REY. Founded 1798.]
+
+[Illustration: MISSION DOLORES. Established 1776.]
+
+"For weeks every one worked hard, killing the cattle, stripping off
+their skins and hanging the green or fresh hides over poles to dry in
+the sun. When dried hard and stiff as a board the skins were folded
+hair-side in, and were then worth about two dollars apiece. The
+beef-suet, or fat, from these cattle was put into large iron kettles
+and melted. While still hot it was dipped out with wooden dippers
+into rawhide bags, each made from an animal's skin. When cold and hard
+these bags of tallow were sewed up with leather strings, and thus they
+were taken to Boston.
+
+"So much beef was on hand at such times that not even the hungry
+Indians could eat it all while it was fresh. The nicest pieces were
+cut into long strips, dipped into a boiling salt brine full of hot
+red peppers and hung up to dry where the sunshine soon turned the meat
+into carne seca, or dried beef. We put it away in sacks, and very good
+it was all the year for stews, and to eat with the frijoles, or red
+beans, and tortillas, which were corn-cakes.
+
+"All we bought from the Gringos was paid for with hides and tallow,
+so it was well, you see, children, that my father owned ten thousand
+cattle; for counting relatives and Indian servants, we always had more
+than thirty people on our ranch to feed and clothe. We raised grain
+and corn and beans enough for the family, but had to buy sugar,
+coffee, and such things.
+
+"Did we have many horses, you say? Yes, droves of them, and we almost
+lived on horseback, for no one walked if he could help it, and there
+were almost no carriages or roads. Neither were there any barns or
+stables, for the mustangs, or tough little ponies, fed on the wild
+grass and took care of themselves. Every morning a horse was caught,
+saddled and bridled, and tied by the door ready to use. All the ladies
+rode, too, and I often used to ride twenty miles to a dance with Juan,
+my young husband, and back again in a day or so.
+
+"Sometimes we went to the rodeo, where once a year the great herds of
+cattle were driven into corrals, and each ranchero or farmer picked
+out his own stock. Then those young calves or yearlings not already
+marked were branded with their owner's stamp by a red-hot iron that
+burnt the mark into the skin. After that the bellowing, frightened
+animals were turned out to roam the grassy plains for another year. We
+had plenty of feasting and merry-making at these rodeos, and a whole
+ox was roasted every day for the hungry crowds, so no one went fasting
+to bed.
+
+"Those were gay times, my children," and Se�ora Sanchez sighed and
+sewed quietly for a while till Harry asked her if they kept Christmas
+before the Gringos came.
+
+"Yes, indeed," she said, laughing, "we kept Christmas for a week,
+and all our friends and relatives were welcome, so that our big
+ranch-house was full of company. Indeed, some of the visitors slept in
+hammocks or rolled up in blankets on the verandas. Our house was built
+round the four sides of a square garden, with wide porches, where we
+sat on pleasant days. There was a fountain in this garden, and orange
+trees, which at Christmas-time hung full of golden fruit and sweet
+white flowers. On 'the holy night,' as we called Christmas Eve, we
+hung lanterns in the porches, and everybody crowded there or in the
+garden for their gifts.
+
+"No, we had no Santa Claus nor Christmas tree, but my father gave
+presents to all, even to the Indian servants and their children. A fan
+or a string of pearls, perhaps, for my sisters, the young se�oritas; a
+fine saddle or a velvet jacket for my brother; and red blankets or gay
+handkerchiefs for the Indians, with sacks of beans or sweet potatoes
+to eat with their Christmas feast of roast ox or a fat sheep.
+Afterwards we danced till morning came, or sang to the sweet tinkle
+of the guitars. Well do I remember, children, when the good Padres,
+or priests, at the Mission forbade us to waltz, that new dance the
+Gringos had taught us to like. I recall, also, that the governor only
+laughed and said that the young folks could waltz if they wished.
+So at my wedding, soon after, when we danced from Tuesday noon till
+Thursday morning, you may be sure we had many a waltz.
+
+"Pretty dresses, Edith? Yes, gay, bright silk or satin ones, with many
+ruffles on the skirts and wide collars and sleeves of lace, or yellow
+satin slippers and always a high comb of silver or tortoise-shell and
+a spangled fan. And we had long gold and coral earrings and strings of
+pearls from the Gulf, and, see!" as she pulled aside her neck-scarf,
+"here is the necklace of gold beads that was my wedding gift. We
+had no hats or bonnets, but wore black lace shawls, or mantillas, to
+church, or twisted long silk scarfs over our heads to go riding.
+
+"You will think the gentlemen were fine dandies in those Mexican days,
+when I tell you that they often wore crimson velvet knee trousers
+trimmed with gold lace, embroidered white shirts, bright green cloth
+or velvet jackets with rows and rows of silver buttons, and red sashes
+with long, streaming ends. Their wide-brimmed sombrero hats were
+trimmed with silver or gold braid and tassels. They dressed up their
+horses with beautiful saddles and bridles of carved leather worked
+all over with gold or silver thread and gay with silver rosettes or
+buttons. Each gentleman wore a large Spanish cloak of rich velvet or
+embroidered cloth, and if it rained, he threw over his fine clothes
+a serape, or square woollen blanket with a slit cut in the middle for
+the head.
+
+"Los Gringos used to laugh at the Mexican and his cloak, and not long
+after they came the 'Greasers,' as the Americans called the young men
+born here in California, began to wear the ugly clothes the Gringos
+brought out from Boston. And so the times changed, children, and our
+people learned to do everything as the Americans did it and to work
+hard and save money instead of dancing and idling away the time.
+
+"And the bull-fights, Harry? Oh, yes, there was a bull-fight every
+Sunday afternoon, and everybody went, as you do to the football games.
+The ladies clapped their hands if the sport was good, or if the bull
+was killed by the brave swordsman. And if the men got hurt or the
+horses,--well, we only thought that was part of the game, you see. El
+toro, as we called the bull, always tried to save himself; and if he
+was savage and cruel, that was his nature, to try to kill his enemies.
+The gay dresses and the music was what I cared for, and then all my
+friends were there, also.
+
+[Illustration: SANTA BARBARA MISSION. Founded 1786.]
+
+"But you must be tired of my old stories; is it not so, my children?
+No, you want to hear about the dances, you say? Well, every party was
+a dance; a fandango or ball, if it was given in a hall where everybody
+could come, but at houses where just the people came who were invited
+we called it only a dance. Every old grandfather or little girl, even,
+danced all night long, and the rooms were hung with flags and wreaths.
+All the Spanish dances were pretty, and the ladies with their gay
+dresses and mantillas, and the gentlemen in velvet suits trimmed
+with gold, made a fine picture. At the cascarone, or egg-shell
+dance, baskets of egg-shells filled with cologne or finely cut tinsel
+or colored papers were brought into the room, and the game was to
+crush these shells over the dancers' heads. If your hair got wet with
+cologne or full of gilt paper, everybody laughed, and you laughed too,
+for that was the game, you know. Ah, there was plenty of merry-making
+and feasting in those days, children," and Se�ora Sanchez sighed again
+and went on with her "drawn-work," while the bell in the old Mission
+church near by rang five o'clock, and we children ran home talking of
+those old times before the Gringos came to California.
+
+
+
+
+THE AMERICANS AND THE BEAR-FLAG REPUBLIC
+
+
+While Spain owned Mexico and the two Californias, the Missions were at
+their best and grew rich in stores of grain and in cattle and horses.
+Almost all the people were Spanish or Indians, and they lived at the
+Missions or in ranches near by. But when Mexico in 1822 refused to be
+ruled by Spain, Alta or Upper California became a Mexican territory,
+and, later on, a republic with governors sent from Mexico. The Mission
+Padres did not like the change, and thought that Spain should still
+own the New World. Before long it was ordered that the Missions should
+be turned into pueblos, or towns, and that the Padres were no longer
+to make slaves of the Indians. The missionaries were to stay as
+priests, and to teach the Indians in schools, but the Mission lands
+were to be divided so that each Indian family might have a small farm
+to cultivate. From that time the Missions began to decay and were
+finally given up to ruin.
+
+Then Americans began to come in, the first party of hunters and
+trappers travelling from Salt Lake City to the San Gabriel Mission.
+All kept talking of the rich country where farming was so easy, and
+they wished to have land. But the Mexicans and the native Californians
+did not believe in allowing the Americans, as they called all the
+people from the Eastern states, to take up their farming lands and
+hunt and trap the wild animals. So there was much quarrelling. But the
+Americans still poured in, got land grants, and built houses.
+
+In 1836, though Alta California declared itself a free state, and no
+longer looked to Mexico for support, Mexican rule still continued. The
+United States had wanted California for a long time, and had tried to
+buy it from Mexico. The fine bay and harbor of San Francisco, known
+to be the best along the coast, was especially needed by the United
+States as a place to shelter or repair ships on their way to the
+Oregon settlements. England also wanted this bay, but the Californians
+tried to keep every one out of their country.
+
+Among the Americans who came overland and across the Rocky Mountains
+about this time was John C. Fremont, a surveyor and engineer, who was
+called the "Pathfinder." On his third trip to the Pacific Coast in '46
+he wished to spend the winter near Monterey, with his sixty hunters
+and mountaineers. Castro, the Mexican general, ordered him to leave
+the country at once, but Fremont answered by raising the American flag
+over his camp. As Castro had more men, Fremont did not think it wise
+to fight, but marched away, intending to go north to Oregon. He turned
+back in the Klamath country on account of snow and Indians, as he
+said, and camped where the Feather River joins the Sacramento. It
+is almost certain that Fremont wished to provoke Castro and the
+Californians into war, and so to capture the country for the United
+States.
+
+A party of Fremont's men rode down to Sonoma, where there was a
+Mission, and also a presidio with a few cannon in charge of General
+Vallejo. These men captured the place and sent Vallejo and three
+other prisoners back to Fremont's camp. Then the independent Americans
+concluded to have a new republic of their own, and a flag also. So
+they made the famous "Bear-flag" of white cloth, with a strip of red
+flannel sewed on the lower edge, and on the white they painted in
+red a large star and a grizzly bear, and also the words "California
+Republic." They then raised the flag over the Bear-flag Republic. Many
+Americans joined their party, but when the American flag went up at
+Monterey, the stars and stripes replaced the bear-flag.
+
+At this time the United States and Mexico were at war on account
+of Texas, and Commodore Sloat was in charge of the warships on the
+Pacific Coast. The commodore had been told to take Alta California,
+if possible; so, sailing to Monterey, he raised the stars and stripes
+there in July, 1846, and ended Mexican power forever. The American
+flag flew at the San Francisco Presidio two days later, and also at
+Sonoma, Sutter's Fort, or wherever there were Americans. The flag was
+greeted with cheers and delight. Then Commodore Sloat turned the naval
+force over to Stockton and returned home, leaving all quiet north of
+Santa Barbara.
+
+Commodore Stockton sent Fremont and his men to San Diego and, taking
+four hundred soldiers, went himself to Los Angeles, where the native
+Californians and Mexicans were determined to fight against the rule of
+the United States. General Castro and his men and Governor Pico,
+the last of the Mexican governors, were driven out of the country.
+Stockton then declared that Upper and Lower California were to be
+known as the "Territory of California."
+
+In less than a month, however, the Californians in the south gathered
+their forces again and took Los Angeles. General Kearny was sent out
+with what was called the "army of the west," to assist Fremont and
+Stockton in settling the trouble. Peace was declared after several
+battles, and Kearny acted as governor of the new territory, displacing
+Fremont. At last, by the treaty which closed the Mexican war in 1848
+Alta California became the property of the United States, and Lower
+California was left to Mexico.
+
+From that time there was peace and quiet, and before long the
+discovery of gold brought the new territory into great importance. The
+rush to the gold mines brought thousands of men, and as no government
+had been provided for the territory, Governor Riley in '49 called a
+convention to form a plan of government.
+
+This Constitutional Convention of delegates from each of California's
+towns met in Monterey. The constitution there drawn up lasted for
+thirty years, and under it our great state was built up. It declared
+that no slavery should ever be allowed here, and settled the present
+eastern boundary line.
+
+The first Thanksgiving Day for the territory was set by Governor
+Riley, in '49. The first governor elected by California voters was
+Burnett, and in the first legislature Fremont and Gwin were chosen
+as senators. Congress at last admitted California into the Union by
+passing the California bill. On September 9, 1850, President Fillmore
+signed the bill.
+
+Every year on the 9th of September, or "Admission Day," we therefore
+keep our state's birthday. At San Jose, in '99, a Jubilee Day was
+held in remembrance of the beginning of state government fifty years
+before.
+
+[Illustration: UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER.]
+
+[Illustration: PLACER GOLD MINING. (Washing with Cradle.)]
+
+
+
+
+THE DAYS OF GOLD AND THE ARGONAUTS OF 1849
+
+
+California has well earned her name of "Golden State," for from her
+rich mines gold to the value of thirteen hundred millions has been
+taken. Yet every year she adds seventeen millions more to the world's
+stock of gold. No country has produced more of this precious yellow
+metal that men work and fight and die for. The "gold belt" of the
+state still holds great wealth for miners to find in years to come.
+
+Long, long ago people knew that gold was here, for in 1510 a Spanish
+novel speaks of "that island of California where a great abundance
+of gold and precious stones is found." In 1841 the Indians near San
+Fernando Mission washed out gold from the river-sands, and other mines
+were found not far from Los Angeles.
+
+But James W. Marshall was the man who started the great excitement
+of '48 and '49 by finding small pieces of gold at a place now called
+Coloma, on the American River. Marshall, who was born in New Jersey,
+came to this state in 1847, and being a builder wished to put up
+houses, sawmills, and flour-mills. Finding that lumber was very
+dear, he decided to build a sawmill to exit up the great trees on the
+river-bank. He had no money, but John A. Sutter, knowing a mill was
+needed there, gave Marshall enough to start with.
+
+So the mill was built, and when it was ready to run Marshall found
+that the mill-race, or ditch for carrying the water to his mill-wheel,
+was not deep enough. He turned a strong current of water into it,
+and this ran all night. Then it was shut off, and next day the ditch
+showed where the stream had washed it deeper and had left a heap
+of sand and gravel at the end of it. Here Marshall saw some shining
+little stones, and picking them up he laid one on a rock and hammered
+it with another till he saw how quickly it changed its shape. He was
+sure that these bright, heavy, easily hammered pebbles were gold, but
+the men working about the mill would not believe it. So he went to
+Sutter, who lived near at a place called Sutter's Fort, because his
+stores, house, and other buildings were built around a hollow square
+with high walls outside to keep off the Indians. Sutter weighed the
+little yellow lumps and said they certainly were gold.
+
+The flood-gates between the mill-race and the river were opened again,
+and water ran through the ditch, washing more gold in sight. Sutter
+picked up enough of this to make a ring and had these words marked on
+it:--
+
+"The first gold found in California, January, 1848."
+
+Both Sutter and Marshall tried to keep what they had found a secret,
+but that was impossible, and soon people were flocking to the
+gold-fields. Then began a wild excitement known as the "gold-fever,"
+and men left their stores and houses, gave up business, and left crops
+ungathered in a wild chase after nuggets of gold.
+
+By December of 1848, thousands of miners were washing for gold
+all along the foot-hills from the Tuolumne River to the Feather,
+a distance of 150 miles. A hundred thousand men came to California
+during 1849, these Argonauts, or gold-hunters, taking ship or steamer
+for the long trip from New York by the Isthmus of Panama. Some went
+round Cape Horn, or else made a weary journey overland across the
+plains. "To the land of gold" was their motto, and these pioneers
+endured every hardship to reach this "Golden State."
+
+Then the miners, with pick, shovel, and pan for washing out gold from
+the gravel it was found in, started out "prospecting" for "pay-dirt."
+The gold-diggings were usually along the rivers, and this surface, or
+"placer," mining was done by shovelling the "pay-dirt" into a pan or a
+wooden box called a cradle, and rocking or shaking this box from side
+to side while pouring water over the earth. The heavy gold, either
+in fine scales or dust, or in lumps called nuggets, dropped to the
+bottom, while the loose earth ran out in a muddy stream. The rich sand
+left in pan or cradle was carefully washed again and again till only
+precious, shining gold remained.
+
+So rich were some of the sand bars along the American and Feather
+rivers that the first miners made a thousand dollars a day even by
+this careless way of washing gold where much of it was lost. Then
+again for days or weeks the miner found nothing at all. He would
+wander up and down the ca�ons and gulches, prospecting for another
+claim, and dreaming day and night of finding a stream with golden
+sands, or of picking up rich nuggets. If he found good "diggings" he
+would build a rough shanty under the pines, and dig and wash till the
+gold-bearing sand or gravel gave out again. Sometimes he had a partner
+and a donkey, or burro, to carry tools and pack supplies. More often
+the Argonaut cooked his own bacon and slapjacks and simmered his beans
+over a lonely camp-fire, and slept wrapped in a blanket under the
+trees. If he had much gold, he would go to the nearest town, buy food
+enough for another prospecting tramp, and often spend all the rest of
+his money in foolish waste.
+
+Sometimes a company of miners would build a dam across a river or
+stream, and turn it from its course, so they could dig out and wash
+the rich gravel in the river-bed. A flume, or ditch, would often carry
+all the water to a lower part of the river, leaving the bed of the
+upper stream dry for miles. In this kind of mining the "pay-dirt" was
+shovelled into long wooden boxes called sluices, and a constant stream
+of water kept the gravel and earth moving on out to a dumping-place.
+The gold dropped down or settled into riffles, or spaces between bars
+placed across the bottom of the sluices, and once a week the water was
+turned off and a "clean-up" made of the gold.
+
+It was not long before the rivers, creeks, and gulches had all been
+worked over and most of the gold taken out. The miners knew that this
+loose gold had been washed out of the hills by the rains and storms of
+countless years. So some one thought of using a heavy stream of water
+to break down the foot-hills themselves and to carry the gold-bearing
+gravel to sluice boxes. This is called hydraulic mining and is the
+cheapest way of handling earth, as water does all the work and
+very little shovelling is needed. But since a strong water-power is
+necessary, a large reservoir and miles of ditches or wooden flumes
+must be built, so the first expense is large. The water usually comes
+from higher up in the mountains, and is forced under great pressure
+through iron pipes, the nozzle or "giant" being directed at the
+hillside, which has already been shattered by heavy blasts of powder.
+The water tears thousands of tons of earth and gravel apart, and the
+muddy stream flows through sluices, where the gold is left. In this
+kind of mining a great quantity of d�bris, or "tailings," must be
+disposed of.
+
+For years this d�bris was washed into the rivers or on farming lands,
+filling up and ruining both, and leading to endless quarrels between
+farmers and miners. But at last the courts stopped hydraulic mining
+except in northern counties, where d�bris went into the Klamath River,
+upon which no boats could run and near which was little farming. But
+all the mines in the Sacramento and San Joaquin river-basins were idle
+till, in 1893, Congress appointed a D�bris Commission. These mining
+engineers issue licenses to work the mines when satisfied that the
+d�bris will be kept out of the rivers. There are in the state many
+hundred thousand acres of gold-bearing gravel lands yet untouched,
+that could be worked by hydraulic mining.
+
+In drift-mining the rich gravel is covered by hard lava rock thrown
+up by some old volcanic outburst. Tunnels are driven by blasting with
+dynamite, or by drilling under the rock to reach the gravel which
+usually lies in the buried channel of an old river. The long drifts,
+or tunnels, needed are very expensive and only mine owners with
+capital can work these claims.
+
+Richest of all are the quartz mines, where beautiful white rock, rich
+with sparkling gold, is found in veins, or "lodes," cropping out of
+hillsides or dipping down under the earth. The great "Mother-lode"
+of our state runs like an underground wall across Amador, Calaveras,
+Tuolumne, and Mariposa counties and has been traced for eighty miles.
+
+Some poor miner usually finds a ledge of quartz-rock and digs down the
+way the ledge goes. He puts up a windlass, worked by hand, over the
+well-like hole he has dug out, and hoists the ore out in buckets. But
+he soon finds, as the hole or shaft goes deeper, that he must timber
+the sides to keep them from caving in, that he must have an engine to
+raise the ore and a mill to crush the hard rock. So he sells out to a
+company of men, who put in costly machinery, deepen the shaft, and by
+heavy expenditure get large returns.
+
+The quartz ledges dip and turn, so tunnels and cross-cuts are run to
+follow the golden vein, and all these are timbered with heavy wooden
+supports to keep the earth and rock from falling in on the men. The
+miners work in day and night gangs, using dynamite to break up the
+hard rock, and sending ore up in great iron buckets, or in cars if the
+tunnel ends in daylight, on the hillside. Sometimes the miners
+strike water, and that must be pumped out to keep the mine from being
+flooded.
+
+The ore is crushed by heavy stamps, or hammers, and then mixed with
+water and quicksilver. This curious metal, quicksilver, or mercury,
+is fond of gold and hunts out every little bit, the two metals mixing
+together and making what is called an amalgam. This is heated in an
+iron vessel, and the quicksilver goes off in steam or vapor, leaving
+the gold free. The quicksilver, being valuable, is saved and used
+again, while the gold, now called bullion, is sent to the mint to be
+coined into bright twenties, or tens, or five-dollar pieces.
+
+Some of the gold in the crushed ore will not mix with the quicksilver,
+and this is treated to a bath of cyanide, a peculiar acid that melts
+the gold as water does a lump of sugar. So all of value is saved, and
+the worthless "tailings" go to the dump. Even the black sands on the
+ocean beach have gold in them. In the desert also there is gold, which
+is "dry-washed" by putting the sand into a machine and with a strong
+blast of air blowing away all but the heavy scales of gold.
+
+Though the Argonauts of '49 found much wealth in yellow gold, our
+"Golden State," on hillsides, in river-beds, or deep down in hidden
+quartz ledges, still holds great fortunes waiting to be found.
+
+
+
+
+MINING STORIES
+
+
+A large book might be filled with the stories told by the men
+who found gold in the early days. Their "lucky strikes" in the
+"dry-diggings" sound like fairy tales. Imagine turning over a big rock
+and then picking up pieces of gold enough to half fill a man's hat
+from the little nest that rock had been lying in for years and years!
+
+And think of finding forty-three thousand dollars in a yellow lump
+over a foot long, six inches wide and four inches thick! This was
+the biggest nugget on record and actually weighed one hundred and
+ninety-five pounds. The next one, too, you might have been glad to
+pick up, as it held a hundred and thirty-three pounds of solid gold.
+Little seventy-five and fifty-pound treasures were common, and a
+soldier stopping to drink at a roadside stream found a nugget weighing
+over twenty pounds lying close to his hand.
+
+It paid to get up early those days, also for a man in Sonora, while
+taking his morning walk, struck his foot against a large stone, and
+forgot the pain when he saw the stone was nearly all gold. Another
+man, with good eyes, got a fifty-pound nugget on a trail many people
+used all the time. One day, after a heavy rain, a man who was leading
+a mule and cart through a street in Sonora, noticed that the wheel
+struck a big stone; he stooped to lift it out of the way, and found
+the stone to be a lump of gold weighing thirty-five pounds. In less
+than an hour all that part of the town and the street was staked off
+into mining-claims, but no more was found. One of the largest of these
+nuggets was found by three or four men, who took it to San Francisco
+and the Eastern states, and exhibited it for money. They guarded the
+precious thing day and night, but at last quarrelled so that it had to
+be broken up and divided between them.
+
+The first piece Marshall found was said to be worth about fifty cents,
+and the second over five dollars. Almost all, though, that was found
+was like beans or small seeds or in fine dust. No one tried to weigh
+or measure such gold more correctly than to call a pinch between the
+finger and thumb a dollar's worth, while a teaspoonful was an ounce,
+or sixteen dollars' worth. A wineglassful meant a hundred dollars,
+and a tumblerful a thousand. Miners carried their "dust" in a buckskin
+bag, and this was put on the counter, and the storekeeper took out
+what he thought enough to pay for the things the miner bought. A large
+thumb to take a large pinch of the gold-dust meant a good many extra
+dollars to the storekeeper in '48 and '49. Yet nearly every one was
+honest, and gold might be left in an open tent untouched, for there
+was plenty more to be had for the picking up. Those who would rather
+steal than work were driven out of camp.
+
+Some of the "sand bars," or banks of gravel and earth, washed down by
+the Yuba River were so rich that the men could pick out a tin cupful
+of gold day after day for weeks. One place was called Tin-cup Bar for
+this reason. Spanish Bar, on the American River, yielded a million
+dollars' worth of dust, and at Ford's Bar, a miner, named Ford, took
+out seven hundred dollars a day for three weeks. At Rich Bar, on the
+Feather River, a panful of earth gave fifteen hundred dollars.
+
+Yet the miners were seldom satisfied, but were always prospecting for
+richer claims. A man would shoulder his roll of blankets, his pick and
+shovel, with a few cooking things, and start off hoping to find some
+rich nugget, leaving a fairly good claim untouched.
+
+The most extravagant prices were charged the miner for everything he
+had to buy. Ten dollars apiece for pick and shovel, fifty more for a
+pair of long boots, with bacon and potatoes at a dollar and a half a
+pound, soon took all his gold-dust to pay for. A dozen fresh eggs cost
+ten dollars, and a box of sardines half an ounce of gold-dust, which
+was eight dollars. There was no butter to buy, for any milk was
+quickly sold at a dollar a pint. The hotels charged three dollars a
+meal, or a dollar for a dish of pork and beans, and a dollar for two
+potatoes.
+
+Lumber cost a dollar and a half a foot, but carpenters would not build
+houses when they could make fifty dollars a day by mining. As there
+was no lumber for the cabin floors, the ground was beaten hard and
+really made a good floor. In Placerville the houses were built along
+the bed of a ravine, and in sweeping these earthen floors some one saw
+gold-dust glittering, and found that rich diggings were under foot.
+Thereupon many of the miners dug up their cabin floors, and one man
+took about twenty thousand dollars in nuggets and gold-dust from the
+small space his cabin covered.
+
+Very few women and children came to the mines in early days, and the
+first white woman to arrive in a camp had all sorts of attentions.
+Sometimes the town was named for the woman first in the place as
+Sarahsville and Marietta. If a lady visited a mining-camp, the men far
+and near would drop work and come in just to look at the visitor. One
+lady, who sang for the miners on her arrival in their town, was given
+about five hundred dollars' worth of gold-dust.
+
+A child was a great curiosity, and any pretty little girl was sure to
+have a collection of nuggets or a quantity of gold-dust presented to
+her. The theatre and circus companies who visited mining-camps soon
+found out that a little child who could sing or dance was a great
+attraction. The miners used to throw a shower of money or nuggets at
+the feet of such little favorites as we throw flowers now.
+
+As there were no women living here for some time, the men having left
+their families at home in the Eastern states, miners had to wash
+and cook and make bread for themselves. Men who had been lawyers
+or ministers at home, when there was no one else to do such things,
+washed their dishes or their red flannel shirts. On Sunday no one
+worked at mining, and the men baked bread and cleaned house, and
+Sunday afternoons they dried, patched, and mended their clothes. If a
+minister was in town, he held services on a hillside, or in the dining
+room of some shanty called a hotel, and all the camp came to hear him
+speak, or sang the hymns with him.
+
+So the miners lived and worked and wandered along rivers and rough
+mountain trails on the west side of the Sierras, gathering up gold
+washed down by mountain streams. These Argonauts, or gold-seekers of
+fifty years ago, are almost all dead now, but the treasures they found
+made California known throughout the world. Their golden harvest has
+made the state richer than they found it, for they used the wealth to
+build cities, to cultivate farming-lands, and to plant orchards and
+vineyards where the mining-camps used to be.
+
+
+
+
+HOW POLLY ELLIOTT CAME ACROSS THE PLAINS
+
+
+This is the story of a little girl who in 1849 rode all the way
+from Ohio to California in an emigrant wagon. Polly Elliott has
+grandchildren of her own now, but she remembers very well the spring
+morning when her father came home and said to her mother, "Lizzie,
+can you get ready to start for the land of gold next week?" She hears
+again her mother saying, "Oh, John, with all these little children?"
+She says her father answered by swinging her, the eleven-year-old
+Polly, up to his shoulder and calling out, "Here's papa's little
+woman; she'll help you take care of them," as he carried her round the
+room, laughing.
+
+This was "back East," as Polly Elliott, now Mrs. Davis, says,--in
+Ohio, where they had a pretty white house set round with apple and
+peach orchards all white and pink that May day. Her mother cried
+because they must leave the house, and because they had to sell all
+their furniture and the stock except Daisy, the pet cow, and Buck and
+Bright, the oxen, who were to draw the wagon. A round-topped cover of
+white cloth was fixed on the big farm-wagon. Then they piled into it
+their bedding in calico covers, a chest or two holding clothes and
+household goods, a few dishes and cooking things, and plenty of flour,
+corn meal, beans, bacon, dried apples and peaches, tied up in sacks.
+
+Polly says she supposed the trip would just be one long picnic, while
+the four children thought it fine fun to "sit on mother's featherbed
+and go riding," as they said. So they started off for California.
+A long, long ride these emigrants had before them; a weary trip,
+plodding along day after day with the patient oxen walking slowly and
+the burning sun or pelting rain beating down on the wagon cover. There
+was a train of other wagons with them, some pulled by horses but more
+by yoked oxen, and the men walked beside the animals and cracked long
+whips. A few men were on horseback, but all kept together, for Indians
+were plenty and were often hiding near the road, watching for a chance
+to cut off and capture any wagons lagging behind the party.
+
+Day after day, Polly told me, they travelled westward to the setting
+sun. They left the orchards and shady woods of Ohio and Indiana far
+behind them, and crossed the wide prairies of Illinois and
+Missouri also. When they came to rivers they drove through shallow
+fording-places, where Polly and the children used to laugh to see the
+little fishes swimming round the wagon wheels. Sometimes the rivers
+were deep, and the wagons were ferried over on a flatboat that was
+fastened to a wire rope, while oxen and horses swam through the water
+behind them. If it did not rain, the children and all were happy, and
+it did seem like a picnic. But Polly says she never hears the rain
+pouring nowadays as it did then, and that there were many times when
+they were wet and cold and miserable, and because the wood and ground
+were wet they could not even have a fire.
+
+At night the teams were unhitched and the wagons left in a circle
+round a big camp-fire, where supper was cooked. Polly says her mother
+used to bake biscuits in an iron spider with red-hot coals heaped on
+its iron cover, and these biscuits with fried bacon and tea made
+their meal. They always cooked a big potful of corn-meal mush for
+the children, and this, with Daisy's milk and a little maple sugar or
+molasses, was supper and breakfast too. Then the women and children
+cuddled up in the wagons for the night, while men slept, wrapped in
+blankets, around the camp-fire or under the wagons, with one always on
+guard against danger from prowling Indians or wolves.
+
+Every man or boy carried a rifle or shotgun, and killed plenty of
+game. Deer and antelope were always in sight after they crossed the
+Missouri River, and the meat was broiled or roasted over the coals of
+their campfire. Wild turkeys and prairie-chicken tasted much better
+than bacon, Polly said, and she learned to cook them herself.
+
+When the emigrants reached Nebraska, they were in the "buffalo
+country," and great herds of big, shaggy, brown or black buffaloes
+were feeding on the grassy plains. The animals were larger than oxen,
+and the Indians depended upon the flesh for food and the thick, warm
+skins for robes or blankets. The emigrants shot thousands of buffalo
+cows and calves, and what meat could not be eaten at once was cut
+into long strips and hung in the sun or over the fire to dry. This
+was called "jerking" the meat. On jerked buffalo or venison and flour
+pancakes many emigrants lived all the way across. Game was so plenty
+and so easy to shoot, that by stopping a few days, a good stock of
+meat could be laid in while the oxen were resting. So they travelled
+through Nebraska, and for weeks and weeks saw nothing but long grass
+waving in the summer winds, and yellow sunflowers--miles and miles of
+sunflowers. Polly grew very tired of the hot sun blazing down on the
+close-covered wagon, and of the dust raised by the long wagon-train.
+
+About this time she remembers that her father bought her a little
+Indian pony, and from that happy day the child rode beside the wagon,
+and could keep out of the dusty trail, or ride a little way off on the
+prairie, if she liked. The pony carried double very well, so a small
+sister or brother was often lifted on behind for a ride. One night
+the Indians, who were always prowling round and coming as near the
+wagon-train as they dared, frightened the horses and got away with ten
+of them. All the women and children cried, Polly says, for they were
+afraid the redskins would come back and kill them. In the morning
+Polly's father and some of the men found the Indians' trail and
+tracked them to a wooded ca�on. The hungry thieves had killed one
+horse and were so busy feasting on it that the white men surprised
+them and shot all the Indians but two or three. The lost horses and
+Polly's pony whinnied to their masters from a thicket, where they were
+tied, and were taken back to camp.
+
+On and on over the great plains of Wyoming the wagons carried these
+emigrants. Many found the trip grow tiresome, while the oxen and mules
+would often lie down in their traces and refuse to go any farther. A
+few days' rest, and the rich bunch-grass to crop soon set the stock
+all right, and the white-topped wagons crawled ahead again. Soon the
+emigrants saw blue, hazy mountains, far off at first, then nearer and
+nearer, till at last their road led through a pass between the peaks.
+
+Then Polly remembers riding through Utah, with its queer red cliffs
+and high rocks carved in strange shapes by winds and weather; the
+stretches of sandy desert; and beyond those, grassy meadows and
+streams fringed with green willows. After a while Great Salt Lake lay
+sparkling in the sun and looking cool and blue. All around it were
+alkali deserts or wide plains, hot and dusty and white with salt or
+soda. The "prairie schooners," with their covers faded and burnt by
+the sun, went very slowly over these desert wastes, Polly thought,
+and Nevada, with its dusty gray sage-brush land on either side of the
+road, seemed not much better.
+
+"Papa's little woman" had her hands full now; for her mother was so
+ill she seldom left the wagon. All the cooking fell to Polly's share,
+and then she would ride along for hours with a little sister on her
+lap and fat brother "Bub" behind her on the saddle-blanket, so that
+her mother might rest and be quiet.
+
+But soon the clear green Truckee River ran foaming and fretting beside
+the road, and off in the west rose the snowy peaks of the Sierra
+Nevada Mountains. Then the people began to laugh and to sing, for they
+knew that California, the land of gold, was almost in sight and that
+their weary journey was nearly ended.
+
+And one day they said joyfully to each other, "We are in California
+at last;" and it was a happy company that travelled down through the
+pines of the mountain sides and the oak trees of the foot-hills. Many
+emigrants left the train when they got to the great Sacramento River
+valley, and settled here and there to farming. Polly's father with
+others kept on to the gold-diggings and camped there. He built a
+log-cabin soon, for it was almost winter and time for the rains, and
+Polly says she was glad to have a house at last. They finally took up
+farming land near what is now Stockton, as gold-mining did not pay.
+
+Mrs. Davis, who is straight and strong, and still a hard worker, says
+her five months' trip across the plains was almost like a long picnic
+after all, for she has forgotten many of the trying and disagreeable
+things.
+
+
+
+
+THE BUILDING OF THE OVERLAND RAILROAD
+
+
+The army of emigrants and gold-hunters who crossed the plains to
+California found it was a long and tiresome trip by wagon-train or on
+horseback. The oxen or mules would sometimes get so tired that they
+could go no farther; and because the food often ran short, there was
+much suffering from hunger.
+
+The longest way of all to California was by sailing vessel from New
+York round Cape Horn, nearly nineteen thousand miles to San Francisco.
+The passengers paid high prices and were six months on the way. Those
+who came by the Panama route had trouble crossing the isthmus, where
+it was so hot and unhealthy that many died of fevers and cholera. The
+Pacific mail steamers connecting with a railroad across the isthmus
+at last shortened the time of this trip of six thousand miles to
+twenty-five days. For ten years all the Eastern mail came this way
+twice a month.
+
+It was thought a wonderful thing when the "pony express" carried mail
+twice a week between St. Joseph, Missouri, where the Eastern railroads
+ended, and Sacramento. To do this a rider, with the mail-bag slung
+over his shoulder, rode a horse twenty-four miles to the next station,
+where a fresh pony was ready. Hardly waiting to eat or sleep, the
+rider galloped on again. Five dollars was often charged at that time
+to bring the letter railroads carry now for two cents.
+
+So you will see that a railroad to join California to the Eastern
+states was a great necessity and had often been talked of. Several
+ways to bring the iron horse puffing across the plains and up the
+mountains with his long train of cars had been laid out on paper. The
+emigrants had found that the best highway from the Missouri River
+to California was to keep along the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort
+Laramie and the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, then by Salt Lake,
+and along the Humboldt and Truckee rivers, crossing the Sierras
+at Donner Pass. Other roads were talked of, and Senator Benton of
+Missouri favored a nearly straight line between St. Louis and San
+Francisco. Some one, in objecting to this, said that only engineers
+could lay out a railroad, and such men did not believe a straight line
+possible. The senator answered: "There are engineers who never learned
+in school the shortest and straightest way to go, and those are the
+buffalo, deer, bear, and antelope, the wild animals who always find
+the right path to the lowest passes in the mountains, to rich pastures
+and salt springs, and to the shallow fords in the rivers. The Indians
+follow the buffalo's path, and so does the white man for game
+to shoot. Then the white man builds a wagon-road and at last his
+railroad, on the trail the buffalo first laid out."
+
+For two or three years surveyors and explorers tried to find the
+easiest way to build this great overland road. Several railroad acts
+or bills were passed by Congress, and the California Legislature gave
+the United States the right of way for a road to join the two oceans.
+
+The first railway in the state was opened in '56 from Sacramento to
+Folsom, a distance of twenty-two miles. This was built by T.D.
+Judah, an engineer who had thought and studied a great deal about the
+overland road so much needed to bring mail and passengers quickly from
+East to West.
+
+A railroad convention, made up of men from the Pacific states and
+territories, was held in San Francisco in '59, with General John
+Bidwell, a pathfinder of early days, as the chairman. Here Mr. Judah
+gave such a clear and full account of the central way he had
+planned, that the convention sent him to Washington, D.C., to see the
+President, and to try to get Congress to pass a Pacific Railroad
+Bill. He had very little help in the East, but at last four men
+of Sacramento, Leland Stanford, C.P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and
+Charles Crocker, took an interest in Judah's plans, and in '61 the
+Central Pacific Railroad Company was formed. Mr. Judah went back
+to the mountains and studied the pines in summer and the winter
+snowbanks, to make sure of the easiest grades and the shortest and
+best way for the track-layers. He found that to follow the Truckee
+River from near Lake Donner to the Humboldt Desert, would mean the
+least work. The tunnels would be through rock, and he believed that
+snow might easily be kept off the track with a snow-plough.
+
+His report pleased the company, and they sent him again to present the
+case at Washington. In '62 President Lincoln signed an act or bill to
+allow the Union and Central Pacific companies to build a railroad and
+a telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific. In California
+the land for fifteen miles on each side of the way laid out was given
+to the railroad company, and two years was allowed them to build the
+first hundred miles of track.
+
+Ground was broken for the Central Pacific the next year in Sacramento,
+and Governor Stanford dug up the first shovelful of earth. Then the
+work went steadily on, but it was hard to raise money. Stanford
+and his company carried the line forward as fast as possible. More
+land-grants were given, which doubled the company's holdings, and in
+'65 the road was fifty-five miles past Sacramento and had climbed over
+much difficult work.
+
+The steamship owners, the express and stage companies were all against
+the railroad, and tried in every way to make people think that an
+engine could never cross the Sierras. Yet the grading went on, while
+an army of five thousand men and six hundred horses was at work
+cutting down trees and hills and filling up the low places. A bridge
+was built over the American River, and slowly but surely the track
+climbed the steep mountain-sides. Most of the laborers were Chinese,
+as white men found mining or farming paid them better.
+
+In '67 the iron horse had not only climbed the mountains but had
+reached the state line, and the Union Pacific, which had been laying
+its tracks over the plains of the Platte River, began to hasten
+westward. The two railroads were racing to meet each other, and the
+Central sometimes laid ten miles of rails in one day.
+
+Ogden was made the meeting-point, though at Promontory, fifty miles
+west of Ogden, the last spike was driven. A thousand people met at
+that place in May, '69, to see the short space of track closed and the
+road finished. A Central train and locomotive from the Pacific came
+steaming up, and an engine and cars from the Atlantic pulled in on
+the other side. Both engines whistled till the snow-capped mountains
+echoed. The last tie was of polished California laurel wood, with
+a silver plate on which the names of the two companies and their
+officers were engraved. It was put under the last two rails, and all
+was fastened together with the last spike. This spike, made of solid
+gold, Governor Stanford hammered into place with a silver hammer. East
+and west the news was flashed over the long telegraph line, that the
+overland railroad had been finished and that two oceans were joined by
+iron rails.
+
+Now, while flying along in the cars so fast that the trip from Chicago
+to San Francisco takes but three days, it is hard to believe that
+little more than thirty years ago travellers in the slow-moving
+"prairie-schooner" took over five months to cover this same distance.
+
+
+
+
+STORY OF THE WHEAT FIELDS
+
+
+The Spanish Padres, as the Mission priests were called, taught the
+Indians to plough and seed with wheat the lands belonging to the
+church or Mission. They used a simple wooden plough, which oxen
+pulled. When the warm brown earth was turned up, the Indians broke the
+clods by dragging great tree branches over them. After the fall rains
+they scattered tiny wheat kernels and covered them snugly for their
+nap in the dark ground.
+
+More rain fell, and soon the soaked seeds waked, and started in
+slender green shoots to find the sunshine, and day by day the stalks
+grew stronger and the fields greener. Higher and ever higher sprang
+the wheat, till summer winds set the tall grain waving in a sea
+of green billows. Have you ever watched the wind blow across a
+wheat-field? Over and over the long rollers bend the tops of the
+grain, that rise as the breeze goes on and bend low again at the next
+breath of wind.
+
+When the hot sun had ripened the grain, and all round the
+white-walled, red-roofed Mission the fields stretched golden and ready
+for harvest, the Indians cut the wheat, and scattering the bundles
+over a spot of hard ground, drove oxen round and round on the sheaves
+till the wheat was threshed out from the straw. Then Indian women
+winnowed out the chaff and dirt by tossing the grain up in the wind,
+or from basket to basket, till in this slow way the yellow kernels
+were made clean and ready to grind.
+
+A curious mill, called an arrastra, ground the grain between two heavy
+stones. A wooden beam was fastened to the upper stone, and oxen or a
+mule hitched to this beam turned the stone as they walked round. The
+first flour-mill worked by water was put up at San Gabriel Mission,
+and it was thought a wonderful thing indeed.
+
+Even in those early days California wheat was known to be excellent,
+and many ships came on the South Sea, as they then called the Pacific
+Ocean, to load with grain for Mexico or Boston or England. Since that
+time our state has fed countless people, and over a million acres of
+valley and hill lands are green and golden every year with food for
+the world. To Europe, to the swarming people of China, Japan, and
+India, to South Africa and Australia, our grain is carried in great
+ships and steamers, and hungry nations in many lands look to us for
+bread.
+
+For a long time after the Mission days, all the grain had to be hauled
+to the rivers or sea-coast for shipping. Then the overland railroad
+was finished, and within the next fifteen years an additional two
+thousand miles of railways were built in California, and nearly every
+mile opened up rich wheat land that had never been cultivated. Soon
+great wheat ranches stretched far over the dry, hot valley plains.
+
+The ground is ploughed and seeded after November rains, and all winter
+the tender blades of grain grow greener and stronger day by day March
+and April rains strengthen the crop wonderfully, and June and July
+bring the harvest-time. As no rain falls then, the ripe wheat stands
+in the field till cut, and afterward in sacks without harm. All the
+work except ploughing is done by machinery, and this makes the wheat
+cost less to raise, since a machine does the work of many men and the
+expense of running it is small.
+
+Some of the ranches have three or four thousand acres in wheat, and
+it may interest you to know how such large farms are managed. The
+ploughing is done by a gang-plough, as it is called, which has four
+steel ploughshares that turn up the ground ten inches deep. Eight
+horses draw this, and as a seeder is fastened to the plough, and back
+of the plough a harrow, the horses plough, seed, harrow, and cover up
+the grain at one time. There the seed-wheat lies tucked up in its warm
+brown bed till rain and sunshine call out the tiny green spears, and
+coax them higher and stronger, and the hot sun of June and July ripens
+the precious grain.
+
+Then a great machine called a "header and thresher" is driven into
+the field and sweeps through miles and miles of bending grain, cutting
+swaths as wide as a street, and harvesting, threshing, and leaving
+a long trail of sacked wheat ready to ship on the cars. Thirty-six
+horses draw the header, and five or six men are needed to attend to
+this giant, who bites off the grain, shakes out the kernels, throws
+them into sacks and sews them up, all in one breath, as you might say.
+The harvesters work from daylight to dusk, and three-fourths of our
+wheat crop is gathered in this way.
+
+Much golden straw is left, besides that which the "headers" burn as
+fuel, and farmers stack this straw for cattle to nibble at. The stock
+feed in the stubble fields, too, and strange visitors also come
+to these ranches to pick up the scattered grains of wheat. These
+strangers are wild white geese, in such large flocks that when feeding
+they look like snow patches on the ground. They eat so much that often
+they cannot fly and may be knocked over with clubs. In the spring
+these geese must be driven away by watchmen with shot-guns to keep
+them from pulling up the young grain.
+
+The largest single wheat-field in California is on the banks of the
+San Joaquin River, in Madera County. This covers twenty-five thousand
+acres and is almost as flat as a floor. It is nearly a perfect square
+in shape, and each side of the square is a little over six miles long.
+There are no roads through this solid stretch of grain. Two hundred
+men, a thousand horses, and many big machines are needed to work this
+wheat-field.
+
+Some of the big harvesters that cut and thresh the wheat are drawn by
+a traction-engine instead of horses. In running a fifty-horse-power
+engine high-priced coal had to be burnt but now the coal grates are
+replaced by petroleum burners, and crude coal-oil is the cheap fuel.
+This does not make sparks to set the fields on fire like burning coal
+or straw and so is safer to use.
+
+On large ranches wheat can be grown for less than a cent a pound,
+while it has brought two cents or double the money when sold. But
+there are not always good crops, as the grain needs plenty of moisture
+in the spring when rains are uncertain.
+
+The wheat crop of the state has fallen off of late to less than half
+the yield of earlier years, but the deep, rich valley soil still grows
+grain enough to feed hungry people in Europe, Asia, and Africa,
+as well as in our own Union. Great quantities are taken in large
+four-masted ships to Liverpool, England, and there made into American
+flour. Our own flour-mills turn out thousands of barrels of flour,
+and this travels far, too. The first thing picked up in Manila after
+Admiral Dewey's victory was a flour sack with a California mill mark.
+
+It would need a long, long story to tell how far from home and into
+what strange places the yellow kernels of California wheat sometimes
+travel, or to picture the odd people who depend upon us for food.
+
+
+
+
+ORCHARD, FARM, AND VINEYARD
+
+
+Long ago the Mission Fathers taught the Indians to plant and to take
+care of vines and fruit-trees. They built water-works to bring life to
+the thirsty trees in the dry summers, and to grow oranges, limes,
+and figs, as well as peaches, apricots, and apples. They trained
+grape-vines over arbors and trellises round the Mission buildings, and
+from the small, black grapes made wine. Olive trees and date-palms did
+well at the southern settlements. But most of these orchards died when
+the Mission Fathers were no longer allowed to make the Indians work
+for the church property, though a few old palms and olive trees are
+still standing.
+
+During Mexican days each ranch owner raised enough grain or corn and
+beans for his own family but planted no fruit, or but little, while
+the Americans who came to seek gold thought farming a slow way of
+making a living. People soon found out, however, that our fine climate
+and rich soil made good crops almost certain, and there was such
+demand for fruit and farm products that more and more acres were
+cultivated each year.
+
+Our leading industry now is farming and fruit-growing, and
+California's delicious fresh or cured fruit is sent all over the
+world. Large amounts of barley and hops are shipped from here to
+Europe, and our state produces almost all the Lima beans used in the
+country.
+
+The citrus fruits, as oranges, lemons, and pomelos, or "grape-fruit,"
+are called, grow in the seven southern counties, or in the foothills
+on the western slope of the Sierras. The trees cannot endure frost and
+must be irrigated in the summer. Orange trees are a pretty sight, with
+their shining green leaves, white, sweet-smelling flowers, and the
+green or golden fruit. About Christmas-time, when oranges ripen, both
+blossoms and fruit may be picked from the same tree. Los Angeles and
+Orange County grow most oranges, but San Diego is first in lemon
+culture. Half a million trees in that county show the bright yellow
+fruit and fragrant blossoms every month in the year. The other
+southern counties also raise lemons by the car-load to send east, or
+for your lemonade and lemon pies at home.
+
+[Illustration: AN ORANGE TREE WITH FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS.]
+
+[Illustration: PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD AT LOS ANGLES.]
+
+There, too, the olive grows well, that little plum-shaped fruit you
+usually see as a green, salt pickle on the table. The Mission Fathers
+brought this tree first from Spain, where the poor people live upon
+black bread and olives. Olives are picked while green and put in
+a strong brine of salt and water to preserve them for eating. Dark
+purple ripe olives are also very good prepared the same way. Did you
+know that olive-oil is pressed out of ripe olives? The best oil comes
+from the first crushing, and the pulp is afterwards heated, when a
+second quality of oil is obtained. Olive trees grow very slowly, and
+do not fruit for seven years after they are planted. But they live a
+hundred years, and bear more olives every season.
+
+The black or purple fig which grew in the old Mission gardens bears
+fruit everywhere in the state. Either fresh and ripe, or pressed flat
+and dried, it is delicious and healthful. White figs like those from
+abroad have been raised the last few years, and it is hoped in time to
+produce Smyrna figs equal to the imported.
+
+While peach orchards blossom and bear fruit six months of the year in
+the south, most of this pretty pink-cheeked fruit grows in the great
+valleys, or along the Sacramento River. Pears also show their snowy
+blossoms and yellow fruit in the valleys and farther north. The
+Bartlett pear is sent to all the Eastern states in cold storage cars
+kept cool by ice, and also to Europe.
+
+The finest apricots are those of that wonderful southern country,
+miles and miles of orchards lying round Fresno especially. Yet the
+valleys and foot-hills produce plenty, and in the old mining counties
+very choice fruit ripens. Apples like the high mountain valleys, where
+they get a touch of frost in winter, though there is a cool section of
+San Diego County where fine ones are raised. Cherries do well in the
+middle and valley regions, the earliest coming from Vacaville, in
+Solano County.
+
+Grapes grow throughout the state, though the famous raisin vineyards,
+where thousands of tons are dried every year, are around Fresno. Most
+of the raisins are dried in the sun, but in one factory a hundred tons
+of grapes may be dried at one time by steam. The raisins are seeded by
+machinery, and packed in pretty boxes to send all over the coast, and
+through the states, where once only foreign raisins were used. Many
+vineyards in the southern part and middle of the state grow only wine
+grapes, California wines, champagne, and brandy having a wide use.
+
+Great quantities of fresh fruits are used in the state or sent away,
+while the canneries put up immense amounts, also. Canned fruit reaches
+many consumers, but it is expensive. Our cured or dried fruit, however
+is so cheap and so good that millions of pounds are prepared every
+year. Such fruit ripens on the tree and so keeps all its fine flavor.
+It is then dried in the sunshine, which not only fits it for long
+keeping but turns part of it to sugar. Apricots, peaches, pears, and
+cherries are usually cut in halves or stoned before drying. Prunes are
+first on the list of cured fruits, and they seem the best to use as
+food. The ripe prunes are dipped into a boiling lye to make the skin
+tender, then rinsed and spread in the sun a day or two. They are then
+allowed to "sweat" to get a good color, are next dipped in boiling
+water a minute or two, dried, and finally graded, a certain number to
+the pound, and packed in boxes or sacks.
+
+Several kinds of nuts grow well in the state. All the so-called
+"English" walnuts, with their thin shells, are raised in the south,
+Orange County furnishing half the amount we market. Peanuts and
+almonds are a good crop there, also, though almond groves are in all
+parts of the state. Both paper and thick-shelled almonds are usually
+bleached, or whitened, with sulphur smoke to improve their color.
+
+Santa Barbara and Ventura are the bean counties of the state, and send
+Lima beans away by train-loads, while Orange County grows celery for
+the Eastern market. Very high prices are received for this celery and
+other vegetables sent from California during the winter season when
+fields are covered with snow in the East.
+
+And did you know that the state produces a great deal of sugar? Tons
+and tons of sugar-beets are grown throughout the farming lands, and
+harvested in September. When the juice of these crushed beets is
+boiled and refined, it makes a sugar exactly like cane sugar and much
+cheaper. One-fifth of the beet is sugar, it is said.
+
+Even the dry, worthless mountain sides are valuable to the bee-keeper.
+The bees make a delicious honey from the wild, white sage, which grows
+where nothing else will live. This sage honey brings the very highest
+price.
+
+Oats are raised in the coast counties, and corn in the valleys, but
+owing to cool nights and dry air the corn seldom makes a good crop.
+Orange County, however, claims corn with stalks twenty feet high and
+a hundred bushels to the acre. In the south, also, that wonderful
+forage-plant, alfalfa, will produce six crops a year by irrigation and
+give a ton or more to the acre at each cutting.
+
+Along the upper Sacramento River stretch the great hop-fields full
+of tall vines covered with light-green tassels. At hop-picking season
+many families have a month's picnic, children and all working day
+after day in the fields and pulling off the fragrant hops. Indians,
+too, are among the best hop-pickers. The dried hops are bleached with
+sulphur, baled, and in great quantities sent to Liverpool, where with
+California barley they are used in brewing malt liquors.
+
+An odd crop is mustard, and at Lompoc, in Santa Barbara County, enough
+for the whole country is grown. Both brown and yellow mustard is
+cultivated, and the little seeds, almost as fine as gunpowder, are
+sold to spice-mills and pickle-factories.
+
+Whole farms are taken up with the production of flower-seeds or bulbs,
+with acres and acres of calla-lilies, roses, carnations, and violets.
+The tall pampas-grass, with its long feathery plumes, gives a
+profitable crop. Indeed, one can scarcely name a fruit, flower, or
+tree that will not thrive and grow to perfection in our mild climate
+and rich soil.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE NAVEL ORANGE
+
+
+Who has not enjoyed a juicy navel orange, while wondering at its
+peculiar shape and lack of troublesome seeds? Yet few people know that
+this particular variety has brought millions of dollars into our state
+and made orange growing our third greatest industry.
+
+Read this story of the seedless orange, this "golden apple of
+California," which was first cultivated by Luther Tibbets, of
+Riverside, and learn how Southern California has profited by its navel
+orange crops.
+
+Nearly thirty years ago Mr. Tibbets came from New York to this state
+and took up free government land near what is now the beautiful city
+of Riverside. He was one of the half-dozen pioneer fruit-growers
+of that region, and had noticed at the San Gabriel Mission how well
+orange trees grew there. His wife and daughter waited in Washington,
+D.C., until a home should be ready here for them, and they often sent
+Mr. Tibbets plants and seeds from the Department of Agriculture. To
+this Department and its gardens in Washington, many curious plants
+are forwarded from other countries for growing and experiment in the
+United States. New kinds of grain or fruits are carefully cultivated
+and watched by the Department, and from it farmers can always get
+seeds or cuttings to try on their own farms.
+
+Mrs. Tibbets often visited the Department gardens, and in 1873 she
+wrote to her husband that she could get him some fine orange trees if
+he would promise the government to take great care of them and to keep
+them apart from other trees till they fruited. Of course he agreed to
+give them special attention, and therefore that December he received
+three small, rooted orange trees. A cow chewed up one of these, but
+for five years the others were watched and tended. Then sweet white
+blossoms appeared on each little tree, and afterwards two oranges,
+like hard green bullets at first. Finally, in January, 1879, Mr.
+Tibbets picked four large, well-flavored, golden oranges, the first
+seedless ones ever grown outside of Brazil.
+
+From the hot swamps of the tropical country at Bahia the United States
+Consul had sent six cuttings of this peculiar orange to be planted
+in the Washington gardens. All died but the two at Riverside. In 1880
+they bore half a bushel of fruit, and the new seedless oranges were
+talked of throughout Southern California. The other orange growers
+had been cultivating "seedlings," trees which bore smaller fruit, with
+many bitter seeds and a thick skin. Many of these growers now cut back
+their seedlings to bare limbs, and grafted the new orange on these
+branches. This is called "budding," and is done by cutting off a thin
+slip of bark with a tiny folded-up leaf-bud on it, inserting the graft
+in the branch to be budded and securing it there with wax to keep the
+air out. The little bud drinks in sap from the tree stem, and grows
+and blossoms true to its own mother tree.
+
+There were few orange groves then, but soon nearly all were budded
+to the new kind, seventy-five acres being so changed on the Baldwin
+Ranch; and when these trees began to bear, some five years afterwards,
+people were much excited over the seedless fruit.
+
+Such high prices were paid for these oranges at first, that orange
+growing boomed all over Southern California. People thought their
+fortunes were made when they set out a few acres of small budded trees
+they had paid a dollar or more apiece for. Whole towns sprang up in
+dry treeless valleys where only cattle and sheep had pastured,
+and land worth only twenty-five dollars an acre before the orange
+excitement, sold quickly for eight hundred and a thousand when planted
+with trees. The towns of Pomona, Redlands, Monrovia, and others in
+the orange localities were unknown before 1885, and grew to several
+thousand population in a few years. Everybody talked of the great
+profit in orange growing, and people who had nurseries of young trees
+grown from navel buds made fortunes.
+
+At this day thousands of acres of seedless oranges are in full bearing
+and no one buys the old kinds. Hundreds of car-loads of the seedlings
+are not even picked, and ninety per cent of the eighteen thousand
+car-loads which make the season's orange crop are navel oranges. Over
+forty-five millions of dollars are now invested in the growing and
+marketing of this remarkable fruit.
+
+At Riverside, the home of the orange, the two original Washington
+navel trees still stand. Mr. Tibbets guarded them for years, had them
+fenced with high latticework, and seldom allowed any one to touch
+them. He refused ten thousand dollars for them, since for months he
+sold hundreds of dollars' worth of buds from these parent trees. These
+two trees and their large family have caused thousands of people to
+come to the state, and have built up Southern California wonderfully.
+
+
+
+
+THE LEMON
+
+
+For many years people who use that sour but necessary fruit, the
+lemon, thought that only the little yellow ones which came from the
+far-away island of Sicily were good. The men who import foreign fruits
+always said so; and in spite of the fact that the larger California
+lemon was more acid, of as good flavor, smooth skinned, and golden,
+people believed the Mediterranean groves produced the best. But, at
+last, our warm, dry air, good soil, and plenty of water, together with
+care and skill while growing and packing, have made California lemons
+the most in demand. These lemons keep well, and bear shipping and long
+journeys better than the imported fruit.
+
+Citrus fruits, as the orange and lemon are called, do well in all the
+southern counties, and San Diego County boasts of not only the largest
+lemon grove in California, but in the world. This is a thousand-acre
+tract overlooking San Diego Bay and cultivated by the Chula Vista
+colony. It was once a pasture given up to wandering bands of cattle
+and sheep. There was little water, and no one ever thought these dry
+mesa lands would one day be a beautiful garden spot, green with the
+shining lemon leaves, and golden with fruit.
+
+A company was formed to develop this forty-two square miles of land,
+and to get water for irrigation, since all the trees must have little
+streams of water round their thirsty roots three or four times during
+the dry summer. A great dam was constructed on the Sweetwater River,
+near Chula Vista, and a reservoir built. Water was piped from this to
+the lemon groves, which are about a hundred feet below the reservoir,
+and from May to September the trees are irrigated. This is done by
+ploughing furrows on each side of a row of trees and turning small
+rills of water slowly down them till the ground is soaked around the
+tree roots. No one thought the great reservoir would ever be empty,
+but two winters with but little rain made it necessary to put down
+many wells in the dry bed of the Sweetwater River, and from these a
+strong steady flow of millions of gallons is pumped into the water
+pipes. So this great lemon orchard is always sure of water enough,
+returning the gift later in generous golden measure.
+
+One may pick lemon blossoms, ripe and green fruit every month in the
+year from the same tree, but most of the crop ripens from November to
+June.
+
+Lemons are carefully cut from the tree, and usually picked by size, a
+ring being slipped over them, without regard to their ripeness. They
+grow so thick on the tree that a man can pick more than twenty boxes
+a day. In preparing it for market the fruit "sweats," as it is called,
+in airy boxes, for a month in winter and ten days in summer, and
+ripens and colors during this process. Then each lemon is wiped
+dry and clean, wrapped separately in tissue-paper, and packed for
+shipment. The cost of a box of lemons from the tree to the railroad is
+about thirty-five cents.
+
+Thousands of car-loads are shipped to the Eastern and Middle states,
+while the Pacific Coast is a never-failing market.
+
+Small, imperfect, and bruised fruit goes to the citric acid factory
+near the packing-houses. From these oil of lemon, lemon sugar, and
+clear green citric-acid crystals are made, and the crushed waste is
+returned to the grove and ploughed in about the trees as a fertilizer.
+
+
+
+
+FLOWERS AND PLANTS
+
+
+"When California was wild," says John Muir, "it was one sweet
+bee-garden throughout its entire length, and from the snowy Sierra to
+the ocean."
+
+There were so many yellow poppies in this great unfenced garden, that
+the Spanish sailing along the coast called it the "Land of Fire" from
+the golden flowers covering the hills. Near Pasadena, in Southern
+California, these poppy fields may still be seen glowing so brightly
+in the sun that you do not wonder at the name "Cape Las Flores," or
+Flower Cape, which the sailors also gave to this part of the country.
+
+[Illustration: IN A MISSION GARDEN.]
+
+[Illustration: A CHRISTMAS GARDEN.]
+
+The poppy is our best-known wild flower, planted by Mother Nature
+before white men ever visited these shores. When the Spanish
+settled here they called the poppy _copa de oro_, or cup of gold.
+The gold hunters spoke of it as the California gold flower, and sent
+the pressed poppies home in their letters. But its correct name is
+the Eschscholtzia (esh-sholt'si-a), from the name of a German
+botanist and naturalist, who studied the plant and wrote about it
+almost a hundred years ago.
+
+From February to May the poppies are most plentiful, but a few may be
+found almost every month in the year. Have you noticed the finely cut
+green leaves, and the pointed green nightcap that covers each bud till
+the morning sunshine coaxes off the cap and unfolds the four satiny
+golden petals? The flowers love the sun and close up on dark, cloudy
+days, or if brought into the house. But put them in a sunny window the
+next morning, and you may watch the cups of gold open to the light.
+
+Some of the poppies are a deep orange-color, while others are a pale
+yellow. And as you walk through the fields you may pick a hundred at
+each step, so thick do the plants grow. The wild bees find a yellow
+dust called pollen or "bee-bread" in the poppy, the same golden powder
+that rubs off on your nose, when you put it too close to this cup of
+gold or to lilies.
+
+Then in this "unfenced garden" were also the baby blue-eyes, whose
+pretty pale-blue blossoms come early in the spring, each one with a
+drop of honey at the foot of its honey path, as the black lines on its
+petals are called.
+
+Can you name twenty kinds of wild flowers? Around San Francisco and
+the bay counties you will count, after the poppy and baby blue-eyes,
+the shining yellow buttercup, the blue and yellow lupines that grow in
+the sand, the tall thistle whose sharp, prickly leaves and thorny
+red blossoms spell "Let-me-alone," the blue flag-lilies and red
+paint-brush, yellow cream-cups, and wild mustard, and an orange
+pentstemon. These with many yellow composit� or flowers like the
+dandelion, you will find growing on the windy hills and dry, sunny
+places. Hiding away in quiet corners are the blue-eyed grass, and
+a wild purple hyacinth, the scarlet columbine swinging its golden
+tassels, shy blue larkspur, a small yellow sunflower, and wild pink
+roses. Among the ferns in shady, wet nooks are white trilliums and a
+delicate pink bleeding-heart, while the wild blue violets and yellow
+pansies love the warm, rocky hillside.
+
+Mariposas, or butterfly tulips of many colors, grow in the foot-hills
+and mountains. Perhaps our most beautiful wild flowers are the lilies,
+of which we have over a dozen kinds. In the redwood forests there is a
+tall, lovely pink lily, and many brown-spotted yellow tiger-lilies. Up
+in the mountain pines a snowy white Washington lily sometimes covers
+a mountain side with its tall stems bearing dozens of sweet waxen
+blossoms. In the wet, swampy places bright red, and many small orange
+lilies bloom in late summer.
+
+In the high Sierras are found strange and pretty blossoms unlike
+the flowers of valleys and sea-coast. There you will see the
+mountain-heather with pink, purple, or dainty white bells, the
+goldenrod, and gentians blue as the sky. Strangest of all is the
+snow-plant. This curious thing sends up a thick, fleshy spike a foot
+or so in height and set closely with bright scarlet flowers. It grows
+where the snow has just melted round the fir trees, and leaf, stem,
+and blossom are all the same glowing red.
+
+Most of the valley and coast wild-flowers bloom and ripen their seeds
+before the dry summer begins. Such plants die and wither away in the
+heat, but their seeds are safe on the warm ground till fall rains soak
+the earth and set them growing again. In the high mountains a thick
+blanket of snow covers the sleeping seeds till May or June, and then
+sunshine wakes them once more.
+
+[Illustration: "WAWONA" (28 feet in diameter).]
+
+[Illustration: THE GRIZZLY GIANT (33 feet in diameter).]
+
+No doubt you have seen many of our shrubs or tall bush-plants in your
+vacations. Do you remember the sweet creamy white azaleas and the
+buckeyes that grow along the creeks in the redwoods? And the feathery
+blue blossoms of the wild lilac crowding in close thickets up
+the hillsides? One of our shrubs is a holiday visitor, the
+Christmas-berry, whose bright-red clusters trim your house at that
+gay, happy season. The manzanita is another pretty bush, with pink
+bells that ripen to small scarlet apples in the fall.
+
+Usually, these and other shrubs cover the hillsides with a thick,
+matted tangle of stems and branches almost impossible to get through.
+This chaparral, as the Spanish called it, clothes the foot-hills and
+mountain sides with a close growth through which deer and bears alone
+can travel and make trails or runways. Great stretches of buckthorn in
+the north, and of sage-brush in the south, cover the wild lands, while
+in the sandy desert tall, prickly cactus, yucca, and mesquite grow
+with the sage-brush in the blazing sun.
+
+Only a few of California's wild plants and flowers have been now
+called to your notice. But children have sharp eyes, and you will
+find many more to inquire about in your vacation days. Then
+the blackberries and thimble-berries will be ripe, and the pink
+salmon-berry in the redwoods. Perhaps you will look for and dig up the
+soaproot, that onion-like bulb of one of the lily family with which
+the Indians make a soapy lather to wash their clothes. Let us hope
+you will know and keep away from the "poison-oak," the low bush with
+pretty red leaves, for its leaves are apt to make your skin swell up
+and blister wherever they touch you.
+
+What a long and pleasant story might be told you of our state's real
+gardens! Perhaps your teacher will give you an hour to talk about your
+home gardens, and to see how much you can tell about them. You may
+have flowers the year round, if you live on the coast, or in the warm
+valleys where no Jack Frost comes with his icy breath to kill the
+tender plants. In such genial climates roses and geraniums bloom all
+year, and only rest when the gardener cuts them back; and most of the
+shrubs and trees in parks and gardens are always fresh and green.
+
+Florists who raise flowers to sell find that here they can grow the
+choicest and finest carnations, roses, and all the garden blossoms you
+know so well. Many of these florists deal only in flower-seeds, and
+bulbs or roots of the lilies to send to the Eastern states or abroad,
+where people greatly prize California flowers.
+
+Plants and trees from all parts of the world thrive here, also. You
+have seen the palms, the tall sword-palm with its great spike of snowy
+bloom in the spring, the fan-palm whose dried and trimmed leaves
+are really used for fans, and, perhaps, the date-palm. This tree
+was planted round the Missions by the Padres, and some, more than
+a hundred years old, are still standing at the San Gabriel Mission.
+These, and the magnolia with its large creamy blossoms, as well as the
+graceful pepper-tree, are natives of warm, southern lands, while the
+eucalyptus, or gum-tree, was brought here from Australia.
+
+Look round, children, as you walk to and from school, or in the park,
+and try to know and name the green things growing there, the flowers
+and plants sent to make our world a pleasant place to live in.
+
+
+
+
+THE BIG TREES AND LUMBERING
+
+
+The largest trees in the world are those forest giants of California
+which grow on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, and nowhere
+else on the globe. People carelessly call these grand trees "redwoods"
+or "big trees," but their family name is Sequoia, an Indian chief's
+name. When the trees were first discovered, in 1853, accounts of their
+height and size were sent to England. Supposing this giant to be a new
+tree, it was there christened _Wellingtonia_, and also _gigantea_
+for its immense measurements. While Americans were trying to have it
+called _Washingtonia_, a famous Frenchman who knew all about trees
+decided that the specimen sent him was certainly a sequoia, as named
+by a German professor some six years before this time. So the tree was
+called _sequoia gigantea_ and quietly went on growing, unmindful of
+the four nations who had quarrelled over its christening. Why, indeed,
+should it bother its lofty head with the chatter of people whose
+countries were unknown when this mighty tree was full grown? For
+these sequoias are the oldest of living objects and have probably been
+growing for four thousand years. How do we know this? Well, when a
+fallen trunk is sawed across, one can see rings in the wood, and it is
+thought that each ring is a year's growth. John Muir counted over four
+thousand of these annual rings on the stump of one of the Kings River
+trees.
+
+These fine old trees grow in groves, and of the nine or ten groves
+the Calaveras and Mariposa are the best known. The Calaveras group of
+nearly a hundred mighty trees was the first one discovered, and four
+trees here are over three hundred feet high. The fallen "Father of
+the Forest" must have been much higher, for it measures a hundred feet
+round its trunk at the root end. A man can ride on horseback for two
+hundred feet through its hollow trunk as it lies on the ground. Many
+of the standing trees hollowed out by fires are large enough, used as
+cabins, to live in.
+
+The Mariposa grove of Big Trees, being not far from Yosemite Valley,
+is the best known, as thousands of tourists visit both places. There
+is a big tree at Mariposa for every day in the year, and two very
+wonderful ones, the Grizzly Giant and Wawona. Stage-coaches drive into
+the grove through the tree Wawona, which was bored and burned out
+so as to make an opening ten by twelve feet. A wall of wood ten feet
+thick on each side of this opening supports the living tree. The great
+Grizzly Giant towers a hundred feet without a branch, and twice that
+height above the first immense branches that are six feet through.
+This was, no doubt, an old tree when Columbus discovered America, yet
+it is alive and green and still growing.
+
+The largest tree in the world is the General Sherman, in Sequoia
+National Park, and it is thirty-five feet in diameter. This means that
+the stump of the tree, if smoothed off, would make a floor on which
+thirty people might dance, or your whole class be seated. You can
+scarcely imagine what a mighty column such a tree is, with its rich
+red-brown bark, fluted like a column, too, and with its crown of
+feathery green branches and foliage. The bark is a foot or two thick.
+The trees are evergreens, and conifers, or cone-bearers. Sequoia cones
+are two or three inches long and full of small seeds. The Douglas
+squirrel gets most of these seeds, but there are still seedlings and
+saplings or young trees enough to keep the race alive in most of the
+groves.
+
+These groves of wonderful and rare trees are protected as National
+Parks in the Sequoia and Grant groves, and Mariposa belongs to the
+state. It is against the law to cut the trees in those groves. Their
+worst enemy is fire, and a troop of cavalry is sent every year to
+guard them, and to keep out the sheep-herders, whose flocks would
+destroy the underbrush and young trees. But, unfortunately, lumbermen
+have put up mills near the Fresno and Kings River groups, and, wasting
+more than they use, are destroying magnificent trees thousands of
+years old in order to make shingles. When nature has taken such good
+care of this rare and wonderful tree, the Sierra Giant, men should try
+to preserve the groves unharmed in all their beauty.
+
+Another _sequoia_ grows in great forests along the Coast Range from
+Santa Cruz to the northern state-line, and beyond into Oregon. This
+is the _sequoia sempervirens_, the Latin name meaning always green.
+Redwood is its common name, and the lumber for our frame or wooden
+houses is cut from this tree. Millions of feet of this redwood lumber
+are shipped from the northern counties of the state every year, up
+to Alaska or down to Central and South America. It is also sent far
+across the Pacific to the Hawaiian and Philippine islands and to China
+and Australia.
+
+While the _sequoia gigantea_ delights in a clear sky and hot sunshine,
+its brother, the _sempervirens_, prefers a cool sea-coast climate,
+offering frequent baths of fog. There is also a difference in the size
+of these trees; the redwood is often three hundred feet high, but
+is less in girth than its relative in the Sierras. There is not much
+underbrush and little sunshine in the cool, green redwood forests,
+each tree rising tall and stately for a hundred feet without branches,
+while the green tops seem almost to touch the sky as one looks up.
+Through the woods one hears the blue jay scream and chatter, and the
+tap, tap of the woodpecker as he drills holes in the bark to fill with
+acorns for his winter store.
+
+When the lumberman looks at these beautiful forests, he sees only many
+logs containing many thousand feet of lumber, which he must get out
+the easiest and cheapest way. He only chooses the finest and largest
+trunks, and there is great waste in cutting these. The men begin
+to saw the tree some eight or ten feet from the ground, and soon it
+trembles and falls with a mighty crash, often snapping off other trees
+in its way to the ground. After all the selected trees have fallen,
+fires are started to burn off the branches and underbrush so that the
+men can work easier. This fire only chars the outside bark of the big,
+green logs, but it kills all the young saplings, and leaves the once
+beautiful forest a waste of blackened logs and gray ashes. When the
+fire burns itself out, the logs are usually sawed with a cross-cut saw
+into sixteen-foot lengths, since in that form they are easy to handle.
+Then oxen or horses haul them out; or sometimes a wire cable is
+fastened to them by iron "dogs," or stakes, and a little stationary
+engine pulls them away to the siding at the railroad track. Here they
+are rolled on flat-cars, fastened with a big iron chain around the
+four or six logs on the car, and taken on the logging train to the
+mill-pond. They lie soaking in the water until drawn up to the keen
+saws of the sawmill that cut and slice the wood like cheese. The bark
+and outside is carved off as you would cut the crust off bread, and
+then sharp, circular saws cut boards and planks till the log is used
+up, and the log-carriage lifts another to its place. As the shining
+steel bites into the wood the noise almost deafens you and the mill
+shakes with the thunder of log-carriage and feeders. Useless ends,
+slabs, and refuse are burnt in the sawdust pit, where the fires never
+go out. Very much of the tree is wasted and all the limbs. The redwood
+tree has so much life and strength, however, that it sends up bright
+green sprouts around the burnt stump, and standing trees charred
+outside to the tops will have new branches the next season. In the
+older forests tall young trees are often seen growing in a ring round
+an empty spot, the long-dead stump having rotted away.
+
+[Illustration: BIG TREES AT FELTON, SANTA CRUZ CO.]
+
+Near Santa Cruz is a grove of large and beautiful redwoods, many
+of the trees being over three hundred feet high and from forty
+to sixty-five feet around the base of the trunk. The Giant is the
+largest, and three other immense ones are named for Generals Grant,
+Sherman, and Fremont. In 1846 General Fremont found this grove, and
+camped, on a rainy winter night, in the hollow trunk of the tree
+bearing his name. Here is also seen a group of eleven very tall trees
+growing in a circle around an old stump.
+
+In the Sierras, both in the _sequoia_ groves and forests above the
+Big-Tree region, are very large sugar-pines, red firs, and yellow-pine
+trees, all of which make excellent lumber. Great forests of these
+trees, with cedars almost as large as the redwoods, are in the
+northern counties also. You may have seen sugar-pine cones which are
+over a foot long, the largest of all found, while redwood cones are
+the smallest. Another great tree is the Douglas spruce, the king of
+spruce trees, growing in both Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges.
+
+The California laurel, or bay tree, with its beautiful, shining green
+leaves, and the madro�o, the slender, red-barked tree on the hillsides
+you must have noticed in your trips to the country, as well as our
+fine valley and mountain oaks. Try to learn the kinds of trees and
+study their leaves, blossoms, and fruit, and you will find every one
+a friend well worth knowing. Then you will wish to save them from fire
+and the lumberman's axe, especially the rare and old _sequoias_.
+
+
+
+
+OUR BIRDS
+
+
+More than three hundred kinds of these dear feathered friends and
+visitors live in California. Along the sea-shore, in the great valleys
+and the mountain-forests and meadows, even in the dry, hot desert, the
+birds, our shy and merry neighbors, are at home. In many parts of
+the state they find sunshine and green trees the year round, and food
+always at hand. Yet sparrows, robins, and woodpeckers will stay in the
+snowed-in groves of the Sierras all winter, contentedly chirping or
+singing in spite of the bitter cold.
+
+If you know these wanderers of wood and field, these birds of sea and
+shore, and their interesting habits, you will wish to protect them
+from stone or gun, and their nests from the egg collector. You will
+listen to the lark and linnet, and be glad that the happy songster
+trilling such sweet notes is free to fly where he wishes, and is
+not pining in a cage. And you, little girl, will not encourage the
+destruction of these pretty creatures by wearing a sea-gull or part of
+some dead bird on your hat.
+
+To become better acquainted with birds, let us call them before us by
+classes, beginning with our sea-birds and those round the bays and on
+the coast. Some of these not only swim but dive in the salt waters,
+and to this class of divers belong the grebe, loon, murre, and puffin.
+They dive at the flash of a gun, and after what seems a long time,
+come up far away from the spot the hunter aimed at. These birds
+usually nest on bare, rocky cliffs near the ocean, or on islands like
+the Farallones, and their large green eggs hatch out nestlings that
+are ugly and awkward and helpless on land. But they ride the great
+ocean-breakers, or dive into their clear depths easily and gracefully;
+and as they live upon fish or small sea-creatures, the divers only
+seek land to roost at night and to raise their young.
+
+Next come the gulls, who belong to a class known as "long-winged
+swimmers." They have strong wings and fly great distances, and with
+their webbed feet swim well, too. Most of the sea-gulls are white with
+a gray coat on their backs, but they look snowy-white as they fly. You
+may see them walking about the wharves, or perching on roofs and piles
+watching for food, and seeming very tame as they pick up bits of bread
+or the refuse floating in the water. They follow steamers for miles,
+scarcely moving their wings as they float in the air; and if you throw
+a cracker from the deck, some gull will make a swift swoop and snatch
+it before the cracker reaches the water.
+
+Far out on the Pacific the albatross sails proudly on his broad wings,
+and cares nothing for high winds or storms. He rests and sleeps on the
+billows at night with his little companions, the stormy petrels. He is
+the largest and strongest of our birds of flight, the very king of the
+sea. The stormy petrels are not much larger than a swallow. Sailors
+call them. "Mother Carey's chickens," and are sure a storm is
+coming up when petrels follow the ship. The albatross, petrel, and
+a gull-like bird called a shearwater belong to the "tube-nosed
+swimmers," on account of their curious long beaks.
+
+Along the coast, and wading in the shallow waters around the bays, are
+some strange birds known as pelicans and shags. They are good fishers,
+and drive the darting, finny fellows before them as they wade in the
+water till they can see and gobble them up. Most waders have under
+their beaks a skin-pocket deep enough to hold a fish while carrying
+it to their nestlings, or making ready to swallow it. All of these
+sea-birds raise their young as far from the shore and from hunters
+as possible. Great flocks of them roost on islands fifteen or twenty
+miles out in the ocean, and fly into the bays every morning.
+
+Wild ducks, geese, the herons, mud-hens, sandpipers, and curlews are
+marsh and shore birds that feed and wade in the shallow salt water,
+and nest on the banks or, like the heron, in trees near the bay. The
+heron is a frog-catcher, and he will stand very still on his long legs
+and patiently wait till the frog, thinking him gone, swims near. Then
+one dart of the long bill captures froggy, and the heron waits for
+another. You know the red-head, green mallard, canvas-back, and small
+teal ducks, no doubt, and have seen the flocks of wild geese flying
+and calling in the sky, or standing like patches of snow as they feed
+in the marshes or grain-fields.
+
+Down on the mud-flats at low tide you see birds called rails, and also
+"kill-dee" plovers. The shoveller ducks are there, too fishing up with
+broad, flat beaks little crabs and such creatures as are in the mud,
+straining out mud and water, but swallowing the rest. All these birds
+are "waders" and delight in mud and cold salt water. They are usually
+quiet, or make only strange, shrill cries.
+
+In the sunny fields and woods we shall find many of the land-birds,
+and first comes a family whose habits are so like those of chickens
+that they are called "scratchers." These birds depend for food upon
+seeds and bugs or worms they scratch out of the ground. Up in
+the Sierra sugar-pines and fir-woods lives the largest of these
+"scratchers," the brown grouse. He is a shy creature, rising out of
+his feeding-ground with a great whirring of wings and out of sight
+before the hunter can fire at him. His peculiar cry, or "drumming," as
+it is called, sounds through the woods like tapping hard on a hollow
+log. His equally shy neighbor is the mountain-quail, while through
+the farming lands and all along the hillsides the valley--quail are
+plenty. Perhaps you have seen a happy family of these speckled brown
+birds. Papa quail has a black crest on his head, and he calls "Look
+right here" from the wrong side of the road to fool you, while Mamma
+and her little, cunning chicks scatter like flying brown leaves in the
+brush. After the danger is past, you hear her low call to bring them
+round her again. In the desert and sage-brush part of the state the
+sage-hen, another "scratcher," runs swiftly through the thickets, but
+many are caught and brought in by the Indians.
+
+Our birds of prey are eagles, vultures, hawks, owls, and the
+turkey-buzzards, those big black scavengers that hang in the air. In
+circles high above woods and fields some of these birds of prey sweep
+on broad wings, searching with keen sight for their food in some dead
+animal far below. The California condor, a great black vulture-like
+bird, is almost extinct, and is only found in the highest mountains.
+It is very large of wing, and strong enough, it is said, to carry off
+a sheep. Both golden and bald eagles nest in tall trees in the wildest
+parts of the state. The chicken-hawk, whose swift sailing over the
+poultry-yard calls out loud squawking from the frightened hens,
+you have often seen, and the wise-looking brown owls, too. A small
+burrowing owl lives in the squirrel holes, and you may catch him
+easily in the daytime, when he cannot see.
+
+The road-runner is of the cuckoo family of birds. It seldom flies, but
+runs swiftly along the roads, or in the desert, and is said to kill
+rattlesnakes by placing a ring of thorny cactus leaves around the
+snake as it lies asleep. The rattler is then pecked to death, since it
+cannot get out of its prickly cage. This fowl is like a slender brown
+hen in size.
+
+In the redwoods you hear the tap, tap, of the "carpenter" woodpecker,
+with his black coat and gay red cap. He drills holes in the bark of a
+tree with his strong beak and then fits an acorn neatly into each safe
+little storehouse. It is thought that worms and grubs fatten while
+living in these acorns, so that the woodpecker always has a meal ready
+in the winter when the ground is wet, or the squirrels have carried
+off the acorns under the trees.
+
+Humming-birds, or "hummers," as the boys call them, are plenty in city
+and country and so fearless that they will take a bath in the spray
+of the garden-hose, or dart their long bills in the fuchsias almost
+within your reach. The bill shields a double tongue, which gets not
+only honey, but small insects from the flower or off the leaves. The
+humming-bird's tiny nest is a soft, round basket, not much bigger than
+half a walnut-shell, and holding two eggs, which are like small-white
+beans. Bits of moss and gray cobwebs are woven in this nest till it
+looks like the branch itself; and here the little mother in her plain
+brown dress hatches out and feeds the baby "hummers." Her husband has
+glistening ruby feathers at his throat and green spots on his head and
+back that glow in the sun like jewels.
+
+The highest class of birds is the "perchers," and many friends of
+yours belong to this. There are two families, however, of perchers,
+those that call and the song-birds. Calling over and over their
+peculiar note, the pewees, flycatchers, and king-birds, fly through
+the forests. The crow and blue jay belong to the singers, you will
+be surprised to hear. And what a crowd of these song-birds there
+are trilling and warbling in the sunshine! Have you ever watched the
+meadow-lark singing as he sits on guard on the fence, while the rest
+of his brown-coated yellow-vested flock run along the field picking up
+seeds and insects?
+
+Then there are the linnets, or "redheads," who sing their sweet,
+merry tunes all summer, and if they do take a cherry or two the farmer
+should not grumble. They destroy many bugs and caterpillars and eat
+weed-seeds that might trouble the fruit-grower more than the missing
+cherries. The yellow warbler, sometimes called the wild canary, flits
+through bush and tree and trills its gay notes in town and country.
+Song-sparrows, thrushes, and bluebirds warble far and near, while the
+red-winged blackbird makes music in wet, swampy places. The robin,
+who comes to city gardens in the winter, has a summer home in the
+mountains or redwoods. There, too, the saucy jay screams and chatters,
+and flashes his blue wings as he flies, scolding all the time.
+
+In Southern California, among the orange groves or in gardens, the
+mocking-bird trills in sweet, liquid notes his wonderful song. He
+mimics, too, many sounds he hears, and sometimes when caged will
+whistle tunes or say words. The mocker can crow or cackle like the
+chickens, or mew like the cat. Then he will whistle clear and loud
+till dogs or boys answer his call. When they find themselves fooled,
+it is said, he mimics a laugh.
+
+From April to July the birds are busy, nesting, feeding their
+families, or teaching them to fly. Many eggs never hatch, and some
+are destroyed by wild animals. Boys often rob a whole nest to have one
+little blown egg in their collections. Then again the mother is killed
+and her brood starves to death. When the parent birds are teaching the
+nestlings to fly, cats also catch the little ones. So you see the poor
+feathered things have many enemies.
+
+Let us try to protect the birds, and to let them live happy lives
+in freedom. Each one will thank you, either with sweet songs or with
+being a beautiful thing to see on land or ocean.
+
+[Illustration: YOUNG TOWHEE.]
+
+[Illustration: BABY YELLOW WARBLERS. From photographs by Elizabeth
+Grinnell.]
+
+
+
+
+OUR WILD ANIMALS
+
+
+Once upon a time, when the Spanish owned this state and called it
+their province of Alta California, there were great herds of antelope
+feeding on the grassy plains, and at every little stream elk and deer
+and big grizzly bears came down to drink. No fences had been built,
+and the wild animals had never heard a rifle-shot. Free and fearless
+they ranged valley and hillside, or made their dens in the thick
+brush, or "chaparral," as the Spanish called it.
+
+Indian hunters watched the paths over which these wild creatures
+travelled to water, and killed deer and antelope with their arrows.
+But these hunters were afraid of grizzly bears, for an arrow in Mr.
+Bear's thick hide only made him cross, and with one hug, or even a
+light blow from his paw, he could cripple the poor Indian. So in those
+early days the old bears came year after year, and carried off sheep
+and cattle. The simple folks did not even try to kill them. Indeed,
+many of the red men believed that very bad Indians were punished by
+being turned into grizzly bears when they died, and they would not
+hurt their brothers, they said.
+
+When Father Serra's Mission people were starving at Monterey, the
+Padre learned that at a place called Bear Valley near by, there were
+many grizzlies which the Indians would not kill. He sent Spanish
+soldiers there, and they shot so many bears that the hungry Mission
+family had meat enough to last till a ship came from Mexico with
+supplies.
+
+Of all flesh-eating animals this grizzly bear is the largest and
+strongest. He can knock down a bull with his great paws, or kill and
+carry off a horse. He can live on wild berries and acorns with grass
+and roots he digs out of the ground, yet fresh meat suits him best,
+and he prefers a calf, which he holds as a cat does a mouse.
+
+Nothing but stock was raised in California in those days so long
+ago, and cattle were counted by the thousands and sheep by tens of
+thousands. Then the grizzly and cinnamon, or brown, bear feasted all
+the time on stray calves and yearlings. Every spring and fall the
+cattle, which had roamed almost wild in the pastures, were "rounded
+up" by the cowboys, or vaqueros. After the work of picking out each
+ranchero's stock and branding the young cattle was over, the vaqueros
+thought it fine fun to lasso a bear,--some old fellow, perhaps,
+who had been helping himself to the calves. It is told that one big
+cinnamon bear, while quietly feeding on acorns, looked up to find
+three or four cow-boys on their ponies in a circle around him. They
+spurred the trembling ponies as close to him as they dared, and yelled
+at the tops of their voices. The great brute sat up on his haunches
+and faced them, growling and snarling. One vaquero sent his rope
+flying through the air, and the loop settled over a big, hairy fore
+paw. Then the bear dropped on all fours and made a jump at the pony,
+which got out of his reach. Another Mexican threw a lasso and caught
+the bear's hind foot; and as he sat up again a third noose dropped
+over the other fore paw. Then the poor trapped creature, growling,
+snarling, and rolling over and over, began a tug of war with the
+lariats and the ponies. Once a rope broke, and horse and rider tumbled
+in front of the bear. He made a quick, savage jump, but was pulled
+back by the other ropes. Then Mr. Bear sat up straight and tugged so
+hard that another lariat broke and sent the saddle and rider over the
+pony's head. With one sweep of his paw the bear smashed the saddle,
+but the cow-boy saved himself by running to an oak tree. At last Mr.
+Bear was getting the best of the fight so plainly, and had pulled the
+frightened ponies so near him, that the man who was thrown off ended
+the poor animal's struggles with a rifle-ball.
+
+A Chinese sheep-herder tells this funny story about a bear: "Me lun
+out, see what matta; me see sheep all bely much scared, bely much lun,
+bely much jump. Big black bear jump over fence, come light for me. Me
+so flighten me know nothin', then me scleam e-e-e-e so loud, and lun
+at bear till bear get scared too and lun away."
+
+A few grizzlies are still found in the Sierras, and black and brown
+bears are often seen with their playful little cubs. The small
+fellows are easily tamed and may be taught many tricks. They will live
+contentedly in a bear-pit, or even if chained up, and as most of you
+know, they like peanuts and pop-corn well enough to beg for them.
+
+The panther, or mountain-lion, is another large flesh-eating animal
+which makes his home in the thick woods conveniently neighboring the
+farmers' corrals and pastures. Not long ago a boy in Marin County,
+who was sent to look after some ponies, saw a big yellow dog, as he
+thought, "worrying" one of the colts. When he came nearer he found
+it was a wicked-looking, catlike creature, and knew it must be a
+California lion. He had nothing with him but a heavy whip. The panther
+left the wounded colt and crouched ready to spring at the boy, but he
+was on the alert and struck it a terrible blow across the eyes with
+his whip, and then another and another. Half-blinded and whining with
+pain, the panther turned tail and ran away, while the boy's pony,
+trembling and snorting with fright, galloped home with his brave
+rider.
+
+In one of the mountain counties a woman, hearing her chickens
+squawking one day at noon, ran out to find what seemed a big dog among
+them with a hen in his mouth. She rushed straight at him with a broom,
+when the animal turned. She found it was a great panther, who snarled
+and made ready to spring at her. As she screamed and started to run
+away, her foot slipped on a steep and muddy place, and she slid down
+the little hill right into the panther's face. He was so frightened
+that he jumped the fence and hurried to the woods.
+
+This great yellow cat is both savage and cowardly, and he has been
+known to follow a man walking through the woods, all day, yet he
+sneaked out of sight at every loud call the man gave. He chases deer
+and gets many small and helpless fawns, hunters say.
+
+Fur-hunting was once a profitable business for the Indians, who were
+clothed in bear and panther skins when the first white men came to
+California, and had many furs to trade or sell. The Indians trapped
+otters, beavers, and minks, and the squaws tanned the deer-hides to
+make buckskin shirts or leggings. Hunters and trappers still bring in
+these wild animals' furry coats after trips to the high mountains or
+untravelled woods, where the shy creatures try to live and be safe
+from their enemies.
+
+In early days herds of a very large deer, called elk, fed on the wild
+oats and grass. These elk had wide, branching horns measuring three
+or four feet from tip to tip. Only a few of them now survive in the
+redwood forests in the northern counties. There were plenty of them
+once where San Francisco now stands. Dana in his book called "Two
+Years Before the Mast," tells us that when his ship dropped anchor off
+the little village of Yerba Buena about sixty-seven years ago, he saw
+hundreds of red deer and elk with their branching antlers. They were
+running about on the hills, or standing still to look at the ship
+until the noise frightened them off. At that time the whole country
+was covered with thick trees and bushes where the wolf and coyote
+prowled, and the grizzly bear's track was seen everywhere.
+
+[Illustration: CALIFORNIA RED DEER. From a photograph by George V.
+Robinson.]
+
+There are plenty of deer in the redwoods now, and in the high
+Sierras are black-tailed and large mule-deer. In the woods round Mount
+Tamalpais timid red deer live, too. In winter, when it is cold and
+snowy in the northern counties of our state, these deer often come
+into the farmer's barnyard to nibble at the hay.
+
+There are still left in the mountains among the pines and snowy cliffs
+many mountain-sheep. These curious big-horned animals resemble both
+the elk and the sheep, and it is said they can jump from a high rock
+and land far below on their feet or heavy, twisted horns without being
+hurt in the least.
+
+Of all the great herds of graceful, fast-running antelope, once the
+most plentiful of our wild animals, only a very few can now be found
+on the eastern slopes of the Sierras.
+
+But Master Coyote, who might well be spared, so cruel and cowardly is
+he, still sneaks up and down the whole state, and his quick sharp bark
+gives notice that the rascal is ready to steal a chicken or a lamb if
+it is not protected. With his bushy tail and large head he is half fox
+and half wolf in appearance, and mean enough in habits to be both. He
+can outrun a dog and even a deer, and though he catches jack-rabbits
+and the Molly Cottontail usually for food, he would help his brother,
+the wolf, to kill a poor harmless sheep.
+
+This gray wolf is a savage creature and hides in the thick forests by
+day, slinking out at night to the nearest sheep corral or turkey-pen
+if he can find one unwatched by some faithful dog. His friend and
+neighbor, the fox, likes fat geese and chickens as well as birds,
+squirrels, and wood-rats. The queer raccoon lives in the redwoods and
+is often caught and kept in a cage or chained for a pet.
+
+Wildcats, both gray and yellow, are found in the thickly timbered
+parts of California, and the badger makes his home in the mountain
+ca�ons or pine woods. There, too, the curious porcupine dwells. He is
+covered with grayish white quills, which bristle out when he is angry
+or frightened. No old dog will touch this animal, for he knows better
+than to get a mouthful of sharp toothpicks by biting Mr. Porcupine,
+who is like a round pincushion with the pins pointing out. A dog who
+has never seen this prickly ball will dab at it, and have a sore paw
+to nurse for weeks after.
+
+Two or three kinds of tree-squirrels live in the pines and redwoods,
+the Douglas squirrel being well known in the mountains. The ground
+squirrel, or chipmunk, digs holes in the ground, where he hides his
+winter's store of grain and nuts.
+
+Three of our smaller wild animals are very common and very troublesome
+to the farmer. The skunk, which looks like a pretty black and white
+kitten with a bushy tail, and also the weasel, destroy all the
+chickens and eggs they can reach, and they are so cunning that it is
+hard to keep them out of the hen-house. That little pest, the gopher,
+we are all well acquainted with, since he gnaws the pinks and roses
+off at their roots in your city garden while his large family of
+brothers and sisters kill the farmer's fruit-trees and vines. The
+gopher digs long tunnels under ground, making storerooms here and
+there in these passages, which he fills with grass, roots, and seeds.
+In each cheek he has a pouch, or pocket, large enough to hold nearly a
+handful of grain, so the little rascal carries his stores very easily.
+The traps and poison by which the farmer is always trying to make way
+with him, he is sly enough to let alone. His greatest foe is the
+cat, which watches patiently at the hole where the destructive little
+fellow is digging and usually catches him. A mother cat will sometimes
+bring in two or three gophers a day to her kittens.
+
+
+
+
+IN SALT WATER AND FRESH
+
+
+Tom and Retta Ransom were two of the happiest children in the state,
+I believe, when told that their summer vacation was to be spent at
+Catalina Island. To see the wonderful fish that swim in those warm,
+Southern waters, to watch them through the glass-bottomed boat, to
+dip out funny sea-flowers with a net, or catch the pretty kingfish and
+perhaps a "yellowtail,"--why, they could talk of nothing else!
+
+How they skipped and danced and chattered about the trip! At
+last Mamma said, "Well, everything is packed and ready, and we go
+to-morrow." Then what fun it was to stand on the steamer's deck and
+sail "right out through the Golden Gate," as Retta said. The big
+green billows of the Pacific Ocean caught the boat as she crossed the
+outside bar and tossed salt spray almost into their faces. Little the
+children cared for the drops of water, for they were so glad to be
+off on their trip and to say good-by to San Francisco's summer fog and
+cold winds for a time.
+
+And there on Seal Rocks, near the Cliff House, were the seals, or
+rather sea-lions, clumsy creatures like black rubber sacks with
+fins, or flippers, and a head. Some were lying in the sun and others
+crawling up the steep, wet rocks. Those highest up were asleep and
+quiet, but most of them kept barking or growling as they tried to find
+a sunny place to bask in. Sometimes when frightened these sea-lions
+will pitch headlong from high rocks into the ocean and dive out of
+sight at once. Mrs. Ransom said she remembered seeing one that was
+kept for years in a salt-water tank, and that, although they seem so
+clumsy, this sea-lion jumped so quick that he caught a fish thrown to
+him before it touched the water. Once fur-seals were in great numbers
+off our coast, and lived on the rocks as these sea-lions now do. But
+Indians, or later on white hunters, killed them, or drove them up
+north where the crack of the rifle is not heard.
+
+On to the south the steamer sailed through the foaming waters, and as
+Tom stood watching the white-capped waves go dancing by, he saw, two
+or three times, a black fin come up, and then another. At last a man
+said, "Look at the porpoises playing." Tom screamed with delight as
+they jumped and chased each other till their black, shiny backs were
+clear out of water. These fish are sometimes called sea-hogs and are
+five or six feet long. Either to get their food of small fish, or in
+play, they keep swimming and diving near the tops of the breakers.
+Fishermen catch them with a strong hook and use the thick, leathery
+skin for straps or strings, while they try oil out of their blubber or
+fat.
+
+All that day and night the boat kept steadily on her way, and the next
+morning they were in Santa Barbara Channel. It was so pleasant sailing
+on this summer sea in the soft, warm sunshine that even the sea-sick
+ladies felt better and came on deck. Mamma agreed with the children
+that the steamer trip was much nicer than the hot, dusty cars. Just
+then some one called, "See the whale," and looking quick Tom and Retta
+saw what seemed a fountain of water rising high in the air about half
+a mile away. Soon another went up, and two or three more, for the
+gray hump-backed whales like this stretch of smooth bay. They are
+warm-blooded animals and not fish at all, so they must come to the top
+of the waves for air to breathe. The air and water spout out through
+"blow-holes" on top of the whale's head, and rise like steam in the
+colder air. The children's mother told them that the whale is the
+largest of all animals, and that it lives on little jellyfish. It swims
+with its great mouth wide open and catches all the tiny sea creatures
+in its path. A fringe of whalebone hangs down from the roof of the
+whale's mouth, and he strains the water out through this and swallows
+the fish. As the boat went on, the children said, "There she blows,"
+as the sailors do when they see whales spouting in the distance.
+
+[Illustration: LEAPING TUNA.]
+
+[Illustration: BLACK SEA BASS.]
+
+Late that night the steamer got to San Pedro, and you may be sure Tom
+and Retta were up early the next morning. As they came off the
+boat, there was a crowd of people on the wharf who were pulling in
+"yellow-tail" as fast as they dropped their lines. This fine fish is
+a little like a big salmon, but with golden-yellow fins and tail. Its
+body is greenish gray, with spots of the prettiest rainbow colors,
+which grow brighter as the fish dies. These fish bite easily, but as
+soon as caught begin to rush back and forth, fighting and trying to
+snap the line.
+
+The children here took a smaller steamer for the twenty-mile trip
+across to Catalina Island, and on the way over they saw a whole
+"school" of whales and a flight of flying-fishes. Yes, really and
+truly, these little fish fly or sail through the air, for their fins
+balance them like a parachute. They skim along ten or twelve feet
+above the waves, and then drop in the water to rest, taking another
+flight whenever their enemies, the porpoises, chase them.
+
+How happy the children were to land at the little town of Avalon, and
+to know that they were to have a month at this beautiful place! They
+hurried down to the beach and their first choice of amusements was the
+glass-bottomed boat. These boats have "water-telescopes," which are
+only clear glass set in boxed-in places. The glass seems to make the
+ripples still, so that you can look down, down to the bottom of the
+ocean, twenty or thirty feet below you.
+
+The boatman rowed the children out in the bay, where the water, now
+green, now blue, was always clear as crystal. On the rocks and sand
+at the bottom starfish and crabs crawled slowly along or clung to some
+stone. The purple sea-urchins, queer round-shelled creatures covered
+with thorny spines, crowded together, and the ugly toad-fish hid
+in the green and brown seaweeds. Blue, purple, and rainbow-colored
+jellyfish floated on top of the waters, while gold perch with red
+and green sunfish swam through the seaweed "like parrots in some hot
+country's woods," Retta thought. In the shallow places on the rocks
+those curious sea-flowers, the anemones, looked like pink or green
+cactus blossoms. The children never tired of the water-telescope in
+all their stay at the island.
+
+At night the warm ocean waters seemed on fire, since they are full
+of very tiny, soft-bodied creatures, each of which gives out a faint,
+glowing light. Every day the fishermen brought in new and strange
+fishes. The black sea-bass, heavier than the fisherman himself and
+longer than he was tall, were wonderful, and they could hardly believe
+that such big fish were caught with a rod and line.
+
+But the leaping tuna pleased Tom the most, since he thought it such
+fun to watch them jump into the air like silver arrows after the
+flying-fish. Not so large as the black bass, the tunas are strong
+enough to tow a boat along when running with a hook. One will drag a
+heavy launch through the water as if a tug had hold of it, and
+will fight for hours, rushing and plunging till tired out. Then the
+fisherman pulls him up to the boat and ends his struggles.
+
+Tom and Retta were fond of watching the curious fish and sea-plants
+in the glass aquarium tanks on shore also, but their happiest time was
+when they gathered shells on the beach. They never found out the names
+of more than those of the limpet, turban, and scallop, though they
+picked up baskets full of tiny pink and white beauties, all frail and
+of many kinds. These shells were once the homes of sea mollusks,
+as such soft, fleshy creatures are called. But to Tom and Retta the
+shells were only pretty playthings, to be doll's dishes, or cups, or
+pincushions, perhaps.
+
+One morning some fishermen saw a shark, and no one dared to go in
+bathing for a few days. This great, savage, "man-eater" shark does not
+often come north of the Gulf of California. Sometimes small ones are
+caught with a hook and line off Catalina Island, and Tom was always
+glad to see such sea-tigers destroyed.
+
+Of course the children did not want to go home, till at last Mrs.
+Ransom explained to them that in the ocean and bay near San Francisco
+there were odd fish and strange animals too. And so it turned out, for
+in a day's fishing over at Sausalito Tom caught many silver smelt and
+tomcod, with flat, ugly flounders, and a red, big-eyed rock-cod. The
+frightened boy almost fell out of the boat, too, when he pulled in a
+large sting-ray, or "stingaree," as the boatman called it. This queer
+three-sided fish, with a sharp, bony sting in its back, flopped round
+till the man cut the hook out, knocked its head till it was no longer
+able to bite, and threw it overboard. These rays have to be fenced out
+of the oyster-beds along the bay, since they have big mouths full
+of such strong teeth that they crush an oyster, shell and all, and
+destroy every one they can reach.
+
+Oysters are grown in great quantities in the oyster-beds along the bay
+shore. The largest size, which are called "transplanted," are brought
+from the East as very small or baby oysters and dropped into shallow
+water, where they cling to rocks or brush-piles till grown.
+
+Tom also caught a perch, and clinging to it as he drew in his line
+was a large, hard-shelled, long-clawed crab. Tom put the crab in the
+basket, knowing well what delicious white meat was in the fellow's
+legs and back.
+
+Clams that burrow deep in the mud and may be found at low tide,
+by digging where their tell-tale bubble of air arises, and the odd
+shrimps, so good to eat, the children already knew about. Chinese
+fishermen catch shrimps in nets, dry them on the hillsides, and send
+both dry meat and shells to China. They dry the meat of the abalone
+also, and use the beautiful shells, which you have no doubt seen, for
+carving into curios, or making into jewellery.
+
+A salt-water creature very destructive to shipping and the wharves is
+the teredo, or ship-worm. This brown inch-long worm lives in wood
+that is always under water, such as the bottoms of ships and the round
+piles you see at the wharves. He hollows or bores out winding tunnels
+in the wood with the sharp edge of his shell until the piles crumble
+to pieces. This small animal would finally destroy the largest wooden
+ship if sheets of copper were not put on the sides and keel to protect
+it.
+
+When Retta saw Tom's basket of fish she said, "Well, I think the
+fresh-water fishes much prettier. I am sure the rainbow and Dolly
+Varden trout with their bright-colored spots, which we saw up in the
+Truckee River and the mountain lakes last summer, were better to look
+at and to eat than these sea monsters." Tom laughed and said, "Oh,
+that was because you helped to catch some of those. Do you remember
+the big black-spotted trout we saw in Lake Tahoe? And the little
+speckled fellows we caught in that clear creek in the redwoods, and
+how we wrapped them in wet paper and cooked them at our camp-fire?
+I wish we could go up to the McCloud River, though, and see the baby
+trout in the fish hatchery there."
+
+So their mother told them that the tiny trout eggs were kept in
+troughs with clear, cold water running over them till they hatched
+out. Then the little things, not half as long as a pin, were placed in
+large tin cans and sent to stock brooks and lakes, and in a year or so
+they grew big enough to catch.
+
+The most valuable of our food-fishes is the salmon, a large
+silvery-sided salt-water fish that takes fresh-water journeys too.
+For they swim up the rivers every year to lay their eggs in the clear,
+cold streams, knowing, perhaps, that the salmon-fry, as the young are
+called, will have fewer enemies away from the ocean. The salmon go
+over a hundred miles up to the McCloud River to spawn, and will jump
+or leap up small falls or rapids in their way. Indians spear many of
+them, but a number go back to the ocean again. Thousands and thousands
+of ocean salmon are caught along the northern coast and taken to
+the canneries. There the fish are put into cans and cooked, and when
+sealed up are sent all over the world. California salmon is eaten from
+Iceland to India, and its preparation and sale give employment to many
+people.
+
+[Illustration: HUMPBACK WHALE (57 feet long).]
+
+[Illustration: TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE.]
+
+
+
+
+ABOUT CALIFORNIA'S INDIANS
+
+
+When the Spanish and English first landed on this part of the New
+World's coast, they found the Indians who dwelt inland almost naked,
+and living like wild animals on roots and seeds and acorns. The tribes
+along the seashore, however, were good hunters and fishermen, and
+those Indians along the Santa Barbara Channel and the islands near
+by were a tall, fine-looking people, and the most intelligent of the
+race. They had large houses and canoes, and clothed themselves in
+sealskins.
+
+The Indians Drake saw near Point Reyes had fur coats, or cloaks, but
+no other clothes. They brought him presents of shell money or wampum,
+and of feather head-dresses and baskets. With their bows and arrows
+they killed fish or deer or squirrels, and being very strong ran
+swiftly after game. They seemed gentle and peaceable with the white
+men and each other, and were sorry to have Drake sail away.
+
+In later years the Indians who lived here when the Mission Padres came
+were stupid and brutish, because they knew nothing better. They were
+lazy, dirty, and at first would not work. But the patient Padres
+taught them to raise grain and fruit, to build their fine churches,
+to weave cloth and blankets, and to tan leather for shoes, saddles,
+or harness. But although the Indians learned to be good workmen,
+they liked idleness, dancing, and feasting much better, and when the
+Missions were given up the Indians soon went back to their former
+habits.
+
+There were no distinct tribes among these Indians, and they had no
+laws. Nor was there a king or chief over many natives. They lived
+in small villages or rancherias, each having a name and ruled by a
+captain. Each rancheria had its special place to hunt or fish, and had
+to fight its own battles with the other families of Indians.
+
+The men did nothing but hunt and fish, or make bows, stone
+arrow-heads, nets and traps for game. The women not only had to gather
+grass seeds, acorns, and nuts or berries, but they had to do all the
+field-work and carry the heavy burdens, usually with a baby strapped
+in its basket above the load. In preparing food for cooking, these
+mahalas, or squaws, put seed or acorns in a stone mortar and pounded
+them to coarse meal or paste. Sometimes a grass-woven basket was
+filled with water, and hot stones were thrown in till the water began
+to boil. Then acorn or seed meal was put in and cooked into mush. This
+meal, or that from wild oats, was also mixed into a dough and baked on
+hot stones into bread. Game or fish was eaten raw, or broiled a little
+on the coals of the camp-fire.
+
+The Indians got many deer, and one way of hunting them was to put the
+head and hide of a deer over the hunter's head. The make-believe then
+crept along in the high grass till near enough to the quietly feeding
+animals to put an arrow through one or more. All the streams were
+full of fish then, and salmon swarmed in rivers that ran to the ocean.
+These salmon the Indians speared or shot with arrows. They also built
+runways or fish-weirs and made them so that the fish would become
+crowded into a narrow passage, and could easily be dipped out with
+nets or baskets.
+
+When the Americans came here they called these Indians "Diggers,"
+because they lived on what they could dig or root out of the ground.
+They were very fond of grasshoppers, and ate them either dried or
+raw, or made into a soup with acorn or nut-meal. Fat grubworms and
+the flesh of any animal found dead was a great treat. If a whale or
+sea-lion was washed ashore on the beach, the Indians gathered round it
+for a feast, and soon left only the bones.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WOMAN WITH PAPPOOSE.]
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WOMAN WITH BASKETS.]
+
+But they had no idea of saving food, so they fattened when there was
+plenty, and starved when dry years made the acorns or nuts scarce.
+Having no salt, they did not try to dry or smoke the meat of deer or
+other wild animals. Nor did they at first lay up nuts and seeds, as
+even the squirrels or woodpeckers do, for winter use. But wandering
+from place to place, they camped in the summer along the rivers, where
+fish was plenty and the wild oats gave them grain. In the fall they
+hunted pine-nuts and berries in the mountains, till snow drove them
+down into the valleys.
+
+Each Indian town, or rancheria, had a name, and many of these names
+are still in use. At the north lived the Klamaths, Siskiyous, Shastas,
+and the savage Modocs, whose months of fighting in the lava beds
+caused the death of General Canby and many soldiers. The Porno tribes
+of Lake county, Yrekas, Hoopas, and Ukiahs, are well known at the
+present day. Tehama, Colusa, Tuolumne, Yosemite, and other places
+recall the Indians who gave each its name. The San Diego Indians are
+still known as Diegue�os and live on a reserve, or lands set aside for
+them.
+
+Almost all the natives had Indian money, called wampum, which they
+made from abalone or clam-shells by cutting out round pieces like
+buttons or small, hollow beads. Little shells were also used, and the
+wampum was strung on grass or on deer sinews. The Pomos still make
+thousands of pieces of this money, and so many strings of it will buy
+whatever the buck, or Indian man, and his mahala, or squaw, wish to
+get.
+
+General Bidwell, who came to California in 1841 and surveyed the land
+for many ranches, says of the Indians at that time:--
+
+"They were almost as wild as deer, and wore no clothes at all except
+the women, who had tule aprons fastened to a belt round their waists.
+In the rough work of surveying among brush and briars I gave the men
+shoes, pantaloons, and shirts, which they would take off when work
+was done, carry home in their hands, and put on in time to go to work
+again. But they soon learned to sleep in their new things to save
+trouble, and would wear them day and night till a suit dropped to
+pieces. They were quick to do as the whites did, and when paid in
+calico and cloth Saturday night, by Monday they had on their new
+skirts or shirts all made up like ours. Yet every Indian would choose
+beads for his wages, and go almost naked and hungry till the next
+pay-day."
+
+General Bidwell treated the Indians honestly and kindly, and in return
+they were his friends and helped him much to his advantage. In 1847 he
+settled on the great Rancho Chico, and part of his land he gave to the
+Mechoopdas, as the Indian rancheria there was called. They worked to
+plant orchards and at all his farm-work, and he treated them so fairly
+that old men are still living on this ranch who as boys helped the
+general in his tree-planting and road-building. A whole village of
+these Mechoopdas live on the Bidwell place owning their houses, while
+Mrs. Bidwell is their best friend and helps them in sickness and
+trouble. The men work in the hop fields and fruit orchards, and the
+women make baskets.
+
+All the California Indians are basket-makers, and their work is so
+well done and so beautiful that it is much prized. The Pomos of Lake
+and Mendocino counties make especially fine baskets for every purpose.
+Indeed, the Indian papoose, or baby, is cradled in a basket on his
+mother's back; he drinks and eats from cup or bowl-shaped baskets, and
+the whole family sleep under a great wicker tent basket thatched
+with grass or tules. All Pomo baskets are woven on a frame of willow
+shoots, and in and out through this the mahala draws tough grasses or
+fine tree roots dyed in different colors, and after the pattern she
+chooses. Sometimes she works into the baskets the quail's crest, small
+red or yellow feathers from the woodpecker, green from the head of the
+mallard duck, or beads. She also hangs wampum or bits of abalone shell
+on the finest ones. The storage baskets are four or five feet high to
+hold grain or acorns, and the baskets to fit the back and carry a
+load are like half a cone in shape, with straps to hold the burden
+in place. Their smaller berry baskets hold just a quart. Some are
+water-tight and are used to cook mush in. Fish-traps and long narrow
+basket-traps for quail are also made out of this willow-work.
+
+On the Bidwell ranch is an old Indian "temescal," or sweat-house. It
+is an underground hut, or cave dug out of a hillside, with a hole in
+the top for smoke to reach the air. The Indians used to build a big
+fire in this cave and then lie round it till dripping with sweat. A
+cold plunge into the creek near by finished the bath,--Turkish, we
+call it. Nowadays the Indians use this place for a meeting-room and
+for dances.
+
+The older Indians still dance and rig out in all their finery of
+feathers and beads, though the young people are ashamed of their
+tribal customs and wish to be like the white folks. Some of their
+dances are named for a bird or animal, and the Indians must imitate by
+their dress and cries the animal chosen. In the bear dance the dancer
+crawls about the fire on all fours with a bear's skin about him. He
+wears a chain of oak-balls round his neck, and as he shakes his head
+these rattle like a bear's teeth snapping shut, while all the time he
+growls savagely. The feather-dancer, with a skirt and cap of eagles'
+feathers, will whirl on his toes like a top for hours, while the other
+Indians sing and the master of the dance shakes a large rattle.
+
+The California Indians are slowly passing away, and though all over
+the state there are still rancherias, the land that was once their
+very own will soon know them no more.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF SAN FRANCISCO
+
+
+The Mission and Presidio of San Francisco were founded in 1776 by
+Father Palou, and two little settlements grew up around the fort and
+at the church. The Presidio was built where it is now, and ships used
+to anchor in the bay in front of it, though the whalers usually went
+to Sausalito to get wood from the hills and to fill their water-casks
+at a large spring. From early Mission times the Spanish name of Yerba
+Buena was given to that part of San Francisco's peninsula between
+Black Point and Rincon Point. Ship-captains and sailors soon found out
+that the cove or bay east of Yerba Buena was the best and least windy
+place to anchor their vessels, and later on hundreds of ships found
+a safe harbor there. The name Yerba Buena, or good herb, was given
+on account of a little creeping vine with sweet-smelling leaves which
+covered the ground and is still found on the sand-dunes and Presidio
+hills.
+
+For many years the small settlements made no progress, and the rest
+of the peninsula was covered with thick woods, where the grizzly bear,
+wolf, and coyote roamed, while deer were plenty at the Presidio. Then
+in 1835 Governor Figueroa, the Mexican ruler of California, directed
+that a new town should be started at Yerba Buena cove. The first
+street, called the "foundation-street," was laid out from Pine and
+Kearny streets, as they are called to-day, to North Beach. The first
+house was built by Captain Richardson on what is now Dupont Street,
+between Clay and Washington. The next year a trader named Jacob Leese
+built a store. It was finished on the Fourth of July, and in honor of
+the day he gave a feast and a fandango, or dance, at which the company
+danced that night and all the next day. This was the first Fourth
+celebrated in the place.
+
+Two or three years later a new survey laid out streets between
+Broadway and California, Montgomery and Powell. A fresh-water lagoon,
+or lake, was near the present corner of Montgomery and Sacramento,
+and an Indian temescal, or sweat-house, beside it. The bay came up
+to Montgomery Street then, with five feet of water at Sansome, and
+mudflats to the east. During the gold excitement of '49, when hundreds
+of ships dropped anchor in the bay, many sailors deserted to go to the
+mines, and some of the old vessels were hauled in on these mud-flats
+and made into storehouses. All that part of the city east of
+Montgomery Street is filled or made ground, and when new buildings are
+to be started wooden piles or cement piers must go down to get a firm
+foundation.
+
+Until 1846 only about thirty families lived at Yerba Buena. Then a
+shipload of Mormon emigrants arrived and pitched their tents in the
+sand-hills. Samuel Brannan, their leader, printed the first newspaper,
+_The California Star_, in '47. That year also the first alcalde, or
+mayor, of the new town, Lieutenant Bartlett, appointed an engineer
+named O'Farrell to lay out more streets. He surveyed Market Street and
+mapped down blocks as far west on the sand-dunes as Taylor Street and
+to Rincon Point or South Beach. He gave the names of such well-known
+men as Kearny, Stockton, Larkin, Guerrero, and Geary to these streets.
+Mission Street was the road to the Mission Dolores, and about this
+time Bartlett ordered that the Presidio, the Mission, and Yerba Buena
+should be one town and should be called San Francisco.
+
+Then came the gold fever, and nearly every one left town to go to the
+mines. Many people sold all they had to get money to buy mining tools
+and food enough to live on till they struck gold. Men started for the
+mines, leaving their houses and stores alone with no one to care for
+goods or furniture.
+
+But news of the finding of gold had reached other places, and soon
+ships from the Atlantic coast, Mexico, and all over the world
+began sailing into San Francisco Bay. In '49 the first steamer, the
+_California_, arrived from New York, and soon five thousand people
+were in San Francisco, where most of the supplies for the gold-fields
+had to be bought. Many of the newcomers lived in canvas tents or
+brush-covered shanties scattered about in the high sand-hills or in
+the thick chaparral. Some houses were built of adobe bricks, and the
+two-story frame Parker House was thought to be so fine that it rented
+for fifteen thousand dollars a month. Some wooden houses were brought
+out from the East in numbered pieces, like children's blocks, to be
+put together here, and others thought to be fireproof were of iron
+plates made in the East.
+
+The first public school was opened in '48 and in the same building
+church services were held Sundays. The first post-office was in a
+store at the corner of Washington and Montgomery streets in '49. By
+1850 the city had five square miles of land that had been cut down
+from sand-hills or filled in on the mud-flats. The houses along the
+city-front were built on piles, and the tide ebbed and flowed under
+them. Long wharves for the unloading of ships ran out into deep water.
+At Jackson and Battery streets a ship was used for a storehouse, and
+after the earth was filled in this stranded vessel was left standing
+among the houses. On Clay and Sansome streets the old hulk _Niantic_
+had a hotel upon her decks, and the first city prison was in the hold
+of the brig _Euphemia_.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN BASKETS.]
+
+While most of the miners were steady, hard-working men, honest, and
+very kind and generous to each other, some drank and gambled their
+hard-earned gold-dust away with a get of men who were ready to do any
+wrong thing for money. The gamblers and bad characters grew so
+troublesome by '51 that the police could do little or nothing with
+them. Every day some one was robbed, or murdered, and thieves often
+set fire to houses that they might plunder. As the judges and police
+could not control these criminals, nearly two hundred good citizens
+formed a "vigilance committee." It was agreed that bad characters
+should be told to leave town, and that robbers and murderers should
+be punished by the committee. Not long after, the vigilance committee
+hanged four men, and roughs and law-breakers left town for the mines.
+Men soon learned to keep the laws and do right.
+
+Since almost all the houses in San Francisco were light frames of wood
+covered with cloth or paper, and since there was no fire department,
+there were six great fires, each of which nearly burnt up the town.
+The only way to stop the flames was to pull down houses or to blow
+them up with gunpowder. But almost before the ashes of one fire had
+cooled, wooden, cloth and paper buildings would cover whole blocks, to
+be burned again before long. The fifth great fire, in '51, destroyed a
+thousand houses and ten million dollars' worth of property in a night.
+One warehouse containing many barrels of vinegar was saved by covering
+the roof with blankets dipped in the vinegar, as no water could be
+had. The iron houses that had been thought fire-proof were of no use.
+Men who stayed in them found too late that the iron doors swelled with
+the heat and could not be opened, so that those within were smothered
+to death.
+
+Then people began to guard against such fires by building new houses
+of stone or of brick. The sixth great fire destroyed most of the
+wooden buildings in the business part of the city. After that,
+with two or three fire companies and engines and better houses,
+people no longer dreaded the fire-bell. Water was piped into the city
+from Mountain Lake, and there was plenty for all purposes.
+
+[Illustration: SEAL ROCKS, SAN FRANCISCO.]
+
+[Illustration: THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO.]
+
+So the city grew larger, until in '53 there were fifty thousand people
+of all races and countries who called San Francisco home. Chinese and
+Japanese, the Mexican, African, Pacific Islander, Greek, or Turk, or
+Malay elbowed crowds of Americans, English, French, and Germans. It
+was said that any foreigner could find in the city those who spoke his
+language, and that gold was a word all knew.
+
+The largest yield of gold from the mines was in '53, and the next
+year was a poor year for the miners. They bought fewer goods in San
+Francisco, and the storekeepers found business falling off. Too many
+houses had been built, so rents went down and times were hard for
+a year or two. In '55 there were many bank failures, and business
+troubles of all kinds made the people restless, and roughs and
+murderers carried a strong hand. Then the "law and order party," as
+the vigilance committee was at that time called, began once more
+the task of punishing those who robbed or killed. A list of criminal
+offenders was made out, and such were sent away from the state.
+One excellent result of the vigilance committee's labors was that a
+"people's party," as it was called, chose the best men to govern the
+city, and for years after peace and order were in San Francisco.
+
+In '54 the city was lighted with gas for the first time, at a cost of
+fifteen dollars a thousand feet. In that year also the mint began to
+coin money from gold-dust, making five, ten and twenty-dollar pieces.
+Lone Mountain Cemetery was laid out about this time, and the old Yerba
+Buena graveyard, where the City Hall now stands, was closed.
+
+San Francisco had, for some years, trouble about titles to property,
+owing to false or defective land-grants given by the Mexicans. Men
+tried to take possession of lots they had no real claim to by building
+a shanty on the ground and squatting there, and the "squatter troubles"
+between such land thieves and the rightful owners caused lawsuits and
+shooting affairs. A land commission finally settled these disputes,
+throwing out all the false claims and giving titles to the proper
+persons.
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE TEA GARDEN, SAN FRANSISCO.]
+
+The little village of Yerba Buena has now grown to be the largest
+city on the Pacific coast and one that is known the world over. It is
+widely and justly celebrated as the centre of great manufacturing
+and shipping interests, for its fine buildings, its climate, and its
+beautiful surroundings. San Francisco Bay, the harbor the Franciscans
+named for their patron saint, is noted for its picturesque scenery.
+Golden Gate Park, with its thousand acres of trees and lawn and
+flowers stretching out to the Pacific Ocean, the famous Cliff House,
+and the Golden Gate, through which so many Argonauts sailed into
+California, are the most attractive and best known places.
+
+
+
+
+MEN CALIFORNIA REMEMBERS
+
+
+Many pages of this book might be filled with California's roll of
+honor,--with that long list of men whose names are remembered whenever
+the state's history is recalled.
+
+Explorers, Mission-builders, Argonauts, and pioneers were the men who
+helped to make California the fair state you know and live in. From
+the first day of the Spanish discoveries on this shore of the Pacific
+Ocean, we find brave and great men who gave their best efforts, and
+sometimes their lives, for California.
+
+Let us head our brief list with Cortes, the name-giver, who dreamed
+long years of the golden land he was never to see. Then Cabrillo, the
+sea-king whom San Diego people honor every year because he found their
+bay and first set foot on California's ground. Next comes the bold
+Englishman, Sir Admiral Francis Drake, who intended that his queen,
+Elizabeth, should have this Indian kingdom, as he believed it to
+be. The stone Prayer-book Cross, in Golden Gate Park, was put up to
+commemorate the service of prayer and psalms, offered at Drake's Bay
+by Fletcher, the minister on the Admiral's ship.
+
+Good Father Serra, the founder of the Missions, his friend
+and brother-priest Father Palou of San Francisco, and their
+fellow-laborers Crespi and Lasuen, helped in the work of building
+churches and teaching the Indians. Governor Portola, the first Spanish
+ruler of Alta California, assisted the Padres, and also found San
+Francisco Bay. Lieutenant Ayala, however, sailed the first ship, the
+_San Carlos_, through the Golden Gate. Another governor, de Neve,
+founded San Jos� and Los Angeles, and wrote a set of laws for the two
+Californias of his time. That wise ruler, Governor Borica, ordered
+schools opened and tried to get the Indians to farm their lands and to
+raise hemp and flax.
+
+Many of the old Spanish settlers and explorers have left us their
+names, though they are themselves forgotten, as Martinez, Amador,
+Castro, Bodega, and countless others plainly show. The Englishmen
+Livermore, Gilroy and Mark West, those early settlers, Temple and Rice
+at Los Angeles, Yount and Pope of Napa Valley, Don Timoteo Murphy of
+San Rafael, and Lassen the Dane, for whom Lassen's Peak was named,
+were among those who came here before 1830.
+
+Governor Figueroa, called the "benefactor of Alta California" ordered
+the Missions to be given up to the Indians. By directing that the
+town of Yerba Buena should be laid out, he also is remembered as the
+founder of San Francisco. Richardson, who carried out the governor's
+orders, was the first settler and Leese built the first frame-house of
+San Francisco.
+
+In Governor Alvarado's time many Americans came to the new country,
+although Alvarado and General Vallejo tried hard to keep them out.
+Vallejo was then the military commander, and had headquarters at
+Sonoma, where he had an adobe fort and a few soldiers to protect the
+Mission of Solano. Here General Vallejo was living with his Indian and
+Californian settlers when the place was taken by Ide, the leader
+of the "bear-flag party." Vallejo, set free when the short-lived
+"bear-flag republic" went to pieces, lived many years at Sonoma. He
+was afterwards a member of the first legislature. He tried hard in
+1851 to have the state capital at Vallejo; but he failed, for he did
+not keep his agreement to put up buildings for government use.
+
+A man well known in the early days was John Sutter, a Swiss, who built
+a fort and settled where Sacramento now stands. He called his colony
+New Helvetia, and soon had about three hundred Indians at work for
+him. Some of the men were carpenters, blacksmiths, and farmers, while
+the women wove blankets or a coarse cloth. His fort enclosed about an
+acre of ground, with an adobe wall twenty feet high. A large gate was
+shut every night to keep safe those inside this walled fort. You have
+read that Marshall, who found gold, was building a sawmill for Sutter
+when he picked up the precious yellow nuggets. Sutter and Marshall
+quarrelled at last about the ownership of the mill at Coloma, where
+the pieces of gold were picked up. Marshall died a poor man, unhappy
+and neglected by the state, which has since put a costly bronze statue
+over his grave.
+
+Sutter was very active in the Micheltorena war, when Governor
+Micheltorena was defeated and put out of office by Alvarado and
+Castro.
+
+The last of the Mexican governors, Pio Pico, tried his best to
+prevent the rush of Americans into his country, but though Castro,
+the military commander, helped him, the Americans came and stayed. And
+both Pico and Castro with their soldiers were driven out of California
+at last by Fremont and Stockton.
+
+General Fremont, the "path-finder," who could easily find the best way
+through a wilderness and could make maps or roads for others to
+follow him, is a striking figure in California history. He made three
+exploring trips to this coast, Kit Carson, the famous hunter and
+trapper, being his guide and scout. From the Oregon line to San Diego,
+Fremont knew the country. He was a brave Indian fighter and helped to
+capture California from Mexico. Fremont was appointed governor of the
+new territory by Stockton, and was the first senator from California
+representing the state in Congress. In 1848 Fremont sent a map of the
+country to Congress, and on it named the strait at the entrance to
+San Francisco Bay the Golden Gate. He was, therefore, the first to use
+this beautiful name now known the world over. His wife, Jessie Benton
+Fremont, is still living in Los Angeles.
+
+Commodore Sloat, who raised the American flag at Monterey, and
+Commodore Stockton were United States naval officers who helped to
+conquer the Mexican and Indian forces with the aid of Fremont and
+General Kearny. These four men won the land of gold for the Union.
+
+General John Bidwell, another "path-finder," who in 1841 led the first
+party of white men over the Sierras, lived to be over eighty years of
+age. He saw the state, once a wilderness where naked Digger Indians
+chased elk and antelope, grow to a pleasant land of orchards and
+vineyards, of great cities full of people. General Bidwell was for a
+time in Sutter's employ, and surveyed nearly all the large ranches
+and the roads in early days. All his life he planted trees and built
+roads, and at his great Rancho Chico is one of the largest orchards in
+the state. Part of his life-work was to help a tribe of savage Indians
+to be good American citizens, and as one of the fathers of California
+he should always be remembered.
+
+Many notable names appear in the days when the finding of gold brought
+this shore of the Pacific Ocean before the eyes of the world. Among
+these are Gwin, who was chosen senator with Fremont; Larkin, widely
+known as the first and last American Consul to California and for his
+accounts of the gold discovery; and Halleck, first secretary of the
+state and afterward General Halleck.
+
+The streets of San Francisco honor some of the citizens of 1848 and
+1849: Geary, the first postmaster; Leavenworth and Hyde, the first
+alcaldes or mayors; Van Ness, Broderick, Turk, and McAllister,
+recalling prominent men of those days. Spanish families like Sanchez,
+Castro, Noe, Bernal, and Guerrero had also a place on the city map.
+Indeed, every town has some native Californian names in and around it.
+
+Don Victor Castro, said to be the first white child born in San
+Francisco, died lately at San Pablo in the house he had built sixty
+years ago. He was called the last of the Spanish grandees, those dons
+who, before the Gringos came, had estates that stretched miles away
+on every hand, and thousands of cattle with many Indian servants. Don
+Victor built and ran the first ferry across San Francisco Bay.
+
+Sacramento was laid out as a town for Sutter by three lieutenants of
+the U.S. army: Warner, who was afterwards killed by Indians; Ord,
+who was a general in the Civil War, while the third, in after years
+"marched through Georgia" as General Sherman. Marysville was also laid
+out by Sutter, and Stockton by Weber, who owned all the land around
+it.
+
+In 1849 Doctor Gregg and his party found Humboldt Bay. In 1851
+Yosemite Valley was discovered by Major Savage and a company of
+soldiers, who were out hunting hostile Indians. This band of Indians
+was called the Yosemites, and their old chief's name was Tenaya, for
+whom the beautiful lake is named.
+
+Those who came to California before 1850 were called pioneers, and
+many of them built up great fortunes. Among them were Coleman, the
+president of the vigilance committee, Sharon, Flood, Fair, O'Brien,
+Tevis, Phelan, and James Lick. Lick was a remarkable man, who gave
+away an immense fortune; building the Lick Observatory, a school of
+mechanical arts, free public baths, an old ladies' home, and giving
+a million to the Academy of Science and the Society of California
+Pioneers.
+
+In later days the names crowd thickly upon each other. Among editors
+and literary men the fearless and ill-fated James King of the _Evening
+Bulletin_, J. Ross Browne, the reporter of the first convention and a
+most interesting writer, Derby the humorist, "Caxton" or W.H. Rhodes,
+Mark Twain, Bret Harte, the historians Hittell and Bancroft, and the
+poet Joaquin Miller may be noted.
+
+The governors of the state have been men remarkable as brilliant
+speakers or lawyers and as wise rulers. In 1875, during the time of
+Pacheco, the first native-born governor, the order of "Native Sons of
+the Golden West" was formed, which now numbers over ten thousand young
+California men. The "Native Daughters," a sister society, follows also
+the idea of keeping the love of California warm in the hearts of her
+children.
+
+[Illustration: FALLEN LEAF LAKE.]
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT SHASTA FROM STRAWBERRY VALLEY.]
+
+
+
+
+OUR GLORIOUS CLIMATE
+
+
+Not only a glorious but in many ways a wonderful climate is enjoyed
+by the people of California's sea-coast and mountains, her valleys and
+foot-hills. In no other state can one find so many kinds of weather
+in such short distances. For instance, in Southern California you may
+pick flowers and oranges in almost tropical gardens, and in an hour
+find winter and throw snowballs on the high mountains overlooking the
+roses and orange groves you so lately left.
+
+Only in the mountains, along that granite backbone of the state known
+as the Sierra Nevadas, are there four seasons, the spring, summer,
+autumn, and winter common to most of the United States. So the Sierras
+have a distinct climate of their own. The Sacramento and San Joaquin
+river valleys have another climate peculiar to themselves, while south
+of latitude 35 degrees the coast has less rain and is warmer than the
+coast counties north of that line.
+
+In the greater part of the state the year is divided into a dry summer
+and a wet winter. The rains begin in October, and the first showers
+fall on dry, brown hills and dusty fields baked hard by steady
+sunshine since May. After these showers the grass springs up, and
+the fields are green almost as quickly as if some fairy godmother had
+waved her wand. An army of wild flowers, whose seeds were hidden in
+the brown earth, wakes when the rain-drops patter, and the plants get
+ready to bloom in a month or so. For this season, from November to
+February, with little frost and no ice nor snow, is winter in name
+only. Roses and violets bloom in the gardens and yellow poppies on the
+hills.
+
+People expect and hope for much rain in this so-called winter, since a
+wet year assures good crops to the state. But the amount of rain that
+falls is very uncertain. It does not rain every day, nor all day, as a
+rule, and each storm seems different. Sometimes a "southeaster" blows
+up from the Japan Current, or Black Stream, as the Japanese call the
+warm, dark-blue waters that pour out of the China Sea. This current of
+the Pacific Ocean flows along our coast in a mighty river a thousand
+miles wide, and gives California its peculiar climate of cool summers
+and moist, warm winters. The southeasterly wind ruffles the bay with
+white-capped waves and dashes sheets of rain against window and roof.
+Then the wind changes, and all the clouds go flying to north or east,
+while from the clear blue sky brilliant sunshine pours down to make
+the grass and flowers grow. During the winter months the sun is strong
+and warm enough to make out-door life delightful.
+
+The farmer depends greatly upon the rainfall. In a wet winter the
+moisture sinks far into the ground, but not so deep that the thirsty
+little roots cannot find it in the summer. Early rains are needed to
+soften the ground for November ploughing, and young grain and crops of
+all kinds need rain through April. In the northern part of the state
+the wet season begins earlier and lasts longer than in the south,
+while the southeastern corner is an almost rainless desert.
+
+In San Francisco the thermometer seldom falls below 45� in the winter,
+the average for the season being 51�. Perhaps in January or February
+the sidewalks may be white with frost in the mornings, or hail may
+fall during some cold rain-storm. Once in five years or so, enough
+snow falls to make children go wild with delight over a few snowballs
+which are very soon melted. People can be comfortable the year round
+without fires, and the clear, bright winter days with soft air and
+warm sunshine are always pleasant enough to spend outdoors. This
+ocean climate, due to the warm sea air, is enjoyed by the counties
+facing the coast and San Francisco Bay. In the valleys of the interior
+white frosts are frequent, and thin ice forms on the wayside puddles.
+Once in a while killing frosts destroy fruit blossoms and cut down the
+garden flowers and vegetables, but seldom do more damage.
+
+[Illustration: "EL CAPITAN" (3300 feet in height).]
+
+[Illustration: YOSEMITE FALLS.]
+
+In mountain regions, above five or six thousand feet, the very cold
+winter lasts six or seven months. Snow falls almost constantly and
+drifts to a great depth. Small lakes are frozen and buried in snow,
+and the trees are bent and weighed down with ice and sleet. Many of
+the wild animals come down to the foot-hills below the snow-line to
+spend the winter; but the bear curls himself up in his warm cave and
+sleeps through the cold months. In this snowy zone of the Sierras,
+about thirty miles wide, winter lasts from the first snowfall, about
+the end of October, to the late spring of June. Then July and August
+are months of glorious weather, with clear, dry air and a cloudless
+sky. During the day the temperature of about 80 degrees melts much
+snow, and the rivers carry it away in rushing torrents and falls of
+icy water. In September the frost turns the leaves of all but the
+evergreen trees beautiful colors of red and yellow. Indian summer
+comes during September and October, when the days are sunny and warm,
+and then the long winter sets in again. Peaks above eight thousand
+feet are snow-clad on their crests and along their sides by deep
+drifts the year round.
+
+Along the Pacific coast in summer cool sea-winds, called trade-winds,
+blow in from the ocean, and 60 degrees is the average temperature. The
+farther you go inland from the coast, the hotter it gets, and the heat
+is very great in the interior of the state. In the San Joaquin and
+Sacramento valleys it is often over 100 degrees in the shade, though
+this dry heat is not hard to bear, and the nights are always cool
+enough for one to sleep in comfort.
+
+Summer fogs are usual in the coast counties. The mornings are pleasant
+and sunny till about eleven o'clock. At this time the sun's rays
+grow stronger in the interior valleys, and the hot air rises while
+trade-winds rush in from the cold ocean and fog settles down like a
+thick, gray cloud over the bay and hills. July and August are cold and
+foggy along the coastline, with strong west winds almost every day. In
+September the winds die away, and sometimes a shower or two falls.
+
+The rainless desert, or southeastern corner of our state, is the
+hottest region of all. Here the sun glares down till sand and rocks
+seem heated by a fiery furnace. Every living creature gasps and pants
+for breath in the scorching heat. There are no trees, but only cactus,
+that queer, prickly, thorny plant, often fifteen or twenty feet
+high in these wastes of sand, and low greasewood bushes. Under this
+vegetation snakes, lizards, and horned toads bask all day and search
+for food at night. If travellers wander from the road in crossing the
+desert, they are easily lost, and sometimes they die or go mad in the
+terrible heat. There are no springs, and water stations are a long way
+apart, so that lost people usually die of thirst. As the heat of the
+sun's rays quivers over the burning sands, a curious sight called
+a mirage is often produced. A cool, glassy lake or flowing river
+bordered with green trees seems pictured in the air, and the hot and
+weary traveller can scarcely believe that only sand and rocks are
+before him.
+
+Can you tell which season you like the best? You will find the one you
+choose in some part of this favored state. It is always summer in the
+south, and you may slide on the ice or throw snowballs all year in the
+high Sierras.
+
+
+
+
+SOME WONDERFUL SIGHTS
+
+
+California is a wonderland where snowy mountains, mighty and ancient
+forests, glaciers and geysers, lakes and waterfalls, foaming rivers
+and the cliffs and rolling surf down her long sea-coast give new and
+beautiful pictures at every place.
+
+Through the whole state stretches the granite backbone of the Sierra
+Nevadas with its highest crest or ridge at the head-waters of the
+Kings and Kern rivers near Fresno. Here Mount Whitney and a dozen
+other great peaks of the High Sierras or California Alps lift their
+heads over thirteen thousand feet in the air. Here are to be seen most
+magnificent panoramas of lofty peaks, deep ca�ons, towering domes, and
+snow-clad summits. The finest forests, too, in the world grow on the
+slopes of the Sierras, the immense pines and giant _sequoias_ of
+the General Grant and other National Parks in this section being the
+largest and oldest of all. Kings River Ca�on is a rugged gorge half a
+mile deep with the river rushing through it in thundering rapids and
+cascades.
+
+The well-known Yosemite Valley is the gorge of the Merced River and,
+though only eight miles long and half a mile wide, holds the grandest
+of all our mountain scenery. The mighty rock El Capitan, over three
+thousand feet in height, stands at the entrance to the valley, and
+across from it is Bridal Veil Fall, a snowy cascade so thin you can
+see the face of the mountain through the falling waters. There are
+many waterfalls, but the Yosemite is chief of them all. Here the river
+takes a plunge of sixteen hundred feet, the water falling like snowy
+rockets bursting into spray from that great height.
+
+Then, for six hundred feet more, the torrent leaps and foams through
+a trench it has cut out of the solid rock to the cliff, from which it
+takes a second plunge. This Lower Yosemite fall is four hundred feet
+high, the rushing waters turning into clouds of spray, which the wind
+tosses from side to side. At Nevada Fall the Merced River leaps six
+hundred feet at a bound, strikes a mass of rocks halfway down, and
+breaks into white foam upon which rainbows play when the sun shines
+through the misty veil.
+
+Besides the grand Sentinel Rock, Eagle Peak, Clouds' Rest, and other
+high mountains in the Yosemite Valley, many domes or round-topped
+peaks like the heads of buried giants loom up, the most famous being
+South Dome, Washington Column, Liberty Cap, and Mount Broderick.
+
+But no one can picture this wonderful valley with pen or brush or
+camera and give its real charm. You must see it yourself to know and
+understand the beauty of great mountains and falling waters, of Mirror
+Lake with its fine reflections of the surrounding scenery, and of the
+rushing torrent of the Merced River in its swift coursing through this
+mighty ca�on of the Yosemite. Thousands of tourists and sightseers
+visit the valley from May to October. Then snow begins to fall and
+winter sets in, as it does everywhere in the high Sierras. Very deep
+snow-drifts cover the ground, lakes and rivers freeze, and the great
+falls are fringed with icicles, while a large ice cone forms at the
+foot of the falling water. Many beautiful pictures may be found in
+the valley in winter when Jack Frost is ruler of all the snow-clad,
+ice-bound ca�on.
+
+Scattered throughout the Sierras are other valleys almost as fine
+as the Yosemite. These are not often reached by the army of summer
+sight-seers, but true mountaineers find them. One valley which has
+fine scenery is the Grand Ca�on of the Tuolumne, the gorge being
+twenty-five miles long, with walls so high and steep that once entered
+one must go through to the end. The Tuolumne River rushes, with
+terrible force and speed, in cascades and rapids down the granite
+stairway which is the floor of this ca�on. The walls of the gorge
+rise so high that the traveller only sees a tiny strip of blue sky far
+above him, and the great pine trees on top of these cliff walls seem
+only the length of one's finger.
+
+It is supposed that all these valleys have been formed by glaciers,
+which during the ice age, thousands of years ago, filled the ca�ons
+and swept over the mountains. These masses of ice, moving very slowly,
+ground and tore up the rocks under and around them till deep gorges
+and steep, high cliffs were left in their tracks. Most of the glaciers
+melted long ago, but on Mount Lyell, on Shasta, and a few of the
+Sierra summits may still be found those ever-living ice-rivers, the
+one on Mount Lyell being the source of the Tuolumne River.
+
+California is rich in lakes, especially in the mountains where the
+melting snows gather in every hollow and form lakelets in chains or
+groups, or in one large body of water like Tahoe, Donner, or Tenaya
+lakes.
+
+One of the most beautiful lakes in the world is Lake Tahoe. It is six
+thousand feet above sea-level, and the mountains around it rise four
+thousand feet higher. On these peaks snow-drifts lie the year round
+above the "snow-line," as a height over eight or nine thousand feet
+is called. Nevada, treeless and barren, is on the eastern side of
+Lake Tahoe, while the western or California side is green and thickly
+wooded with beautiful pines. But the first thing one would notice,
+perhaps, is the wonderful clearness of the lake water. As one stands
+on the wharf the steamer _Tahoe_ seems to be hanging in the clear
+green depths with her keel and twin propellers in plain sight. The
+fish dart under her and all about as in some large aquarium. There a
+big lake-trout shoots by like a silver streak of light, or here is a
+school of hundreds of little fingerlings. Every stick or stone shows
+on the bottom as one starts out on the steamer, and as one sails
+along where the water is sixty or seventy feet deep. In the middle
+the lake's depth is fifteen hundred feet and the water is a dark
+indigo-blue. At the edge and along shallow places the color is bright
+green, as at Emerald Bay, a beautiful inlet three miles long. Lake
+Tahoe is twenty miles in length and about five wide, and its icy cold
+waters are of crystal clearness and very pure.
+
+Fallen Leaf Lake is a smaller Tahoe, and Donner Lake, not far from
+Truckee, and now the camping-place of many a summer visitor, is the
+place where years ago the Donner overland party spent a terrible
+winter in the Sierra snows.
+
+Clear Lake and the Blue Lakes in Lake County are delightful places
+to visit, and in this county, too, are the geysers. Some wonderful
+curiosities are seen here. You will find springs that spout up a
+stream of hot water every few minutes, mineral springs from which
+you can have a drink of soda water, and an acid spring that flows
+lemonade. Alum, iron, or sulphur waters, either hot or cold, bubble
+up out of the ground at every turn. At one spring you may boil an
+egg. Other springs are used for steam baths and also hot mud-baths. In
+Geyser Ca�on is the strange place every sight-seer hurries to at once.
+Such rumblings and thunderings, such hot vapors and gases come from
+the cracks in the ground, that the Indians thought this was the
+workshop where the bad spirit which white people call the devil used
+to live and work. The deeper one goes into this ca�on, the hotter and
+noisier it gets. All round are signs telling where it is dangerous
+to step, while the ground is hot, and boiling water runs by in little
+streams. Steam rises from many pools, and the sulphur smell almost
+chokes one. Another curious spring, called the devil's inkstand, seems
+full of ink. Mount St. Helena, near here, is a dead or extinct
+volcano, and probably there are fires in the earth under this region
+which keep up these steam and sulphur springs.
+
+[Illustration: NATURAL BRIDGE, SANTA CRUZ.]
+
+Many of the Sierra summits are capped with volcanic rock, and Lassen's
+Peak and Mount Shasta are extinct volcanoes. There are hot springs and
+cracks from which steam and sulphur rise on both of these mountains,
+and as earthquakes often shake the earth in different parts of the
+state we know that underground fires are still at work. A great piece
+of land on Mount San Jacinto in Southern California lately sank down
+about a hundred feet, and cracks both deep and wide show that some
+force from below gave a thorough shaking-up to that part of the state.
+
+Mono, Owen's, and several other large lakes are the "sinks" into which
+rivers flow and lose themselves in the sandy or marshy shores. These
+lakes have soda or salt in their waters, and great stretches of dry
+alkali lands around them. The famous Death Valley is a dry lake of
+this kind where the sun beats down on the white alkali plain till it
+is almost certain death to try to cross it without a guide. The
+Salton Sea is a dry lake where almost pure salt is dug out, and great
+quantities of borax and of soda are found in other beds, of dried-up
+streams and lakes.
+
+But to tell of all the curious things nature has to show us in
+California,--of the forests of petrified trees, of the caverns cut out
+of the ocean cliffs by restless waves, or of those in the mountains or
+the Modoc lava-beds,--well, you will see most of them, let us hope, in
+your vacations. A large book might be given to the wonderful sights
+of this great state, and it may be your fortune to visit and so always
+remember a few we have named.
+
+
+
+PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY
+
+Alta (�l�-ta).
+Amador (am�-a-dore).
+Alvarado (al-va-r�-do).
+Ayala (�-y�-la).
+Bernal (ber-nal�).
+Bodega (bo-d[=a]�-ga).
+Cabrillo (ka-breel�-yo).
+Calaveras (kal-a-v[=a]�-ras).
+Carmel (kar�-mel).
+Castro (kas�-tro).
+Cortes (kor�-tez).
+Coloma (ko-lo�-ma).
+Diegue�o (de-[=a]-gw[=a]n�-yo).
+Farallones (f[)a]r�-a-lones).
+Figueroa (fi-gwa-ro�-a).
+Franciscan (fran-cis�-can).
+Galvez (gal�-ves).
+Gringos (gring�-gos).
+Guerrero (gur-r[=a]�-ro).
+Junipero Serra (h[=u]-nip�-er-o ser�-ra).
+Klamath (klam�-eth).
+Los Angeles (los an�-ga-lees).
+Marin (ma-rin�).
+Mariposa (mar-e-po�-sa).
+Martinez (mar-tee�-nes).
+Mechoopdas (me-choop�-das).
+Mission Dolores (mis�-sion do-l[=o]r�-es).
+Modocs (mo�-docs).
+Monterey (mon-ta-ray�).
+Noe (no�-a).
+Ortega (or-t[=a]�-ga).
+Pacheco (p�-ch[=a]�-ko).
+Padres (pa�-drays).
+Palou (pa�-loo).
+Pio Pico (pe�-o pe�-ko).
+Placerville (pl[)a]s�-er-vil).
+Point Reyes (rays).
+Pomos (po�-mos).
+Portola (por-to�-la).
+San Antonio (san an-t[=o]-ni-[=o]).
+Sanchez (san�-ches).
+San Carlos (san kar�-l[=o]s).
+San Diego (san de-[=a]�-go).
+San Fernando (san fer-nan�-do).
+San Francisco (san fran-cis�-co).
+San Gabriel (san ga-brell�).
+San Jacinto (san ha-sin�-to).
+San Joaquin (san waw-keen�).
+San Jose (san ho-say�).
+San Juan Bautista (san wawn ba-tis�-ta).
+San Juan Capistrano (san wawn kap-is-tra�-no).
+San Luis Obispo (san loo-is o-bis�-po).
+San Miguel (san mig-gell�).
+Santa Barbara (san�-ta bar�-ba-ra).
+Santa Catalina (san�-ta kat-a-lee�-na).
+Santa Cruz (san�-ta krooz).
+Santa Lucia (san�-ta loo-she�-a).
+Santa Ysabel (san�-ta [=e]�-sa-bel).
+Santa Ynez (san�-ta e�-nes).
+Sausalito (saw-sa-lee�-to).
+Sierras (see-er�-ras).
+Siskiyous (sis�-ke-yous).
+Sonoma (so-no�-ma).
+Sutter (s[)u]t�-ter).
+Tahoe (t�-ho).
+Tamalpais (tarm�-el-pies).
+Tenaya (te-ni�-ya).
+Tulare (too-lar�-ee).
+Tuolumne (too-ol�-um-ee).
+Ukiah (u-ki�-ah).
+Vallejo (v�l-y[=a]�-ho).
+Viscaino (vees-k�-e�-no).
+Wawona (wa-wo�-na).
+Yerba Buena (yer�-ba bw[=a]�-na).
+Yosemite (yo sem�-e-tee).
+
+abalone (ab-a-lo�-nee).
+adobe (a-do�-bee).
+alcalde (al-kal�-day).
+arrastra (ar-ras�-tra).
+burro (boo�-ro).
+ca�on (can�-yon).
+carne seca (kar�-n[=a] s[=a]�-ka).
+cascarone (kas-ka-ro�-na).
+chaparral (shap-per-ral�).
+coyote (ki-o�-tee).
+corral (kor-ral�).
+debris (day-bree�).
+el toro (el to�-ro).
+fandango (fan-dang�-go).
+frijoles (free-yo�-lays).
+galleon (gal�-le-on).
+madro�o (ma-dron�-yo).
+manzanita (man-zan-ee�-ta).
+mantilla (man-tee�-ya).
+mahala (ma-ha�-la).
+mesa (m[=a]�-sa).
+mustangs (mus�-tangs),
+presidio (pr[=a]-se�-de-o).
+pueblos (p[=u]-[=a]�-blos),
+ranche (ransh).
+rancheria (ran-sha-ree�-a).
+rodeos (ro-da�-os).
+senora (s[=a]n-yo�-ra).
+senoritas (s[=a]n-yor-ee�-tas).
+sombrero (som-br[=a]�-ro).
+sequoias (see-kwoy�-as).
+serape (ser-�-pay).
+teredo (te-r[=e]�-do).
+temescal (tem-es-kal�).
+tortillas (tor-tee�-yas).
+tule (too�-lee).
+vaqueros (v�-ka�-ros).
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories of California, by Ella M. Sexton
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+    content="text/html; charset=us-ascii">
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of
+    Stories of California,
+    by Ella M. Sexton.
+</title>
+<style type="text/css">
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories of California, by Ella M. Sexton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Stories of California
+
+Author: Ella M. Sexton
+
+Release Date: August 20, 2004 [EBook #13232]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ronald Holder and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="image-1"><!-- Image 1 --></a>
+<div align="center">
+<a href="images/lg1000.jpg"><img src="images/sm1000.jpg" alt="Nevada Falls (Height 617 Feet). Yosemite Valley."
+width="203" height="339" border="0"></a>
+<br>Nevada Falls (Height 617 Feet). Yosemite Valley.<br>
+<i>Click Thumbnail for full-size Illustration</i></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div align="center"><h1>STORIES OF CALIFORNIA</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<h2>ELLA M. SEXTON </h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>NEW YORK </h3>
+<h2>THE MACMILLAN COMPANY </h2>
+<h3>LONDON: MACMILLAN &amp; CO., LTD. </h3>
+<h3>1903</h3>
+<h4><i>All rights reserved</i></h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_1"><!-- RULE4 1 --></a>
+
+<h4>1902,</h4>
+<h4>BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h4>Set up, electrotyped, and published September, 1902. Reprinted October, 1903.</h4>
+<h4>Normond Press J.S. Cushing &amp; Co.&mdash;Berwick &amp; Smith Co.
+Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.</h4>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<a name="FOR"><!-- FOR --></a>
+<h2>
+	FOREWORD
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+To recount in simple, accurate narratives the early conditions and
+subsequent development of California is the purpose of this book. In
+attempting to picture the romantic events embodied in the wonderful
+history of the state, and to make each sketch clear and concise as
+well as interesting, the author has avoided many dry details and
+dates.
+</p>
+<p>
+Several of the stories endeavor to explain the remarkable physical
+characteristics of California. The work to this end was rendered
+lighter by the hope that the reader might find the book merely an
+introduction to that larger knowledge of personal observation and
+inquiry.
+</p>
+<p>
+But the writer's chief aim has been to interest the children of
+California in the beautiful land of their birth, to unfold to them the
+life and occurrences of bygone days, and to lead them to note and to
+enjoy their fortunate surroundings.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the many authorities consulted for the work, special
+acknowledgment is due to the historians, Theodore H. Hittell and H.H.
+Bancroft.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="TOC"><!-- TOC --></a>
+<h2>
+	CONTENTS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_3">CALIFORNIA'S NAME AND EARLY HISTORY</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_4">THE STORY OF THE MISSIONS AND OF FATHER SERRA</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_5">BEFORE THE GRINGOS CAME</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_6">THE AMERICANS AND THE BEAR-FLAG REPUBLIC</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_7">THE DAYS OF GOLD AND THE ARGONAUTS OF '49</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_8">MINING STORIES</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_9">HOW POLLY ELLIOTT CAME ACROSS THE PLAINS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_10">THE BUILDING OF THE OVERLAND RAILROAD</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_11">STORY OF THE WHEAT FIELDS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_12">ORCHARD, FARM, AND VINEYARD</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_13">THE STORY OF THE NAVEL ORANGE</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_14">THE LEMON</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_15">FLOWERS AND PLANTS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_16">THE BIG TREES AND LUMBERING</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_17">OUR BIRDS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_18">OUR WILD ANIMALS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_19">IN SALT WATER AND FRESH</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_20">ABOUT CALIFORNIA'S INDIANS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_21">THE STORY OF SAN FRANCISCO</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_22">MEN CALIFORNIA REMEMBERS</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_23">OUR GLORIOUS CLIMATE</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#RULE4_24">SOME WONDERFUL SIGHTS</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="ILL"><!-- ILL --></a>
+<h2>
+	ILLUSTRATIONS
+</h2>
+
+<p>1. <a href="images/lg1000.jpg">
+NEVADA FALLS (height 617 feet), YOSEMITE VALLEY
+</a></p>
+<p>2. <a href="images/lg1005.jpg">
+FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA
+</a></p>
+<p>3. <a href="images/lg1012a.jpg">
+MISSION CHURCH, MONTEREY
+</a></p>
+<p>4. <a href="images/lg1012b.jpg">
+OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. Founded 1769
+</a></p>
+<p>5. <a href="images/lg1021a.jpg">
+MISSION SAN LUIS REY. Founded 1798
+</a></p>
+<p>6. <a href="images/lg1021b.jpg">
+MISSION DOLORES. Established 1776
+</a></p>
+<p>7. <a href="images/lg1028.jpg">
+SANTA BARBARA MISSION. Founded 1786
+</a></p>
+<p>8. <a href="images/lg1037a.jpg">
+UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER
+</a></p>
+<p>9. <a href="images/lg1037b.jpg">
+PLACER GOLD MINING. Washing with Cradle
+</a></p>
+<p>10. <a href="images/lg1085a.jpg">
+AN ORANGE TREE WITH FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS
+</a></p>
+<p>11. <a href="images/lg1085b.jpg">
+PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD AT LOS ANGELES
+</a></p>
+<p>12.
+HOP VINES [1]
+</p>
+<p>13.
+AMONG THE HOP VINES[1]
+</p>
+<p>14.
+WHITE SANTA BARBARA POPPY[1]
+</p>
+<p>15.
+WILD CALIFORNIA POPPY[1]
+</p>
+<p>16. <a href="images/lg1103a.jpg">
+IN A MISSION GARDEN
+</a></p>
+<p>17. <a href="images/lg1103b.jpg">
+A CHRISTMAS GARDEN
+</a></p>
+<p>18. <a href="images/lg1106a.jpg">
+"WAWONA" (28 feet in diameter)
+</a></p>
+<p>19. <a href="images/lg1106b.jpg">
+THE GRIZZLY GIANT (33 feet in diameter)
+</a></p>
+<p>20. <a href="images/lg1118.jpg">
+BIG TREES AT FELTON, SANTA CRUZ CO.
+</a></p>
+<p>21. <a href="images/lg1133a.jpg">
+ YOUNG TOWHEE
+</a></p>
+<p>22. <a href="images/lg1133b.jpg">
+BABY YELLOW WARBLERS. From photographs by Elizabeth Grinnell
+</a></p>
+<p>23. <a href="images/lg1140.jpg">
+CALIFORNIA RED DEER. From a photograph by George V. Robinson
+</a></p>
+<p>24. <a href="images/lg1149a.jpg">
+LEAPING TUNA
+</a></p>
+<p>25. <a href="images/lg1149b.jpg">
+BLACK SEA BASS
+</a></p>
+<p>26. <a href="images/lg1159a.jpg">
+HUMPBACK WHALE (57 feet long)
+</a></p>
+<p>27. <a href="images/lg1159b.jpg">
+TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE
+</a></p>
+<p>28. <a href="images/lg1162a.jpg">
+INDIAN WOMAN WITH PAPPOOSE
+</a></p>
+<p>29. <a href="images/lg1162b.jpg">
+INDIAN WOMAN WITH BASKETS
+</a></p>
+<p>30. <a href="images/lg1174.jpg">
+INDIAN BASKETS
+</a></p>
+<p>31. <a href="images/lg1177a.jpg">
+SEAL ROCKS, SAN FRANCISCO
+</a></p>
+<p>32. <a href="images/lg1177b.jpg">
+THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO
+</a></p>
+<p>33. <a href="images/lg1179.jpg">
+ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE TEA GARDEN, SAN FRANCISCO
+</a></p>
+<p>34. <a href="images/lg1191a.jpg">
+FALLEN LEAF LAKE
+</a></p>
+<p>35. <a href="images/lg1191b.jpg">
+MOUNT SHASTA FROM STRAWBERRY VALLEY
+</a></p>
+<p>36. <a href="images/lg1194a.jpg">
+"EL CAPITAN" (3300 feet in height)
+</a></p>
+<p>37. <a href="images/lg1194b.jpg">
+YOSEMITE FALLS
+</a></p>
+<p>38. <a href="images/lg1206.jpg">
+NATURAL BRIDGE, SANTA CRUZ
+</a></p>
+
+<p class="bq">[Compiler's note 1: Four illustrations were omitted from the published book, but were listed in the
+Illustrations pages.]</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_2"><!-- RULE4 2 --></a>
+<h2>
+	STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_3"><!-- RULE4 3 --></a>
+<h1>
+	STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+</h1>
+
+
+<h2>CALIFORNIA'S NAME AND EARLY HISTORY</h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>
+A Spanish story written four hundred years ago speaks of California as
+an island rich in pearls and gold. Only black women lived there, the
+story says, and they had golden spears, and collars and harness of
+gold for the wild beasts which they had tamed to ride upon. This
+island was said to be at a ten days' journey from Mexico, and was
+supposed to lie near Asia and the East Indies.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among those who believed such fairy tales about this wonderful island
+of California was Cortes, a Spanish soldier and traveller. He had
+conquered Mexico in 1521 and had made Montezuma, the Mexican emperor,
+give him a fortune in gold and precious stones. Then Cortes wished
+to find another rich country to capture, and California, he thought,
+would be the very place. He wrote home to Spain promising to bring
+back gold from the island, and also silks, spices, and diamonds from
+Asia. For he was sure that the two countries were near together, and
+that both might be found in the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea, as he
+called it, by sailing northwest.
+</p>
+<p>
+So for years Cortes built ships in New Spain (or Mexico), and sent out
+men to hunt for this golden island. They found the Gulf of California,
+and at last Cortes himself sailed up and down its waters. He explored
+the land on both sides, and saw only poor, naked Indians who had a few
+pearls but no gold. Cortes never found the golden island. We should
+remember, however, that his ships first sailed on the North Pacific
+and explored Lower California, and that he first used the name
+California for the peninsula.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was left for a Portuguese ship-captain called Cabrillo to find the
+port of San Diego in 1542. He was the first white man to land upon
+the shores of California, as we know it. Afterwards he sailed north to
+Monterey. Many Indians living along the coast came out to his ship
+in canoes with fish and game for the white men. Then Cabrillo sailed
+north past Monterey Bay, and almost in sight of the Golden Gate. But
+the weather was rough and stormy, and without knowing of the fine
+harbor so near him, he turned his ship round and sailed south again.
+He reached the Santa Barbara Islands, intending to spend the winter
+there, but he died soon after his arrival. The people of San Diego
+now honor Cabrillo with a festival every year. He was the sea-king who
+found their bay and first set foot on California ground.
+</p>
+<p>
+About this time Magellan had discovered the Philippine Islands, and
+Spain began to send ships from Mexico to those islands to buy silks,
+spices, and other rich treasures. The Spanish galleons, or vessels,
+loaded with their costly freight, used to come home by crossing
+the Pacific to Cape Mendocino, and then sailing down the coast of
+California to Mexico. Before long the English, who hated Spain and
+were at war with her, sent out brave sea-captains to capture the
+Spanish galleons and their cargoes. Sir Francis Drake, one of the
+boldest Englishmen, knew this South Sea very well, and on a ship
+called the <i>Golden Hind</i> (which meant the Golden Deer), he came
+to the New World and captured every Spanish vessel he sighted. He
+loaded his ship with their treasures, gold and silver bars, chests of
+silver money, velvets and silks, and wished to take his cargo back to
+England. He tried to find a northern, or shorter way home, and at last
+got so far north that his sailors suffered from cold, and his ship was
+nearly lost. Obliged to sail south, he found a sheltered harbor near
+Point Reyes, and landed there in 1579. Drake claimed the new country
+for the English Queen, Elizabeth, and named it New Albion. A great many friendly
+Indians in the neighborhood brought presents of feather and bead work to the
+commander and his men. These Indians killed small game and deer with
+bows and arrows, and had coats or mantles of squirrel skins.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Natural Bridge, Santa Cruz"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1206.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1206.jpg" width="150" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="NATURAL BRIDGE, SANTA CRUZ.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">NATURAL BRIDGE, <br>SANTA CRUZ.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Drake and his sailors repaired and refitted their vessel during the
+month they stayed at Drake's Bay. They made several trips inland also
+and saw the pine and redwood forests with many deer feeding on the
+hills; but they did not discover San Francisco Bay. On leaving New
+Albion, Drake sailed the <i>Golden Hind</i> across the Pacific to the
+East Indies and the Indian Ocean, and round the Cape of Good Hope home
+to England, with all the treasure he had taken. The queen received him
+with great honors and his ship was kept a hundred years in memory of
+the brave admiral, who had commanded it on this voyage.
+</p>
+<p>
+During the next century several English commanders of vessels sailed
+the South Sea while hunting Spanish galleons to capture, and these
+ships often touched at Lower California for fresh water. Some of
+the captains explored the coast and traded with the Indians, but no
+settlements were made.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then the Spanish tried to find and settle the country they had heard
+so many reports of, thinking to provide stations where their trading
+ships might anchor for supplies and protection. Viscaino, on his
+second voyage for this purpose, landed at San Diego in 1602. Sailing
+on to the island he named Santa Catalina, Viscaino found there a tribe
+of fine-looking Indians who had large houses and canoes. They were
+good hunters and fishermen and clothed themselves in sealskins.
+Viscaino went on to Monterey and finally as far north as Oregon, but
+owing to severe storms, and to sickness among his sailors, he was
+obliged to return to Mexico.
+</p>
+<p>
+For a long time after this failure to settle upon the coast, the
+Spanish came to Lower California for the pearl-fisheries. Along the
+Gulf of California were many oyster-beds where the Indians secured
+the shells by diving for them. Large and valuable pearls were found
+in many of the oysters, and the Spanish collected them in great
+quantities from the Indians who did not know their real value.
+</p>
+<p>
+In this peninsula of Lower California fifteen Missions, or
+settlements, each having a church, were founded by Padres of the
+Jesuits. But later the Jesuits were ordered out of the country, and
+their Missions turned over to the Franciscan order of Mexico.
+</p>
+<p>
+With the coming of the Franciscans a new period of California's
+history began. Spain wished to settle Alta California, or that region
+north of the peninsula, and Father Serra, the head and leader of these
+Franciscans, was chosen to begin this work.
+</p>
+<p>
+How he did this, and how he and his followers founded the California
+Missions you will read in the story of that time.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_4"><!-- RULE4 4 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE STORY OF THE MISSIONS AND OF FATHER SERRA
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The old Missions of California are landmarks that remind us of Father
+Serra and his band of faithful workers. There were twenty-one of their
+beautiful churches, and though some are ruined and neglected, others
+like the Mission Dolores of San Francisco and the Santa Barbara and
+Monterey buildings are still in excellent condition. From San Diego to
+San Francisco these Missions were located, about thirty miles apart,
+and so well were the sites chosen that the finest cities of the state
+have grown round the old churches.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1005.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1005.jpg" alt="FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA" width="150" height="141" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Father Junipero Serra was the president and leader of the Franciscan
+missionaries and the founder of the Missions. He had been brought up
+in Spain, and had dreamed from his boyhood of going to the New
+World, as the Spanish called America, to tell the savages how to be
+Christians. He began his work as a missionary in Mexico and there
+labored faithfully among the Indians for nearly twenty years. But as
+his greatest wish was to preach to those in unknown places he was glad
+to be chosen to explore Alta or Upper California.
+</p>
+<p>
+Marching by land from Loreto, a Mission of Lower California, Father
+Serra, with Governor Portola and his soldiers, reached San Diego in
+1769. Here he planted the first Mission on California ground. The
+church was a rude arbor of boughs, and the bells were hung in an oak
+tree. Father Serra rang the bells himself, and called loudly to the
+wondering Indians to come to the Holy Church and hear about Christ.
+But the natives were suspicious and not ready to listen to the good
+man's teachings, and several times they attacked the newcomers.
+Finally, after six years, they burnt the church and killed one of the
+missionaries. But later on there was peace, and the priests, or Padres
+as they were called, taught the Indians to raise corn and wheat, and
+to plant olive orchards and fig trees, and grapes for wine. They built
+a new church and round it the huts, or cabins, of the Indians, the
+storehouses, and the Padre's dwelling. In the early morning the bells
+called every member of the Mission family to a church service. After a
+breakfast of corn and beans they spent the morning in outdoor work or
+in building. At noon either mutton or beef was served with corn and
+beans, and at two o'clock work began again, to last till evening
+service. A supper of corn-meal mush was the Indians' favorite
+meal. They had many holidays, when their amusements were dancing,
+bull-fighting, or cock-fighting.
+</p>
+<p>
+San Diego, called the Mother Mission, because it is the oldest church,
+is now also most in ruins. But its friends hope to put new foundations
+under the old walls, and to recap firm ones with cement, and preserve
+this monument of early California history.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Mission church, Monterey"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1012a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1012a.jpg" width="150" height="148" border="0"
+	alt="MISSION CHURCH, MONTEREY.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">MISSION CHURCH, <br>MONTEREY.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+After Father Serra had started the San Diego settlement he set sail
+for Monterey. Landing at Monterey Bay, he built an altar under a large
+oak tree, hung the Mission bells upon the boughs, and held the usual
+services. The Spanish soldiers fired off their guns in honor of the
+day and put up a great cross. The Indians had never heard the sound of
+guns and were so frightened that they ran away to the mountains. The
+second Mission was built on the Carmel River, a little distance from
+the site of the first altar. This was called San Carlos of Monterey,
+and the settlement was the capital of Alta California for many years.
+It was also the Mission that Father Serra loved the best, and after
+every trip to other and newer settlements he returned to San Carlos as
+his home. This Monterey Mission is well preserved, and books, carved
+church furniture, and embroidered robes used in the old services are
+still shown.
+</p>
+<p>
+At both San Diego and Monterey a presidio, or fort, was built for the
+soldiers. These forts had one or two cannon brought from Spain, and
+had around them high walls, or stockades, to protect, if it should be
+necessary, the Mission people from the Indians. The cannon were fired
+on holidays, or to frighten troublesome Indians.
+</p>
+<p>
+All the Mission buildings were of brown clay made into large bricks
+about a foot and a half long and broad, and three or four inches
+thick. These bricks, dried in the sun, were called adobes, and were
+plastered together and made smooth by a mortar of the same clay.
+Then the walls were coated outside and inside with a lime stucco and
+whitewashed. The roof timbers were covered with hollow red tiles, each
+like the half of a sewer pipe, and these were laid to overlap each
+other so that they kept the rain out. The floors were of earth beaten
+hard, and the windows had bars or latticework, but no glass. The large
+church was snowy white within and without and had pictures brought
+from Spain and much carved furniture, such as chairs, benches, and
+the pulpit made by the Indians. One or two round-topped towers and
+five or six belfries, each holding a large bell, were on the church roof,
+and a great iron cross at the very top.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Old San Diego Mission, Founded 1769"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1012b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1012b.jpg" alt="OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. Founded 1769."
+	width="150" height="138" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. <br>Founded 1769.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Night and morning the Mission bells rang to call the Indians to mass
+or service, and chimes or tunes were rung on holidays or for weddings.
+These Mission bells were brought from Spain, and it was thought a
+blessing rested on the ship which carried them, and that shipwreck
+could not come to such a vessel. We read of one captain joyfully
+receiving the Mission bells to take to San Diego. When nearing the
+coast his vessel struck a rock, yet passed on in safety because, as
+he said, no harm could happen with the bells on board. On his journeys
+every missionary carried a bell with him for the new church he was to
+build. Father Serra's first act on reaching a stopping-place was to
+hang the bell in a tree and ring it to gather the Indians and people
+for service.
+</p>
+<p>
+San Antonio, a very successful Mission, was the third one established,
+and it was in a beautiful little valley of the Santa Lucia Mountains.
+Every kind of fruit grew in its orchards, and the Indians there were
+very happy and contented, and in large workshops made cloth, saddles,
+and other things. San Gabriel, not far from Los Angeles and sometimes
+called the finest church of all, was the next to be built. This was
+the richest of the Missions and had great stores of wool, wheat, and
+fruit, which the hard-working Indians earned and gave to the church.
+The Indians, indeed, were almost slaves, and worked all their
+lives for the Padres without rest or pay. At San Gabriel the first
+California flour-mill worked by a stream of water turning the wheel,
+was put up. Some of the old palms and olive trees are still growing
+there.
+</p>
+<p>
+San Juan Capistrano, founded in 1776, was one of the best-known
+Missions, for it had a seaport of its own at San Juan. Vessels came to
+its port for the hides and tallow of thousands of cattle herded round
+the Mission. The first fine church of this Mission was destroyed by
+an earthquake, and many people were killed by its falling roof. It was
+rebuilt, however, and still shows its fine front, and long corridors
+or porches round a hollow square where a garden and fountain used to
+be.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Mission Dolores. Established 1776"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1021b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1021b.jpg" alt="MISSION DOLORES. Established 1776."
+	width="144" height="150" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">MISSION DOLORES.<br>Established 1776.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Old records tell us that Father Serra felt that there should be a
+church named in honor of Francis, who was the founder and patron saint
+of the Franciscan brotherhood of monks to which these missionaries
+belonged. When Father Serra spoke of this to Galvez, that priest
+replied, &quot;If our good Saint Francis wants a Mission, let him show us
+that fine harbor up above Monterey and we will build him one there.&quot;
+Several explorers had failed to find this port about which Indians had
+spoken to the Spanish. At last Ortega discovered it, and Father Palou,
+in 1776, consecrated the Mission of San Francisco. Near the spot was
+a small lake called the &quot;Laguna de los Dolores,&quot; and from this the
+church was at last known as the Mission Dolores. But the great city
+bears the Spanish name of Saint Francis, or San Francisco. A fort
+was erected where the present Presidio stands, and later a battery
+of cannon was placed at Black Point. It is told that the Indians were
+very quarrelsome here and fought so among themselves that the Padres
+could get no church built for a year. In that part of San Francisco
+called the Mission, the old building with its odd roof and three of
+the ancient bells is a very interesting place to visit. There are
+pictures, and other relics of the past to see, and in the graveyard
+many of San Francisco's early settlers were buried. This was the sixth
+Mission of Alta California.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Santa Barbara Mission, Founded 1786"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1028.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1028.jpg" alt="SANTA BARBARA MISSION. Founded 1786."
+	width="148" height="150" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">SANTA BARBARA MISSION. <br>Founded 1786.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The Santa Barbara Mission, where Franciscan fathers still live, has
+a fine church with double towers and a long row of two-story adobe
+buildings enclosing a hollow square where a beautiful garden is kept.
+One of the brotherhood, wearing a long brown robe just as Father Serra
+did, takes visitors into the church, and also shows them the garden
+and a large carved stone fountain. This church is built of sandstone
+with two large towers and a chime of six bells, and was finished in
+1820.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Santa Ynez Mission was much damaged by the heavy earthquake that
+in 1812 ruined other Missions. Here the Indians raised large crops
+of wheat and herded many cattle. Over a thousand Indians, it is said,
+attacked this church in 1822, but the priest in charge frightened them
+away by firing guns. This warlike conduct so displeased the Padres,
+who wished the natives ruled by kindness, that the poor priest was
+sent away from the Mission.
+</p>
+<p>
+One of the early Missions was San Luis Obispo, where services are
+still held. It was specially noted for a fine blue cloth woven by
+the Indians from the wool of the Mission flocks of sheep. The Indians
+there also wove blankets, and cloth from cotton raised upon their own
+lands.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Mission San Luis Rey, Founded 1798"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1021a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1021a.jpg" alt="MISSION SAN LUIS REY. Founded 1798."
+	width="150" height="137" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">MISSION SAN LUIS REY. <br>Founded 1798.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+San Juan Bautista, or St. John the Baptist, north of Monterey, had a
+splendid chime of nine bells said to have been brought from Peru and
+to have very rich, mellow tones. San Miguel had a bell hung up on a
+platform in front of the church, and now at Santa Ysabel, sixty miles
+from San Diego, where the Mission itself is only a heap of adobe
+ruins, two bells hang on a rude framework of logs. The Indian
+bell-ringer rings them by a rope fastened to each clapper. The bells
+were cast in Spain and much silver jewellery and household plate were
+melted with the bell-metal. Near them the Diegue&ntilde;o Indians worship in
+a rude arbor of green boughs with their priest, Father Antonio, who
+has worked for thirty years among the tribe. They live on a rancheria
+near by and are making adobe bricks, hoping soon to build a church
+like the old Mission long since crumbled away.
+</p>
+<p>
+The last of the Missions was built in 1823 at Sonoma, and proved very
+active in church work, some fifteen hundred Indians having been there
+baptized.
+</p>
+<p>
+Father Junipero Serra died at more than seventy years of age, at San
+Carlos. During all his life in America he endured great hardships
+and suffering to bring the gospel to the heathen as he had dreamed of
+doing in his boyish days. A monument to his memory has been erected
+at Monterey by Mrs. Stanford, but the Missions he founded are his best
+and most lasting remembrances.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_5"><!-- RULE4 5 --></a>
+<h2>
+	BEFORE THE GRINGOS CAME
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+This is the story Se&ntilde;ora Sanchez told us children as we sat on the
+sunny, rose-covered porch of her old adobe house at Monterey one
+summer afternoon. And as she talked of those early times she worked
+at her fine linen &quot;drawn-work&quot; with bright, dark eyes that needed no
+glasses for all her eighty years and snow-white hair.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;When I was a girl, California was a Mexican republic,&quot; said the
+Se&ntilde;ora, &quot;and Los Gringos, as we called the Americans, came in ships
+from Boston. They brought us our shoes and dresses, our blankets and
+groceries; all kinds of goods, indeed, to trade for hides and tallow,
+which was all our people had to sell in those days. For no one raised
+anything but cattle then, and all summer long  cows cropped the
+rich clover and wild oats till they were fat and ready to kill. In
+the fall the Indians and vaqueros, or cowboys as you children call
+them, drove great herds of cattle to the Missions near the ocean where
+the Gringos came with their ship-loads of fine things and waited for
+trading-days.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;For weeks every one worked hard, killing the cattle, stripping off
+their skins and hanging the green or fresh hides over poles to dry in
+the sun. When dried hard and stiff as a board the skins were folded
+hair-side in, and were then worth about two dollars apiece. The
+beef-suet, or fat, from these cattle was put into large iron kettles
+and melted. While still hot it was dipped out with wooden dippers
+into rawhide bags, each made from an animal's skin. When cold and hard
+these bags of tallow were sewed up with leather strings, and thus they
+were taken to Boston.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;So much beef was on hand at such times that not even the hungry
+Indians could eat it all while it was fresh. The nicest pieces were
+cut into long strips, dipped into a boiling salt brine full of hot
+red peppers and hung up to dry where the sunshine soon turned the meat
+into carne seca, or dried beef. We put it away in sacks, and very good
+it was all the year for stews, and to eat with the frijoles, or red
+beans, and tortillas, which were corn-cakes.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;All we bought from the Gringos was paid for with hides and tallow,
+so it was well, you see, children, that my father owned ten thousand
+cattle; for counting relatives and Indian servants, we always had more
+than thirty people on our ranch to feed and clothe. We raised grain
+and corn and beans enough for the family, but had to buy sugar,
+coffee, and such things.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Did we have many horses, you say? Yes, droves of them, and we almost
+lived on horseback, for no one walked if he could help it, and there
+were almost no carriages or roads. Neither were there any barns or
+stables, for the mustangs, or tough little ponies, fed on the wild
+grass and took care of themselves. Every morning a horse was caught,
+saddled and bridled, and tied by the door ready to use. All the ladies
+rode, too, and I often used to ride twenty miles to a dance with Juan,
+my young husband, and back again in a day or so.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Sometimes we went to the rodeo, where once a year the great herds of
+cattle were driven into corrals, and each ranchero or farmer picked
+out his own stock. Then those young calves or yearlings not already
+marked were branded with their owner's stamp by a red-hot iron that
+burnt the mark into the skin. After that the bellowing, frightened
+animals were turned out to roam the grassy plains for another year. We
+had plenty of feasting and merry-making at these rodeos, and a whole
+ox was roasted every day for the hungry crowds, so no one went fasting
+to bed.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Those were gay times, my children,&quot; and Se&ntilde;ora Sanchez sighed and
+sewed quietly for a while till Harry asked her if they kept Christmas
+before the Gringos came.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: A Christmas Garden"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1103b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1103b.jpg"  width="150" height="171" border="0"
+	alt="A CHRISTMAS GARDEN.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">A CHRISTMAS GARDEN.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+&quot;Yes, indeed,&quot; she said, laughing, &quot;we kept Christmas for a week,
+and all our friends and relatives were welcome, so that our big
+ranch-house was full of company. Indeed, some of the visitors slept in
+hammocks or rolled up in blankets on the verandas. Our house was built
+round the four sides of a square garden, with wide porches, where we
+sat on pleasant days. There was a fountain in this garden, and orange
+trees, which at Christmas-time hung full of golden fruit and sweet
+white flowers. On 'the holy night,' as we called Christmas Eve, we
+hung lanterns in the porches, and everybody crowded there or in the
+garden for their gifts.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;No, we had no Santa Claus nor Christmas tree, but my father gave
+presents to all, even to the Indian servants and their children. A fan
+or a string of pearls, perhaps, for my sisters, the young Se&ntilde;oritas; a
+fine saddle or a velvet jacket for my brother; and red blankets or gay
+handkerchiefs for the Indians, with sacks of beans or sweet potatoes
+to eat with their Christmas feast of roast ox or a fat sheep.
+Afterwards we danced till morning came, or sang to the sweet tinkle
+of the guitars. Well do I remember, children, when the good Padres,
+or priests, at the Mission forbade us to waltz, that new dance the
+Gringos had taught us to like. I recall, also, that the governor only
+laughed and said that the young folks could waltz if they wished.
+So at my wedding, soon after, when we danced from Tuesday noon till
+Thursday morning, you may be sure we had many a waltz.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Pretty dresses, Edith? Yes, gay, bright silk or satin ones, with many
+ruffles on the skirts and wide collars and sleeves of lace, or yellow
+satin slippers and always a high comb of silver or tortoise-shell and
+a spangled fan. And we had long gold and coral earrings and strings of
+pearls from the Gulf, and, see!&quot; as she pulled aside her neck-scarf,
+&quot;here is the necklace of gold beads that was my wedding gift. We
+had no hats or bonnets, but wore black lace shawls, or mantillas, to
+church, or twisted long silk scarfs over our heads to go riding.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;You will think the gentlemen were fine dandies in those Mexican days,
+when I tell you that they often wore crimson velvet knee trousers
+trimmed with gold lace, embroidered white shirts, bright green cloth
+or velvet jackets with rows and rows of silver buttons, and red sashes
+with long, streaming ends. Their wide-brimmed sombrero hats were
+trimmed with silver or gold braid and tassels. They dressed up their
+horses with beautiful saddles and bridles of carved leather worked
+all over with gold or silver thread and gay with silver rosettes or
+buttons. Each gentleman wore a large Spanish cloak of rich velvet or
+embroidered cloth, and if it rained, he threw over his fine clothes
+a serape, or square woollen blanket with a slit cut in the middle for
+the head.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Los Gringos used to laugh at the Mexican and his cloak, and not long
+after they came the 'Greasers,' as the Americans called the young men
+born here in California, began to wear the ugly clothes the Gringos
+brought out from Boston. And so the times changed, children, and our
+people learned to do everything as the Americans did it and to work
+hard and save money instead of dancing and idling away the time.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;And the bull-fights, Harry? Oh, yes, there was a bull-fight every
+Sunday afternoon, and everybody went, as you do to the football games.
+The ladies clapped their hands if the sport was good, or if the bull
+was killed by the brave swordsman. And if the men got hurt or the
+horses,&mdash;well, we only thought that was part of the game, you see. El
+toro, as we called the bull, always tried to save himself; and if he
+was savage and cruel, that was his nature, to try to kill his enemies.
+The gay dresses and the music was what I cared for, and then all my
+friends were there, also.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;But you must be tired of my old stories; is it not so, my children?
+No, you want to hear about the dances, you say? Well, every party was
+a dance; a fandango or ball, if it was given in a hall where everybody
+could come, but at houses where just the people came who were invited
+we called it only a dance. Every old grandfather or little girl, even,
+danced all night long, and the rooms were hung with flags and wreaths.
+All the Spanish dances were pretty, and the ladies with their gay
+dresses and mantillas, and the gentlemen in velvet suits trimmed
+with gold, made a fine picture. At the cascarone, or egg-shell dance,
+baskets of egg-shells filled with cologne or finely cut tinsel or colored papers
+were brought into the room, and the game was to crush these shells
+over the dancers' heads. If your hair got wet with cologne or full of
+gilt paper, everybody laughed, and you laughed too, for that was the
+game, you know. Ah, there was plenty of merry-making and feasting in
+those days, children,&quot; and Se&ntilde;ora Sanchez sighed again and went on
+with her &quot;drawn-work,&quot; while the bell in the old Mission church near
+by rang five o'clock, and we children ran home talking of those old
+times before the Gringos came to California.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_6"><!-- RULE4 6 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE AMERICANS AND THE BEAR-FLAG REPUBLIC
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+While Spain owned Mexico and the two Californias, the Missions were at
+their best and grew rich in stores of grain and in cattle and horses.
+Almost all the people were Spanish or Indians, and they lived at the
+Missions or in ranches near by. But when Mexico in 1822 refused to be
+ruled by Spain, Alta or Upper California became a Mexican territory,
+and, later on, a republic with governors sent from Mexico. The Mission
+Padres did not like the change, and thought that Spain should still
+own the New World. Before long it was ordered that the Missions should
+be turned into pueblos, or towns, and that the Padres were no longer
+to make slaves of the Indians. The missionaries were to stay as
+priests, and to teach the Indians in schools, but the Mission lands
+were to be divided so that each Indian family might have a small farm
+to cultivate. From that time the Missions began to decay and were
+finally given up to ruin.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then Americans began to come in, the first party of hunters and
+trappers travelling from Salt Lake City to the San Gabriel Mission.
+All kept talking of the rich country where farming was so easy, and
+they wished to have land. But the Mexicans and the native Californians
+did not believe in allowing the Americans, as they called all the
+people from the Eastern states, to take up their farming lands and
+hunt and trap the wild animals. So there was much quarrelling. But the
+Americans still poured in, got land grants, and built houses.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1836, though Alta California declared itself a free state, and no
+longer looked to Mexico for support, Mexican rule still continued. The
+United States had wanted California for a long time, and had tried to
+buy it from Mexico. The fine bay and harbor of San Francisco, known
+to be the best along the coast, was especially needed by the United
+States as a place to shelter or repair ships on their way to the
+Oregon settlements. England also wanted this bay, but the Californians
+tried to keep every one out of their country.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the Americans who came overland and across the Rocky Mountains
+about this time was John C. Fremont, a surveyor and engineer, who was
+called the &quot;Pathfinder.&quot; On his third trip to the Pacific Coast in '46
+he wished to spend the winter near Monterey, with his sixty hunters
+and mountaineers. Castro, the Mexican general, ordered him to leave
+the country at once, but Fremont answered by raising the American flag
+over his camp. As Castro had more men, Fremont did not think it wise
+to fight, but marched away, intending to go north to Oregon. He turned
+back in the Klamath country on account of snow and Indians, as he
+said, and camped where the Feather River joins the Sacramento. It
+is almost certain that Fremont wished to provoke Castro and the
+Californians into war, and so to capture the country for the United
+States.
+</p>
+<p>
+A party of Fremont's men rode down to Sonoma, where there was a
+Mission, and also a presidio with a few cannon in charge of General
+Vallejo. These men captured the place and sent Vallejo and three
+other prisoners back to Fremont's camp. Then the independent Americans
+concluded to have a new republic of their own, and a flag also. So
+they made the famous &quot;Bear-flag&quot; of white cloth, with a strip of red
+flannel sewed on the lower edge, and on the white they painted in
+red a large star and a grizzly bear, and also the words &quot;California
+Republic.&quot; They then raised the flag over the Bear-flag Republic. Many
+Americans joined their party, but when the American flag went up at
+Monterey, the stars and stripes replaced the bear-flag.
+</p>
+<p>
+At this time the United States and Mexico were at war on account
+of Texas, and Commodore Sloat was in charge of the warships on the
+Pacific Coast. The commodore had been told to take Alta California,
+if possible; so, sailing to Monterey, he raised the stars and stripes
+there in July, 1846, and ended Mexican power forever. The American
+flag flew at the San Francisco Presidio two days later, and also at
+Sonoma, Sutter's Fort, or wherever there were Americans. The flag was
+greeted with cheers and delight. Then Commodore Sloat turned the naval
+force over to Stockton and returned home, leaving all quiet north of
+Santa Barbara.
+</p>
+<p>
+Commodore Stockton sent Fremont and his men to San Diego and, taking
+four hundred soldiers, went himself to Los Angeles, where the native
+Californians and Mexicans were determined to fight against the rule of
+the United States. General Castro and his men and Governor Pico,
+the last of the Mexican governors, were driven out of the country.
+Stockton then declared that Upper and Lower California were to be
+known as the &quot;Territory of California.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+In less than a month, however, the Californians in the south gathered
+their forces again and took Los Angeles. General Kearny was sent out
+with what was called the &quot;army of the west,&quot; to assist Fremont and
+Stockton in settling the trouble. Peace was declared after several
+battles, and Kearny acted as governor of the new territory, displacing
+Fremont. At last, by the treaty which closed the Mexican war in 1848
+Alta California became the property of the United States, and Lower
+California was left to Mexico.
+</p>
+<p>
+From that time there was peace and quiet, and before long the
+discovery of gold brought the new territory into great importance. The
+rush to the gold mines brought thousands of men, and as no government
+had been provided for the territory, Governor Riley in '49 called a
+convention to form a plan of government.
+</p>
+<p>
+This Constitutional Convention of delegates from each of California's
+towns met in Monterey. The constitution there drawn up lasted for
+thirty years, and under it our great state was built up. It declared
+that no slavery should ever be allowed here, and settled the present
+eastern boundary line.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first Thanksgiving Day for the territory was set by Governor
+Riley, in '49. The first governor elected by California voters was
+Burnett, and in the first legislature Fremont and Gwin were chosen
+as senators. Congress at last admitted California into the Union by
+passing the California bill. On September 9, 1850, President Fillmore
+signed the bill.
+</p>
+<p>
+Every year on the 9th of September, or &quot;Admission Day,&quot; we therefore
+keep our state's birthday. At San Jose, in '99, a Jubilee Day was
+held in remembrance of the beginning of state government fifty years before.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_7"><!-- RULE4 7 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE DAYS OF GOLD AND THE ARGONAUTS OF 1849
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+California has well earned her name of &quot;Golden State,&quot; for from her
+rich mines gold to the value of thirteen hundred millions has been
+taken. Yet every year she adds seventeen millions more to the world's
+stock of gold. No country has produced more of this precious yellow
+metal that men work and fight and die for. The &quot;gold belt&quot; of the
+state still holds great wealth for miners to find in years to come.
+</p>
+<p>
+Long, long ago people knew that gold was here, for in 1510 a Spanish
+novel speaks of &quot;that island of California where a great abundance
+of gold and precious stones is found.&quot; In 1841 the Indians near San
+Fernando Mission washed out gold from the river-sands, and other mines
+were found not far from Los Angeles.
+</p>
+<p>
+But James W. Marshall was the man who started the great excitement
+of '48 and '49 by finding small pieces of gold at a place now called
+Coloma, on the American River. Marshall, who was born in New Jersey,
+came to this state in 1847, and being a builder wished to put up
+houses, sawmills, and flour-mills. Finding that lumber was very
+dear, he decided to build a sawmill to exit up the great trees on the
+river-bank. He had no money, but John A. Sutter, knowing a mill was
+needed there, gave Marshall enough to start with.
+</p>
+<p>
+So the mill was built, and when it was ready to run Marshall found
+that the mill-race, or ditch for carrying the water to his mill-wheel,
+was not deep enough. He turned a strong current of water into it,
+and this ran all night. Then it was shut off, and next day the ditch
+showed where the stream had washed it deeper and had left a heap
+of sand and gravel at the end of it. Here Marshall saw some shining
+little stones, and picking them up he laid one on a rock and hammered
+it with another till he saw how quickly it changed its shape. He was
+sure that these bright, heavy, easily hammered pebbles were gold, but
+the men working about the mill would not believe it. So he went to
+Sutter, who lived near at a place called Sutter's Fort, because his
+stores, house, and other buildings were built around a hollow square
+with high walls outside to keep off the Indians. Sutter weighed the
+little yellow lumps and said they certainly were gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+The flood-gates between the mill-race and the river were opened again,
+and water ran through the ditch, washing more gold in sight. Sutter
+picked up enough of this to make a ring and had these words marked on
+it:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;The first gold found in California, January, 1848.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+Both Sutter and Marshall tried to keep what they had found a secret,
+but that was impossible, and soon people were flocking to the
+gold-fields. Then began a wild excitement known as the &quot;gold-fever,&quot;
+and men left their stores and houses, gave up business, and left crops
+ungathered in a wild chase after nuggets of gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+By December of 1848, thousands of miners were washing for gold
+all along the foot-hills from the Tuolumne River to the Feather,
+a distance of 150 miles. A hundred thousand men came to California
+during 1849, these Argonauts, or gold-hunters, taking ship or steamer
+for the long trip from New York by the Isthmus of Panama. Some went
+round Cape Horn, or else made a weary journey overland across the
+plains. &quot;To the land of gold&quot; was their motto, and these pioneers
+endured every hardship to reach this &quot;Golden State.&quot;
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Placer Gold Mining."
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1037b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1037b.jpg" alt="PLACER GOLD MINING. Washing with Cradle."
+	width="149" height="150" border="0">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">PLACER GOLD MINING. <br>Washing with Cradle.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Then the miners, with pick, shovel, and pan for washing out gold from
+the gravel it was found in, started out &quot;prospecting&quot; for &quot;pay-dirt.&quot;
+The gold-diggings were usually along the rivers, and this surface, or
+&quot;placer,&quot; mining was done by shovelling the &quot;pay-dirt&quot; into a pan or a
+wooden box called a cradle, and rocking or shaking this box from side
+to side while pouring water over the earth. The heavy gold, either
+in fine scales or dust, or in lumps called nuggets, dropped to the
+bottom, while the loose earth ran out in a muddy stream. The rich sand
+left in pan or cradle was carefully washed again and again till only
+precious, shining gold remained.
+</p>
+<p>
+So rich were some of the sand bars along the American and Feather
+rivers that the first miners made a thousand dollars a day even by
+this careless way of washing gold where much of it was lost. Then
+again for days or weeks the miner found nothing at all. He would
+wander up and down the ca&ntilde;ons and gulches, prospecting for another
+claim, and dreaming day and night of finding a stream with golden
+sands, or of picking up rich nuggets. If he found good &quot;diggings&quot; he
+would build a rough shanty under the pines, and dig and wash till the
+gold-bearing sand or gravel gave out again. Sometimes he had a partner
+and a donkey, or burro, to carry tools and pack supplies. More often
+the Argonaut cooked his own bacon and slapjacks and simmered his beans
+over a lonely camp-fire, and slept wrapped in a blanket under the
+trees. If he had much gold, he would go to the nearest town, buy food
+enough for another prospecting tramp, and often spend all the rest of
+his money in foolish waste.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sometimes a company of miners would build a dam across a river or
+stream, and turn it from its course, so they could dig out and wash
+the rich gravel in the river-bed. A flume, or ditch, would often carry
+all the water to a lower part of the river, leaving the bed of the
+upper stream dry for miles. In this kind of mining the &quot;pay-dirt&quot; was
+shovelled into long wooden boxes called sluices, and a constant stream
+of water kept the gravel and earth moving on out to a dumping-place.
+The gold dropped down or settled into riffles, or spaces between bars
+placed across the bottom of the sluices, and once a week the water was
+turned off and a &quot;clean-up&quot; made of the gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was not long before the rivers, creeks, and gulches had all been
+worked over and most of the gold taken out. The miners knew that this
+loose gold had been washed out of the hills by the rains and storms of
+countless years. So some one thought of using a heavy stream of water
+to break down the foot-hills themselves and to carry the gold-bearing
+gravel to sluice boxes. This is called hydraulic mining and is the
+cheapest way of handling earth, as water does all the work and
+very little shovelling is needed. But since a strong water-power is
+necessary, a large reservoir and miles of ditches or wooden flumes
+must be built, so the first expense is large. The water usually comes
+from higher up in the mountains, and is forced under great pressure
+through iron pipes, the nozzle or &quot;giant&quot; being directed at the
+hillside, which has already been shattered by heavy blasts of powder.
+The water tears thousands of tons of earth and gravel apart, and the
+muddy stream flows through sluices, where the gold is left. In this
+kind of mining a great quantity of d&eacute;bris, or &quot;tailings,&quot; must be
+disposed of.
+</p>
+<p>
+For years this d&eacute;bris was washed into the rivers or on farming lands,
+filling up and ruining both, and leading to endless quarrels between
+farmers and miners. But at last the courts stopped hydraulic mining
+except in northern counties, where d&eacute;bris went into the Klamath River,
+upon which no boats could run and near which was little farming. But
+all the mines in the Sacramento and San Joaquin river-basins were idle
+till, in 1893, Congress appointed a d&eacute;bris Commission. These mining
+engineers issue licenses to work the mines when satisfied that the
+d&eacute;bris will be kept out of the rivers. There are in the state many
+hundred thousand acres of gold-bearing gravel lands yet untouched,
+that could be worked by hydraulic mining.
+</p>
+<p>
+In drift-mining the rich gravel is covered by hard lava rock thrown
+up by some old volcanic outburst. Tunnels are driven by blasting with
+dynamite, or by drilling under the rock to reach the gravel which
+usually lies in the buried channel of an old river. The long drifts,
+or tunnels, needed are very expensive and only mine owners with
+capital can work these claims.
+</p>
+<p>
+Richest of all are the quartz mines, where beautiful white rock, rich
+with sparkling gold, is found in veins, or &quot;lodes,&quot; cropping out of
+hillsides or dipping down under the earth. The great &quot;Mother-lode&quot;
+of our state runs like an underground wall across Amador, Calaveras,
+Tuolumne, and Mariposa counties and has been traced for eighty miles.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some poor miner usually finds a ledge of quartz-rock and digs down the
+way the ledge goes. He puts up a windlass, worked by hand, over the
+well-like hole he has dug out, and hoists the ore out in buckets. But
+he soon finds, as the hole or shaft goes deeper, that he must timber
+the sides to keep them from caving in, that he must have an engine to
+raise the ore and a mill to crush the hard rock. So he sells out to a
+company of men, who put in costly machinery, deepen the shaft, and by
+heavy expenditure get large returns.
+</p>
+<p>
+The quartz ledges dip and turn, so tunnels and cross-cuts are run to
+follow the golden vein, and all these are timbered with heavy wooden
+supports to keep the earth and rock from falling in on the men. The
+miners work in day and night gangs, using dynamite to break up the
+hard rock, and sending ore up in great iron buckets, or in cars if the
+tunnel ends in daylight, on the hillside. Sometimes the miners
+strike water, and that must be pumped out to keep the mine from being
+flooded.
+</p>
+<p>
+The ore is crushed by heavy stamps, or hammers, and then mixed with
+water and quicksilver. This curious metal, quicksilver, or mercury,
+is fond of gold and hunts out every little bit, the two metals mixing
+together and making what is called an amalgam. This is heated in an
+iron vessel, and the quicksilver goes off in steam or vapor, leaving
+the gold free. The quicksilver, being valuable, is saved and used
+again, while the gold, now called bullion, is sent to the mint to be
+coined into bright twenties, or tens, or five-dollar pieces.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of the gold in the crushed ore will not mix with the quicksilver,
+and this is treated to a bath of cyanide, a peculiar acid that melts
+the gold as water does a lump of sugar. So all of value is saved, and
+the worthless &quot;tailings&quot; go to the dump. Even the black sands on the
+ocean beach have gold in them. In the desert also there is gold, which
+is &quot;dry-washed&quot; by putting the sand into a machine and with a strong
+blast of air blowing away all but the heavy scales of gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+Though the Argonauts of '49 found much wealth in yellow gold, our
+&quot;Golden State,&quot; on hillsides, in river-beds, or deep down in hidden
+quartz ledges, still holds great fortunes waiting to be found.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_8"><!-- RULE4 8 --></a>
+<h2>
+	MINING STORIES
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+A large book might be filled with the stories told by the men
+who found gold in the early days. Their &quot;lucky strikes&quot; in the
+&quot;dry-diggings&quot; sound like fairy tales. Imagine turning over a big rock
+and then picking up pieces of gold enough to half fill a man's hat
+from the little nest that rock had been lying in for years and years!
+</p>
+<p>
+And think of finding forty-three thousand dollars in a yellow lump
+over a foot long, six inches wide and four inches thick! This was
+the biggest nugget on record and actually weighed one hundred and
+ninety-five pounds. The next one, too, you might have been glad to
+pick up, as it held a hundred and thirty-three pounds of solid gold.
+Little seventy-five and fifty-pound treasures were common, and a
+soldier stopping to drink at a roadside stream found a nugget weighing
+over twenty pounds lying close to his hand.
+</p>
+<p>
+It paid to get up early those days, also for a man in Sonora, while
+taking his morning walk, struck his foot against a large stone, and
+forgot the pain when he saw the stone was nearly all gold. Another
+man, with good eyes, got a fifty-pound nugget on a trail many people
+used all the time. One day, after a heavy rain, a man who was leading
+a mule and cart through a street in Sonora, noticed that the wheel
+struck a big stone; he stooped to lift it out of the way, and found
+the stone to be a lump of gold weighing thirty-five pounds. In less
+than an hour all that part of the town and the street was staked off
+into mining-claims, but no more was found. One of the largest of these
+nuggets was found by three or four men, who took it to San Francisco
+and the Eastern states, and exhibited it for money. They guarded the
+precious thing day and night, but at last quarrelled so that it had to
+be broken up and divided between them.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first piece Marshall found was said to be worth about fifty cents,
+and the second over five dollars. Almost all, though, that was found
+was like beans or small seeds or in fine dust. No one tried to weigh
+or measure such gold more correctly than to call a pinch between the
+finger and thumb a dollar's worth, while a teaspoonful was an ounce,
+or sixteen dollars' worth. A wineglassful meant a hundred dollars,
+and a tumblerful a thousand. Miners carried their &quot;dust&quot; in a buckskin
+bag, and this was put on the counter, and the storekeeper took out
+what he thought enough to pay for the things the miner bought. A large
+thumb to take a large pinch of the gold-dust meant a good many extra
+dollars to the storekeeper in '48 and '49. Yet nearly every one was
+honest, and gold might be left in an open tent untouched, for there
+was plenty more to be had for the picking up. Those who would rather
+steal than work were driven out of camp.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of the &quot;sand bars,&quot; or banks of gravel and earth, washed down by
+the Yuba River were so rich that the men could pick out a tin cupful
+of gold day after day for weeks. One place was called Tin-cup Bar for
+this reason. Spanish Bar, on the American River, yielded a million
+dollars' worth of dust, and at Ford's Bar, a miner, named Ford, took
+out seven hundred dollars a day for three weeks. At Rich Bar, on the
+Feather River, a panful of earth gave fifteen hundred dollars.
+</p>
+<p>
+Yet the miners were seldom satisfied, but were always prospecting for
+richer claims. A man would shoulder his roll of blankets, his pick and
+shovel, with a few cooking things, and start off hoping to find some
+rich nugget, leaving a fairly good claim untouched.
+</p>
+<p>
+The most extravagant prices were charged the miner for everything he
+had to buy. Ten dollars apiece for pick and shovel, fifty more for a
+pair of long boots, with bacon and potatoes at a dollar and a half a
+pound, soon took all his gold-dust to pay for. A dozen fresh eggs cost
+ten dollars, and a box of sardines half an ounce of gold-dust, which
+was eight dollars. There was no butter to buy, for any milk was
+quickly sold at a dollar a pint. The hotels charged three dollars a
+meal, or a dollar for a dish of pork and beans, and a dollar for two
+potatoes.
+</p>
+<p>
+Lumber cost a dollar and a half a foot, but carpenters would not build
+houses when they could make fifty dollars a day by mining. As there
+was no lumber for the cabin floors, the ground was beaten hard and
+really made a good floor. In Placerville the houses were built along
+the bed of a ravine, and in sweeping these earthen floors some one saw
+gold-dust glittering, and found that rich diggings were under foot.
+Thereupon many of the miners dug up their cabin floors, and one man
+took about twenty thousand dollars in nuggets and gold-dust from the
+small space his cabin covered.
+</p>
+<p>
+Very few women and children came to the mines in early days, and the
+first white woman to arrive in a camp had all sorts of attentions.
+Sometimes the town was named for the woman first in the place as
+Sarahsville and Marietta. If a lady visited a mining-camp, the men far
+and near would drop work and come in just to look at the visitor. One
+lady, who sang for the miners on her arrival in their town, was given
+about five hundred dollars' worth of gold-dust.
+</p>
+<p>
+A child was a great curiosity, and any pretty little girl was sure to
+have a collection of nuggets or a quantity of gold-dust presented to
+her. The theatre and circus companies who visited mining-camps soon
+found out that a little child who could sing or dance was a great
+attraction. The miners used to throw a shower of money or nuggets at
+the feet of such little favorites as we throw flowers now.
+</p>
+<p>
+As there were no women living here for some time, the men having left
+their families at home in the Eastern states, miners had to wash
+and cook and make bread for themselves. Men who had been lawyers
+or ministers at home, when there was no one else to do such things,
+washed their dishes or their red flannel shirts. On Sunday no one
+worked at mining, and the men baked bread and cleaned house, and
+Sunday afternoons they dried, patched, and mended their clothes. If a
+minister was in town, he held services on a hillside, or in the dining
+room of some shanty called a hotel, and all the camp came to hear him
+speak, or sang the hymns with him.
+</p>
+<p>
+So the miners lived and worked and wandered along rivers and rough
+mountain trails on the west side of the Sierras, gathering up gold
+washed down by mountain streams. These Argonauts, or gold-seekers of
+fifty years ago, are almost all dead now, but the treasures they found
+made California known throughout the world. Their golden harvest has
+made the state richer than they found it, for they used the wealth to
+build cities, to cultivate farming-lands, and to plant orchards and
+vineyards where the mining-camps used to be.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_9"><!-- RULE4 9 --></a>
+<h2>
+	HOW POLLY ELLIOTT CAME ACROSS THE PLAINS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+This is the story of a little girl who in 1849 rode all the way
+from Ohio to California in an emigrant wagon. Polly Elliott has
+grandchildren of her own now, but she remembers very well the spring
+morning when her father came home and said to her mother, &quot;Lizzie,
+can you get ready to start for the land of gold next week?&quot; She hears
+again her mother saying, &quot;Oh, John, with all these little children?&quot;
+She says her father answered by swinging her, the eleven-year-old
+Polly, up to his shoulder and calling out, &quot;Here's papa's little
+woman; she'll help you take care of them,&quot; as he carried her round the
+room, laughing.
+</p>
+<p>
+This was &quot;back East,&quot; as Polly Elliott, now Mrs. Davis, says,&mdash;in
+Ohio, where they had a pretty white house set round with apple and
+peach orchards all white and pink that May day. Her mother cried
+because they must leave the house, and because they had to sell all
+their furniture and the stock except Daisy, the pet cow, and Buck and
+Bright, the oxen, who were to draw the wagon. A round-topped cover of
+white cloth was fixed on the big farm-wagon. Then they piled into it
+their bedding in calico covers, a chest or two holding clothes and
+household goods, a few dishes and cooking things, and plenty of flour,
+corn meal, beans, bacon, dried apples and peaches, tied up in sacks.
+</p>
+<p>
+Polly says she supposed the trip would just be one long picnic, while
+the four children thought it fine fun to &quot;sit on mother's featherbed
+and go riding,&quot; as they said. So they started off for California.
+A long, long ride these emigrants had before them; a weary trip,
+plodding along day after day with the patient oxen walking slowly and
+the burning sun or pelting rain beating down on the wagon cover. There
+was a train of other wagons with them, some pulled by horses but more
+by yoked oxen, and the men walked beside the animals and cracked long
+whips. A few men were on horseback, but all kept together, for Indians
+were plenty and were often hiding near the road, watching for a chance
+to cut off and capture any wagons lagging behind the party.
+</p>
+<p>
+Day after day, Polly told me, they travelled westward to the setting
+sun. They left the orchards and shady woods of Ohio and Indiana far
+behind them, and crossed the wide prairies of Illinois and
+Missouri also. When they came to rivers they drove through shallow
+fording-places, where Polly and the children used to laugh to see the
+little fishes swimming round the wagon wheels. Sometimes the rivers
+were deep, and the wagons were ferried over on a flatboat that was
+fastened to a wire rope, while oxen and horses swam through the water
+behind them. If it did not rain, the children and all were happy, and
+it did seem like a picnic. But Polly says she never hears the rain
+pouring nowadays as it did then, and that there were many times when
+they were wet and cold and miserable, and because the wood and ground
+were wet they could not even have a fire.
+</p>
+<p>
+At night the teams were unhitched and the wagons left in a circle
+round a big camp-fire, where supper was cooked. Polly says her mother
+used to bake biscuits in an iron spider with red-hot coals heaped on
+its iron cover, and these biscuits with fried bacon and tea made
+their meal. They always cooked a big potful of corn-meal mush for
+the children, and this, with Daisy's milk and a little maple sugar or
+molasses, was supper and breakfast too. Then the women and children
+cuddled up in the wagons for the night, while men slept, wrapped in
+blankets, around the camp-fire or under the wagons, with one always on
+guard against danger from prowling Indians or wolves.
+</p>
+<p>
+Every man or boy carried a rifle or shotgun, and killed plenty of
+game. Deer and antelope were always in sight after they crossed the
+Missouri River, and the meat was broiled or roasted over the coals of
+their campfire. Wild turkeys and prairie-chicken tasted much better
+than bacon, Polly said, and she learned to cook them herself.
+</p>
+<p>
+When the emigrants reached Nebraska, they were in the &quot;buffalo
+country,&quot; and great herds of big, shaggy, brown or black buffaloes
+were feeding on the grassy plains. The animals were larger than oxen,
+and the Indians depended upon the flesh for food and the thick, warm
+skins for robes or blankets. The emigrants shot thousands of buffalo
+cows and calves, and what meat could not be eaten at once was cut
+into long strips and hung in the sun or over the fire to dry. This
+was called &quot;jerking&quot; the meat. On jerked buffalo or venison and flour
+pancakes many emigrants lived all the way across. Game was so plenty
+and so easy to shoot, that by stopping a few days, a good stock of
+meat could be laid in while the oxen were resting. So they travelled
+through Nebraska, and for weeks and weeks saw nothing but long grass
+waving in the summer winds, and yellow sunflowers&mdash;miles and miles of
+sunflowers. Polly grew very tired of the hot sun blazing down on the
+close-covered wagon, and of the dust raised by the long wagon-train.
+</p>
+<p>
+About this time she remembers that her father bought her a little
+Indian pony, and from that happy day the child rode beside the wagon,
+and could keep out of the dusty trail, or ride a little way off on the
+prairie, if she liked. The pony carried double very well, so a small
+sister or brother was often lifted on behind for a ride. One night
+the Indians, who were always prowling round and coming as near the
+wagon-train as they dared, frightened the horses and got away with ten
+of them. All the women and children cried, Polly says, for they were
+afraid the redskins would come back and kill them. In the morning
+Polly's father and some of the men found the Indians' trail and
+tracked them to a wooded ca&ntilde;on. The hungry thieves had killed one
+horse and were so busy feasting on it that the white men surprised
+them and shot all the Indians but two or three. The lost horses and
+Polly's pony whinnied to their masters from a thicket, where they were
+tied, and were taken back to camp.
+</p>
+<p>
+On and on over the great plains of Wyoming the wagons carried these
+emigrants. Many found the trip grow tiresome, while the oxen and mules
+would often lie down in their traces and refuse to go any farther. A
+few days' rest, and the rich bunch-grass to crop soon set the stock
+all right, and the white-topped wagons crawled ahead again. Soon the
+emigrants saw blue, hazy mountains, far off at first, then nearer and
+nearer, till at last their road led through a pass between the peaks.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then Polly remembers riding through Utah, with its queer red cliffs
+and high rocks carved in strange shapes by winds and weather; the
+stretches of sandy desert; and beyond those, grassy meadows and
+streams fringed with green willows. After a while Great Salt Lake lay
+sparkling in the sun and looking cool and blue. All around it were
+alkali deserts or wide plains, hot and dusty and white with salt or
+soda. The &quot;prairie schooners,&quot; with their covers faded and burnt by
+the sun, went very slowly over these desert wastes, Polly thought,
+and Nevada, with its dusty gray sage-brush land on either side of the
+road, seemed not much better.
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;Papa's little woman&quot; had her hands full now; for her mother was so
+ill she seldom left the wagon. All the cooking fell to Polly's share,
+and then she would ride along for hours with a little sister on her
+lap and fat brother &quot;Bub&quot; behind her on the saddle-blanket, so that
+her mother might rest and be quiet.
+</p>
+<p>
+But soon the clear green Truckee River ran foaming and fretting beside
+the road, and off in the west rose the snowy peaks of the Sierra
+Nevada Mountains. Then the people began to laugh and to sing, for they
+knew that California, the land of gold, was almost in sight and that
+their weary journey was nearly ended.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Upper Sacremento River"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1037a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1037a.jpg"  width="150" height="139" border="0"
+	alt="UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+And one day they said joyfully to each other, &quot;We are in California
+at last;&quot; and it was a happy company that travelled down through the
+pines of the mountain sides and the oak trees of the foot-hills. Many
+emigrants left the train when they got to the great Sacramento River
+valley, and settled here and there to farming. Polly's father with
+others kept on to the gold-diggings and camped there. He built a
+log-cabin soon, for it was almost winter and time for the rains, and
+Polly says she was glad to have a house at last. They finally took up
+farming land near what is now Stockton, as gold-mining did not pay.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mrs. Davis, who is straight and strong, and still a hard worker, says
+her five months' trip across the plains was almost like a long picnic
+after all, for she has forgotten many of the trying and disagreeable
+things.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_10"><!-- RULE4 10 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE BUILDING OF THE OVERLAND RAILROAD
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The army of emigrants and gold-hunters who crossed the plains to
+California found it was a long and tiresome trip by wagon-train or on
+horseback. The oxen or mules would sometimes get so tired that they
+could go no farther; and because the food often ran short, there was
+much suffering from hunger.
+</p>
+<p>
+The longest way of all to California was by sailing vessel from New
+York round Cape Horn, nearly nineteen thousand miles to San Francisco.
+The passengers paid high prices and were six months on the way. Those
+who came by the Panama route had trouble crossing the isthmus, where
+it was so hot and unhealthy that many died of fevers and cholera. The
+Pacific mail steamers connecting with a railroad across the isthmus
+at last shortened the time of this trip of six thousand miles to
+twenty-five days. For ten years all the Eastern mail came this way
+twice a month.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was thought a wonderful thing when the &quot;pony express&quot; carried mail
+twice a week between St. Joseph, Missouri, where the Eastern railroads
+ended, and Sacramento. To do this a rider, with the mail-bag slung
+over his shoulder, rode a horse twenty-four miles to the next station,
+where a fresh pony was ready. Hardly waiting to eat or sleep, the
+rider galloped on again. Five dollars was often charged at that time
+to bring the letter railroads carry now for two cents.
+</p>
+<p>
+So you will see that a railroad to join California to the Eastern
+states was a great necessity and had often been talked of. Several
+ways to bring the iron horse puffing across the plains and up the
+mountains with his long train of cars had been laid out on paper. The
+emigrants had found that the best highway from the Missouri River
+to California was to keep along the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort
+Laramie and the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, then by Salt Lake,
+and along the Humboldt and Truckee rivers, crossing the Sierras
+at Donner Pass. Other roads were talked of, and Senator Benton of
+Missouri favored a nearly straight line between St. Louis and San
+Francisco. Some one, in objecting to this, said that only engineers
+could lay out a railroad, and such men did not believe a straight line
+possible. The senator answered: &quot;There are engineers who never learned
+in school the shortest and straightest way to go, and those are the
+buffalo, deer, bear, and antelope, the wild animals who always find
+the right path to the lowest passes in the mountains, to rich pastures
+and salt springs, and to the shallow fords in the rivers. The Indians
+follow the buffalo's path, and so does the white man for game
+to shoot. Then the white man builds a wagon-road and at last his
+railroad, on the trail the buffalo first laid out.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+For two or three years surveyors and explorers tried to find the
+easiest way to build this great overland road. Several railroad acts
+or bills were passed by Congress, and the California Legislature gave
+the United States the right of way for a road to join the two oceans.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first railway in the state was opened in '56 from Sacramento to
+Folsom, a distance of twenty-two miles. This was built by T.D.
+Judah, an engineer who had thought and studied a great deal about the
+overland road so much needed to bring mail and passengers quickly from
+East to West.
+</p>
+<p>
+A railroad convention, made up of men from the Pacific states and
+territories, was held in San Francisco in '59, with General John
+Bidwell, a pathfinder of early days, as the chairman. Here Mr. Judah
+gave such a clear and full account of the central way he had
+planned, that the convention sent him to Washington, D.C., to see the
+President, and to try to get Congress to pass a Pacific Railroad
+Bill. He had very little help in the East, but at last four men
+of Sacramento, Leland Stanford, C.P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and
+Charles Crocker, took an interest in Judah's plans, and in '61 the
+Central Pacific Railroad Company was formed. Mr. Judah went back
+to the mountains and studied the pines in summer and the winter
+snowbanks, to make sure of the easiest grades and the shortest and
+best way for the track-layers. He found that to follow the Truckee
+River from near Lake Donner to the Humboldt Desert, would mean the
+least work. The tunnels would be through rock, and he believed that
+snow might easily be kept off the track with a snow-plough.
+</p>
+<p>
+His report pleased the company, and they sent him again to present the
+case at Washington. In '62 President Lincoln signed an act or bill to
+allow the Union and Central Pacific companies to build a railroad and
+a telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific. In California
+the land for fifteen miles on each side of the way laid out was given
+to the railroad company, and two years was allowed them to build the
+first hundred miles of track.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ground was broken for the Central Pacific the next year in Sacramento,
+and Governor Stanford dug up the first shovelful of earth. Then the
+work went steadily on, but it was hard to raise money. Stanford
+and his company carried the line forward as fast as possible. More
+land-grants were given, which doubled the company's holdings, and in
+'65 the road was fifty-five miles past Sacramento and had climbed over
+much difficult work.
+</p>
+<p>
+The steamship owners, the express and stage companies were all against
+the railroad, and tried in every way to make people think that an
+engine could never cross the Sierras. Yet the grading went on, while
+an army of five thousand men and six hundred horses was at work
+cutting down trees and hills and filling up the low places. A bridge
+was built over the American River, and slowly but surely the track
+climbed the steep mountain-sides. Most of the laborers were Chinese,
+as white men found mining or farming paid them better.
+</p>
+<p>
+In '67 the iron horse had not only climbed the mountains but had
+reached the state line, and the Union Pacific, which had been laying
+its tracks over the plains of the Platte River, began to hasten
+westward. The two railroads were racing to meet each other, and the
+Central sometimes laid ten miles of rails in one day.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ogden was made the meeting-point, though at Promontory, fifty miles
+west of Ogden, the last spike was driven. A thousand people met at
+that place in May, '69, to see the short space of track closed and the
+road finished. A Central train and locomotive from the Pacific came
+steaming up, and an engine and cars from the Atlantic pulled in on
+the other side. Both engines whistled till the snow-capped mountains
+echoed. The last tie was of polished California laurel wood, with
+a silver plate on which the names of the two companies and their
+officers were engraved. It was put under the last two rails, and all
+was fastened together with the last spike. This spike, made of solid
+gold, Governor Stanford hammered into place with a silver hammer. East
+and west the news was flashed over the long telegraph line, that the
+overland railroad had been finished and that two oceans were joined by
+iron rails.
+</p>
+<p>
+Now, while flying along in the cars so fast that the trip from Chicago
+to San Francisco takes but three days, it is hard to believe that
+little more than thirty years ago travellers in the slow-moving
+&quot;prairie-schooner&quot; took over five months to cover this same distance.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_11"><!-- RULE4 11 --></a>
+<h2>
+	STORY OF THE WHEAT FIELDS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish Padres, as the Mission priests were called, taught the
+Indians to plough and seed with wheat the lands belonging to the
+church or Mission. They used a simple wooden plough, which oxen
+pulled. When the warm brown earth was turned up, the Indians broke the
+clods by dragging great tree branches over them. After the fall rains
+they scattered tiny wheat kernels and covered them snugly for their
+nap in the dark ground.
+</p>
+<p>
+More rain fell, and soon the soaked seeds waked, and started in
+slender green shoots to find the sunshine, and day by day the stalks
+grew stronger and the fields greener. Higher and ever higher sprang
+the wheat, till summer winds set the tall grain waving in a sea
+of green billows. Have you ever watched the wind blow across a
+wheat-field? Over and over the long rollers bend the tops of the
+grain, that rise as the breeze goes on and bend low again at the next
+breath of wind.
+</p>
+<p>
+When the hot sun had ripened the grain, and all round the
+white-walled, red-roofed Mission the fields stretched golden and ready
+for harvest, the Indians cut the wheat, and scattering the bundles
+over a spot of hard ground, drove oxen round and round on the sheaves
+till the wheat was threshed out from the straw. Then Indian women
+winnowed out the chaff and dirt by tossing the grain up in the wind,
+or from basket to basket, till in this slow way the yellow kernels
+were made clean and ready to grind.
+</p>
+<p>
+A curious mill, called an arrastra, ground the grain between two heavy
+stones. A wooden beam was fastened to the upper stone, and oxen or a
+mule hitched to this beam turned the stone as they walked round. The
+first flour-mill worked by water was put up at San Gabriel Mission,
+and it was thought a wonderful thing indeed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Even in those early days California wheat was known to be excellent,
+and many ships came on the South Sea, as they then called the Pacific
+Ocean, to load with grain for Mexico or Boston or England. Since that
+time our state has fed countless people, and over a million acres of
+valley and hill lands are green and golden every year with food for
+the world. To Europe, to the swarming people of China, Japan, and
+India, to South Africa and Australia, our grain is carried in great
+ships and steamers, and hungry nations in many lands look to us for
+bread.
+</p>
+<p>
+For a long time after the Mission days, all the grain had to be hauled
+to the rivers or sea-coast for shipping. Then the overland railroad
+was finished, and within the next fifteen years an additional two
+thousand miles of railways were built in California, and nearly every
+mile opened up rich wheat land that had never been cultivated. Soon
+great wheat ranches stretched far over the dry, hot valley plains.
+</p>
+<p>
+The ground is ploughed and seeded after November rains, and all winter
+the tender blades of grain grow greener and stronger day by day March
+and April rains strengthen the crop wonderfully, and June and July
+bring the harvest-time. As no rain falls then, the ripe wheat stands
+in the field till cut, and afterward in sacks without harm. All the
+work except ploughing is done by machinery, and this makes the wheat
+cost less to raise, since a machine does the work of many men and the
+expense of running it is small.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of the ranches have three or four thousand acres in wheat, and
+it may interest you to know how such large farms are managed. The
+ploughing is done by a gang-plough, as it is called, which has four
+steel ploughshares that turn up the ground ten inches deep. Eight
+horses draw this, and as a seeder is fastened to the plough, and back
+of the plough a harrow, the horses plough, seed, harrow, and cover up
+the grain at one time. There the seed-wheat lies tucked up in its warm
+brown bed till rain and sunshine call out the tiny green spears, and
+coax them higher and stronger, and the hot sun of June and July ripens
+the precious grain.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then a great machine called a &quot;header and thresher&quot; is driven into
+the field and sweeps through miles and miles of bending grain, cutting
+swaths as wide as a street, and harvesting, threshing, and leaving
+a long trail of sacked wheat ready to ship on the cars. Thirty-six
+horses draw the header, and five or six men are needed to attend to
+this giant, who bites off the grain, shakes out the kernels, throws
+them into sacks and sews them up, all in one breath, as you might say.
+The harvesters work from daylight to dusk, and three-fourths of our
+wheat crop is gathered in this way.
+</p>
+<p>
+Much golden straw is left, besides that which the &quot;headers&quot; burn as
+fuel, and farmers stack this straw for cattle to nibble at. The stock
+feed in the stubble fields, too, and strange visitors also come
+to these ranches to pick up the scattered grains of wheat. These
+strangers are wild white geese, in such large flocks that when feeding
+they look like snow patches on the ground. They eat so much that often
+they cannot fly and may be knocked over with clubs. In the spring
+these geese must be driven away by watchmen with shot-guns to keep
+them from pulling up the young grain.
+</p>
+<p>
+The largest single wheat-field in California is on the banks of the
+San Joaquin River, in Madera County. This covers twenty-five thousand
+acres and is almost as flat as a floor. It is nearly a perfect square
+in shape, and each side of the square is a little over six miles long.
+There are no roads through this solid stretch of grain. Two hundred
+men, a thousand horses, and many big machines are needed to work this
+wheat-field.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of the big harvesters that cut and thresh the wheat are drawn by
+a traction-engine instead of horses. In running a fifty-horse-power
+engine high-priced coal had to be burnt but now the coal grates are
+replaced by petroleum burners, and crude coal-oil is the cheap fuel.
+This does not make sparks to set the fields on fire like burning coal
+or straw and so is safer to use.
+</p>
+<p>
+On large ranches wheat can be grown for less than a cent a pound,
+while it has brought two cents or double the money when sold. But
+there are not always good crops, as the grain needs plenty of moisture
+in the spring when rains are uncertain.
+</p>
+<p>
+The wheat crop of the state has fallen off of late to less than half
+the yield of earlier years, but the deep, rich valley soil still grows
+grain enough to feed hungry people in Europe, Asia, and Africa,
+as well as in our own Union. Great quantities are taken in large
+four-masted ships to Liverpool, England, and there made into American
+flour. Our own flour-mills turn out thousands of barrels of flour,
+and this travels far, too. The first thing picked up in Manila after
+Admiral Dewey's victory was a flour sack with a California mill mark.
+</p>
+<p>
+It would need a long, long story to tell how far from home and into
+what strange places the yellow kernels of California wheat sometimes
+travel, or to picture the odd people who depend upon us for food.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_12"><!-- RULE4 12 --></a>
+<h2>
+	ORCHARD, FARM, AND VINEYARD
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Long ago the Mission Fathers taught the Indians to plant and to take
+care of vines and fruit-trees. They built water-works to bring life to
+the thirsty trees in the dry summers, and to grow oranges, limes,
+and figs, as well as peaches, apricots, and apples. They trained
+grape-vines over arbors and trellises round the Mission buildings, and
+from the small, black grapes made wine. Olive trees and date-palms did
+well at the southern settlements. But most of these orchards died when
+the Mission Fathers were no longer allowed to make the Indians work
+for the church property, though a few old palms and olive trees are
+still standing.
+</p>
+<p>
+During Mexican days each ranch owner raised enough grain or corn and
+beans for his own family but planted no fruit, or but little, while
+the Americans who came to seek gold thought farming a slow way of
+making a living. People soon found out, however, that our fine climate
+and rich soil made good crops almost certain, and there was such
+demand for fruit and farm products that more and more acres were
+cultivated each year.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our leading industry now is farming and fruit-growing, and
+California's delicious fresh or cured fruit is sent all over the
+world. Large amounts of barley and hops are shipped from here to
+Europe, and our state produces almost all the Lima beans used in the
+country.
+</p>
+<p>
+The citrus fruits, as oranges, lemons, and pomelos, or &quot;grape-fruit,&quot;
+are called, grow in the seven southern counties, or in the foothills
+on the western slope of the Sierras. The trees cannot endure frost and
+must be irrigated in the summer. Orange trees are a pretty sight, with
+their shining green leaves, white, sweet-smelling flowers, and the
+green or golden fruit. About Christmas-time, when oranges ripen, both
+blossoms and fruit may be picked from the same tree. Los Angeles and
+Orange County grow most oranges, but San Diego is first in lemon
+culture. Half a million trees in that county show the bright yellow
+fruit and fragrant blossoms every month in the year. The other
+southern counties also raise lemons by the car-load to send east, or
+for your lemonade and lemon pies at home.
+</p>
+<p>
+There, too, the olive grows well, that little plum-shaped fruit you
+usually see as a green, salt pickle on the table. The Mission Fathers
+brought this tree first from Spain, where the poor people live upon
+black bread and olives. Olives are picked while green and put in
+a strong brine of salt and water to preserve them for eating. Dark
+purple ripe olives are also very good prepared the same way. Did you
+know that olive-oil is pressed out of ripe olives? The best oil comes
+from the first crushing, and the pulp is afterwards heated, when a
+second quality of oil is obtained. Olive trees grow very slowly, and
+do not fruit for seven years after they are planted. But they live a
+hundred years, and bear more olives every season.
+</p>
+<p>
+The black or purple fig which grew in the old Mission gardens bears
+fruit everywhere in the state. Either fresh and ripe, or pressed flat
+and dried, it is delicious and healthful. White figs like those from
+abroad have been raised the last few years, and it is hoped in time to
+produce Smyrna figs equal to the imported.
+</p>
+<p>
+While peach orchards blossom and bear fruit six months of the year in
+the south, most of this pretty pink-cheeked fruit grows in the great
+valleys, or along the Sacramento River. Pears also show their snowy
+blossoms and yellow fruit in the valleys and farther north. The
+Bartlett pear is sent to all the Eastern states in cold storage cars
+kept cool by ice, and also to Europe.
+</p>
+<p>
+The finest apricots are those of that wonderful southern country,
+miles and miles of orchards lying round Fresno especially. Yet the
+valleys and foot-hills produce plenty, and in the old mining counties
+very choice fruit ripens. Apples like the high mountain valleys, where
+they get a touch of frost in winter, though there is a cool section of
+San Diego County where fine ones are raised. Cherries do well in the
+middle and valley regions, the earliest coming from Vacaville, in
+Solano County.
+</p>
+<p>
+Grapes grow throughout the state, though the famous raisin vineyards,
+where thousands of tons are dried every year, are around Fresno. Most
+of the raisins are dried in the sun, but in one factory a hundred tons
+of grapes may be dried at one time by steam. The raisins are seeded by
+machinery, and packed in pretty boxes to send all over the coast, and
+through the states, where once only foreign raisins were used. Many
+vineyards in the southern part and middle of the state grow only wine
+grapes, California wines, champagne, and brandy having a wide use.
+</p>
+<p>
+Great quantities of fresh fruits are used in the state or sent away,
+while the canneries put up immense amounts, also. Canned fruit reaches
+many consumers, but it is expensive. Our cured or dried fruit, however
+is so cheap and so good that millions of pounds are prepared every
+year. Such fruit ripens on the tree and so keeps all its fine flavor.
+It is then dried in the sunshine, which not only fits it for long
+keeping but turns part of it to sugar. Apricots, peaches, pears, and
+cherries are usually cut in halves or stoned before drying. Prunes are
+first on the list of cured fruits, and they seem the best to use as
+food. The ripe prunes are dipped into a boiling lye to make the skin
+tender, then rinsed and spread in the sun a day or two. They are then
+allowed to &quot;sweat&quot; to get a good color, are next dipped in boiling
+water a minute or two, dried, and finally graded, a certain number to
+the pound, and packed in boxes or sacks.
+</p>
+<p>
+Several kinds of nuts grow well in the state. All the so-called
+&quot;English&quot; walnuts, with their thin shells, are raised in the south,
+Orange County furnishing half the amount we market. Peanuts and
+almonds are a good crop there, also, though almond groves are in all
+parts of the state. Both paper and thick-shelled almonds are usually
+bleached, or whitened, with sulphur smoke to improve their color.
+</p>
+<p>
+Santa Barbara and Ventura are the bean counties of the state, and send
+Lima beans away by train-loads, while Orange County grows celery for
+the Eastern market. Very high prices are received for this celery and
+other vegetables sent from California during the winter season when
+fields are covered with snow in the East.
+</p>
+<p>
+And did you know that the state produces a great deal of sugar? Tons
+and tons of sugar-beets are grown throughout the farming lands, and
+harvested in September. When the juice of these crushed beets is
+boiled and refined, it makes a sugar exactly like cane sugar and much
+cheaper. One-fifth of the beet is sugar, it is said.
+</p>
+<p>
+Even the dry, worthless mountain sides are valuable to the bee-keeper.
+The bees make a delicious honey from the wild, white sage, which grows
+where nothing else will live. This sage honey brings the very highest
+price.
+</p>
+<p>
+Oats are raised in the coast counties, and corn in the valleys, but
+owing to cool nights and dry air the corn seldom makes a good crop.
+Orange County, however, claims corn with stalks twenty feet high and
+a hundred bushels to the acre. In the south, also, that wonderful
+forage-plant, alfalfa, will produce six crops a year by irrigation and
+give a ton or more to the acre at each cutting.
+</p>
+<p>
+Along the upper Sacramento River stretch the great hop-fields full
+of tall vines covered with light-green tassels. At hop-picking season
+many families have a month's picnic, children and all working day
+after day in the fields and pulling off the fragrant hops. Indians,
+too, are among the best hop-pickers. The dried hops are bleached with
+sulphur, baled, and in great quantities sent to Liverpool, where with
+California barley they are used in brewing malt liquors.
+</p>
+<p>
+An odd crop is mustard, and at Lompoc, in Santa Barbara County, enough
+for the whole country is grown. Both brown and yellow mustard is
+cultivated, and the little seeds, almost as fine as gunpowder, are
+sold to spice-mills and pickle-factories.
+</p>
+<p>
+Whole farms are taken up with the production of flower-seeds or bulbs,
+with acres and acres of calla-lilies, roses, carnations, and violets.
+The tall pampas-grass, with its long feathery plumes, gives a
+profitable crop. Indeed, one can scarcely name a fruit, flower, or
+tree that will not thrive and grow to perfection in our mild climate
+and rich soil.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_13"><!-- RULE4 13 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE STORY OF THE NAVEL ORANGE
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Who has not enjoyed a juicy navel orange, while wondering at its
+peculiar shape and lack of troublesome seeds? Yet few people know that
+this particular variety has brought millions of dollars into our state
+and made orange growing our third greatest industry.
+</p>
+<p>
+Read this story of the seedless orange, this &quot;golden apple of
+California,&quot; which was first cultivated by Luther Tibbets, of
+Riverside, and learn how Southern California has profited by its navel
+orange crops.
+</p>
+<p>
+Nearly thirty years ago Mr. Tibbets came from New York to this state
+and took up free government land near what is now the beautiful city
+of Riverside. He was one of the half-dozen pioneer fruit-growers
+of that region, and had noticed at the San Gabriel Mission how well
+orange trees grew there. His wife and daughter waited in Washington,
+D.C., until a home should be ready here for them, and they often sent
+Mr. Tibbets plants and seeds from the Department of Agriculture. To
+this Department and its gardens in Washington, many curious plants
+are forwarded from other countries for growing and experiment in the
+United States. New kinds of grain or fruits are carefully cultivated
+and watched by the Department, and from it farmers can always get
+seeds or cuttings to try on their own farms.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mrs. Tibbets often visited the Department gardens, and in 1873 she
+wrote to her husband that she could get him some fine orange trees if
+he would promise the government to take great care of them and to keep
+them apart from other trees till they fruited. Of course he agreed to
+give them special attention, and therefore that December he received
+three small, rooted orange trees. A cow chewed up one of these, but
+for five years the others were watched and tended. Then sweet white
+blossoms appeared on each little tree, and afterwards two oranges,
+like hard green bullets at first. Finally, in January, 1879, Mr.
+Tibbets picked four large, well-flavored, golden oranges, the first
+seedless ones ever grown outside of Brazil.
+</p>
+<p>
+From the hot swamps of the tropical country at Bahia the United States
+Consul had sent six cuttings of this peculiar orange to be planted
+in the Washington gardens. All died but the two at Riverside. In 1880
+they bore half a bushel of fruit, and the new seedless oranges were
+talked of throughout Southern California. The other orange growers
+had been cultivating &quot;seedlings,&quot; trees which bore smaller fruit, with
+many bitter seeds and a thick skin. Many of these growers now cut back
+their seedlings to bare limbs, and grafted the new orange on these
+branches. This is called &quot;budding,&quot; and is done by cutting off a thin
+slip of bark with a tiny folded-up leaf-bud on it, inserting the graft
+in the branch to be budded and securing it there with wax to keep the
+air out. The little bud drinks in sap from the tree stem, and grows
+and blossoms true to its own mother tree.
+</p>
+<p>
+There were few orange groves then, but soon nearly all were budded
+to the new kind, seventy-five acres being so changed on the Baldwin
+Ranch; and when these trees began to bear, some five years afterwards,
+people were much excited over the seedless fruit.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Orange Tree with fruit and blossoms."
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1085a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1085a.jpg" width="150" height="143" border="0"
+	alt="AN ORANGE TREE WITH FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">AN ORANGE TREE WITH <br>FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Such high prices were paid for these oranges at first, that orange
+growing boomed all over Southern California. People thought their
+fortunes were made when they set out a few acres of small budded trees
+they had paid a dollar or more apiece for. Whole towns sprang up in
+dry treeless valleys where only cattle and sheep had pastured,
+and land worth only twenty-five dollars an acre before the orange
+excitement, sold quickly for eight hundred and a thousand when planted
+with trees. The towns of Pomona, Redlands, Monrovia, and others in
+the orange localities were unknown before 1885, and grew to several
+thousand population in a few years. Everybody talked of the great
+profit in orange growing, and people who had nurseries of young trees
+grown from navel buds made fortunes.
+</p>
+<p>
+At this day thousands of acres of seedless oranges are in full bearing
+and no one buys the old kinds. Hundreds of car-loads of the seedlings
+are not even picked, and ninety per cent of the eighteen thousand
+car-loads which make the season's orange crop are navel oranges. Over
+forty-five millions of dollars are now invested in the growing and
+marketing of this remarkable fruit.
+</p>
+<p>
+At Riverside, the home of the orange, the two original Washington
+navel trees still stand. Mr. Tibbets guarded them for years, had them
+fenced with high latticework, and seldom allowed any one to touch
+them. He refused ten thousand dollars for them, since for months he
+sold hundreds of dollars' worth of buds from these parent trees. These
+two trees and their large family have caused thousands of people to
+come to the state, and have built up Southern California wonderfully.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_14"><!-- RULE4 14 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE LEMON
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+For many years people who use that sour but necessary fruit, the
+lemon, thought that only the little yellow ones which came from the
+far-away island of Sicily were good. The men who import foreign fruits
+always said so; and in spite of the fact that the larger California
+lemon was more acid, of as good flavor, smooth skinned, and golden,
+people believed the Mediterranean groves produced the best. But, at
+last, our warm, dry air, good soil, and plenty of water, together with
+care and skill while growing and packing, have made California lemons
+the most in demand. These lemons keep well, and bear shipping and long
+journeys better than the imported fruit.
+</p>
+<p>
+Citrus fruits, as the orange and lemon are called, do well in all the
+southern counties, and San Diego County boasts of not only the largest
+lemon grove in California, but in the world. This is a thousand-acre
+tract overlooking San Diego Bay and cultivated by the Chula Vista
+colony. It was once a pasture given up to wandering bands of cattle
+and sheep. There was little water, and no one ever thought these dry
+mesa lands would one day be a beautiful garden spot, green with the
+shining lemon leaves, and golden with fruit.
+</p>
+<p>
+A company was formed to develop this forty-two square miles of land,
+and to get water for irrigation, since all the trees must have little
+streams of water round their thirsty roots three or four times during
+the dry summer. A great dam was constructed on the Sweetwater River,
+near Chula Vista, and a reservoir built. Water was piped from this to
+the lemon groves, which are about a hundred feet below the reservoir,
+and from May to September the trees are irrigated. This is done by
+ploughing furrows on each side of a row of trees and turning small
+rills of water slowly down them till the ground is soaked around the
+tree roots. No one thought the great reservoir would ever be empty,
+but two winters with but little rain made it necessary to put down
+many wells in the dry bed of the Sweetwater River, and from these a
+strong steady flow of millions of gallons is pumped into the water
+pipes. So this great lemon orchard is always sure of water enough,
+returning the gift later in generous golden measure.
+</p>
+<p>
+One may pick lemon blossoms, ripe and green fruit every month in the
+year from the same tree, but most of the crop ripens from November to
+June.
+</p>
+<p>
+Lemons are carefully cut from the tree, and usually picked by size, a
+ring being slipped over them, without regard to their ripeness. They
+grow so thick on the tree that a man can pick more than twenty boxes
+a day. In preparing it for market the fruit &quot;sweats,&quot; as it is called,
+in airy boxes, for a month in winter and ten days in summer, and
+ripens and colors during this process. Then each lemon is wiped
+dry and clean, wrapped separately in tissue-paper, and packed for
+shipment. The cost of a box of lemons from the tree to the railroad is
+about thirty-five cents.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thousands of car-loads are shipped to the Eastern and Middle states,
+while the Pacific Coast is a never-failing market.
+</p>
+<p>
+Small, imperfect, and bruised fruit goes to the citric acid factory
+near the packing-houses. From these oil of lemon, lemon sugar, and
+clear green citric-acid crystals are made, and the crushed waste is
+returned to the grove and ploughed in about the trees as a fertilizer.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_15"><!-- RULE4 15 --></a>
+<h2>
+	FLOWERS AND PLANTS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+&quot;When California was wild,&quot; says John Muir, &quot;it was one sweet
+bee-garden throughout its entire length, and from the snowy Sierra to
+the ocean.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+There were so many yellow poppies in this great unfenced garden, that
+the Spanish sailing along the coast called it the &quot;Land of Fire&quot; from
+the golden flowers covering the hills. Near Pasadena, in Southern
+California, these poppy fields may still be seen glowing so brightly
+in the sun that you do not wonder at the name &quot;Cape Las Flores,&quot; or
+Flower Cape, which the sailors also gave to this part of the country.
+</p>
+<p>
+The poppy is our best-known wild flower, planted by Mother Nature
+before white men ever visited these shores. When the Spanish
+settled here they called the poppy <i>copa de oro</i>, or cup of gold.
+The gold hunters spoke of it as the California gold flower, and sent
+the pressed poppies home in their letters. But its correct name is
+the Eschscholtzia (esh-sholt'si-a), from the name of a German
+botanist and naturalist, who studied the plant and wrote about it
+almost a hundred years ago.
+</p>
+<p>
+From February to May the poppies are most plentiful, but a few may be
+found almost every month in the year. Have you noticed the finely cut
+green leaves, and the pointed green nightcap that covers each bud till
+the morning sunshine coaxes off the cap and unfolds the four satiny
+golden petals? The flowers love the sun and close up on dark, cloudy
+days, or if brought into the house. But put them in a sunny window the
+next morning, and you may watch the cups of gold open to the light.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of the poppies are a deep orange-color, while others are a pale
+yellow. And as you walk through the fields you may pick a hundred at
+each step, so thick do the plants grow. The wild bees find a yellow
+dust called pollen or &quot;bee-bread&quot; in the poppy, the same golden powder
+that rubs off on your nose, when you put it too close to this cup of
+gold or to lilies.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then in this &quot;unfenced garden&quot; were also the baby blue-eyes, whose
+pretty pale-blue blossoms come early in the spring, each one with a
+drop of honey at the foot of its honey path, as the black lines on its
+petals are called.
+</p>
+<p>
+Can you name twenty kinds of wild flowers? Around San Francisco and
+the bay counties you will count, after the poppy and baby blue-eyes,
+the shining yellow buttercup, the blue and yellow lupines that grow in
+the sand, the tall thistle whose sharp, prickly leaves and thorny
+red blossoms spell &quot;Let-me-alone,&quot; the blue flag-lilies and red
+paint-brush, yellow cream-cups, and wild mustard, and an orange
+pentstemon. These with many yellow composit&aelig; or flowers like the
+dandelion, you will find growing on the windy hills and dry, sunny
+places. Hiding away in quiet corners are the blue-eyed grass, and
+a wild purple hyacinth, the scarlet columbine swinging its golden
+tassels, shy blue larkspur, a small yellow sunflower, and wild pink
+roses. Among the ferns in shady, wet nooks are white trilliums and a
+delicate pink bleeding-heart, while the wild blue violets and yellow
+pansies love the warm, rocky hillside.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mariposas, or butterfly tulips of many colors, grow in the foot-hills
+and mountains. Perhaps our most beautiful wild flowers are the lilies,
+of which we have over a dozen kinds. In the redwood forests there is a
+tall, lovely pink lily, and many brown-spotted yellow tiger-lilies. Up
+in the mountain pines a snowy white Washington lily sometimes covers
+a mountain side with its tall stems bearing dozens of sweet waxen
+blossoms. In the wet, swampy places bright red, and many small orange
+lilies bloom in late summer.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the high Sierras are found strange and pretty blossoms unlike
+the flowers of valleys and sea-coast. There you will see the
+mountain-heather with pink, purple, or dainty white bells, the
+goldenrod, and gentians blue as the sky. Strangest of all is the
+snow-plant. This curious thing sends up a thick, fleshy spike a foot
+or so in height and set closely with bright scarlet flowers. It grows
+where the snow has just melted round the fir trees, and leaf, stem,
+and blossom are all the same glowing red.
+</p>
+<p>
+Most of the valley and coast wild-flowers bloom and ripen their seeds
+before the dry summer begins. Such plants die and wither away in the
+heat, but their seeds are safe on the warm ground till fall rains soak
+the earth and set them growing again. In the high mountains a thick
+blanket of snow covers the sleeping seeds till May or June, and then
+sunshine wakes them once more.
+</p>
+<p>
+No doubt you have seen many of our shrubs or tall bush-plants in your
+vacations. Do you remember the sweet creamy white azaleas and the
+buckeyes that grow along the creeks in the redwoods? And the feathery
+blue blossoms of the wild lilac crowding in close thickets up
+the hillsides? One of our shrubs is a holiday visitor, the
+Christmas-berry, whose bright-red clusters trim your house at that
+gay, happy season. The manzanita is another pretty bush, with pink
+bells that ripen to small scarlet apples in the fall.
+</p>
+<p>
+Usually, these and other shrubs cover the hillsides with a thick,
+matted tangle of stems and branches almost impossible to get through.
+This chaparral, as the Spanish called it, clothes the foot-hills and
+mountain sides with a close growth through which deer and bears alone
+can travel and make trails or runways. Great stretches of buckthorn in
+the north, and of sage-brush in the south, cover the wild lands, while
+in the sandy desert tall, prickly cactus, yucca, and mesquite grow
+with the sage-brush in the blazing sun.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: In A Mission Garden"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1103a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1103a.jpg" width="146" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="IN A MISSION GARDEN.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">IN A MISSION GARDEN.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Only a few of California's wild plants and flowers have been now
+called to your notice. But children have sharp eyes, and you will
+find many more to inquire about in your vacation days. Then
+the blackberries and thimble-berries will be ripe, and the pink
+salmon-berry in the redwoods. Perhaps you will look for and dig up the
+soaproot, that onion-like bulb of one of the lily family with which
+the Indians make a soapy lather to wash their clothes. Let us hope
+you will know and keep away from the &quot;poison-oak,&quot; the low bush with
+pretty red leaves, for its leaves are apt to make your skin swell up
+and blister wherever they touch you.
+</p>
+<p>
+What a long and pleasant story might be told you of our state's real
+gardens! Perhaps your teacher will give you an hour to talk about your
+home gardens, and to see how much you can tell about them. You may
+have flowers the year round, if you live on the coast, or in the warm
+valleys where no Jack Frost comes with his icy breath to kill the
+tender plants. In such genial climates roses and geraniums bloom all
+year, and only rest when the gardener cuts them back; and most of the
+shrubs and trees in parks and gardens are always fresh and green.
+</p>
+<p>
+Florists who raise flowers to sell find that here they can grow the
+choicest and finest carnations, roses, and all the garden blossoms you
+know so well. Many of these florists deal only in flower-seeds, and
+bulbs or roots of the lilies to send to the Eastern states or abroad,
+where people greatly prize California flowers.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Palms over 100 years old at Los Angeles"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1085b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1085b.jpg" width="142" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD AT LOS ANGELES.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD <br>AT LOS ANGELES.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>
+Plants and trees from all parts of the world thrive here, also. You
+have seen the palms, the tall sword-palm with its great spike of snowy
+bloom in the spring, the fan-palm whose dried and trimmed leaves
+are really used for fans, and, perhaps, the date-palm. This tree
+was planted round the Missions by the Padres, and some, more than
+a hundred years old, are still standing at the San Gabriel Mission.
+These, and the magnolia with its large creamy blossoms, as well as the
+graceful pepper-tree, are natives of warm, southern lands, while the
+eucalyptus, or gum-tree, was brought here from Australia.
+</p>
+<p>
+Look round, children, as you walk to and from school, or in the park,
+and try to know and name the green things growing there, the flowers
+and plants sent to make our world a pleasant place to live in.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_16"><!-- RULE4 16 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE BIG TREES AND LUMBERING
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The largest trees in the world are those forest giants of California
+which grow on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, and nowhere
+else on the globe. People carelessly call these grand trees &quot;redwoods&quot;
+or &quot;big trees,&quot; but their family name is Sequoia, an Indian chief's
+name. When the trees were first discovered, in 1853, accounts of their
+height and size were sent to England. Supposing this giant to be a
+new tree, it was there christened <i>Wellingtonia</i>, and also
+<i>gigantea</i> for its immense measurements. While Americans were
+trying to have it called <i>Washingtonia</i>, a famous Frenchman who
+knew all about trees decided that the specimen sent him was certainly
+a sequoia, as named by a German professor some six years before this
+time. So the tree was called <i>sequoia gigantea</i> and quietly went
+on growing, unmindful of the four nations who had quarrelled over its
+christening. Why, indeed, should it bother its lofty head with the
+chatter of people whose countries were unknown when this mighty tree
+was full grown? For these sequoias are the oldest of living objects
+and have probably been growing for four thousand years. How do we know
+this? Well, when a fallen trunk is sawed across, one can see rings in
+the wood, and it is thought that each ring is a year's growth. John
+Muir counted over four thousand of these annual rings on the stump of
+one of the Kings River trees.
+</p>
+<p>
+These fine old trees grow in groves, and of the nine or ten groves
+the Calaveras and Mariposa are the best known. The Calaveras group of
+nearly a hundred mighty trees was the first one discovered, and four
+trees here are over three hundred feet high. The fallen &quot;Father of
+the Forest&quot; must have been much higher, for it measures a hundred feet
+round its trunk at the root end. A man can ride on horseback for two
+hundred feet through its hollow trunk as it lies on the ground. Many
+of the standing trees hollowed out by fires are large enough, used as
+cabins, to live in.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustrations: 'Wawona' and 'The Grizzly Giant' trees"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1106a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1106a.jpg" width="150" height="130" border="0"
+	alt="'WAWONA' (28 feet in diameter).">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">&quot;WAWONA&quot;<br>(28 feet in diameter).
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><br> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1106b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1106b.jpg" width="150" height="130" border="0"
+	alt="THE GRIZZLY GIANT (33 feet in diameter).">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">THE GRIZZLY GIANT<br>(33 feet in diameter).
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The Mariposa grove of Big Trees, being not far from Yosemite Valley,
+is the best known, as thousands of tourists visit both places. There
+is a big tree at Mariposa for every day in the year, and two very
+wonderful ones, the Grizzly Giant and Wawona. Stage-coaches drive into
+the grove through the tree Wawona, which was bored and burned out
+so as to make an opening ten by twelve feet. A wall of wood ten feet
+thick on each side of this opening supports the living tree. The great
+Grizzly Giant towers a hundred feet without a branch, and twice that
+height above the first immense branches that are six feet through.
+This was, no doubt, an old tree when Columbus discovered America, yet
+it is alive and green and still growing.
+</p>
+<p>
+The largest tree in the world is the General Sherman, in Sequoia
+National Park, and it is thirty-five feet in diameter. This means that
+the stump of the tree, if smoothed off, would make a floor on which
+thirty people might dance, or your whole class be seated. You can
+scarcely imagine what a mighty column such a tree is, with its rich
+red-brown bark, fluted like a column, too, and with its crown of
+feathery green branches and foliage. The bark is a foot or two thick.
+The trees are evergreens, and conifers, or cone-bearers. Sequoia cones
+are two or three inches long and full of small seeds. The Douglas
+squirrel gets most of these seeds, but there are still seedlings and
+saplings or young trees enough to keep the race alive in most of the
+groves.
+</p>
+<p>
+These groves of wonderful and rare trees are protected as National
+Parks in the Sequoia and Grant groves, and Mariposa belongs to the
+state. It is against the law to cut the trees in those groves. Their
+worst enemy is fire, and a troop of cavalry is sent every year to
+guard them, and to keep out the sheep-herders, whose flocks would
+destroy the underbrush and young trees. But, unfortunately, lumbermen
+have put up mills near the Fresno and Kings River groups, and, wasting
+more than they use, are destroying magnificent trees thousands of
+years old in order to make shingles. When nature has taken such good
+care of this rare and wonderful tree, the Sierra Giant, men should try
+to preserve the groves unharmed in all their beauty.
+</p>
+<p>
+Another <i>sequoia</i> grows in great forests along the Coast Range
+from Santa Cruz to the northern state-line, and beyond into Oregon.
+This is the <i>sequoia sempervirens</i>, the Latin name meaning always
+green. Redwood is its common name, and the lumber for our frame or
+wooden houses is cut from this tree. Millions of feet of this redwood
+lumber are shipped from the northern counties of the state every year,
+up to Alaska or down to Central and South America. It is also sent far
+across the Pacific to the Hawaiian and Philippine islands and to China
+and Australia.
+</p>
+<p>
+While the <i>sequoia gigantea</i> delights in a clear sky and hot
+sunshine, its brother, the <i>sempervirens</i>, prefers a cool
+sea-coast climate, offering frequent baths of fog. There is also a
+difference in the size of these trees; the redwood is often three
+hundred feet high, but is less in girth than its relative in the
+Sierras. There is not much underbrush and little sunshine in the cool,
+green redwood forests, each tree rising tall and stately for a hundred
+feet without branches, while the green tops seem almost to touch the
+sky as one looks up. Through the woods one hears the blue jay scream
+and chatter, and the tap, tap of the woodpecker as he drills holes in
+the bark to fill with acorns for his winter store.
+</p>
+<p>
+When the lumberman looks at these beautiful forests, he sees only many
+logs containing many thousand feet of lumber, which he must get out
+the easiest and cheapest way. He only chooses the finest and largest
+trunks, and there is great waste in cutting these. The men begin
+to saw the tree some eight or ten feet from the ground, and soon it
+trembles and falls with a mighty crash, often snapping off other trees
+in its way to the ground. After all the selected trees have fallen,
+fires are started to burn off the branches and underbrush so that the
+men can work easier. This fire only chars the outside bark of the big,
+green logs, but it kills all the young saplings, and leaves the once
+beautiful forest a waste of blackened logs and gray ashes. When the
+fire burns itself out, the logs are usually sawed with a cross-cut saw
+into sixteen-foot lengths, since in that form they are easy to handle.
+Then oxen or horses haul them out; or sometimes a wire cable is
+fastened to them by iron &quot;dogs,&quot; or stakes, and a little stationary
+engine pulls them away to the siding at the railroad track. Here they
+are rolled on flat-cars, fastened with a big iron chain around the
+four or six logs on the car, and taken on the logging train to the
+mill-pond. They lie soaking in the water until drawn up to the keen
+saws of the sawmill that cut and slice the wood like cheese. The bark
+and outside is carved off as you would cut the crust off bread, and
+then sharp, circular saws cut boards and planks till the log is used
+up, and the log-carriage lifts another to its place. As the shining
+steel bites into the wood the noise almost deafens you and the mill
+shakes with the thunder of log-carriage and feeders. Useless ends,
+slabs, and refuse are burnt in the sawdust pit, where the fires never
+go out. Very much of the tree is wasted and all the limbs. The redwood
+tree has so much life and strength, however, that it sends up bright
+green sprouts around the burnt stump, and standing trees charred outside
+to the tops will have new branches the next season. In the older forests tall
+young trees are often seen growing in a ring round an empty spot, the
+long-dead stump having rotted away.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Big trees at Felton, Santa Cruz Co."
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1118.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1118.jpg" width="150" height="130" border="0"
+	alt="BIG TREES AT FELTON, SANTA CRUZ CO.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">BIG TREES AT FELTON, <br>SANTA CRUZ CO.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Near Santa Cruz is a grove of large and beautiful redwoods, many
+of the trees being over three hundred feet high and from forty
+to sixty-five feet around the base of the trunk. The Giant is the
+largest, and three other immense ones are named for Generals Grant,
+Sherman, and Fremont. In 1846 General Fremont found this grove, and
+camped, on a rainy winter night, in the hollow trunk of the tree
+bearing his name. Here is also seen a group of eleven very tall trees
+growing in a circle around an old stump.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the Sierras, both in the <i>sequoia</i> groves and forests above
+the Big-Tree region, are very large sugar-pines, red firs, and
+yellow-pine trees, all of which make excellent lumber. Great forests
+of these trees, with cedars almost as large as the redwoods, are in
+the northern counties also. You may have seen sugar-pine cones which
+are over a foot long, the largest of all found, while redwood cones
+are the smallest. Another great tree is the Douglas spruce, the king
+of spruce trees, growing in both Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges.
+</p>
+<p>
+The California laurel, or bay tree, with its beautiful, shining green
+leaves, and the madro&ntilde;o, the slender, red-barked tree on the hillsides
+you must have noticed in your trips to the country, as well as our
+fine valley and mountain oaks. Try to learn the kinds of trees and
+study their leaves, blossoms, and fruit, and you will find every one
+a friend well worth knowing. Then you will wish to save them from fire
+and the lumberman's axe, especially the rare and old <i>sequoias</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_17"><!-- RULE4 17 --></a>
+<h2>
+	OUR BIRDS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+More than three hundred kinds of these dear feathered friends and
+visitors live in California. Along the sea-shore, in the great valleys
+and the mountain-forests and meadows, even in the dry, hot desert, the
+birds, our shy and merry neighbors, are at home. In many parts of
+the state they find sunshine and green trees the year round, and food
+always at hand. Yet sparrows, robins, and woodpeckers will stay in the
+snowed-in groves of the Sierras all winter, contentedly chirping or
+singing in spite of the bitter cold.
+</p>
+<p>
+If you know these wanderers of wood and field, these birds of sea and
+shore, and their interesting habits, you will wish to protect them
+from stone or gun, and their nests from the egg collector. You will
+listen to the lark and linnet, and be glad that the happy songster
+trilling such sweet notes is free to fly where he wishes, and is
+not pining in a cage. And you, little girl, will not encourage the
+destruction of these pretty creatures by wearing a sea-gull or part of
+some dead bird on your hat.
+</p>
+<p>
+To become better acquainted with birds, let us call them before us by
+classes, beginning with our sea-birds and those round the bays and on
+the coast. Some of these not only swim but dive in the salt waters,
+and to this class of divers belong the grebe, loon, murre, and puffin.
+They dive at the flash of a gun, and after what seems a long time,
+come up far away from the spot the hunter aimed at. These birds
+usually nest on bare, rocky cliffs near the ocean, or on islands like
+the Farallones, and their large green eggs hatch out nestlings that
+are ugly and awkward and helpless on land. But they ride the great
+ocean-breakers, or dive into their clear depths easily and gracefully;
+and as they live upon fish or small sea-creatures, the divers only
+seek land to roost at night and to raise their young.
+</p>
+<p>
+Next come the gulls, who belong to a class known as &quot;long-winged
+swimmers.&quot; They have strong wings and fly great distances, and with
+their webbed feet swim well, too. Most of the sea-gulls are white with
+a gray coat on their backs, but they look snowy-white as they fly. You
+may see them walking about the wharves, or perching on roofs and piles
+watching for food, and seeming very tame as they pick up bits of bread
+or the refuse floating in the water. They follow steamers for miles,
+scarcely moving their wings as they float in the air; and if you throw
+a cracker from the deck, some gull will make a swift swoop and snatch
+it before the cracker reaches the water.
+</p>
+<p>
+Far out on the Pacific the albatross sails proudly on his broad wings,
+and cares nothing for high winds or storms. He rests and sleeps on the
+billows at night with his little companions, the stormy petrels. He is
+the largest and strongest of our birds of flight, the very king of the
+sea. The stormy petrels are not much larger than a swallow. Sailors
+call them. &quot;Mother Carey's chickens,&quot; and are sure a storm is
+coming up when petrels follow the ship. The albatross, petrel, and
+a gull-like bird called a shearwater belong to the &quot;tube-nosed
+swimmers,&quot; on account of their curious long beaks.
+</p>
+<p>
+Along the coast, and wading in the shallow waters around the bays, are
+some strange birds known as pelicans and shags. They are good fishers,
+and drive the darting, finny fellows before them as they wade in the
+water till they can see and gobble them up. Most waders have under
+their beaks a skin-pocket deep enough to hold a fish while carrying
+it to their nestlings, or making ready to swallow it. All of these
+sea-birds raise their young as far from the shore and from hunters
+as possible. Great flocks of them roost on islands fifteen or twenty
+miles out in the ocean, and fly into the bays every morning.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wild ducks, geese, the herons, mud-hens, sandpipers, and curlews are
+marsh and shore birds that feed and wade in the shallow salt water,
+and nest on the banks or, like the heron, in trees near the bay. The
+heron is a frog-catcher, and he will stand very still on his long legs
+and patiently wait till the frog, thinking him gone, swims near. Then
+one dart of the long bill captures froggy, and the heron waits for
+another. You know the red-head, green mallard, canvas-back, and small
+teal ducks, no doubt, and have seen the flocks of wild geese flying
+and calling in the sky, or standing like patches of snow as they feed
+in the marshes or grain-fields.
+</p>
+<p>
+Down on the mud-flats at low tide you see birds called rails, and also
+&quot;kill-dee&quot; plovers. The shoveller ducks are there, too fishing up with
+broad, flat beaks little crabs and such creatures as are in the mud,
+straining out mud and water, but swallowing the rest. All these birds
+are &quot;waders&quot; and delight in mud and cold salt water. They are usually
+quiet, or make only strange, shrill cries.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the sunny fields and woods we shall find many of the land-birds,
+and first comes a family whose habits are so like those of chickens
+that they are called &quot;scratchers.&quot; These birds depend for food upon
+seeds and bugs or worms they scratch out of the ground. Up in
+the Sierra sugar-pines and fir-woods lives the largest of these
+&quot;scratchers,&quot; the brown grouse. He is a shy creature, rising out of
+his feeding-ground with a great whirring of wings and out of sight
+before the hunter can fire at him. His peculiar cry, or &quot;drumming,&quot; as
+it is called, sounds through the woods like tapping hard on a hollow
+log. His equally shy neighbor is the mountain-quail, while through
+the farming lands and all along the hillsides the valley&mdash;quail are
+plenty. Perhaps you have seen a happy family of these speckled brown
+birds. Papa quail has a black crest on his head, and he calls &quot;Look
+right here&quot; from the wrong side of the road to fool you, while Mamma
+and her little, cunning chicks scatter like flying brown leaves in the
+brush. After the danger is past, you hear her low call to bring them
+round her again. In the desert and sage-brush part of the state the
+sage-hen, another &quot;scratcher,&quot; runs swiftly through the thickets, but
+many are caught and brought in by the Indians.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our birds of prey are eagles, vultures, hawks, owls, and the
+turkey-buzzards, those big black scavengers that hang in the air. In
+circles high above woods and fields some of these birds of prey sweep
+on broad wings, searching with keen sight for their food in some dead
+animal far below. The California condor, a great black vulture-like
+bird, is almost extinct, and is only found in the highest mountains.
+It is very large of wing, and strong enough, it is said, to carry off
+a sheep. Both golden and bald eagles nest in tall trees in the wildest
+parts of the state. The chicken-hawk, whose swift sailing over the
+poultry-yard calls out loud squawking from the frightened hens,
+you have often seen, and the wise-looking brown owls, too. A small
+burrowing owl lives in the squirrel holes, and you may catch him
+easily in the daytime, when he cannot see.
+</p>
+<p>
+The road-runner is of the cuckoo family of birds. It seldom flies, but
+runs swiftly along the roads, or in the desert, and is said to kill
+rattlesnakes by placing a ring of thorny cactus leaves around the
+snake as it lies asleep. The rattler is then pecked to death, since it
+cannot get out of its prickly cage. This fowl is like a slender brown
+hen in size.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the redwoods you hear the tap, tap, of the &quot;carpenter&quot; woodpecker,
+with his black coat and gay red cap. He drills holes in the bark of a
+tree with his strong beak and then fits an acorn neatly into each safe
+little storehouse. It is thought that worms and grubs fatten while
+living in these acorns, so that the woodpecker always has a meal ready
+in the winter when the ground is wet, or the squirrels have carried
+off the acorns under the trees.
+</p>
+<p>
+Humming-birds, or &quot;hummers,&quot; as the boys call them, are plenty in city
+and country and so fearless that they will take a bath in the spray
+of the garden-hose, or dart their long bills in the fuchsias almost
+within your reach. The bill shields a double tongue, which gets not
+only honey, but small insects from the flower or off the leaves. The
+humming-bird's tiny nest is a soft, round basket, not much bigger than
+half a walnut-shell, and holding two eggs, which are like small-white
+beans. Bits of moss and gray cobwebs are woven in this nest till it
+looks like the branch itself; and here the little mother in her plain
+brown dress hatches out and feeds the baby &quot;hummers.&quot; Her husband has
+glistening ruby feathers at his throat and green spots on his head and
+back that glow in the sun like jewels.
+</p>
+<p>
+The highest class of birds is the &quot;perchers,&quot; and many friends of
+yours belong to this. There are two families, however, of perchers,
+those that call and the song-birds. Calling over and over their
+peculiar note, the pewees, flycatchers, and king-birds, fly through
+the forests. The crow and blue jay belong to the singers, you will
+be surprised to hear. And what a crowd of these song-birds there
+are trilling and warbling in the sunshine! Have you ever watched the
+meadow-lark singing as he sits on guard on the fence, while the rest
+of his brown-coated yellow-vested flock run along the field picking up
+seeds and insects?
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Baby Yellow Warblers (birds)"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1133b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1133b.jpg" width="150" height="135" border="0"
+	alt="BABY YELLOW WARBLERS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">BABY YELLOW WARBLERS.
+	<br>From photographs <br>by Elizabeth Grinnell.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Then there are the linnets, or &quot;redheads,&quot; who sing their sweet,
+merry tunes all summer, and if they do take a cherry or two the farmer
+should not grumble. They destroy many bugs and caterpillars and eat
+weed-seeds that might trouble the fruit-grower more than the missing
+cherries. The yellow warbler, sometimes called the wild canary, flits
+through bush and tree and trills its gay notes in town and country.
+Song-sparrows, thrushes, and bluebirds warble far and near, while the
+red-winged blackbird makes music in wet, swampy places. The robin,
+who comes to city gardens in the winter, has a summer home in the
+mountains or redwoods. There, too, the saucy jay screams and chatters,
+and flashes his blue wings as he flies, scolding all the time.
+</p>
+<p>
+In Southern California, among the orange groves or in gardens, the
+mocking-bird trills in sweet, liquid notes his wonderful song. He
+mimics, too, many sounds he hears, and sometimes when caged will
+whistle tunes or say words. The mocker can crow or cackle like the
+chickens, or mew like the cat. Then he will whistle clear and loud
+till dogs or boys answer his call. When they find themselves fooled,
+it is said, he mimics a laugh.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Young Towhee bird"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1133a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1133a.jpg" width="150" height="140" border="0"
+	alt="YOUNG TOWHEE.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">YOUNG TOWHEE.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+From April to July the birds are busy, nesting, feeding their
+families, or teaching them to fly. Many eggs never hatch, and some
+are destroyed by wild animals. Boys often rob a whole nest to have one
+little blown egg in their collections. Then again the mother is killed
+and her brood starves to death. When the parent birds are teaching the
+nestlings to fly, cats also catch the little ones. So you see the poor
+feathered things have many enemies.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let us try to protect the birds, and to let them live happy lives
+in freedom. Each one will thank you, either with sweet songs or with
+being a beautiful thing to see on land or ocean.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_18"><!-- RULE4 18 --></a>
+<h2>
+	OUR WILD ANIMALS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Once upon a time, when the Spanish owned this state and called it
+their province of Alta California, there were great herds of antelope
+feeding on the grassy plains, and at every little stream elk and deer
+and big grizzly bears came down to drink. No fences had been built,
+and the wild animals had never heard a rifle-shot. Free and fearless
+they ranged valley and hillside, or made their dens in the thick
+brush, or &quot;chaparral,&quot; as the Spanish called it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Indian hunters watched the paths over which these wild creatures
+travelled to water, and killed deer and antelope with their arrows.
+But these hunters were afraid of grizzly bears, for an arrow in Mr.
+Bear's thick hide only made him cross, and with one hug, or even a
+light blow from his paw, he could cripple the poor Indian. So in those
+early days the old bears came year after year, and carried off sheep
+and cattle. The simple folks did not even try to kill them. Indeed,
+many of the red men believed that very bad Indians were punished by
+being turned into grizzly bears when they died, and they would not
+hurt their brothers, they said.
+</p>
+<p>
+When Father Serra's Mission people were starving at Monterey, the
+Padre learned that at a place called Bear Valley near by, there were
+many grizzlies which the Indians would not kill. He sent Spanish
+soldiers there, and they shot so many bears that the hungry Mission
+family had meat enough to last till a ship came from Mexico with
+supplies.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of all flesh-eating animals this grizzly bear is the largest and
+strongest. He can knock down a bull with his great paws, or kill and
+carry off a horse. He can live on wild berries and acorns with grass
+and roots he digs out of the ground, yet fresh meat suits him best,
+and he prefers a calf, which he holds as a cat does a mouse.
+</p>
+<p>
+Nothing but stock was raised in California in those days so long
+ago, and cattle were counted by the thousands and sheep by tens of
+thousands. Then the grizzly and cinnamon, or brown, bear feasted all
+the time on stray calves and yearlings. Every spring and fall the
+cattle, which had roamed almost wild in the pastures, were &quot;rounded
+up&quot; by the cowboys, or vaqueros. After the work of picking out each
+ranchero's stock and branding the young cattle was over, the vaqueros
+thought it fine fun to lasso a bear,&mdash;some old fellow, perhaps,
+who had been helping himself to the calves. It is told that one big
+cinnamon bear, while quietly feeding on acorns, looked up to find
+three or four cow-boys on their ponies in a circle around him. They
+spurred the trembling ponies as close to him as they dared, and yelled
+at the tops of their voices. The great brute sat up on his haunches
+and faced them, growling and snarling. One vaquero sent his rope
+flying through the air, and the loop settled over a big, hairy fore
+paw. Then the bear dropped on all fours and made a jump at the pony,
+which got out of his reach. Another Mexican threw a lasso and caught
+the bear's hind foot; and as he sat up again a third noose dropped
+over the other fore paw. Then the poor trapped creature, growling,
+snarling, and rolling over and over, began a tug of war with the
+lariats and the ponies. Once a rope broke, and horse and rider tumbled
+in front of the bear. He made a quick, savage jump, but was pulled
+back by the other ropes. Then Mr. Bear sat up straight and tugged so
+hard that another lariat broke and sent the saddle and rider over the
+pony's head. With one sweep of his paw the bear smashed the saddle,
+but the cow-boy saved himself by running to an oak tree. At last Mr.
+Bear was getting the best of the fight so plainly, and had pulled the
+frightened ponies so near him, that the man who was thrown off ended
+the poor animal's struggles with a rifle-ball.
+</p>
+<p>
+A Chinese sheep-herder tells this funny story about a bear: &quot;Me lun
+out, see what matta; me see sheep all bely much scared, bely much lun,
+bely much jump. Big black bear jump over fence, come light for me. Me
+so flighten me know nothin', then me scleam e-e-e-e so loud, and lun
+at bear till bear get scared too and lun away.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+A few grizzlies are still found in the Sierras, and black and brown
+bears are often seen with their playful little cubs. The small
+fellows are easily tamed and may be taught many tricks. They will live
+contentedly in a bear-pit, or even if chained up, and as most of you
+know, they like peanuts and pop-corn well enough to beg for them.
+</p>
+<p>
+The panther, or mountain-lion, is another large flesh-eating animal
+which makes his home in the thick woods conveniently neighboring the
+farmers' corrals and pastures. Not long ago a boy in Marin County,
+who was sent to look after some ponies, saw a big yellow dog, as he
+thought, &quot;worrying&quot; one of the colts. When he came nearer he found
+it was a wicked-looking, catlike creature, and knew it must be a
+California lion. He had nothing with him but a heavy whip. The panther
+left the wounded colt and crouched ready to spring at the boy, but he
+was on the alert and struck it a terrible blow across the eyes with
+his whip, and then another and another. Half-blinded and whining with
+pain, the panther turned tail and ran away, while the boy's pony,
+trembling and snorting with fright, galloped home with his brave
+rider.
+</p>
+<p>
+In one of the mountain counties a woman, hearing her chickens
+squawking one day at noon, ran out to find what seemed a big dog among
+them with a hen in his mouth. She rushed straight at him with a broom,
+when the animal turned. She found it was a great panther, who snarled
+and made ready to spring at her. As she screamed and started to run
+away, her foot slipped on a steep and muddy place, and she slid down
+the little hill right into the panther's face. He was so frightened
+that he jumped the fence and hurried to the woods.
+</p>
+<p>
+This great yellow cat is both savage and cowardly, and he has been
+known to follow a man walking through the woods, all day, yet he
+sneaked out of sight at every loud call the man gave. He chases deer
+and gets many small and helpless fawns, hunters say.
+</p>
+<p>
+Fur-hunting was once a profitable business for the Indians, who were
+clothed in bear and panther skins when the first white men came to
+California, and had many furs to trade or sell. The Indians trapped
+otters, beavers, and minks, and the squaws tanned the deer-hides to
+make buckskin shirts or leggings. Hunters and trappers still bring in
+these wild animals' furry coats after trips to the high mountains or
+untravelled woods, where the shy creatures try to live and be safe
+from their enemies.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: California Red Deer"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1140.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1140.jpg" width="149" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="CALIFORNIA RED DEER.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">CALIFORNIA RED DEER.
+	<br>From a photograph by <br>George V. Robinson.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+In early days herds of a very large deer, called elk, fed on the wild
+oats and grass. These elk had wide, branching horns measuring three
+or four feet from tip to tip. Only a few of them now survive in the
+redwood forests in the northern counties. There were plenty of them
+once where San Francisco now stands. Dana in his book called &quot;Two
+Years Before the Mast,&quot; tells us that when his ship dropped anchor off
+the little village of Yerba Buena about sixty-seven years ago, he saw
+hundreds of red deer and elk with their branching antlers. They were
+running about on the hills, or standing still to look at the ship
+until the noise frightened them off. At that time the whole country
+was covered with thick trees and bushes where the wolf and coyote
+prowled, and the grizzly bear's track was seen everywhere.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are plenty of deer in the redwoods now, and in the high
+Sierras are black-tailed and large mule-deer. In the woods round Mount
+Tamalpais timid red deer live, too. In winter, when it is cold and
+snowy in the northern counties of our state, these deer often come
+into the farmer's barnyard to nibble at the hay.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are still left in the mountains among the pines and snowy cliffs
+many mountain-sheep. These curious big-horned animals resemble both
+the elk and the sheep, and it is said they can jump from a high rock
+and land far below on their feet or heavy, twisted horns without being
+hurt in the least.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of all the great herds of graceful, fast-running antelope, once the
+most plentiful of our wild animals, only a very few can now be found
+on the eastern slopes of the Sierras.
+</p>
+<p>
+But Master Coyote, who might well be spared, so cruel and cowardly is
+he, still sneaks up and down the whole state, and his quick sharp bark
+gives notice that the rascal is ready to steal a chicken or a lamb if
+it is not protected. With his bushy tail and large head he is half fox
+and half wolf in appearance, and mean enough in habits to be both. He
+can outrun a dog and even a deer, and though he catches jack-rabbits
+and the Molly Cottontail usually for food, he would help his brother,
+the wolf, to kill a poor harmless sheep.
+</p>
+<p>
+This gray wolf is a savage creature and hides in the thick forests by
+day, slinking out at night to the nearest sheep corral or turkey-pen
+if he can find one unwatched by some faithful dog. His friend and
+neighbor, the fox, likes fat geese and chickens as well as birds,
+squirrels, and wood-rats. The queer raccoon lives in the redwoods and
+is often caught and kept in a cage or chained for a pet.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wildcats, both gray and yellow, are found in the thickly timbered
+parts of California, and the badger makes his home in the mountain
+ca&ntilde;ons or pine woods. There, too, the curious porcupine dwells. He is
+covered with grayish white quills, which bristle out when he is angry
+or frightened. No old dog will touch this animal, for he knows better
+than to get a mouthful of sharp toothpicks by biting Mr. Porcupine,
+who is like a round pincushion with the pins pointing out. A dog who
+has never seen this prickly ball will dab at it, and have a sore paw
+to nurse for weeks after.
+</p>
+<p>
+Two or three kinds of tree-squirrels live in the pines and redwoods,
+the Douglas squirrel being well known in the mountains. The ground
+squirrel, or chipmunk, digs holes in the ground, where he hides his
+winter's store of grain and nuts.
+</p>
+<p>
+Three of our smaller wild animals are very common and very troublesome
+to the farmer. The skunk, which looks like a pretty black and white
+kitten with a bushy tail, and also the weasel, destroy all the
+chickens and eggs they can reach, and they are so cunning that it is
+hard to keep them out of the hen-house. That little pest, the gopher,
+we are all well acquainted with, since he gnaws the pinks and roses
+off at their roots in your city garden while his large family of
+brothers and sisters kill the farmer's fruit-trees and vines. The
+gopher digs long tunnels under ground, making storerooms here and
+there in these passages, which he fills with grass, roots, and seeds.
+In each cheek he has a pouch, or pocket, large enough to hold nearly a
+handful of grain, so the little rascal carries his stores very easily.
+The traps and poison by which the farmer is always trying to make way
+with him, he is sly enough to let alone. His greatest foe is the
+cat, which watches patiently at the hole where the destructive little
+fellow is digging and usually catches him. A mother cat will sometimes
+bring in two or three gophers a day to her kittens.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_19"><!-- RULE4 19 --></a>
+<h2>
+	IN SALT WATER AND FRESH
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Tom and Retta Ransom were two of the happiest children in the state,
+I believe, when told that their summer vacation was to be spent at
+Catalina Island. To see the wonderful fish that swim in those warm,
+Southern waters, to watch them through the glass-bottomed boat, to
+dip out funny sea-flowers with a net, or catch the pretty kingfish and
+perhaps a &quot;yellowtail,&quot;&mdash;why, they could talk of nothing else!
+</p>
+<p>
+How they skipped and danced and chattered about the trip! At
+last Mamma said, &quot;Well, everything is packed and ready, and we go
+to-morrow.&quot; Then what fun it was to stand on the steamer's deck and
+sail &quot;right out through the Golden Gate,&quot; as Retta said. The big
+green billows of the Pacific Ocean caught the boat as she crossed the
+outside bar and tossed salt spray almost into their faces. Little the
+children cared for the drops of water, for they were so glad to be
+off on their trip and to say good-by to San Francisco's summer fog and
+cold winds for a time.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Seal Rocks, San Francisco"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1177a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1177a.jpg" width="151" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="SEAL ROCKS, SAN FRANCISCO.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">SEAL ROCKS, <br>SAN FRANCISCO.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+And there on Seal Rocks, near the Cliff House, were the seals, or
+rather sea-lions, clumsy creatures like black rubber sacks with
+fins, or flippers, and a head. Some were lying in the sun and others
+crawling up the steep, wet rocks. Those highest up were asleep and
+quiet, but most of them kept barking or growling as they tried to find
+a sunny place to bask in. Sometimes when frightened these sea-lions
+will pitch headlong from high rocks into the ocean and dive out of
+sight at once. Mrs. Ransom said she remembered seeing one that was
+kept for years in a salt-water tank, and that, although they seem so
+clumsy, this sea-lion jumped so quick that he caught a fish thrown to
+him before it touched the water. Once fur-seals were in great numbers
+off our coast, and lived on the rocks as these sea-lions now do. But
+Indians, or later on white hunters, killed them, or drove them up
+north where the crack of the rifle is not heard.
+</p>
+<p>
+On to the south the steamer sailed through the foaming waters, and as
+Tom stood watching the white-capped waves go dancing by, he saw, two
+or three times, a black fin come up, and then another. At last a man
+said, &quot;Look at the porpoises playing.&quot; Tom screamed with delight as
+they jumped and chased each other till their black, shiny backs were
+clear out of water. These fish are sometimes called sea-hogs and are
+five or six feet long. Either to get their food of small fish, or in
+play, they keep swimming and diving near the tops of the breakers.
+Fishermen catch them with a strong hook and use the thick, leathery
+skin for straps or strings, while they try oil out of their blubber or
+fat.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Humpback Whale (57 feet long)"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1159a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1159a.jpg" width="160" height="110" border="0"
+	alt="HUMPBACK WHALE (57 feet long).">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">HUMPBACK WHALE<br>(57 feet long).
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+All that day and night the boat kept steadily on her way, and the next
+morning they were in Santa Barbara Channel. It was so pleasant sailing
+on this summer sea in the soft, warm sunshine that even the sea-sick
+ladies felt better and came on deck. Mamma agreed with the children
+that the steamer trip was much nicer than the hot, dusty cars. Just
+then some one called, &quot;See the whale,&quot; and looking quick Tom and Retta
+saw what seemed a fountain of water rising high in the air about half
+a mile away. Soon another went up, and two or three more, for the
+gray hump-backed whales like this stretch of smooth bay. They are
+warm-blooded animals and not fish at all, so they must come to the top
+of the waves for air to breathe. The air and water spout out through
+&quot;blow-holes&quot; on top of the whale's head, and rise like steam in the
+colder air. The children's mother told them that the whale is the
+largest of all animals, and that it lives on little jellyfish. It swims
+with its great mouth wide open and catches all the tiny sea creatures
+in its path. A fringe of whalebone hangs down from the roof of the
+whale's mouth, and he strains the water out through this and swallows
+the fish. As the boat went on, the children said, &quot;There she blows,&quot;
+as the sailors do when they see whales spouting in the distance.
+</p>
+<p>
+Late that night the steamer got to San Pedro, and you may be sure Tom
+and Retta were up early the next morning. As they came off the
+boat, there was a crowd of people on the wharf who were pulling in
+&quot;yellow-tail&quot; as fast as they dropped their lines. This fine fish is
+a little like a big salmon, but with golden-yellow fins and tail. Its
+body is greenish gray, with spots of the prettiest rainbow colors,
+which grow brighter as the fish dies. These fish bite easily, but as
+soon as caught begin to rush back and forth, fighting and trying to
+snap the line.
+</p>
+<p>
+The children here took a smaller steamer for the twenty-mile trip
+across to Catalina Island, and on the way over they saw a whole
+&quot;school&quot; of whales and a flight of flying-fishes. Yes, really and
+truly, these little fish fly or sail through the air, for their fins
+balance them like a parachute. They skim along ten or twelve feet
+above the waves, and then drop in the water to rest, taking another
+flight whenever their enemies, the porpoises, chase them.
+</p>
+<p>
+How happy the children were to land at the little town of Avalon, and
+to know that they were to have a month at this beautiful place! They
+hurried down to the beach and their first choice of amusements was the
+glass-bottomed boat. These boats have &quot;water-telescopes,&quot; which are
+only clear glass set in boxed-in places. The glass seems to make the
+ripples still, so that you can look down, down to the bottom of the
+ocean, twenty or thirty feet below you.
+</p>
+<p>
+The boatman rowed the children out in the bay, where the water, now
+green, now blue, was always clear as crystal. On the rocks and sand
+at the bottom starfish and crabs crawled slowly along or clung to some
+stone. The purple sea-urchins, queer round-shelled creatures covered
+with thorny spines, crowded together, and the ugly toad-fish hid
+in the green and brown seaweeds. Blue, purple, and rainbow-colored
+jellyfish floated on top of the waters, while gold perch with red
+and green sunfish swam through the seaweed &quot;like parrots in some hot
+country's woods,&quot; Retta thought. In the shallow places on the rocks
+those curious sea-flowers, the anemones, looked like pink or green
+cactus blossoms. The children never tired of the water-telescope in
+all their stay at the island.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustrations: Black Sea Bass, Leaping Tuna"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1149b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1149b.jpg" width="145" height="162" border="0"
+	alt="BLACK SEA BASS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">BLACK SEA BASS.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><br> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1149a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1149a.jpg" width="150" height="155" border="0"
+	alt="LEAPING TUNA.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">LEAPING TUNA.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+At night the warm ocean waters seemed on fire, since they are full
+of very tiny, soft-bodied creatures, each of which gives out a faint,
+glowing light. Every day the fishermen brought in new and strange
+fishes. The black sea-bass, heavier than the fisherman himself and
+longer than he was tall, were wonderful, and they could hardly believe
+that such big fish were caught with a rod and line.
+</p>
+<p>
+But the leaping tuna pleased Tom the most, since he thought it such
+fun to watch them jump into the air like silver arrows after the
+flying-fish. Not so large as the black bass, the tunas are strong
+enough to tow a boat along when running with a hook. One will drag a
+heavy launch through the water as if a tug had hold of it, and
+will fight for hours, rushing and plunging till tired out. Then the
+fisherman pulls him up to the boat and ends his struggles.
+</p>
+<p>
+Tom and Retta were fond of watching the curious fish and sea-plants
+in the glass aquarium tanks on shore also, but their happiest time was
+when they gathered shells on the beach. They never found out the names
+of more than those of the limpet, turban, and scallop, though they
+picked up baskets full of tiny pink and white beauties, all frail and
+of many kinds. These shells were once the homes of sea mollusks,
+as such soft, fleshy creatures are called. But to Tom and Retta the
+shells were only pretty playthings, to be doll's dishes, or cups, or
+pincushions, perhaps.
+</p>
+<p>
+One morning some fishermen saw a shark, and no one dared to go in
+bathing for a few days. This great, savage, &quot;man-eater&quot; shark does not
+often come north of the Gulf of California. Sometimes small ones are
+caught with a hook and line off Catalina Island, and Tom was always
+glad to see such sea-tigers destroyed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of course the children did not want to go home, till at last Mrs.
+Ransom explained to them that in the ocean and bay near San Francisco
+there were odd fish and strange animals too. And so it turned out, for
+in a day's fishing over at Sausalito Tom caught many silver smelt and
+tomcod, with flat, ugly flounders, and a red, big-eyed rock-cod. The
+frightened boy almost fell out of the boat, too, when he pulled in a
+large sting-ray, or &quot;stingaree,&quot; as the boatman called it. This queer
+three-sided fish, with a sharp, bony sting in its back, flopped round
+till the man cut the hook out, knocked its head till it was no longer
+able to bite, and threw it overboard. These rays have to be fenced out
+of the oyster-beds along the bay, since they have big mouths full
+of such strong teeth that they crush an oyster, shell and all, and
+destroy every one they can reach.
+</p>
+<p>
+Oysters are grown in great quantities in the oyster-beds along the bay
+shore. The largest size, which are called &quot;transplanted,&quot; are brought
+from the East as very small or baby oysters and dropped into shallow
+water, where they cling to rocks or brush-piles till grown.
+</p>
+<p>
+Tom also caught a perch, and clinging to it as he drew in his line
+was a large, hard-shelled, long-clawed crab. Tom put the crab in the
+basket, knowing well what delicious white meat was in the fellow's
+legs and back.
+</p>
+<p>
+Clams that burrow deep in the mud and may be found at low tide,
+by digging where their tell-tale bubble of air arises, and the odd
+shrimps, so good to eat, the children already knew about. Chinese
+fishermen catch shrimps in nets, dry them on the hillsides, and send
+both dry meat and shells to China. They dry the meat of the abalone
+also, and use the beautiful shells, which you have no doubt seen, for
+carving into curios, or making into jewellery.
+</p>
+<p>
+A salt-water creature very destructive to shipping and the wharves is
+the teredo, or ship-worm. This brown inch-long worm lives in wood
+that is always under water, such as the bottoms of ships and the round
+piles you see at the wharves. He hollows or bores out winding tunnels
+in the wood with the sharp edge of his shell until the piles crumble
+to pieces. This small animal would finally destroy the largest wooden
+ship if sheets of copper were not put on the sides and keel to protect
+it.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Trout from Lake Tahoe"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1159b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1159b.jpg" width="160" height="104" border="0"
+	alt="TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+When Retta saw Tom's basket of fish she said, &quot;Well, I think the
+fresh-water fishes much prettier. I am sure the rainbow and Dolly
+Varden trout with their bright-colored spots, which we saw up in the
+Truckee River and the mountain lakes last summer, were better to look
+at and to eat than these sea monsters.&quot; Tom laughed and said, &quot;Oh,
+that was because you helped to catch some of those. Do you remember
+the big black-spotted trout we saw in Lake Tahoe? And the little
+speckled fellows we caught in that clear creek in the redwoods, and
+how we wrapped them in wet paper and cooked them at our camp-fire?
+I wish we could go up to the McCloud River, though, and see the baby
+trout in the fish hatchery there.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+So their mother told them that the tiny trout eggs were kept in
+troughs with clear, cold water running over them till they hatched
+out. Then the little things, not half as long as a pin, were placed in
+large tin cans and sent to stock brooks and lakes, and in a year or so
+they grew big enough to catch.
+</p>
+<p>
+The most valuable of our food-fishes is the salmon, a large
+silvery-sided salt-water fish that takes fresh-water journeys too.
+For they swim up the rivers every year to lay their eggs in the clear,
+cold streams, knowing, perhaps, that the salmon-fry, as the young are
+called, will have fewer enemies away from the ocean. The salmon go
+over a hundred miles up to the McCloud River to spawn, and will jump
+or leap up small falls or rapids in their way. Indians spear many of
+them, but a number go back to the ocean again. Thousands and thousands
+of ocean salmon are caught along the northern coast and taken to
+the canneries. There the fish are put into cans and cooked, and when
+sealed up are sent all over the world. California salmon is eaten from
+Iceland to India, and its preparation and sale give employment to many
+people.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_20"><!-- RULE4 20 --></a>
+<h2>
+	ABOUT CALIFORNIA'S INDIANS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+When the Spanish and English first landed on this part of the New
+World's coast, they found the Indians who dwelt inland almost naked,
+and living like wild animals on roots and seeds and acorns. The tribes
+along the seashore, however, were good hunters and fishermen, and
+those Indians along the Santa Barbara Channel and the islands near
+by were a tall, fine-looking people, and the most intelligent of the
+race. They had large houses and canoes, and clothed themselves in
+sealskins.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Indians Drake saw near Point Reyes had fur coats, or cloaks, but
+no other clothes. They brought him presents of shell money or wampum,
+and of feather head-dresses and baskets. With their bows and arrows
+they killed fish or deer or squirrels, and being very strong ran
+swiftly after game. They seemed gentle and peaceable with the white
+men and each other, and were sorry to have Drake sail away.
+</p>
+<p>
+In later years the Indians who lived here when the Mission Padres came
+were stupid and brutish, because they knew nothing better. They were
+lazy, dirty, and at first would not work. But the patient Padres
+taught them to raise grain and fruit, to build their fine churches,
+to weave cloth and blankets, and to tan leather for shoes, saddles,
+or harness. But although the Indians learned to be good workmen,
+they liked idleness, dancing, and feasting much better, and when the
+Missions were given up the Indians soon went back to their former
+habits.
+</p>
+<p>
+There were no distinct tribes among these Indians, and they had no
+laws. Nor was there a king or chief over many natives. They lived
+in small villages or rancherias, each having a name and ruled by a
+captain. Each rancheria had its special place to hunt or fish, and had
+to fight its own battles with the other families of Indians.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Indian Woman with Pappoose"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1162a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1162a.jpg" width="150" height="179" border="0"
+	alt="INDIAN WOMAN WITH PAPPOOSE.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">INDIAN WOMAN <br>WITH PAPPOOSE.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The men did nothing but hunt and fish, or make bows, stone
+arrow-heads, nets and traps for game. The women not only had to gather
+grass seeds, acorns, and nuts or berries, but they had to do all the
+field-work and carry the heavy burdens, usually with a baby strapped
+in its basket above the load. In preparing food for cooking, these
+mahalas, or squaws, put seed or acorns in a stone mortar and pounded
+them to coarse meal or paste. Sometimes a grass-woven basket was
+filled with water, and hot stones were thrown in till the water began
+to boil. Then acorn or seed meal was put in and cooked into mush. This
+meal, or that from wild oats, was also mixed into a dough and baked on
+hot stones into bread. Game or fish was eaten raw, or broiled a little
+on the coals of the camp-fire.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Indians got many deer, and one way of hunting them was to put the
+head and hide of a deer over the hunter's head. The make-believe then
+crept along in the high grass till near enough to the quietly feeding
+animals to put an arrow through one or more. All the streams were
+full of fish then, and salmon swarmed in rivers that ran to the ocean.
+These salmon the Indians speared or shot with arrows. They also built
+runways or fish-weirs and made them so that the fish would become
+crowded into a narrow passage, and could easily be dipped out with
+nets or baskets.
+</p>
+<p>
+When the Americans came here they called these Indians &quot;Diggers,&quot;
+because they lived on what they could dig or root out of the ground.
+They were very fond of grasshoppers, and ate them either dried or
+raw, or made into a soup with acorn or nut-meal. Fat grubworms and
+the flesh of any animal found dead was a great treat. If a whale or
+sea-lion was washed ashore on the beach, the Indians gathered round it
+for a feast, and soon left only the bones.
+</p>
+<p>
+But they had no idea of saving food, so they fattened when there was
+plenty, and starved when dry years made the acorns or nuts scarce.
+Having no salt, they did not try to dry or smoke the meat of deer or
+other wild animals. Nor did they at first lay up nuts and seeds, as
+even the squirrels or woodpeckers do, for winter use. But wandering
+from place to place, they camped in the summer along the rivers, where
+fish was plenty and the wild oats gave them grain. In the fall they
+hunted pine-nuts and berries in the mountains, till snow drove them
+down into the valleys.
+</p>
+<p>
+Each Indian town, or rancheria, had a name, and many of these names
+are still in use. At the north lived the Klamaths, Siskiyous, Shastas,
+and the savage Modocs, whose months of fighting in the lava beds
+caused the death of General Canby and many soldiers. The Porno tribes
+of Lake county, Yrekas, Hoopas, and Ukiahs, are well known at the
+present day. Tehama, Colusa, Tuolumne, Yosemite, and other places
+recall the Indians who gave each its name. The San Diego Indians are
+still known as Diegue&ntilde;os and live on a reserve, or lands set aside for
+them.
+</p>
+<p>
+Almost all the natives had Indian money, called wampum, which they
+made from abalone or clam-shells by cutting out round pieces like
+buttons or small, hollow beads. Little shells were also used, and the
+wampum was strung on grass or on deer sinews. The Pomos still make
+thousands of pieces of this money, and so many strings of it will buy
+whatever the buck, or Indian man, and his mahala, or squaw, wish to
+get.
+</p>
+<p>
+General Bidwell, who came to California in 1841 and surveyed the land
+for many ranches, says of the Indians at that time:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+&quot;They were almost as wild as deer, and wore no clothes at all except
+the women, who had tule aprons fastened to a belt round their waists.
+In the rough work of surveying among brush and briars I gave the men
+shoes, pantaloons, and shirts, which they would take off when work
+was done, carry home in their hands, and put on in time to go to work
+again. But they soon learned to sleep in their new things to save
+trouble, and would wear them day and night till a suit dropped to
+pieces. They were quick to do as the whites did, and when paid in
+calico and cloth Saturday night, by Monday they had on their new
+skirts or shirts all made up like ours. Yet every Indian would choose
+beads for his wages, and go almost naked and hungry till the next
+pay-day.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+General Bidwell treated the Indians honestly and kindly, and in return
+they were his friends and helped him much to his advantage. In 1847 he
+settled on the great Rancho Chico, and part of his land he gave to the
+Mechoopdas, as the Indian rancheria there was called. They worked to
+plant orchards and at all his farm-work, and he treated them so fairly
+that old men are still living on this ranch who as boys helped the
+general in his tree-planting and road-building. A whole village of
+these Mechoopdas live on the Bidwell place owning their houses, while
+Mrs. Bidwell is their best friend and helps them in sickness and
+trouble. The men work in the hop fields and fruit orchards, and the
+women make baskets.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustrations: Indian Woman with Baskets; Indian Baskets"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1162b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1162b.jpg" width="150" height="148" border="0"
+	alt="INDIAN WOMAN WITH BASKETS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">INDIAN WOMAN <br>WITH BASKETS.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1174.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1174.jpg" width="150" height="147" border="0"
+	alt="INDIAN BASKETS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">INDIAN BASKETS.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+All the California Indians are basket-makers, and their work is so
+well done and so beautiful that it is much prized. The Pomos of Lake
+and Mendocino counties make especially fine baskets for every purpose.
+Indeed, the Indian papoose, or baby, is cradled in a basket on his
+mother's back; he drinks and eats from cup or bowl-shaped baskets, and
+the whole family sleep under a great wicker tent basket thatched
+with grass or tules. All Pomo baskets are woven on a frame of willow
+shoots, and in and out through this the mahala draws tough grasses or
+fine tree roots dyed in different colors, and after the pattern she
+chooses. Sometimes she works into the baskets the quail's crest, small
+red or yellow feathers from the woodpecker, green from the head of the
+mallard duck, or beads. She also hangs wampum or bits of abalone shell
+on the finest ones. The storage baskets are four or five feet high to
+hold grain or acorns, and the baskets to fit the back and carry a
+load are like half a cone in shape, with straps to hold the burden
+in place. Their smaller berry baskets hold just a quart. Some are
+water-tight and are used to cook mush in. Fish-traps and long narrow
+basket-traps for quail are also made out of this willow-work.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the Bidwell ranch is an old Indian &quot;temescal,&quot; or sweat-house. It
+is an underground hut, or cave dug out of a hillside, with a hole in
+the top for smoke to reach the air. The Indians used to build a big
+fire in this cave and then lie round it till dripping with sweat. A
+cold plunge into the creek near by finished the bath,&mdash;Turkish, we
+call it. Nowadays the Indians use this place for a meeting-room and
+for dances.
+</p>
+<p>
+The older Indians still dance and rig out in all their finery of
+feathers and beads, though the young people are ashamed of their
+tribal customs and wish to be like the white folks. Some of their
+dances are named for a bird or animal, and the Indians must imitate by
+their dress and cries the animal chosen. In the bear dance the dancer
+crawls about the fire on all fours with a bear's skin about him. He
+wears a chain of oak-balls round his neck, and as he shakes his head
+these rattle like a bear's teeth snapping shut, while all the time he
+growls savagely. The feather-dancer, with a skirt and cap of eagles'
+feathers, will whirl on his toes like a top for hours, while the other
+Indians sing and the master of the dance shakes a large rattle.
+</p>
+<p>
+The California Indians are slowly passing away, and though all over
+the state there are still rancherias, the land that was once their
+very own will soon know them no more.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_21"><!-- RULE4 21 --></a>
+<h2>
+	THE STORY OF SAN FRANCISCO
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Mission and Presidio of San Francisco were founded in 1776 by
+Father Palou, and two little settlements grew up around the fort and
+at the church. The Presidio was built where it is now, and ships used
+to anchor in the bay in front of it, though the whalers usually went
+to Sausalito to get wood from the hills and to fill their water-casks
+at a large spring. From early Mission times the Spanish name of Yerba
+Buena was given to that part of San Francisco's peninsula between
+Black Point and Rincon Point. Ship-captains and sailors soon found out
+that the cove or bay east of Yerba Buena was the best and least windy
+place to anchor their vessels, and later on hundreds of ships found
+a safe harbor there. The name Yerba Buena, or good herb, was given
+on account of a little creeping vine with sweet-smelling leaves which
+covered the ground and is still found on the sand-dunes and Presidio
+hills.
+</p>
+<p>
+For many years the small settlements made no progress, and the rest
+of the peninsula was covered with thick woods, where the grizzly bear,
+wolf, and coyote roamed, while deer were plenty at the Presidio. Then
+in 1835 Governor Figueroa, the Mexican ruler of California, directed
+that a new town should be started at Yerba Buena cove. The first
+street, called the &quot;foundation-street,&quot; was laid out from Pine and
+Kearny streets, as they are called to-day, to North Beach. The first
+house was built by Captain Richardson on what is now Dupont Street,
+between Clay and Washington. The next year a trader named Jacob Leese
+built a store. It was finished on the Fourth of July, and in honor of
+the day he gave a feast and a fandango, or dance, at which the company
+danced that night and all the next day. This was the first Fourth
+celebrated in the place.
+</p>
+<p>
+Two or three years later a new survey laid out streets between
+Broadway and California, Montgomery and Powell. A fresh-water lagoon,
+or lake, was near the present corner of Montgomery and Sacramento,
+and an Indian temescal, or sweat-house, beside it. The bay came up
+to Montgomery Street then, with five feet of water at Sansome, and
+mudflats to the east. During the gold excitement of '49, when hundreds
+of ships dropped anchor in the bay, many sailors deserted to go to the
+mines, and some of the old vessels were hauled in on these mud-flats
+and made into storehouses. All that part of the city east of
+Montgomery Street is filled or made ground, and when new buildings are
+to be started wooden piles or cement piers must go down to get a firm
+foundation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Until 1846 only about thirty families lived at Yerba Buena. Then a
+shipload of Mormon emigrants arrived and pitched their tents in the
+sand-hills. Samuel Brannan, their leader, printed the first newspaper,
+<i>The California Star</i>, in '47. That year also the first alcalde,
+or mayor, of the new town, Lieutenant Bartlett, appointed an engineer
+named O'Farrell to lay out more streets. He surveyed Market Street and
+mapped down blocks as far west on the sand-dunes as Taylor Street and
+to Rincon Point or South Beach. He gave the names of such well-known
+men as Kearny, Stockton, Larkin, Guerrero, and Geary to these streets.
+Mission Street was the road to the Mission Dolores, and about this
+time Bartlett ordered that the Presidio, the Mission, and Yerba Buena
+should be one town and should be called San Francisco.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then came the gold fever, and nearly every one left town to go to the
+mines. Many people sold all they had to get money to buy mining tools
+and food enough to live on till they struck gold. Men started for the
+mines, leaving their houses and stores alone with no one to care for
+goods or furniture.
+</p>
+<p>
+But news of the finding of gold had reached other places, and soon
+ships from the Atlantic coast, Mexico, and all over the world
+began sailing into San Francisco Bay. In '49 the first steamer, the
+<i>California</i>, arrived from New York, and soon five thousand
+people were in San Francisco, where most of the supplies for the
+gold-fields had to be bought. Many of the newcomers lived in canvas
+tents or brush-covered shanties scattered about in the high sand-hills
+or in the thick chaparral. Some houses were built of adobe bricks,
+and the two-story frame Parker House was thought to be so fine that it
+rented for fifteen thousand dollars a month. Some wooden houses were
+brought out from the East in numbered pieces, like children's blocks,
+to be put together here, and others thought to be fireproof were of
+iron plates made in the East.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first public school was opened in '48 and in the same building
+church services were held Sundays. The first post-office was in a
+store at the corner of Washington and Montgomery streets in '49. By
+1850 the city had five square miles of land that had been cut down
+from sand-hills or filled in on the mud-flats. The houses along the
+city-front were built on piles, and the tide ebbed and flowed under
+them. Long wharves for the unloading of ships ran out into deep water.
+At Jackson and Battery streets a ship was used for a storehouse, and
+after the earth was filled in this stranded vessel was left
+standing among the houses. On Clay and Sansome streets the old hulk
+<i>Niantic</i> had a hotel upon her decks, and the first city prison
+was in the hold of the brig <i>Euphemia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+While most of the miners were steady, hard-working men, honest, and
+very kind and generous to each other, some drank and gambled their
+hard-earned gold-dust away with a get
+of men who were ready to do any wrong thing for money. The gamblers
+and bad characters grew so troublesome by '51 that the police could
+do little or nothing with them. Every day some one was robbed,
+or murdered, and thieves often set fire to houses that they might
+plunder. As the judges and police could not control these criminals,
+nearly two hundred good citizens formed a &quot;vigilance committee.&quot; It
+was agreed that bad characters should be told to leave town, and that
+robbers and murderers should be punished by the committee. Not
+long after, the vigilance committee hanged four men, and roughs and
+law-breakers left town for the mines. Men soon learned to keep the
+laws and do right.
+</p>
+<p>
+Since almost all the houses in San Francisco were light frames of wood
+covered with cloth or paper, and since there was no fire department,
+there were six great fires, each of which nearly burnt up the town.
+The only way to stop the flames was to pull down houses or to blow
+them up with gunpowder. But almost before the ashes of one fire had
+cooled, wooden, cloth and paper buildings would cover whole blocks, to
+be burned again before long. The fifth great fire, in '51, destroyed a
+thousand houses and ten million dollars' worth of property in a night.
+One warehouse containing many barrels of vinegar was saved by covering
+the roof with blankets dipped in the vinegar, as no water could be
+had. The iron houses that had been thought fire-proof were of no use.
+Men who stayed in them found too late that the iron doors swelled with
+the heat and could not be opened, so that those within were smothered
+to death.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then people began to guard against such fires by building new houses
+of stone or of brick. The sixth great fire destroyed most of the
+wooden buildings in the business part of the city. After that,
+with two or three fire companies and engines and better houses,
+people no longer dreaded the fire-bell. Water was piped into the city
+from Mountain Lake, and there was plenty for all purposes.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Entrance to Japanese Tea Garden, San Francisco"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1179.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1179.jpg" width="156" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE TEA GARDEN, SAN FRANCISCO.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE
+	<br>TEA GARDEN, <br>SAN FRANCISCO.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+So the city grew larger, until in '53 there were fifty thousand people
+of all races and countries who called San Francisco home. Chinese and
+Japanese, the Mexican, African, Pacific Islander, Greek, or Turk, or
+Malay elbowed crowds of Americans, English, French, and Germans. It
+was said that any foreigner could find in the city those who spoke his
+language, and that gold was a word all knew.
+</p>
+<p>
+The largest yield of gold from the mines was in '53, and the next
+year was a poor year for the miners. They bought fewer goods in San
+Francisco, and the storekeepers found business falling off. Too many
+houses had been built, so rents went down and times were hard for
+a year or two. In '55 there were many bank failures, and business
+troubles of all kinds made the people restless, and roughs and
+murderers carried a strong hand. Then the &quot;law and order party,&quot; as
+the vigilance committee was at that time called, began once more
+the task of punishing those who robbed or killed. A list of criminal
+offenders was made out, and such were sent away from the state.
+One excellent result of the vigilance committee's labors was that a
+&quot;people's party,&quot; as it was called, chose the best men to govern the
+city, and for years after peace and order were in San Francisco.
+</p>
+<p>
+In '54 the city was lighted with gas for the first time, at a cost of
+fifteen dollars a thousand feet. In that year also the mint began to
+coin money from gold-dust, making five, ten and twenty-dollar pieces.
+Lone Mountain Cemetery was laid out about this time, and the old Yerba
+Buena graveyard, where the City Hall now stands, was closed.
+</p>
+<p>
+San Francisco had, for some years, trouble about titles to property,
+owing to false or defective land-grants given by the Mexicans. Men
+tried to take possession of lots they had no real claim to by building a
+shanty on the ground and squatting there, and the &quot;squatter troubles&quot;
+between such land thieves and the rightful owners caused lawsuits and
+shooting affairs. A land commission finally settled these disputes,
+throwing out all the false claims and giving titles to the proper persons.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: The New Cliff House, San Francisco"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1177b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1177b.jpg" width="158" height="148" border="0"
+	alt="THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, <br>SAN FRANCISCO.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The little village of Yerba Buena has now grown to be the largest
+city on the Pacific coast and one that is known the world over. It is
+widely and justly celebrated as the centre of great manufacturing
+and shipping interests, for its fine buildings, its climate, and its
+beautiful surroundings. San Francisco Bay, the harbor the Franciscans
+named for their patron saint, is noted for its picturesque scenery.
+Golden Gate Park, with its thousand acres of trees and lawn and
+flowers stretching out to the Pacific Ocean, the famous Cliff House,
+and the Golden Gate, through which so many Argonauts sailed into
+California, are the most attractive and best known places.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_22"><!-- RULE4 22 --></a>
+<h2>
+	MEN CALIFORNIA REMEMBERS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Many pages of this book might be filled with California's roll of
+honor,&mdash;with that long list of men whose names are remembered whenever
+the state's history is recalled.
+</p>
+<p>
+Explorers, Mission-builders, Argonauts, and pioneers were the men who
+helped to make California the fair state you know and live in. From
+the first day of the Spanish discoveries on this shore of the Pacific
+Ocean, we find brave and great men who gave their best efforts, and
+sometimes their lives, for California.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let us head our brief list with Cortes, the name-giver, who dreamed
+long years of the golden land he was never to see. Then Cabrillo, the
+sea-king whom San Diego people honor every year because he found their
+bay and first set foot on California's ground. Next comes the bold
+Englishman, Sir Admiral Francis Drake, who intended that his queen,
+Elizabeth, should have this Indian kingdom, as he believed it to
+be. The stone Prayer-book Cross, in Golden Gate Park, was put up to
+commemorate the service of prayer and psalms, offered at Drake's Bay
+by Fletcher, the minister on the Admiral's ship.
+</p>
+<p>
+Good Father Serra, the founder of the Missions, his friend
+and brother-priest Father Palou of San Francisco, and their
+fellow-laborers Crespi and Lasuen, helped in the work of building
+churches and teaching the Indians. Governor Portola, the first Spanish
+ruler of Alta California, assisted the Padres, and also found San
+Francisco Bay. Lieutenant Ayala, however, sailed the first ship, the
+<i>San Carlos</i>, through the Golden Gate. Another governor, de Neve,
+founded San Jos&eacute; and Los Angeles, and wrote a set of laws for the two
+Californias of his time. That wise ruler, Governor Borica, ordered
+schools opened and tried to get the Indians to farm their lands and to
+raise hemp and flax.
+</p>
+<p>
+Many of the old Spanish settlers and explorers have left us their
+names, though they are themselves forgotten, as Martinez, Amador,
+Castro, Bodega, and countless others plainly show. The Englishmen
+Livermore, Gilroy and Mark West, those early settlers, Temple and Rice
+at Los Angeles, Yount and Pope of Napa Valley, Don Timoteo Murphy of
+San Rafael, and Lassen the Dane, for whom Lassen's Peak was named,
+were among those who came here before 1830.
+</p>
+<p>
+Governor Figueroa, called the &quot;benefactor of Alta California&quot; ordered
+the Missions to be given up to the Indians. By directing that the
+town of Yerba Buena should be laid out, he also is remembered as the
+founder of San Francisco. Richardson, who carried out the governor's
+orders, was the first settler and Leese built the first frame-house of
+San Francisco.
+</p>
+<p>
+In Governor Alvarado's time many Americans came to the new country,
+although Alvarado and General Vallejo tried hard to keep them out.
+Vallejo was then the military commander, and had headquarters at
+Sonoma, where he had an adobe fort and a few soldiers to protect the
+Mission of Solano. Here General Vallejo was living with his Indian and
+Californian settlers when the place was taken by Ide, the leader
+of the &quot;bear-flag party.&quot; Vallejo, set free when the short-lived
+&quot;bear-flag republic&quot; went to pieces, lived many years at Sonoma. He
+was afterwards a member of the first legislature. He tried hard in
+1851 to have the state capital at Vallejo; but he failed, for he did
+not keep his agreement to put up buildings for government use.
+</p>
+<p>
+A man well known in the early days was John Sutter, a Swiss, who built
+a fort and settled where Sacramento now stands. He called his colony
+New Helvetia, and soon had about three hundred Indians at work for
+him. Some of the men were carpenters, blacksmiths, and farmers, while
+the women wove blankets or a coarse cloth. His fort enclosed about an
+acre of ground, with an adobe wall twenty feet high. A large gate was
+shut every night to keep safe those inside this walled fort. You have
+read that Marshall, who found gold, was building a sawmill for Sutter
+when he picked up the precious yellow nuggets. Sutter and Marshall
+quarrelled at last about the ownership of the mill at Coloma, where
+the pieces of gold were picked up. Marshall died a poor man, unhappy
+and neglected by the state, which has since put a costly bronze statue
+over his grave.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sutter was very active in the Micheltorena war, when Governor
+Micheltorena was defeated and put out of office by Alvarado and
+Castro.
+</p>
+<p>
+The last of the Mexican governors, Pio Pico, tried his best to
+prevent the rush of Americans into his country, but though Castro,
+the military commander, helped him, the Americans came and stayed. And
+both Pico and Castro with their soldiers were driven out of California
+at last by Fremont and Stockton.
+</p>
+<p>
+General Fremont, the &quot;path-finder,&quot; who could easily find the best way
+through a wilderness and could make maps or roads for others to
+follow him, is a striking figure in California history. He made three
+exploring trips to this coast, Kit Carson, the famous hunter and
+trapper, being his guide and scout. From the Oregon line to San Diego,
+Fremont knew the country. He was a brave Indian fighter and helped to
+capture California from Mexico. Fremont was appointed governor of the
+new territory by Stockton, and was the first senator from California
+representing the state in Congress. In 1848 Fremont sent a map of the
+country to Congress, and on it named the strait at the entrance to
+San Francisco Bay the Golden Gate. He was, therefore, the first to use
+this beautiful name now known the world over. His wife, Jessie Benton
+Fremont, is still living in Los Angeles.
+</p>
+<p>
+Commodore Sloat, who raised the American flag at Monterey, and
+Commodore Stockton were United States naval officers who helped to
+conquer the Mexican and Indian forces with the aid of Fremont and
+General Kearny. These four men won the land of gold for the Union.
+</p>
+<p>
+General John Bidwell, another &quot;path-finder,&quot; who in 1841 led the first
+party of white men over the Sierras, lived to be over eighty years of
+age. He saw the state, once a wilderness where naked Digger Indians
+chased elk and antelope, grow to a pleasant land of orchards and
+vineyards, of great cities full of people. General Bidwell was for a
+time in Sutter's employ, and surveyed nearly all the large ranches
+and the roads in early days. All his life he planted trees and built
+roads, and at his great Rancho Chico is one of the largest orchards in
+the state. Part of his life-work was to help a tribe of savage Indians
+to be good American citizens, and as one of the fathers of California
+he should always be remembered.
+</p>
+<p>
+Many notable names appear in the days when the finding of gold brought
+this shore of the Pacific Ocean before the eyes of the world. Among
+these are Gwin, who was chosen senator with Fremont; Larkin, widely
+known as the first and last American Consul to California and for his
+accounts of the gold discovery; and Halleck, first secretary of the
+state and afterward General Halleck.
+</p>
+<p>
+The streets of San Francisco honor some of the citizens of 1848 and
+1849: Geary, the first postmaster; Leavenworth and Hyde, the first
+alcaldes or mayors; Van Ness, Broderick, Turk, and McAllister,
+recalling prominent men of those days. Spanish families like Sanchez,
+Castro, Noe, Bernal, and Guerrero had also a place on the city map.
+Indeed, every town has some native Californian names in and around it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Don Victor Castro, said to be the first white child born in San
+Francisco, died lately at San Pablo in the house he had built sixty
+years ago. He was called the last of the Spanish grandees, those dons
+who, before the Gringos came, had estates that stretched miles away
+on every hand, and thousands of cattle with many Indian servants. Don
+Victor built and ran the first ferry across San Francisco Bay.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sacramento was laid out as a town for Sutter by three lieutenants of
+the U.S. army: Warner, who was afterwards killed by Indians; Ord,
+who was a general in the Civil War, while the third, in after years
+&quot;marched through Georgia&quot; as General Sherman. Marysville was also laid
+out by Sutter, and Stockton by Weber, who owned all the land around
+it.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1849 Doctor Gregg and his party found Humboldt Bay. In 1851
+Yosemite Valley was discovered by Major Savage and a company of
+soldiers, who were out hunting hostile Indians. This band of Indians
+was called the Yosemites, and their old chief's name was Tenaya, for
+whom the beautiful lake is named.
+</p>
+<p>
+Those who came to California before 1850 were called pioneers, and
+many of them built up great fortunes. Among them were Coleman, the
+president of the vigilance committee, Sharon, Flood, Fair, O'Brien,
+Tevis, Phelan, and James Lick. Lick was a remarkable man, who gave
+away an immense fortune; building the Lick Observatory, a school of
+mechanical arts, free public baths, an old ladies' home, and giving
+a million to the Academy of Science and the Society of California
+Pioneers.
+</p>
+<p>
+In later days the names crowd thickly upon each other. Among editors
+and literary men the fearless and ill-fated James King of the
+<i>Evening Bulletin</i>, J. Ross Browne, the reporter of the first
+convention and a most interesting writer, Derby the humorist, &quot;Caxton&quot;
+or W.H. Rhodes, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, the historians Hittell and
+Bancroft, and the poet Joaquin Miller may be noted.
+</p>
+<p>
+The governors of the state have been men remarkable as brilliant
+speakers or lawyers and as wise rulers. In 1875, during the time of
+Pacheco, the first native-born governor, the order of &quot;Native Sons of
+the Golden West&quot; was formed, which now numbers over ten thousand young
+California men. The &quot;Native Daughters,&quot; a sister society, follows also
+the idea of keeping the love of California warm in the hearts of her children.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_23"><!-- RULE4 23 --></a>
+<h2>
+	OUR GLORIOUS CLIMATE
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Not only a glorious but in many ways a wonderful climate is enjoyed
+by the people of California's sea-coast and mountains, her valleys and
+foot-hills. In no other state can one find so many kinds of weather
+in such short distances. For instance, in Southern California you may
+pick flowers and oranges in almost tropical gardens, and in an hour
+find winter and throw snowballs on the high mountains overlooking the
+roses and orange groves you so lately left.
+</p>
+<p>
+Only in the mountains, along that granite backbone of the state known
+as the Sierra Nevadas, are there four seasons, the spring, summer,
+autumn, and winter common to most of the United States. So the Sierras
+have a distinct climate of their own. The Sacramento and San Joaquin
+river valleys have another climate peculiar to themselves, while south
+of latitude 35 degrees the coast has less rain and is warmer than the
+coast counties north of that line.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the greater part of the state the year is divided into a dry summer
+and a wet winter. The rains begin in October, and the first showers
+fall on dry, brown hills and dusty fields baked hard by steady
+sunshine since May. After these showers the grass springs up, and
+the fields are green almost as quickly as if some fairy godmother had
+waved her wand. An army of wild flowers, whose seeds were hidden in
+the brown earth, wakes when the rain-drops patter, and the plants get
+ready to bloom in a month or so. For this season, from November to
+February, with little frost and no ice nor snow, is winter in name
+only. Roses and violets bloom in the gardens and yellow poppies on the
+hills.
+</p>
+<p>
+People expect and hope for much rain in this so-called winter, since a
+wet year assures good crops to the state. But the amount of rain that
+falls is very uncertain. It does not rain every day, nor all day, as a
+rule, and each storm seems different. Sometimes a &quot;southeaster&quot; blows
+up from the Japan Current, or Black Stream, as the Japanese call the
+warm, dark-blue waters that pour out of the China Sea. This current of
+the Pacific Ocean flows along our coast in a mighty river a thousand
+miles wide, and gives California its peculiar climate of cool summers
+and moist, warm winters. The southeasterly wind ruffles the bay with
+white-capped waves and dashes sheets of rain against window and roof.
+Then the wind changes, and all the clouds go flying to north or east,
+while from the clear blue sky brilliant sunshine pours down to make
+the grass and flowers grow. During the winter months the sun is strong
+and warm enough to make out-door life delightful.
+</p>
+<p>
+The farmer depends greatly upon the rainfall. In a wet winter the
+moisture sinks far into the ground, but not so deep that the thirsty
+little roots cannot find it in the summer. Early rains are needed to
+soften the ground for November ploughing, and young grain and crops of
+all kinds need rain through April. In the northern part of the state
+the wet season begins earlier and lasts longer than in the south,
+while the southeastern corner is an almost rainless desert.
+</p>
+<p>
+In San Francisco the thermometer seldom falls below 45&deg; in the winter,
+the average for the season being 51&deg;. Perhaps in January or February
+the sidewalks may be white with frost in the mornings, or hail may
+fall during some cold rain-storm. Once in five years or so, enough
+snow falls to make children go wild with delight over a few snowballs
+which are very soon melted. People can be comfortable the year round
+without fires, and the clear, bright winter days with soft air and
+warm sunshine are always pleasant enough to spend outdoors. This
+ocean climate, due to the warm sea air, is enjoyed by the counties
+facing the coast and San Francisco Bay. In the valleys of the interior
+white frosts are frequent, and thin ice forms on the wayside puddles.
+Once in a while killing frosts destroy fruit blossoms and cut down the
+garden flowers and vegetables, but seldom do more damage.
+</p>
+<p>
+In mountain regions, above five or six thousand feet, the very cold
+winter lasts six or seven months. Snow falls almost constantly and
+drifts to a great depth. Small lakes are frozen and buried in snow,
+and the trees are bent and weighed down with ice and sleet. Many of
+the wild animals come down to the foot-hills below the snow-line to
+spend the winter; but the bear curls himself up in his warm cave and
+sleeps through the cold months. In this snowy zone of the Sierras,
+about thirty miles wide, winter lasts from the first snowfall, about
+the end of October, to the late spring of June. Then July and August
+are months of glorious weather, with clear, dry air and a cloudless
+sky. During the day the temperature of about 80 degrees melts much
+snow, and the rivers carry it away in rushing torrents and falls of
+icy water. In September the frost turns the leaves of all but the
+evergreen trees beautiful colors of red and yellow. Indian summer
+comes during September and October, when the days are sunny and warm,
+and then the long winter sets in again. Peaks above eight thousand
+feet are snow-clad on their crests and along their sides by deep
+drifts the year round.
+</p>
+<p>
+Along the Pacific coast in summer cool sea-winds, called trade-winds,
+blow in from the ocean, and 60 degrees is the average temperature. The
+farther you go inland from the coast, the hotter it gets, and the heat
+is very great in the interior of the state. In the San Joaquin and
+Sacramento valleys it is often over 100 degrees in the shade, though
+this dry heat is not hard to bear, and the nights are always cool
+enough for one to sleep in comfort.
+</p>
+<p>
+Summer fogs are usual in the coast counties. The mornings are pleasant
+and sunny till about eleven o'clock. At this time the sun's rays
+grow stronger in the interior valleys, and the hot air rises while
+trade-winds rush in from the cold ocean and fog settles down like a
+thick, gray cloud over the bay and hills. July and August are cold and
+foggy along the coastline, with strong west winds almost every day. In
+September the winds die away, and sometimes a shower or two falls.
+</p>
+<p>
+The rainless desert, or southeastern corner of our state, is the
+hottest region of all. Here the sun glares down till sand and rocks
+seem heated by a fiery furnace. Every living creature gasps and pants
+for breath in the scorching heat. There are no trees, but only cactus,
+that queer, prickly, thorny plant, often fifteen or twenty feet
+high in these wastes of sand, and low greasewood bushes. Under this
+vegetation snakes, lizards, and horned toads bask all day and search
+for food at night. If travellers wander from the road in crossing the
+desert, they are easily lost, and sometimes they die or go mad in the
+terrible heat. There are no springs, and water stations are a long way
+apart, so that lost people usually die of thirst. As the heat of the
+sun's rays quivers over the burning sands, a curious sight called
+a mirage is often produced. A cool, glassy lake or flowing river
+bordered with green trees seems pictured in the air, and the hot and
+weary traveller can scarcely believe that only sand and rocks are
+before him.
+</p>
+<p>
+Can you tell which season you like the best? You will find the one you
+choose in some part of this favored state. It is always summer in the
+south, and you may slide on the ice or throw snowballs all year in the
+high Sierras.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<a name="RULE4_24"><!-- RULE4 24 --></a>
+<h2>
+	SOME WONDERFUL SIGHTS
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+California is a wonderland where snowy mountains, mighty and ancient
+forests, glaciers and geysers, lakes and waterfalls, foaming rivers
+and the cliffs and rolling surf down her long sea-coast give new and
+beautiful pictures at every place.
+</p>
+<p>
+Through the whole state stretches the granite backbone of the Sierra
+Nevadas with its highest crest or ridge at the head-waters of the
+Kings and Kern rivers near Fresno. Here Mount Whitney and a dozen
+other great peaks of the High Sierras or California Alps lift their
+heads over thirteen thousand feet in the air. Here are to be seen most
+magnificent panoramas of lofty peaks, deep ca&ntilde;ons, towering domes, and
+snow-clad summits. The finest forests, too, in the world grow on the
+slopes of the Sierras, the immense pines and giant <i>sequoias</i> of
+the General Grant and other National Parks in this section being the
+largest and oldest of all. Kings River ca&ntilde;on is a rugged gorge half a
+mile deep with the river rushing through it in thundering rapids and
+cascades.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustrations: 'El Capitan' mountain; Yosemite Falls"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1194a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1194a.jpg" width="152" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="'EL CAPITAN' (3300 feet in height)">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">&quot;EL CAPITAN&quot;<br>(3300 feet in height)
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><br> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1194b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1194b.jpg" width="155" height="150" border="0"
+	alt="YOSEMITE FALLS.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">YOSEMITE FALLS.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The well-known Yosemite Valley is the gorge of the Merced River and,
+though only eight miles long and half a mile wide, holds the grandest
+of all our mountain scenery. The mighty rock El Capitan, over three
+thousand feet in height, stands at the entrance to the valley, and
+across from it is Bridal Veil Fall, a snowy cascade so thin you can
+see the face of the mountain through the falling waters. There are
+many waterfalls, but the Yosemite is chief of them all. Here the river
+takes a plunge of sixteen hundred feet, the water falling like snowy
+rockets bursting into spray from that great height.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then, for six hundred feet more, the torrent leaps and foams through
+a trench it has cut out of the solid rock to the cliff, from which it
+takes a second plunge. This Lower Yosemite fall is four hundred feet
+high, the rushing waters turning into clouds of spray, which the wind
+tosses from side to side. At Nevada Fall the Merced River leaps six
+hundred feet at a bound, strikes a mass of rocks halfway down, and
+breaks into white foam upon which rainbows play when the sun shines
+through the misty veil.
+</p>
+<p>
+Besides the grand Sentinel Rock, Eagle Peak, Clouds' Rest, and other
+high mountains in the Yosemite Valley, many domes or round-topped
+peaks like the heads of buried giants loom up, the most famous being
+South Dome, Washington Column, Liberty Cap, and Mount Broderick.
+</p>
+<p>
+But no one can picture this wonderful valley with pen or brush or
+camera and give its real charm. You must see it yourself to know and
+understand the beauty of great mountains and falling waters, of Mirror
+Lake with its fine reflections of the surrounding scenery, and of the
+rushing torrent of the Merced River in its swift coursing through this
+mighty ca&ntilde;on of the Yosemite. Thousands of tourists and sightseers
+visit the valley from May to October. Then snow begins to fall and
+winter sets in, as it does everywhere in the high Sierras. Very deep
+snow-drifts cover the ground, lakes and rivers freeze, and the great
+falls are fringed with icicles, while a large ice cone forms at the
+foot of the falling water. Many beautiful pictures may be found in
+the valley in winter when Jack Frost is ruler of all the snow-clad,
+ice-bound ca&ntilde;on.
+</p>
+<p>
+Scattered throughout the Sierras are other valleys almost as fine
+as the Yosemite. These are not often reached by the army of summer
+sight-seers, but true mountaineers find them. One valley which has
+fine scenery is the Grand ca&ntilde;on of the Tuolumne, the gorge being
+twenty-five miles long, with walls so high and steep that once entered
+one must go through to the end. The Tuolumne River rushes, with
+terrible force and speed, in cascades and rapids down the granite
+stairway which is the floor of this ca&ntilde;on. The walls of the gorge
+rise so high that the traveller only sees a tiny strip of blue sky far
+above him, and the great pine trees on top of these cliff walls seem
+only the length of one's finger.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is supposed that all these valleys have been formed by glaciers,
+which during the ice age, thousands of years ago, filled the ca&ntilde;ons
+and swept over the mountains. These masses of ice, moving very slowly,
+ground and tore up the rocks under and around them till deep gorges
+and steep, high cliffs were left in their tracks. Most of the glaciers
+melted long ago, but on Mount Lyell, on Shasta, and a few of the
+Sierra summits may still be found those ever-living ice-rivers, the
+one on Mount Lyell being the source of the Tuolumne River.
+</p>
+<p>
+California is rich in lakes, especially in the mountains where the
+melting snows gather in every hollow and form lakelets in chains or
+groups, or in one large body of water like Tahoe, Donner, or Tenaya
+lakes.
+</p>
+<p>
+One of the most beautiful lakes in the world is Lake Tahoe. It is six
+thousand feet above sea-level, and the mountains around it rise four
+thousand feet higher. On these peaks snow-drifts lie the year round
+above the &quot;snow-line,&quot; as a height over eight or nine thousand feet
+is called. Nevada, treeless and barren, is on the eastern side of
+Lake Tahoe, while the western or California side is green and thickly
+wooded with beautiful pines. But the first thing one would notice,
+perhaps, is the wonderful clearness of the lake water. As one stands
+on the wharf the steamer <i>Tahoe</i> seems to be hanging in the clear
+green depths with her keel and twin propellers in plain sight. The
+fish dart under her and all about as in some large aquarium. There a
+big lake-trout shoots by like a silver streak of light, or here is a
+school of hundreds of little fingerlings. Every stick or stone shows
+on the bottom as one starts out on the steamer, and as one sails
+along where the water is sixty or seventy feet deep. In the middle
+the lake's depth is fifteen hundred feet and the water is a dark
+indigo-blue. At the edge and along shallow places the color is bright
+green, as at Emerald Bay, a beautiful inlet three miles long. Lake
+Tahoe is twenty miles in length and about five wide, and its icy cold
+waters are of crystal clearness and very pure.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Fallen Leaf Lake"
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1191a.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1191a.jpg" width="160" height="148" border="0"
+	alt="FALLEN LEAF LAKE.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">FALLEN LEAF LAKE.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Fallen Leaf Lake is a smaller Tahoe, and Donner Lake, not far from
+Truckee, and now the camping-place of many a summer visitor, is the
+place where years ago the Donner overland party spent a terrible
+winter in the Sierra snows.
+</p>
+<p>
+Clear Lake and the Blue Lakes in Lake County are delightful places
+to visit, and in this county, too, are the geysers. Some wonderful
+curiosities are seen here. You will find springs that spout up a
+stream of hot water every few minutes, mineral springs from which
+you can have a drink of soda water, and an acid spring that flows
+lemonade. Alum, iron, or sulphur waters, either hot or cold, bubble
+up out of the ground at every turn. At one spring you may boil an
+egg. Other springs are used for steam baths and also hot mud-baths. In
+Geyser ca&ntilde;on is the strange place every sight-seer hurries to at once.
+Such rumblings and thunderings, such hot vapors and gases come from
+the cracks in the ground, that the Indians thought this was the
+workshop where the bad spirit which white people call the devil used
+to live and work. The deeper one goes into this ca&ntilde;on, the hotter and
+noisier it gets. All round are signs telling where it is dangerous
+to step, while the ground is hot, and boiling water runs by in little streams.
+Steam rises from many pools, and the sulphur smell almost chokes one.
+Another curious spring, called the devil's inkstand, seems full of ink.
+Mount St. Helena, near here, is a dead or extinct volcano, and probably there
+are fires in the earth under this region which keep up these steam and
+sulphur springs.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="Illustration: Mount Shasta from Strawberry Valley."
+align="right" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
+<tr>
+	<td> &nbsp; <a href="images/lg1191b.jpg">
+	<img src="images/sm1191b.jpg" width="160" height="145" border="0"
+	alt="MOUNT SHASTA FROM STRAWBERRY VALLEY.">
+	</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><div align="center" class="caption">MOUNT SHASTA FROM <br>STRAWBERRY VALLEY.
+	<br>Click photo to see full-sized.</div></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Many of the Sierra summits are capped with volcanic rock, and Lassen's
+Peak and Mount Shasta are extinct volcanoes. There are hot springs and
+cracks from which steam and sulphur rise on both of these mountains,
+and as earthquakes often shake the earth in different parts of the
+state we know that underground fires are still at work. A great piece
+of land on Mount San Jacinto in Southern California lately sank down
+about a hundred feet, and cracks both deep and wide show that some
+force from below gave a thorough shaking-up to that part of the state.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mono, Owen's, and several other large lakes are the &quot;sinks&quot; into which
+rivers flow and lose themselves in the sandy or marshy shores. These
+lakes have soda or salt in their waters, and great stretches of dry
+alkali lands around them. The famous Death Valley is a dry lake of
+this kind where the sun beats down on the white alkali plain till it
+is almost certain death to try to cross it without a guide. The
+Salton Sea is a dry lake where almost pure salt is dug out, and great
+quantities of borax and of soda are found in other beds, of dried-up
+streams and lakes.
+</p>
+<p>
+But to tell of all the curious things nature has to show us in
+California,&mdash;of the forests of petrified trees, of the caverns cut out
+of the ocean cliffs by restless waves, or of those in the mountains or
+the Modoc lava-beds,&mdash;well, you will see most of them, let us hope, in
+your vacations. A large book might be given to the wonderful sights
+of this great state, and it may be your fortune to visit and so always
+remember a few we have named.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div align="center"><h3>PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY</h3></div>
+
+<p class="list">Alta (&auml;l&acute;-ta).</p>
+<p class="list">Amador (am&acute;-a-dore).</p>
+<p class="list">Alvarado (al-va-r&auml;&acute;-do).</p>
+<p class="list">Ayala (&auml;-y&auml;&acute;-la).</p>
+<p class="list">Bernal (ber-nal&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">Bodega (bo-d&#257;&acute;-ga).</p>
+<p class="list">Cabrillo (ka-breel&acute;-yo).</p>
+<p class="list">Calaveras (kal-a-v&#257;&acute;-ras).</p>
+<p class="list">Carmel (kar&acute;-mel).</p>
+<p class="list">Castro (kas&acute;-tro).</p>
+<p class="list">Cortes (kor&acute;-tez).</p>
+<p class="list">Coloma (ko-lo&acute;-ma).</p>
+<p class="list">Diegue&ntilde;o (de-&#257;-gw&#257;n&acute;-yo).</p>
+<p class="list">Farallones (f&#259;r&acute;-a-lones).</p>
+<p class="list">Figueroa (fi-gwa-ro&acute;-a).</p>
+<p class="list">Franciscan (fran-cis&acute;-can).</p>
+<p class="list">Galvez (gal&acute;-ves).</p>
+<p class="list">Gringos (gring&acute;-gos).</p>
+<p class="list">Guerrero (gur-r&#257;&acute;-ro).</p>
+<p class="list">Junipero Serra (h&#363;-nip&acute;-er-o ser&acute;-ra).</p>
+<p class="list">Klamath (klam&acute;-eth).</p>
+<p class="list">Los Angeles (los an&acute;-ga-lees).</p>
+<p class="list">Marin (ma-rin&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">Mariposa (mar-e-po&acute;-sa).</p>
+<p class="list">Martinez (mar-tee&acute;-nes).</p>
+<p class="list">Mechoopdas (me-choop&acute;-das).</p>
+<p class="list">Mission Dolores (mis&acute;-sion do-l&#333;r&acute;-es).</p>
+<p class="list">Modocs (mo&acute;-docs).</p>
+<p class="list">Monterey (mon-ta-ray&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">Noe (no&acute;-a).</p>
+<p class="list">Ortega (or-t&#257;&acute;-ga).</p>
+<p class="list">Pacheco (p&auml;-ch&#257;&acute;-ko).</p>
+<p class="list">Padres (pa&acute;-drays).</p>
+<p class="list">Palou (pa&acute;-loo).</p>
+<p class="list">Pio Pico (pe&acute;-o pe&acute;-ko).</p>
+<p class="list">Placerville (pl&#259;s&acute;-er-vil).</p>
+<p class="list">Point Reyes (rays).</p>
+<p class="list">Pomos (po&acute;-mos).</p>
+<p class="list">Portola (por-to&acute;-la).</p>
+<p class="list">San Antonio (san an-t&#333;-ni-&#333;).</p>
+<p class="list">Sanchez (san&acute;-ches).</p>
+<p class="list">San Carlos (san kar&acute;-l&#333;s).</p>
+<p class="list">San Diego (san de-&#257;&acute;-go).</p>
+<p class="list">San Fernando (san fer-nan&acute;-do).</p>
+<p class="list">San Francisco (san fran-cis&acute;-co).</p>
+<p class="list">San Gabriel (san ga-brell&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">San Jacinto (san ha-sin&acute;-to).</p>
+<p class="list">San Joaquin (san waw-keen&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">San Jose (san ho-say&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">San Juan Bautista (san wawn ba-tis&acute;-ta).</p>
+<p class="list">San Juan Capistrano (san wawn kap-is-tra&acute;-no).</p>
+<p class="list">San Luis Obispo (san loo-is o-bis&acute;-po).</p>
+<p class="list">San Miguel (san mig-gell&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Barbara (san&acute;-ta bar&acute;-ba-ra).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Catalina (san&acute;-ta kat-a-lee&acute;-na).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Cruz (san&acute;-ta krooz).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Lucia (san&acute;-ta loo-she&acute;-a).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Ysabel (san&acute;-ta &#275;&acute;-sa-bel).</p>
+<p class="list">Santa Ynez (san&acute;-ta e&acute;-nes).</p>
+<p class="list">Sausalito (saw-sa-lee&acute;-to).</p>
+<p class="list">Sierras (see-er&acute;-ras).</p>
+<p class="list">Siskiyous (sis&acute;-ke-yous).</p>
+<p class="list">Sonoma (so-no&acute;-ma).</p>
+<p class="list">Sutter (s&#365;t&acute;-ter).</p>
+<p class="list">Tahoe (t&auml;&acute;-ho).</p>
+<p class="list">Tamalpais (tarm&acute;-el-pies).</p>
+<p class="list">Tenaya (te-ni&acute;-ya).</p>
+<p class="list">Tulare (too-lar&acute;-ee).</p>
+<p class="list">Tuolumne (too-ol&acute;-um-ee).</p>
+<p class="list">Ukiah (u-ki&acute;-ah).</p>
+<p class="list">Vallejo (v&auml;l-y&#257;&acute;-ho).</p>
+<p class="list">Viscaino (vees-k&auml;-e&acute;-no).</p>
+<p class="list">Wawona (wa-wo&acute;-na).</p>
+<p class="list">Yerba Buena (yer&acute;-ba bw&#257;&acute;-na).</p>
+<p class="list">Yosemite (yo sem&acute;-e-tee).</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="list">abalone (ab-a-lo&acute;-nee).</p>
+<p class="list">adobe (a-do&acute;-bee).</p>
+<p class="list">alcalde (al-kal&acute;-day).</p>
+<p class="list">arrastra (ar-ras&acute;-tra).</p>
+<p class="list">burro (boo&acute;-ro).</p>
+<p class="list">ca&ntilde;on (can&acute;-yon).</p>
+<p class="list">carne seca (kar&acute;-n&#257; s&#257;&acute;-ka).</p>
+<p class="list">cascarone (kas-ka-ro&acute;-na).</p>
+<p class="list">chaparral (shap-per-ral&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">coyote (ki-o&acute;-tee).</p>
+<p class="list">corral (kor-ral&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">debris (day-bree&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">el toro (el to&acute;-ro).</p>
+<p class="list">fandango (fan-dang&acute;-go).</p>
+<p class="list">frijoles (free-yo&acute;-lays).</p>
+<p class="list">galleon (gal&acute;-le-on).</p>
+<p class="list">madro&ntilde;o (ma-dron&acute;-yo).</p>
+<p class="list">manzanita (man-zan-ee&acute;-ta).</p>
+<p class="list">mantilla (man-tee&acute;-ya).</p>
+<p class="list">mahala (ma-ha&acute;-la).</p>
+<p class="list">mesa (m&#257;&acute;-sa).</p>
+<p class="list">mustangs (mus&acute;-tangs),</p>
+<p class="list">presidio (pr&#257;-se&acute;-de-o).</p>
+<p class="list">pueblos (p&#363;-&#257;&acute;-blos),</p>
+<p class="list">ranche (ransh).</p>
+<p class="list">rancheria (ran-sha-ree&acute;-a).</p>
+<p class="list">rodeos (ro-da&acute;-os).</p>
+<p class="list">senora (s&#257;n-yo&acute;-ra).</p>
+<p class="list">senoritas (s&#257;n-yor-ee&acute;-tas).</p>
+<p class="list">sombrero (som-br&#257;&acute;-ro).</p>
+<p class="list">sequoias (see-kwoy&acute;-as).</p>
+<p class="list">serape (ser-&auml;&acute;-pay).</p>
+<p class="list">teredo (te-r&#275;&acute;-do).</p>
+<p class="list">temescal (tem-es-kal&acute;).</p>
+<p class="list">tortillas (tor-tee&acute;-yas).</p>
+<p class="list">tule (too&acute;-lee).</p>
+<p class="list">vaqueros (v&auml;-ka&acute;-ros).</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories of California, by Ella M. Sexton
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories of California, by Ella M. Sexton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Stories of California
+
+Author: Ella M. Sexton
+
+Release Date: August 20, 2004 [EBook #13232]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ronald Holder and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: NEVADA FALLS (height 617 feet). Yosemite Valley.]
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+BY
+
+ELLA M. SEXTON
+
+
+NEW YORK
+
+THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
+1903
+
+
+_All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+1902,
+
+BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
+
+
+Set up, electrotyped, and published September, 1902. Reprinted
+October, 1903.
+
+
+
+Normond Press J.S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass.,
+U.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+To recount in simple, accurate narratives the early conditions and
+subsequent development of California is the purpose of this book. In
+attempting to picture the romantic events embodied in the wonderful
+history of the state, and to make each sketch clear and concise as
+well as interesting, the author has avoided many dry details and
+dates.
+
+Several of the stories endeavor to explain the remarkable physical
+characteristics of California. The work to this end was rendered
+lighter by the hope that the reader might find the book merely an
+introduction to that larger knowledge of personal observation and
+inquiry.
+
+But the writer's chief aim has been to interest the children of
+California in the beautiful land of their birth, to unfold to them the
+life and occurrences of bygone days, and to lead them to note and to
+enjoy their fortunate surroundings.
+
+Among the many authorities consulted for the work, special
+acknowledgment is due to the historians, Theodore H. Hittell and H.H.
+Bancroft.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CALIFORNIA'S NAME AND EARLY HISTORY
+
+THE STORY OF THE MISSIONS AND OF FATHER SERRA
+
+BEFORE THE GRINGOS CAME
+
+THE AMERICANS AND THE BEAR-FLAG REPUBLIC
+
+THE DAYS OF GOLD AND THE ARGONAUTS OF '49
+
+MINING STORIES
+
+HOW POLLY ELLIOTT CAME ACROSS THE PLAINS
+
+THE BUILDING OF THE OVERLAND RAILROAD
+
+STORY OF THE WHEAT FIELDS
+
+ORCHARD, FARM, AND VINEYARD
+
+THE STORY OF THE NAVEL ORANGE
+
+THE LEMON
+
+FLOWERS AND PLANTS
+
+THE BIG TREES AND LUMBERING
+
+OUR BIRDS
+
+OUR WILD ANIMALS
+
+IN SALT WATER AND FRESH
+
+ABOUT CALIFORNIA'S INDIANS
+
+THE STORY OF SAN FRANCISCO
+
+MEN CALIFORNIA REMEMBERS
+
+OUR GLORIOUS CLIMATE
+
+SOME WONDERFUL SIGHTS
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+NEVADA FALLS (height 617 feet), YOSEMITE VALLEY
+
+FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA
+
+MISSION CHURCH, MONTEREY
+
+OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. Founded 1769
+
+MISSION SAN LUIS REY. Founded 1798
+
+MISSION DOLORES. Established 1776
+
+SANTA BARBARA MISSION. Founded 1786
+
+UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER
+
+PLACER GOLD MINING. Washing with Cradle
+
+AN ORANGE TREE WITH FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS
+
+PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD AT LOS ANGELES
+
+HOP VINES
+
+AMONG THE HOP VINES
+
+WHITE SANTA BARBARA POPPY
+
+WILD CALIFORNIA POPPY
+
+IN A MISSION GARDEN
+
+A CHRISTMAS GARDEN
+
+"WAWONA" (28 feet in diameter)
+
+THE GRIZZLY GIANT (33 feet in diameter)
+
+BIG TREES AT FELTON, SANTA CRUZ CO.
+
+YOUNG TOWHEE
+
+BABY YELLOW WARBLERS. From photographs by Elizabeth Grinnell
+
+CALIFORNIA RED DEER. From a photograph by George V. Robinson
+
+LEAPING TUNA
+
+BLACK SEA BASS
+
+HUMPBACK WHALE (57 feet long)
+
+TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE
+
+INDIAN WOMAN WITH PAPPOOSE
+
+INDIAN WOMAN WITH BASKETS
+
+INDIAN BASKETS
+
+SEAL ROCKS, SAN FRANCISCO
+
+THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO
+
+ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE TEA GARDEN, SAN FRANCISCO
+
+FALLEN LEAF LAKE
+
+MOUNT SHASTA FROM STRAWBERRY VALLEY
+
+"EL CAPITAN" (3300 feet in height)
+
+YOSEMITE FALLS
+
+NATURAL BRIDGE, SANTA CRUZ
+
+[Compiler's note 1: Four illustrations were omitted from the published
+book, but were listed in the Illustrations pages.]
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF CALIFORNIA
+
+CALIFORNIA'S NAME AND EARLY HISTORY
+
+
+A Spanish story written four hundred years ago speaks of California as
+an island rich in pearls and gold. Only black women lived there, the
+story says, and they had golden spears, and collars and harness of
+gold for the wild beasts which they had tamed to ride upon. This
+island was said to be at a ten days' journey from Mexico, and was
+supposed to lie near Asia and the East Indies.
+
+Among those who believed such fairy tales about this wonderful island
+of California was Cortes, a Spanish soldier and traveller. He had
+conquered Mexico in 1521 and had made Montezuma, the Mexican emperor,
+give him a fortune in gold and precious stones. Then Cortes wished
+to find another rich country to capture, and California, he thought,
+would be the very place. He wrote home to Spain promising to bring
+back gold from the island, and also silks, spices, and diamonds from
+Asia. For he was sure that the two countries were near together, and
+that both might be found in the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea, as he
+called it, by sailing northwest.
+
+So for years Cortes built ships in New Spain (or Mexico), and sent out
+men to hunt for this golden island. They found the Gulf of California,
+and at last Cortes himself sailed up and down its waters. He explored
+the land on both sides, and saw only poor, naked Indians who had a few
+pearls but no gold. Cortes never found the golden island. We should
+remember, however, that his ships first sailed on the North Pacific
+and explored Lower California, and that he first used the name
+California for the peninsula.
+
+It was left for a Portuguese ship-captain called Cabrillo to find the
+port of San Diego in 1542. He was the first white man to land upon
+the shores of California, as we know it. Afterwards he sailed north to
+Monterey. Many Indians living along the coast came out to his ship
+in canoes with fish and game for the white men. Then Cabrillo sailed
+north past Monterey Bay, and almost in sight of the Golden Gate. But
+the weather was rough and stormy, and without knowing of the fine
+harbor so near him, he turned his ship round and sailed south again.
+He reached the Santa Barbara Islands, intending to spend the winter
+there, but he died soon after his arrival. The people of San Diego
+now honor Cabrillo with a festival every year. He was the sea-king who
+found their bay and first set foot on California ground.
+
+About this time Magellan had discovered the Philippine Islands, and
+Spain began to send ships from Mexico to those islands to buy silks,
+spices, and other rich treasures. The Spanish galleons, or vessels,
+loaded with their costly freight, used to come home by crossing
+the Pacific to Cape Mendocino, and then sailing down the coast of
+California to Mexico. Before long the English, who hated Spain and
+were at war with her, sent out brave sea-captains to capture the
+Spanish galleons and their cargoes. Sir Francis Drake, one of the
+boldest Englishmen, knew this South Sea very well, and on a ship
+called the _Golden Hind_ (which meant the Golden Deer), he came to the
+New World and captured every Spanish vessel he sighted. He loaded
+his ship with their treasures, gold and silver bars, chests of
+silver money, velvets and silks, and wished to take his cargo back to
+England. He tried to find a northern, or shorter way home, and at last
+got so far north that his sailors suffered from cold, and his ship was
+nearly lost. Obliged to sail south, he found a sheltered harbor near
+Point Reyes, and landed there in 1579. Drake claimed the new country
+for the English Queen, Elizabeth, and named it New Albion. A great
+many friendly Indians in the neighborhood brought presents of feather
+and bead work to the commander and his men. These Indians killed
+small game and deer with bows and arrows, and had coats or mantles
+of squirrel skins.
+
+[Illustration: FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA.]
+
+Drake and his sailors repaired and refitted their vessel during the
+month they stayed at Drake's Bay. They made several trips inland also
+and saw the pine and redwood forests with many deer feeding on the
+hills; but they did not discover San Francisco Bay. On leaving New
+Albion, Drake sailed the _Golden Hind_ across the Pacific to the East
+Indies and the Indian Ocean, and round the Cape of Good Hope home to
+England, with all the treasure he had taken. The queen received him
+with great honors and his ship was kept a hundred years in memory of
+the brave admiral, who had commanded it on this voyage.
+
+During the next century several English commanders of vessels sailed
+the South Sea while hunting Spanish galleons to capture, and these
+ships often touched at Lower California for fresh water. Some of
+the captains explored the coast and traded with the Indians, but no
+settlements were made.
+
+Then the Spanish tried to find and settle the country they had heard
+so many reports of, thinking to provide stations where their trading
+ships might anchor for supplies and protection. Viscaino, on his
+second voyage for this purpose, landed at San Diego in 1602. Sailing
+on to the island he named Santa Catalina, Viscaino found there a tribe
+of fine-looking Indians who had large houses and canoes. They were
+good hunters and fishermen and clothed themselves in sealskins.
+Viscaino went on to Monterey and finally as far north as Oregon, but
+owing to severe storms, and to sickness among his sailors, he was
+obliged to return to Mexico.
+
+For a long time after this failure to settle upon the coast, the
+Spanish came to Lower California for the pearl-fisheries. Along the
+Gulf of California were many oyster-beds where the Indians secured
+the shells by diving for them. Large and valuable pearls were found
+in many of the oysters, and the Spanish collected them in great
+quantities from the Indians who did not know their real value.
+
+In this peninsula of Lower California fifteen Missions, or
+settlements, each having a church, were founded by Padres of the
+Jesuits. But later the Jesuits were ordered out of the country, and
+their Missions turned over to the Franciscan order of Mexico.
+
+With the coming of the Franciscans a new period of California's
+history began. Spain wished to settle Alta California, or that region
+north of the peninsula, and Father Serra, the head and leader of these
+Franciscans, was chosen to begin this work.
+
+How he did this, and how he and his followers founded the California
+Missions you will read in the story of that time.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE MISSIONS AND OF FATHER SERRA
+
+
+The old Missions of California are landmarks that remind us of Father
+Serra and his band of faithful workers. There were twenty-one of their
+beautiful churches, and though some are ruined and neglected, others
+like the Mission Dolores of San Francisco and the Santa Barbara and
+Monterey buildings are still in excellent condition. From San Diego to
+San Francisco these Missions were located, about thirty miles apart,
+and so well were the sites chosen that the finest cities of the state
+have grown round the old churches.
+
+Father Junipero Serra was the president and leader of the Franciscan
+missionaries and the founder of the Missions. He had been brought up
+in Spain, and had dreamed from his boyhood of going to the New
+World, as the Spanish called America, to tell the savages how to be
+Christians. He began his work as a missionary in Mexico and there
+labored faithfully among the Indians for nearly twenty years. But as
+his greatest wish was to preach to those in unknown places he was glad
+to be chosen to explore Alta or Upper California.
+
+Marching by land from Loreto, a Mission of Lower California, Father
+Serra, with Governor Portola and his soldiers, reached San Diego in
+1769. Here he planted the first Mission on California ground. The
+church was a rude arbor of boughs, and the bells were hung in an oak
+tree. Father Serra rang the bells himself, and called loudly to the
+wondering Indians to come to the Holy Church and hear about Christ.
+But the natives were suspicious and not ready to listen to the good
+man's teachings, and several times they attacked the newcomers.
+Finally, after six years, they burnt the church and killed one of the
+missionaries. But later on there was peace, and the priests, or Padres
+as they were called, taught the Indians to raise corn and wheat, and
+to plant olive orchards and fig trees, and grapes for wine. They built
+a new church and round it the huts, or cabins, of the Indians, the
+storehouses, and the Padre's dwelling. In the early morning the bells
+called every member of the Mission family to a church service. After a
+breakfast of corn and beans they spent the morning in outdoor work or
+in building. At noon either mutton or beef was served with corn and
+beans, and at two o'clock work began again, to last till evening
+service. A supper of corn-meal mush was the Indians' favorite
+meal. They had many holidays, when their amusements were dancing,
+bull-fighting, or cock-fighting.
+
+San Diego, called the Mother Mission, because it is the oldest church,
+is now also most in ruins. But its friends hope to put new foundations
+under the old walls, and to recap firm ones with cement, and preserve
+this monument of early California history.
+
+After Father Serra had started the San Diego settlement he set sail
+for Monterey. Landing at Monterey Bay, he built an altar under a large
+oak tree, hung the Mission bells upon the boughs, and held the usual
+services. The Spanish soldiers fired off their guns in honor of the
+day and put up a great cross. The Indians had never heard the sound of
+guns and were so frightened that they ran away to the mountains. The
+second Mission was built on the Carmel River, a little distance from
+the site of the first altar. This was called San Carlos of Monterey,
+and the settlement was the capital of Alta California for many years.
+It was also the Mission that Father Serra loved the best, and after
+every trip to other and newer settlements he returned to San Carlos as
+his home. This Monterey Mission is well preserved, and books, carved
+church furniture, and embroidered robes used in the old services are
+still shown.
+
+At both San Diego and Monterey a presidio, or fort, was built for the
+soldiers. These forts had one or two cannon brought from Spain, and
+had around them high walls, or stockades, to protect, if it should be
+necessary, the Mission people from the Indians. The cannon were fired
+on holidays, or to frighten troublesome Indians.
+
+All the Mission buildings were of brown clay made into large bricks
+about a foot and a half long and broad, and three or four inches
+thick. These bricks, dried in the sun, were called adobes, and were
+plastered together and made smooth by a mortar of the same clay.
+Then the walls were coated outside and inside with a lime stucco and
+whitewashed. The roof timbers were covered with hollow red tiles, each
+like the half of a sewer pipe, and these were laid to overlap each
+other so that they kept the rain out. The floors were of earth beaten
+hard, and the windows had bars or latticework, but no glass. The large
+church was snowy white within and without and had pictures brought
+from Spain and much carved furniture, such as chairs, benches, and
+the pulpit made by the Indians. One or two round-topped towers and
+five or six belfries, each holding a large bell, were on the church roof,
+and a great iron cross at the very top.
+
+[Illustration: MISSION CHURCH, MONTEREY.]
+
+[Illustration: OLD SAN DIEGO MISSION. Founded 1769.]
+
+Night and morning the Mission bells rang to call the Indians to mass
+or service, and chimes or tunes were rung on holidays or for weddings.
+These Mission bells were brought from Spain, and it was thought a
+blessing rested on the ship which carried them, and that shipwreck
+could not come to such a vessel. We read of one captain joyfully
+receiving the Mission bells to take to San Diego. When nearing the
+coast his vessel struck a rock, yet passed on in safety because, as
+he said, no harm could happen with the bells on board. On his journeys
+every missionary carried a bell with him for the new church he was to
+build. Father Serra's first act on reaching a stopping-place was to
+hang the bell in a tree and ring it to gather the Indians and people
+for service.
+
+San Antonio, a very successful Mission, was the third one established,
+and it was in a beautiful little valley of the Santa Lucia Mountains.
+Every kind of fruit grew in its orchards, and the Indians there were
+very happy and contented, and in large workshops made cloth, saddles,
+and other things. San Gabriel, not far from Los Angeles and sometimes
+called the finest church of all, was the next to be built. This was
+the richest of the Missions and had great stores of wool, wheat, and
+fruit, which the hard-working Indians earned and gave to the church.
+The Indians, indeed, were almost slaves, and worked all their
+lives for the Padres without rest or pay. At San Gabriel the first
+California flour-mill worked by a stream of water turning the wheel,
+was put up. Some of the old palms and olive trees are still growing
+there.
+
+San Juan Capistrano, founded in 1776, was one of the best-known
+Missions, for it had a seaport of its own at San Juan. Vessels came to
+its port for the hides and tallow of thousands of cattle herded round
+the Mission. The first fine church of this Mission was destroyed by
+an earthquake, and many people were killed by its falling roof. It was
+rebuilt, however, and still shows its fine front, and long corridors
+or porches round a hollow square where a garden and fountain used to
+be.
+
+Old records tell us that Father Serra felt that there should be a
+church named in honor of Francis, who was the founder and patron saint
+of the Franciscan brotherhood of monks to which these missionaries
+belonged. When Father Serra spoke of this to Galvez, that priest
+replied, "If our good Saint Francis wants a Mission, let him show us
+that fine harbor up above Monterey and we will build him one there."
+Several explorers had failed to find this port about which Indians had
+spoken to the Spanish. At last Ortega discovered it, and Father Palou,
+in 1776, consecrated the Mission of San Francisco. Near the spot was
+a small lake called the "Laguna de los Dolores," and from this the
+church was at last known as the Mission Dolores. But the great city
+bears the Spanish name of Saint Francis, or San Francisco. A fort
+was erected where the present Presidio stands, and later a battery
+of cannon was placed at Black Point. It is told that the Indians were
+very quarrelsome here and fought so among themselves that the Padres
+could get no church built for a year. In that part of San Francisco
+called the Mission, the old building with its odd roof and three of
+the ancient bells is a very interesting place to visit. There are
+pictures, and other relics of the past to see, and in the graveyard
+many of San Francisco's early settlers were buried. This was the sixth
+Mission of Alta California.
+
+The Santa Barbara Mission, where Franciscan fathers still live, has
+a fine church with double towers and a long row of two-story adobe
+buildings enclosing a hollow square where a beautiful garden is kept.
+One of the brotherhood, wearing a long brown robe just as Father Serra
+did, takes visitors into the church, and also shows them the garden
+and a large carved stone fountain. This church is built of sandstone
+with two large towers and a chime of six bells, and was finished in
+1820.
+
+The Santa Ynez Mission was much damaged by the heavy earthquake that
+in 1812 ruined other Missions. Here the Indians raised large crops
+of wheat and herded many cattle. Over a thousand Indians, it is said,
+attacked this church in 1822, but the priest in charge frightened them
+away by firing guns. This warlike conduct so displeased the Padres,
+who wished the natives ruled by kindness, that the poor priest was
+sent away from the Mission.
+
+One of the early Missions was San Luis Obispo, where services are
+still held. It was specially noted for a fine blue cloth woven by
+the Indians from the wool of the Mission flocks of sheep. The Indians
+there also wove blankets, and cloth from cotton raised upon their own
+lands.
+
+San Juan Bautista, or St. John the Baptist, north of Monterey, had a
+splendid chime of nine bells said to have been brought from Peru and
+to have very rich, mellow tones. San Miguel had a bell hung up on a
+platform in front of the church, and now at Santa Ysabel, sixty miles
+from San Diego, where the Mission itself is only a heap of adobe
+ruins, two bells hang on a rude framework of logs. The Indian
+bell-ringer rings them by a rope fastened to each clapper. The bells
+were cast in Spain and much silver jewellery and household plate were
+melted with the bell-metal. Near them the Diegueno Indians worship in
+a rude arbor of green boughs with their priest, Father Antonio, who
+has worked for thirty years among the tribe. They live on a rancheria
+near by and are making adobe bricks, hoping soon to build a church
+like the old Mission long since crumbled away.
+
+The last of the Missions was built in 1823 at Sonoma, and proved very
+active in church work, some fifteen hundred Indians having been there
+baptized.
+
+Father Junipero Serra died at more than seventy years of age, at San
+Carlos. During all his life in America he endured great hardships
+and suffering to bring the gospel to the heathen as he had dreamed of
+doing in his boyish days. A monument to his memory has been erected
+at Monterey by Mrs. Stanford, but the Missions he founded are his best
+and most lasting remembrances.
+
+
+
+
+BEFORE THE GRINGOS CAME
+
+
+This is the story Senora Sanchez told us children as we sat on the
+sunny, rose-covered porch of her old adobe house at Monterey one
+summer afternoon. And as she talked of those early times she worked
+at her fine linen "drawn-work" with bright, dark eyes that needed no
+glasses for all her eighty years and snow-white hair.
+
+"When I was a girl, California was a Mexican republic," said the
+Senora, "and Los Gringos, as we called the Americans, came in ships
+from Boston. They brought us our shoes and dresses, our blankets and
+groceries; all kinds of goods, indeed, to trade for hides and tallow,
+which was all our people had to sell in those days. For no one raised
+anything but cattle then, and all summer long the cows cropped the
+rich clover and wild oats till they were fat and ready to kill. In
+the fall the Indians and vaqueros, or cowboys as you children call
+them, drove great herds of cattle to the Missions near the ocean where
+the Gringos came with their ship-loads of fine things and waited for
+trading-days.
+
+[Illustration: MISSION SAN LUIS REY. Founded 1798.]
+
+[Illustration: MISSION DOLORES. Established 1776.]
+
+"For weeks every one worked hard, killing the cattle, stripping off
+their skins and hanging the green or fresh hides over poles to dry in
+the sun. When dried hard and stiff as a board the skins were folded
+hair-side in, and were then worth about two dollars apiece. The
+beef-suet, or fat, from these cattle was put into large iron kettles
+and melted. While still hot it was dipped out with wooden dippers
+into rawhide bags, each made from an animal's skin. When cold and hard
+these bags of tallow were sewed up with leather strings, and thus they
+were taken to Boston.
+
+"So much beef was on hand at such times that not even the hungry
+Indians could eat it all while it was fresh. The nicest pieces were
+cut into long strips, dipped into a boiling salt brine full of hot
+red peppers and hung up to dry where the sunshine soon turned the meat
+into carne seca, or dried beef. We put it away in sacks, and very good
+it was all the year for stews, and to eat with the frijoles, or red
+beans, and tortillas, which were corn-cakes.
+
+"All we bought from the Gringos was paid for with hides and tallow,
+so it was well, you see, children, that my father owned ten thousand
+cattle; for counting relatives and Indian servants, we always had more
+than thirty people on our ranch to feed and clothe. We raised grain
+and corn and beans enough for the family, but had to buy sugar,
+coffee, and such things.
+
+"Did we have many horses, you say? Yes, droves of them, and we almost
+lived on horseback, for no one walked if he could help it, and there
+were almost no carriages or roads. Neither were there any barns or
+stables, for the mustangs, or tough little ponies, fed on the wild
+grass and took care of themselves. Every morning a horse was caught,
+saddled and bridled, and tied by the door ready to use. All the ladies
+rode, too, and I often used to ride twenty miles to a dance with Juan,
+my young husband, and back again in a day or so.
+
+"Sometimes we went to the rodeo, where once a year the great herds of
+cattle were driven into corrals, and each ranchero or farmer picked
+out his own stock. Then those young calves or yearlings not already
+marked were branded with their owner's stamp by a red-hot iron that
+burnt the mark into the skin. After that the bellowing, frightened
+animals were turned out to roam the grassy plains for another year. We
+had plenty of feasting and merry-making at these rodeos, and a whole
+ox was roasted every day for the hungry crowds, so no one went fasting
+to bed.
+
+"Those were gay times, my children," and Senora Sanchez sighed and
+sewed quietly for a while till Harry asked her if they kept Christmas
+before the Gringos came.
+
+"Yes, indeed," she said, laughing, "we kept Christmas for a week,
+and all our friends and relatives were welcome, so that our big
+ranch-house was full of company. Indeed, some of the visitors slept in
+hammocks or rolled up in blankets on the verandas. Our house was built
+round the four sides of a square garden, with wide porches, where we
+sat on pleasant days. There was a fountain in this garden, and orange
+trees, which at Christmas-time hung full of golden fruit and sweet
+white flowers. On 'the holy night,' as we called Christmas Eve, we
+hung lanterns in the porches, and everybody crowded there or in the
+garden for their gifts.
+
+"No, we had no Santa Claus nor Christmas tree, but my father gave
+presents to all, even to the Indian servants and their children. A fan
+or a string of pearls, perhaps, for my sisters, the young senoritas; a
+fine saddle or a velvet jacket for my brother; and red blankets or gay
+handkerchiefs for the Indians, with sacks of beans or sweet potatoes
+to eat with their Christmas feast of roast ox or a fat sheep.
+Afterwards we danced till morning came, or sang to the sweet tinkle
+of the guitars. Well do I remember, children, when the good Padres,
+or priests, at the Mission forbade us to waltz, that new dance the
+Gringos had taught us to like. I recall, also, that the governor only
+laughed and said that the young folks could waltz if they wished.
+So at my wedding, soon after, when we danced from Tuesday noon till
+Thursday morning, you may be sure we had many a waltz.
+
+"Pretty dresses, Edith? Yes, gay, bright silk or satin ones, with many
+ruffles on the skirts and wide collars and sleeves of lace, or yellow
+satin slippers and always a high comb of silver or tortoise-shell and
+a spangled fan. And we had long gold and coral earrings and strings of
+pearls from the Gulf, and, see!" as she pulled aside her neck-scarf,
+"here is the necklace of gold beads that was my wedding gift. We
+had no hats or bonnets, but wore black lace shawls, or mantillas, to
+church, or twisted long silk scarfs over our heads to go riding.
+
+"You will think the gentlemen were fine dandies in those Mexican days,
+when I tell you that they often wore crimson velvet knee trousers
+trimmed with gold lace, embroidered white shirts, bright green cloth
+or velvet jackets with rows and rows of silver buttons, and red sashes
+with long, streaming ends. Their wide-brimmed sombrero hats were
+trimmed with silver or gold braid and tassels. They dressed up their
+horses with beautiful saddles and bridles of carved leather worked
+all over with gold or silver thread and gay with silver rosettes or
+buttons. Each gentleman wore a large Spanish cloak of rich velvet or
+embroidered cloth, and if it rained, he threw over his fine clothes
+a serape, or square woollen blanket with a slit cut in the middle for
+the head.
+
+"Los Gringos used to laugh at the Mexican and his cloak, and not long
+after they came the 'Greasers,' as the Americans called the young men
+born here in California, began to wear the ugly clothes the Gringos
+brought out from Boston. And so the times changed, children, and our
+people learned to do everything as the Americans did it and to work
+hard and save money instead of dancing and idling away the time.
+
+"And the bull-fights, Harry? Oh, yes, there was a bull-fight every
+Sunday afternoon, and everybody went, as you do to the football games.
+The ladies clapped their hands if the sport was good, or if the bull
+was killed by the brave swordsman. And if the men got hurt or the
+horses,--well, we only thought that was part of the game, you see. El
+toro, as we called the bull, always tried to save himself; and if he
+was savage and cruel, that was his nature, to try to kill his enemies.
+The gay dresses and the music was what I cared for, and then all my
+friends were there, also.
+
+[Illustration: SANTA BARBARA MISSION. Founded 1786.]
+
+"But you must be tired of my old stories; is it not so, my children?
+No, you want to hear about the dances, you say? Well, every party was
+a dance; a fandango or ball, if it was given in a hall where everybody
+could come, but at houses where just the people came who were invited
+we called it only a dance. Every old grandfather or little girl, even,
+danced all night long, and the rooms were hung with flags and wreaths.
+All the Spanish dances were pretty, and the ladies with their gay
+dresses and mantillas, and the gentlemen in velvet suits trimmed
+with gold, made a fine picture. At the cascarone, or egg-shell
+dance, baskets of egg-shells filled with cologne or finely cut tinsel
+or colored papers were brought into the room, and the game was to
+crush these shells over the dancers' heads. If your hair got wet with
+cologne or full of gilt paper, everybody laughed, and you laughed too,
+for that was the game, you know. Ah, there was plenty of merry-making
+and feasting in those days, children," and Senora Sanchez sighed again
+and went on with her "drawn-work," while the bell in the old Mission
+church near by rang five o'clock, and we children ran home talking of
+those old times before the Gringos came to California.
+
+
+
+
+THE AMERICANS AND THE BEAR-FLAG REPUBLIC
+
+
+While Spain owned Mexico and the two Californias, the Missions were at
+their best and grew rich in stores of grain and in cattle and horses.
+Almost all the people were Spanish or Indians, and they lived at the
+Missions or in ranches near by. But when Mexico in 1822 refused to be
+ruled by Spain, Alta or Upper California became a Mexican territory,
+and, later on, a republic with governors sent from Mexico. The Mission
+Padres did not like the change, and thought that Spain should still
+own the New World. Before long it was ordered that the Missions should
+be turned into pueblos, or towns, and that the Padres were no longer
+to make slaves of the Indians. The missionaries were to stay as
+priests, and to teach the Indians in schools, but the Mission lands
+were to be divided so that each Indian family might have a small farm
+to cultivate. From that time the Missions began to decay and were
+finally given up to ruin.
+
+Then Americans began to come in, the first party of hunters and
+trappers travelling from Salt Lake City to the San Gabriel Mission.
+All kept talking of the rich country where farming was so easy, and
+they wished to have land. But the Mexicans and the native Californians
+did not believe in allowing the Americans, as they called all the
+people from the Eastern states, to take up their farming lands and
+hunt and trap the wild animals. So there was much quarrelling. But the
+Americans still poured in, got land grants, and built houses.
+
+In 1836, though Alta California declared itself a free state, and no
+longer looked to Mexico for support, Mexican rule still continued. The
+United States had wanted California for a long time, and had tried to
+buy it from Mexico. The fine bay and harbor of San Francisco, known
+to be the best along the coast, was especially needed by the United
+States as a place to shelter or repair ships on their way to the
+Oregon settlements. England also wanted this bay, but the Californians
+tried to keep every one out of their country.
+
+Among the Americans who came overland and across the Rocky Mountains
+about this time was John C. Fremont, a surveyor and engineer, who was
+called the "Pathfinder." On his third trip to the Pacific Coast in '46
+he wished to spend the winter near Monterey, with his sixty hunters
+and mountaineers. Castro, the Mexican general, ordered him to leave
+the country at once, but Fremont answered by raising the American flag
+over his camp. As Castro had more men, Fremont did not think it wise
+to fight, but marched away, intending to go north to Oregon. He turned
+back in the Klamath country on account of snow and Indians, as he
+said, and camped where the Feather River joins the Sacramento. It
+is almost certain that Fremont wished to provoke Castro and the
+Californians into war, and so to capture the country for the United
+States.
+
+A party of Fremont's men rode down to Sonoma, where there was a
+Mission, and also a presidio with a few cannon in charge of General
+Vallejo. These men captured the place and sent Vallejo and three
+other prisoners back to Fremont's camp. Then the independent Americans
+concluded to have a new republic of their own, and a flag also. So
+they made the famous "Bear-flag" of white cloth, with a strip of red
+flannel sewed on the lower edge, and on the white they painted in
+red a large star and a grizzly bear, and also the words "California
+Republic." They then raised the flag over the Bear-flag Republic. Many
+Americans joined their party, but when the American flag went up at
+Monterey, the stars and stripes replaced the bear-flag.
+
+At this time the United States and Mexico were at war on account
+of Texas, and Commodore Sloat was in charge of the warships on the
+Pacific Coast. The commodore had been told to take Alta California,
+if possible; so, sailing to Monterey, he raised the stars and stripes
+there in July, 1846, and ended Mexican power forever. The American
+flag flew at the San Francisco Presidio two days later, and also at
+Sonoma, Sutter's Fort, or wherever there were Americans. The flag was
+greeted with cheers and delight. Then Commodore Sloat turned the naval
+force over to Stockton and returned home, leaving all quiet north of
+Santa Barbara.
+
+Commodore Stockton sent Fremont and his men to San Diego and, taking
+four hundred soldiers, went himself to Los Angeles, where the native
+Californians and Mexicans were determined to fight against the rule of
+the United States. General Castro and his men and Governor Pico,
+the last of the Mexican governors, were driven out of the country.
+Stockton then declared that Upper and Lower California were to be
+known as the "Territory of California."
+
+In less than a month, however, the Californians in the south gathered
+their forces again and took Los Angeles. General Kearny was sent out
+with what was called the "army of the west," to assist Fremont and
+Stockton in settling the trouble. Peace was declared after several
+battles, and Kearny acted as governor of the new territory, displacing
+Fremont. At last, by the treaty which closed the Mexican war in 1848
+Alta California became the property of the United States, and Lower
+California was left to Mexico.
+
+From that time there was peace and quiet, and before long the
+discovery of gold brought the new territory into great importance. The
+rush to the gold mines brought thousands of men, and as no government
+had been provided for the territory, Governor Riley in '49 called a
+convention to form a plan of government.
+
+This Constitutional Convention of delegates from each of California's
+towns met in Monterey. The constitution there drawn up lasted for
+thirty years, and under it our great state was built up. It declared
+that no slavery should ever be allowed here, and settled the present
+eastern boundary line.
+
+The first Thanksgiving Day for the territory was set by Governor
+Riley, in '49. The first governor elected by California voters was
+Burnett, and in the first legislature Fremont and Gwin were chosen
+as senators. Congress at last admitted California into the Union by
+passing the California bill. On September 9, 1850, President Fillmore
+signed the bill.
+
+Every year on the 9th of September, or "Admission Day," we therefore
+keep our state's birthday. At San Jose, in '99, a Jubilee Day was
+held in remembrance of the beginning of state government fifty years
+before.
+
+[Illustration: UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER.]
+
+[Illustration: PLACER GOLD MINING. (Washing with Cradle.)]
+
+
+
+
+THE DAYS OF GOLD AND THE ARGONAUTS OF 1849
+
+
+California has well earned her name of "Golden State," for from her
+rich mines gold to the value of thirteen hundred millions has been
+taken. Yet every year she adds seventeen millions more to the world's
+stock of gold. No country has produced more of this precious yellow
+metal that men work and fight and die for. The "gold belt" of the
+state still holds great wealth for miners to find in years to come.
+
+Long, long ago people knew that gold was here, for in 1510 a Spanish
+novel speaks of "that island of California where a great abundance
+of gold and precious stones is found." In 1841 the Indians near San
+Fernando Mission washed out gold from the river-sands, and other mines
+were found not far from Los Angeles.
+
+But James W. Marshall was the man who started the great excitement
+of '48 and '49 by finding small pieces of gold at a place now called
+Coloma, on the American River. Marshall, who was born in New Jersey,
+came to this state in 1847, and being a builder wished to put up
+houses, sawmills, and flour-mills. Finding that lumber was very
+dear, he decided to build a sawmill to exit up the great trees on the
+river-bank. He had no money, but John A. Sutter, knowing a mill was
+needed there, gave Marshall enough to start with.
+
+So the mill was built, and when it was ready to run Marshall found
+that the mill-race, or ditch for carrying the water to his mill-wheel,
+was not deep enough. He turned a strong current of water into it,
+and this ran all night. Then it was shut off, and next day the ditch
+showed where the stream had washed it deeper and had left a heap
+of sand and gravel at the end of it. Here Marshall saw some shining
+little stones, and picking them up he laid one on a rock and hammered
+it with another till he saw how quickly it changed its shape. He was
+sure that these bright, heavy, easily hammered pebbles were gold, but
+the men working about the mill would not believe it. So he went to
+Sutter, who lived near at a place called Sutter's Fort, because his
+stores, house, and other buildings were built around a hollow square
+with high walls outside to keep off the Indians. Sutter weighed the
+little yellow lumps and said they certainly were gold.
+
+The flood-gates between the mill-race and the river were opened again,
+and water ran through the ditch, washing more gold in sight. Sutter
+picked up enough of this to make a ring and had these words marked on
+it:--
+
+"The first gold found in California, January, 1848."
+
+Both Sutter and Marshall tried to keep what they had found a secret,
+but that was impossible, and soon people were flocking to the
+gold-fields. Then began a wild excitement known as the "gold-fever,"
+and men left their stores and houses, gave up business, and left crops
+ungathered in a wild chase after nuggets of gold.
+
+By December of 1848, thousands of miners were washing for gold
+all along the foot-hills from the Tuolumne River to the Feather,
+a distance of 150 miles. A hundred thousand men came to California
+during 1849, these Argonauts, or gold-hunters, taking ship or steamer
+for the long trip from New York by the Isthmus of Panama. Some went
+round Cape Horn, or else made a weary journey overland across the
+plains. "To the land of gold" was their motto, and these pioneers
+endured every hardship to reach this "Golden State."
+
+Then the miners, with pick, shovel, and pan for washing out gold from
+the gravel it was found in, started out "prospecting" for "pay-dirt."
+The gold-diggings were usually along the rivers, and this surface, or
+"placer," mining was done by shovelling the "pay-dirt" into a pan or a
+wooden box called a cradle, and rocking or shaking this box from side
+to side while pouring water over the earth. The heavy gold, either
+in fine scales or dust, or in lumps called nuggets, dropped to the
+bottom, while the loose earth ran out in a muddy stream. The rich sand
+left in pan or cradle was carefully washed again and again till only
+precious, shining gold remained.
+
+So rich were some of the sand bars along the American and Feather
+rivers that the first miners made a thousand dollars a day even by
+this careless way of washing gold where much of it was lost. Then
+again for days or weeks the miner found nothing at all. He would
+wander up and down the canons and gulches, prospecting for another
+claim, and dreaming day and night of finding a stream with golden
+sands, or of picking up rich nuggets. If he found good "diggings" he
+would build a rough shanty under the pines, and dig and wash till the
+gold-bearing sand or gravel gave out again. Sometimes he had a partner
+and a donkey, or burro, to carry tools and pack supplies. More often
+the Argonaut cooked his own bacon and slapjacks and simmered his beans
+over a lonely camp-fire, and slept wrapped in a blanket under the
+trees. If he had much gold, he would go to the nearest town, buy food
+enough for another prospecting tramp, and often spend all the rest of
+his money in foolish waste.
+
+Sometimes a company of miners would build a dam across a river or
+stream, and turn it from its course, so they could dig out and wash
+the rich gravel in the river-bed. A flume, or ditch, would often carry
+all the water to a lower part of the river, leaving the bed of the
+upper stream dry for miles. In this kind of mining the "pay-dirt" was
+shovelled into long wooden boxes called sluices, and a constant stream
+of water kept the gravel and earth moving on out to a dumping-place.
+The gold dropped down or settled into riffles, or spaces between bars
+placed across the bottom of the sluices, and once a week the water was
+turned off and a "clean-up" made of the gold.
+
+It was not long before the rivers, creeks, and gulches had all been
+worked over and most of the gold taken out. The miners knew that this
+loose gold had been washed out of the hills by the rains and storms of
+countless years. So some one thought of using a heavy stream of water
+to break down the foot-hills themselves and to carry the gold-bearing
+gravel to sluice boxes. This is called hydraulic mining and is the
+cheapest way of handling earth, as water does all the work and
+very little shovelling is needed. But since a strong water-power is
+necessary, a large reservoir and miles of ditches or wooden flumes
+must be built, so the first expense is large. The water usually comes
+from higher up in the mountains, and is forced under great pressure
+through iron pipes, the nozzle or "giant" being directed at the
+hillside, which has already been shattered by heavy blasts of powder.
+The water tears thousands of tons of earth and gravel apart, and the
+muddy stream flows through sluices, where the gold is left. In this
+kind of mining a great quantity of debris, or "tailings," must be
+disposed of.
+
+For years this debris was washed into the rivers or on farming lands,
+filling up and ruining both, and leading to endless quarrels between
+farmers and miners. But at last the courts stopped hydraulic mining
+except in northern counties, where debris went into the Klamath River,
+upon which no boats could run and near which was little farming. But
+all the mines in the Sacramento and San Joaquin river-basins were idle
+till, in 1893, Congress appointed a Debris Commission. These mining
+engineers issue licenses to work the mines when satisfied that the
+debris will be kept out of the rivers. There are in the state many
+hundred thousand acres of gold-bearing gravel lands yet untouched,
+that could be worked by hydraulic mining.
+
+In drift-mining the rich gravel is covered by hard lava rock thrown
+up by some old volcanic outburst. Tunnels are driven by blasting with
+dynamite, or by drilling under the rock to reach the gravel which
+usually lies in the buried channel of an old river. The long drifts,
+or tunnels, needed are very expensive and only mine owners with
+capital can work these claims.
+
+Richest of all are the quartz mines, where beautiful white rock, rich
+with sparkling gold, is found in veins, or "lodes," cropping out of
+hillsides or dipping down under the earth. The great "Mother-lode"
+of our state runs like an underground wall across Amador, Calaveras,
+Tuolumne, and Mariposa counties and has been traced for eighty miles.
+
+Some poor miner usually finds a ledge of quartz-rock and digs down the
+way the ledge goes. He puts up a windlass, worked by hand, over the
+well-like hole he has dug out, and hoists the ore out in buckets. But
+he soon finds, as the hole or shaft goes deeper, that he must timber
+the sides to keep them from caving in, that he must have an engine to
+raise the ore and a mill to crush the hard rock. So he sells out to a
+company of men, who put in costly machinery, deepen the shaft, and by
+heavy expenditure get large returns.
+
+The quartz ledges dip and turn, so tunnels and cross-cuts are run to
+follow the golden vein, and all these are timbered with heavy wooden
+supports to keep the earth and rock from falling in on the men. The
+miners work in day and night gangs, using dynamite to break up the
+hard rock, and sending ore up in great iron buckets, or in cars if the
+tunnel ends in daylight, on the hillside. Sometimes the miners
+strike water, and that must be pumped out to keep the mine from being
+flooded.
+
+The ore is crushed by heavy stamps, or hammers, and then mixed with
+water and quicksilver. This curious metal, quicksilver, or mercury,
+is fond of gold and hunts out every little bit, the two metals mixing
+together and making what is called an amalgam. This is heated in an
+iron vessel, and the quicksilver goes off in steam or vapor, leaving
+the gold free. The quicksilver, being valuable, is saved and used
+again, while the gold, now called bullion, is sent to the mint to be
+coined into bright twenties, or tens, or five-dollar pieces.
+
+Some of the gold in the crushed ore will not mix with the quicksilver,
+and this is treated to a bath of cyanide, a peculiar acid that melts
+the gold as water does a lump of sugar. So all of value is saved, and
+the worthless "tailings" go to the dump. Even the black sands on the
+ocean beach have gold in them. In the desert also there is gold, which
+is "dry-washed" by putting the sand into a machine and with a strong
+blast of air blowing away all but the heavy scales of gold.
+
+Though the Argonauts of '49 found much wealth in yellow gold, our
+"Golden State," on hillsides, in river-beds, or deep down in hidden
+quartz ledges, still holds great fortunes waiting to be found.
+
+
+
+
+MINING STORIES
+
+
+A large book might be filled with the stories told by the men
+who found gold in the early days. Their "lucky strikes" in the
+"dry-diggings" sound like fairy tales. Imagine turning over a big rock
+and then picking up pieces of gold enough to half fill a man's hat
+from the little nest that rock had been lying in for years and years!
+
+And think of finding forty-three thousand dollars in a yellow lump
+over a foot long, six inches wide and four inches thick! This was
+the biggest nugget on record and actually weighed one hundred and
+ninety-five pounds. The next one, too, you might have been glad to
+pick up, as it held a hundred and thirty-three pounds of solid gold.
+Little seventy-five and fifty-pound treasures were common, and a
+soldier stopping to drink at a roadside stream found a nugget weighing
+over twenty pounds lying close to his hand.
+
+It paid to get up early those days, also for a man in Sonora, while
+taking his morning walk, struck his foot against a large stone, and
+forgot the pain when he saw the stone was nearly all gold. Another
+man, with good eyes, got a fifty-pound nugget on a trail many people
+used all the time. One day, after a heavy rain, a man who was leading
+a mule and cart through a street in Sonora, noticed that the wheel
+struck a big stone; he stooped to lift it out of the way, and found
+the stone to be a lump of gold weighing thirty-five pounds. In less
+than an hour all that part of the town and the street was staked off
+into mining-claims, but no more was found. One of the largest of these
+nuggets was found by three or four men, who took it to San Francisco
+and the Eastern states, and exhibited it for money. They guarded the
+precious thing day and night, but at last quarrelled so that it had to
+be broken up and divided between them.
+
+The first piece Marshall found was said to be worth about fifty cents,
+and the second over five dollars. Almost all, though, that was found
+was like beans or small seeds or in fine dust. No one tried to weigh
+or measure such gold more correctly than to call a pinch between the
+finger and thumb a dollar's worth, while a teaspoonful was an ounce,
+or sixteen dollars' worth. A wineglassful meant a hundred dollars,
+and a tumblerful a thousand. Miners carried their "dust" in a buckskin
+bag, and this was put on the counter, and the storekeeper took out
+what he thought enough to pay for the things the miner bought. A large
+thumb to take a large pinch of the gold-dust meant a good many extra
+dollars to the storekeeper in '48 and '49. Yet nearly every one was
+honest, and gold might be left in an open tent untouched, for there
+was plenty more to be had for the picking up. Those who would rather
+steal than work were driven out of camp.
+
+Some of the "sand bars," or banks of gravel and earth, washed down by
+the Yuba River were so rich that the men could pick out a tin cupful
+of gold day after day for weeks. One place was called Tin-cup Bar for
+this reason. Spanish Bar, on the American River, yielded a million
+dollars' worth of dust, and at Ford's Bar, a miner, named Ford, took
+out seven hundred dollars a day for three weeks. At Rich Bar, on the
+Feather River, a panful of earth gave fifteen hundred dollars.
+
+Yet the miners were seldom satisfied, but were always prospecting for
+richer claims. A man would shoulder his roll of blankets, his pick and
+shovel, with a few cooking things, and start off hoping to find some
+rich nugget, leaving a fairly good claim untouched.
+
+The most extravagant prices were charged the miner for everything he
+had to buy. Ten dollars apiece for pick and shovel, fifty more for a
+pair of long boots, with bacon and potatoes at a dollar and a half a
+pound, soon took all his gold-dust to pay for. A dozen fresh eggs cost
+ten dollars, and a box of sardines half an ounce of gold-dust, which
+was eight dollars. There was no butter to buy, for any milk was
+quickly sold at a dollar a pint. The hotels charged three dollars a
+meal, or a dollar for a dish of pork and beans, and a dollar for two
+potatoes.
+
+Lumber cost a dollar and a half a foot, but carpenters would not build
+houses when they could make fifty dollars a day by mining. As there
+was no lumber for the cabin floors, the ground was beaten hard and
+really made a good floor. In Placerville the houses were built along
+the bed of a ravine, and in sweeping these earthen floors some one saw
+gold-dust glittering, and found that rich diggings were under foot.
+Thereupon many of the miners dug up their cabin floors, and one man
+took about twenty thousand dollars in nuggets and gold-dust from the
+small space his cabin covered.
+
+Very few women and children came to the mines in early days, and the
+first white woman to arrive in a camp had all sorts of attentions.
+Sometimes the town was named for the woman first in the place as
+Sarahsville and Marietta. If a lady visited a mining-camp, the men far
+and near would drop work and come in just to look at the visitor. One
+lady, who sang for the miners on her arrival in their town, was given
+about five hundred dollars' worth of gold-dust.
+
+A child was a great curiosity, and any pretty little girl was sure to
+have a collection of nuggets or a quantity of gold-dust presented to
+her. The theatre and circus companies who visited mining-camps soon
+found out that a little child who could sing or dance was a great
+attraction. The miners used to throw a shower of money or nuggets at
+the feet of such little favorites as we throw flowers now.
+
+As there were no women living here for some time, the men having left
+their families at home in the Eastern states, miners had to wash
+and cook and make bread for themselves. Men who had been lawyers
+or ministers at home, when there was no one else to do such things,
+washed their dishes or their red flannel shirts. On Sunday no one
+worked at mining, and the men baked bread and cleaned house, and
+Sunday afternoons they dried, patched, and mended their clothes. If a
+minister was in town, he held services on a hillside, or in the dining
+room of some shanty called a hotel, and all the camp came to hear him
+speak, or sang the hymns with him.
+
+So the miners lived and worked and wandered along rivers and rough
+mountain trails on the west side of the Sierras, gathering up gold
+washed down by mountain streams. These Argonauts, or gold-seekers of
+fifty years ago, are almost all dead now, but the treasures they found
+made California known throughout the world. Their golden harvest has
+made the state richer than they found it, for they used the wealth to
+build cities, to cultivate farming-lands, and to plant orchards and
+vineyards where the mining-camps used to be.
+
+
+
+
+HOW POLLY ELLIOTT CAME ACROSS THE PLAINS
+
+
+This is the story of a little girl who in 1849 rode all the way
+from Ohio to California in an emigrant wagon. Polly Elliott has
+grandchildren of her own now, but she remembers very well the spring
+morning when her father came home and said to her mother, "Lizzie,
+can you get ready to start for the land of gold next week?" She hears
+again her mother saying, "Oh, John, with all these little children?"
+She says her father answered by swinging her, the eleven-year-old
+Polly, up to his shoulder and calling out, "Here's papa's little
+woman; she'll help you take care of them," as he carried her round the
+room, laughing.
+
+This was "back East," as Polly Elliott, now Mrs. Davis, says,--in
+Ohio, where they had a pretty white house set round with apple and
+peach orchards all white and pink that May day. Her mother cried
+because they must leave the house, and because they had to sell all
+their furniture and the stock except Daisy, the pet cow, and Buck and
+Bright, the oxen, who were to draw the wagon. A round-topped cover of
+white cloth was fixed on the big farm-wagon. Then they piled into it
+their bedding in calico covers, a chest or two holding clothes and
+household goods, a few dishes and cooking things, and plenty of flour,
+corn meal, beans, bacon, dried apples and peaches, tied up in sacks.
+
+Polly says she supposed the trip would just be one long picnic, while
+the four children thought it fine fun to "sit on mother's featherbed
+and go riding," as they said. So they started off for California.
+A long, long ride these emigrants had before them; a weary trip,
+plodding along day after day with the patient oxen walking slowly and
+the burning sun or pelting rain beating down on the wagon cover. There
+was a train of other wagons with them, some pulled by horses but more
+by yoked oxen, and the men walked beside the animals and cracked long
+whips. A few men were on horseback, but all kept together, for Indians
+were plenty and were often hiding near the road, watching for a chance
+to cut off and capture any wagons lagging behind the party.
+
+Day after day, Polly told me, they travelled westward to the setting
+sun. They left the orchards and shady woods of Ohio and Indiana far
+behind them, and crossed the wide prairies of Illinois and
+Missouri also. When they came to rivers they drove through shallow
+fording-places, where Polly and the children used to laugh to see the
+little fishes swimming round the wagon wheels. Sometimes the rivers
+were deep, and the wagons were ferried over on a flatboat that was
+fastened to a wire rope, while oxen and horses swam through the water
+behind them. If it did not rain, the children and all were happy, and
+it did seem like a picnic. But Polly says she never hears the rain
+pouring nowadays as it did then, and that there were many times when
+they were wet and cold and miserable, and because the wood and ground
+were wet they could not even have a fire.
+
+At night the teams were unhitched and the wagons left in a circle
+round a big camp-fire, where supper was cooked. Polly says her mother
+used to bake biscuits in an iron spider with red-hot coals heaped on
+its iron cover, and these biscuits with fried bacon and tea made
+their meal. They always cooked a big potful of corn-meal mush for
+the children, and this, with Daisy's milk and a little maple sugar or
+molasses, was supper and breakfast too. Then the women and children
+cuddled up in the wagons for the night, while men slept, wrapped in
+blankets, around the camp-fire or under the wagons, with one always on
+guard against danger from prowling Indians or wolves.
+
+Every man or boy carried a rifle or shotgun, and killed plenty of
+game. Deer and antelope were always in sight after they crossed the
+Missouri River, and the meat was broiled or roasted over the coals of
+their campfire. Wild turkeys and prairie-chicken tasted much better
+than bacon, Polly said, and she learned to cook them herself.
+
+When the emigrants reached Nebraska, they were in the "buffalo
+country," and great herds of big, shaggy, brown or black buffaloes
+were feeding on the grassy plains. The animals were larger than oxen,
+and the Indians depended upon the flesh for food and the thick, warm
+skins for robes or blankets. The emigrants shot thousands of buffalo
+cows and calves, and what meat could not be eaten at once was cut
+into long strips and hung in the sun or over the fire to dry. This
+was called "jerking" the meat. On jerked buffalo or venison and flour
+pancakes many emigrants lived all the way across. Game was so plenty
+and so easy to shoot, that by stopping a few days, a good stock of
+meat could be laid in while the oxen were resting. So they travelled
+through Nebraska, and for weeks and weeks saw nothing but long grass
+waving in the summer winds, and yellow sunflowers--miles and miles of
+sunflowers. Polly grew very tired of the hot sun blazing down on the
+close-covered wagon, and of the dust raised by the long wagon-train.
+
+About this time she remembers that her father bought her a little
+Indian pony, and from that happy day the child rode beside the wagon,
+and could keep out of the dusty trail, or ride a little way off on the
+prairie, if she liked. The pony carried double very well, so a small
+sister or brother was often lifted on behind for a ride. One night
+the Indians, who were always prowling round and coming as near the
+wagon-train as they dared, frightened the horses and got away with ten
+of them. All the women and children cried, Polly says, for they were
+afraid the redskins would come back and kill them. In the morning
+Polly's father and some of the men found the Indians' trail and
+tracked them to a wooded canon. The hungry thieves had killed one
+horse and were so busy feasting on it that the white men surprised
+them and shot all the Indians but two or three. The lost horses and
+Polly's pony whinnied to their masters from a thicket, where they were
+tied, and were taken back to camp.
+
+On and on over the great plains of Wyoming the wagons carried these
+emigrants. Many found the trip grow tiresome, while the oxen and mules
+would often lie down in their traces and refuse to go any farther. A
+few days' rest, and the rich bunch-grass to crop soon set the stock
+all right, and the white-topped wagons crawled ahead again. Soon the
+emigrants saw blue, hazy mountains, far off at first, then nearer and
+nearer, till at last their road led through a pass between the peaks.
+
+Then Polly remembers riding through Utah, with its queer red cliffs
+and high rocks carved in strange shapes by winds and weather; the
+stretches of sandy desert; and beyond those, grassy meadows and
+streams fringed with green willows. After a while Great Salt Lake lay
+sparkling in the sun and looking cool and blue. All around it were
+alkali deserts or wide plains, hot and dusty and white with salt or
+soda. The "prairie schooners," with their covers faded and burnt by
+the sun, went very slowly over these desert wastes, Polly thought,
+and Nevada, with its dusty gray sage-brush land on either side of the
+road, seemed not much better.
+
+"Papa's little woman" had her hands full now; for her mother was so
+ill she seldom left the wagon. All the cooking fell to Polly's share,
+and then she would ride along for hours with a little sister on her
+lap and fat brother "Bub" behind her on the saddle-blanket, so that
+her mother might rest and be quiet.
+
+But soon the clear green Truckee River ran foaming and fretting beside
+the road, and off in the west rose the snowy peaks of the Sierra
+Nevada Mountains. Then the people began to laugh and to sing, for they
+knew that California, the land of gold, was almost in sight and that
+their weary journey was nearly ended.
+
+And one day they said joyfully to each other, "We are in California
+at last;" and it was a happy company that travelled down through the
+pines of the mountain sides and the oak trees of the foot-hills. Many
+emigrants left the train when they got to the great Sacramento River
+valley, and settled here and there to farming. Polly's father with
+others kept on to the gold-diggings and camped there. He built a
+log-cabin soon, for it was almost winter and time for the rains, and
+Polly says she was glad to have a house at last. They finally took up
+farming land near what is now Stockton, as gold-mining did not pay.
+
+Mrs. Davis, who is straight and strong, and still a hard worker, says
+her five months' trip across the plains was almost like a long picnic
+after all, for she has forgotten many of the trying and disagreeable
+things.
+
+
+
+
+THE BUILDING OF THE OVERLAND RAILROAD
+
+
+The army of emigrants and gold-hunters who crossed the plains to
+California found it was a long and tiresome trip by wagon-train or on
+horseback. The oxen or mules would sometimes get so tired that they
+could go no farther; and because the food often ran short, there was
+much suffering from hunger.
+
+The longest way of all to California was by sailing vessel from New
+York round Cape Horn, nearly nineteen thousand miles to San Francisco.
+The passengers paid high prices and were six months on the way. Those
+who came by the Panama route had trouble crossing the isthmus, where
+it was so hot and unhealthy that many died of fevers and cholera. The
+Pacific mail steamers connecting with a railroad across the isthmus
+at last shortened the time of this trip of six thousand miles to
+twenty-five days. For ten years all the Eastern mail came this way
+twice a month.
+
+It was thought a wonderful thing when the "pony express" carried mail
+twice a week between St. Joseph, Missouri, where the Eastern railroads
+ended, and Sacramento. To do this a rider, with the mail-bag slung
+over his shoulder, rode a horse twenty-four miles to the next station,
+where a fresh pony was ready. Hardly waiting to eat or sleep, the
+rider galloped on again. Five dollars was often charged at that time
+to bring the letter railroads carry now for two cents.
+
+So you will see that a railroad to join California to the Eastern
+states was a great necessity and had often been talked of. Several
+ways to bring the iron horse puffing across the plains and up the
+mountains with his long train of cars had been laid out on paper. The
+emigrants had found that the best highway from the Missouri River
+to California was to keep along the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort
+Laramie and the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, then by Salt Lake,
+and along the Humboldt and Truckee rivers, crossing the Sierras
+at Donner Pass. Other roads were talked of, and Senator Benton of
+Missouri favored a nearly straight line between St. Louis and San
+Francisco. Some one, in objecting to this, said that only engineers
+could lay out a railroad, and such men did not believe a straight line
+possible. The senator answered: "There are engineers who never learned
+in school the shortest and straightest way to go, and those are the
+buffalo, deer, bear, and antelope, the wild animals who always find
+the right path to the lowest passes in the mountains, to rich pastures
+and salt springs, and to the shallow fords in the rivers. The Indians
+follow the buffalo's path, and so does the white man for game
+to shoot. Then the white man builds a wagon-road and at last his
+railroad, on the trail the buffalo first laid out."
+
+For two or three years surveyors and explorers tried to find the
+easiest way to build this great overland road. Several railroad acts
+or bills were passed by Congress, and the California Legislature gave
+the United States the right of way for a road to join the two oceans.
+
+The first railway in the state was opened in '56 from Sacramento to
+Folsom, a distance of twenty-two miles. This was built by T.D.
+Judah, an engineer who had thought and studied a great deal about the
+overland road so much needed to bring mail and passengers quickly from
+East to West.
+
+A railroad convention, made up of men from the Pacific states and
+territories, was held in San Francisco in '59, with General John
+Bidwell, a pathfinder of early days, as the chairman. Here Mr. Judah
+gave such a clear and full account of the central way he had
+planned, that the convention sent him to Washington, D.C., to see the
+President, and to try to get Congress to pass a Pacific Railroad
+Bill. He had very little help in the East, but at last four men
+of Sacramento, Leland Stanford, C.P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and
+Charles Crocker, took an interest in Judah's plans, and in '61 the
+Central Pacific Railroad Company was formed. Mr. Judah went back
+to the mountains and studied the pines in summer and the winter
+snowbanks, to make sure of the easiest grades and the shortest and
+best way for the track-layers. He found that to follow the Truckee
+River from near Lake Donner to the Humboldt Desert, would mean the
+least work. The tunnels would be through rock, and he believed that
+snow might easily be kept off the track with a snow-plough.
+
+His report pleased the company, and they sent him again to present the
+case at Washington. In '62 President Lincoln signed an act or bill to
+allow the Union and Central Pacific companies to build a railroad and
+a telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific. In California
+the land for fifteen miles on each side of the way laid out was given
+to the railroad company, and two years was allowed them to build the
+first hundred miles of track.
+
+Ground was broken for the Central Pacific the next year in Sacramento,
+and Governor Stanford dug up the first shovelful of earth. Then the
+work went steadily on, but it was hard to raise money. Stanford
+and his company carried the line forward as fast as possible. More
+land-grants were given, which doubled the company's holdings, and in
+'65 the road was fifty-five miles past Sacramento and had climbed over
+much difficult work.
+
+The steamship owners, the express and stage companies were all against
+the railroad, and tried in every way to make people think that an
+engine could never cross the Sierras. Yet the grading went on, while
+an army of five thousand men and six hundred horses was at work
+cutting down trees and hills and filling up the low places. A bridge
+was built over the American River, and slowly but surely the track
+climbed the steep mountain-sides. Most of the laborers were Chinese,
+as white men found mining or farming paid them better.
+
+In '67 the iron horse had not only climbed the mountains but had
+reached the state line, and the Union Pacific, which had been laying
+its tracks over the plains of the Platte River, began to hasten
+westward. The two railroads were racing to meet each other, and the
+Central sometimes laid ten miles of rails in one day.
+
+Ogden was made the meeting-point, though at Promontory, fifty miles
+west of Ogden, the last spike was driven. A thousand people met at
+that place in May, '69, to see the short space of track closed and the
+road finished. A Central train and locomotive from the Pacific came
+steaming up, and an engine and cars from the Atlantic pulled in on
+the other side. Both engines whistled till the snow-capped mountains
+echoed. The last tie was of polished California laurel wood, with
+a silver plate on which the names of the two companies and their
+officers were engraved. It was put under the last two rails, and all
+was fastened together with the last spike. This spike, made of solid
+gold, Governor Stanford hammered into place with a silver hammer. East
+and west the news was flashed over the long telegraph line, that the
+overland railroad had been finished and that two oceans were joined by
+iron rails.
+
+Now, while flying along in the cars so fast that the trip from Chicago
+to San Francisco takes but three days, it is hard to believe that
+little more than thirty years ago travellers in the slow-moving
+"prairie-schooner" took over five months to cover this same distance.
+
+
+
+
+STORY OF THE WHEAT FIELDS
+
+
+The Spanish Padres, as the Mission priests were called, taught the
+Indians to plough and seed with wheat the lands belonging to the
+church or Mission. They used a simple wooden plough, which oxen
+pulled. When the warm brown earth was turned up, the Indians broke the
+clods by dragging great tree branches over them. After the fall rains
+they scattered tiny wheat kernels and covered them snugly for their
+nap in the dark ground.
+
+More rain fell, and soon the soaked seeds waked, and started in
+slender green shoots to find the sunshine, and day by day the stalks
+grew stronger and the fields greener. Higher and ever higher sprang
+the wheat, till summer winds set the tall grain waving in a sea
+of green billows. Have you ever watched the wind blow across a
+wheat-field? Over and over the long rollers bend the tops of the
+grain, that rise as the breeze goes on and bend low again at the next
+breath of wind.
+
+When the hot sun had ripened the grain, and all round the
+white-walled, red-roofed Mission the fields stretched golden and ready
+for harvest, the Indians cut the wheat, and scattering the bundles
+over a spot of hard ground, drove oxen round and round on the sheaves
+till the wheat was threshed out from the straw. Then Indian women
+winnowed out the chaff and dirt by tossing the grain up in the wind,
+or from basket to basket, till in this slow way the yellow kernels
+were made clean and ready to grind.
+
+A curious mill, called an arrastra, ground the grain between two heavy
+stones. A wooden beam was fastened to the upper stone, and oxen or a
+mule hitched to this beam turned the stone as they walked round. The
+first flour-mill worked by water was put up at San Gabriel Mission,
+and it was thought a wonderful thing indeed.
+
+Even in those early days California wheat was known to be excellent,
+and many ships came on the South Sea, as they then called the Pacific
+Ocean, to load with grain for Mexico or Boston or England. Since that
+time our state has fed countless people, and over a million acres of
+valley and hill lands are green and golden every year with food for
+the world. To Europe, to the swarming people of China, Japan, and
+India, to South Africa and Australia, our grain is carried in great
+ships and steamers, and hungry nations in many lands look to us for
+bread.
+
+For a long time after the Mission days, all the grain had to be hauled
+to the rivers or sea-coast for shipping. Then the overland railroad
+was finished, and within the next fifteen years an additional two
+thousand miles of railways were built in California, and nearly every
+mile opened up rich wheat land that had never been cultivated. Soon
+great wheat ranches stretched far over the dry, hot valley plains.
+
+The ground is ploughed and seeded after November rains, and all winter
+the tender blades of grain grow greener and stronger day by day March
+and April rains strengthen the crop wonderfully, and June and July
+bring the harvest-time. As no rain falls then, the ripe wheat stands
+in the field till cut, and afterward in sacks without harm. All the
+work except ploughing is done by machinery, and this makes the wheat
+cost less to raise, since a machine does the work of many men and the
+expense of running it is small.
+
+Some of the ranches have three or four thousand acres in wheat, and
+it may interest you to know how such large farms are managed. The
+ploughing is done by a gang-plough, as it is called, which has four
+steel ploughshares that turn up the ground ten inches deep. Eight
+horses draw this, and as a seeder is fastened to the plough, and back
+of the plough a harrow, the horses plough, seed, harrow, and cover up
+the grain at one time. There the seed-wheat lies tucked up in its warm
+brown bed till rain and sunshine call out the tiny green spears, and
+coax them higher and stronger, and the hot sun of June and July ripens
+the precious grain.
+
+Then a great machine called a "header and thresher" is driven into
+the field and sweeps through miles and miles of bending grain, cutting
+swaths as wide as a street, and harvesting, threshing, and leaving
+a long trail of sacked wheat ready to ship on the cars. Thirty-six
+horses draw the header, and five or six men are needed to attend to
+this giant, who bites off the grain, shakes out the kernels, throws
+them into sacks and sews them up, all in one breath, as you might say.
+The harvesters work from daylight to dusk, and three-fourths of our
+wheat crop is gathered in this way.
+
+Much golden straw is left, besides that which the "headers" burn as
+fuel, and farmers stack this straw for cattle to nibble at. The stock
+feed in the stubble fields, too, and strange visitors also come
+to these ranches to pick up the scattered grains of wheat. These
+strangers are wild white geese, in such large flocks that when feeding
+they look like snow patches on the ground. They eat so much that often
+they cannot fly and may be knocked over with clubs. In the spring
+these geese must be driven away by watchmen with shot-guns to keep
+them from pulling up the young grain.
+
+The largest single wheat-field in California is on the banks of the
+San Joaquin River, in Madera County. This covers twenty-five thousand
+acres and is almost as flat as a floor. It is nearly a perfect square
+in shape, and each side of the square is a little over six miles long.
+There are no roads through this solid stretch of grain. Two hundred
+men, a thousand horses, and many big machines are needed to work this
+wheat-field.
+
+Some of the big harvesters that cut and thresh the wheat are drawn by
+a traction-engine instead of horses. In running a fifty-horse-power
+engine high-priced coal had to be burnt but now the coal grates are
+replaced by petroleum burners, and crude coal-oil is the cheap fuel.
+This does not make sparks to set the fields on fire like burning coal
+or straw and so is safer to use.
+
+On large ranches wheat can be grown for less than a cent a pound,
+while it has brought two cents or double the money when sold. But
+there are not always good crops, as the grain needs plenty of moisture
+in the spring when rains are uncertain.
+
+The wheat crop of the state has fallen off of late to less than half
+the yield of earlier years, but the deep, rich valley soil still grows
+grain enough to feed hungry people in Europe, Asia, and Africa,
+as well as in our own Union. Great quantities are taken in large
+four-masted ships to Liverpool, England, and there made into American
+flour. Our own flour-mills turn out thousands of barrels of flour,
+and this travels far, too. The first thing picked up in Manila after
+Admiral Dewey's victory was a flour sack with a California mill mark.
+
+It would need a long, long story to tell how far from home and into
+what strange places the yellow kernels of California wheat sometimes
+travel, or to picture the odd people who depend upon us for food.
+
+
+
+
+ORCHARD, FARM, AND VINEYARD
+
+
+Long ago the Mission Fathers taught the Indians to plant and to take
+care of vines and fruit-trees. They built water-works to bring life to
+the thirsty trees in the dry summers, and to grow oranges, limes,
+and figs, as well as peaches, apricots, and apples. They trained
+grape-vines over arbors and trellises round the Mission buildings, and
+from the small, black grapes made wine. Olive trees and date-palms did
+well at the southern settlements. But most of these orchards died when
+the Mission Fathers were no longer allowed to make the Indians work
+for the church property, though a few old palms and olive trees are
+still standing.
+
+During Mexican days each ranch owner raised enough grain or corn and
+beans for his own family but planted no fruit, or but little, while
+the Americans who came to seek gold thought farming a slow way of
+making a living. People soon found out, however, that our fine climate
+and rich soil made good crops almost certain, and there was such
+demand for fruit and farm products that more and more acres were
+cultivated each year.
+
+Our leading industry now is farming and fruit-growing, and
+California's delicious fresh or cured fruit is sent all over the
+world. Large amounts of barley and hops are shipped from here to
+Europe, and our state produces almost all the Lima beans used in the
+country.
+
+The citrus fruits, as oranges, lemons, and pomelos, or "grape-fruit,"
+are called, grow in the seven southern counties, or in the foothills
+on the western slope of the Sierras. The trees cannot endure frost and
+must be irrigated in the summer. Orange trees are a pretty sight, with
+their shining green leaves, white, sweet-smelling flowers, and the
+green or golden fruit. About Christmas-time, when oranges ripen, both
+blossoms and fruit may be picked from the same tree. Los Angeles and
+Orange County grow most oranges, but San Diego is first in lemon
+culture. Half a million trees in that county show the bright yellow
+fruit and fragrant blossoms every month in the year. The other
+southern counties also raise lemons by the car-load to send east, or
+for your lemonade and lemon pies at home.
+
+[Illustration: AN ORANGE TREE WITH FRUIT AND BLOSSOMS.]
+
+[Illustration: PALMS OVER 100 YEARS OLD AT LOS ANGLES.]
+
+There, too, the olive grows well, that little plum-shaped fruit you
+usually see as a green, salt pickle on the table. The Mission Fathers
+brought this tree first from Spain, where the poor people live upon
+black bread and olives. Olives are picked while green and put in
+a strong brine of salt and water to preserve them for eating. Dark
+purple ripe olives are also very good prepared the same way. Did you
+know that olive-oil is pressed out of ripe olives? The best oil comes
+from the first crushing, and the pulp is afterwards heated, when a
+second quality of oil is obtained. Olive trees grow very slowly, and
+do not fruit for seven years after they are planted. But they live a
+hundred years, and bear more olives every season.
+
+The black or purple fig which grew in the old Mission gardens bears
+fruit everywhere in the state. Either fresh and ripe, or pressed flat
+and dried, it is delicious and healthful. White figs like those from
+abroad have been raised the last few years, and it is hoped in time to
+produce Smyrna figs equal to the imported.
+
+While peach orchards blossom and bear fruit six months of the year in
+the south, most of this pretty pink-cheeked fruit grows in the great
+valleys, or along the Sacramento River. Pears also show their snowy
+blossoms and yellow fruit in the valleys and farther north. The
+Bartlett pear is sent to all the Eastern states in cold storage cars
+kept cool by ice, and also to Europe.
+
+The finest apricots are those of that wonderful southern country,
+miles and miles of orchards lying round Fresno especially. Yet the
+valleys and foot-hills produce plenty, and in the old mining counties
+very choice fruit ripens. Apples like the high mountain valleys, where
+they get a touch of frost in winter, though there is a cool section of
+San Diego County where fine ones are raised. Cherries do well in the
+middle and valley regions, the earliest coming from Vacaville, in
+Solano County.
+
+Grapes grow throughout the state, though the famous raisin vineyards,
+where thousands of tons are dried every year, are around Fresno. Most
+of the raisins are dried in the sun, but in one factory a hundred tons
+of grapes may be dried at one time by steam. The raisins are seeded by
+machinery, and packed in pretty boxes to send all over the coast, and
+through the states, where once only foreign raisins were used. Many
+vineyards in the southern part and middle of the state grow only wine
+grapes, California wines, champagne, and brandy having a wide use.
+
+Great quantities of fresh fruits are used in the state or sent away,
+while the canneries put up immense amounts, also. Canned fruit reaches
+many consumers, but it is expensive. Our cured or dried fruit, however
+is so cheap and so good that millions of pounds are prepared every
+year. Such fruit ripens on the tree and so keeps all its fine flavor.
+It is then dried in the sunshine, which not only fits it for long
+keeping but turns part of it to sugar. Apricots, peaches, pears, and
+cherries are usually cut in halves or stoned before drying. Prunes are
+first on the list of cured fruits, and they seem the best to use as
+food. The ripe prunes are dipped into a boiling lye to make the skin
+tender, then rinsed and spread in the sun a day or two. They are then
+allowed to "sweat" to get a good color, are next dipped in boiling
+water a minute or two, dried, and finally graded, a certain number to
+the pound, and packed in boxes or sacks.
+
+Several kinds of nuts grow well in the state. All the so-called
+"English" walnuts, with their thin shells, are raised in the south,
+Orange County furnishing half the amount we market. Peanuts and
+almonds are a good crop there, also, though almond groves are in all
+parts of the state. Both paper and thick-shelled almonds are usually
+bleached, or whitened, with sulphur smoke to improve their color.
+
+Santa Barbara and Ventura are the bean counties of the state, and send
+Lima beans away by train-loads, while Orange County grows celery for
+the Eastern market. Very high prices are received for this celery and
+other vegetables sent from California during the winter season when
+fields are covered with snow in the East.
+
+And did you know that the state produces a great deal of sugar? Tons
+and tons of sugar-beets are grown throughout the farming lands, and
+harvested in September. When the juice of these crushed beets is
+boiled and refined, it makes a sugar exactly like cane sugar and much
+cheaper. One-fifth of the beet is sugar, it is said.
+
+Even the dry, worthless mountain sides are valuable to the bee-keeper.
+The bees make a delicious honey from the wild, white sage, which grows
+where nothing else will live. This sage honey brings the very highest
+price.
+
+Oats are raised in the coast counties, and corn in the valleys, but
+owing to cool nights and dry air the corn seldom makes a good crop.
+Orange County, however, claims corn with stalks twenty feet high and
+a hundred bushels to the acre. In the south, also, that wonderful
+forage-plant, alfalfa, will produce six crops a year by irrigation and
+give a ton or more to the acre at each cutting.
+
+Along the upper Sacramento River stretch the great hop-fields full
+of tall vines covered with light-green tassels. At hop-picking season
+many families have a month's picnic, children and all working day
+after day in the fields and pulling off the fragrant hops. Indians,
+too, are among the best hop-pickers. The dried hops are bleached with
+sulphur, baled, and in great quantities sent to Liverpool, where with
+California barley they are used in brewing malt liquors.
+
+An odd crop is mustard, and at Lompoc, in Santa Barbara County, enough
+for the whole country is grown. Both brown and yellow mustard is
+cultivated, and the little seeds, almost as fine as gunpowder, are
+sold to spice-mills and pickle-factories.
+
+Whole farms are taken up with the production of flower-seeds or bulbs,
+with acres and acres of calla-lilies, roses, carnations, and violets.
+The tall pampas-grass, with its long feathery plumes, gives a
+profitable crop. Indeed, one can scarcely name a fruit, flower, or
+tree that will not thrive and grow to perfection in our mild climate
+and rich soil.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE NAVEL ORANGE
+
+
+Who has not enjoyed a juicy navel orange, while wondering at its
+peculiar shape and lack of troublesome seeds? Yet few people know that
+this particular variety has brought millions of dollars into our state
+and made orange growing our third greatest industry.
+
+Read this story of the seedless orange, this "golden apple of
+California," which was first cultivated by Luther Tibbets, of
+Riverside, and learn how Southern California has profited by its navel
+orange crops.
+
+Nearly thirty years ago Mr. Tibbets came from New York to this state
+and took up free government land near what is now the beautiful city
+of Riverside. He was one of the half-dozen pioneer fruit-growers
+of that region, and had noticed at the San Gabriel Mission how well
+orange trees grew there. His wife and daughter waited in Washington,
+D.C., until a home should be ready here for them, and they often sent
+Mr. Tibbets plants and seeds from the Department of Agriculture. To
+this Department and its gardens in Washington, many curious plants
+are forwarded from other countries for growing and experiment in the
+United States. New kinds of grain or fruits are carefully cultivated
+and watched by the Department, and from it farmers can always get
+seeds or cuttings to try on their own farms.
+
+Mrs. Tibbets often visited the Department gardens, and in 1873 she
+wrote to her husband that she could get him some fine orange trees if
+he would promise the government to take great care of them and to keep
+them apart from other trees till they fruited. Of course he agreed to
+give them special attention, and therefore that December he received
+three small, rooted orange trees. A cow chewed up one of these, but
+for five years the others were watched and tended. Then sweet white
+blossoms appeared on each little tree, and afterwards two oranges,
+like hard green bullets at first. Finally, in January, 1879, Mr.
+Tibbets picked four large, well-flavored, golden oranges, the first
+seedless ones ever grown outside of Brazil.
+
+From the hot swamps of the tropical country at Bahia the United States
+Consul had sent six cuttings of this peculiar orange to be planted
+in the Washington gardens. All died but the two at Riverside. In 1880
+they bore half a bushel of fruit, and the new seedless oranges were
+talked of throughout Southern California. The other orange growers
+had been cultivating "seedlings," trees which bore smaller fruit, with
+many bitter seeds and a thick skin. Many of these growers now cut back
+their seedlings to bare limbs, and grafted the new orange on these
+branches. This is called "budding," and is done by cutting off a thin
+slip of bark with a tiny folded-up leaf-bud on it, inserting the graft
+in the branch to be budded and securing it there with wax to keep the
+air out. The little bud drinks in sap from the tree stem, and grows
+and blossoms true to its own mother tree.
+
+There were few orange groves then, but soon nearly all were budded
+to the new kind, seventy-five acres being so changed on the Baldwin
+Ranch; and when these trees began to bear, some five years afterwards,
+people were much excited over the seedless fruit.
+
+Such high prices were paid for these oranges at first, that orange
+growing boomed all over Southern California. People thought their
+fortunes were made when they set out a few acres of small budded trees
+they had paid a dollar or more apiece for. Whole towns sprang up in
+dry treeless valleys where only cattle and sheep had pastured,
+and land worth only twenty-five dollars an acre before the orange
+excitement, sold quickly for eight hundred and a thousand when planted
+with trees. The towns of Pomona, Redlands, Monrovia, and others in
+the orange localities were unknown before 1885, and grew to several
+thousand population in a few years. Everybody talked of the great
+profit in orange growing, and people who had nurseries of young trees
+grown from navel buds made fortunes.
+
+At this day thousands of acres of seedless oranges are in full bearing
+and no one buys the old kinds. Hundreds of car-loads of the seedlings
+are not even picked, and ninety per cent of the eighteen thousand
+car-loads which make the season's orange crop are navel oranges. Over
+forty-five millions of dollars are now invested in the growing and
+marketing of this remarkable fruit.
+
+At Riverside, the home of the orange, the two original Washington
+navel trees still stand. Mr. Tibbets guarded them for years, had them
+fenced with high latticework, and seldom allowed any one to touch
+them. He refused ten thousand dollars for them, since for months he
+sold hundreds of dollars' worth of buds from these parent trees. These
+two trees and their large family have caused thousands of people to
+come to the state, and have built up Southern California wonderfully.
+
+
+
+
+THE LEMON
+
+
+For many years people who use that sour but necessary fruit, the
+lemon, thought that only the little yellow ones which came from the
+far-away island of Sicily were good. The men who import foreign fruits
+always said so; and in spite of the fact that the larger California
+lemon was more acid, of as good flavor, smooth skinned, and golden,
+people believed the Mediterranean groves produced the best. But, at
+last, our warm, dry air, good soil, and plenty of water, together with
+care and skill while growing and packing, have made California lemons
+the most in demand. These lemons keep well, and bear shipping and long
+journeys better than the imported fruit.
+
+Citrus fruits, as the orange and lemon are called, do well in all the
+southern counties, and San Diego County boasts of not only the largest
+lemon grove in California, but in the world. This is a thousand-acre
+tract overlooking San Diego Bay and cultivated by the Chula Vista
+colony. It was once a pasture given up to wandering bands of cattle
+and sheep. There was little water, and no one ever thought these dry
+mesa lands would one day be a beautiful garden spot, green with the
+shining lemon leaves, and golden with fruit.
+
+A company was formed to develop this forty-two square miles of land,
+and to get water for irrigation, since all the trees must have little
+streams of water round their thirsty roots three or four times during
+the dry summer. A great dam was constructed on the Sweetwater River,
+near Chula Vista, and a reservoir built. Water was piped from this to
+the lemon groves, which are about a hundred feet below the reservoir,
+and from May to September the trees are irrigated. This is done by
+ploughing furrows on each side of a row of trees and turning small
+rills of water slowly down them till the ground is soaked around the
+tree roots. No one thought the great reservoir would ever be empty,
+but two winters with but little rain made it necessary to put down
+many wells in the dry bed of the Sweetwater River, and from these a
+strong steady flow of millions of gallons is pumped into the water
+pipes. So this great lemon orchard is always sure of water enough,
+returning the gift later in generous golden measure.
+
+One may pick lemon blossoms, ripe and green fruit every month in the
+year from the same tree, but most of the crop ripens from November to
+June.
+
+Lemons are carefully cut from the tree, and usually picked by size, a
+ring being slipped over them, without regard to their ripeness. They
+grow so thick on the tree that a man can pick more than twenty boxes
+a day. In preparing it for market the fruit "sweats," as it is called,
+in airy boxes, for a month in winter and ten days in summer, and
+ripens and colors during this process. Then each lemon is wiped
+dry and clean, wrapped separately in tissue-paper, and packed for
+shipment. The cost of a box of lemons from the tree to the railroad is
+about thirty-five cents.
+
+Thousands of car-loads are shipped to the Eastern and Middle states,
+while the Pacific Coast is a never-failing market.
+
+Small, imperfect, and bruised fruit goes to the citric acid factory
+near the packing-houses. From these oil of lemon, lemon sugar, and
+clear green citric-acid crystals are made, and the crushed waste is
+returned to the grove and ploughed in about the trees as a fertilizer.
+
+
+
+
+FLOWERS AND PLANTS
+
+
+"When California was wild," says John Muir, "it was one sweet
+bee-garden throughout its entire length, and from the snowy Sierra to
+the ocean."
+
+There were so many yellow poppies in this great unfenced garden, that
+the Spanish sailing along the coast called it the "Land of Fire" from
+the golden flowers covering the hills. Near Pasadena, in Southern
+California, these poppy fields may still be seen glowing so brightly
+in the sun that you do not wonder at the name "Cape Las Flores," or
+Flower Cape, which the sailors also gave to this part of the country.
+
+[Illustration: IN A MISSION GARDEN.]
+
+[Illustration: A CHRISTMAS GARDEN.]
+
+The poppy is our best-known wild flower, planted by Mother Nature
+before white men ever visited these shores. When the Spanish
+settled here they called the poppy _copa de oro_, or cup of gold.
+The gold hunters spoke of it as the California gold flower, and sent
+the pressed poppies home in their letters. But its correct name is
+the Eschscholtzia (esh-sholt'si-a), from the name of a German
+botanist and naturalist, who studied the plant and wrote about it
+almost a hundred years ago.
+
+From February to May the poppies are most plentiful, but a few may be
+found almost every month in the year. Have you noticed the finely cut
+green leaves, and the pointed green nightcap that covers each bud till
+the morning sunshine coaxes off the cap and unfolds the four satiny
+golden petals? The flowers love the sun and close up on dark, cloudy
+days, or if brought into the house. But put them in a sunny window the
+next morning, and you may watch the cups of gold open to the light.
+
+Some of the poppies are a deep orange-color, while others are a pale
+yellow. And as you walk through the fields you may pick a hundred at
+each step, so thick do the plants grow. The wild bees find a yellow
+dust called pollen or "bee-bread" in the poppy, the same golden powder
+that rubs off on your nose, when you put it too close to this cup of
+gold or to lilies.
+
+Then in this "unfenced garden" were also the baby blue-eyes, whose
+pretty pale-blue blossoms come early in the spring, each one with a
+drop of honey at the foot of its honey path, as the black lines on its
+petals are called.
+
+Can you name twenty kinds of wild flowers? Around San Francisco and
+the bay counties you will count, after the poppy and baby blue-eyes,
+the shining yellow buttercup, the blue and yellow lupines that grow in
+the sand, the tall thistle whose sharp, prickly leaves and thorny
+red blossoms spell "Let-me-alone," the blue flag-lilies and red
+paint-brush, yellow cream-cups, and wild mustard, and an orange
+pentstemon. These with many yellow compositae or flowers like the
+dandelion, you will find growing on the windy hills and dry, sunny
+places. Hiding away in quiet corners are the blue-eyed grass, and
+a wild purple hyacinth, the scarlet columbine swinging its golden
+tassels, shy blue larkspur, a small yellow sunflower, and wild pink
+roses. Among the ferns in shady, wet nooks are white trilliums and a
+delicate pink bleeding-heart, while the wild blue violets and yellow
+pansies love the warm, rocky hillside.
+
+Mariposas, or butterfly tulips of many colors, grow in the foot-hills
+and mountains. Perhaps our most beautiful wild flowers are the lilies,
+of which we have over a dozen kinds. In the redwood forests there is a
+tall, lovely pink lily, and many brown-spotted yellow tiger-lilies. Up
+in the mountain pines a snowy white Washington lily sometimes covers
+a mountain side with its tall stems bearing dozens of sweet waxen
+blossoms. In the wet, swampy places bright red, and many small orange
+lilies bloom in late summer.
+
+In the high Sierras are found strange and pretty blossoms unlike
+the flowers of valleys and sea-coast. There you will see the
+mountain-heather with pink, purple, or dainty white bells, the
+goldenrod, and gentians blue as the sky. Strangest of all is the
+snow-plant. This curious thing sends up a thick, fleshy spike a foot
+or so in height and set closely with bright scarlet flowers. It grows
+where the snow has just melted round the fir trees, and leaf, stem,
+and blossom are all the same glowing red.
+
+Most of the valley and coast wild-flowers bloom and ripen their seeds
+before the dry summer begins. Such plants die and wither away in the
+heat, but their seeds are safe on the warm ground till fall rains soak
+the earth and set them growing again. In the high mountains a thick
+blanket of snow covers the sleeping seeds till May or June, and then
+sunshine wakes them once more.
+
+[Illustration: "WAWONA" (28 feet in diameter).]
+
+[Illustration: THE GRIZZLY GIANT (33 feet in diameter).]
+
+No doubt you have seen many of our shrubs or tall bush-plants in your
+vacations. Do you remember the sweet creamy white azaleas and the
+buckeyes that grow along the creeks in the redwoods? And the feathery
+blue blossoms of the wild lilac crowding in close thickets up
+the hillsides? One of our shrubs is a holiday visitor, the
+Christmas-berry, whose bright-red clusters trim your house at that
+gay, happy season. The manzanita is another pretty bush, with pink
+bells that ripen to small scarlet apples in the fall.
+
+Usually, these and other shrubs cover the hillsides with a thick,
+matted tangle of stems and branches almost impossible to get through.
+This chaparral, as the Spanish called it, clothes the foot-hills and
+mountain sides with a close growth through which deer and bears alone
+can travel and make trails or runways. Great stretches of buckthorn in
+the north, and of sage-brush in the south, cover the wild lands, while
+in the sandy desert tall, prickly cactus, yucca, and mesquite grow
+with the sage-brush in the blazing sun.
+
+Only a few of California's wild plants and flowers have been now
+called to your notice. But children have sharp eyes, and you will
+find many more to inquire about in your vacation days. Then
+the blackberries and thimble-berries will be ripe, and the pink
+salmon-berry in the redwoods. Perhaps you will look for and dig up the
+soaproot, that onion-like bulb of one of the lily family with which
+the Indians make a soapy lather to wash their clothes. Let us hope
+you will know and keep away from the "poison-oak," the low bush with
+pretty red leaves, for its leaves are apt to make your skin swell up
+and blister wherever they touch you.
+
+What a long and pleasant story might be told you of our state's real
+gardens! Perhaps your teacher will give you an hour to talk about your
+home gardens, and to see how much you can tell about them. You may
+have flowers the year round, if you live on the coast, or in the warm
+valleys where no Jack Frost comes with his icy breath to kill the
+tender plants. In such genial climates roses and geraniums bloom all
+year, and only rest when the gardener cuts them back; and most of the
+shrubs and trees in parks and gardens are always fresh and green.
+
+Florists who raise flowers to sell find that here they can grow the
+choicest and finest carnations, roses, and all the garden blossoms you
+know so well. Many of these florists deal only in flower-seeds, and
+bulbs or roots of the lilies to send to the Eastern states or abroad,
+where people greatly prize California flowers.
+
+Plants and trees from all parts of the world thrive here, also. You
+have seen the palms, the tall sword-palm with its great spike of snowy
+bloom in the spring, the fan-palm whose dried and trimmed leaves
+are really used for fans, and, perhaps, the date-palm. This tree
+was planted round the Missions by the Padres, and some, more than
+a hundred years old, are still standing at the San Gabriel Mission.
+These, and the magnolia with its large creamy blossoms, as well as the
+graceful pepper-tree, are natives of warm, southern lands, while the
+eucalyptus, or gum-tree, was brought here from Australia.
+
+Look round, children, as you walk to and from school, or in the park,
+and try to know and name the green things growing there, the flowers
+and plants sent to make our world a pleasant place to live in.
+
+
+
+
+THE BIG TREES AND LUMBERING
+
+
+The largest trees in the world are those forest giants of California
+which grow on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, and nowhere
+else on the globe. People carelessly call these grand trees "redwoods"
+or "big trees," but their family name is Sequoia, an Indian chief's
+name. When the trees were first discovered, in 1853, accounts of their
+height and size were sent to England. Supposing this giant to be a new
+tree, it was there christened _Wellingtonia_, and also _gigantea_
+for its immense measurements. While Americans were trying to have it
+called _Washingtonia_, a famous Frenchman who knew all about trees
+decided that the specimen sent him was certainly a sequoia, as named
+by a German professor some six years before this time. So the tree was
+called _sequoia gigantea_ and quietly went on growing, unmindful of
+the four nations who had quarrelled over its christening. Why, indeed,
+should it bother its lofty head with the chatter of people whose
+countries were unknown when this mighty tree was full grown? For
+these sequoias are the oldest of living objects and have probably been
+growing for four thousand years. How do we know this? Well, when a
+fallen trunk is sawed across, one can see rings in the wood, and it is
+thought that each ring is a year's growth. John Muir counted over four
+thousand of these annual rings on the stump of one of the Kings River
+trees.
+
+These fine old trees grow in groves, and of the nine or ten groves
+the Calaveras and Mariposa are the best known. The Calaveras group of
+nearly a hundred mighty trees was the first one discovered, and four
+trees here are over three hundred feet high. The fallen "Father of
+the Forest" must have been much higher, for it measures a hundred feet
+round its trunk at the root end. A man can ride on horseback for two
+hundred feet through its hollow trunk as it lies on the ground. Many
+of the standing trees hollowed out by fires are large enough, used as
+cabins, to live in.
+
+The Mariposa grove of Big Trees, being not far from Yosemite Valley,
+is the best known, as thousands of tourists visit both places. There
+is a big tree at Mariposa for every day in the year, and two very
+wonderful ones, the Grizzly Giant and Wawona. Stage-coaches drive into
+the grove through the tree Wawona, which was bored and burned out
+so as to make an opening ten by twelve feet. A wall of wood ten feet
+thick on each side of this opening supports the living tree. The great
+Grizzly Giant towers a hundred feet without a branch, and twice that
+height above the first immense branches that are six feet through.
+This was, no doubt, an old tree when Columbus discovered America, yet
+it is alive and green and still growing.
+
+The largest tree in the world is the General Sherman, in Sequoia
+National Park, and it is thirty-five feet in diameter. This means that
+the stump of the tree, if smoothed off, would make a floor on which
+thirty people might dance, or your whole class be seated. You can
+scarcely imagine what a mighty column such a tree is, with its rich
+red-brown bark, fluted like a column, too, and with its crown of
+feathery green branches and foliage. The bark is a foot or two thick.
+The trees are evergreens, and conifers, or cone-bearers. Sequoia cones
+are two or three inches long and full of small seeds. The Douglas
+squirrel gets most of these seeds, but there are still seedlings and
+saplings or young trees enough to keep the race alive in most of the
+groves.
+
+These groves of wonderful and rare trees are protected as National
+Parks in the Sequoia and Grant groves, and Mariposa belongs to the
+state. It is against the law to cut the trees in those groves. Their
+worst enemy is fire, and a troop of cavalry is sent every year to
+guard them, and to keep out the sheep-herders, whose flocks would
+destroy the underbrush and young trees. But, unfortunately, lumbermen
+have put up mills near the Fresno and Kings River groups, and, wasting
+more than they use, are destroying magnificent trees thousands of
+years old in order to make shingles. When nature has taken such good
+care of this rare and wonderful tree, the Sierra Giant, men should try
+to preserve the groves unharmed in all their beauty.
+
+Another _sequoia_ grows in great forests along the Coast Range from
+Santa Cruz to the northern state-line, and beyond into Oregon. This
+is the _sequoia sempervirens_, the Latin name meaning always green.
+Redwood is its common name, and the lumber for our frame or wooden
+houses is cut from this tree. Millions of feet of this redwood lumber
+are shipped from the northern counties of the state every year, up
+to Alaska or down to Central and South America. It is also sent far
+across the Pacific to the Hawaiian and Philippine islands and to China
+and Australia.
+
+While the _sequoia gigantea_ delights in a clear sky and hot sunshine,
+its brother, the _sempervirens_, prefers a cool sea-coast climate,
+offering frequent baths of fog. There is also a difference in the size
+of these trees; the redwood is often three hundred feet high, but
+is less in girth than its relative in the Sierras. There is not much
+underbrush and little sunshine in the cool, green redwood forests,
+each tree rising tall and stately for a hundred feet without branches,
+while the green tops seem almost to touch the sky as one looks up.
+Through the woods one hears the blue jay scream and chatter, and the
+tap, tap of the woodpecker as he drills holes in the bark to fill with
+acorns for his winter store.
+
+When the lumberman looks at these beautiful forests, he sees only many
+logs containing many thousand feet of lumber, which he must get out
+the easiest and cheapest way. He only chooses the finest and largest
+trunks, and there is great waste in cutting these. The men begin
+to saw the tree some eight or ten feet from the ground, and soon it
+trembles and falls with a mighty crash, often snapping off other trees
+in its way to the ground. After all the selected trees have fallen,
+fires are started to burn off the branches and underbrush so that the
+men can work easier. This fire only chars the outside bark of the big,
+green logs, but it kills all the young saplings, and leaves the once
+beautiful forest a waste of blackened logs and gray ashes. When the
+fire burns itself out, the logs are usually sawed with a cross-cut saw
+into sixteen-foot lengths, since in that form they are easy to handle.
+Then oxen or horses haul them out; or sometimes a wire cable is
+fastened to them by iron "dogs," or stakes, and a little stationary
+engine pulls them away to the siding at the railroad track. Here they
+are rolled on flat-cars, fastened with a big iron chain around the
+four or six logs on the car, and taken on the logging train to the
+mill-pond. They lie soaking in the water until drawn up to the keen
+saws of the sawmill that cut and slice the wood like cheese. The bark
+and outside is carved off as you would cut the crust off bread, and
+then sharp, circular saws cut boards and planks till the log is used
+up, and the log-carriage lifts another to its place. As the shining
+steel bites into the wood the noise almost deafens you and the mill
+shakes with the thunder of log-carriage and feeders. Useless ends,
+slabs, and refuse are burnt in the sawdust pit, where the fires never
+go out. Very much of the tree is wasted and all the limbs. The redwood
+tree has so much life and strength, however, that it sends up bright
+green sprouts around the burnt stump, and standing trees charred
+outside to the tops will have new branches the next season. In the
+older forests tall young trees are often seen growing in a ring round
+an empty spot, the long-dead stump having rotted away.
+
+[Illustration: BIG TREES AT FELTON, SANTA CRUZ CO.]
+
+Near Santa Cruz is a grove of large and beautiful redwoods, many
+of the trees being over three hundred feet high and from forty
+to sixty-five feet around the base of the trunk. The Giant is the
+largest, and three other immense ones are named for Generals Grant,
+Sherman, and Fremont. In 1846 General Fremont found this grove, and
+camped, on a rainy winter night, in the hollow trunk of the tree
+bearing his name. Here is also seen a group of eleven very tall trees
+growing in a circle around an old stump.
+
+In the Sierras, both in the _sequoia_ groves and forests above the
+Big-Tree region, are very large sugar-pines, red firs, and yellow-pine
+trees, all of which make excellent lumber. Great forests of these
+trees, with cedars almost as large as the redwoods, are in the
+northern counties also. You may have seen sugar-pine cones which are
+over a foot long, the largest of all found, while redwood cones are
+the smallest. Another great tree is the Douglas spruce, the king of
+spruce trees, growing in both Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges.
+
+The California laurel, or bay tree, with its beautiful, shining green
+leaves, and the madrono, the slender, red-barked tree on the hillsides
+you must have noticed in your trips to the country, as well as our
+fine valley and mountain oaks. Try to learn the kinds of trees and
+study their leaves, blossoms, and fruit, and you will find every one
+a friend well worth knowing. Then you will wish to save them from fire
+and the lumberman's axe, especially the rare and old _sequoias_.
+
+
+
+
+OUR BIRDS
+
+
+More than three hundred kinds of these dear feathered friends and
+visitors live in California. Along the sea-shore, in the great valleys
+and the mountain-forests and meadows, even in the dry, hot desert, the
+birds, our shy and merry neighbors, are at home. In many parts of
+the state they find sunshine and green trees the year round, and food
+always at hand. Yet sparrows, robins, and woodpeckers will stay in the
+snowed-in groves of the Sierras all winter, contentedly chirping or
+singing in spite of the bitter cold.
+
+If you know these wanderers of wood and field, these birds of sea and
+shore, and their interesting habits, you will wish to protect them
+from stone or gun, and their nests from the egg collector. You will
+listen to the lark and linnet, and be glad that the happy songster
+trilling such sweet notes is free to fly where he wishes, and is
+not pining in a cage. And you, little girl, will not encourage the
+destruction of these pretty creatures by wearing a sea-gull or part of
+some dead bird on your hat.
+
+To become better acquainted with birds, let us call them before us by
+classes, beginning with our sea-birds and those round the bays and on
+the coast. Some of these not only swim but dive in the salt waters,
+and to this class of divers belong the grebe, loon, murre, and puffin.
+They dive at the flash of a gun, and after what seems a long time,
+come up far away from the spot the hunter aimed at. These birds
+usually nest on bare, rocky cliffs near the ocean, or on islands like
+the Farallones, and their large green eggs hatch out nestlings that
+are ugly and awkward and helpless on land. But they ride the great
+ocean-breakers, or dive into their clear depths easily and gracefully;
+and as they live upon fish or small sea-creatures, the divers only
+seek land to roost at night and to raise their young.
+
+Next come the gulls, who belong to a class known as "long-winged
+swimmers." They have strong wings and fly great distances, and with
+their webbed feet swim well, too. Most of the sea-gulls are white with
+a gray coat on their backs, but they look snowy-white as they fly. You
+may see them walking about the wharves, or perching on roofs and piles
+watching for food, and seeming very tame as they pick up bits of bread
+or the refuse floating in the water. They follow steamers for miles,
+scarcely moving their wings as they float in the air; and if you throw
+a cracker from the deck, some gull will make a swift swoop and snatch
+it before the cracker reaches the water.
+
+Far out on the Pacific the albatross sails proudly on his broad wings,
+and cares nothing for high winds or storms. He rests and sleeps on the
+billows at night with his little companions, the stormy petrels. He is
+the largest and strongest of our birds of flight, the very king of the
+sea. The stormy petrels are not much larger than a swallow. Sailors
+call them. "Mother Carey's chickens," and are sure a storm is
+coming up when petrels follow the ship. The albatross, petrel, and
+a gull-like bird called a shearwater belong to the "tube-nosed
+swimmers," on account of their curious long beaks.
+
+Along the coast, and wading in the shallow waters around the bays, are
+some strange birds known as pelicans and shags. They are good fishers,
+and drive the darting, finny fellows before them as they wade in the
+water till they can see and gobble them up. Most waders have under
+their beaks a skin-pocket deep enough to hold a fish while carrying
+it to their nestlings, or making ready to swallow it. All of these
+sea-birds raise their young as far from the shore and from hunters
+as possible. Great flocks of them roost on islands fifteen or twenty
+miles out in the ocean, and fly into the bays every morning.
+
+Wild ducks, geese, the herons, mud-hens, sandpipers, and curlews are
+marsh and shore birds that feed and wade in the shallow salt water,
+and nest on the banks or, like the heron, in trees near the bay. The
+heron is a frog-catcher, and he will stand very still on his long legs
+and patiently wait till the frog, thinking him gone, swims near. Then
+one dart of the long bill captures froggy, and the heron waits for
+another. You know the red-head, green mallard, canvas-back, and small
+teal ducks, no doubt, and have seen the flocks of wild geese flying
+and calling in the sky, or standing like patches of snow as they feed
+in the marshes or grain-fields.
+
+Down on the mud-flats at low tide you see birds called rails, and also
+"kill-dee" plovers. The shoveller ducks are there, too fishing up with
+broad, flat beaks little crabs and such creatures as are in the mud,
+straining out mud and water, but swallowing the rest. All these birds
+are "waders" and delight in mud and cold salt water. They are usually
+quiet, or make only strange, shrill cries.
+
+In the sunny fields and woods we shall find many of the land-birds,
+and first comes a family whose habits are so like those of chickens
+that they are called "scratchers." These birds depend for food upon
+seeds and bugs or worms they scratch out of the ground. Up in
+the Sierra sugar-pines and fir-woods lives the largest of these
+"scratchers," the brown grouse. He is a shy creature, rising out of
+his feeding-ground with a great whirring of wings and out of sight
+before the hunter can fire at him. His peculiar cry, or "drumming," as
+it is called, sounds through the woods like tapping hard on a hollow
+log. His equally shy neighbor is the mountain-quail, while through
+the farming lands and all along the hillsides the valley--quail are
+plenty. Perhaps you have seen a happy family of these speckled brown
+birds. Papa quail has a black crest on his head, and he calls "Look
+right here" from the wrong side of the road to fool you, while Mamma
+and her little, cunning chicks scatter like flying brown leaves in the
+brush. After the danger is past, you hear her low call to bring them
+round her again. In the desert and sage-brush part of the state the
+sage-hen, another "scratcher," runs swiftly through the thickets, but
+many are caught and brought in by the Indians.
+
+Our birds of prey are eagles, vultures, hawks, owls, and the
+turkey-buzzards, those big black scavengers that hang in the air. In
+circles high above woods and fields some of these birds of prey sweep
+on broad wings, searching with keen sight for their food in some dead
+animal far below. The California condor, a great black vulture-like
+bird, is almost extinct, and is only found in the highest mountains.
+It is very large of wing, and strong enough, it is said, to carry off
+a sheep. Both golden and bald eagles nest in tall trees in the wildest
+parts of the state. The chicken-hawk, whose swift sailing over the
+poultry-yard calls out loud squawking from the frightened hens,
+you have often seen, and the wise-looking brown owls, too. A small
+burrowing owl lives in the squirrel holes, and you may catch him
+easily in the daytime, when he cannot see.
+
+The road-runner is of the cuckoo family of birds. It seldom flies, but
+runs swiftly along the roads, or in the desert, and is said to kill
+rattlesnakes by placing a ring of thorny cactus leaves around the
+snake as it lies asleep. The rattler is then pecked to death, since it
+cannot get out of its prickly cage. This fowl is like a slender brown
+hen in size.
+
+In the redwoods you hear the tap, tap, of the "carpenter" woodpecker,
+with his black coat and gay red cap. He drills holes in the bark of a
+tree with his strong beak and then fits an acorn neatly into each safe
+little storehouse. It is thought that worms and grubs fatten while
+living in these acorns, so that the woodpecker always has a meal ready
+in the winter when the ground is wet, or the squirrels have carried
+off the acorns under the trees.
+
+Humming-birds, or "hummers," as the boys call them, are plenty in city
+and country and so fearless that they will take a bath in the spray
+of the garden-hose, or dart their long bills in the fuchsias almost
+within your reach. The bill shields a double tongue, which gets not
+only honey, but small insects from the flower or off the leaves. The
+humming-bird's tiny nest is a soft, round basket, not much bigger than
+half a walnut-shell, and holding two eggs, which are like small-white
+beans. Bits of moss and gray cobwebs are woven in this nest till it
+looks like the branch itself; and here the little mother in her plain
+brown dress hatches out and feeds the baby "hummers." Her husband has
+glistening ruby feathers at his throat and green spots on his head and
+back that glow in the sun like jewels.
+
+The highest class of birds is the "perchers," and many friends of
+yours belong to this. There are two families, however, of perchers,
+those that call and the song-birds. Calling over and over their
+peculiar note, the pewees, flycatchers, and king-birds, fly through
+the forests. The crow and blue jay belong to the singers, you will
+be surprised to hear. And what a crowd of these song-birds there
+are trilling and warbling in the sunshine! Have you ever watched the
+meadow-lark singing as he sits on guard on the fence, while the rest
+of his brown-coated yellow-vested flock run along the field picking up
+seeds and insects?
+
+Then there are the linnets, or "redheads," who sing their sweet,
+merry tunes all summer, and if they do take a cherry or two the farmer
+should not grumble. They destroy many bugs and caterpillars and eat
+weed-seeds that might trouble the fruit-grower more than the missing
+cherries. The yellow warbler, sometimes called the wild canary, flits
+through bush and tree and trills its gay notes in town and country.
+Song-sparrows, thrushes, and bluebirds warble far and near, while the
+red-winged blackbird makes music in wet, swampy places. The robin,
+who comes to city gardens in the winter, has a summer home in the
+mountains or redwoods. There, too, the saucy jay screams and chatters,
+and flashes his blue wings as he flies, scolding all the time.
+
+In Southern California, among the orange groves or in gardens, the
+mocking-bird trills in sweet, liquid notes his wonderful song. He
+mimics, too, many sounds he hears, and sometimes when caged will
+whistle tunes or say words. The mocker can crow or cackle like the
+chickens, or mew like the cat. Then he will whistle clear and loud
+till dogs or boys answer his call. When they find themselves fooled,
+it is said, he mimics a laugh.
+
+From April to July the birds are busy, nesting, feeding their
+families, or teaching them to fly. Many eggs never hatch, and some
+are destroyed by wild animals. Boys often rob a whole nest to have one
+little blown egg in their collections. Then again the mother is killed
+and her brood starves to death. When the parent birds are teaching the
+nestlings to fly, cats also catch the little ones. So you see the poor
+feathered things have many enemies.
+
+Let us try to protect the birds, and to let them live happy lives
+in freedom. Each one will thank you, either with sweet songs or with
+being a beautiful thing to see on land or ocean.
+
+[Illustration: YOUNG TOWHEE.]
+
+[Illustration: BABY YELLOW WARBLERS. From photographs by Elizabeth
+Grinnell.]
+
+
+
+
+OUR WILD ANIMALS
+
+
+Once upon a time, when the Spanish owned this state and called it
+their province of Alta California, there were great herds of antelope
+feeding on the grassy plains, and at every little stream elk and deer
+and big grizzly bears came down to drink. No fences had been built,
+and the wild animals had never heard a rifle-shot. Free and fearless
+they ranged valley and hillside, or made their dens in the thick
+brush, or "chaparral," as the Spanish called it.
+
+Indian hunters watched the paths over which these wild creatures
+travelled to water, and killed deer and antelope with their arrows.
+But these hunters were afraid of grizzly bears, for an arrow in Mr.
+Bear's thick hide only made him cross, and with one hug, or even a
+light blow from his paw, he could cripple the poor Indian. So in those
+early days the old bears came year after year, and carried off sheep
+and cattle. The simple folks did not even try to kill them. Indeed,
+many of the red men believed that very bad Indians were punished by
+being turned into grizzly bears when they died, and they would not
+hurt their brothers, they said.
+
+When Father Serra's Mission people were starving at Monterey, the
+Padre learned that at a place called Bear Valley near by, there were
+many grizzlies which the Indians would not kill. He sent Spanish
+soldiers there, and they shot so many bears that the hungry Mission
+family had meat enough to last till a ship came from Mexico with
+supplies.
+
+Of all flesh-eating animals this grizzly bear is the largest and
+strongest. He can knock down a bull with his great paws, or kill and
+carry off a horse. He can live on wild berries and acorns with grass
+and roots he digs out of the ground, yet fresh meat suits him best,
+and he prefers a calf, which he holds as a cat does a mouse.
+
+Nothing but stock was raised in California in those days so long
+ago, and cattle were counted by the thousands and sheep by tens of
+thousands. Then the grizzly and cinnamon, or brown, bear feasted all
+the time on stray calves and yearlings. Every spring and fall the
+cattle, which had roamed almost wild in the pastures, were "rounded
+up" by the cowboys, or vaqueros. After the work of picking out each
+ranchero's stock and branding the young cattle was over, the vaqueros
+thought it fine fun to lasso a bear,--some old fellow, perhaps,
+who had been helping himself to the calves. It is told that one big
+cinnamon bear, while quietly feeding on acorns, looked up to find
+three or four cow-boys on their ponies in a circle around him. They
+spurred the trembling ponies as close to him as they dared, and yelled
+at the tops of their voices. The great brute sat up on his haunches
+and faced them, growling and snarling. One vaquero sent his rope
+flying through the air, and the loop settled over a big, hairy fore
+paw. Then the bear dropped on all fours and made a jump at the pony,
+which got out of his reach. Another Mexican threw a lasso and caught
+the bear's hind foot; and as he sat up again a third noose dropped
+over the other fore paw. Then the poor trapped creature, growling,
+snarling, and rolling over and over, began a tug of war with the
+lariats and the ponies. Once a rope broke, and horse and rider tumbled
+in front of the bear. He made a quick, savage jump, but was pulled
+back by the other ropes. Then Mr. Bear sat up straight and tugged so
+hard that another lariat broke and sent the saddle and rider over the
+pony's head. With one sweep of his paw the bear smashed the saddle,
+but the cow-boy saved himself by running to an oak tree. At last Mr.
+Bear was getting the best of the fight so plainly, and had pulled the
+frightened ponies so near him, that the man who was thrown off ended
+the poor animal's struggles with a rifle-ball.
+
+A Chinese sheep-herder tells this funny story about a bear: "Me lun
+out, see what matta; me see sheep all bely much scared, bely much lun,
+bely much jump. Big black bear jump over fence, come light for me. Me
+so flighten me know nothin', then me scleam e-e-e-e so loud, and lun
+at bear till bear get scared too and lun away."
+
+A few grizzlies are still found in the Sierras, and black and brown
+bears are often seen with their playful little cubs. The small
+fellows are easily tamed and may be taught many tricks. They will live
+contentedly in a bear-pit, or even if chained up, and as most of you
+know, they like peanuts and pop-corn well enough to beg for them.
+
+The panther, or mountain-lion, is another large flesh-eating animal
+which makes his home in the thick woods conveniently neighboring the
+farmers' corrals and pastures. Not long ago a boy in Marin County,
+who was sent to look after some ponies, saw a big yellow dog, as he
+thought, "worrying" one of the colts. When he came nearer he found
+it was a wicked-looking, catlike creature, and knew it must be a
+California lion. He had nothing with him but a heavy whip. The panther
+left the wounded colt and crouched ready to spring at the boy, but he
+was on the alert and struck it a terrible blow across the eyes with
+his whip, and then another and another. Half-blinded and whining with
+pain, the panther turned tail and ran away, while the boy's pony,
+trembling and snorting with fright, galloped home with his brave
+rider.
+
+In one of the mountain counties a woman, hearing her chickens
+squawking one day at noon, ran out to find what seemed a big dog among
+them with a hen in his mouth. She rushed straight at him with a broom,
+when the animal turned. She found it was a great panther, who snarled
+and made ready to spring at her. As she screamed and started to run
+away, her foot slipped on a steep and muddy place, and she slid down
+the little hill right into the panther's face. He was so frightened
+that he jumped the fence and hurried to the woods.
+
+This great yellow cat is both savage and cowardly, and he has been
+known to follow a man walking through the woods, all day, yet he
+sneaked out of sight at every loud call the man gave. He chases deer
+and gets many small and helpless fawns, hunters say.
+
+Fur-hunting was once a profitable business for the Indians, who were
+clothed in bear and panther skins when the first white men came to
+California, and had many furs to trade or sell. The Indians trapped
+otters, beavers, and minks, and the squaws tanned the deer-hides to
+make buckskin shirts or leggings. Hunters and trappers still bring in
+these wild animals' furry coats after trips to the high mountains or
+untravelled woods, where the shy creatures try to live and be safe
+from their enemies.
+
+In early days herds of a very large deer, called elk, fed on the wild
+oats and grass. These elk had wide, branching horns measuring three
+or four feet from tip to tip. Only a few of them now survive in the
+redwood forests in the northern counties. There were plenty of them
+once where San Francisco now stands. Dana in his book called "Two
+Years Before the Mast," tells us that when his ship dropped anchor off
+the little village of Yerba Buena about sixty-seven years ago, he saw
+hundreds of red deer and elk with their branching antlers. They were
+running about on the hills, or standing still to look at the ship
+until the noise frightened them off. At that time the whole country
+was covered with thick trees and bushes where the wolf and coyote
+prowled, and the grizzly bear's track was seen everywhere.
+
+[Illustration: CALIFORNIA RED DEER. From a photograph by George V.
+Robinson.]
+
+There are plenty of deer in the redwoods now, and in the high
+Sierras are black-tailed and large mule-deer. In the woods round Mount
+Tamalpais timid red deer live, too. In winter, when it is cold and
+snowy in the northern counties of our state, these deer often come
+into the farmer's barnyard to nibble at the hay.
+
+There are still left in the mountains among the pines and snowy cliffs
+many mountain-sheep. These curious big-horned animals resemble both
+the elk and the sheep, and it is said they can jump from a high rock
+and land far below on their feet or heavy, twisted horns without being
+hurt in the least.
+
+Of all the great herds of graceful, fast-running antelope, once the
+most plentiful of our wild animals, only a very few can now be found
+on the eastern slopes of the Sierras.
+
+But Master Coyote, who might well be spared, so cruel and cowardly is
+he, still sneaks up and down the whole state, and his quick sharp bark
+gives notice that the rascal is ready to steal a chicken or a lamb if
+it is not protected. With his bushy tail and large head he is half fox
+and half wolf in appearance, and mean enough in habits to be both. He
+can outrun a dog and even a deer, and though he catches jack-rabbits
+and the Molly Cottontail usually for food, he would help his brother,
+the wolf, to kill a poor harmless sheep.
+
+This gray wolf is a savage creature and hides in the thick forests by
+day, slinking out at night to the nearest sheep corral or turkey-pen
+if he can find one unwatched by some faithful dog. His friend and
+neighbor, the fox, likes fat geese and chickens as well as birds,
+squirrels, and wood-rats. The queer raccoon lives in the redwoods and
+is often caught and kept in a cage or chained for a pet.
+
+Wildcats, both gray and yellow, are found in the thickly timbered
+parts of California, and the badger makes his home in the mountain
+canons or pine woods. There, too, the curious porcupine dwells. He is
+covered with grayish white quills, which bristle out when he is angry
+or frightened. No old dog will touch this animal, for he knows better
+than to get a mouthful of sharp toothpicks by biting Mr. Porcupine,
+who is like a round pincushion with the pins pointing out. A dog who
+has never seen this prickly ball will dab at it, and have a sore paw
+to nurse for weeks after.
+
+Two or three kinds of tree-squirrels live in the pines and redwoods,
+the Douglas squirrel being well known in the mountains. The ground
+squirrel, or chipmunk, digs holes in the ground, where he hides his
+winter's store of grain and nuts.
+
+Three of our smaller wild animals are very common and very troublesome
+to the farmer. The skunk, which looks like a pretty black and white
+kitten with a bushy tail, and also the weasel, destroy all the
+chickens and eggs they can reach, and they are so cunning that it is
+hard to keep them out of the hen-house. That little pest, the gopher,
+we are all well acquainted with, since he gnaws the pinks and roses
+off at their roots in your city garden while his large family of
+brothers and sisters kill the farmer's fruit-trees and vines. The
+gopher digs long tunnels under ground, making storerooms here and
+there in these passages, which he fills with grass, roots, and seeds.
+In each cheek he has a pouch, or pocket, large enough to hold nearly a
+handful of grain, so the little rascal carries his stores very easily.
+The traps and poison by which the farmer is always trying to make way
+with him, he is sly enough to let alone. His greatest foe is the
+cat, which watches patiently at the hole where the destructive little
+fellow is digging and usually catches him. A mother cat will sometimes
+bring in two or three gophers a day to her kittens.
+
+
+
+
+IN SALT WATER AND FRESH
+
+
+Tom and Retta Ransom were two of the happiest children in the state,
+I believe, when told that their summer vacation was to be spent at
+Catalina Island. To see the wonderful fish that swim in those warm,
+Southern waters, to watch them through the glass-bottomed boat, to
+dip out funny sea-flowers with a net, or catch the pretty kingfish and
+perhaps a "yellowtail,"--why, they could talk of nothing else!
+
+How they skipped and danced and chattered about the trip! At
+last Mamma said, "Well, everything is packed and ready, and we go
+to-morrow." Then what fun it was to stand on the steamer's deck and
+sail "right out through the Golden Gate," as Retta said. The big
+green billows of the Pacific Ocean caught the boat as she crossed the
+outside bar and tossed salt spray almost into their faces. Little the
+children cared for the drops of water, for they were so glad to be
+off on their trip and to say good-by to San Francisco's summer fog and
+cold winds for a time.
+
+And there on Seal Rocks, near the Cliff House, were the seals, or
+rather sea-lions, clumsy creatures like black rubber sacks with
+fins, or flippers, and a head. Some were lying in the sun and others
+crawling up the steep, wet rocks. Those highest up were asleep and
+quiet, but most of them kept barking or growling as they tried to find
+a sunny place to bask in. Sometimes when frightened these sea-lions
+will pitch headlong from high rocks into the ocean and dive out of
+sight at once. Mrs. Ransom said she remembered seeing one that was
+kept for years in a salt-water tank, and that, although they seem so
+clumsy, this sea-lion jumped so quick that he caught a fish thrown to
+him before it touched the water. Once fur-seals were in great numbers
+off our coast, and lived on the rocks as these sea-lions now do. But
+Indians, or later on white hunters, killed them, or drove them up
+north where the crack of the rifle is not heard.
+
+On to the south the steamer sailed through the foaming waters, and as
+Tom stood watching the white-capped waves go dancing by, he saw, two
+or three times, a black fin come up, and then another. At last a man
+said, "Look at the porpoises playing." Tom screamed with delight as
+they jumped and chased each other till their black, shiny backs were
+clear out of water. These fish are sometimes called sea-hogs and are
+five or six feet long. Either to get their food of small fish, or in
+play, they keep swimming and diving near the tops of the breakers.
+Fishermen catch them with a strong hook and use the thick, leathery
+skin for straps or strings, while they try oil out of their blubber or
+fat.
+
+All that day and night the boat kept steadily on her way, and the next
+morning they were in Santa Barbara Channel. It was so pleasant sailing
+on this summer sea in the soft, warm sunshine that even the sea-sick
+ladies felt better and came on deck. Mamma agreed with the children
+that the steamer trip was much nicer than the hot, dusty cars. Just
+then some one called, "See the whale," and looking quick Tom and Retta
+saw what seemed a fountain of water rising high in the air about half
+a mile away. Soon another went up, and two or three more, for the
+gray hump-backed whales like this stretch of smooth bay. They are
+warm-blooded animals and not fish at all, so they must come to the top
+of the waves for air to breathe. The air and water spout out through
+"blow-holes" on top of the whale's head, and rise like steam in the
+colder air. The children's mother told them that the whale is the
+largest of all animals, and that it lives on little jellyfish. It swims
+with its great mouth wide open and catches all the tiny sea creatures
+in its path. A fringe of whalebone hangs down from the roof of the
+whale's mouth, and he strains the water out through this and swallows
+the fish. As the boat went on, the children said, "There she blows,"
+as the sailors do when they see whales spouting in the distance.
+
+[Illustration: LEAPING TUNA.]
+
+[Illustration: BLACK SEA BASS.]
+
+Late that night the steamer got to San Pedro, and you may be sure Tom
+and Retta were up early the next morning. As they came off the
+boat, there was a crowd of people on the wharf who were pulling in
+"yellow-tail" as fast as they dropped their lines. This fine fish is
+a little like a big salmon, but with golden-yellow fins and tail. Its
+body is greenish gray, with spots of the prettiest rainbow colors,
+which grow brighter as the fish dies. These fish bite easily, but as
+soon as caught begin to rush back and forth, fighting and trying to
+snap the line.
+
+The children here took a smaller steamer for the twenty-mile trip
+across to Catalina Island, and on the way over they saw a whole
+"school" of whales and a flight of flying-fishes. Yes, really and
+truly, these little fish fly or sail through the air, for their fins
+balance them like a parachute. They skim along ten or twelve feet
+above the waves, and then drop in the water to rest, taking another
+flight whenever their enemies, the porpoises, chase them.
+
+How happy the children were to land at the little town of Avalon, and
+to know that they were to have a month at this beautiful place! They
+hurried down to the beach and their first choice of amusements was the
+glass-bottomed boat. These boats have "water-telescopes," which are
+only clear glass set in boxed-in places. The glass seems to make the
+ripples still, so that you can look down, down to the bottom of the
+ocean, twenty or thirty feet below you.
+
+The boatman rowed the children out in the bay, where the water, now
+green, now blue, was always clear as crystal. On the rocks and sand
+at the bottom starfish and crabs crawled slowly along or clung to some
+stone. The purple sea-urchins, queer round-shelled creatures covered
+with thorny spines, crowded together, and the ugly toad-fish hid
+in the green and brown seaweeds. Blue, purple, and rainbow-colored
+jellyfish floated on top of the waters, while gold perch with red
+and green sunfish swam through the seaweed "like parrots in some hot
+country's woods," Retta thought. In the shallow places on the rocks
+those curious sea-flowers, the anemones, looked like pink or green
+cactus blossoms. The children never tired of the water-telescope in
+all their stay at the island.
+
+At night the warm ocean waters seemed on fire, since they are full
+of very tiny, soft-bodied creatures, each of which gives out a faint,
+glowing light. Every day the fishermen brought in new and strange
+fishes. The black sea-bass, heavier than the fisherman himself and
+longer than he was tall, were wonderful, and they could hardly believe
+that such big fish were caught with a rod and line.
+
+But the leaping tuna pleased Tom the most, since he thought it such
+fun to watch them jump into the air like silver arrows after the
+flying-fish. Not so large as the black bass, the tunas are strong
+enough to tow a boat along when running with a hook. One will drag a
+heavy launch through the water as if a tug had hold of it, and
+will fight for hours, rushing and plunging till tired out. Then the
+fisherman pulls him up to the boat and ends his struggles.
+
+Tom and Retta were fond of watching the curious fish and sea-plants
+in the glass aquarium tanks on shore also, but their happiest time was
+when they gathered shells on the beach. They never found out the names
+of more than those of the limpet, turban, and scallop, though they
+picked up baskets full of tiny pink and white beauties, all frail and
+of many kinds. These shells were once the homes of sea mollusks,
+as such soft, fleshy creatures are called. But to Tom and Retta the
+shells were only pretty playthings, to be doll's dishes, or cups, or
+pincushions, perhaps.
+
+One morning some fishermen saw a shark, and no one dared to go in
+bathing for a few days. This great, savage, "man-eater" shark does not
+often come north of the Gulf of California. Sometimes small ones are
+caught with a hook and line off Catalina Island, and Tom was always
+glad to see such sea-tigers destroyed.
+
+Of course the children did not want to go home, till at last Mrs.
+Ransom explained to them that in the ocean and bay near San Francisco
+there were odd fish and strange animals too. And so it turned out, for
+in a day's fishing over at Sausalito Tom caught many silver smelt and
+tomcod, with flat, ugly flounders, and a red, big-eyed rock-cod. The
+frightened boy almost fell out of the boat, too, when he pulled in a
+large sting-ray, or "stingaree," as the boatman called it. This queer
+three-sided fish, with a sharp, bony sting in its back, flopped round
+till the man cut the hook out, knocked its head till it was no longer
+able to bite, and threw it overboard. These rays have to be fenced out
+of the oyster-beds along the bay, since they have big mouths full
+of such strong teeth that they crush an oyster, shell and all, and
+destroy every one they can reach.
+
+Oysters are grown in great quantities in the oyster-beds along the bay
+shore. The largest size, which are called "transplanted," are brought
+from the East as very small or baby oysters and dropped into shallow
+water, where they cling to rocks or brush-piles till grown.
+
+Tom also caught a perch, and clinging to it as he drew in his line
+was a large, hard-shelled, long-clawed crab. Tom put the crab in the
+basket, knowing well what delicious white meat was in the fellow's
+legs and back.
+
+Clams that burrow deep in the mud and may be found at low tide,
+by digging where their tell-tale bubble of air arises, and the odd
+shrimps, so good to eat, the children already knew about. Chinese
+fishermen catch shrimps in nets, dry them on the hillsides, and send
+both dry meat and shells to China. They dry the meat of the abalone
+also, and use the beautiful shells, which you have no doubt seen, for
+carving into curios, or making into jewellery.
+
+A salt-water creature very destructive to shipping and the wharves is
+the teredo, or ship-worm. This brown inch-long worm lives in wood
+that is always under water, such as the bottoms of ships and the round
+piles you see at the wharves. He hollows or bores out winding tunnels
+in the wood with the sharp edge of his shell until the piles crumble
+to pieces. This small animal would finally destroy the largest wooden
+ship if sheets of copper were not put on the sides and keel to protect
+it.
+
+When Retta saw Tom's basket of fish she said, "Well, I think the
+fresh-water fishes much prettier. I am sure the rainbow and Dolly
+Varden trout with their bright-colored spots, which we saw up in the
+Truckee River and the mountain lakes last summer, were better to look
+at and to eat than these sea monsters." Tom laughed and said, "Oh,
+that was because you helped to catch some of those. Do you remember
+the big black-spotted trout we saw in Lake Tahoe? And the little
+speckled fellows we caught in that clear creek in the redwoods, and
+how we wrapped them in wet paper and cooked them at our camp-fire?
+I wish we could go up to the McCloud River, though, and see the baby
+trout in the fish hatchery there."
+
+So their mother told them that the tiny trout eggs were kept in
+troughs with clear, cold water running over them till they hatched
+out. Then the little things, not half as long as a pin, were placed in
+large tin cans and sent to stock brooks and lakes, and in a year or so
+they grew big enough to catch.
+
+The most valuable of our food-fishes is the salmon, a large
+silvery-sided salt-water fish that takes fresh-water journeys too.
+For they swim up the rivers every year to lay their eggs in the clear,
+cold streams, knowing, perhaps, that the salmon-fry, as the young are
+called, will have fewer enemies away from the ocean. The salmon go
+over a hundred miles up to the McCloud River to spawn, and will jump
+or leap up small falls or rapids in their way. Indians spear many of
+them, but a number go back to the ocean again. Thousands and thousands
+of ocean salmon are caught along the northern coast and taken to
+the canneries. There the fish are put into cans and cooked, and when
+sealed up are sent all over the world. California salmon is eaten from
+Iceland to India, and its preparation and sale give employment to many
+people.
+
+[Illustration: HUMPBACK WHALE (57 feet long).]
+
+[Illustration: TROUT FROM LAKE TAHOE.]
+
+
+
+
+ABOUT CALIFORNIA'S INDIANS
+
+
+When the Spanish and English first landed on this part of the New
+World's coast, they found the Indians who dwelt inland almost naked,
+and living like wild animals on roots and seeds and acorns. The tribes
+along the seashore, however, were good hunters and fishermen, and
+those Indians along the Santa Barbara Channel and the islands near
+by were a tall, fine-looking people, and the most intelligent of the
+race. They had large houses and canoes, and clothed themselves in
+sealskins.
+
+The Indians Drake saw near Point Reyes had fur coats, or cloaks, but
+no other clothes. They brought him presents of shell money or wampum,
+and of feather head-dresses and baskets. With their bows and arrows
+they killed fish or deer or squirrels, and being very strong ran
+swiftly after game. They seemed gentle and peaceable with the white
+men and each other, and were sorry to have Drake sail away.
+
+In later years the Indians who lived here when the Mission Padres came
+were stupid and brutish, because they knew nothing better. They were
+lazy, dirty, and at first would not work. But the patient Padres
+taught them to raise grain and fruit, to build their fine churches,
+to weave cloth and blankets, and to tan leather for shoes, saddles,
+or harness. But although the Indians learned to be good workmen,
+they liked idleness, dancing, and feasting much better, and when the
+Missions were given up the Indians soon went back to their former
+habits.
+
+There were no distinct tribes among these Indians, and they had no
+laws. Nor was there a king or chief over many natives. They lived
+in small villages or rancherias, each having a name and ruled by a
+captain. Each rancheria had its special place to hunt or fish, and had
+to fight its own battles with the other families of Indians.
+
+The men did nothing but hunt and fish, or make bows, stone
+arrow-heads, nets and traps for game. The women not only had to gather
+grass seeds, acorns, and nuts or berries, but they had to do all the
+field-work and carry the heavy burdens, usually with a baby strapped
+in its basket above the load. In preparing food for cooking, these
+mahalas, or squaws, put seed or acorns in a stone mortar and pounded
+them to coarse meal or paste. Sometimes a grass-woven basket was
+filled with water, and hot stones were thrown in till the water began
+to boil. Then acorn or seed meal was put in and cooked into mush. This
+meal, or that from wild oats, was also mixed into a dough and baked on
+hot stones into bread. Game or fish was eaten raw, or broiled a little
+on the coals of the camp-fire.
+
+The Indians got many deer, and one way of hunting them was to put the
+head and hide of a deer over the hunter's head. The make-believe then
+crept along in the high grass till near enough to the quietly feeding
+animals to put an arrow through one or more. All the streams were
+full of fish then, and salmon swarmed in rivers that ran to the ocean.
+These salmon the Indians speared or shot with arrows. They also built
+runways or fish-weirs and made them so that the fish would become
+crowded into a narrow passage, and could easily be dipped out with
+nets or baskets.
+
+When the Americans came here they called these Indians "Diggers,"
+because they lived on what they could dig or root out of the ground.
+They were very fond of grasshoppers, and ate them either dried or
+raw, or made into a soup with acorn or nut-meal. Fat grubworms and
+the flesh of any animal found dead was a great treat. If a whale or
+sea-lion was washed ashore on the beach, the Indians gathered round it
+for a feast, and soon left only the bones.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WOMAN WITH PAPPOOSE.]
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WOMAN WITH BASKETS.]
+
+But they had no idea of saving food, so they fattened when there was
+plenty, and starved when dry years made the acorns or nuts scarce.
+Having no salt, they did not try to dry or smoke the meat of deer or
+other wild animals. Nor did they at first lay up nuts and seeds, as
+even the squirrels or woodpeckers do, for winter use. But wandering
+from place to place, they camped in the summer along the rivers, where
+fish was plenty and the wild oats gave them grain. In the fall they
+hunted pine-nuts and berries in the mountains, till snow drove them
+down into the valleys.
+
+Each Indian town, or rancheria, had a name, and many of these names
+are still in use. At the north lived the Klamaths, Siskiyous, Shastas,
+and the savage Modocs, whose months of fighting in the lava beds
+caused the death of General Canby and many soldiers. The Porno tribes
+of Lake county, Yrekas, Hoopas, and Ukiahs, are well known at the
+present day. Tehama, Colusa, Tuolumne, Yosemite, and other places
+recall the Indians who gave each its name. The San Diego Indians are
+still known as Dieguenos and live on a reserve, or lands set aside for
+them.
+
+Almost all the natives had Indian money, called wampum, which they
+made from abalone or clam-shells by cutting out round pieces like
+buttons or small, hollow beads. Little shells were also used, and the
+wampum was strung on grass or on deer sinews. The Pomos still make
+thousands of pieces of this money, and so many strings of it will buy
+whatever the buck, or Indian man, and his mahala, or squaw, wish to
+get.
+
+General Bidwell, who came to California in 1841 and surveyed the land
+for many ranches, says of the Indians at that time:--
+
+"They were almost as wild as deer, and wore no clothes at all except
+the women, who had tule aprons fastened to a belt round their waists.
+In the rough work of surveying among brush and briars I gave the men
+shoes, pantaloons, and shirts, which they would take off when work
+was done, carry home in their hands, and put on in time to go to work
+again. But they soon learned to sleep in their new things to save
+trouble, and would wear them day and night till a suit dropped to
+pieces. They were quick to do as the whites did, and when paid in
+calico and cloth Saturday night, by Monday they had on their new
+skirts or shirts all made up like ours. Yet every Indian would choose
+beads for his wages, and go almost naked and hungry till the next
+pay-day."
+
+General Bidwell treated the Indians honestly and kindly, and in return
+they were his friends and helped him much to his advantage. In 1847 he
+settled on the great Rancho Chico, and part of his land he gave to the
+Mechoopdas, as the Indian rancheria there was called. They worked to
+plant orchards and at all his farm-work, and he treated them so fairly
+that old men are still living on this ranch who as boys helped the
+general in his tree-planting and road-building. A whole village of
+these Mechoopdas live on the Bidwell place owning their houses, while
+Mrs. Bidwell is their best friend and helps them in sickness and
+trouble. The men work in the hop fields and fruit orchards, and the
+women make baskets.
+
+All the California Indians are basket-makers, and their work is so
+well done and so beautiful that it is much prized. The Pomos of Lake
+and Mendocino counties make especially fine baskets for every purpose.
+Indeed, the Indian papoose, or baby, is cradled in a basket on his
+mother's back; he drinks and eats from cup or bowl-shaped baskets, and
+the whole family sleep under a great wicker tent basket thatched
+with grass or tules. All Pomo baskets are woven on a frame of willow
+shoots, and in and out through this the mahala draws tough grasses or
+fine tree roots dyed in different colors, and after the pattern she
+chooses. Sometimes she works into the baskets the quail's crest, small
+red or yellow feathers from the woodpecker, green from the head of the
+mallard duck, or beads. She also hangs wampum or bits of abalone shell
+on the finest ones. The storage baskets are four or five feet high to
+hold grain or acorns, and the baskets to fit the back and carry a
+load are like half a cone in shape, with straps to hold the burden
+in place. Their smaller berry baskets hold just a quart. Some are
+water-tight and are used to cook mush in. Fish-traps and long narrow
+basket-traps for quail are also made out of this willow-work.
+
+On the Bidwell ranch is an old Indian "temescal," or sweat-house. It
+is an underground hut, or cave dug out of a hillside, with a hole in
+the top for smoke to reach the air. The Indians used to build a big
+fire in this cave and then lie round it till dripping with sweat. A
+cold plunge into the creek near by finished the bath,--Turkish, we
+call it. Nowadays the Indians use this place for a meeting-room and
+for dances.
+
+The older Indians still dance and rig out in all their finery of
+feathers and beads, though the young people are ashamed of their
+tribal customs and wish to be like the white folks. Some of their
+dances are named for a bird or animal, and the Indians must imitate by
+their dress and cries the animal chosen. In the bear dance the dancer
+crawls about the fire on all fours with a bear's skin about him. He
+wears a chain of oak-balls round his neck, and as he shakes his head
+these rattle like a bear's teeth snapping shut, while all the time he
+growls savagely. The feather-dancer, with a skirt and cap of eagles'
+feathers, will whirl on his toes like a top for hours, while the other
+Indians sing and the master of the dance shakes a large rattle.
+
+The California Indians are slowly passing away, and though all over
+the state there are still rancherias, the land that was once their
+very own will soon know them no more.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF SAN FRANCISCO
+
+
+The Mission and Presidio of San Francisco were founded in 1776 by
+Father Palou, and two little settlements grew up around the fort and
+at the church. The Presidio was built where it is now, and ships used
+to anchor in the bay in front of it, though the whalers usually went
+to Sausalito to get wood from the hills and to fill their water-casks
+at a large spring. From early Mission times the Spanish name of Yerba
+Buena was given to that part of San Francisco's peninsula between
+Black Point and Rincon Point. Ship-captains and sailors soon found out
+that the cove or bay east of Yerba Buena was the best and least windy
+place to anchor their vessels, and later on hundreds of ships found
+a safe harbor there. The name Yerba Buena, or good herb, was given
+on account of a little creeping vine with sweet-smelling leaves which
+covered the ground and is still found on the sand-dunes and Presidio
+hills.
+
+For many years the small settlements made no progress, and the rest
+of the peninsula was covered with thick woods, where the grizzly bear,
+wolf, and coyote roamed, while deer were plenty at the Presidio. Then
+in 1835 Governor Figueroa, the Mexican ruler of California, directed
+that a new town should be started at Yerba Buena cove. The first
+street, called the "foundation-street," was laid out from Pine and
+Kearny streets, as they are called to-day, to North Beach. The first
+house was built by Captain Richardson on what is now Dupont Street,
+between Clay and Washington. The next year a trader named Jacob Leese
+built a store. It was finished on the Fourth of July, and in honor of
+the day he gave a feast and a fandango, or dance, at which the company
+danced that night and all the next day. This was the first Fourth
+celebrated in the place.
+
+Two or three years later a new survey laid out streets between
+Broadway and California, Montgomery and Powell. A fresh-water lagoon,
+or lake, was near the present corner of Montgomery and Sacramento,
+and an Indian temescal, or sweat-house, beside it. The bay came up
+to Montgomery Street then, with five feet of water at Sansome, and
+mudflats to the east. During the gold excitement of '49, when hundreds
+of ships dropped anchor in the bay, many sailors deserted to go to the
+mines, and some of the old vessels were hauled in on these mud-flats
+and made into storehouses. All that part of the city east of
+Montgomery Street is filled or made ground, and when new buildings are
+to be started wooden piles or cement piers must go down to get a firm
+foundation.
+
+Until 1846 only about thirty families lived at Yerba Buena. Then a
+shipload of Mormon emigrants arrived and pitched their tents in the
+sand-hills. Samuel Brannan, their leader, printed the first newspaper,
+_The California Star_, in '47. That year also the first alcalde, or
+mayor, of the new town, Lieutenant Bartlett, appointed an engineer
+named O'Farrell to lay out more streets. He surveyed Market Street and
+mapped down blocks as far west on the sand-dunes as Taylor Street and
+to Rincon Point or South Beach. He gave the names of such well-known
+men as Kearny, Stockton, Larkin, Guerrero, and Geary to these streets.
+Mission Street was the road to the Mission Dolores, and about this
+time Bartlett ordered that the Presidio, the Mission, and Yerba Buena
+should be one town and should be called San Francisco.
+
+Then came the gold fever, and nearly every one left town to go to the
+mines. Many people sold all they had to get money to buy mining tools
+and food enough to live on till they struck gold. Men started for the
+mines, leaving their houses and stores alone with no one to care for
+goods or furniture.
+
+But news of the finding of gold had reached other places, and soon
+ships from the Atlantic coast, Mexico, and all over the world
+began sailing into San Francisco Bay. In '49 the first steamer, the
+_California_, arrived from New York, and soon five thousand people
+were in San Francisco, where most of the supplies for the gold-fields
+had to be bought. Many of the newcomers lived in canvas tents or
+brush-covered shanties scattered about in the high sand-hills or in
+the thick chaparral. Some houses were built of adobe bricks, and the
+two-story frame Parker House was thought to be so fine that it rented
+for fifteen thousand dollars a month. Some wooden houses were brought
+out from the East in numbered pieces, like children's blocks, to be
+put together here, and others thought to be fireproof were of iron
+plates made in the East.
+
+The first public school was opened in '48 and in the same building
+church services were held Sundays. The first post-office was in a
+store at the corner of Washington and Montgomery streets in '49. By
+1850 the city had five square miles of land that had been cut down
+from sand-hills or filled in on the mud-flats. The houses along the
+city-front were built on piles, and the tide ebbed and flowed under
+them. Long wharves for the unloading of ships ran out into deep water.
+At Jackson and Battery streets a ship was used for a storehouse, and
+after the earth was filled in this stranded vessel was left standing
+among the houses. On Clay and Sansome streets the old hulk _Niantic_
+had a hotel upon her decks, and the first city prison was in the hold
+of the brig _Euphemia_.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN BASKETS.]
+
+While most of the miners were steady, hard-working men, honest, and
+very kind and generous to each other, some drank and gambled their
+hard-earned gold-dust away with a get of men who were ready to do any
+wrong thing for money. The gamblers and bad characters grew so
+troublesome by '51 that the police could do little or nothing with
+them. Every day some one was robbed, or murdered, and thieves often
+set fire to houses that they might plunder. As the judges and police
+could not control these criminals, nearly two hundred good citizens
+formed a "vigilance committee." It was agreed that bad characters
+should be told to leave town, and that robbers and murderers should
+be punished by the committee. Not long after, the vigilance committee
+hanged four men, and roughs and law-breakers left town for the mines.
+Men soon learned to keep the laws and do right.
+
+Since almost all the houses in San Francisco were light frames of wood
+covered with cloth or paper, and since there was no fire department,
+there were six great fires, each of which nearly burnt up the town.
+The only way to stop the flames was to pull down houses or to blow
+them up with gunpowder. But almost before the ashes of one fire had
+cooled, wooden, cloth and paper buildings would cover whole blocks, to
+be burned again before long. The fifth great fire, in '51, destroyed a
+thousand houses and ten million dollars' worth of property in a night.
+One warehouse containing many barrels of vinegar was saved by covering
+the roof with blankets dipped in the vinegar, as no water could be
+had. The iron houses that had been thought fire-proof were of no use.
+Men who stayed in them found too late that the iron doors swelled with
+the heat and could not be opened, so that those within were smothered
+to death.
+
+Then people began to guard against such fires by building new houses
+of stone or of brick. The sixth great fire destroyed most of the
+wooden buildings in the business part of the city. After that,
+with two or three fire companies and engines and better houses,
+people no longer dreaded the fire-bell. Water was piped into the city
+from Mountain Lake, and there was plenty for all purposes.
+
+[Illustration: SEAL ROCKS, SAN FRANCISCO.]
+
+[Illustration: THE NEW CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO.]
+
+So the city grew larger, until in '53 there were fifty thousand people
+of all races and countries who called San Francisco home. Chinese and
+Japanese, the Mexican, African, Pacific Islander, Greek, or Turk, or
+Malay elbowed crowds of Americans, English, French, and Germans. It
+was said that any foreigner could find in the city those who spoke his
+language, and that gold was a word all knew.
+
+The largest yield of gold from the mines was in '53, and the next
+year was a poor year for the miners. They bought fewer goods in San
+Francisco, and the storekeepers found business falling off. Too many
+houses had been built, so rents went down and times were hard for
+a year or two. In '55 there were many bank failures, and business
+troubles of all kinds made the people restless, and roughs and
+murderers carried a strong hand. Then the "law and order party," as
+the vigilance committee was at that time called, began once more
+the task of punishing those who robbed or killed. A list of criminal
+offenders was made out, and such were sent away from the state.
+One excellent result of the vigilance committee's labors was that a
+"people's party," as it was called, chose the best men to govern the
+city, and for years after peace and order were in San Francisco.
+
+In '54 the city was lighted with gas for the first time, at a cost of
+fifteen dollars a thousand feet. In that year also the mint began to
+coin money from gold-dust, making five, ten and twenty-dollar pieces.
+Lone Mountain Cemetery was laid out about this time, and the old Yerba
+Buena graveyard, where the City Hall now stands, was closed.
+
+San Francisco had, for some years, trouble about titles to property,
+owing to false or defective land-grants given by the Mexicans. Men
+tried to take possession of lots they had no real claim to by building
+a shanty on the ground and squatting there, and the "squatter troubles"
+between such land thieves and the rightful owners caused lawsuits and
+shooting affairs. A land commission finally settled these disputes,
+throwing out all the false claims and giving titles to the proper
+persons.
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO JAPANESE TEA GARDEN, SAN FRANSISCO.]
+
+The little village of Yerba Buena has now grown to be the largest
+city on the Pacific coast and one that is known the world over. It is
+widely and justly celebrated as the centre of great manufacturing
+and shipping interests, for its fine buildings, its climate, and its
+beautiful surroundings. San Francisco Bay, the harbor the Franciscans
+named for their patron saint, is noted for its picturesque scenery.
+Golden Gate Park, with its thousand acres of trees and lawn and
+flowers stretching out to the Pacific Ocean, the famous Cliff House,
+and the Golden Gate, through which so many Argonauts sailed into
+California, are the most attractive and best known places.
+
+
+
+
+MEN CALIFORNIA REMEMBERS
+
+
+Many pages of this book might be filled with California's roll of
+honor,--with that long list of men whose names are remembered whenever
+the state's history is recalled.
+
+Explorers, Mission-builders, Argonauts, and pioneers were the men who
+helped to make California the fair state you know and live in. From
+the first day of the Spanish discoveries on this shore of the Pacific
+Ocean, we find brave and great men who gave their best efforts, and
+sometimes their lives, for California.
+
+Let us head our brief list with Cortes, the name-giver, who dreamed
+long years of the golden land he was never to see. Then Cabrillo, the
+sea-king whom San Diego people honor every year because he found their
+bay and first set foot on California's ground. Next comes the bold
+Englishman, Sir Admiral Francis Drake, who intended that his queen,
+Elizabeth, should have this Indian kingdom, as he believed it to
+be. The stone Prayer-book Cross, in Golden Gate Park, was put up to
+commemorate the service of prayer and psalms, offered at Drake's Bay
+by Fletcher, the minister on the Admiral's ship.
+
+Good Father Serra, the founder of the Missions, his friend
+and brother-priest Father Palou of San Francisco, and their
+fellow-laborers Crespi and Lasuen, helped in the work of building
+churches and teaching the Indians. Governor Portola, the first Spanish
+ruler of Alta California, assisted the Padres, and also found San
+Francisco Bay. Lieutenant Ayala, however, sailed the first ship, the
+_San Carlos_, through the Golden Gate. Another governor, de Neve,
+founded San Jose and Los Angeles, and wrote a set of laws for the two
+Californias of his time. That wise ruler, Governor Borica, ordered
+schools opened and tried to get the Indians to farm their lands and to
+raise hemp and flax.
+
+Many of the old Spanish settlers and explorers have left us their
+names, though they are themselves forgotten, as Martinez, Amador,
+Castro, Bodega, and countless others plainly show. The Englishmen
+Livermore, Gilroy and Mark West, those early settlers, Temple and Rice
+at Los Angeles, Yount and Pope of Napa Valley, Don Timoteo Murphy of
+San Rafael, and Lassen the Dane, for whom Lassen's Peak was named,
+were among those who came here before 1830.
+
+Governor Figueroa, called the "benefactor of Alta California" ordered
+the Missions to be given up to the Indians. By directing that the
+town of Yerba Buena should be laid out, he also is remembered as the
+founder of San Francisco. Richardson, who carried out the governor's
+orders, was the first settler and Leese built the first frame-house of
+San Francisco.
+
+In Governor Alvarado's time many Americans came to the new country,
+although Alvarado and General Vallejo tried hard to keep them out.
+Vallejo was then the military commander, and had headquarters at
+Sonoma, where he had an adobe fort and a few soldiers to protect the
+Mission of Solano. Here General Vallejo was living with his Indian and
+Californian settlers when the place was taken by Ide, the leader
+of the "bear-flag party." Vallejo, set free when the short-lived
+"bear-flag republic" went to pieces, lived many years at Sonoma. He
+was afterwards a member of the first legislature. He tried hard in
+1851 to have the state capital at Vallejo; but he failed, for he did
+not keep his agreement to put up buildings for government use.
+
+A man well known in the early days was John Sutter, a Swiss, who built
+a fort and settled where Sacramento now stands. He called his colony
+New Helvetia, and soon had about three hundred Indians at work for
+him. Some of the men were carpenters, blacksmiths, and farmers, while
+the women wove blankets or a coarse cloth. His fort enclosed about an
+acre of ground, with an adobe wall twenty feet high. A large gate was
+shut every night to keep safe those inside this walled fort. You have
+read that Marshall, who found gold, was building a sawmill for Sutter
+when he picked up the precious yellow nuggets. Sutter and Marshall
+quarrelled at last about the ownership of the mill at Coloma, where
+the pieces of gold were picked up. Marshall died a poor man, unhappy
+and neglected by the state, which has since put a costly bronze statue
+over his grave.
+
+Sutter was very active in the Micheltorena war, when Governor
+Micheltorena was defeated and put out of office by Alvarado and
+Castro.
+
+The last of the Mexican governors, Pio Pico, tried his best to
+prevent the rush of Americans into his country, but though Castro,
+the military commander, helped him, the Americans came and stayed. And
+both Pico and Castro with their soldiers were driven out of California
+at last by Fremont and Stockton.
+
+General Fremont, the "path-finder," who could easily find the best way
+through a wilderness and could make maps or roads for others to
+follow him, is a striking figure in California history. He made three
+exploring trips to this coast, Kit Carson, the famous hunter and
+trapper, being his guide and scout. From the Oregon line to San Diego,
+Fremont knew the country. He was a brave Indian fighter and helped to
+capture California from Mexico. Fremont was appointed governor of the
+new territory by Stockton, and was the first senator from California
+representing the state in Congress. In 1848 Fremont sent a map of the
+country to Congress, and on it named the strait at the entrance to
+San Francisco Bay the Golden Gate. He was, therefore, the first to use
+this beautiful name now known the world over. His wife, Jessie Benton
+Fremont, is still living in Los Angeles.
+
+Commodore Sloat, who raised the American flag at Monterey, and
+Commodore Stockton were United States naval officers who helped to
+conquer the Mexican and Indian forces with the aid of Fremont and
+General Kearny. These four men won the land of gold for the Union.
+
+General John Bidwell, another "path-finder," who in 1841 led the first
+party of white men over the Sierras, lived to be over eighty years of
+age. He saw the state, once a wilderness where naked Digger Indians
+chased elk and antelope, grow to a pleasant land of orchards and
+vineyards, of great cities full of people. General Bidwell was for a
+time in Sutter's employ, and surveyed nearly all the large ranches
+and the roads in early days. All his life he planted trees and built
+roads, and at his great Rancho Chico is one of the largest orchards in
+the state. Part of his life-work was to help a tribe of savage Indians
+to be good American citizens, and as one of the fathers of California
+he should always be remembered.
+
+Many notable names appear in the days when the finding of gold brought
+this shore of the Pacific Ocean before the eyes of the world. Among
+these are Gwin, who was chosen senator with Fremont; Larkin, widely
+known as the first and last American Consul to California and for his
+accounts of the gold discovery; and Halleck, first secretary of the
+state and afterward General Halleck.
+
+The streets of San Francisco honor some of the citizens of 1848 and
+1849: Geary, the first postmaster; Leavenworth and Hyde, the first
+alcaldes or mayors; Van Ness, Broderick, Turk, and McAllister,
+recalling prominent men of those days. Spanish families like Sanchez,
+Castro, Noe, Bernal, and Guerrero had also a place on the city map.
+Indeed, every town has some native Californian names in and around it.
+
+Don Victor Castro, said to be the first white child born in San
+Francisco, died lately at San Pablo in the house he had built sixty
+years ago. He was called the last of the Spanish grandees, those dons
+who, before the Gringos came, had estates that stretched miles away
+on every hand, and thousands of cattle with many Indian servants. Don
+Victor built and ran the first ferry across San Francisco Bay.
+
+Sacramento was laid out as a town for Sutter by three lieutenants of
+the U.S. army: Warner, who was afterwards killed by Indians; Ord,
+who was a general in the Civil War, while the third, in after years
+"marched through Georgia" as General Sherman. Marysville was also laid
+out by Sutter, and Stockton by Weber, who owned all the land around
+it.
+
+In 1849 Doctor Gregg and his party found Humboldt Bay. In 1851
+Yosemite Valley was discovered by Major Savage and a company of
+soldiers, who were out hunting hostile Indians. This band of Indians
+was called the Yosemites, and their old chief's name was Tenaya, for
+whom the beautiful lake is named.
+
+Those who came to California before 1850 were called pioneers, and
+many of them built up great fortunes. Among them were Coleman, the
+president of the vigilance committee, Sharon, Flood, Fair, O'Brien,
+Tevis, Phelan, and James Lick. Lick was a remarkable man, who gave
+away an immense fortune; building the Lick Observatory, a school of
+mechanical arts, free public baths, an old ladies' home, and giving
+a million to the Academy of Science and the Society of California
+Pioneers.
+
+In later days the names crowd thickly upon each other. Among editors
+and literary men the fearless and ill-fated James King of the _Evening
+Bulletin_, J. Ross Browne, the reporter of the first convention and a
+most interesting writer, Derby the humorist, "Caxton" or W.H. Rhodes,
+Mark Twain, Bret Harte, the historians Hittell and Bancroft, and the
+poet Joaquin Miller may be noted.
+
+The governors of the state have been men remarkable as brilliant
+speakers or lawyers and as wise rulers. In 1875, during the time of
+Pacheco, the first native-born governor, the order of "Native Sons of
+the Golden West" was formed, which now numbers over ten thousand young
+California men. The "Native Daughters," a sister society, follows also
+the idea of keeping the love of California warm in the hearts of her
+children.
+
+[Illustration: FALLEN LEAF LAKE.]
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT SHASTA FROM STRAWBERRY VALLEY.]
+
+
+
+
+OUR GLORIOUS CLIMATE
+
+
+Not only a glorious but in many ways a wonderful climate is enjoyed
+by the people of California's sea-coast and mountains, her valleys and
+foot-hills. In no other state can one find so many kinds of weather
+in such short distances. For instance, in Southern California you may
+pick flowers and oranges in almost tropical gardens, and in an hour
+find winter and throw snowballs on the high mountains overlooking the
+roses and orange groves you so lately left.
+
+Only in the mountains, along that granite backbone of the state known
+as the Sierra Nevadas, are there four seasons, the spring, summer,
+autumn, and winter common to most of the United States. So the Sierras
+have a distinct climate of their own. The Sacramento and San Joaquin
+river valleys have another climate peculiar to themselves, while south
+of latitude 35 degrees the coast has less rain and is warmer than the
+coast counties north of that line.
+
+In the greater part of the state the year is divided into a dry summer
+and a wet winter. The rains begin in October, and the first showers
+fall on dry, brown hills and dusty fields baked hard by steady
+sunshine since May. After these showers the grass springs up, and
+the fields are green almost as quickly as if some fairy godmother had
+waved her wand. An army of wild flowers, whose seeds were hidden in
+the brown earth, wakes when the rain-drops patter, and the plants get
+ready to bloom in a month or so. For this season, from November to
+February, with little frost and no ice nor snow, is winter in name
+only. Roses and violets bloom in the gardens and yellow poppies on the
+hills.
+
+People expect and hope for much rain in this so-called winter, since a
+wet year assures good crops to the state. But the amount of rain that
+falls is very uncertain. It does not rain every day, nor all day, as a
+rule, and each storm seems different. Sometimes a "southeaster" blows
+up from the Japan Current, or Black Stream, as the Japanese call the
+warm, dark-blue waters that pour out of the China Sea. This current of
+the Pacific Ocean flows along our coast in a mighty river a thousand
+miles wide, and gives California its peculiar climate of cool summers
+and moist, warm winters. The southeasterly wind ruffles the bay with
+white-capped waves and dashes sheets of rain against window and roof.
+Then the wind changes, and all the clouds go flying to north or east,
+while from the clear blue sky brilliant sunshine pours down to make
+the grass and flowers grow. During the winter months the sun is strong
+and warm enough to make out-door life delightful.
+
+The farmer depends greatly upon the rainfall. In a wet winter the
+moisture sinks far into the ground, but not so deep that the thirsty
+little roots cannot find it in the summer. Early rains are needed to
+soften the ground for November ploughing, and young grain and crops of
+all kinds need rain through April. In the northern part of the state
+the wet season begins earlier and lasts longer than in the south,
+while the southeastern corner is an almost rainless desert.
+
+In San Francisco the thermometer seldom falls below 45� in the winter,
+the average for the season being 51�. Perhaps in January or February
+the sidewalks may be white with frost in the mornings, or hail may
+fall during some cold rain-storm. Once in five years or so, enough
+snow falls to make children go wild with delight over a few snowballs
+which are very soon melted. People can be comfortable the year round
+without fires, and the clear, bright winter days with soft air and
+warm sunshine are always pleasant enough to spend outdoors. This
+ocean climate, due to the warm sea air, is enjoyed by the counties
+facing the coast and San Francisco Bay. In the valleys of the interior
+white frosts are frequent, and thin ice forms on the wayside puddles.
+Once in a while killing frosts destroy fruit blossoms and cut down the
+garden flowers and vegetables, but seldom do more damage.
+
+[Illustration: "EL CAPITAN" (3300 feet in height).]
+
+[Illustration: YOSEMITE FALLS.]
+
+In mountain regions, above five or six thousand feet, the very cold
+winter lasts six or seven months. Snow falls almost constantly and
+drifts to a great depth. Small lakes are frozen and buried in snow,
+and the trees are bent and weighed down with ice and sleet. Many of
+the wild animals come down to the foot-hills below the snow-line to
+spend the winter; but the bear curls himself up in his warm cave and
+sleeps through the cold months. In this snowy zone of the Sierras,
+about thirty miles wide, winter lasts from the first snowfall, about
+the end of October, to the late spring of June. Then July and August
+are months of glorious weather, with clear, dry air and a cloudless
+sky. During the day the temperature of about 80 degrees melts much
+snow, and the rivers carry it away in rushing torrents and falls of
+icy water. In September the frost turns the leaves of all but the
+evergreen trees beautiful colors of red and yellow. Indian summer
+comes during September and October, when the days are sunny and warm,
+and then the long winter sets in again. Peaks above eight thousand
+feet are snow-clad on their crests and along their sides by deep
+drifts the year round.
+
+Along the Pacific coast in summer cool sea-winds, called trade-winds,
+blow in from the ocean, and 60 degrees is the average temperature. The
+farther you go inland from the coast, the hotter it gets, and the heat
+is very great in the interior of the state. In the San Joaquin and
+Sacramento valleys it is often over 100 degrees in the shade, though
+this dry heat is not hard to bear, and the nights are always cool
+enough for one to sleep in comfort.
+
+Summer fogs are usual in the coast counties. The mornings are pleasant
+and sunny till about eleven o'clock. At this time the sun's rays
+grow stronger in the interior valleys, and the hot air rises while
+trade-winds rush in from the cold ocean and fog settles down like a
+thick, gray cloud over the bay and hills. July and August are cold and
+foggy along the coastline, with strong west winds almost every day. In
+September the winds die away, and sometimes a shower or two falls.
+
+The rainless desert, or southeastern corner of our state, is the
+hottest region of all. Here the sun glares down till sand and rocks
+seem heated by a fiery furnace. Every living creature gasps and pants
+for breath in the scorching heat. There are no trees, but only cactus,
+that queer, prickly, thorny plant, often fifteen or twenty feet
+high in these wastes of sand, and low greasewood bushes. Under this
+vegetation snakes, lizards, and horned toads bask all day and search
+for food at night. If travellers wander from the road in crossing the
+desert, they are easily lost, and sometimes they die or go mad in the
+terrible heat. There are no springs, and water stations are a long way
+apart, so that lost people usually die of thirst. As the heat of the
+sun's rays quivers over the burning sands, a curious sight called
+a mirage is often produced. A cool, glassy lake or flowing river
+bordered with green trees seems pictured in the air, and the hot and
+weary traveller can scarcely believe that only sand and rocks are
+before him.
+
+Can you tell which season you like the best? You will find the one you
+choose in some part of this favored state. It is always summer in the
+south, and you may slide on the ice or throw snowballs all year in the
+high Sierras.
+
+
+
+
+SOME WONDERFUL SIGHTS
+
+
+California is a wonderland where snowy mountains, mighty and ancient
+forests, glaciers and geysers, lakes and waterfalls, foaming rivers
+and the cliffs and rolling surf down her long sea-coast give new and
+beautiful pictures at every place.
+
+Through the whole state stretches the granite backbone of the Sierra
+Nevadas with its highest crest or ridge at the head-waters of the
+Kings and Kern rivers near Fresno. Here Mount Whitney and a dozen
+other great peaks of the High Sierras or California Alps lift their
+heads over thirteen thousand feet in the air. Here are to be seen most
+magnificent panoramas of lofty peaks, deep canons, towering domes, and
+snow-clad summits. The finest forests, too, in the world grow on the
+slopes of the Sierras, the immense pines and giant _sequoias_ of
+the General Grant and other National Parks in this section being the
+largest and oldest of all. Kings River Canon is a rugged gorge half a
+mile deep with the river rushing through it in thundering rapids and
+cascades.
+
+The well-known Yosemite Valley is the gorge of the Merced River and,
+though only eight miles long and half a mile wide, holds the grandest
+of all our mountain scenery. The mighty rock El Capitan, over three
+thousand feet in height, stands at the entrance to the valley, and
+across from it is Bridal Veil Fall, a snowy cascade so thin you can
+see the face of the mountain through the falling waters. There are
+many waterfalls, but the Yosemite is chief of them all. Here the river
+takes a plunge of sixteen hundred feet, the water falling like snowy
+rockets bursting into spray from that great height.
+
+Then, for six hundred feet more, the torrent leaps and foams through
+a trench it has cut out of the solid rock to the cliff, from which it
+takes a second plunge. This Lower Yosemite fall is four hundred feet
+high, the rushing waters turning into clouds of spray, which the wind
+tosses from side to side. At Nevada Fall the Merced River leaps six
+hundred feet at a bound, strikes a mass of rocks halfway down, and
+breaks into white foam upon which rainbows play when the sun shines
+through the misty veil.
+
+Besides the grand Sentinel Rock, Eagle Peak, Clouds' Rest, and other
+high mountains in the Yosemite Valley, many domes or round-topped
+peaks like the heads of buried giants loom up, the most famous being
+South Dome, Washington Column, Liberty Cap, and Mount Broderick.
+
+But no one can picture this wonderful valley with pen or brush or
+camera and give its real charm. You must see it yourself to know and
+understand the beauty of great mountains and falling waters, of Mirror
+Lake with its fine reflections of the surrounding scenery, and of the
+rushing torrent of the Merced River in its swift coursing through this
+mighty canon of the Yosemite. Thousands of tourists and sightseers
+visit the valley from May to October. Then snow begins to fall and
+winter sets in, as it does everywhere in the high Sierras. Very deep
+snow-drifts cover the ground, lakes and rivers freeze, and the great
+falls are fringed with icicles, while a large ice cone forms at the
+foot of the falling water. Many beautiful pictures may be found in
+the valley in winter when Jack Frost is ruler of all the snow-clad,
+ice-bound canon.
+
+Scattered throughout the Sierras are other valleys almost as fine
+as the Yosemite. These are not often reached by the army of summer
+sight-seers, but true mountaineers find them. One valley which has
+fine scenery is the Grand Canon of the Tuolumne, the gorge being
+twenty-five miles long, with walls so high and steep that once entered
+one must go through to the end. The Tuolumne River rushes, with
+terrible force and speed, in cascades and rapids down the granite
+stairway which is the floor of this canon. The walls of the gorge
+rise so high that the traveller only sees a tiny strip of blue sky far
+above him, and the great pine trees on top of these cliff walls seem
+only the length of one's finger.
+
+It is supposed that all these valleys have been formed by glaciers,
+which during the ice age, thousands of years ago, filled the canons
+and swept over the mountains. These masses of ice, moving very slowly,
+ground and tore up the rocks under and around them till deep gorges
+and steep, high cliffs were left in their tracks. Most of the glaciers
+melted long ago, but on Mount Lyell, on Shasta, and a few of the
+Sierra summits may still be found those ever-living ice-rivers, the
+one on Mount Lyell being the source of the Tuolumne River.
+
+California is rich in lakes, especially in the mountains where the
+melting snows gather in every hollow and form lakelets in chains or
+groups, or in one large body of water like Tahoe, Donner, or Tenaya
+lakes.
+
+One of the most beautiful lakes in the world is Lake Tahoe. It is six
+thousand feet above sea-level, and the mountains around it rise four
+thousand feet higher. On these peaks snow-drifts lie the year round
+above the "snow-line," as a height over eight or nine thousand feet
+is called. Nevada, treeless and barren, is on the eastern side of
+Lake Tahoe, while the western or California side is green and thickly
+wooded with beautiful pines. But the first thing one would notice,
+perhaps, is the wonderful clearness of the lake water. As one stands
+on the wharf the steamer _Tahoe_ seems to be hanging in the clear
+green depths with her keel and twin propellers in plain sight. The
+fish dart under her and all about as in some large aquarium. There a
+big lake-trout shoots by like a silver streak of light, or here is a
+school of hundreds of little fingerlings. Every stick or stone shows
+on the bottom as one starts out on the steamer, and as one sails
+along where the water is sixty or seventy feet deep. In the middle
+the lake's depth is fifteen hundred feet and the water is a dark
+indigo-blue. At the edge and along shallow places the color is bright
+green, as at Emerald Bay, a beautiful inlet three miles long. Lake
+Tahoe is twenty miles in length and about five wide, and its icy cold
+waters are of crystal clearness and very pure.
+
+Fallen Leaf Lake is a smaller Tahoe, and Donner Lake, not far from
+Truckee, and now the camping-place of many a summer visitor, is the
+place where years ago the Donner overland party spent a terrible
+winter in the Sierra snows.
+
+Clear Lake and the Blue Lakes in Lake County are delightful places
+to visit, and in this county, too, are the geysers. Some wonderful
+curiosities are seen here. You will find springs that spout up a
+stream of hot water every few minutes, mineral springs from which
+you can have a drink of soda water, and an acid spring that flows
+lemonade. Alum, iron, or sulphur waters, either hot or cold, bubble
+up out of the ground at every turn. At one spring you may boil an
+egg. Other springs are used for steam baths and also hot mud-baths. In
+Geyser Canon is the strange place every sight-seer hurries to at once.
+Such rumblings and thunderings, such hot vapors and gases come from
+the cracks in the ground, that the Indians thought this was the
+workshop where the bad spirit which white people call the devil used
+to live and work. The deeper one goes into this canon, the hotter and
+noisier it gets. All round are signs telling where it is dangerous
+to step, while the ground is hot, and boiling water runs by in little
+streams. Steam rises from many pools, and the sulphur smell almost
+chokes one. Another curious spring, called the devil's inkstand, seems
+full of ink. Mount St. Helena, near here, is a dead or extinct
+volcano, and probably there are fires in the earth under this region
+which keep up these steam and sulphur springs.
+
+[Illustration: NATURAL BRIDGE, SANTA CRUZ.]
+
+Many of the Sierra summits are capped with volcanic rock, and Lassen's
+Peak and Mount Shasta are extinct volcanoes. There are hot springs and
+cracks from which steam and sulphur rise on both of these mountains,
+and as earthquakes often shake the earth in different parts of the
+state we know that underground fires are still at work. A great piece
+of land on Mount San Jacinto in Southern California lately sank down
+about a hundred feet, and cracks both deep and wide show that some
+force from below gave a thorough shaking-up to that part of the state.
+
+Mono, Owen's, and several other large lakes are the "sinks" into which
+rivers flow and lose themselves in the sandy or marshy shores. These
+lakes have soda or salt in their waters, and great stretches of dry
+alkali lands around them. The famous Death Valley is a dry lake of
+this kind where the sun beats down on the white alkali plain till it
+is almost certain death to try to cross it without a guide. The
+Salton Sea is a dry lake where almost pure salt is dug out, and great
+quantities of borax and of soda are found in other beds, of dried-up
+streams and lakes.
+
+But to tell of all the curious things nature has to show us in
+California,--of the forests of petrified trees, of the caverns cut out
+of the ocean cliffs by restless waves, or of those in the mountains or
+the Modoc lava-beds,--well, you will see most of them, let us hope, in
+your vacations. A large book might be given to the wonderful sights
+of this great state, and it may be your fortune to visit and so always
+remember a few we have named.
+
+
+
+PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY
+
+Alta (ael'-ta).
+Amador (am'-a-dore).
+Alvarado (al-va-rae'-do).
+Ayala (ae-yae'-la).
+Bernal (ber-nal').
+Bodega (bo-d[=a]'-ga).
+Cabrillo (ka-breel'-yo).
+Calaveras (kal-a-v[=a]'-ras).
+Carmel (kar'-mel).
+Castro (kas'-tro).
+Cortes (kor'-tez).
+Coloma (ko-lo'-ma).
+Diegueno (de-[=a]-gw[=a]n'-yo).
+Farallones (f[)a]r'-a-lones).
+Figueroa (fi-gwa-ro'-a).
+Franciscan (fran-cis'-can).
+Galvez (gal'-ves).
+Gringos (gring'-gos).
+Guerrero (gur-r[=a]'-ro).
+Junipero Serra (h[=u]-nip'-er-o ser'-ra).
+Klamath (klam'-eth).
+Los Angeles (los an'-ga-lees).
+Marin (ma-rin').
+Mariposa (mar-e-po'-sa).
+Martinez (mar-tee'-nes).
+Mechoopdas (me-choop'-das).
+Mission Dolores (mis'-sion do-l[=o]r'-es).
+Modocs (mo'-docs).
+Monterey (mon-ta-ray').
+Noe (no'-a).
+Ortega (or-t[=a]'-ga).
+Pacheco (pae-ch[=a]'-ko).
+Padres (pa'-drays).
+Palou (pa'-loo).
+Pio Pico (pe'-o pe'-ko).
+Placerville (pl[)a]s'-er-vil).
+Point Reyes (rays).
+Pomos (po'-mos).
+Portola (por-to'-la).
+San Antonio (san an-t[=o]-ni-[=o]).
+Sanchez (san'-ches).
+San Carlos (san kar'-l[=o]s).
+San Diego (san de-[=a]'-go).
+San Fernando (san fer-nan'-do).
+San Francisco (san fran-cis'-co).
+San Gabriel (san ga-brell').
+San Jacinto (san ha-sin'-to).
+San Joaquin (san waw-keen').
+San Jose (san ho-say').
+San Juan Bautista (san wawn ba-tis'-ta).
+San Juan Capistrano (san wawn kap-is-tra'-no).
+San Luis Obispo (san loo-is o-bis'-po).
+San Miguel (san mig-gell').
+Santa Barbara (san'-ta bar'-ba-ra).
+Santa Catalina (san'-ta kat-a-lee'-na).
+Santa Cruz (san'-ta krooz).
+Santa Lucia (san'-ta loo-she'-a).
+Santa Ysabel (san'-ta [=e]'-sa-bel).
+Santa Ynez (san'-ta e'-nes).
+Sausalito (saw-sa-lee'-to).
+Sierras (see-er'-ras).
+Siskiyous (sis'-ke-yous).
+Sonoma (so-no'-ma).
+Sutter (s[)u]t'-ter).
+Tahoe (tae'-ho).
+Tamalpais (tarm'-el-pies).
+Tenaya (te-ni'-ya).
+Tulare (too-lar'-ee).
+Tuolumne (too-ol'-um-ee).
+Ukiah (u-ki'-ah).
+Vallejo (vael-y[=a]'-ho).
+Viscaino (vees-kae-e'-no).
+Wawona (wa-wo'-na).
+Yerba Buena (yer'-ba bw[=a]'-na).
+Yosemite (yo sem'-e-tee).
+
+abalone (ab-a-lo'-nee).
+adobe (a-do'-bee).
+alcalde (al-kal'-day).
+arrastra (ar-ras'-tra).
+burro (boo'-ro).
+canon (can'-yon).
+carne seca (kar'-n[=a] s[=a]'-ka).
+cascarone (kas-ka-ro'-na).
+chaparral (shap-per-ral').
+coyote (ki-o'-tee).
+corral (kor-ral').
+debris (day-bree').
+el toro (el to'-ro).
+fandango (fan-dang'-go).
+frijoles (free-yo'-lays).
+galleon (gal'-le-on).
+madrono (ma-dron'-yo).
+manzanita (man-zan-ee'-ta).
+mantilla (man-tee'-ya).
+mahala (ma-ha'-la).
+mesa (m[=a]'-sa).
+mustangs (mus'-tangs),
+presidio (pr[=a]-se'-de-o).
+pueblos (p[=u]-[=a]'-blos),
+ranche (ransh).
+rancheria (ran-sha-ree'-a).
+rodeos (ro-da'-os).
+senora (s[=a]n-yo'-ra).
+senoritas (s[=a]n-yor-ee'-tas).
+sombrero (som-br[=a]'-ro).
+sequoias (see-kwoy'-as).
+serape (ser-ae'-pay).
+teredo (te-r[=e]'-do).
+temescal (tem-es-kal').
+tortillas (tor-tee'-yas).
+tule (too'-lee).
+vaqueros (vae-ka'-ros).
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories of California, by Ella M. Sexton
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:41:40 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:41:40 -0700
commit	52dbf2b0a198eb15b3d967b0948c7d6b73e8047a (patch)
tree	fc6e693b02da1c3d9aabd61ef27d9113e4117d32