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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12033 ***
+
+What's the Matter with Ireland?
+
+By Ruth Russell
+
+1920
+
+
+
+TO MY MOTHER
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+  I. WHAT'S THE MATTER WITH IRELAND
+ II. SINN FEIN AND REVOLUTION
+III. IRISH LABOR AND CLASS REVOLUTION
+ IV. AE'S PEACEFUL REVOLUTION
+  V. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND COMMUNISM
+ VI. WHAT ABOUT BELFAST?
+
+
+
+
+
+  ELECTED GOVERNMENT
+  OF
+  THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND
+  (AMERICAN DELEGATION)
+
+  January 29, 1920.
+
+  _Miss Ruth' Russell,
+  Chicago, Illinois_.
+
+  Dear Miss Russell:
+
+  I have read the advance copy of your book, "What's the Matter with
+  Ireland?", with much interest.
+
+  I congratulate you on the rapidity with which you succeeded in
+  understanding Irish conditions and grasped the Irish viewpoint.
+
+  I hope your book will be widely read. Your first chapter will be
+  instructive to those who have been deceived by the recent cry of Irish
+  prosperity. Cries of this sort are echoed without thought as to their
+  truth, and gain credence as they pass from mouth to mouth. I hope we
+  shall have many more impartial investigators, such as you, who will
+  take the trouble to see things for themselves first hand, and who will
+  not be imposed upon by half-truths.
+
+  Having visited Ireland, I feel you cannot doubt that the poet was
+  right--
+
+    "There never was a nation yet
+    Could rule another well."
+
+  I imagine, too, that having seen the character of British rule there,
+  you must realize better than before what it was your American patriots
+  of '76 hastened to rid themselves of. In a country with such natural
+  resources as Ireland, can you believe it possible that if government by
+  the people obtained there could be such conditions of unemployment and
+  misery as you found?
+
+  Do you not think that if the elected Government of the Republic were
+  left unhampered by foreign usurpation, we might in the coming years
+  hope to rival the boast of Lord Clare in 1798:
+
+    "There is not a nation on the face of the habitable globe which has
+    advanced in cultivation, in manufactures, with the same rapidity in
+    the same period as Ireland--from 1782 to 1798."
+
+  and that progress like this, with the present social outlook in
+  Ireland, would mean the peace, contentment and happiness of millions of
+  human beings?
+
+  Yours very truly,
+
+  (Signed) EÁMON DE VALÉRA.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+"And tell us what is the matter with Ireland."
+
+This was the last injunction a fellow journalist, propagandized into testy
+impatience with Ireland, gave me before I sailed for that bit of Europe
+which lies closest to America.
+
+It became perfectly obvious that Ireland was poor; poor to ignorance, poor
+to starvation, poor to insanity and death. And that the cause of her
+poverty is her exploitation by the world capitalist next door to her.
+
+In Ireland there is no disagreement as to the cause of her poverty. There
+is very little difference as to the best remedy--three-fourths of Ireland
+have expressed their belief that the country can live only as a republic.
+Even the two great forces in Ireland that are said to be for the _status
+quo_, I found in active sympathy with the republican cause. In the
+Catholic Church the young priests are eager workers for Sinn Fein, and in
+Ulster the laborers are backing their leaders in a plea for
+self-determination. But there are, of course, those who say that a republic
+is not enough. In the cities where poverty is blackest, there are those who
+state that the new republic must be a workers' republic. In the villages
+and country places where the co-operative movement is growing strong, there
+are those who believe that the new republic must be a co-operative
+commonwealth.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+WHAT'S THE MATTER WITH IRELAND?
+
+OUT OF A JOB
+
+
+Is Ireland poor? I decided to base my answer to that question on personal
+investigation. I dressed myself as a working girl--it is to the working
+class that seven-eighths of the Irish people belong--and in a week in the
+slums of Dublin I found that lack of employment is continually driving the
+people to migration, low-wage slavery, or acceptance of charity.
+
+At the woman's employment bureau of the ministry of munitions, I discovered
+that 50,000 Irish boys and girls are annually sent to the English harvests,
+and that during the war there were 80,000 placements in the English
+munition factories.
+
+"But I don't want to leave home," I heard a little ex-fusemaker say as we
+stood in queues at the chicken-wire hatch in the big bare room turned over
+by the ministry of munitions for the replacement of women who had worked on
+army supplies. Her voice trembled with the uncertainty of one who knew she
+could not dictate.
+
+"Then you've got to be a servant," said the direct young woman at the
+hatch. "There's nothing left in Ireland but domestic jobs."
+
+"Isn't--you told me there might be something in Belfast?"
+
+"Linen mills are on part time now--no chance. There's only one place for
+good jobs now--that's across the channel."
+
+The little girl bit her lip. She shook her head and went out the rear exit
+provided for ex-war workers. Together we splashed into the broken-bricked
+alley that was sloppy with melting spring sleet.
+
+"Maybe she doesn't know everything," said the little girl, fingering a
+religious medal that shone beneath her brown muffler. "Maybe some one's
+dropped out. Let's say a prayer."
+
+Through the cutting sleet we bent our way to Dublin's largest factory--a
+plant where 1,000 girls are employed at what are the best woman's wages in
+Dublin, $4.50 to $10 a week.
+
+"You gotta be pretty brassy to ask for work here," said the little girl.
+"Everybody wants to work here. But you can't get anything unless you're
+b-brassy, can you?"
+
+We entered a big-windowed, red-bricked factory, and in response to our
+timid application, a black-clad woman shook her head wearily. Down a
+puddly, straw-strewn lane we were blown to one of the factories next in
+size--a fifty to 100 hand factory is considered big in Dublin. The sign on
+the door was scrawled:
+
+"No Hands Wanted."
+
+But in the courage of companionship we mounted the black, narrow-treaded
+wooden stairs to a box-littered room where white-aproned girls were nailing
+candy containers together. While we waited for the manager to come out, we
+stood with bowed heads so that the sleet could pool off our hats, and
+through a big crack in the plank floor we could see hard red candies
+swirling below. Suddenly we heard a voice and looked up to see the
+ticking-aproned manager spluttering:
+
+"Well, can't you read?"
+
+Up in a loft-like, saw-dusty room where girls were stuffing dolls and
+daubing red paint on china cheeks, an excited manager declared he was
+losing his own job. The new woman's trade union league wanted him to pay
+more than one dollar a week to his girls. He would show the union his
+books. Wasn't it better to have some job than none at all?
+
+Down the wet street, now glinting blindingly in the late sun, we walked
+into a grubby little tea shop for a sixpenny pot of tea between us. Out of
+my pocket I pulled a wage list of well-paying, imagination-stirring jobs in
+England. There were all sorts of jobs from toy-making at $8.25 a week to
+glass-blowing at $20. On the face of the little girl as she told me that
+she would meet me at the ministry of munitions the next morning there was a
+look of worried indecision.
+
+That night along Gloucester street, past the Georgian mansion houses built
+before the union of Ireland and England--great, flat-faced, uprising
+structures behind whose verdigrised knockers and shattered door fans comes
+the murmur of tenements--I walked till I came to a much polished brass
+plate lettered "St. Anthony's Working Girls' Home."
+
+"Why don't you go to England?" was the first question the matron put to me
+when I told her that I could get no factory work. "All the girls are
+going."
+
+In the stone-flagged cellar the girls were cooking their individual dinners
+at a stove deep set in the stone wall. A big, curly-haired girl was holding
+bread on a fork above the red coals.
+
+"Last time I got lonesome," she was admitting. "But the best parlor maid
+job here is $60 a year. And over at Basingstoke in England I've one waiting
+for me at $150 a year. If you want to live nowadays I suppose you've gotta
+be lonesome."
+
+Next day at the alley of the employment bureau, I met the little girl of
+the day before. She said a little dully:
+
+"Well, I took--shirt-making--Edinburgh."
+
+
+
+Instead of migrating, a girl may marry. But her husband in most cases can't
+make enough money to support a family. To keep an average family of five,
+just going, on food alone, costs $370 a year. Some farm hands get only
+$100. An average unskilled worker obtains $260 a year. An organized
+unskilled worker receives $367, and an organized skilled worker, $539.
+Therefore, if a girl marries, she has not only to bear children but to go
+out to work beside. Their constant toil makes the women of Ireland
+something less than well-cared-for slaves.
+
+Take the mother in Dublin. In Dublin there have long been too many casual
+laborers. One-third of Dublin's population of 300,000 are in this class.
+Now, while wages for some sorts of casual labor like dock work increased
+during the war, it has become almost impossible for Dublin laborers to get
+a day's job. For the unemployed are flocking for the good wages from the
+four fields of Ireland. On the days the man is out of work the woman must
+go out to wash or "char." I understood these conditions better after I
+spent a night in a typical one-room home in the dockers' quarters near the
+Liffey.
+
+Widow Hannan was my hostess. The widow is a strong, black-haired young
+woman who took an active part in the rebellion of 1916, and whose husband
+was killed fighting under James Connolly. We slept in the first floor
+front. In with the widow lay her three children, and in the cot
+catty-corner from the bed I was bunked. Just when the night air was
+thinning to gray there was a shattering rap on the ground-level window. The
+half-dressed young factory daughter clambered over the others and ripped
+down the rain coat that served as a night-time window curtain. Against the
+square-paned window was hunched a forward-shouldered woman.
+
+As she was being beckoned to the door, I rose, and to do my hair had to
+wedge myself in between the breakfast-table and the filmy mirror that hung
+among the half-tone pictures of the rebels of 1916. On the iron mantel,
+gray with coal dust, there was a family comb.
+
+"God save all here," said the neighbor entering. "Mary, himself's had no
+work for four days. Keep the young ones out of the grate for me. I've got
+to go out washing."
+
+"My sister-in-law has a husband and seven children to support," said the
+widow in explanation to me. "During the war, he could do with her going out
+just once in a while--now it's all the time." Then to the sister-in-law:
+"I've a wash myself today."
+
+The big shoes that must once have belonged to the visitor's man, hit the
+floor loosely as she walked slowly out. Then as lodger I was given the only
+chair at the breakfast-table. The mother and girl sat at a plank bench and
+supped their tea from their saucerless cups. As there was no place else to
+sit, the children took their bread and jam as they perched on the bed, and
+when they finished, surreptitiously wiped their fingers on the
+brown-covered hay mattress. Before we were through, they had run to the
+street and back to warm their cold legs inside the fender till the floor
+was tracked with mud from the street, ashes from the grate, and bits of
+crumbled bread.
+
+In the evening I heard the murmur of revolution. With the shawled mothers
+who line the lane on a pleasant evening, I stood between the widow and a
+twenty-year-old girl who held her tiny blind baby in her arms. Across the
+narrow street with its water-filled gutters, barefoot children in holey
+sweaters or with burlap tied about their shoulders, slapped their feet as
+they jigged, or jumped at hop-scotch. Back of them in typical Dublin decay
+rose the stables of an anciently prosperous shipping concern; in the v dip
+of the roofless walls, spiky grass grew and through the barred windows the
+wet gray sky was slotted. Suddenly the girl-mother spoke:
+
+"Why, there's himself coming back, Mary. See him turning up from the timber
+on the quay. There was sorrow in his eyes like the submarine times when he
+came to tell me no boat docked this morning. Baby or no baby, I'll have to
+get work for myself, for he's not given me a farthing for a fortnight."
+
+A big Danish-looking chap was homing towards the door. Without meeting the
+girl's eyes, he slunk into the doorway. His broad shoulders sagged under
+his sun-faded coat, and he blocked the light from the glassless window on
+the staircase as he disappeared. When he slouched out again his hand
+dropped from his hip pocket.
+
+"It's to drill he's going," The young mother snugged her shawl in more
+tightly about her baby. Then she said with a little break in her voice:
+"Oh, it's very pleasant, just this, with the girls jigging and rattling
+their legs of a spring evening."
+
+A girl's voice defiantly telling a soldier that if he didn't wear his
+civvies when he came to call he needn't come at all, rose clearly from a
+dark doorway. A lamplighter streaked yellow flame into the square lamp
+hanging from the stone shell opposite. A jarvey, hugging a bundle of hay,
+drove his horse clankingly over the cobblestones. Then grimly came the
+whisper of the widow of the rebellion close to my ear:
+
+"Oh, we'll have enough in the army this time."
+
+
+
+Difficult as the Irish worker's fight is, the able person is loath to give
+up and accept charity. But whether she wants to or not, if she can't find
+work she must go to the poorhouse. Before the war it was estimated that
+over one-half the inmates of the Irish workhouses were employable. During
+the war, when there were more jobs than usual to be had, there was a great
+exodus from the hated poorhouse; there was a drop in workhouse wards from
+400,000 to 250,000. But now jobs are getting less again and there is a
+melancholy return back over the hills to the poorhouse.
+
+Night refuges, I found, are the last stage in this journey. There, with
+every day out of work, women become more unemployable--clothes and
+constitutions wear out; minds lose hope in effort and rely on luck. As I
+sat with a tableful of charwomen and general housework girls in a refuge in
+Dublin, I read two ads from the paper. One offered a job for a general
+servant with wages at $50 a year. The other ran: "Wanted: a strong humble
+general housework girl to live out; $1.25 a week." I put the choice up to
+the table.
+
+"If you haven't anybody of your own to live with," advised a husky-voiced,
+mufflered girl next me as she warmed her fingers about her mug of tea and
+regarded me from under her cotton velvet hat with some suspicion, "you
+should get the job living with the family. It takes five dollars a week to
+live by yourself." Then forestalling a protest she added: "You'll get two
+early evenings off--at eight o'clock."
+
+"Whatever you get, don't let it go." A bird-faced woman leaned over the
+table so that the green black plume of her charity bonnet wagged across the
+center of the table. With her little warning eyes still on my face she
+settled back impressively. As she extracted a half sheet of newspaper from
+under her beaded cape and furtively wrapped up one of the two "hunks" of
+bread that each refugee got, she continued: "Once I gave up a place because
+they let me have just potatoes and onions for dinner. No, hold on to
+whatever you get--whatever." And after we had night prayers that were so
+long drawn out that someone moaned: "Do they want to scourge us with
+praying?", the old charwoman repeated the hopeless words: "Hold on to
+whatever you get--whatever."
+
+In the pale gold light that flooded through the windows of the sixty-bed
+dormitory, the women turned down the mussed toweling sheets from the
+bolsters across the reddish gray spreads.
+
+"My clothes dried on me after the rain, and I do be coughing till my chest
+is sore," said the girl who had sat next me at the table and was next me in
+the sleeping room. "There was too many at the dispensary to wait."
+
+Out of a sagging pocket in her creased mackintosh she took a clothes brush.
+She slipped her skirt from under her coat and with her blue-cold hand
+passed the flat brush back and forth over the muddy hem.
+
+"If I had a bit o' black for my shoes now--with your clothes I could get me
+a housemaid's job easy," Her muffler covered the fact that she had no
+shirtwaist. Then she added encouragingly: "You'd better get a job quick.
+There's only one blanket on these beds and clothes run down using them for
+covers at night."
+
+Opposite us a gray-cheeked mother was wrapping a black petticoat about the
+legs of a small child. She tucked the little girl in the narrow bed they
+were both to sleep in, and babbled softly to the drowsy child:
+
+"No place yet. My heart do be falling out o' me. Well, I'm not to blame
+because it's you that keeps me from getting it. You--" she bent over the
+bed and ended sharply: "Oh, my darling, shall we die in Dublin?"
+
+Through the dusk, above the sound of coughing and canvas stretching as the
+women settled themselves for the night, there rose the soft voices of two
+women telling welcome fairy stories to each other:
+
+"It was a wild night," said one. "She was going along the Liffey, and the
+wind coming up from the sea blew the cape about her face and she half fell
+into the water. He caught her, they kept company for seven years and then
+he married her. Who do you suppose he turned out to be? Why, a wealthy
+London baker. Och, God send us all fortune."
+
+There was silence, then the whisper of the mother:
+
+"Look up to the windows, darling. There's just a taste of daylight left."
+
+Gradually it grew dark and quiet in this vault of human misery. Then, far
+away from some remote chapel in the house, there floated the triumphant
+words of the practising choir:
+
+"Alleluia! Alleluia!"
+
+
+
+ILL.
+
+What do emigration and low wages do to Irish health? Social conditions
+result in an extraordinary percentage of tuberculosis and lunacy, and in a
+baby shortage in Ireland. Individual propensities to sexual excess or
+common crime are, incidentally, responsible for little of the ill health in
+Ireland.
+
+Ireland's tuberculosis rate is higher than that of most of the countries in
+the "civilized" world. Through Sir William Thompson, registrar-general of
+Ireland, I was given much material about tuberculosis in Ireland. An
+international pre-war chart showed Ireland fourth on the tuberculosis
+list--it was exceeded only by Austria, Hungary, and Servia.[1] During the
+war, Ireland's tuberculosis mortality rate showed a tendency to increase;
+in 1913, her death list from tuberculosis was 9,387 and in 1917 it was
+9,680.[2]
+
+Emigration is heat to the tuberculosis thermometer. Why? Sir Robert
+Matheson, ex-registrar-general of Ireland, explained at a meeting of the
+Woman's National Health Association. The more fit, he said, emigrate, and
+the less fit stay home and propagate weak children. Besides, emigrants who
+contract the disease elsewhere come home to die. Many so return from the
+United States. Numbers of the 50,000 annual migrants from the west coast of
+Ireland to the English harvests return to nurse the tuberculosis they
+contracted across the channel. Dr. Birmingham, of the Westport Union, is
+quoted as saying that in September a disease known locally as the "English
+cold" is prevalent among the young men who have been harvesting in England.
+Sometimes it is simple bronchitis. Mostly it is incipent phthisis. It is
+easily traced to the wretched sleeping places called "Paddy houses" in
+which Irish laborers are permitted to be housed in England. These "Paddy
+houses" are often death traps--crowded, dark, unventilated barns in which
+the men have to sleep on coarse bags on the floor.[3]
+
+The Irish wage causes tuberculosis to mount higher. Dr. Andrew Trimble,
+chief tuberculosis officer for Belfast, comments on the fact that the sex
+affected proves that economic conditions are to blame. Under conditions of
+poverty, women become ill more quickly than men. Dr. Trimble writes: "In
+Belfast and in Ireland generally more females suffer from tuberculosis than
+males. In Great Britain, however, the reverse is the case.... In former
+years, however, they had much the same experience as we have in Ireland ...
+and it would be necessary to go back over twenty-five years to come to a
+point where the mortality from tuberculosis among women equalled that now
+obtaining with us. It would seem that the hardships associated with poor
+economic conditions--insufficient wages, bad housing and want of fresh air,
+good food and sufficient clothing--tell more heavily on the female than on
+the male, and with the march of progress and better conditions of living
+... tuberculosis amongst women is automatically reduced."[4]
+
+The Irish wage must choose a tuberculosis incubator for a home. Ireland is
+a one-room-home country. In the great "rural slum" districts, the one-room
+cabin prevails. Country slums exist where homes cannot be supported by the
+land they are built on--they occur, for instance, in the rocky fields of
+Galway and Donegal and in the stripped bog lands of Sligo. Galway and
+Donegal cabins are made of stones wrested from the ground; in Mayo, the
+walls are piled sod--mud cabins. Roofing these western homes is the "skin
+o' th' soil" or sod with the grass roots in it. Through the homemade roofs
+or barrel chimneys the wet Atlantic winds often pour streams of water that
+puddle on the earthen floors. At one end of the cabin is a smoky dent that
+indicates the fireplace; and at the other there may be a stall or two. The
+small, deep-set windows are, as a rule, "fixed." Rural slums are rivaled by
+city slums. Even in the capital of Ireland the poor are housed as badly as
+in the west of Ireland. Looking down on the city of Dublin from the tower
+of St. Patrick's cathedral, one can see roofs so smashed in that they look
+as if some giant had walked over them; great areas so packed with buildings
+that there are only darts of passageways for light and air. In ancient
+plaster cabins, in high old edifices with pointed Huguenot roofs, in
+Georgian mansion tenements, there are 25,000 families whose homes are
+one-room homes. Dublin's proportion of those who live more than two to a
+room is higher than that of any other city in the British Isles--London has
+16.8; Edinburgh, 31.1; Dublin, 37.9.[5] In one-room homes tuberculosis
+breeds fast. A table from the dispensary for tuberculosis patients, an
+institution built in Dublin as a memorial to the American, P.F. Collier,
+shows that out of 1,176 cases 676 came from one-room homes.[6] As a type
+case, the report instances this: "Nine members of the W---- family were
+found living in one room together in a condition bordering on starvation.
+Both parents were very tubercular. The father had left the Sanatorium of
+the South Dublin Union on hearing of the mother's delicacy. He hoped to
+earn a little to support the family that had been driven to such a state
+through illness that, houseless, it had had to sleep on stairs. The only
+regular income was $1.12 a week earned by the eldest girl, aged 16, in a
+factory. Owing to want of food and unhealthy surroundings, she was in so
+run down a condition that it seemed certain she would become tubercular if
+not at once removed."
+
+The Irish wage can't buy the "good old diet." Milk and stirabout and
+potatoes once grew rosy-cheeked children. But bread and tea is the general
+diet now. War rations? Ireland was not put on war rations. To regulate the
+amount of butter and bacon per family would have been superfluous labor.
+Few families got even war rations.[7] Charitable organizations doubt if
+they should give relief to families who are able to have an occasional meal
+of potatoes in addition to their bread and tea. In a recent pamphlet[8] the
+St. Vincent de Paul Society said: "A widow ... who after paying the rent of
+her room, has a shilling a day to feed herself and two, three, four or even
+more children, is considered a doubtful case by the society. Yet a shilling
+a day will only give the family bread and tea for every meal, with an
+occasional dish of potatoes. By strict economy a little margarine may be
+purchased, but by no process of reasoning may it be said that the family
+has enough to eat, or suitable food." The Irish wage would have to be a
+high wage to buy the old diet. For that is not supplied by Ireland for
+Ireland any more. When Ireland became a cow lot, cereal and vegetable crops
+became few. But milk should be plentiful? The recent vice-regal milk
+commission noted the lack of milk for the poor in Ireland. Why? The town of
+Naas tells one reason. Naas is in the midst of a grazing country, but Naas
+babies have died for want of milk, because Naas cattle are raised for beef
+exportation. The town of Ennis tells another reason. Ennis is also in the
+center of a grazing country. Until the Woman's National Health Association
+established a depot, Ennis poor could not get retailed pitchersful of milk,
+for Ennis cows are raised to supply wholesale cansful to creameries which
+make the supply into dairy products for exportation.[9]
+
+Bread-and-tea, and bread-and-tealess families get on the calling list of
+tuberculosis nurses. "The nurses often found," writes the Woman's National
+Health Association, "that a large number of cases committed to their care
+were in an advanced stage of the disease ... in a number of cases families
+have been found entirely without food. This chronic state of lack of
+nourishment ... accounts in part for the fact that there are two and
+sometimes three persons affected in the same family."[10]
+
+Has mental as well as physical health been affected? Lunacy is
+extraordinarily prevalent in Ireland. In the lunacy inspectors' office in
+Dublin castle, I was given the last comparison they had published of the
+insanity rates in England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland. English and
+Welsh insanity per 10,000 people was 40.8; Scottish, 45.4; Irish, 56.2. The
+Irish rate for 1916 showed an increase to 57.1.[11]
+
+Emigration, remark lunacy experts, fostered lunacy. Whole families withdrew
+from certain districts. Consanguineous marriages became more frequent.
+Weak-minded cousins wedded to bring forth weaker-minded children.
+
+And Irish living conditions are a nemesis. They affect those who go as well
+as those who stay. Commenting on the fact that the Irish contribute the
+highest proportion of the white foreign-born population to the American
+hospitals for the insane, as well as filling their own asylums, the lunacy
+inspectors write: "As to why this should be, we can offer no reasoned
+explanation: but just as the Irish famine was, apart from its direct
+effects, responsible for so much physical and mental distress in the
+country, so it would seem not improbable that the innutritious dietary and
+other deprivations of the majority of the population of Ireland must, when
+acting over many generations, have led to impaired nutrition of the nervous
+system, and in this way have developed in the race those neuropathic and
+psychopathic tendencies which are precursors of insanity."[12]
+
+Babies don't like mentally and physically worn-out parents. Babies used to
+be thought to have special predilection for Ireland. But as a matter of
+fact, they come to the island less and less. Ireland has for some time
+produced fewer babies to the thousand people than Scotland. During the
+decade 1907-1916 Scotland's annual average to every thousand people was
+25.9;[13] Ireland's was 22.8. From 1907 to 1917 Ireland's total number of
+babies fell from 101,742 to 86,370.[14]
+
+But as was said in the beginning, it is not to individual excess that most
+of the ill health in Ireland is due. It was not until recently that
+venereal disease as a factor in Irish ill health has been a factor worth
+mentioning. In 1906 a lunacy report read: "The statistics show that general
+paralysis of the insane--a disease now almost unknown in Ireland--is
+increasing in the more populous urban districts. At the same time the
+disease is still much less prevalent than in other countries, and in the
+rural districts it is practically non-existent. This is to a large extent
+due to the high standard of sexual morality that prevails all over
+Ireland."[15]
+
+Nor do the Irish suffer from the violence that accompanies common
+crime--for there is little crime under the most crime-provoking conditions.
+As the Countess of Aberdeen said: "In the past annual report by Sir Charles
+Cameron, the medical officer of health for Dublin, there are again some
+figures that tell a strange tale of poverty so widespread, of destitution
+so complete, of housing so unsanitary, of unemployment so little heeded,
+that one is amazed by the fact that no combined effort on the part of more
+fortunate citizens has been made toward bringing about a wholesome change,
+and this amazement is only lessened by the extraordinary freedom we in
+Dublin enjoy from robberies, peculations, from crimes of violence and other
+misdeeds that would sharpen our perception of miseries now borne with a
+fortitude and a self-restraint that cannot but appeal strongly to any who,
+either from personal experience or philanthropic reading, know how crime
+and vice are associated elsewhere with conditions not more distressing and
+often less long-lived than ours."[16]
+
+
+
+SCHOOL CLOSED
+
+There's small chance for the Irish to better their condition through
+education. Many Irish children don't go to school. It is estimated that out
+of 500,000 school children, 150,000 do not attend school. Why not? Here are
+two reasons advanced by the Vice-Regal Committee on Primary Education,
+Ireland, in its report published by His Majesty's Stationers, Dublin, 1919:
+
+Many families are too poor.
+
+England does not encourage Irish education.
+
+Irish poverty is recognized in the school laws; the Irish Education act
+passed by Parliament in 1892 is full of excuses for children who must go to
+work instead of to school. Thousands of Irish youngsters must avail
+themselves of these excuses. Ireland has 64,000 children under the age of
+14 at work. But Scotland with virtually the same population has only
+37,500.[17]
+
+Eight-year-old Michael Mallin drags kelp out of a rush basket and packs it
+down for fertilizer between the brown ridges of the little hand-spaded
+field in Donegal.
+
+"Is there no school to be going to, Michael?"
+
+"There do be a school, but to help my da' there is no one home but me."
+
+The act says that the following is a "reasonable excuse for the
+non-attendance of a child, namely, ... being engaged in necessary
+operations of husbandry."[18]
+
+Ten-year-old Margaret Duncan can be found sitting hunched up on a doorstep
+in a back street in Belfast. Her skirt and the step are webbed with threads
+clipped from machine-embroidered linen, or pulled from handkerchiefs for
+hemstitching. A few doors away little Helen Keefe, all elbows, is scrubbing
+her front steps.
+
+"But school's on."
+
+"Aye," responds Margaret, "but our mothers need us."
+
+The act plainly states that another reasonable excuse is "domestic
+necessity or other work requiring to be done at a particular time or
+season."[19]
+
+William Brady has a twelve-hour day in Dublin. He's out in the morning at
+5:30 to deliver papers. He's at school until three. He runs errands for the
+sweet shop till seven.
+
+"You get too tired for school work. How does your teacher like that?"
+
+"Ash! She can't do anything."
+
+Intuitively he knows that he can protect himself behind the fortress of
+words in the school attendance act: "A person shall not be deemed to have
+taken a child into his employment in contravention of this act if it is
+proved that the employment by reason of being during the hours when school
+is not in session does not interfere with the efficient elementary
+instruction of the child."[20]
+
+Nine-year-old Patrick Gallagher may go to the Letterkenny Hiring Fair and
+sell his baby services to a farmer. Some one may say to Paddy:
+
+"Why aren't you at school?"
+
+"Surely, I live over two miles away from school."
+
+The law thinks two miles are too far for him to walk. So he may be hired to
+work instead. Reads the education act: "A person shall not be deemed to
+have taken a child into his employment in contravention of this act if it
+is proved to the satisfaction of the court that during the employment there
+is not within two miles ... from the residence of the child any ... school
+which the child can attend."[21]
+
+Incidentally England does not encourage Irish education. England does not
+provide enough money to erect the best schools nor to attract the best
+teachers. But England agreed to an Irish education grant.[22] She
+established a central board of education in Ireland, and promised that
+through this board she would pay two-thirds of the school building bill and
+teachers' salaries to any one who was zealous enough to erect a school.
+Does England come through with the funds? Not, says the vice-regal
+committee, unless she feels like it. In 1900 she agreed with Ireland that
+Ireland's teachers should be paid higher salaries, but stipulated that the
+increase in salaries would not mean an immediate increase in grants.
+
+New building grants were suspended altogether for a time. In 1902, an
+annual grant of £185,000 was diverted from Irish primary education and used
+for quite extraneous purposes. And when England does give money for Irish
+education, she pays no heed to the requirements stated by the Irish
+commissioners of education.[23] Instead she says: "This amount I happen to
+be giving to English education; I will grant a proportionate amount to
+Irish education."
+
+"If English primary education happens to require financial aid from the
+Treasury, Irish primary education is to get some and in proportion
+thereto," writes the committee. "If England happens not to require any,
+then, of course, neither does Ireland. A starving man is to be fed only if
+some one else is hungry.... It seems to us extraordinary that Irish primary
+education should be financed on lines that have little relation to the
+needs of the case."[24]
+
+So there are not enough schools to go to. Belfast teachers testified before
+the committee that in their city alone there were 15,000 children without
+school accommodations. Some of the number are on the streets. Others are
+packed into educational holes of Calcutta. New schools, said the teachers,
+are needed not only for these pupils but also for those incarcerated in
+unsuitable schools--unheated schools or schools in whose dark rooms gas
+must burn daily. On the point of unsuitability, the testimony of a special
+investigator named F.H. Dale was quoted. He said:
+
+"I have no hesitation in reporting that both in point of convenience for
+teachers and in the requirements necessary for the health of teachers and
+scholars, the average school buildings in Dublin and Belfast are markedly
+inferior to the average school buildings now in use in English cities of
+corresponding size."
+
+So if unsuitable schools were removed, Belfast would have to provide for
+some thousands of school children beyond the estimate of 15,000, and other
+localities according to their similar great need.[25]
+
+Live, interesting primary teachers are few in Ireland. The low pay does not
+begin to compensate Irish school teachers for the great sacrifices they
+must make. Women teachers in Ireland begin at $405 a year; men at $500. If
+it were not for the fact that there are very few openings for educated
+young men and women in a grazing country there would probably be even
+greater scarcity.[26] Since three-fourths of the schools are rural those
+who determine to teach must resign themselves to social and professional
+hermitage. What is the result of these factors on the teaching morale? The
+1918 report at the education office shows 13,258 teachers, and only 3,820
+of these are marked highly efficient.[27]
+
+Thus the committee of the lord lieutenant.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Ireland's Crusade Against Tuberculosis." Edited by Countess
+of Aberdeen. Maunsel and Company. Dublin. 1908. P. 32.]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Marriages, Births, and Deaths in Ireland, 1917." His
+Majesty's Stationery Office. Dublin. 1918. P. IX.]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Ireland's Crusade Against Tuberculosis." P. 34-35.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Report of Chief Tuberculosis Officer of Belfast for the Three
+Years Ended 31 March, 1917." Hugh Adair. Belfast. 1917. P. 25.]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Appendix Report Housing Conditions of Dublin." Alex Thorn.
+Dublin. 1914. P. 154.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "First Annual Report P.F. Collier Memorial Dispensary."
+Dollard. Dublin. 1913. P. 24.]
+
+[Footnote 7: "Starvation in Dublin." By Lionel Gordon-Smith and Cruise
+O'Brien. Wood Printing Works. Dublin. 1917. P. 14.]
+
+[Footnote 8: "The Poor in Dublin." Pamphlet. St. Vincent de Paul Society.]
+
+[Footnote 9: "How Local Milk Depots in Ireland Are Worked." Dollard.
+Dublin. 1915. P. 3-15.]
+
+[Footnote 10: "Second Annual Report of the Woman's National Health
+Association." Waller and Company. Dublin. 1909. P. 143.]
+
+[Footnote 11: "Supplement Fifty-fourth Report Inspectors of Lunacy." Alex
+Thorn. Dublin. 1906. P. VII.]
+
+[Footnote 12: _Ibid_. P. XXVII.]
+
+[Footnote 13: "Sixty-second Annual Report of the Registrar General for
+Scotland, 1916." His Majesty's Stationery Office. Edinburgh. 1918. P.
+LXVII.]
+
+[Footnote 14: "Marriages, Births, and Deaths in Ireland, 1917." P. XII.]
+
+[Footnote 15: "Supplement Fifty-fourth Report Inspectors of Lunacy." P.
+XXXII.]
+
+[Footnote 16: "The Woman's National Health Association and Infant Welfare."
+The Child. June, 1911. P. 10.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Figures supplied by H.C. Ferguson, Superintendent of Charity
+Organization Society, Belfast, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 18: "Irish Education Act, 1892." (55 & 56 Vict.) Chap. 42. P. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 19: _Ibid_. P. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 20: _Ibid_. P. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 21: _Ibid_. P. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 22: _Ibid_. P. 8 et al.]
+
+[Footnote 23. "Vice-regal Committee of Enquiry into Primary Education,
+Ireland, 1918." His Majesty's Stationery Office. Dublin. 1919. P. 22.]
+
+[Footnote 24: _Ibid_. P. 22.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _Ibid_. Martin Reservation. P. 27-30.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _Ibid_. P. 8.]
+
+[Footnote 27: _Ibid_. P. 39.]
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+SINN FEIN AND REVOLUTION
+
+WILL SOCIAL CONDITION LEAD TO IMMEDIATE REVOLUTION?
+
+
+"Eamonn De Valera, the President of the Irish Republic, who has been in
+hiding since his escape from Lincoln jail, will be welcomed back to Dublin
+by a public reception. Tomorrow evening at seven o'clock he will be met at
+the Mount street bridge by Lawrence O'Neill, Lord Mayor of Dublin...."
+
+The news note was in the morning papers. In small type it was hidden on the
+back pages--the Irish papers have a curious habit of six-pointing articles
+in which the people are vitally interested and putting three-column heads
+on such stuff as: "Do Dublin Girls Rouge?" That day the concern of the
+people was unquestionably not rouge but republics. For the question that
+sibilated in Grafton street cafes and at the tram change at Nelson pillar
+was: "Will Dublin Castle permit?"
+
+Orders and gun enforcement. The empire did not deviate from the usual
+program of empires--action without discussion. In the crises that are
+always occurring between organized revolt and the empire, there is never
+any consideration of the physical agony that goads the people to revolt.
+There wasn't now. By early afternoon, the answer, on great, black-lettered
+posters, was swabbed to the sides of buildings all over town:
+
+"DE VALERA RECEPTION FORBIDDEN!"
+
+That was the headline, and after instructions warning the people not to
+take part in the ceremony, the government order ended:
+
+"GOD SAVE THE KING!"
+
+How would the revolutionaries reply? Rumors ran riot. The Sinn Fein
+volunteers would pit themselves against His Majesty's troops. The streets
+would be red again. The belief that the meeting would be held in spite of
+the proclamation was supported by a statement on green-lettered posters
+that appeared later next the British dictum:
+
+"LORD MAYOR REQUESTS GOOD ORDER AT RECEPTION!"
+
+This plea was followed by a paragraph asking that the people attending the
+reception would not allow themselves to be provoked into disorder by the
+British military. Then there was the concluding exclamation:
+
+"GOD SAVE IRELAND!"
+
+On my way to the Sinn Fein headquarters in Harcourt street, I passed the
+Mansion House of the Lord Mayor and found two long-coated Dublin Military
+Police stripping the new wet poster from the yellow walls. When I arrived
+at Number 6, Harcourt street, I saw black-clad Mrs. Sheehy-Sheffington, in
+somewhat agitated absorption of thought, coming down the worn steps of the
+old Georgian house. In the upper back room, earnest young secretaries
+worked in swift silence. One of them, a curly-haired girl with her mouth
+o-ed about a cigarette, puffed unceasingly. At last Harry Boland, secretary
+of Sinn Fein, entered.
+
+"The council decides tonight," he admitted. His eyes were bright and
+faraway like one whose mind is on a coming crisis. When I told him I would
+drop in again to hear the decision, he protested that they would be at it
+till late. On my counter protest that time made no difference to me, he
+promised that if I would not come he would send me word at eleven that
+night. "But I think," he added, "we won't know till morning."
+
+At ten that night, Boots knocked at my door. I concluded that there had
+been a stampeded decision. But on going out I discovered the Associated
+Press correspondent there. He told me that he heard that I was to receive
+the news and that he did not believe that there was any necessity of
+bothering the Sinn Feiners twice for the same decision.
+
+"I think the reception is quite likely," he volunteered. "This afternoon a
+good many of the Sinn Fein army were at University chapel at confession. At
+the girls' hostels of National University--which is regarded as a sort of
+adolescent Sinn Fein headquarters--there have been strict orders that the
+girls are to remain indoors tomorrow night."
+
+When the messenger arrived at eleven to say that no decision had been
+reached, I made an appointment for an interview on the following day with
+DeValera.
+
+Electricity was in the air by morning. There were all sorts of sparks.
+Young men in civilian clothes ran for trams with their hands over their hip
+pockets. A delightful girl whom I had met, boarded my car with a heavy
+parcel in her hands. As the British officer next me rose to give her his
+seat, her cheeks became very pink. Sometime later she told me that, like
+the rest of the Sinn Fein volunteers, she had received her mobilization
+orders, and that the parcel the officer had relented for was--her rifle.
+
+At that time, her division of the woman's section of the Sinn Fein
+volunteers was pressing a plan for the holding of the reception. In order,
+however, that no needed fighters would be killed, the girls had asked that
+they should be first to meet the president. Then, when the machine guns
+commenced, "only girls" would fall.
+
+Into College Green a brute of a tank had cruised. The man in charge was
+inviting people to have a look. Inside there were red-lipped munition
+boxes, provender cases, and through the skewer-sized sight-holes next the
+jutting guns, there were glimpses of shoppers emerging from Grafton street
+into the Green. Over the city, against the silver-rimmed, Irish gray
+clouds, aeroplanes--there were sixteen in one formation--buzzed
+insistently. Between the little stone columns of the roof railing of
+Trinity College, machine guns poked out their cold snouts.
+
+"Smoke bombs were dropped over Mount street bridge today," said Harry
+Boland with a shrug of his shoulders when I arrived at Sinn Fein
+headquarters to ask if the reception would still be held. "What can we do
+against a force like theirs?"
+
+But there was a strained feeling at headquarters as if the decision had
+been made after a hard fight. Alderman Thomas Kelly, one of the oldest of
+the Sinn Feiners, told me that he had backed DeValera in his refusal to
+countenance a needless loss of life, and that it was only after a good
+struggle that their point had won.
+
+"DeValera's just beyond the town," whispered Harry Boland to me when he
+decided that we would leave to see the president at seven--the hour the
+executive was due to appear at the bridge. "They're searching all the cars
+that cross the canal bridges. If there is any trouble as we pass just say
+that you are an American citizen--that'd get you through anywhere."
+
+Knots of still expectant people were gathered at the Mount street bridge.
+Squads of long-coated military police patrolled the place. Children called
+at games. The starlight dripped into the canal. At Portobello bridge we
+made our crossing. Nothing happened. The constables did not even punch the
+cushions of our car as they did with others to see if munitions were
+concealed therein. We swooped down curving roads between white walls hung
+with masses of dark laurel. We stopped dead on a road arched with trees. We
+got out, clicked the car door softly shut, turned a corner, and walked some
+distance in the cool night. As we walked I made I forget what request in
+regard to the interview from young Mr. Boland, and with the reverent regard
+and complete obedience to DeValera's wishes that is characteristic in the
+young Sinn Feiners--a state of mind that does not, however, prevent calling
+the president "Dev"--he said simply: "But I must do what he tells me." At
+the door of a modestly comfortable home whose steps we mounted, a thick-set
+man blocked my way for a moment.
+
+"You won't," he asked, "say where you came?"
+
+"I'm sure," I returned, "I haven't an idea where I am."
+
+DeValera was giving rapid, almost breathless, orders in Irish to some one
+as I entered his room. His thin frame towered above a dark plush-covered
+table. A fire behind him surrounded him with a soft yellow aura. His white,
+ascetic, young--he is thirty-seven--face was lined with determination.
+Doors and windows were hung with thick, dark-red portières, and the walls
+were almost as white as DeValera's face.
+
+"Pardon us for speaking Irish," he apologized. "We forget. Now first of
+all, we will go over the questions you sent me. I have written the answers.
+They must appear as I have put them down. That is the condition on which
+the interview takes place."
+
+Did Sinn Fein plan immediate revolution? The president ran a fountain pen
+under the small, finely written lines as he remarked in an aside that he
+was not a writer but a mathematician. No. The sudden set of the president's
+jaw indicated that this man who had fought in the 1916 rebellion till even
+his enemies had praised him, was the man who had decided there would be no
+reception at the bridge. No. There would be no armed revolt till all
+peaceable methods had failed.
+
+If Sinn Fein succeeded in getting separation, would it establish a
+bolshevistic government? DeValera returned that he was not sure what
+bolshevism is. As far as he understood bolshevism, Sinn Fein was not
+bolshevistic. But perhaps, by the way, bolshevism had been as
+misrepresented in the American press as Sinn Fein. Right there, I took
+exception and said that from his own point of view I did not see what good
+slurring the American press would do his cause. Immediately he answered as
+if only the principal phase of the matter had occurred to him: "But it's
+true." Then he continued: The worker is unfairly treated. Whether it is
+bolshevistic or not, Sinn Fein hopes to bring about a government in which
+there will be juster conditions for the laboring classes.
+
+
+
+CAUSE AND REMEDY OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS.
+
+The empire does not consider the cause of revolt.[1] But the republic is
+interested not only in the cause but also in the remedy.
+
+Relief, the republic has said, must come through Sinn Fein--ourselves.
+Neither the Sinn Fein leaders nor the people believe in the power of the
+Irish vote in the British House of Commons. At the last general elections
+the Sinn Fein party pledged that if its members were elected they would not
+go to the British parliament, but would remain at home to form the Irish
+parliament, the governing body of the Irish republic. Dodgers explaining
+why Sinn Fein had decided to forego the House of Commons were widely
+distributed. These read: "What good has parliamentarianism been? For
+thirty-three years England has been considering Home Rule while Irish
+members pleaded for it. But in three weeks the English parliament passed a
+conscriptive act for Ireland, though the Irish party was solid against it."
+On this platform, Sinn Fein won seventy-three out of 105 seats.
+
+If Sinn Fein is to relieve the social conditions in Ireland, it must, say
+Sinn Feiners, find out the cause. So they have pondered on this question:
+What is the cause of the unemployment in Ireland today? The answer to that
+question was the one point that the sharp-mustached, sardonic little Arthur
+Griffith, founder of Sinn Fein, wanted the American delegates from the
+Philadelphia Race Convention to carry back to America.
+
+It was revealed at a meeting of the Irish parliament specially called for
+the delegates. Cards were difficult to get for that meeting, and as each
+one passed through the long dreary ante-room of the circular assembly hall
+of the Mansion House, he was subjected to close scrutiny by the two dozen
+Irish volunteers on guard. In the civilian audience there was a sprinkling
+of American and Australian officers. Up on the platform was the throne of
+the Lord Mayor, in front of which sat the delegates--Frank Walsh, Edward F.
+Dunne, and Michael Ryan. In a roped-off semi-circle below the platform were
+deep upholstered chairs wherein rested the members of the Irish parliament.
+Countess Markewicz was, of course, the only woman there. White-haired,
+trembling-handed Laurence Ginnel, who is given long jail terms because he
+refuses to take his hat off in a British court, sat forward on his chair.
+The rich young Protestant named Robert Barton regarded the crowd through
+his shining eyeglasses. Keen, boyish Michael Collins, minister of finance,
+fingered the paper he was going to read. The last two men had recently
+escaped from prison and were wanted by the police--both, as they say in
+Ireland, were "on the run."
+
+"England kills Irish industry," said the succinct Arthur Griffith as he
+rose from the right hand of DeValera to address the delegates. "Early in
+the nineteenth century, England wanted a cheap meat supply center. She
+therefore made it more profitable for the landowners in Ireland to grow
+cattle instead of crops. Only a few herders are required in cattle care. So
+literally millions of Irish, tillers of the soil and millers of grain, were
+thrown out of employment, and from 1841 to 1911 the population fell from
+8,000,000 to 4,400,000. Today, Ireland, capable of supporting 16,000,000,
+cannot maintain 4,000,000."[2]
+
+What is the Sinn Fein remedy for unemployment? Industry. Plans were then
+under way for DeValera to make his escape to America to obtain American
+capital to back Irish industry. But money was not to be his sole business.
+He was to work for the recognition of Irish consuls and Irish mercantile
+marine. And inside Ireland the movement to establish industry on a sound
+basis was going on. Irish banks, Irish courts, Irish schools are to sustain
+the movement. At present the English-controlled Irish banks handicap Irish
+entrepreneurs by charging them one per cent more interest than English
+banks charge English borrowers; therefore, a national bank is regarded as
+an imperative need. Decisions of British judges in Irish courts may hamper
+Irish industry; so in parts of the country perfectly legal courts of
+arbitration manned by Irishmen have been established. School children under
+the present system of education are trained neither to commerce nor to love
+of the development of their native land; accordingly a Sinn Fein school
+fund is now being collected so that the Irish parliament may soon be able
+to take over national education.
+
+Sinn Fein could develop industry more easily if Ireland were free.[3] There
+is hope. It lies in Ireland's very lack of jobs. British labor does not
+like the competition of the cheap labor market next door. It rather
+welcomes the party that would push Irish industry. For with Irish industry
+developed Irish labor would become scarce and high. Already the British
+labor party has declared in favor of the self-determination of Ireland, and
+it is expected that with its accession to power there may be a final
+granting of self-determination to Ireland.
+
+As we were leaving the Mansion House--to which some of us were invited to
+return to a reception for the delegates that evening--I found intense
+reaction to the speakers of the day. I asked a young American
+non-commissioned officer how he liked DeValera. He seemed to be as stirred
+by the name as the young members of DeValera's regiment who besiege Mrs.
+DeValera for some little valueless possession of the "chief's." The boy
+drew in his breath, and I expected him to let it out again in a flow of
+praise, but emotion seemed to get the better of him, and all he could
+manage was a fervent: "Oh, gee!" Then I came across young Sylvia Pankhurst,
+disowned by her family for her communist sympathies, and in Dublin for the
+purpose of persuading the Irish parliament to become soviet. The Irish
+speakers, she told me, were much to be preferred to the Americans. They
+used more figures and less figures of speech. And when I repeated her
+remark to Desmond Fitzgerald, a pink and fastidious member of parliament,
+he smilingly commented: "Well, we Irish are more sophisticated, aren't we?"
+
+
+
+THE MAILED FIST
+
+In the afternoon the curtain went up on a matinee performance of The Mailed
+Fist.
+
+The first act was in the home of Madame Gonne-McBride. It was, properly, an
+exposition of the power of the enemy.
+
+With Madame Gonne-McBride, once called the most beautiful woman in Europe,
+Sylvia Pankhurst, and the sister, of Robert Barton, I entered the big house
+on Stephen's Green. Modern splashily vivid wall coloring. Japanese screens.
+Ancient carved madonnas. Two big Airedales thudded up and down in greeting
+to their mistress. I spoke of their unusual size.
+
+Madame Gonne-McBride, taking the head of one of them between her hands:
+"They won't let any one arrest me again, will they?"
+
+She is tall and slim in her deep mourning--her husband was killed in the
+rebellion of 1916. Her widow's bonnet is a soft silky guipure lace placed
+on her head like a Red Cross worker's coif. On the breast of her black gown
+there hangs a large dull silver cross. Beggars and flower-sellers greet her
+by name. It is said that a large part of her popularity is due to her work
+in obtaining free school lunches. Anyway, there was great grief among the
+people when she was thrown into jail for supposed complicity in the
+unproved German plot. The arrest, she said, came one Sunday night. She was
+walking unconcernedly from one of George Russell's weekly gatherings, when
+five husky constables blocked the bridge road and hurried her off to jail.
+At last, on account of her ill health, she was released from prison--very
+weak and very pale.
+
+Enter seventeen-year-old Sean McBride. Places back against the door. Blue
+eyes wide. Breathlessly: "They're after Bob Barton and Michael Collins.
+They've surrounded the Mansion House."
+
+Hatless we raced across Stephen's Green--that little handkerchief of a park
+that never seemed so embroidered with turns and bridges and bandstands and
+duck ponds before. Through the crowd that had already gathered we edged our
+way till we came to the double line of bayonets and batons that guarded the
+entrance to Dawson street. Over the broad, blue shoulder of the policeman
+directly in front of me, I glimpsed a wicked-looking little whippet tank
+with two very conscious British officers just head and shoulders out. Still
+further down were three covered motor lorries that had been used to convey
+the soldiers.
+
+Sean, for the especial benefit of constable just ahead: "Wars for democracy
+and small nations! And that's the only way they can keep us in the British
+empire. Brute force. Nice exhibition for the American journalists in town."
+
+Constable stalked Sean back to edge of crowd. Sean looked at him steadily
+with slight twinkle in his eye. Miss Barton, Miss Pankhurst, and I climbed
+up a low stone wall that commanded the guarded street, and clung to the
+iron paling on top. Sean came and stood beneath.
+
+Miss Pankhurst, regarding crowd in puzzled manner: "Why do you all smile?
+When the suffragists were arrested we used to become furious."
+
+Sean looking up at her in kindly manner in which old rebel might glance at
+impatient young rebel: "You forget. We're very used to this."
+
+Miss Pankhurst made an unexpected jump from her place. She wedged her way
+to the line of soldiers. As she talked to two young Tommies they blushed
+and fiddled with their bayonets like girls with their first bouquets of
+flowers. Twice a British major admonished them.
+
+Miss Pankhurst, returning: "Welsh boys. Just babies. I asked them why they
+came out armed to kill fellow workers. They said they had enlisted for the
+war. If they had known they were to be sent to Ireland they would have
+refused to go. I told them it was not too late to act. They could take off
+their uniforms. But they? They're weak--weak."
+
+As dusk fell, party capes and tulle mists of head dresses began to appear
+between the drab or tattered suits of the bystanders. Among the coming
+reception guests was Susan Mitchell, co-editor with George Russell on
+_The Irish Homestead_.
+
+Susan Mitchell, of constable: "Can't I go through? No? But there's to be a
+party, and the tea will get all cold."
+
+In the courage of the crowd, the people began to sing The Soldiers' Song.
+It took courage. It was shortly after John O'Sheehan had been sentenced for
+two years for caroling another seditious lyric. A surge of sound brought
+out the words: "The west's awake!" Dying yokes. And a sudden
+right-about-face movement of the throng.
+
+Crowd shouting: "Up the Americans!"
+
+With Sinn Fein and American flags flying, the delegates' car rolled up to
+the outskirts of the crowd. A sharp order. The crowd-fearing bayonets
+lunged forward. Frank Walsh, looking through his tortoise-rim glasses at
+the steel fence, got out of his car. He walked up to the pointing bayonets,
+and asked for the man in charge.
+
+Frank Walsh: "What's the row?"
+
+The casualness of the question must have disarmed Lieutenant-Colonel
+Johnstone of the Dublin Military Police. He laughed. Then conferred. While
+the confab was on, the Countess Markewicz slipped from Mr. Walsh's car to
+our paling. She was, as usual, dressed in a "prepared" style. She had on
+her green tweed suit with biscuits in the pockets, "so if anything
+happened."
+
+Countess Markewicz, rubbing her hands: "Excellent propaganda! Excellent
+propaganda!"
+
+The motor lorries chugged. Soldiers broke line, and climbed in. The people
+screamed, jumped, waved their hands, and hurrahed for Walsh. Mr. Walsh
+returned to his car. And in the path made by the heartily boohed motor
+lorries, the American's machine commenced its victorious passage to the
+Mansion House. In order to get through the crowd to the reception we sprang
+to the rear of the motor. Clinging to the dusty mudguard, I remarked to
+Miss Pankhurst that we would not look very partified. And she, pushed about
+by the tattered people, said she did not mind. Long ago she had decided she
+would never wear evening dresses because poor people never have them.
+
+Last act. Turkish-rugged and velvet-portièred reception room of the Mansion
+House. Assorted people shaking hands with the delegates. Delegates filled
+with boyish glee at the stagey turn of events.
+
+Frank Walsh: "Look! There's Bob Barton talking to his sister. Out there by
+the portrait of Queen Victoria--see that man in a green uniform. That's
+Michael Collins of the Irish Volunteers and minister of finance of the
+Irish Republic. The very men they're after.
+
+"Is this a play? Or a dream?"
+
+[Footnote 1. British propaganda, on the contrary, states that the Irish are
+not in the physical agony of extreme poverty. They are prosperous. They
+made money on munitions, and their exports increased enormously during the
+war.
+
+"You could eat shell as easily as make it," was one of the first
+parliamentary rebuffs received by Irishmen asking the establishment of
+national munition factories at the beginning of the war, according to
+Edward J. Riordan. Mr. Riordan is secretary of the National Industrial
+Development Association. This is a non-political organization of which the
+Countess of Desart, the Earl of Carrick, and Colonel Sir Nugent Everard are
+some of the executive members. It was not until 1916 that Ireland secured
+consideration of her rights to a share in the war expenditure. In that
+year, an all-Ireland committee called on Lloyd George. He said: "It is fair
+that Ireland, contributing as she does not only in money but in flesh and
+blood, should have her fair share of expenditure.... I should be prepared
+to utilize whatever opportunities we can to utilize the opportunity this
+gives you to develop Ireland industrially." After persistent effort,
+however, all that the all-Ireland committee was able to get was five small
+munition factories. _The insignificance of these plants may be realized
+from the fact that at the time the armistice was declared there were only
+2,250 workers in them._
+
+As to trade increase:--when I was in Ireland in 1919, the last export
+statistics given out by the government were for 1916. In 1914 exports were
+valued at $386,000,000; in 1916, at $535,000,000. But, according to the
+Board of Trade, prices had doubled in that time, so that _if exports had
+remained stationary, their value should have doubled to_ $772,000,000.]
+
+[Footnote 2. That England controls this industrial situation was made clear
+during the war. Then ship tonnage was scarce, and England's regular
+resources of agricultural supply were cut off. So England called on Ireland
+to revert to agriculture. Ireland's tillage acreage jumped from 2,300,000
+in 1914 to 3,280,000 in 1918. This change in policy brought prosperity to
+some of the farmers, and Ireland's bank deposits rose from $310,000,000 in
+1913 to $455,000,000 in 1917. But England is reestablishing her former
+agricultural trade connections. According to F.A. Smiddy, professor of
+economics at University college, Cork, a return to grazing has already
+commenced in Ireland, and _"prosperity" will last at most only two
+post-war years._]
+
+[Footnote 3. British taxation saps Irish capital. The 1916 imperial annual
+tax took $125,000,000 put of Ireland and put back $65,000,000 into Irish
+administration. Irishmen argue that the excess might better go to the
+development of Ireland. Figures supplied Department of Agriculture, 1919.]
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+IRISH LABOR AND CLASS REVOLUTION
+
+"A CHANGE OF FLAGS IS NOT ENOUGH."
+
+
+In the sputtering flare of the arc lamp in front of Liberty hall stood
+squads of boys. Some of them wore brass-buttoned, green woolen waists, and
+some, ordinary cotton shirts. Some of them had on uniform knickers, and
+some, long, unpressed trousers. On the opposite side of the street were
+blocked similar squads of serious-eyed, high-chinned girls. Some of them
+were in green tweed suits, and others as they had come from work. They were
+companies of the Citizens' Army recruited by the Irish Labor party, and
+assembled in honor of the return of the Countess Markewicz from jail.
+
+  "Though cowards flinch and traitors sneer,
+  We'll keep the red flag flying here."
+
+Young voices, impatient of the interim of waiting, sang the socialist song.
+The burden was taken up by the laborers, whose constant movement to keep a
+good view was attested by the hollow sound of their wooden-soled boots on
+the stone walks. And the refrain was hummed by the shawled, frayed-skirted
+creatures who were coming up from Talbot street, Gloucester street,
+Peterson's lane, and all the family-to-a-room districts in Dublin. On the
+skeletonish railroad crossing suspended over the Liffey, tin-hatted and
+bayonet-carrying British soldiers were silhouetted against the
+moon-whitened sky. Up to them floated the last oath of "The Red Flag":
+
+  "With heads uncovered swear we all,
+  To bear it onward till we fall.
+  Come dungeon dark or gallows grim,
+  This song shall be our parting hymn."
+
+Clattered over the bridge the horse-dragged brake. In the light of a search
+lamp played on it from an automobile behind, a small figure in a slouch hat
+and a big black coat waved a bouquet of narcissus. There was a surge of the
+block-long crowds and people who could not see lifted their hands and
+shouted: "Up the countess!"
+
+As we waited in the light of the dim yellow bulbs threaded from the ceiling
+of the big bare upper front room of Liberty Hall, Susan Mitchell told me of
+"the chivalrous woman." The countess is a daughter of the Gore-Booth family
+which owned its Sligo estate before America was discovered. As a girl the
+countess used to ride fast horses like mad along the rocky western coast.
+Then she became a three-feathered débutante bowing at Dublin Castle. Later
+she painted pictures in Paris and married her handsome Pole. But one day
+some one put an Irish history in her hands. In a sudden whole-hearted
+conversion to the cause of the people, the countess turned to aid the Irish
+labor organizers. She drilled boy scouts for the Citizens' Army. She fed
+starving strikers during the labor troubles of 1913 with sheep sent daily
+from her Sligo estate. In the rebellion of 1916 she fought and killed under
+Michael Mallin of the Citizens' Army. She was hardly out of jail for
+participation in the rebellion when she was clapped in again for alleged
+complicity in the never-to-be-proved German plot. While she was in jail,
+she was elected the first woman member of parliament.
+
+White from imprisonment, her small round steel-rimmed glasses dropping away
+from her blue eyes, and her curly brown hair wisping out from under her
+black felt hat, the countess embraced a few of the women in the room and
+exchanged handclasps with the men. Below the crowd was clamoring for her
+appearance at the window.
+
+"Fellow rebels!" she began as she leaned out into the mellow night. Then
+with the apparent desire to say everything at once that makes her public
+speech stuttery, she continued: "It's good to come out of jail to this. It
+is good to come out again to work for a republic. Let us all join hands to
+make the new republic a workers' republic. A change of flags is not
+enough!"
+
+Two oil flares with orange flame throwing off red sparks on the crowd, were
+fastened to the brake below. It was the brake that was to carry "Madame" on
+her triumphal tour of Dublin. The boys of the Citizens' Army made a human
+rope about the conveyance. In it I climbed with the countess, the plump
+little Mrs. James Connolly, the magisterial Countess Plunkett, Commandant
+O'Neill of the Citizens' Army, Sean Milroy, who escaped from Lincoln jail
+with DeValera, and two or three others. Rows of constables were backed
+against the walls at irregular intervals. I asked Sean Milroy if he were
+not afraid that he would be re-taken, and he responded comfortably that the
+"peelers" would never attempt to take a political prisoner out of a
+gathering like that. As we neared the poverty-smelling Coombe district, the
+countess remarked that this, St. Patrick's, was her constituency. At the
+shaft of St. James fountain, the brake was halted. Shedding her long coat,
+and standing straight in her green tweed suit, with the plush seat of the
+brake for her floor, the countess told the cheering workers that she was
+going to come down to live in the Coombe. Heated with the energy of talking
+and throwing her body about so that her voice would carry over the crowd
+that circled her, the countess sank down on the seat. As the brake drove
+on, motherly little Mrs. Connolly tried to slip the big coat over the
+countess. But the countess, in one of those sudden meditative silences
+during which she seems to retain only a subconsciousness of her
+surroundings, refused the offer of warmth with a shrug of her shoulders.
+Then, emerging from her pre-occupation, she demanded of Sean Milroy:
+
+"What have you planned for your constituency? I'm going to have a soviet."
+
+
+
+THE WORKERS' REPUBLIC
+
+Like the countess, the Irish Labor party wants a workers' republic. But it
+wants a republic first.
+
+The Irish Labor party has been accused of accepting Russian roubles, of
+hiding bags of bolshevik gold in the basement of Liberty Hall. Whether it
+has taken Russian gold or not, it is frankly desirous of possessing the
+Russian form of government. James Connolly, who is largely responsible for
+the present Labor party in Ireland, was, like Lenin and Trotsky, a Marxian
+socialist, and worked for government by the proletariat. The Irish Labor
+party celebrated the Russian revolution by calling a "bolshevik" meeting
+and cheering under a red flag in the assembly room of the Mansion House.
+And in its last congress, it reaffirmed its "adherence to the principles of
+freedom, democracy, and peace enunciated in the Russian revolution."
+
+How strong are the revolutionaries? The Irish Labor party is new but it
+already contains about 300,000 members.[1] It plans to include every worker
+from the "white collar" to the "muffler" labor. And the laborers alone make
+up seven-eighths of the population. For while there are just 252,000
+members of the professional and commercial classes, there are 4,137,000 who
+are in agricultural, industrial and indefinite classes[2]--most of the
+farmers are held to be laborers because outside the great estates, holdings
+average at thirty acres and are worked by the holders themselves.[3]
+
+There's the revolutionary rub. The Irish farmers make up the largest body
+of workers in Ireland. The Irish farmer sweated and bled for his land.
+Would he yield it now for nationalization? I put the question up to William
+O'Brien, the lame, never-smiling tailor who is secretary of the Irish Labor
+party. He said that the farm hand should be taken into consideration.
+
+The farm hand would profit by nationalization. At present he is condemned
+to slavery. At a hiring fair--called a "slave market" by the labor
+unions--he stands between the mooing cows and snorting pigs and offers his
+services for sale for as little as $100 a year. He may wish to get more
+money. But his employer is also very often his landlord. What happens? In
+the spring of 1919, 35,000 farm hands went on strike. Lord Bellew of
+Ballyragget and Lord Powerscourt of Enniskerry used the eviction threat to
+get the men back to work, and in Rhode, evictions actually took place.
+
+The small farmer on bad land would profit by re-distribution. Many such
+live in the west and northwest of Ireland. Take a farmer of Donegal. There
+there's stony, boggy land. Fires must be built about the stones so that the
+soil will lose its grip upon them and they may be hauled away to help make
+fences. Immovable boulders are frequent, so frequent that the soil cannot
+be ploughed but must be spaded by hand. Seaweed for fertilizer must be
+plucked from the rocks in the sea, carried up the mountain side and laid
+black and thick in the sterile brown furrows. Near Dungloe in Donegal, one
+holding of 600 acres was recently valued at $10.50, and another of 400 at
+$3.70. So the Labor party is confident of bringing over the farmers to its
+point of view.
+
+On the whole, it is said, the way of the labor propagandist is easy, for
+capital in Ireland is very weak. First, there is very little of it. In 1917
+the total income tax of the British Isles was £300,000,000; Ireland with
+one-tenth the population contributed only one-fortieth of the tax. In the
+same year, the total excess profits tax was £290,000,000 and Ireland's
+proportion was slightly less than for the income tax.[4] Second, what
+capital there is, is not effectively organized. The first national
+commercial association is just forming in Dublin.
+
+Whether the future prove the numerical strength of labor or not, the
+leaders are determined that labor will be organically strong. It is
+developing a pyramid form of government. Irish labor fosters the "one big
+union." In some towns all the labor, from teachers to dock-workers, have
+already coalesced. These unions select their district heads. The district
+heads are subsidiary to the general head in Dublin. When each union inside
+the big union is ready to take over its industry, and their district and
+general heads are ready to take over government there will be a general
+strike for this end. The strike will be supported by the army--the
+Citizens' Army of the workers.
+
+"There you have," said James Connolly, who promoted the one big union, "not
+only the most effective combination for industrial warfare, but also for
+the social administration of the future."[5]
+
+"Certainly we mean to take over industry by force if necessary," affirmed
+Thomas Johnson, treasurer of the Irish Labor party. He is a big-browed man
+with thick, pompadoured, gray hair, and the aspect of a live professor.
+Some people call him the coming leader of Ireland. In answer to my
+statement that it wouldn't be a very hard job to take over Irish industry,
+he smiled and said: "That's why we welcome the entrance of outside capital
+into Ireland. The more industry is developed, the less we will have to do
+afterward."
+
+
+
+THE REPUBLIC FIRST
+
+Labor agrees with Sinn Fein not only that Irish industry must be developed
+but also that Ireland must have independence. After the national war, the
+class war must come. First freedom from exploitation by capitalistic
+nations, and then freedom from capitalistic individuals. Many socialists,
+it is said, do not understand why Ireland should not plunge at once into
+the class war. It was a matter of regret to James Connolly that many of his
+fellow socialists the world over would never understand his participation
+in the rebellion of 1916. Nora Connolly, the smiling boy-like girl who
+smokes and works by a grate in Liberty Hall, says that on the eve of his
+execution, when he lay in bed with his leg shattered by a gun wound, her
+father said to her: "The socialists will never understand why I am here.
+They all forget I am an Irishman."
+
+But James Connolly's fellow socialists in Ireland understand "why he was
+there," They back his participation in the national war. And they know
+every Irishman will. So they go to the workers and say: "Jim Connolly died
+to make Ireland free." Then while the workers cheer, they swiftly show why
+Connolly advocated the class war, too: "Jim Connolly lived to make Ireland
+free. He believed that the world is for the man who works in it, but in
+Ireland he saw seven-eighths of the people in the working class, and he
+knew that to these people life means crowded one-room homes, endless
+Fridays, no schools or virtually none, and churches where resignation is
+preached to them. So his life was a dangerous fight to organize workers
+that they might become strong enough to take what is theirs." At Liberty
+Hall, one is told that the martyr's name is magnetizing the masses into the
+Irish Labor party. And, in order to propagate his ideas, the people are
+contributing their coppers towards a fund for the permanent establishment
+of the James Connolly Labor College.
+
+So labor fights for a republic first. At the last general elections it
+withdrew all its labor party candidates that the Sinn Fein candidates might
+have a clear field to demonstrate to the world how unified is Irish
+sentiment in favor of a republic. And at the International Labor and
+Socialist conference held in Berne in 1919, Cathal O'Shannon, the bright
+young labor leader who goes about with his small frame swallowed up in an
+overcoat too big for him, made this declaration:
+
+"Irish labor reaffirms its declaration in favor of free and absolute
+self-determination of each and every people, the Irish included, in
+choosing the sovereignty and form of government under which it shall live.
+It rejoices that this self-determination has now been assured to the
+Jugo-Slavs, Czecho-Slovaks, Alsatians and Lorrainers, as well as to the
+Finns, Poles, Ukrainians, and now to the Arabs. This is not enough and it
+is not impartial. To be one and the other, this principle must also be
+applied in the same sense and under the same conditions to the peoples of
+Ireland, India, Egypt, and to such other people as have not yet secured the
+exercise of the inherent right.... Irish labor claims no more and no less
+for Ireland than for the others."
+
+After the republic, a workers' republic? After Sinn Fein, the Labor party?
+Madame Markewicz is high in the councils of both Sinn Fein and Labor. One
+day, lost in one of her trance-like meditations in which she states her
+intuitions with absolute disregard of expediency, she said to me:
+
+"Labor will swamp Sinn Fein."
+
+[Footnote 1. Figures supplied by William O'Brien, secretary Irish Labor
+party and Trade Union congress, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 2. Census of 1911.]
+
+[Footnote 3. Figures supplied by Department of Agriculture of Ireland,
+1919.]
+
+[Footnote 4. Figures read by Thomas Lough, M.P., in House of Commons, May
+14, 1918.]
+
+[Footnote 5. "Reconquest of Ireland," By James Connolly. Maunsel and
+Company. 1917. P. 328.]
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+AE'S PEACEFUL REVOLUTION
+
+"THE CO-OPERATIVE COMMONWEALTH"
+
+
+It was very dark. I could not find the number. The flat-faced little row of
+houses was set far back on the green. But at last I mounted some lofty
+steps, and entered a brown linoleum-covered hallway. In the front parlor
+sat the hostess. She was like some family portrait with her hair parted and
+drawn over her ears, with her black taffeta gown surmounted by a
+cameo-pinned lace collar. She poured tea. In a back parlor whose walls were
+hung with unframed paintings, a big brown-bearded man was passing teacups
+to women who were lounging in chairs and to men who stood black against the
+red glow of the grate. The big man was George Russell, the famous AE, poet,
+painter and philosopher, the "north star of Ireland."
+
+At last he sat down on the edge of a chair--his blue eyes atwinkle as if he
+knew some good secret of the happy end of human struggling and was only
+waiting the proper moment to tell. This much he did reveal as he gestured
+with the pipe that was more often in his hand than in his mouth: it is his
+belief that all acts purposed for good work out towards good. He gives ear
+to all sincere radicals, Sinn Feiners and "Reds." But he states that he
+believes he is the only living pacifist, and disputes the value of bloody
+methods. He advocates the peaceful revolution of co-operation. His
+powerfully gentle personality has an undoubted effect on the
+revolutionaries, and while neither element wants to embrace pacifism, both
+want AE's revolution to go forward with theirs.
+
+His gaiety at the little Sunday evenings which he holds quite regularly,
+goes far, I am told, towards easing the strain on the taut nerves of the
+Sinn Fein intellectuals who attend them. On the Sunday evening I was
+present the subject of jail journals was broached. Darrell Figgis had just
+written one. In a dim corner of the room was miniatured the ivory face and
+the red gold beard of the much imprisoned Figgis.
+
+"Why write a jail journal?" queried AE, smiling towards the corner. "The
+rare book, the book that bibliophiles will pray to find twenty years from
+now, will be written by an Irishman who never went to jail."
+
+Some one, I think that it was "Jimmy" Stephens, author of "The Crock of
+Gold," who sat cross-legged on the end of a worn wicker chaise longue and
+talked with all the facility with which he writes, mentioned the countess's
+plan of living in the Coombe district. AE returned that as far as he knew
+the countess was the only member of parliament who felt called upon to live
+with her constituency.
+
+Then suddenly the whole room seemed to join a chorus of protest against
+President Wilson. At the Peace Conference all power was his. He was backed
+by the richest, greatest nation in the world. But he failed to keep his
+promise of gaining the self-determination of small nations. Was he yielding
+to the anti-Irish sentiment brought about by English control of the cables
+and English propaganda in the United States--was he to let his great
+republic be intellectually dependent on the ancient monarchy?
+
+"Perhaps," said AE to me after a few meditative puffs of his pipe, "you
+feel like the American who was with us on a similar occasion a few weeks
+ago. At last he burst out with: 'It's no conception which Americans have of
+their president that he should take the place and the duties of God
+Omnipotent in the world,'"
+
+One day I went to discuss Irish labor with AE. I climbed up to that most
+curious of all magazine offices--the _Irish Homestead_ office up under
+the roof of Plunkett House. It is a semi-circular room whose walls are
+covered with the lavender and purple people of AE's brush. AE was ambushed
+behind piles of newspapers, and behind him in a grate filled with
+smouldering peat blocks sat the black tea kettle. As a reporter, one of the
+few things for which I am allowed to retain respect is the editorial dead
+line. So I assured AE that I would be glad to return when he had finished
+writing. But with a courtesy that is evidently founded on an inversion of
+the American rule that business should always come before people, he
+assured me that he could sit down at the fire with me at once.
+
+Now I knew that he had great sympathy with laborers. I recalled his
+terrible letter against Dublin employers in the great strike of 1913 when
+he foretold that the success of the employers in starving the Dublin poor
+would necessarily lead to "red ruin and the breaking up of laws.... The men
+whose manhood you have broken will loathe you, and will always be brooding
+and seeking to strike a new blow. The children will be taught to curse you.
+The infant being moulded in the womb will have breathed into its starved
+body the vitality of hate. It is not they--it is you who are pulling down
+the pillars of the social order."[1] But I knew, too, that he was opposed
+to violence, so I wondered what he would say to this:
+
+"A labor leader just told me that it was his belief that industrial
+revolution would take place in Ireland in two or three years. Labor waits
+only till it has secured greater unity between the north and south. Then it
+will take over industry and government by force."
+
+"I had hoped--I am trying to convince the labor leaders here," he said
+finally, "of the value of the Italian plan for the taking over of industry.
+The Italian seaman's union co-operatively purchased and ran boats on which
+they formerly had been merely workers."
+
+Russia he spoke of for a moment. People shortly over from Russia told him,
+as he had felt, that the soviet was not the dreadful thing it was made out
+to be. But a dictatorship of the workers he would not like. He wanted, he
+said with an upward movement of his big arms, he wanted to be free.
+
+"Now I am for the building of a co-operative commonwealth on co-operative
+societies. Ireland can and is developing her own industries through
+co-operation. She is developing them without aid from England and in the
+face of opposition in Ireland.
+
+"England, you see, is used to dealing with problems of empire--with nations
+and great metropolises. When we bring her plans that mean life or death to
+just villages, the matter is too small to discuss. She is bored.
+
+"Ireland offers opposition in the person of the 'gombeen man.' He is the
+local trader and money lender. And co-operative buying and selling takes
+away his monopoly of business.
+
+"Paddy Gallagher up in Dungloe in the Rosses will give you an idea of the
+poverty of the Irish countryside, of the extent that the poverty is due to
+the gombeen men, 'the bosses of the Rosses,' and of the ability of the
+co-operative society to develop and create industry even in such a locality.
+
+"Societies like Paddy Gallagher's are springing up all over Ireland. The
+rapid growth may be estimated from the fact that in 1902 their trade
+turnover was $7,500,000, and in 1918, $50,000,000. These little units do
+not merely develop industry; they also bind up the economic and social
+interests of the people.
+
+"In a few years these new societies and others to be created will have
+dominated their districts, and political power will follow, and we will
+have new political ideals based on a democratic control of agriculture and
+industry, and states and people will move harmoniously to a given end.
+
+"Ireland might attain, by orderly evolution, to a co-operative commonwealth
+in fifty to two hundred years.
+
+"But these are dangerous times for prophecy."
+
+
+
+PADDY GALLAGHER: GIANT KILLER.
+
+From the dark niche under the gray boulder where the violets grow, a
+Donegal fairy flew to the mountain cabin to bring a birthday wish to
+Patrick Gallagher. The fairy designed not that great good would come to
+Paddy, but that great good would come to his people through him. At least
+when Paddy grew up, he slew the child-eating giant, Poverty, who lived in
+Donegal.
+
+Paddy began to fight poverty when he could scarcely toddle. With his
+father, whose back was laden with a great rush basket, he used to pad in
+his bare feet down the mountainside to the Dungloe harbor--down where the
+hills give the ocean a black embrace. Father and son would wade into the
+ocean that was pink and lavender in the sunset. Above them, the white
+curlews swooped and curved and opened their pine wood beaks to squawk a
+prayer for dead fish. But the workers did not stop to watch. Their food
+also was in question. They must pluck the black seaweed to fertilize their
+field.
+
+When the early sun bronzed the bog, and streaked the dark pool below with
+gold, Paddy and his father began to feed the dried wavy strands of kelp
+between the hungry brown furrow lips. They packed the long groove near the
+stone fence; they rounded past the big boulder that could not be budged;
+last of all, they filled the short far row in the strangely shaped little
+field. At noon, Paddy's mother appeared at the half door of the cabin and
+called in the general direction of the field--it was difficult to see them,
+for their frieze suits had been dyed in bog water and she could not at once
+distinguish them from the brown earth. They were glad to come in to eat
+their sugarless and creamless oatmeal.
+
+In the evening Paddy ran over the road to his cousin's. Western clouds were
+blackening and his little cousin was pulling the pig into the cabin as a
+man puts other sort of treasure out of danger into a safe. Paddy listened a
+moment. He could hear the castanets of the tweed weaver's loom and the hum
+of his uncle's deep voice as he sang at his work. He ran to the rear of the
+cabin and up the stone steps to the little addition. A lantern filled the
+room he entered with black, harp-like shadows of the loom. While the uncle
+stopped treadling and held the blue-tailed shuttle in his hand, the
+breathless little boy told him that the field was finished.
+
+"God grant," said the uncle with a solemnity that put fear into the heart
+of Paddy, "there may be a harvest for you."
+
+Paddy watched his mother work ceaselessly to aid in the fight that his
+father and he were making against poverty. During the month her needles
+would click unending wool into socks, and then on Saturday she would
+trudge--often in a stiff Atlantic gale--sixteen miles to the market in
+Strabane. There she sold the socks at a penny a pair.
+
+In spite of combined hopes, the potato plants were floppily yellow that
+year. Their stems felt like a dead man's fingers. No potatoes to eat. None
+to exchange for meal. What were they to do?
+
+The gombeen man told them. As member of the county council, he said, he
+would secure money for the repair of the roads. All those who worked on the
+road would get paid in meal.
+
+"Let your da' not worry," said the fat gombeen man pompously to Paddy.
+Paddy had brought the ticket that his father had obtained by a week's work
+to exchange for twenty-eight pounds of corn meal. "I'll keep famine from
+the parish. Charity's not dead yet."
+
+When Paddy lugged the meal into the cabin, he found his mother lying on the
+bed with her face averted from the bowl of milk that some less hungry
+neighbor had brought in. His father's gaunt frame was hunched over the peat
+blocks on the flat hearth. Paddy, full of desire to banish the brooding
+discouragement from the room, hastened to repeat the words of the gombeen
+man. But he felt that he had failed when his father, regarding the two
+stone sack, said hollowly:
+
+"Charity? Small pay to the men who keep the roads open for his vans."
+
+In the spring, Paddy was nine, and had to go out in the world to fight
+poverty alone. His father had confided to him that they were in great debt
+to the gombeen man. Paddy could help them get out. There was to be a hiring
+fair in Strabane. Paddy swung along the road to Strabane pretending he was
+a man--he was to be hired out just like one. But when he arrived at the
+hiring field he shrank back. All the farm hands, big and little, stood
+herded together in between the cattle pens. A man? A beast. One overseer
+for a big estate came up to dicker for the boy, and said he would give him
+fifteen dollars for six months' work. Paddy was just about to muster up
+courage to put the price up a bit, when a friend of the overseer came up
+with the prearranged remark: "A fine boy! Well worth twelve dollars the six
+months!"
+
+"What do you want to know for?" asked the gombeen man, when at the end of
+Paddy's back-breaking six months, Paddy and his father brought him the
+fifteen dollars and asked how much they still owed. The gombeen man refuses
+accounts to everyone but the priest, magistrate, doctor and teacher. "What
+do you want to know how much you owe for? Unless you want to pay me all
+off?"
+
+When Paddy was seventeen he made a still bigger fight against debt. With
+the sons of other "tied" men, he went to work in the Scottish harvests. His
+family was not as badly off as those of some of the boys. Some had run so
+far behind that the gombeen man had served writs on them, obtained judgment
+against their holdings, and could evict them at pleasure.
+
+When Paddy married and settled down in Dungloe he found the reason for the
+unpayableness of the debt. One day he and his father shopped at the gombeen
+store together. They bought the same amount of meal. The father paid
+cash--seventeen shillings. Forty-four days later, Paddy brought his money.
+But the gombeen man presented him with a bill for twenty-one shillings and
+three pence. It did no good to say how much the father had paid for the
+same amount of meal. The gombeen man insisted that Paddy's father had given
+eighteen shillings, and Paddy was being charged just three shillings and
+three pence interest. Or only 144 per cent per annum!
+
+"Why do we buy from him? Why don't we get together and do our own buying?"
+asked the insurgent Paddy. After much reflection he had decided on the
+tactics of his campaign against poverty and the recruiting for his army
+commenced that night as the neighbors visited about his turf fire. There
+was doubt on the faces of those tied to the gombeen man. But Paddy
+continued: "Let's try it out in a small way, say with fertilizer. That
+stuff he's selling us isn't as good as kelp, and he won't tell us what it's
+made of."
+
+The recruits fell in. They scraped up enough money to buy a twenty-ton load
+of rich manure from a neighboring co-operative society. The little deal
+saved them $200 and brought them heavy crops. They organized. They needed a
+store. Up in a rocky boreen on his little farm, Paddy had an empty shed.
+Again the neighbors explored the toes of their money stockings, and found
+enough to pay for filling the shed with flour, tea, sugar and meal. Then,
+if they were "free" men, they came boldly to shop on the nights the store
+was open--moonlight or no moonlight. But if they were "tied" men, they
+crept fearsomely tip the rocks on dark nights only. The recruits recruited.
+Financial and social returns began to come in. At the end of the first year
+there was a clear profit of over $500. In three years the society was
+recognized as one of the most efficient in Ireland and presented by the
+Pembroke fund with a fine stucco hall. Jigs. Dances. Lectures.
+
+But the gombeen man wasn't "taking it lying down." He called on his
+political and religious friends to aid. First on the magistrate. When Paddy
+became the political rival of the gombeen man for the county council, there
+was a joint debate. Paddy used reduced prices as his argument. Questions
+were hurled at him by the reddening trader.
+
+"Wait till I get through," said Paddy. "Then I'll attend to you."
+
+That, said the trader, was a physical threat! So the gombeener's friend,
+the magistrate, threw Paddy into jail. Paddy went to prison full of fear
+that dissension might be sown in the society's ranks. But on coming out he
+discovered not only that he had won the election but that a committee was
+waiting to present him with a gorgeous French gilt clock, and that fires,
+just as on St. John's eve, were blazing on the mountains.
+
+But the trader took another friend of his aside. This time it was the
+village priest. Bad dances, he said, were going on of nights in Templecrone
+hall. What was Paddy's surprise on a Sunday in the windswept chapel by the
+sea to hear his beloved hall denounced as a place of sin. Paddy knew the
+people would not come any more.
+
+Then, the great inspiration. Paddy remembered how his mother used to try to
+help with her knitting. He saw girls at spinning wheels or looms working
+full eight hours a day and earning only $1.25 to $1.50 a week. So with
+permission of the society, Paddy had two long tables placed in the
+entertainment hall, and along the edges of the tables he had the latest
+type of knitting machines screwed. Soon there were about 300 girls working
+on a seven and a half hour day. They were paid by the piece, and it was not
+long before they were getting wages that ran from $17.50 to $5.25 a week.
+Incidentally, Mr. Gallagher, as manager, gave himself only $10.00 a week.
+
+
+
+When I saw Patrick Gallagher in Dungloe, he was dressed in a blue suit and
+a soft gray cap, and looked not unlike the keen sort of business men one
+sees on an ocean liner. And indeed he gave the impression that if he had
+not been a co-operationist for Ireland, he might well have been a
+capitalist in America. He took me up the main street of Dungloe into easily
+the busiest of the white plastered shops. He made plain the hints of
+growing industry. The bacon cured in Dungloe. The egg-weighing--since
+weighing was introduced the farmers worked to increase the size of the eggs
+and the first year increased their sales $15,000 worth. The rentable farm
+machines.
+
+"Come out into this old cabin and meet our baker," Paddy continued when we
+went out the rear of the store. "We began to get bread from Londonderry,
+but the old Lough Swilly road is too uncertain. See the ancient Scotch
+oven--the coals are placed in the oven part and when they are still hot
+they are scooped out and the bread is put in their place. Interesting,
+isn't it? But we are going to get a modern slide oven."
+
+After viewing the orchard and the beehives beneath the trees, I remarked on
+the size of the plant, and its suitability for his purpose. He said:
+
+"It used to belong to the gombeen man."
+
+
+
+The sea wind was blowing through the open windows of the mill. Barefoot
+girls--it's only on Sunday that Donegal country girls wear shoes and then
+they put them on only when they are quite near church--silently needled
+khaki-worsted over the shining wire prongs. Others spindled wool for new
+work. As they stood or sat at their work, the shy colleens told of an extra
+room added to a cabin, or a plump sum to a dowry through the money earned
+at the mill. None of them was planning, as their older sisters had had to
+plan, to go to Scotland or America.
+
+"As the parents of most of the girls are members in the society they want
+the best working conditions possible for them," said Mr. Gallagher as he
+took me out the back entrance of the knitting mill. "So we're building this
+new factory. See that hole where we blasted for granite; we got enough for
+the entire mill in one blast. That motor is for the electricity to be used
+in the plant.
+
+"Northern sky lights in the new building--the evenest light comes from the
+north. Cement floor--good for cleaning but bad for the girls, so we are to
+have cork matting for them to stand on. Slide-in seats under the
+tables--that's so that a girl may stand or sit at her work."
+
+"Soon the hall will be free for entertainments again," I suggested. "Won't
+the old cry be raised against it once more?"
+
+"No. We're too strong for that now."
+
+
+
+At the Gallaghers' home, a sort of store-like place on the main street,
+Mrs. Gallagher with a soft shawl about her shoulders was waiting to
+introduce me to Miss Hester. Miss Hester was brought to Dungloe by the
+co-operative society to care for the mothers at child-birth. She is the
+first nurse who ever came to work in Donegal.
+
+But Mr. Gallagher wanted to talk more of Dungloe's attainment and ambition.
+He compared the trade turnover of $5,045 for the first year of the society
+with $375,000 for 1918. But there were more things to be done. The finest
+herring in the world swim the Donegal coast. Scots catch it. Irish buy it.
+Dungloe men wanted to fish, but the gombeen man would never lend money to
+promote industry. Other plans for the development of Dungloe were
+discussed, but the expense of the cartage of surplus products on the toy
+Lough Swilly road, and the impossibility of getting freight boats into the
+undredged harbor, were lead to rising ambition.
+
+"Parliament is not interested in public improvements for Dungloe," smiled
+Mr. Gallagher. "I suppose if I were a British member of parliament I would
+not want to hand out funds for the projection of a harbor in a faraway
+place like this. Irish transportation will not be taken in hand until
+Ireland can control her own economic policy."
+
+As the darkness closed in about our little fire the talk turned somehow to
+tales of the fairies of Donegal, and Mr. Gallagher chuckled:
+
+"Some persons about here still believe in the good people."
+
+Then gentle Mrs. Gallagher, conscious of a benevolent force close at hand,
+began simply:
+
+"Well, don't you think perhaps--"
+
+[Footnote 1. "To the Masters of Dublin--An Open Letter." By AE. _The
+Irish Times_, Oct. 17, 1913.]
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND COMMUNISM
+
+THE LIMERICK SOVIET
+
+
+A soviet supported by the Catholic Church--that was the singular spectacle
+I found when I broke through the military cordon about the proclaimed city
+of Limerick.
+
+The city had been proclaimed for this reason: Robert Byrne, son of a
+Limerick business man, had been imprisoned for political reasons. He fell
+ill from the effects of a hunger strike,[1] and was sent to the hospital in
+the Limerick workhouse. A "rescue party" was formed. In the mêlée that
+followed, Robert Byrne and a constable were killed. Then according to a
+military order, Limerick was proclaimed because of "the attack by armed men
+on police constables and the brutal murder of one of them."
+
+At Limerick Junction we were locked in our compartments. There were few on
+the train. Two or three school boys with their initialed school caps. Two
+or three women drinking tea from the wicker train baskets supplied at the
+junction. In the yards of the Limerick station, the train came to a dead
+stop. Then the conductor unlocked compartments, while a kilted Scotch
+officer, with three bayonet-carrying soldiers behind him, asked for
+permits. At last we were pulled into the station filled with empty freight
+trucks and its guard of soldiers. Through the dusk beyond the rain was
+slithering.
+
+"Sorry. No cab, miss," said a constable. "The whole city's on strike."
+
+That explained my inability to get Limerick on the wire. From Kildare I had
+been trying all morning to reach Limerick on the telephone. All the
+Limerick shops I passed were blinded or shuttered. In the gray light, black
+lines of people moved desolately up and down, not allowed to congregate and
+apparently not wanting to remain in homes they were weary of. A few candles
+flickered in windows. After leaving my suitcase at a hotel, I left for the
+strike headquarters. On my way I neared Sarsfield bridge. Between it and
+me, there loomed a great black mass. Close to it, I found it was a tank,
+stenciled with the name of Scotch-and-Soda, and surrounded by massed barbed
+wire inside a wooden fence. On the bridge, the guards paraded up and down
+and called to the people:
+
+"Step to the road!"
+
+At the door of a river street house, I mounted gritty stone steps. A
+red-badged man opened the door part way. As soon as I told him I was an
+American journalist, the suspicious look on his face vanished. With much
+cordiality he invited me to come upstairs. While he knocked on a
+consultation door, he bade me wait. In the wavering hall light, the knots
+in the worn wooden floor threw blots of shadow. On an invitation to come
+in, I entered a badly lit room where workingmen sat at a long black
+scratched table. In the empty chair at the end of the table opposite the
+chairman, I was invited to sit down. As I asked my questions, every head
+was turned down towards me as if the strike committee was having its
+picture taken and everybody wanted to get in it.
+
+"Yes, this is a soviet," said John Cronin, the carpenter who was father of
+the baby soviet. "Why did we form it? Why do we pit people's rule against
+military rule? Of course, as workers, we are against all military. But our
+particular grievance against the British military is this: when the town
+was unjustly proclaimed, the cordon was drawn to leave out a factory part
+of town that lies beyond the bridges. We had to ask the soldiers for
+permits to earn our daily bread.
+
+"You have seen how we have thrown the crank into production. But some
+activities are permitted to continue. Bakers are working under our orders.
+The kept press is killed, but we have substituted our own paper." He held
+up a small sheet which said in large letters: The Workers' Bulletin Issued
+by the Limerick Proletariat.
+
+"We've distributed food and slashed prices. The farmers send us their
+produce. The food committee has been able to cut down prices: eggs, for
+instance, are down from a dollar to sixty-six cents a dozen and milk from
+fourteen to six cents a quart.
+
+"In a few days we will engrave our own money. Beside there will be an
+influx of money from England. About half the workers are affiliated to
+English unions and entitled to strike pay. We have, by the way, felt the
+sympathy of the union men in the army sent to guard us. A whole Scotch
+regiment had to be sent home because it was letting workers go back and
+forth without passes.
+
+"And--we have told no one else--the national executive council of the Irish
+Labor party and Trade Union congress will change its headquarters from
+Dublin to Limerick. Then if military rule isn't abrogated, a general strike
+of the entire country will be called."
+
+Just here a boy with imaginative brown eyes, who was, I discovered later,
+the editor of the _Workers' Bulletin_, said suddenly:
+
+"There! Isn't that enough to tell the young lady? How do we know that she
+is not from Scotland Yard?"
+
+In order to send my wire on the all-Ireland strike, I stumbled along dark
+streets till I came to the postoffice. Lantern light was streaming from a
+hatchway open in the big iron door in the rear. "Who comes?" challenged the
+guards. While I was giving a most conversational reply, a dashing officer
+ran up and told me the password to the night telegraph room. Streets were
+deserted when I attempted to find my way back to the hotel. At last I saw a
+cloaked figure separate itself from the column post box against which it
+was standing. I asked my way and discovered I was talking to a member of
+the Black Watch. Limerick is the only town in the British Isles that
+retains the ancient custom of a civilian night guard. While the strike was
+on, there were, during the day, 600 special Royal Irish constables on duty
+in Limerick. But, at night, in spite of unlit streets, the 600 constables
+gave place to the sixty men of the Black Watch.
+
+
+
+"Priests preached sermons Sunday urging the people to withstand the enemy
+with the same spirit they did in the time of Sarsfield," said young
+Alphonsus O'Mara, the mayor of Limerick, whom I met at breakfast. His Sinn
+Fein beliefs had imprisoned him in his hotel, for his home was beyond the
+town and he would not ask the British military for a pass. Opposite the
+breakfast room we could see the drawn blue shades of Limerick's dry goods
+store. A woman staggered by with a burlap bag of coal on her shoulders. A
+donkey cart with a movie poster reading: "Working Under Order of the Strike
+Committee: GOD AND MAN," rolled past. A child hugging a pot of Easter
+lilies shuffled by. "There's no idea that the people want communism. There
+can't be. The people here are Catholics."
+
+But a little incident of the strike impressed me with the fact that there
+were communists among these fervent Catholics. In order to pictorialize the
+predicament of the Limerick workers to the world through the journalists
+who were gathered in Limerick waiting the hoped-for arrival of the first
+transatlantic plane, the national executive council devised this plan. One
+bright spring afternoon, the amusement committee placed poster
+announcements of a hurling match that was to be held just outside of
+Limerick at Caherdavin. About one thousand people, mostly Irish boys and
+girls, left town. At sunset, two by two, girls with yellow primroses at
+their waists, and boys with their hurling sticks in their hands, marched
+down the white-walled Caherdavin road towards the bridge. The bridge guard
+hooped his arm towards the boat house occupied by the military. Soldiers,
+strapping on cartridge belts, double-quicked to his aid. A machine gun
+sniffed the air from the upper story of the boat house. Scotch-and-Soda
+veered heavily bridgewards. A squad of fifty helmeted constables marched to
+the bridge, and marked time. But the boys and girls merely asked if they
+might go home, and when they were refused, turned about again and kept up a
+circling tramp, requesting admission. Down near the Broken Treaty Stone, in
+St. Munchin's Temperance hall, in a room half-filled with potatoes and eggs
+and milk, women who were to care for the exiles during their temporary
+banishment, were working. A few of the workers' red-badged guards came to
+herald the approach of the workers, and then sat down on a settle outside
+the hall.
+
+St. Munchin's chapel bell struck the Angelus.
+
+The red-badged guards rose and blessed themselves.
+
+
+
+THE BISHOP ON COMMUNISM
+
+Possibly, I thought, the clergymen of Limerick were hurried into support of
+red labor. What was the attitude of those who had a perspective on the
+situation towards communism?
+
+Just outside Limerick, in the town of Ennis in the county of Clare--Clare
+as well as Kerry has the reputation of shooting down informers at
+sight--there dwells the most loved bishop in Ireland. The Lenten pastoral
+of the Right Reverend Michael Fogarty, bishop of Killaloe, was so fervently
+national that when it was twice mailed to the Friends of Irish Freedom in
+America it was twice refused carriage by the British government. There was
+no doubt that he was for Sinn Fein. But how did he stand towards labor?
+
+Past an ancient Norman castle on which was whitewashed the legend "Up De
+Valera!" into the low-built little town of Ennis, I drove up to the modest
+colonial home that is called the "episcopal palace," Bishop Fogarty invited
+me to take off my "wet, cold, ugly coat," and to sit at a linen-covered
+spot at the long plush-hung library table. As he rang a bell, he told me I
+must be hungry after my drive. Then a maid brought in a piping-hot dinner
+of delicious Irish stew. I sat down quite frankly hungry, but from a rather
+resentful glance which the maid gave me, I have since suspicioned that I
+ate the bishop's dinner.
+
+First I told the bishop that I am a Catholic. Then I said I was informed
+that there was a reaction against the Church in Ireland, against being what
+American Protestants call "priest-ridden." The first reason of the
+reaction, I was told, was the fact that the people felt that the hierarchy
+was not in favor of a republic. Indeed I had it from an Irish-American
+priest in Dublin that many of the Irish bishops were in a bad way, because
+neither the English government nor the people trusted them.
+
+"Priest-ridden?" The bishop smiled. "Priest-ridden? England would like us
+to control these people for her today. We couldn't if we would.
+Priest-ridden? Perhaps the other way about."
+
+The second reason, it was said, is due to the fact that the workers feel
+that the Church is standing with the capitalists. A Dublin Catholic, wife
+of an American correspondent stationed in that city, told me that socialism
+is so strong in the very poor parish of St. Mary's pro-cathedral in Dublin
+that out of 40,000 members, there were 16,000 who were not practising their
+religion.
+
+"A lie!" exclaimed the bishop as his jaw shot out and his great muscular
+frame straightened as if to meet physical combat on the score. "It is
+simply not true. The loyalty of the Irish to the Catholic Church is
+unquestionable."
+
+And anyway, he indicated, if the people desired a communistic government
+there is no essential opposition in the Catholic Church.
+
+In the past, said the bishop, the Church in Ireland had thrived under
+common ownership. When in the fifth century Patrick evangelized Ireland,
+the ancient Irish were practising a kind of socialism. There was a common
+ownership of land. Each freeman had a right to use a certain acreage. But
+the land of every man, from the king down, might be taken away by the
+state. There was an elected king, and assemblies of nobles and freemen.
+There were arbitration courts where the lawgivers decided on penalties, and
+whose decisions were enforced by the assemblies. One of the reasons, the
+bishop said, that England had found it difficult to rule the Irish, was
+that she attempted to force a feudal government on a socialistic people.
+
+Recently--to illustrate that the Irish still retain their instinct for
+common ownership--there had been, as the bishop mentioned, a successful
+socialistic experiment in Clare. On looking up this fact at a later time, I
+discovered that the experiment had points of resemblance to the ancient
+state.[2] In 1823 the English socialist, Robert Owen, visited Ireland. His
+outline of the possibilities of co-operation on socialistic lines inspired
+the foundation of the Hibernian Philanthropic Society. It was in 1831 that
+Arthur Vandeleur, one of the members of the society, decided he would
+establish a socialist colony on his estate in Ralahine, Clare county. A
+large tract of land was to be possessed and developed by a group of
+tenants. This property was not, incidentally, a gift, but was to be held by
+Mr. Vandeleur until the tenants were able to pay for it. An elected
+committee of nine, and a general assembly of all men and women members of
+the society, were the government. The committee's decision against an
+offending member of society could be enforced or not by the members. The
+success of the society is acknowledged. Through it was introduced the first
+reaping machine into Ireland. By it the condition of the toiler was much
+raised, and might have been more greatly elevated but for the fact that the
+community had to pay a very heavy annual rental in kind to Mr. Vandeleur.
+The experiment came to a premature end, however, because of the passing of
+the estate out of the hands of Mr. Vandeleur, and the non-recognition of
+the right of such a community to hold a lease or to act as tenants under
+the land laws of Great Britain.
+
+"Why should there not be a modernized form of the ancient Gaelic state?"
+asked the bishop.
+
+When I spoke of the Russian soviet, and stated that I heard that the Roman
+Catholic church had spread in eight dioceses under the new government, the
+bishop nodded his head. The Church, he said, had nothing to fear from the
+soviet.
+
+"Certainly not from the Limerick soviet," I suggested. "It was there that I
+saw a red-badged guard rise to say the Angelus."
+
+"Isn't it well," smiled the bishop, "that communism is to be
+Christianized?"
+
+[Footnote 1: Notice was given by the General Prison Board of Ireland on
+November 24, 1919, that no prisoner on hunger strike would obtain release.
+It was stated that the hunger-striker alone would be responsible for the
+consequences of his refusal to take food.]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Labour in Irish History." By James Connolly. Maunsel and
+Company. 1917. P. 122.]
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+WHAT ABOUT BELFAST?
+
+SICKNESS AND DEATH OF CARSONISM
+
+
+The H.C. of L. has done an extraordinary thing. It is the high cost of
+living that has caused the sickness and death of Carsonism. Carsonism is a
+synonym for the division of the Ulsterites by political and religious
+cries--there are 690,000 Catholics and 888,000 non-Catholics.[1]
+
+The good work began during the war. Driven by the war cost of living,
+Unionist and Protestant organized with Sinn Fein and Catholic workers, and
+together they obtained increased pay. Now they no longer want division. For
+they believe what the labor leaders have long preached: "Carsonism with its
+continuance of the ancient cries of 'No Popery!' and 'No Home Rule!'
+operates for the good of the rich mill owners and against the good of the
+workers. If the workers allow themselves to be divided on these scores,
+they can neither keep a union to get better wages nor elect men intent on
+securing industrial legislation. If the workers are really wise they will
+lay the Carson ghost by working with the south of Ireland towards a
+settlement of the political question. Why not? The workers of the north and
+south are bound by the tie of a common poverty."
+
+"All my life," said Dawson Gordon, the Protestant president of the Irish
+Textile Federation, as we talked in the dark little union headquarters
+where shawled spinners and weavers were coming in with their big copper
+dues, "I have heard stories that were so much fuel on the prejudice pile.
+When I was small, I believed anything I was told about the Catholics. I
+remember this tale that my mother repeated to me as she said her
+grandmother had told it to her: 'A neighbor of grandmother's was alone in
+her cabin one night. There was a knock at the door. A Catholic woman begged
+for shelter. The neighbor could not bear to turn her back into the night.
+Then as there was only one bed, the two women shared it. Next morning
+grandmother heard a moaning in the cabin. On entering, she saw the neighbor
+lying alone on the bed, stabbed in the back. The neighbor's last words
+were: "Never trust a Catholic!"' As I grew a little older I found two other
+Protestant friends whose grandmothers had had the same experience. And
+since I have been a labor organizer, I have run across Catholics who told
+the same story turned about. So I began to think that there was a hell of a
+lot of great-grandmothers with stabbed friends--almost too many for belief.
+
+"But hysterical as they were, such stories served their purpose of
+division."
+
+From a schoolish-looking cupboard in the back of the room, Mr. Gordon
+extracted a much-thumbed pamphlet on the linen and jute industry, published
+after extended investigation by the United States in 1913. Mr. Gordon
+turned to a certain page, and pointed a finger at a significant line which
+ran:
+
+"The wages of the linen workers in Ireland are the lowest received in any
+mills in the United Kingdom."
+
+Then Mr. Gordon added:
+
+"Another pre-war report by Dr. H. W. Bailie, chief medical officer of
+Belfast, commented on the low wage of the sweated home worker--the report
+has since been suppressed. I remember one woman he told about. She
+embroidered 300 dots for a penny. By working continuously all week she
+could just make $1.50.[2]
+
+"Pay's not the only thing," continued Mr. Gordon. "Working condition's
+another. Go to the mills and see the wet spinners. The air of the room they
+work in is heavy with humidity. There are the women, waists open at the
+throat, sleeves rolled up, hair pulled back to prevent the irritation of
+loose ends on damp skins, bare feet on the cement floor. At noon they
+snatch up their shawls and rush home for a hurried lunch. It's not
+surprising that Dr. Bailie reported that poor working conditions were
+responsible for many premature births and many delicate children. Nor that
+the low pay of the workers made them easy prey to tuberculosis. He wrote
+that, as in previous years, consumption was most prevalent among the
+poor.[3]
+
+"Why such pay and such working conditions?" asked Mr. Gordon. "Because
+before the war there were only 400 of us organized. Labor organizer after
+labor organizer fought for the unity of the working people. But no sooner
+would such a speaker rise oft a platform than there would be calls from all
+parts of the house: 'Are ye a Sinn Feiner?', 'What's yer religion?' or 'Do
+ye vote unionist?' There was no way out. He had to declare himself. Then
+one or the other half of his audience would rise and leave. With low wages,
+of course, the workers could not get a perspective on their battle. They
+were prisoners in Belfast. They never had money enough even for the
+two-hour trip to Dublin. Rail rates are high. Excursions almost unknown.
+Then came the war. At that time wages were:
+
+"Spinners and preparers, $3.00 a week.
+
+"Weavers and winders, $3.08 a week.
+
+"General laborers, $4.00 a week.
+
+"But how much did it cost to feed a family of five? Seven dollars a week.
+The workers had to get the difference. They couldn't without organization.
+With hunger at their heels, they forgot prejudices. Catholics began to go
+to meetings in Orange halls. Protestants attended similar meetings in
+Hibernian assembly rooms; at a small town near Belfast there was a recent
+labor procession in which one-half of the band was Orange and the other
+half Hibernian, and yet there was perfect harmony. Other unions than ours
+were at work. For instance, the Irish Transport and General Workers' union
+began to gather men under the motto chosen from one of Thomas Davis' songs:
+
+  "Then let the orange lily be a badge, my patriot brother,
+  The orange for you, the green for me, and each for one another.'
+
+"What happened? Take our union for example. From 400 in 1914, the
+membership mounted to 40,000 in 1919--that is the number represented today
+in the Irish Textile Federation. With the growth in strength the federation
+made out its cost-of-living budget, and presented its case to the Linen
+Trade Employers. At last the federation succeeded in obtaining this rate:
+
+"Spinners and preparers, $7.50 a week.
+
+"Weavers and winders, $7.50 a week.
+
+"General laborers, $10.00 a week."
+
+But, say the leaders, there will always be chance of disunion until the
+political question is settled. Ulster labor decided to assist in that
+settlement. So it killed Carsonism. And now it is trying to lay the
+Carsonistic ghost.
+
+This is the way labor killed Carsonism. I saw it done. I was in at the
+death. There was a parliamentary seat vacant in East Antrim. Carson, whose
+choice had hitherto been law, backed a Canadian named Major Moore. But
+labor put up a sort of Bull Moose candidate named Hanna. The Carsonists
+realized the issue. During the campaign they reiterated that Carsonism was
+to live or die by that vote. The dodgers for Major Moore ran:
+
+            East Antrim Election
+                     WHAT
+           The Enemies of Unionism
+                     WANT
+             The Return of Hanna
+                     WHY?
+  Because as _The Freeman's Journal_ of May 10,
+                 1919, states:
+       "IF HANNA WINS, HIS VICTORY WILL
+             BE THE DEATH KNELL OF
+                  CARSONISM."
+    Are YOU going to be the one to bring this
+                    about?
+             VOTE SOLID FOR MOORE
+             and show our enemies
+         EAST ANTRIM STANDS BY CARSON
+
+At the meetings the Carsonists continually stressed the point that this
+election meant more than the election or defeat of Moore. It meant the
+election or defeat of Carson and his ally, God.
+
+"God in His goodness," declared a woman advocate at a meeting held for
+Moore at Carrickfergus, "has spared Sir Edward Carson to us, but the day
+may come when we will see ourselves without him, and I want to be sure that
+no one in Ulster will have caused him one pain or sorrow."[4]
+
+"It is owing to Sir Edward Carson under Almighty God," stated D.M. Wilson,
+K.C., M.P., at a meeting at Whitehead, "that we have been saved from Home
+Rule, and the man that knows these things would rather that his right arm
+were paralyzed than be guilty of any act that would tend to weaken the work
+of Sir Edward Carson."[5]
+
+"I am fully persuaded," added William Coote, M.P., at the same meeting,
+"that the great country of the gun running will never be false to its great
+leader."[6]
+
+One evening near a stuccoed golf club at a cross roads in Upper Green Isle,
+with the v of the Belfast Lough shining in the distance, I waited to hear
+Major Moore address a crowd of workers. As the buzzing little audience
+gathered, boys climbed up telegraph poles with the stickers "We Want
+Hanna," and a small, pale-faced man with a protruding jaw was the center of
+a political argument for Hanna. At last the brake arrived. The major, a
+tall, personable man, stood up in the cart. But all the good old Ulster
+rallying cries he used, seemed to miss fire.
+
+"Sir Edward Carson's for me--"
+
+"Stand on your own feet, Major Muir," interrupted a worker.
+
+"Heart and soul, I'll fight Home Rule--"
+
+"What aboot Canada, Major Muir?" The major did not reply as he had at a
+previous meeting at Carrickfergus that he hoped that the time would come
+when there would be a "truly imperial parliament in London--one that would
+represent not only the three kingdoms but the whole empire."[7] Instead he
+went on:
+
+"The Unionist party stands for improved social legislation."
+
+"What aboot old age pensions?" and "Why didn't the Unionist party vote for
+working-men's compensation, Major Muir?"
+
+As he was preparing to drive away from the booing crowd, one of his
+supporters began to distribute dodgers. I had two in my hand when the
+small, pale-faced man with the jaw applied a match to them, and cried out
+as they flared in my hand:
+
+"That's what we do with trash."
+
+Who won? When the election returns were made public in June, they read:
+Major Moore, 7,549; Hanna, 8,714.
+
+Laying the ghost of Carsonism by the permanent settlement of the Irish
+political question was attempted last spring. It was then that Ulster labor
+backed the rest of the Irish Labor party at Berne when it asked for the
+"free and absolute self-determination of each and every people in choosing
+the sovereignty under which they shall live."
+
+
+
+THE SINN FEIN BABY IN BELFAST
+
+The pacific endeavors of the high cost of living are greatly aided by the
+natural kindliness of the people. I think I have never met simpler charity
+to strangers. For instance, in the little matter of appealing for street
+directions, I found the shawled women and the pale men would go far out of
+their ways to put me on the right path. Even when I inquired for the home
+of Dennis McCullough, they looked at me quickly, said: "Oh, you mean the
+big Sinn Feiner"? and readily directed me to his home.
+
+In the red brick home in the red brick row on the outskirts of the red
+brick town of Belfast, Mrs. Dennis McCullough, daughter of the south of
+Ireland, gave testimony that the goodheartedness of her neighbors prevails
+over their prejudice even in time of crisis. Her husband, a piano merchant,
+has been in some seven prisons for his political activities. He had told of
+plank beds, of food he could not eat, of the quelling of prison outbreaks
+by hosing the prisoners and then letting them lie in their wet clothes on
+cold floors. He had spoken of evading prison at one time by availing
+himself of the ancient privilege of "taking sanctuary": he went to the
+famous pilgrimage center of Lough Derg, and though no sanctuary law
+prevails, the military did not care or dare to violate the religious
+feelings of the inhabitants by seizing him there. And then he had told of
+the last time: before his last arrest he had taken great care not to
+provoke the authorities because Mrs. McCullough was about to give birth to
+her first child; but one evening when the couple and friends were seated
+about a quiet Sunday evening tea table, six constables entered and hurried
+him off to jail without even presenting a warrant. It was at this point
+that Mrs. McCullough gave her testimony:
+
+"Our house is just a little island of Sinn Fein in this district. The
+neighbors knew my husband had been arrested. The papers told them that the
+arrests had been made in connection with that Jules Verne German submarine
+plot. But when my baby was born, my neighbors forgot everything but the
+fact that I was a human being who needed help. One neighbor came in to bake
+my bread; another to sweep my house; another to cook my meals. They were
+very good.
+
+"Often at five o'clock, I watch the girls coming home from the mills. At
+six o'clock they eat supper. At seven the boys and girls walk out together,
+two by two." Mrs. McCullough laughed. "You know, I think that's all I have
+against the Ulsterites--there's nothing queer about them."
+
+By the grate, Dennis McCullough held the baby in his arms with all the care
+one uses towards a treasure long withheld. His drawn white face was close
+to the dimpled cheeks.
+
+The rank and file of the Belfastians, then, are joining the priests,
+co-operationists, labor unionists and Sinn Feiners in their fight for
+self-determination. For it is believed that as long as the Irish people,
+Irish or Scotch-Irish, remain under the domination of England, they will
+continue to suffer under exploitation by her capitalists. And the people of
+the north and the south are unanimous that English exploitation is what's
+the matter with Ireland.
+
+[Footnote 1: Census of 1911.]
+
+[Footnote 2: England passed an order in 1919 regulating the wages of
+sweated women workers so that the minimum wage of a girl 18 working a
+48-hour week amounts to $6.72. But the order concludes: "_This order
+shall have effect in all districts of Great Britain but not in
+Ireland_." (Ministry of Labor. Statutory Rules and Orders. 1919. No.
+357.)]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Report Chief Medical Inspector, Belfast, 1909."]
+
+[Footnote 4: _Belfast Telegraph_, May 15, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _Northern Whig_, Belfast, May 17, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Ibid_.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Belfast Telegraph_, May 15, 1919.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's What's the Matter with Ireland?, by Ruth Russell
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12033 ***
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+Project Gutenberg's What's the Matter with Ireland?, by Ruth Russell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: What's the Matter with Ireland?
+
+Author: Ruth Russell
+
+Release Date: April 15, 2004 [EBook #12033]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHAT'S THE MATTER WITH IRELAND? ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Newman and PG Distributed
+Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+What's the Matter with Ireland?
+
+By Ruth Russell
+
+1920
+
+
+
+TO MY MOTHER
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+  I. WHAT'S THE MATTER WITH IRELAND
+ II. SINN FEIN AND REVOLUTION
+III. IRISH LABOR AND CLASS REVOLUTION
+ IV. AE'S PEACEFUL REVOLUTION
+  V. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND COMMUNISM
+ VI. WHAT ABOUT BELFAST?
+
+
+
+
+
+  ELECTED GOVERNMENT
+  OF
+  THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND
+  (AMERICAN DELEGATION)
+
+  January 29, 1920.
+
+  _Miss Ruth' Russell,
+  Chicago, Illinois_.
+
+  Dear Miss Russell:
+
+  I have read the advance copy of your book, "What's the Matter with
+  Ireland?", with much interest.
+
+  I congratulate you on the rapidity with which you succeeded in
+  understanding Irish conditions and grasped the Irish viewpoint.
+
+  I hope your book will be widely read. Your first chapter will be
+  instructive to those who have been deceived by the recent cry of Irish
+  prosperity. Cries of this sort are echoed without thought as to their
+  truth, and gain credence as they pass from mouth to mouth. I hope we
+  shall have many more impartial investigators, such as you, who will
+  take the trouble to see things for themselves first hand, and who will
+  not be imposed upon by half-truths.
+
+  Having visited Ireland, I feel you cannot doubt that the poet was
+  right--
+
+    "There never was a nation yet
+    Could rule another well."
+
+  I imagine, too, that having seen the character of British rule there,
+  you must realize better than before what it was your American patriots
+  of '76 hastened to rid themselves of. In a country with such natural
+  resources as Ireland, can you believe it possible that if government by
+  the people obtained there could be such conditions of unemployment and
+  misery as you found?
+
+  Do you not think that if the elected Government of the Republic were
+  left unhampered by foreign usurpation, we might in the coming years
+  hope to rival the boast of Lord Clare in 1798:
+
+    "There is not a nation on the face of the habitable globe which has
+    advanced in cultivation, in manufactures, with the same rapidity in
+    the same period as Ireland--from 1782 to 1798."
+
+  and that progress like this, with the present social outlook in
+  Ireland, would mean the peace, contentment and happiness of millions of
+  human beings?
+
+  Yours very truly,
+
+  (Signed) E�MON DE VAL�RA.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+"And tell us what is the matter with Ireland."
+
+This was the last injunction a fellow journalist, propagandized into testy
+impatience with Ireland, gave me before I sailed for that bit of Europe
+which lies closest to America.
+
+It became perfectly obvious that Ireland was poor; poor to ignorance, poor
+to starvation, poor to insanity and death. And that the cause of her
+poverty is her exploitation by the world capitalist next door to her.
+
+In Ireland there is no disagreement as to the cause of her poverty. There
+is very little difference as to the best remedy--three-fourths of Ireland
+have expressed their belief that the country can live only as a republic.
+Even the two great forces in Ireland that are said to be for the _status
+quo_, I found in active sympathy with the republican cause. In the
+Catholic Church the young priests are eager workers for Sinn Fein, and in
+Ulster the laborers are backing their leaders in a plea for
+self-determination. But there are, of course, those who say that a republic
+is not enough. In the cities where poverty is blackest, there are those who
+state that the new republic must be a workers' republic. In the villages
+and country places where the co-operative movement is growing strong, there
+are those who believe that the new republic must be a co-operative
+commonwealth.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+WHAT'S THE MATTER WITH IRELAND?
+
+OUT OF A JOB
+
+
+Is Ireland poor? I decided to base my answer to that question on personal
+investigation. I dressed myself as a working girl--it is to the working
+class that seven-eighths of the Irish people belong--and in a week in the
+slums of Dublin I found that lack of employment is continually driving the
+people to migration, low-wage slavery, or acceptance of charity.
+
+At the woman's employment bureau of the ministry of munitions, I discovered
+that 50,000 Irish boys and girls are annually sent to the English harvests,
+and that during the war there were 80,000 placements in the English
+munition factories.
+
+"But I don't want to leave home," I heard a little ex-fusemaker say as we
+stood in queues at the chicken-wire hatch in the big bare room turned over
+by the ministry of munitions for the replacement of women who had worked on
+army supplies. Her voice trembled with the uncertainty of one who knew she
+could not dictate.
+
+"Then you've got to be a servant," said the direct young woman at the
+hatch. "There's nothing left in Ireland but domestic jobs."
+
+"Isn't--you told me there might be something in Belfast?"
+
+"Linen mills are on part time now--no chance. There's only one place for
+good jobs now--that's across the channel."
+
+The little girl bit her lip. She shook her head and went out the rear exit
+provided for ex-war workers. Together we splashed into the broken-bricked
+alley that was sloppy with melting spring sleet.
+
+"Maybe she doesn't know everything," said the little girl, fingering a
+religious medal that shone beneath her brown muffler. "Maybe some one's
+dropped out. Let's say a prayer."
+
+Through the cutting sleet we bent our way to Dublin's largest factory--a
+plant where 1,000 girls are employed at what are the best woman's wages in
+Dublin, $4.50 to $10 a week.
+
+"You gotta be pretty brassy to ask for work here," said the little girl.
+"Everybody wants to work here. But you can't get anything unless you're
+b-brassy, can you?"
+
+We entered a big-windowed, red-bricked factory, and in response to our
+timid application, a black-clad woman shook her head wearily. Down a
+puddly, straw-strewn lane we were blown to one of the factories next in
+size--a fifty to 100 hand factory is considered big in Dublin. The sign on
+the door was scrawled:
+
+"No Hands Wanted."
+
+But in the courage of companionship we mounted the black, narrow-treaded
+wooden stairs to a box-littered room where white-aproned girls were nailing
+candy containers together. While we waited for the manager to come out, we
+stood with bowed heads so that the sleet could pool off our hats, and
+through a big crack in the plank floor we could see hard red candies
+swirling below. Suddenly we heard a voice and looked up to see the
+ticking-aproned manager spluttering:
+
+"Well, can't you read?"
+
+Up in a loft-like, saw-dusty room where girls were stuffing dolls and
+daubing red paint on china cheeks, an excited manager declared he was
+losing his own job. The new woman's trade union league wanted him to pay
+more than one dollar a week to his girls. He would show the union his
+books. Wasn't it better to have some job than none at all?
+
+Down the wet street, now glinting blindingly in the late sun, we walked
+into a grubby little tea shop for a sixpenny pot of tea between us. Out of
+my pocket I pulled a wage list of well-paying, imagination-stirring jobs in
+England. There were all sorts of jobs from toy-making at $8.25 a week to
+glass-blowing at $20. On the face of the little girl as she told me that
+she would meet me at the ministry of munitions the next morning there was a
+look of worried indecision.
+
+That night along Gloucester street, past the Georgian mansion houses built
+before the union of Ireland and England--great, flat-faced, uprising
+structures behind whose verdigrised knockers and shattered door fans comes
+the murmur of tenements--I walked till I came to a much polished brass
+plate lettered "St. Anthony's Working Girls' Home."
+
+"Why don't you go to England?" was the first question the matron put to me
+when I told her that I could get no factory work. "All the girls are
+going."
+
+In the stone-flagged cellar the girls were cooking their individual dinners
+at a stove deep set in the stone wall. A big, curly-haired girl was holding
+bread on a fork above the red coals.
+
+"Last time I got lonesome," she was admitting. "But the best parlor maid
+job here is $60 a year. And over at Basingstoke in England I've one waiting
+for me at $150 a year. If you want to live nowadays I suppose you've gotta
+be lonesome."
+
+Next day at the alley of the employment bureau, I met the little girl of
+the day before. She said a little dully:
+
+"Well, I took--shirt-making--Edinburgh."
+
+
+
+Instead of migrating, a girl may marry. But her husband in most cases can't
+make enough money to support a family. To keep an average family of five,
+just going, on food alone, costs $370 a year. Some farm hands get only
+$100. An average unskilled worker obtains $260 a year. An organized
+unskilled worker receives $367, and an organized skilled worker, $539.
+Therefore, if a girl marries, she has not only to bear children but to go
+out to work beside. Their constant toil makes the women of Ireland
+something less than well-cared-for slaves.
+
+Take the mother in Dublin. In Dublin there have long been too many casual
+laborers. One-third of Dublin's population of 300,000 are in this class.
+Now, while wages for some sorts of casual labor like dock work increased
+during the war, it has become almost impossible for Dublin laborers to get
+a day's job. For the unemployed are flocking for the good wages from the
+four fields of Ireland. On the days the man is out of work the woman must
+go out to wash or "char." I understood these conditions better after I
+spent a night in a typical one-room home in the dockers' quarters near the
+Liffey.
+
+Widow Hannan was my hostess. The widow is a strong, black-haired young
+woman who took an active part in the rebellion of 1916, and whose husband
+was killed fighting under James Connolly. We slept in the first floor
+front. In with the widow lay her three children, and in the cot
+catty-corner from the bed I was bunked. Just when the night air was
+thinning to gray there was a shattering rap on the ground-level window. The
+half-dressed young factory daughter clambered over the others and ripped
+down the rain coat that served as a night-time window curtain. Against the
+square-paned window was hunched a forward-shouldered woman.
+
+As she was being beckoned to the door, I rose, and to do my hair had to
+wedge myself in between the breakfast-table and the filmy mirror that hung
+among the half-tone pictures of the rebels of 1916. On the iron mantel,
+gray with coal dust, there was a family comb.
+
+"God save all here," said the neighbor entering. "Mary, himself's had no
+work for four days. Keep the young ones out of the grate for me. I've got
+to go out washing."
+
+"My sister-in-law has a husband and seven children to support," said the
+widow in explanation to me. "During the war, he could do with her going out
+just once in a while--now it's all the time." Then to the sister-in-law:
+"I've a wash myself today."
+
+The big shoes that must once have belonged to the visitor's man, hit the
+floor loosely as she walked slowly out. Then as lodger I was given the only
+chair at the breakfast-table. The mother and girl sat at a plank bench and
+supped their tea from their saucerless cups. As there was no place else to
+sit, the children took their bread and jam as they perched on the bed, and
+when they finished, surreptitiously wiped their fingers on the
+brown-covered hay mattress. Before we were through, they had run to the
+street and back to warm their cold legs inside the fender till the floor
+was tracked with mud from the street, ashes from the grate, and bits of
+crumbled bread.
+
+In the evening I heard the murmur of revolution. With the shawled mothers
+who line the lane on a pleasant evening, I stood between the widow and a
+twenty-year-old girl who held her tiny blind baby in her arms. Across the
+narrow street with its water-filled gutters, barefoot children in holey
+sweaters or with burlap tied about their shoulders, slapped their feet as
+they jigged, or jumped at hop-scotch. Back of them in typical Dublin decay
+rose the stables of an anciently prosperous shipping concern; in the v dip
+of the roofless walls, spiky grass grew and through the barred windows the
+wet gray sky was slotted. Suddenly the girl-mother spoke:
+
+"Why, there's himself coming back, Mary. See him turning up from the timber
+on the quay. There was sorrow in his eyes like the submarine times when he
+came to tell me no boat docked this morning. Baby or no baby, I'll have to
+get work for myself, for he's not given me a farthing for a fortnight."
+
+A big Danish-looking chap was homing towards the door. Without meeting the
+girl's eyes, he slunk into the doorway. His broad shoulders sagged under
+his sun-faded coat, and he blocked the light from the glassless window on
+the staircase as he disappeared. When he slouched out again his hand
+dropped from his hip pocket.
+
+"It's to drill he's going," The young mother snugged her shawl in more
+tightly about her baby. Then she said with a little break in her voice:
+"Oh, it's very pleasant, just this, with the girls jigging and rattling
+their legs of a spring evening."
+
+A girl's voice defiantly telling a soldier that if he didn't wear his
+civvies when he came to call he needn't come at all, rose clearly from a
+dark doorway. A lamplighter streaked yellow flame into the square lamp
+hanging from the stone shell opposite. A jarvey, hugging a bundle of hay,
+drove his horse clankingly over the cobblestones. Then grimly came the
+whisper of the widow of the rebellion close to my ear:
+
+"Oh, we'll have enough in the army this time."
+
+
+
+Difficult as the Irish worker's fight is, the able person is loath to give
+up and accept charity. But whether she wants to or not, if she can't find
+work she must go to the poorhouse. Before the war it was estimated that
+over one-half the inmates of the Irish workhouses were employable. During
+the war, when there were more jobs than usual to be had, there was a great
+exodus from the hated poorhouse; there was a drop in workhouse wards from
+400,000 to 250,000. But now jobs are getting less again and there is a
+melancholy return back over the hills to the poorhouse.
+
+Night refuges, I found, are the last stage in this journey. There, with
+every day out of work, women become more unemployable--clothes and
+constitutions wear out; minds lose hope in effort and rely on luck. As I
+sat with a tableful of charwomen and general housework girls in a refuge in
+Dublin, I read two ads from the paper. One offered a job for a general
+servant with wages at $50 a year. The other ran: "Wanted: a strong humble
+general housework girl to live out; $1.25 a week." I put the choice up to
+the table.
+
+"If you haven't anybody of your own to live with," advised a husky-voiced,
+mufflered girl next me as she warmed her fingers about her mug of tea and
+regarded me from under her cotton velvet hat with some suspicion, "you
+should get the job living with the family. It takes five dollars a week to
+live by yourself." Then forestalling a protest she added: "You'll get two
+early evenings off--at eight o'clock."
+
+"Whatever you get, don't let it go." A bird-faced woman leaned over the
+table so that the green black plume of her charity bonnet wagged across the
+center of the table. With her little warning eyes still on my face she
+settled back impressively. As she extracted a half sheet of newspaper from
+under her beaded cape and furtively wrapped up one of the two "hunks" of
+bread that each refugee got, she continued: "Once I gave up a place because
+they let me have just potatoes and onions for dinner. No, hold on to
+whatever you get--whatever." And after we had night prayers that were so
+long drawn out that someone moaned: "Do they want to scourge us with
+praying?", the old charwoman repeated the hopeless words: "Hold on to
+whatever you get--whatever."
+
+In the pale gold light that flooded through the windows of the sixty-bed
+dormitory, the women turned down the mussed toweling sheets from the
+bolsters across the reddish gray spreads.
+
+"My clothes dried on me after the rain, and I do be coughing till my chest
+is sore," said the girl who had sat next me at the table and was next me in
+the sleeping room. "There was too many at the dispensary to wait."
+
+Out of a sagging pocket in her creased mackintosh she took a clothes brush.
+She slipped her skirt from under her coat and with her blue-cold hand
+passed the flat brush back and forth over the muddy hem.
+
+"If I had a bit o' black for my shoes now--with your clothes I could get me
+a housemaid's job easy," Her muffler covered the fact that she had no
+shirtwaist. Then she added encouragingly: "You'd better get a job quick.
+There's only one blanket on these beds and clothes run down using them for
+covers at night."
+
+Opposite us a gray-cheeked mother was wrapping a black petticoat about the
+legs of a small child. She tucked the little girl in the narrow bed they
+were both to sleep in, and babbled softly to the drowsy child:
+
+"No place yet. My heart do be falling out o' me. Well, I'm not to blame
+because it's you that keeps me from getting it. You--" she bent over the
+bed and ended sharply: "Oh, my darling, shall we die in Dublin?"
+
+Through the dusk, above the sound of coughing and canvas stretching as the
+women settled themselves for the night, there rose the soft voices of two
+women telling welcome fairy stories to each other:
+
+"It was a wild night," said one. "She was going along the Liffey, and the
+wind coming up from the sea blew the cape about her face and she half fell
+into the water. He caught her, they kept company for seven years and then
+he married her. Who do you suppose he turned out to be? Why, a wealthy
+London baker. Och, God send us all fortune."
+
+There was silence, then the whisper of the mother:
+
+"Look up to the windows, darling. There's just a taste of daylight left."
+
+Gradually it grew dark and quiet in this vault of human misery. Then, far
+away from some remote chapel in the house, there floated the triumphant
+words of the practising choir:
+
+"Alleluia! Alleluia!"
+
+
+
+ILL.
+
+What do emigration and low wages do to Irish health? Social conditions
+result in an extraordinary percentage of tuberculosis and lunacy, and in a
+baby shortage in Ireland. Individual propensities to sexual excess or
+common crime are, incidentally, responsible for little of the ill health in
+Ireland.
+
+Ireland's tuberculosis rate is higher than that of most of the countries in
+the "civilized" world. Through Sir William Thompson, registrar-general of
+Ireland, I was given much material about tuberculosis in Ireland. An
+international pre-war chart showed Ireland fourth on the tuberculosis
+list--it was exceeded only by Austria, Hungary, and Servia.[1] During the
+war, Ireland's tuberculosis mortality rate showed a tendency to increase;
+in 1913, her death list from tuberculosis was 9,387 and in 1917 it was
+9,680.[2]
+
+Emigration is heat to the tuberculosis thermometer. Why? Sir Robert
+Matheson, ex-registrar-general of Ireland, explained at a meeting of the
+Woman's National Health Association. The more fit, he said, emigrate, and
+the less fit stay home and propagate weak children. Besides, emigrants who
+contract the disease elsewhere come home to die. Many so return from the
+United States. Numbers of the 50,000 annual migrants from the west coast of
+Ireland to the English harvests return to nurse the tuberculosis they
+contracted across the channel. Dr. Birmingham, of the Westport Union, is
+quoted as saying that in September a disease known locally as the "English
+cold" is prevalent among the young men who have been harvesting in England.
+Sometimes it is simple bronchitis. Mostly it is incipent phthisis. It is
+easily traced to the wretched sleeping places called "Paddy houses" in
+which Irish laborers are permitted to be housed in England. These "Paddy
+houses" are often death traps--crowded, dark, unventilated barns in which
+the men have to sleep on coarse bags on the floor.[3]
+
+The Irish wage causes tuberculosis to mount higher. Dr. Andrew Trimble,
+chief tuberculosis officer for Belfast, comments on the fact that the sex
+affected proves that economic conditions are to blame. Under conditions of
+poverty, women become ill more quickly than men. Dr. Trimble writes: "In
+Belfast and in Ireland generally more females suffer from tuberculosis than
+males. In Great Britain, however, the reverse is the case.... In former
+years, however, they had much the same experience as we have in Ireland ...
+and it would be necessary to go back over twenty-five years to come to a
+point where the mortality from tuberculosis among women equalled that now
+obtaining with us. It would seem that the hardships associated with poor
+economic conditions--insufficient wages, bad housing and want of fresh air,
+good food and sufficient clothing--tell more heavily on the female than on
+the male, and with the march of progress and better conditions of living
+... tuberculosis amongst women is automatically reduced."[4]
+
+The Irish wage must choose a tuberculosis incubator for a home. Ireland is
+a one-room-home country. In the great "rural slum" districts, the one-room
+cabin prevails. Country slums exist where homes cannot be supported by the
+land they are built on--they occur, for instance, in the rocky fields of
+Galway and Donegal and in the stripped bog lands of Sligo. Galway and
+Donegal cabins are made of stones wrested from the ground; in Mayo, the
+walls are piled sod--mud cabins. Roofing these western homes is the "skin
+o' th' soil" or sod with the grass roots in it. Through the homemade roofs
+or barrel chimneys the wet Atlantic winds often pour streams of water that
+puddle on the earthen floors. At one end of the cabin is a smoky dent that
+indicates the fireplace; and at the other there may be a stall or two. The
+small, deep-set windows are, as a rule, "fixed." Rural slums are rivaled by
+city slums. Even in the capital of Ireland the poor are housed as badly as
+in the west of Ireland. Looking down on the city of Dublin from the tower
+of St. Patrick's cathedral, one can see roofs so smashed in that they look
+as if some giant had walked over them; great areas so packed with buildings
+that there are only darts of passageways for light and air. In ancient
+plaster cabins, in high old edifices with pointed Huguenot roofs, in
+Georgian mansion tenements, there are 25,000 families whose homes are
+one-room homes. Dublin's proportion of those who live more than two to a
+room is higher than that of any other city in the British Isles--London has
+16.8; Edinburgh, 31.1; Dublin, 37.9.[5] In one-room homes tuberculosis
+breeds fast. A table from the dispensary for tuberculosis patients, an
+institution built in Dublin as a memorial to the American, P.F. Collier,
+shows that out of 1,176 cases 676 came from one-room homes.[6] As a type
+case, the report instances this: "Nine members of the W---- family were
+found living in one room together in a condition bordering on starvation.
+Both parents were very tubercular. The father had left the Sanatorium of
+the South Dublin Union on hearing of the mother's delicacy. He hoped to
+earn a little to support the family that had been driven to such a state
+through illness that, houseless, it had had to sleep on stairs. The only
+regular income was $1.12 a week earned by the eldest girl, aged 16, in a
+factory. Owing to want of food and unhealthy surroundings, she was in so
+run down a condition that it seemed certain she would become tubercular if
+not at once removed."
+
+The Irish wage can't buy the "good old diet." Milk and stirabout and
+potatoes once grew rosy-cheeked children. But bread and tea is the general
+diet now. War rations? Ireland was not put on war rations. To regulate the
+amount of butter and bacon per family would have been superfluous labor.
+Few families got even war rations.[7] Charitable organizations doubt if
+they should give relief to families who are able to have an occasional meal
+of potatoes in addition to their bread and tea. In a recent pamphlet[8] the
+St. Vincent de Paul Society said: "A widow ... who after paying the rent of
+her room, has a shilling a day to feed herself and two, three, four or even
+more children, is considered a doubtful case by the society. Yet a shilling
+a day will only give the family bread and tea for every meal, with an
+occasional dish of potatoes. By strict economy a little margarine may be
+purchased, but by no process of reasoning may it be said that the family
+has enough to eat, or suitable food." The Irish wage would have to be a
+high wage to buy the old diet. For that is not supplied by Ireland for
+Ireland any more. When Ireland became a cow lot, cereal and vegetable crops
+became few. But milk should be plentiful? The recent vice-regal milk
+commission noted the lack of milk for the poor in Ireland. Why? The town of
+Naas tells one reason. Naas is in the midst of a grazing country, but Naas
+babies have died for want of milk, because Naas cattle are raised for beef
+exportation. The town of Ennis tells another reason. Ennis is also in the
+center of a grazing country. Until the Woman's National Health Association
+established a depot, Ennis poor could not get retailed pitchersful of milk,
+for Ennis cows are raised to supply wholesale cansful to creameries which
+make the supply into dairy products for exportation.[9]
+
+Bread-and-tea, and bread-and-tealess families get on the calling list of
+tuberculosis nurses. "The nurses often found," writes the Woman's National
+Health Association, "that a large number of cases committed to their care
+were in an advanced stage of the disease ... in a number of cases families
+have been found entirely without food. This chronic state of lack of
+nourishment ... accounts in part for the fact that there are two and
+sometimes three persons affected in the same family."[10]
+
+Has mental as well as physical health been affected? Lunacy is
+extraordinarily prevalent in Ireland. In the lunacy inspectors' office in
+Dublin castle, I was given the last comparison they had published of the
+insanity rates in England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland. English and
+Welsh insanity per 10,000 people was 40.8; Scottish, 45.4; Irish, 56.2. The
+Irish rate for 1916 showed an increase to 57.1.[11]
+
+Emigration, remark lunacy experts, fostered lunacy. Whole families withdrew
+from certain districts. Consanguineous marriages became more frequent.
+Weak-minded cousins wedded to bring forth weaker-minded children.
+
+And Irish living conditions are a nemesis. They affect those who go as well
+as those who stay. Commenting on the fact that the Irish contribute the
+highest proportion of the white foreign-born population to the American
+hospitals for the insane, as well as filling their own asylums, the lunacy
+inspectors write: "As to why this should be, we can offer no reasoned
+explanation: but just as the Irish famine was, apart from its direct
+effects, responsible for so much physical and mental distress in the
+country, so it would seem not improbable that the innutritious dietary and
+other deprivations of the majority of the population of Ireland must, when
+acting over many generations, have led to impaired nutrition of the nervous
+system, and in this way have developed in the race those neuropathic and
+psychopathic tendencies which are precursors of insanity."[12]
+
+Babies don't like mentally and physically worn-out parents. Babies used to
+be thought to have special predilection for Ireland. But as a matter of
+fact, they come to the island less and less. Ireland has for some time
+produced fewer babies to the thousand people than Scotland. During the
+decade 1907-1916 Scotland's annual average to every thousand people was
+25.9;[13] Ireland's was 22.8. From 1907 to 1917 Ireland's total number of
+babies fell from 101,742 to 86,370.[14]
+
+But as was said in the beginning, it is not to individual excess that most
+of the ill health in Ireland is due. It was not until recently that
+venereal disease as a factor in Irish ill health has been a factor worth
+mentioning. In 1906 a lunacy report read: "The statistics show that general
+paralysis of the insane--a disease now almost unknown in Ireland--is
+increasing in the more populous urban districts. At the same time the
+disease is still much less prevalent than in other countries, and in the
+rural districts it is practically non-existent. This is to a large extent
+due to the high standard of sexual morality that prevails all over
+Ireland."[15]
+
+Nor do the Irish suffer from the violence that accompanies common
+crime--for there is little crime under the most crime-provoking conditions.
+As the Countess of Aberdeen said: "In the past annual report by Sir Charles
+Cameron, the medical officer of health for Dublin, there are again some
+figures that tell a strange tale of poverty so widespread, of destitution
+so complete, of housing so unsanitary, of unemployment so little heeded,
+that one is amazed by the fact that no combined effort on the part of more
+fortunate citizens has been made toward bringing about a wholesome change,
+and this amazement is only lessened by the extraordinary freedom we in
+Dublin enjoy from robberies, peculations, from crimes of violence and other
+misdeeds that would sharpen our perception of miseries now borne with a
+fortitude and a self-restraint that cannot but appeal strongly to any who,
+either from personal experience or philanthropic reading, know how crime
+and vice are associated elsewhere with conditions not more distressing and
+often less long-lived than ours."[16]
+
+
+
+SCHOOL CLOSED
+
+There's small chance for the Irish to better their condition through
+education. Many Irish children don't go to school. It is estimated that out
+of 500,000 school children, 150,000 do not attend school. Why not? Here are
+two reasons advanced by the Vice-Regal Committee on Primary Education,
+Ireland, in its report published by His Majesty's Stationers, Dublin, 1919:
+
+Many families are too poor.
+
+England does not encourage Irish education.
+
+Irish poverty is recognized in the school laws; the Irish Education act
+passed by Parliament in 1892 is full of excuses for children who must go to
+work instead of to school. Thousands of Irish youngsters must avail
+themselves of these excuses. Ireland has 64,000 children under the age of
+14 at work. But Scotland with virtually the same population has only
+37,500.[17]
+
+Eight-year-old Michael Mallin drags kelp out of a rush basket and packs it
+down for fertilizer between the brown ridges of the little hand-spaded
+field in Donegal.
+
+"Is there no school to be going to, Michael?"
+
+"There do be a school, but to help my da' there is no one home but me."
+
+The act says that the following is a "reasonable excuse for the
+non-attendance of a child, namely, ... being engaged in necessary
+operations of husbandry."[18]
+
+Ten-year-old Margaret Duncan can be found sitting hunched up on a doorstep
+in a back street in Belfast. Her skirt and the step are webbed with threads
+clipped from machine-embroidered linen, or pulled from handkerchiefs for
+hemstitching. A few doors away little Helen Keefe, all elbows, is scrubbing
+her front steps.
+
+"But school's on."
+
+"Aye," responds Margaret, "but our mothers need us."
+
+The act plainly states that another reasonable excuse is "domestic
+necessity or other work requiring to be done at a particular time or
+season."[19]
+
+William Brady has a twelve-hour day in Dublin. He's out in the morning at
+5:30 to deliver papers. He's at school until three. He runs errands for the
+sweet shop till seven.
+
+"You get too tired for school work. How does your teacher like that?"
+
+"Ash! She can't do anything."
+
+Intuitively he knows that he can protect himself behind the fortress of
+words in the school attendance act: "A person shall not be deemed to have
+taken a child into his employment in contravention of this act if it is
+proved that the employment by reason of being during the hours when school
+is not in session does not interfere with the efficient elementary
+instruction of the child."[20]
+
+Nine-year-old Patrick Gallagher may go to the Letterkenny Hiring Fair and
+sell his baby services to a farmer. Some one may say to Paddy:
+
+"Why aren't you at school?"
+
+"Surely, I live over two miles away from school."
+
+The law thinks two miles are too far for him to walk. So he may be hired to
+work instead. Reads the education act: "A person shall not be deemed to
+have taken a child into his employment in contravention of this act if it
+is proved to the satisfaction of the court that during the employment there
+is not within two miles ... from the residence of the child any ... school
+which the child can attend."[21]
+
+Incidentally England does not encourage Irish education. England does not
+provide enough money to erect the best schools nor to attract the best
+teachers. But England agreed to an Irish education grant.[22] She
+established a central board of education in Ireland, and promised that
+through this board she would pay two-thirds of the school building bill and
+teachers' salaries to any one who was zealous enough to erect a school.
+Does England come through with the funds? Not, says the vice-regal
+committee, unless she feels like it. In 1900 she agreed with Ireland that
+Ireland's teachers should be paid higher salaries, but stipulated that the
+increase in salaries would not mean an immediate increase in grants.
+
+New building grants were suspended altogether for a time. In 1902, an
+annual grant of �185,000 was diverted from Irish primary education and used
+for quite extraneous purposes. And when England does give money for Irish
+education, she pays no heed to the requirements stated by the Irish
+commissioners of education.[23] Instead she says: "This amount I happen to
+be giving to English education; I will grant a proportionate amount to
+Irish education."
+
+"If English primary education happens to require financial aid from the
+Treasury, Irish primary education is to get some and in proportion
+thereto," writes the committee. "If England happens not to require any,
+then, of course, neither does Ireland. A starving man is to be fed only if
+some one else is hungry.... It seems to us extraordinary that Irish primary
+education should be financed on lines that have little relation to the
+needs of the case."[24]
+
+So there are not enough schools to go to. Belfast teachers testified before
+the committee that in their city alone there were 15,000 children without
+school accommodations. Some of the number are on the streets. Others are
+packed into educational holes of Calcutta. New schools, said the teachers,
+are needed not only for these pupils but also for those incarcerated in
+unsuitable schools--unheated schools or schools in whose dark rooms gas
+must burn daily. On the point of unsuitability, the testimony of a special
+investigator named F.H. Dale was quoted. He said:
+
+"I have no hesitation in reporting that both in point of convenience for
+teachers and in the requirements necessary for the health of teachers and
+scholars, the average school buildings in Dublin and Belfast are markedly
+inferior to the average school buildings now in use in English cities of
+corresponding size."
+
+So if unsuitable schools were removed, Belfast would have to provide for
+some thousands of school children beyond the estimate of 15,000, and other
+localities according to their similar great need.[25]
+
+Live, interesting primary teachers are few in Ireland. The low pay does not
+begin to compensate Irish school teachers for the great sacrifices they
+must make. Women teachers in Ireland begin at $405 a year; men at $500. If
+it were not for the fact that there are very few openings for educated
+young men and women in a grazing country there would probably be even
+greater scarcity.[26] Since three-fourths of the schools are rural those
+who determine to teach must resign themselves to social and professional
+hermitage. What is the result of these factors on the teaching morale? The
+1918 report at the education office shows 13,258 teachers, and only 3,820
+of these are marked highly efficient.[27]
+
+Thus the committee of the lord lieutenant.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Ireland's Crusade Against Tuberculosis." Edited by Countess
+of Aberdeen. Maunsel and Company. Dublin. 1908. P. 32.]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Marriages, Births, and Deaths in Ireland, 1917." His
+Majesty's Stationery Office. Dublin. 1918. P. IX.]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Ireland's Crusade Against Tuberculosis." P. 34-35.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Report of Chief Tuberculosis Officer of Belfast for the Three
+Years Ended 31 March, 1917." Hugh Adair. Belfast. 1917. P. 25.]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Appendix Report Housing Conditions of Dublin." Alex Thorn.
+Dublin. 1914. P. 154.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "First Annual Report P.F. Collier Memorial Dispensary."
+Dollard. Dublin. 1913. P. 24.]
+
+[Footnote 7: "Starvation in Dublin." By Lionel Gordon-Smith and Cruise
+O'Brien. Wood Printing Works. Dublin. 1917. P. 14.]
+
+[Footnote 8: "The Poor in Dublin." Pamphlet. St. Vincent de Paul Society.]
+
+[Footnote 9: "How Local Milk Depots in Ireland Are Worked." Dollard.
+Dublin. 1915. P. 3-15.]
+
+[Footnote 10: "Second Annual Report of the Woman's National Health
+Association." Waller and Company. Dublin. 1909. P. 143.]
+
+[Footnote 11: "Supplement Fifty-fourth Report Inspectors of Lunacy." Alex
+Thorn. Dublin. 1906. P. VII.]
+
+[Footnote 12: _Ibid_. P. XXVII.]
+
+[Footnote 13: "Sixty-second Annual Report of the Registrar General for
+Scotland, 1916." His Majesty's Stationery Office. Edinburgh. 1918. P.
+LXVII.]
+
+[Footnote 14: "Marriages, Births, and Deaths in Ireland, 1917." P. XII.]
+
+[Footnote 15: "Supplement Fifty-fourth Report Inspectors of Lunacy." P.
+XXXII.]
+
+[Footnote 16: "The Woman's National Health Association and Infant Welfare."
+The Child. June, 1911. P. 10.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Figures supplied by H.C. Ferguson, Superintendent of Charity
+Organization Society, Belfast, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 18: "Irish Education Act, 1892." (55 & 56 Vict.) Chap. 42. P. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 19: _Ibid_. P. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 20: _Ibid_. P. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 21: _Ibid_. P. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 22: _Ibid_. P. 8 et al.]
+
+[Footnote 23. "Vice-regal Committee of Enquiry into Primary Education,
+Ireland, 1918." His Majesty's Stationery Office. Dublin. 1919. P. 22.]
+
+[Footnote 24: _Ibid_. P. 22.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _Ibid_. Martin Reservation. P. 27-30.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _Ibid_. P. 8.]
+
+[Footnote 27: _Ibid_. P. 39.]
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+SINN FEIN AND REVOLUTION
+
+WILL SOCIAL CONDITION LEAD TO IMMEDIATE REVOLUTION?
+
+
+"Eamonn De Valera, the President of the Irish Republic, who has been in
+hiding since his escape from Lincoln jail, will be welcomed back to Dublin
+by a public reception. Tomorrow evening at seven o'clock he will be met at
+the Mount street bridge by Lawrence O'Neill, Lord Mayor of Dublin...."
+
+The news note was in the morning papers. In small type it was hidden on the
+back pages--the Irish papers have a curious habit of six-pointing articles
+in which the people are vitally interested and putting three-column heads
+on such stuff as: "Do Dublin Girls Rouge?" That day the concern of the
+people was unquestionably not rouge but republics. For the question that
+sibilated in Grafton street cafes and at the tram change at Nelson pillar
+was: "Will Dublin Castle permit?"
+
+Orders and gun enforcement. The empire did not deviate from the usual
+program of empires--action without discussion. In the crises that are
+always occurring between organized revolt and the empire, there is never
+any consideration of the physical agony that goads the people to revolt.
+There wasn't now. By early afternoon, the answer, on great, black-lettered
+posters, was swabbed to the sides of buildings all over town:
+
+"DE VALERA RECEPTION FORBIDDEN!"
+
+That was the headline, and after instructions warning the people not to
+take part in the ceremony, the government order ended:
+
+"GOD SAVE THE KING!"
+
+How would the revolutionaries reply? Rumors ran riot. The Sinn Fein
+volunteers would pit themselves against His Majesty's troops. The streets
+would be red again. The belief that the meeting would be held in spite of
+the proclamation was supported by a statement on green-lettered posters
+that appeared later next the British dictum:
+
+"LORD MAYOR REQUESTS GOOD ORDER AT RECEPTION!"
+
+This plea was followed by a paragraph asking that the people attending the
+reception would not allow themselves to be provoked into disorder by the
+British military. Then there was the concluding exclamation:
+
+"GOD SAVE IRELAND!"
+
+On my way to the Sinn Fein headquarters in Harcourt street, I passed the
+Mansion House of the Lord Mayor and found two long-coated Dublin Military
+Police stripping the new wet poster from the yellow walls. When I arrived
+at Number 6, Harcourt street, I saw black-clad Mrs. Sheehy-Sheffington, in
+somewhat agitated absorption of thought, coming down the worn steps of the
+old Georgian house. In the upper back room, earnest young secretaries
+worked in swift silence. One of them, a curly-haired girl with her mouth
+o-ed about a cigarette, puffed unceasingly. At last Harry Boland, secretary
+of Sinn Fein, entered.
+
+"The council decides tonight," he admitted. His eyes were bright and
+faraway like one whose mind is on a coming crisis. When I told him I would
+drop in again to hear the decision, he protested that they would be at it
+till late. On my counter protest that time made no difference to me, he
+promised that if I would not come he would send me word at eleven that
+night. "But I think," he added, "we won't know till morning."
+
+At ten that night, Boots knocked at my door. I concluded that there had
+been a stampeded decision. But on going out I discovered the Associated
+Press correspondent there. He told me that he heard that I was to receive
+the news and that he did not believe that there was any necessity of
+bothering the Sinn Feiners twice for the same decision.
+
+"I think the reception is quite likely," he volunteered. "This afternoon a
+good many of the Sinn Fein army were at University chapel at confession. At
+the girls' hostels of National University--which is regarded as a sort of
+adolescent Sinn Fein headquarters--there have been strict orders that the
+girls are to remain indoors tomorrow night."
+
+When the messenger arrived at eleven to say that no decision had been
+reached, I made an appointment for an interview on the following day with
+DeValera.
+
+Electricity was in the air by morning. There were all sorts of sparks.
+Young men in civilian clothes ran for trams with their hands over their hip
+pockets. A delightful girl whom I had met, boarded my car with a heavy
+parcel in her hands. As the British officer next me rose to give her his
+seat, her cheeks became very pink. Sometime later she told me that, like
+the rest of the Sinn Fein volunteers, she had received her mobilization
+orders, and that the parcel the officer had relented for was--her rifle.
+
+At that time, her division of the woman's section of the Sinn Fein
+volunteers was pressing a plan for the holding of the reception. In order,
+however, that no needed fighters would be killed, the girls had asked that
+they should be first to meet the president. Then, when the machine guns
+commenced, "only girls" would fall.
+
+Into College Green a brute of a tank had cruised. The man in charge was
+inviting people to have a look. Inside there were red-lipped munition
+boxes, provender cases, and through the skewer-sized sight-holes next the
+jutting guns, there were glimpses of shoppers emerging from Grafton street
+into the Green. Over the city, against the silver-rimmed, Irish gray
+clouds, aeroplanes--there were sixteen in one formation--buzzed
+insistently. Between the little stone columns of the roof railing of
+Trinity College, machine guns poked out their cold snouts.
+
+"Smoke bombs were dropped over Mount street bridge today," said Harry
+Boland with a shrug of his shoulders when I arrived at Sinn Fein
+headquarters to ask if the reception would still be held. "What can we do
+against a force like theirs?"
+
+But there was a strained feeling at headquarters as if the decision had
+been made after a hard fight. Alderman Thomas Kelly, one of the oldest of
+the Sinn Feiners, told me that he had backed DeValera in his refusal to
+countenance a needless loss of life, and that it was only after a good
+struggle that their point had won.
+
+"DeValera's just beyond the town," whispered Harry Boland to me when he
+decided that we would leave to see the president at seven--the hour the
+executive was due to appear at the bridge. "They're searching all the cars
+that cross the canal bridges. If there is any trouble as we pass just say
+that you are an American citizen--that'd get you through anywhere."
+
+Knots of still expectant people were gathered at the Mount street bridge.
+Squads of long-coated military police patrolled the place. Children called
+at games. The starlight dripped into the canal. At Portobello bridge we
+made our crossing. Nothing happened. The constables did not even punch the
+cushions of our car as they did with others to see if munitions were
+concealed therein. We swooped down curving roads between white walls hung
+with masses of dark laurel. We stopped dead on a road arched with trees. We
+got out, clicked the car door softly shut, turned a corner, and walked some
+distance in the cool night. As we walked I made I forget what request in
+regard to the interview from young Mr. Boland, and with the reverent regard
+and complete obedience to DeValera's wishes that is characteristic in the
+young Sinn Feiners--a state of mind that does not, however, prevent calling
+the president "Dev"--he said simply: "But I must do what he tells me." At
+the door of a modestly comfortable home whose steps we mounted, a thick-set
+man blocked my way for a moment.
+
+"You won't," he asked, "say where you came?"
+
+"I'm sure," I returned, "I haven't an idea where I am."
+
+DeValera was giving rapid, almost breathless, orders in Irish to some one
+as I entered his room. His thin frame towered above a dark plush-covered
+table. A fire behind him surrounded him with a soft yellow aura. His white,
+ascetic, young--he is thirty-seven--face was lined with determination.
+Doors and windows were hung with thick, dark-red porti�res, and the walls
+were almost as white as DeValera's face.
+
+"Pardon us for speaking Irish," he apologized. "We forget. Now first of
+all, we will go over the questions you sent me. I have written the answers.
+They must appear as I have put them down. That is the condition on which
+the interview takes place."
+
+Did Sinn Fein plan immediate revolution? The president ran a fountain pen
+under the small, finely written lines as he remarked in an aside that he
+was not a writer but a mathematician. No. The sudden set of the president's
+jaw indicated that this man who had fought in the 1916 rebellion till even
+his enemies had praised him, was the man who had decided there would be no
+reception at the bridge. No. There would be no armed revolt till all
+peaceable methods had failed.
+
+If Sinn Fein succeeded in getting separation, would it establish a
+bolshevistic government? DeValera returned that he was not sure what
+bolshevism is. As far as he understood bolshevism, Sinn Fein was not
+bolshevistic. But perhaps, by the way, bolshevism had been as
+misrepresented in the American press as Sinn Fein. Right there, I took
+exception and said that from his own point of view I did not see what good
+slurring the American press would do his cause. Immediately he answered as
+if only the principal phase of the matter had occurred to him: "But it's
+true." Then he continued: The worker is unfairly treated. Whether it is
+bolshevistic or not, Sinn Fein hopes to bring about a government in which
+there will be juster conditions for the laboring classes.
+
+
+
+CAUSE AND REMEDY OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS.
+
+The empire does not consider the cause of revolt.[1] But the republic is
+interested not only in the cause but also in the remedy.
+
+Relief, the republic has said, must come through Sinn Fein--ourselves.
+Neither the Sinn Fein leaders nor the people believe in the power of the
+Irish vote in the British House of Commons. At the last general elections
+the Sinn Fein party pledged that if its members were elected they would not
+go to the British parliament, but would remain at home to form the Irish
+parliament, the governing body of the Irish republic. Dodgers explaining
+why Sinn Fein had decided to forego the House of Commons were widely
+distributed. These read: "What good has parliamentarianism been? For
+thirty-three years England has been considering Home Rule while Irish
+members pleaded for it. But in three weeks the English parliament passed a
+conscriptive act for Ireland, though the Irish party was solid against it."
+On this platform, Sinn Fein won seventy-three out of 105 seats.
+
+If Sinn Fein is to relieve the social conditions in Ireland, it must, say
+Sinn Feiners, find out the cause. So they have pondered on this question:
+What is the cause of the unemployment in Ireland today? The answer to that
+question was the one point that the sharp-mustached, sardonic little Arthur
+Griffith, founder of Sinn Fein, wanted the American delegates from the
+Philadelphia Race Convention to carry back to America.
+
+It was revealed at a meeting of the Irish parliament specially called for
+the delegates. Cards were difficult to get for that meeting, and as each
+one passed through the long dreary ante-room of the circular assembly hall
+of the Mansion House, he was subjected to close scrutiny by the two dozen
+Irish volunteers on guard. In the civilian audience there was a sprinkling
+of American and Australian officers. Up on the platform was the throne of
+the Lord Mayor, in front of which sat the delegates--Frank Walsh, Edward F.
+Dunne, and Michael Ryan. In a roped-off semi-circle below the platform were
+deep upholstered chairs wherein rested the members of the Irish parliament.
+Countess Markewicz was, of course, the only woman there. White-haired,
+trembling-handed Laurence Ginnel, who is given long jail terms because he
+refuses to take his hat off in a British court, sat forward on his chair.
+The rich young Protestant named Robert Barton regarded the crowd through
+his shining eyeglasses. Keen, boyish Michael Collins, minister of finance,
+fingered the paper he was going to read. The last two men had recently
+escaped from prison and were wanted by the police--both, as they say in
+Ireland, were "on the run."
+
+"England kills Irish industry," said the succinct Arthur Griffith as he
+rose from the right hand of DeValera to address the delegates. "Early in
+the nineteenth century, England wanted a cheap meat supply center. She
+therefore made it more profitable for the landowners in Ireland to grow
+cattle instead of crops. Only a few herders are required in cattle care. So
+literally millions of Irish, tillers of the soil and millers of grain, were
+thrown out of employment, and from 1841 to 1911 the population fell from
+8,000,000 to 4,400,000. Today, Ireland, capable of supporting 16,000,000,
+cannot maintain 4,000,000."[2]
+
+What is the Sinn Fein remedy for unemployment? Industry. Plans were then
+under way for DeValera to make his escape to America to obtain American
+capital to back Irish industry. But money was not to be his sole business.
+He was to work for the recognition of Irish consuls and Irish mercantile
+marine. And inside Ireland the movement to establish industry on a sound
+basis was going on. Irish banks, Irish courts, Irish schools are to sustain
+the movement. At present the English-controlled Irish banks handicap Irish
+entrepreneurs by charging them one per cent more interest than English
+banks charge English borrowers; therefore, a national bank is regarded as
+an imperative need. Decisions of British judges in Irish courts may hamper
+Irish industry; so in parts of the country perfectly legal courts of
+arbitration manned by Irishmen have been established. School children under
+the present system of education are trained neither to commerce nor to love
+of the development of their native land; accordingly a Sinn Fein school
+fund is now being collected so that the Irish parliament may soon be able
+to take over national education.
+
+Sinn Fein could develop industry more easily if Ireland were free.[3] There
+is hope. It lies in Ireland's very lack of jobs. British labor does not
+like the competition of the cheap labor market next door. It rather
+welcomes the party that would push Irish industry. For with Irish industry
+developed Irish labor would become scarce and high. Already the British
+labor party has declared in favor of the self-determination of Ireland, and
+it is expected that with its accession to power there may be a final
+granting of self-determination to Ireland.
+
+As we were leaving the Mansion House--to which some of us were invited to
+return to a reception for the delegates that evening--I found intense
+reaction to the speakers of the day. I asked a young American
+non-commissioned officer how he liked DeValera. He seemed to be as stirred
+by the name as the young members of DeValera's regiment who besiege Mrs.
+DeValera for some little valueless possession of the "chief's." The boy
+drew in his breath, and I expected him to let it out again in a flow of
+praise, but emotion seemed to get the better of him, and all he could
+manage was a fervent: "Oh, gee!" Then I came across young Sylvia Pankhurst,
+disowned by her family for her communist sympathies, and in Dublin for the
+purpose of persuading the Irish parliament to become soviet. The Irish
+speakers, she told me, were much to be preferred to the Americans. They
+used more figures and less figures of speech. And when I repeated her
+remark to Desmond Fitzgerald, a pink and fastidious member of parliament,
+he smilingly commented: "Well, we Irish are more sophisticated, aren't we?"
+
+
+
+THE MAILED FIST
+
+In the afternoon the curtain went up on a matinee performance of The Mailed
+Fist.
+
+The first act was in the home of Madame Gonne-McBride. It was, properly, an
+exposition of the power of the enemy.
+
+With Madame Gonne-McBride, once called the most beautiful woman in Europe,
+Sylvia Pankhurst, and the sister, of Robert Barton, I entered the big house
+on Stephen's Green. Modern splashily vivid wall coloring. Japanese screens.
+Ancient carved madonnas. Two big Airedales thudded up and down in greeting
+to their mistress. I spoke of their unusual size.
+
+Madame Gonne-McBride, taking the head of one of them between her hands:
+"They won't let any one arrest me again, will they?"
+
+She is tall and slim in her deep mourning--her husband was killed in the
+rebellion of 1916. Her widow's bonnet is a soft silky guipure lace placed
+on her head like a Red Cross worker's coif. On the breast of her black gown
+there hangs a large dull silver cross. Beggars and flower-sellers greet her
+by name. It is said that a large part of her popularity is due to her work
+in obtaining free school lunches. Anyway, there was great grief among the
+people when she was thrown into jail for supposed complicity in the
+unproved German plot. The arrest, she said, came one Sunday night. She was
+walking unconcernedly from one of George Russell's weekly gatherings, when
+five husky constables blocked the bridge road and hurried her off to jail.
+At last, on account of her ill health, she was released from prison--very
+weak and very pale.
+
+Enter seventeen-year-old Sean McBride. Places back against the door. Blue
+eyes wide. Breathlessly: "They're after Bob Barton and Michael Collins.
+They've surrounded the Mansion House."
+
+Hatless we raced across Stephen's Green--that little handkerchief of a park
+that never seemed so embroidered with turns and bridges and bandstands and
+duck ponds before. Through the crowd that had already gathered we edged our
+way till we came to the double line of bayonets and batons that guarded the
+entrance to Dawson street. Over the broad, blue shoulder of the policeman
+directly in front of me, I glimpsed a wicked-looking little whippet tank
+with two very conscious British officers just head and shoulders out. Still
+further down were three covered motor lorries that had been used to convey
+the soldiers.
+
+Sean, for the especial benefit of constable just ahead: "Wars for democracy
+and small nations! And that's the only way they can keep us in the British
+empire. Brute force. Nice exhibition for the American journalists in town."
+
+Constable stalked Sean back to edge of crowd. Sean looked at him steadily
+with slight twinkle in his eye. Miss Barton, Miss Pankhurst, and I climbed
+up a low stone wall that commanded the guarded street, and clung to the
+iron paling on top. Sean came and stood beneath.
+
+Miss Pankhurst, regarding crowd in puzzled manner: "Why do you all smile?
+When the suffragists were arrested we used to become furious."
+
+Sean looking up at her in kindly manner in which old rebel might glance at
+impatient young rebel: "You forget. We're very used to this."
+
+Miss Pankhurst made an unexpected jump from her place. She wedged her way
+to the line of soldiers. As she talked to two young Tommies they blushed
+and fiddled with their bayonets like girls with their first bouquets of
+flowers. Twice a British major admonished them.
+
+Miss Pankhurst, returning: "Welsh boys. Just babies. I asked them why they
+came out armed to kill fellow workers. They said they had enlisted for the
+war. If they had known they were to be sent to Ireland they would have
+refused to go. I told them it was not too late to act. They could take off
+their uniforms. But they? They're weak--weak."
+
+As dusk fell, party capes and tulle mists of head dresses began to appear
+between the drab or tattered suits of the bystanders. Among the coming
+reception guests was Susan Mitchell, co-editor with George Russell on
+_The Irish Homestead_.
+
+Susan Mitchell, of constable: "Can't I go through? No? But there's to be a
+party, and the tea will get all cold."
+
+In the courage of the crowd, the people began to sing The Soldiers' Song.
+It took courage. It was shortly after John O'Sheehan had been sentenced for
+two years for caroling another seditious lyric. A surge of sound brought
+out the words: "The west's awake!" Dying yokes. And a sudden
+right-about-face movement of the throng.
+
+Crowd shouting: "Up the Americans!"
+
+With Sinn Fein and American flags flying, the delegates' car rolled up to
+the outskirts of the crowd. A sharp order. The crowd-fearing bayonets
+lunged forward. Frank Walsh, looking through his tortoise-rim glasses at
+the steel fence, got out of his car. He walked up to the pointing bayonets,
+and asked for the man in charge.
+
+Frank Walsh: "What's the row?"
+
+The casualness of the question must have disarmed Lieutenant-Colonel
+Johnstone of the Dublin Military Police. He laughed. Then conferred. While
+the confab was on, the Countess Markewicz slipped from Mr. Walsh's car to
+our paling. She was, as usual, dressed in a "prepared" style. She had on
+her green tweed suit with biscuits in the pockets, "so if anything
+happened."
+
+Countess Markewicz, rubbing her hands: "Excellent propaganda! Excellent
+propaganda!"
+
+The motor lorries chugged. Soldiers broke line, and climbed in. The people
+screamed, jumped, waved their hands, and hurrahed for Walsh. Mr. Walsh
+returned to his car. And in the path made by the heartily boohed motor
+lorries, the American's machine commenced its victorious passage to the
+Mansion House. In order to get through the crowd to the reception we sprang
+to the rear of the motor. Clinging to the dusty mudguard, I remarked to
+Miss Pankhurst that we would not look very partified. And she, pushed about
+by the tattered people, said she did not mind. Long ago she had decided she
+would never wear evening dresses because poor people never have them.
+
+Last act. Turkish-rugged and velvet-porti�red reception room of the Mansion
+House. Assorted people shaking hands with the delegates. Delegates filled
+with boyish glee at the stagey turn of events.
+
+Frank Walsh: "Look! There's Bob Barton talking to his sister. Out there by
+the portrait of Queen Victoria--see that man in a green uniform. That's
+Michael Collins of the Irish Volunteers and minister of finance of the
+Irish Republic. The very men they're after.
+
+"Is this a play? Or a dream?"
+
+[Footnote 1. British propaganda, on the contrary, states that the Irish are
+not in the physical agony of extreme poverty. They are prosperous. They
+made money on munitions, and their exports increased enormously during the
+war.
+
+"You could eat shell as easily as make it," was one of the first
+parliamentary rebuffs received by Irishmen asking the establishment of
+national munition factories at the beginning of the war, according to
+Edward J. Riordan. Mr. Riordan is secretary of the National Industrial
+Development Association. This is a non-political organization of which the
+Countess of Desart, the Earl of Carrick, and Colonel Sir Nugent Everard are
+some of the executive members. It was not until 1916 that Ireland secured
+consideration of her rights to a share in the war expenditure. In that
+year, an all-Ireland committee called on Lloyd George. He said: "It is fair
+that Ireland, contributing as she does not only in money but in flesh and
+blood, should have her fair share of expenditure.... I should be prepared
+to utilize whatever opportunities we can to utilize the opportunity this
+gives you to develop Ireland industrially." After persistent effort,
+however, all that the all-Ireland committee was able to get was five small
+munition factories. _The insignificance of these plants may be realized
+from the fact that at the time the armistice was declared there were only
+2,250 workers in them._
+
+As to trade increase:--when I was in Ireland in 1919, the last export
+statistics given out by the government were for 1916. In 1914 exports were
+valued at $386,000,000; in 1916, at $535,000,000. But, according to the
+Board of Trade, prices had doubled in that time, so that _if exports had
+remained stationary, their value should have doubled to_ $772,000,000.]
+
+[Footnote 2. That England controls this industrial situation was made clear
+during the war. Then ship tonnage was scarce, and England's regular
+resources of agricultural supply were cut off. So England called on Ireland
+to revert to agriculture. Ireland's tillage acreage jumped from 2,300,000
+in 1914 to 3,280,000 in 1918. This change in policy brought prosperity to
+some of the farmers, and Ireland's bank deposits rose from $310,000,000 in
+1913 to $455,000,000 in 1917. But England is reestablishing her former
+agricultural trade connections. According to F.A. Smiddy, professor of
+economics at University college, Cork, a return to grazing has already
+commenced in Ireland, and _"prosperity" will last at most only two
+post-war years._]
+
+[Footnote 3. British taxation saps Irish capital. The 1916 imperial annual
+tax took $125,000,000 put of Ireland and put back $65,000,000 into Irish
+administration. Irishmen argue that the excess might better go to the
+development of Ireland. Figures supplied Department of Agriculture, 1919.]
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+IRISH LABOR AND CLASS REVOLUTION
+
+"A CHANGE OF FLAGS IS NOT ENOUGH."
+
+
+In the sputtering flare of the arc lamp in front of Liberty hall stood
+squads of boys. Some of them wore brass-buttoned, green woolen waists, and
+some, ordinary cotton shirts. Some of them had on uniform knickers, and
+some, long, unpressed trousers. On the opposite side of the street were
+blocked similar squads of serious-eyed, high-chinned girls. Some of them
+were in green tweed suits, and others as they had come from work. They were
+companies of the Citizens' Army recruited by the Irish Labor party, and
+assembled in honor of the return of the Countess Markewicz from jail.
+
+  "Though cowards flinch and traitors sneer,
+  We'll keep the red flag flying here."
+
+Young voices, impatient of the interim of waiting, sang the socialist song.
+The burden was taken up by the laborers, whose constant movement to keep a
+good view was attested by the hollow sound of their wooden-soled boots on
+the stone walks. And the refrain was hummed by the shawled, frayed-skirted
+creatures who were coming up from Talbot street, Gloucester street,
+Peterson's lane, and all the family-to-a-room districts in Dublin. On the
+skeletonish railroad crossing suspended over the Liffey, tin-hatted and
+bayonet-carrying British soldiers were silhouetted against the
+moon-whitened sky. Up to them floated the last oath of "The Red Flag":
+
+  "With heads uncovered swear we all,
+  To bear it onward till we fall.
+  Come dungeon dark or gallows grim,
+  This song shall be our parting hymn."
+
+Clattered over the bridge the horse-dragged brake. In the light of a search
+lamp played on it from an automobile behind, a small figure in a slouch hat
+and a big black coat waved a bouquet of narcissus. There was a surge of the
+block-long crowds and people who could not see lifted their hands and
+shouted: "Up the countess!"
+
+As we waited in the light of the dim yellow bulbs threaded from the ceiling
+of the big bare upper front room of Liberty Hall, Susan Mitchell told me of
+"the chivalrous woman." The countess is a daughter of the Gore-Booth family
+which owned its Sligo estate before America was discovered. As a girl the
+countess used to ride fast horses like mad along the rocky western coast.
+Then she became a three-feathered d�butante bowing at Dublin Castle. Later
+she painted pictures in Paris and married her handsome Pole. But one day
+some one put an Irish history in her hands. In a sudden whole-hearted
+conversion to the cause of the people, the countess turned to aid the Irish
+labor organizers. She drilled boy scouts for the Citizens' Army. She fed
+starving strikers during the labor troubles of 1913 with sheep sent daily
+from her Sligo estate. In the rebellion of 1916 she fought and killed under
+Michael Mallin of the Citizens' Army. She was hardly out of jail for
+participation in the rebellion when she was clapped in again for alleged
+complicity in the never-to-be-proved German plot. While she was in jail,
+she was elected the first woman member of parliament.
+
+White from imprisonment, her small round steel-rimmed glasses dropping away
+from her blue eyes, and her curly brown hair wisping out from under her
+black felt hat, the countess embraced a few of the women in the room and
+exchanged handclasps with the men. Below the crowd was clamoring for her
+appearance at the window.
+
+"Fellow rebels!" she began as she leaned out into the mellow night. Then
+with the apparent desire to say everything at once that makes her public
+speech stuttery, she continued: "It's good to come out of jail to this. It
+is good to come out again to work for a republic. Let us all join hands to
+make the new republic a workers' republic. A change of flags is not
+enough!"
+
+Two oil flares with orange flame throwing off red sparks on the crowd, were
+fastened to the brake below. It was the brake that was to carry "Madame" on
+her triumphal tour of Dublin. The boys of the Citizens' Army made a human
+rope about the conveyance. In it I climbed with the countess, the plump
+little Mrs. James Connolly, the magisterial Countess Plunkett, Commandant
+O'Neill of the Citizens' Army, Sean Milroy, who escaped from Lincoln jail
+with DeValera, and two or three others. Rows of constables were backed
+against the walls at irregular intervals. I asked Sean Milroy if he were
+not afraid that he would be re-taken, and he responded comfortably that the
+"peelers" would never attempt to take a political prisoner out of a
+gathering like that. As we neared the poverty-smelling Coombe district, the
+countess remarked that this, St. Patrick's, was her constituency. At the
+shaft of St. James fountain, the brake was halted. Shedding her long coat,
+and standing straight in her green tweed suit, with the plush seat of the
+brake for her floor, the countess told the cheering workers that she was
+going to come down to live in the Coombe. Heated with the energy of talking
+and throwing her body about so that her voice would carry over the crowd
+that circled her, the countess sank down on the seat. As the brake drove
+on, motherly little Mrs. Connolly tried to slip the big coat over the
+countess. But the countess, in one of those sudden meditative silences
+during which she seems to retain only a subconsciousness of her
+surroundings, refused the offer of warmth with a shrug of her shoulders.
+Then, emerging from her pre-occupation, she demanded of Sean Milroy:
+
+"What have you planned for your constituency? I'm going to have a soviet."
+
+
+
+THE WORKERS' REPUBLIC
+
+Like the countess, the Irish Labor party wants a workers' republic. But it
+wants a republic first.
+
+The Irish Labor party has been accused of accepting Russian roubles, of
+hiding bags of bolshevik gold in the basement of Liberty Hall. Whether it
+has taken Russian gold or not, it is frankly desirous of possessing the
+Russian form of government. James Connolly, who is largely responsible for
+the present Labor party in Ireland, was, like Lenin and Trotsky, a Marxian
+socialist, and worked for government by the proletariat. The Irish Labor
+party celebrated the Russian revolution by calling a "bolshevik" meeting
+and cheering under a red flag in the assembly room of the Mansion House.
+And in its last congress, it reaffirmed its "adherence to the principles of
+freedom, democracy, and peace enunciated in the Russian revolution."
+
+How strong are the revolutionaries? The Irish Labor party is new but it
+already contains about 300,000 members.[1] It plans to include every worker
+from the "white collar" to the "muffler" labor. And the laborers alone make
+up seven-eighths of the population. For while there are just 252,000
+members of the professional and commercial classes, there are 4,137,000 who
+are in agricultural, industrial and indefinite classes[2]--most of the
+farmers are held to be laborers because outside the great estates, holdings
+average at thirty acres and are worked by the holders themselves.[3]
+
+There's the revolutionary rub. The Irish farmers make up the largest body
+of workers in Ireland. The Irish farmer sweated and bled for his land.
+Would he yield it now for nationalization? I put the question up to William
+O'Brien, the lame, never-smiling tailor who is secretary of the Irish Labor
+party. He said that the farm hand should be taken into consideration.
+
+The farm hand would profit by nationalization. At present he is condemned
+to slavery. At a hiring fair--called a "slave market" by the labor
+unions--he stands between the mooing cows and snorting pigs and offers his
+services for sale for as little as $100 a year. He may wish to get more
+money. But his employer is also very often his landlord. What happens? In
+the spring of 1919, 35,000 farm hands went on strike. Lord Bellew of
+Ballyragget and Lord Powerscourt of Enniskerry used the eviction threat to
+get the men back to work, and in Rhode, evictions actually took place.
+
+The small farmer on bad land would profit by re-distribution. Many such
+live in the west and northwest of Ireland. Take a farmer of Donegal. There
+there's stony, boggy land. Fires must be built about the stones so that the
+soil will lose its grip upon them and they may be hauled away to help make
+fences. Immovable boulders are frequent, so frequent that the soil cannot
+be ploughed but must be spaded by hand. Seaweed for fertilizer must be
+plucked from the rocks in the sea, carried up the mountain side and laid
+black and thick in the sterile brown furrows. Near Dungloe in Donegal, one
+holding of 600 acres was recently valued at $10.50, and another of 400 at
+$3.70. So the Labor party is confident of bringing over the farmers to its
+point of view.
+
+On the whole, it is said, the way of the labor propagandist is easy, for
+capital in Ireland is very weak. First, there is very little of it. In 1917
+the total income tax of the British Isles was �300,000,000; Ireland with
+one-tenth the population contributed only one-fortieth of the tax. In the
+same year, the total excess profits tax was �290,000,000 and Ireland's
+proportion was slightly less than for the income tax.[4] Second, what
+capital there is, is not effectively organized. The first national
+commercial association is just forming in Dublin.
+
+Whether the future prove the numerical strength of labor or not, the
+leaders are determined that labor will be organically strong. It is
+developing a pyramid form of government. Irish labor fosters the "one big
+union." In some towns all the labor, from teachers to dock-workers, have
+already coalesced. These unions select their district heads. The district
+heads are subsidiary to the general head in Dublin. When each union inside
+the big union is ready to take over its industry, and their district and
+general heads are ready to take over government there will be a general
+strike for this end. The strike will be supported by the army--the
+Citizens' Army of the workers.
+
+"There you have," said James Connolly, who promoted the one big union, "not
+only the most effective combination for industrial warfare, but also for
+the social administration of the future."[5]
+
+"Certainly we mean to take over industry by force if necessary," affirmed
+Thomas Johnson, treasurer of the Irish Labor party. He is a big-browed man
+with thick, pompadoured, gray hair, and the aspect of a live professor.
+Some people call him the coming leader of Ireland. In answer to my
+statement that it wouldn't be a very hard job to take over Irish industry,
+he smiled and said: "That's why we welcome the entrance of outside capital
+into Ireland. The more industry is developed, the less we will have to do
+afterward."
+
+
+
+THE REPUBLIC FIRST
+
+Labor agrees with Sinn Fein not only that Irish industry must be developed
+but also that Ireland must have independence. After the national war, the
+class war must come. First freedom from exploitation by capitalistic
+nations, and then freedom from capitalistic individuals. Many socialists,
+it is said, do not understand why Ireland should not plunge at once into
+the class war. It was a matter of regret to James Connolly that many of his
+fellow socialists the world over would never understand his participation
+in the rebellion of 1916. Nora Connolly, the smiling boy-like girl who
+smokes and works by a grate in Liberty Hall, says that on the eve of his
+execution, when he lay in bed with his leg shattered by a gun wound, her
+father said to her: "The socialists will never understand why I am here.
+They all forget I am an Irishman."
+
+But James Connolly's fellow socialists in Ireland understand "why he was
+there," They back his participation in the national war. And they know
+every Irishman will. So they go to the workers and say: "Jim Connolly died
+to make Ireland free." Then while the workers cheer, they swiftly show why
+Connolly advocated the class war, too: "Jim Connolly lived to make Ireland
+free. He believed that the world is for the man who works in it, but in
+Ireland he saw seven-eighths of the people in the working class, and he
+knew that to these people life means crowded one-room homes, endless
+Fridays, no schools or virtually none, and churches where resignation is
+preached to them. So his life was a dangerous fight to organize workers
+that they might become strong enough to take what is theirs." At Liberty
+Hall, one is told that the martyr's name is magnetizing the masses into the
+Irish Labor party. And, in order to propagate his ideas, the people are
+contributing their coppers towards a fund for the permanent establishment
+of the James Connolly Labor College.
+
+So labor fights for a republic first. At the last general elections it
+withdrew all its labor party candidates that the Sinn Fein candidates might
+have a clear field to demonstrate to the world how unified is Irish
+sentiment in favor of a republic. And at the International Labor and
+Socialist conference held in Berne in 1919, Cathal O'Shannon, the bright
+young labor leader who goes about with his small frame swallowed up in an
+overcoat too big for him, made this declaration:
+
+"Irish labor reaffirms its declaration in favor of free and absolute
+self-determination of each and every people, the Irish included, in
+choosing the sovereignty and form of government under which it shall live.
+It rejoices that this self-determination has now been assured to the
+Jugo-Slavs, Czecho-Slovaks, Alsatians and Lorrainers, as well as to the
+Finns, Poles, Ukrainians, and now to the Arabs. This is not enough and it
+is not impartial. To be one and the other, this principle must also be
+applied in the same sense and under the same conditions to the peoples of
+Ireland, India, Egypt, and to such other people as have not yet secured the
+exercise of the inherent right.... Irish labor claims no more and no less
+for Ireland than for the others."
+
+After the republic, a workers' republic? After Sinn Fein, the Labor party?
+Madame Markewicz is high in the councils of both Sinn Fein and Labor. One
+day, lost in one of her trance-like meditations in which she states her
+intuitions with absolute disregard of expediency, she said to me:
+
+"Labor will swamp Sinn Fein."
+
+[Footnote 1. Figures supplied by William O'Brien, secretary Irish Labor
+party and Trade Union congress, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 2. Census of 1911.]
+
+[Footnote 3. Figures supplied by Department of Agriculture of Ireland,
+1919.]
+
+[Footnote 4. Figures read by Thomas Lough, M.P., in House of Commons, May
+14, 1918.]
+
+[Footnote 5. "Reconquest of Ireland," By James Connolly. Maunsel and
+Company. 1917. P. 328.]
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+AE'S PEACEFUL REVOLUTION
+
+"THE CO-OPERATIVE COMMONWEALTH"
+
+
+It was very dark. I could not find the number. The flat-faced little row of
+houses was set far back on the green. But at last I mounted some lofty
+steps, and entered a brown linoleum-covered hallway. In the front parlor
+sat the hostess. She was like some family portrait with her hair parted and
+drawn over her ears, with her black taffeta gown surmounted by a
+cameo-pinned lace collar. She poured tea. In a back parlor whose walls were
+hung with unframed paintings, a big brown-bearded man was passing teacups
+to women who were lounging in chairs and to men who stood black against the
+red glow of the grate. The big man was George Russell, the famous AE, poet,
+painter and philosopher, the "north star of Ireland."
+
+At last he sat down on the edge of a chair--his blue eyes atwinkle as if he
+knew some good secret of the happy end of human struggling and was only
+waiting the proper moment to tell. This much he did reveal as he gestured
+with the pipe that was more often in his hand than in his mouth: it is his
+belief that all acts purposed for good work out towards good. He gives ear
+to all sincere radicals, Sinn Feiners and "Reds." But he states that he
+believes he is the only living pacifist, and disputes the value of bloody
+methods. He advocates the peaceful revolution of co-operation. His
+powerfully gentle personality has an undoubted effect on the
+revolutionaries, and while neither element wants to embrace pacifism, both
+want AE's revolution to go forward with theirs.
+
+His gaiety at the little Sunday evenings which he holds quite regularly,
+goes far, I am told, towards easing the strain on the taut nerves of the
+Sinn Fein intellectuals who attend them. On the Sunday evening I was
+present the subject of jail journals was broached. Darrell Figgis had just
+written one. In a dim corner of the room was miniatured the ivory face and
+the red gold beard of the much imprisoned Figgis.
+
+"Why write a jail journal?" queried AE, smiling towards the corner. "The
+rare book, the book that bibliophiles will pray to find twenty years from
+now, will be written by an Irishman who never went to jail."
+
+Some one, I think that it was "Jimmy" Stephens, author of "The Crock of
+Gold," who sat cross-legged on the end of a worn wicker chaise longue and
+talked with all the facility with which he writes, mentioned the countess's
+plan of living in the Coombe district. AE returned that as far as he knew
+the countess was the only member of parliament who felt called upon to live
+with her constituency.
+
+Then suddenly the whole room seemed to join a chorus of protest against
+President Wilson. At the Peace Conference all power was his. He was backed
+by the richest, greatest nation in the world. But he failed to keep his
+promise of gaining the self-determination of small nations. Was he yielding
+to the anti-Irish sentiment brought about by English control of the cables
+and English propaganda in the United States--was he to let his great
+republic be intellectually dependent on the ancient monarchy?
+
+"Perhaps," said AE to me after a few meditative puffs of his pipe, "you
+feel like the American who was with us on a similar occasion a few weeks
+ago. At last he burst out with: 'It's no conception which Americans have of
+their president that he should take the place and the duties of God
+Omnipotent in the world,'"
+
+One day I went to discuss Irish labor with AE. I climbed up to that most
+curious of all magazine offices--the _Irish Homestead_ office up under
+the roof of Plunkett House. It is a semi-circular room whose walls are
+covered with the lavender and purple people of AE's brush. AE was ambushed
+behind piles of newspapers, and behind him in a grate filled with
+smouldering peat blocks sat the black tea kettle. As a reporter, one of the
+few things for which I am allowed to retain respect is the editorial dead
+line. So I assured AE that I would be glad to return when he had finished
+writing. But with a courtesy that is evidently founded on an inversion of
+the American rule that business should always come before people, he
+assured me that he could sit down at the fire with me at once.
+
+Now I knew that he had great sympathy with laborers. I recalled his
+terrible letter against Dublin employers in the great strike of 1913 when
+he foretold that the success of the employers in starving the Dublin poor
+would necessarily lead to "red ruin and the breaking up of laws.... The men
+whose manhood you have broken will loathe you, and will always be brooding
+and seeking to strike a new blow. The children will be taught to curse you.
+The infant being moulded in the womb will have breathed into its starved
+body the vitality of hate. It is not they--it is you who are pulling down
+the pillars of the social order."[1] But I knew, too, that he was opposed
+to violence, so I wondered what he would say to this:
+
+"A labor leader just told me that it was his belief that industrial
+revolution would take place in Ireland in two or three years. Labor waits
+only till it has secured greater unity between the north and south. Then it
+will take over industry and government by force."
+
+"I had hoped--I am trying to convince the labor leaders here," he said
+finally, "of the value of the Italian plan for the taking over of industry.
+The Italian seaman's union co-operatively purchased and ran boats on which
+they formerly had been merely workers."
+
+Russia he spoke of for a moment. People shortly over from Russia told him,
+as he had felt, that the soviet was not the dreadful thing it was made out
+to be. But a dictatorship of the workers he would not like. He wanted, he
+said with an upward movement of his big arms, he wanted to be free.
+
+"Now I am for the building of a co-operative commonwealth on co-operative
+societies. Ireland can and is developing her own industries through
+co-operation. She is developing them without aid from England and in the
+face of opposition in Ireland.
+
+"England, you see, is used to dealing with problems of empire--with nations
+and great metropolises. When we bring her plans that mean life or death to
+just villages, the matter is too small to discuss. She is bored.
+
+"Ireland offers opposition in the person of the 'gombeen man.' He is the
+local trader and money lender. And co-operative buying and selling takes
+away his monopoly of business.
+
+"Paddy Gallagher up in Dungloe in the Rosses will give you an idea of the
+poverty of the Irish countryside, of the extent that the poverty is due to
+the gombeen men, 'the bosses of the Rosses,' and of the ability of the
+co-operative society to develop and create industry even in such a locality.
+
+"Societies like Paddy Gallagher's are springing up all over Ireland. The
+rapid growth may be estimated from the fact that in 1902 their trade
+turnover was $7,500,000, and in 1918, $50,000,000. These little units do
+not merely develop industry; they also bind up the economic and social
+interests of the people.
+
+"In a few years these new societies and others to be created will have
+dominated their districts, and political power will follow, and we will
+have new political ideals based on a democratic control of agriculture and
+industry, and states and people will move harmoniously to a given end.
+
+"Ireland might attain, by orderly evolution, to a co-operative commonwealth
+in fifty to two hundred years.
+
+"But these are dangerous times for prophecy."
+
+
+
+PADDY GALLAGHER: GIANT KILLER.
+
+From the dark niche under the gray boulder where the violets grow, a
+Donegal fairy flew to the mountain cabin to bring a birthday wish to
+Patrick Gallagher. The fairy designed not that great good would come to
+Paddy, but that great good would come to his people through him. At least
+when Paddy grew up, he slew the child-eating giant, Poverty, who lived in
+Donegal.
+
+Paddy began to fight poverty when he could scarcely toddle. With his
+father, whose back was laden with a great rush basket, he used to pad in
+his bare feet down the mountainside to the Dungloe harbor--down where the
+hills give the ocean a black embrace. Father and son would wade into the
+ocean that was pink and lavender in the sunset. Above them, the white
+curlews swooped and curved and opened their pine wood beaks to squawk a
+prayer for dead fish. But the workers did not stop to watch. Their food
+also was in question. They must pluck the black seaweed to fertilize their
+field.
+
+When the early sun bronzed the bog, and streaked the dark pool below with
+gold, Paddy and his father began to feed the dried wavy strands of kelp
+between the hungry brown furrow lips. They packed the long groove near the
+stone fence; they rounded past the big boulder that could not be budged;
+last of all, they filled the short far row in the strangely shaped little
+field. At noon, Paddy's mother appeared at the half door of the cabin and
+called in the general direction of the field--it was difficult to see them,
+for their frieze suits had been dyed in bog water and she could not at once
+distinguish them from the brown earth. They were glad to come in to eat
+their sugarless and creamless oatmeal.
+
+In the evening Paddy ran over the road to his cousin's. Western clouds were
+blackening and his little cousin was pulling the pig into the cabin as a
+man puts other sort of treasure out of danger into a safe. Paddy listened a
+moment. He could hear the castanets of the tweed weaver's loom and the hum
+of his uncle's deep voice as he sang at his work. He ran to the rear of the
+cabin and up the stone steps to the little addition. A lantern filled the
+room he entered with black, harp-like shadows of the loom. While the uncle
+stopped treadling and held the blue-tailed shuttle in his hand, the
+breathless little boy told him that the field was finished.
+
+"God grant," said the uncle with a solemnity that put fear into the heart
+of Paddy, "there may be a harvest for you."
+
+Paddy watched his mother work ceaselessly to aid in the fight that his
+father and he were making against poverty. During the month her needles
+would click unending wool into socks, and then on Saturday she would
+trudge--often in a stiff Atlantic gale--sixteen miles to the market in
+Strabane. There she sold the socks at a penny a pair.
+
+In spite of combined hopes, the potato plants were floppily yellow that
+year. Their stems felt like a dead man's fingers. No potatoes to eat. None
+to exchange for meal. What were they to do?
+
+The gombeen man told them. As member of the county council, he said, he
+would secure money for the repair of the roads. All those who worked on the
+road would get paid in meal.
+
+"Let your da' not worry," said the fat gombeen man pompously to Paddy.
+Paddy had brought the ticket that his father had obtained by a week's work
+to exchange for twenty-eight pounds of corn meal. "I'll keep famine from
+the parish. Charity's not dead yet."
+
+When Paddy lugged the meal into the cabin, he found his mother lying on the
+bed with her face averted from the bowl of milk that some less hungry
+neighbor had brought in. His father's gaunt frame was hunched over the peat
+blocks on the flat hearth. Paddy, full of desire to banish the brooding
+discouragement from the room, hastened to repeat the words of the gombeen
+man. But he felt that he had failed when his father, regarding the two
+stone sack, said hollowly:
+
+"Charity? Small pay to the men who keep the roads open for his vans."
+
+In the spring, Paddy was nine, and had to go out in the world to fight
+poverty alone. His father had confided to him that they were in great debt
+to the gombeen man. Paddy could help them get out. There was to be a hiring
+fair in Strabane. Paddy swung along the road to Strabane pretending he was
+a man--he was to be hired out just like one. But when he arrived at the
+hiring field he shrank back. All the farm hands, big and little, stood
+herded together in between the cattle pens. A man? A beast. One overseer
+for a big estate came up to dicker for the boy, and said he would give him
+fifteen dollars for six months' work. Paddy was just about to muster up
+courage to put the price up a bit, when a friend of the overseer came up
+with the prearranged remark: "A fine boy! Well worth twelve dollars the six
+months!"
+
+"What do you want to know for?" asked the gombeen man, when at the end of
+Paddy's back-breaking six months, Paddy and his father brought him the
+fifteen dollars and asked how much they still owed. The gombeen man refuses
+accounts to everyone but the priest, magistrate, doctor and teacher. "What
+do you want to know how much you owe for? Unless you want to pay me all
+off?"
+
+When Paddy was seventeen he made a still bigger fight against debt. With
+the sons of other "tied" men, he went to work in the Scottish harvests. His
+family was not as badly off as those of some of the boys. Some had run so
+far behind that the gombeen man had served writs on them, obtained judgment
+against their holdings, and could evict them at pleasure.
+
+When Paddy married and settled down in Dungloe he found the reason for the
+unpayableness of the debt. One day he and his father shopped at the gombeen
+store together. They bought the same amount of meal. The father paid
+cash--seventeen shillings. Forty-four days later, Paddy brought his money.
+But the gombeen man presented him with a bill for twenty-one shillings and
+three pence. It did no good to say how much the father had paid for the
+same amount of meal. The gombeen man insisted that Paddy's father had given
+eighteen shillings, and Paddy was being charged just three shillings and
+three pence interest. Or only 144 per cent per annum!
+
+"Why do we buy from him? Why don't we get together and do our own buying?"
+asked the insurgent Paddy. After much reflection he had decided on the
+tactics of his campaign against poverty and the recruiting for his army
+commenced that night as the neighbors visited about his turf fire. There
+was doubt on the faces of those tied to the gombeen man. But Paddy
+continued: "Let's try it out in a small way, say with fertilizer. That
+stuff he's selling us isn't as good as kelp, and he won't tell us what it's
+made of."
+
+The recruits fell in. They scraped up enough money to buy a twenty-ton load
+of rich manure from a neighboring co-operative society. The little deal
+saved them $200 and brought them heavy crops. They organized. They needed a
+store. Up in a rocky boreen on his little farm, Paddy had an empty shed.
+Again the neighbors explored the toes of their money stockings, and found
+enough to pay for filling the shed with flour, tea, sugar and meal. Then,
+if they were "free" men, they came boldly to shop on the nights the store
+was open--moonlight or no moonlight. But if they were "tied" men, they
+crept fearsomely tip the rocks on dark nights only. The recruits recruited.
+Financial and social returns began to come in. At the end of the first year
+there was a clear profit of over $500. In three years the society was
+recognized as one of the most efficient in Ireland and presented by the
+Pembroke fund with a fine stucco hall. Jigs. Dances. Lectures.
+
+But the gombeen man wasn't "taking it lying down." He called on his
+political and religious friends to aid. First on the magistrate. When Paddy
+became the political rival of the gombeen man for the county council, there
+was a joint debate. Paddy used reduced prices as his argument. Questions
+were hurled at him by the reddening trader.
+
+"Wait till I get through," said Paddy. "Then I'll attend to you."
+
+That, said the trader, was a physical threat! So the gombeener's friend,
+the magistrate, threw Paddy into jail. Paddy went to prison full of fear
+that dissension might be sown in the society's ranks. But on coming out he
+discovered not only that he had won the election but that a committee was
+waiting to present him with a gorgeous French gilt clock, and that fires,
+just as on St. John's eve, were blazing on the mountains.
+
+But the trader took another friend of his aside. This time it was the
+village priest. Bad dances, he said, were going on of nights in Templecrone
+hall. What was Paddy's surprise on a Sunday in the windswept chapel by the
+sea to hear his beloved hall denounced as a place of sin. Paddy knew the
+people would not come any more.
+
+Then, the great inspiration. Paddy remembered how his mother used to try to
+help with her knitting. He saw girls at spinning wheels or looms working
+full eight hours a day and earning only $1.25 to $1.50 a week. So with
+permission of the society, Paddy had two long tables placed in the
+entertainment hall, and along the edges of the tables he had the latest
+type of knitting machines screwed. Soon there were about 300 girls working
+on a seven and a half hour day. They were paid by the piece, and it was not
+long before they were getting wages that ran from $17.50 to $5.25 a week.
+Incidentally, Mr. Gallagher, as manager, gave himself only $10.00 a week.
+
+
+
+When I saw Patrick Gallagher in Dungloe, he was dressed in a blue suit and
+a soft gray cap, and looked not unlike the keen sort of business men one
+sees on an ocean liner. And indeed he gave the impression that if he had
+not been a co-operationist for Ireland, he might well have been a
+capitalist in America. He took me up the main street of Dungloe into easily
+the busiest of the white plastered shops. He made plain the hints of
+growing industry. The bacon cured in Dungloe. The egg-weighing--since
+weighing was introduced the farmers worked to increase the size of the eggs
+and the first year increased their sales $15,000 worth. The rentable farm
+machines.
+
+"Come out into this old cabin and meet our baker," Paddy continued when we
+went out the rear of the store. "We began to get bread from Londonderry,
+but the old Lough Swilly road is too uncertain. See the ancient Scotch
+oven--the coals are placed in the oven part and when they are still hot
+they are scooped out and the bread is put in their place. Interesting,
+isn't it? But we are going to get a modern slide oven."
+
+After viewing the orchard and the beehives beneath the trees, I remarked on
+the size of the plant, and its suitability for his purpose. He said:
+
+"It used to belong to the gombeen man."
+
+
+
+The sea wind was blowing through the open windows of the mill. Barefoot
+girls--it's only on Sunday that Donegal country girls wear shoes and then
+they put them on only when they are quite near church--silently needled
+khaki-worsted over the shining wire prongs. Others spindled wool for new
+work. As they stood or sat at their work, the shy colleens told of an extra
+room added to a cabin, or a plump sum to a dowry through the money earned
+at the mill. None of them was planning, as their older sisters had had to
+plan, to go to Scotland or America.
+
+"As the parents of most of the girls are members in the society they want
+the best working conditions possible for them," said Mr. Gallagher as he
+took me out the back entrance of the knitting mill. "So we're building this
+new factory. See that hole where we blasted for granite; we got enough for
+the entire mill in one blast. That motor is for the electricity to be used
+in the plant.
+
+"Northern sky lights in the new building--the evenest light comes from the
+north. Cement floor--good for cleaning but bad for the girls, so we are to
+have cork matting for them to stand on. Slide-in seats under the
+tables--that's so that a girl may stand or sit at her work."
+
+"Soon the hall will be free for entertainments again," I suggested. "Won't
+the old cry be raised against it once more?"
+
+"No. We're too strong for that now."
+
+
+
+At the Gallaghers' home, a sort of store-like place on the main street,
+Mrs. Gallagher with a soft shawl about her shoulders was waiting to
+introduce me to Miss Hester. Miss Hester was brought to Dungloe by the
+co-operative society to care for the mothers at child-birth. She is the
+first nurse who ever came to work in Donegal.
+
+But Mr. Gallagher wanted to talk more of Dungloe's attainment and ambition.
+He compared the trade turnover of $5,045 for the first year of the society
+with $375,000 for 1918. But there were more things to be done. The finest
+herring in the world swim the Donegal coast. Scots catch it. Irish buy it.
+Dungloe men wanted to fish, but the gombeen man would never lend money to
+promote industry. Other plans for the development of Dungloe were
+discussed, but the expense of the cartage of surplus products on the toy
+Lough Swilly road, and the impossibility of getting freight boats into the
+undredged harbor, were lead to rising ambition.
+
+"Parliament is not interested in public improvements for Dungloe," smiled
+Mr. Gallagher. "I suppose if I were a British member of parliament I would
+not want to hand out funds for the projection of a harbor in a faraway
+place like this. Irish transportation will not be taken in hand until
+Ireland can control her own economic policy."
+
+As the darkness closed in about our little fire the talk turned somehow to
+tales of the fairies of Donegal, and Mr. Gallagher chuckled:
+
+"Some persons about here still believe in the good people."
+
+Then gentle Mrs. Gallagher, conscious of a benevolent force close at hand,
+began simply:
+
+"Well, don't you think perhaps--"
+
+[Footnote 1. "To the Masters of Dublin--An Open Letter." By AE. _The
+Irish Times_, Oct. 17, 1913.]
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND COMMUNISM
+
+THE LIMERICK SOVIET
+
+
+A soviet supported by the Catholic Church--that was the singular spectacle
+I found when I broke through the military cordon about the proclaimed city
+of Limerick.
+
+The city had been proclaimed for this reason: Robert Byrne, son of a
+Limerick business man, had been imprisoned for political reasons. He fell
+ill from the effects of a hunger strike,[1] and was sent to the hospital in
+the Limerick workhouse. A "rescue party" was formed. In the m�l�e that
+followed, Robert Byrne and a constable were killed. Then according to a
+military order, Limerick was proclaimed because of "the attack by armed men
+on police constables and the brutal murder of one of them."
+
+At Limerick Junction we were locked in our compartments. There were few on
+the train. Two or three school boys with their initialed school caps. Two
+or three women drinking tea from the wicker train baskets supplied at the
+junction. In the yards of the Limerick station, the train came to a dead
+stop. Then the conductor unlocked compartments, while a kilted Scotch
+officer, with three bayonet-carrying soldiers behind him, asked for
+permits. At last we were pulled into the station filled with empty freight
+trucks and its guard of soldiers. Through the dusk beyond the rain was
+slithering.
+
+"Sorry. No cab, miss," said a constable. "The whole city's on strike."
+
+That explained my inability to get Limerick on the wire. From Kildare I had
+been trying all morning to reach Limerick on the telephone. All the
+Limerick shops I passed were blinded or shuttered. In the gray light, black
+lines of people moved desolately up and down, not allowed to congregate and
+apparently not wanting to remain in homes they were weary of. A few candles
+flickered in windows. After leaving my suitcase at a hotel, I left for the
+strike headquarters. On my way I neared Sarsfield bridge. Between it and
+me, there loomed a great black mass. Close to it, I found it was a tank,
+stenciled with the name of Scotch-and-Soda, and surrounded by massed barbed
+wire inside a wooden fence. On the bridge, the guards paraded up and down
+and called to the people:
+
+"Step to the road!"
+
+At the door of a river street house, I mounted gritty stone steps. A
+red-badged man opened the door part way. As soon as I told him I was an
+American journalist, the suspicious look on his face vanished. With much
+cordiality he invited me to come upstairs. While he knocked on a
+consultation door, he bade me wait. In the wavering hall light, the knots
+in the worn wooden floor threw blots of shadow. On an invitation to come
+in, I entered a badly lit room where workingmen sat at a long black
+scratched table. In the empty chair at the end of the table opposite the
+chairman, I was invited to sit down. As I asked my questions, every head
+was turned down towards me as if the strike committee was having its
+picture taken and everybody wanted to get in it.
+
+"Yes, this is a soviet," said John Cronin, the carpenter who was father of
+the baby soviet. "Why did we form it? Why do we pit people's rule against
+military rule? Of course, as workers, we are against all military. But our
+particular grievance against the British military is this: when the town
+was unjustly proclaimed, the cordon was drawn to leave out a factory part
+of town that lies beyond the bridges. We had to ask the soldiers for
+permits to earn our daily bread.
+
+"You have seen how we have thrown the crank into production. But some
+activities are permitted to continue. Bakers are working under our orders.
+The kept press is killed, but we have substituted our own paper." He held
+up a small sheet which said in large letters: The Workers' Bulletin Issued
+by the Limerick Proletariat.
+
+"We've distributed food and slashed prices. The farmers send us their
+produce. The food committee has been able to cut down prices: eggs, for
+instance, are down from a dollar to sixty-six cents a dozen and milk from
+fourteen to six cents a quart.
+
+"In a few days we will engrave our own money. Beside there will be an
+influx of money from England. About half the workers are affiliated to
+English unions and entitled to strike pay. We have, by the way, felt the
+sympathy of the union men in the army sent to guard us. A whole Scotch
+regiment had to be sent home because it was letting workers go back and
+forth without passes.
+
+"And--we have told no one else--the national executive council of the Irish
+Labor party and Trade Union congress will change its headquarters from
+Dublin to Limerick. Then if military rule isn't abrogated, a general strike
+of the entire country will be called."
+
+Just here a boy with imaginative brown eyes, who was, I discovered later,
+the editor of the _Workers' Bulletin_, said suddenly:
+
+"There! Isn't that enough to tell the young lady? How do we know that she
+is not from Scotland Yard?"
+
+In order to send my wire on the all-Ireland strike, I stumbled along dark
+streets till I came to the postoffice. Lantern light was streaming from a
+hatchway open in the big iron door in the rear. "Who comes?" challenged the
+guards. While I was giving a most conversational reply, a dashing officer
+ran up and told me the password to the night telegraph room. Streets were
+deserted when I attempted to find my way back to the hotel. At last I saw a
+cloaked figure separate itself from the column post box against which it
+was standing. I asked my way and discovered I was talking to a member of
+the Black Watch. Limerick is the only town in the British Isles that
+retains the ancient custom of a civilian night guard. While the strike was
+on, there were, during the day, 600 special Royal Irish constables on duty
+in Limerick. But, at night, in spite of unlit streets, the 600 constables
+gave place to the sixty men of the Black Watch.
+
+
+
+"Priests preached sermons Sunday urging the people to withstand the enemy
+with the same spirit they did in the time of Sarsfield," said young
+Alphonsus O'Mara, the mayor of Limerick, whom I met at breakfast. His Sinn
+Fein beliefs had imprisoned him in his hotel, for his home was beyond the
+town and he would not ask the British military for a pass. Opposite the
+breakfast room we could see the drawn blue shades of Limerick's dry goods
+store. A woman staggered by with a burlap bag of coal on her shoulders. A
+donkey cart with a movie poster reading: "Working Under Order of the Strike
+Committee: GOD AND MAN," rolled past. A child hugging a pot of Easter
+lilies shuffled by. "There's no idea that the people want communism. There
+can't be. The people here are Catholics."
+
+But a little incident of the strike impressed me with the fact that there
+were communists among these fervent Catholics. In order to pictorialize the
+predicament of the Limerick workers to the world through the journalists
+who were gathered in Limerick waiting the hoped-for arrival of the first
+transatlantic plane, the national executive council devised this plan. One
+bright spring afternoon, the amusement committee placed poster
+announcements of a hurling match that was to be held just outside of
+Limerick at Caherdavin. About one thousand people, mostly Irish boys and
+girls, left town. At sunset, two by two, girls with yellow primroses at
+their waists, and boys with their hurling sticks in their hands, marched
+down the white-walled Caherdavin road towards the bridge. The bridge guard
+hooped his arm towards the boat house occupied by the military. Soldiers,
+strapping on cartridge belts, double-quicked to his aid. A machine gun
+sniffed the air from the upper story of the boat house. Scotch-and-Soda
+veered heavily bridgewards. A squad of fifty helmeted constables marched to
+the bridge, and marked time. But the boys and girls merely asked if they
+might go home, and when they were refused, turned about again and kept up a
+circling tramp, requesting admission. Down near the Broken Treaty Stone, in
+St. Munchin's Temperance hall, in a room half-filled with potatoes and eggs
+and milk, women who were to care for the exiles during their temporary
+banishment, were working. A few of the workers' red-badged guards came to
+herald the approach of the workers, and then sat down on a settle outside
+the hall.
+
+St. Munchin's chapel bell struck the Angelus.
+
+The red-badged guards rose and blessed themselves.
+
+
+
+THE BISHOP ON COMMUNISM
+
+Possibly, I thought, the clergymen of Limerick were hurried into support of
+red labor. What was the attitude of those who had a perspective on the
+situation towards communism?
+
+Just outside Limerick, in the town of Ennis in the county of Clare--Clare
+as well as Kerry has the reputation of shooting down informers at
+sight--there dwells the most loved bishop in Ireland. The Lenten pastoral
+of the Right Reverend Michael Fogarty, bishop of Killaloe, was so fervently
+national that when it was twice mailed to the Friends of Irish Freedom in
+America it was twice refused carriage by the British government. There was
+no doubt that he was for Sinn Fein. But how did he stand towards labor?
+
+Past an ancient Norman castle on which was whitewashed the legend "Up De
+Valera!" into the low-built little town of Ennis, I drove up to the modest
+colonial home that is called the "episcopal palace," Bishop Fogarty invited
+me to take off my "wet, cold, ugly coat," and to sit at a linen-covered
+spot at the long plush-hung library table. As he rang a bell, he told me I
+must be hungry after my drive. Then a maid brought in a piping-hot dinner
+of delicious Irish stew. I sat down quite frankly hungry, but from a rather
+resentful glance which the maid gave me, I have since suspicioned that I
+ate the bishop's dinner.
+
+First I told the bishop that I am a Catholic. Then I said I was informed
+that there was a reaction against the Church in Ireland, against being what
+American Protestants call "priest-ridden." The first reason of the
+reaction, I was told, was the fact that the people felt that the hierarchy
+was not in favor of a republic. Indeed I had it from an Irish-American
+priest in Dublin that many of the Irish bishops were in a bad way, because
+neither the English government nor the people trusted them.
+
+"Priest-ridden?" The bishop smiled. "Priest-ridden? England would like us
+to control these people for her today. We couldn't if we would.
+Priest-ridden? Perhaps the other way about."
+
+The second reason, it was said, is due to the fact that the workers feel
+that the Church is standing with the capitalists. A Dublin Catholic, wife
+of an American correspondent stationed in that city, told me that socialism
+is so strong in the very poor parish of St. Mary's pro-cathedral in Dublin
+that out of 40,000 members, there were 16,000 who were not practising their
+religion.
+
+"A lie!" exclaimed the bishop as his jaw shot out and his great muscular
+frame straightened as if to meet physical combat on the score. "It is
+simply not true. The loyalty of the Irish to the Catholic Church is
+unquestionable."
+
+And anyway, he indicated, if the people desired a communistic government
+there is no essential opposition in the Catholic Church.
+
+In the past, said the bishop, the Church in Ireland had thrived under
+common ownership. When in the fifth century Patrick evangelized Ireland,
+the ancient Irish were practising a kind of socialism. There was a common
+ownership of land. Each freeman had a right to use a certain acreage. But
+the land of every man, from the king down, might be taken away by the
+state. There was an elected king, and assemblies of nobles and freemen.
+There were arbitration courts where the lawgivers decided on penalties, and
+whose decisions were enforced by the assemblies. One of the reasons, the
+bishop said, that England had found it difficult to rule the Irish, was
+that she attempted to force a feudal government on a socialistic people.
+
+Recently--to illustrate that the Irish still retain their instinct for
+common ownership--there had been, as the bishop mentioned, a successful
+socialistic experiment in Clare. On looking up this fact at a later time, I
+discovered that the experiment had points of resemblance to the ancient
+state.[2] In 1823 the English socialist, Robert Owen, visited Ireland. His
+outline of the possibilities of co-operation on socialistic lines inspired
+the foundation of the Hibernian Philanthropic Society. It was in 1831 that
+Arthur Vandeleur, one of the members of the society, decided he would
+establish a socialist colony on his estate in Ralahine, Clare county. A
+large tract of land was to be possessed and developed by a group of
+tenants. This property was not, incidentally, a gift, but was to be held by
+Mr. Vandeleur until the tenants were able to pay for it. An elected
+committee of nine, and a general assembly of all men and women members of
+the society, were the government. The committee's decision against an
+offending member of society could be enforced or not by the members. The
+success of the society is acknowledged. Through it was introduced the first
+reaping machine into Ireland. By it the condition of the toiler was much
+raised, and might have been more greatly elevated but for the fact that the
+community had to pay a very heavy annual rental in kind to Mr. Vandeleur.
+The experiment came to a premature end, however, because of the passing of
+the estate out of the hands of Mr. Vandeleur, and the non-recognition of
+the right of such a community to hold a lease or to act as tenants under
+the land laws of Great Britain.
+
+"Why should there not be a modernized form of the ancient Gaelic state?"
+asked the bishop.
+
+When I spoke of the Russian soviet, and stated that I heard that the Roman
+Catholic church had spread in eight dioceses under the new government, the
+bishop nodded his head. The Church, he said, had nothing to fear from the
+soviet.
+
+"Certainly not from the Limerick soviet," I suggested. "It was there that I
+saw a red-badged guard rise to say the Angelus."
+
+"Isn't it well," smiled the bishop, "that communism is to be
+Christianized?"
+
+[Footnote 1: Notice was given by the General Prison Board of Ireland on
+November 24, 1919, that no prisoner on hunger strike would obtain release.
+It was stated that the hunger-striker alone would be responsible for the
+consequences of his refusal to take food.]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Labour in Irish History." By James Connolly. Maunsel and
+Company. 1917. P. 122.]
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+WHAT ABOUT BELFAST?
+
+SICKNESS AND DEATH OF CARSONISM
+
+
+The H.C. of L. has done an extraordinary thing. It is the high cost of
+living that has caused the sickness and death of Carsonism. Carsonism is a
+synonym for the division of the Ulsterites by political and religious
+cries--there are 690,000 Catholics and 888,000 non-Catholics.[1]
+
+The good work began during the war. Driven by the war cost of living,
+Unionist and Protestant organized with Sinn Fein and Catholic workers, and
+together they obtained increased pay. Now they no longer want division. For
+they believe what the labor leaders have long preached: "Carsonism with its
+continuance of the ancient cries of 'No Popery!' and 'No Home Rule!'
+operates for the good of the rich mill owners and against the good of the
+workers. If the workers allow themselves to be divided on these scores,
+they can neither keep a union to get better wages nor elect men intent on
+securing industrial legislation. If the workers are really wise they will
+lay the Carson ghost by working with the south of Ireland towards a
+settlement of the political question. Why not? The workers of the north and
+south are bound by the tie of a common poverty."
+
+"All my life," said Dawson Gordon, the Protestant president of the Irish
+Textile Federation, as we talked in the dark little union headquarters
+where shawled spinners and weavers were coming in with their big copper
+dues, "I have heard stories that were so much fuel on the prejudice pile.
+When I was small, I believed anything I was told about the Catholics. I
+remember this tale that my mother repeated to me as she said her
+grandmother had told it to her: 'A neighbor of grandmother's was alone in
+her cabin one night. There was a knock at the door. A Catholic woman begged
+for shelter. The neighbor could not bear to turn her back into the night.
+Then as there was only one bed, the two women shared it. Next morning
+grandmother heard a moaning in the cabin. On entering, she saw the neighbor
+lying alone on the bed, stabbed in the back. The neighbor's last words
+were: "Never trust a Catholic!"' As I grew a little older I found two other
+Protestant friends whose grandmothers had had the same experience. And
+since I have been a labor organizer, I have run across Catholics who told
+the same story turned about. So I began to think that there was a hell of a
+lot of great-grandmothers with stabbed friends--almost too many for belief.
+
+"But hysterical as they were, such stories served their purpose of
+division."
+
+From a schoolish-looking cupboard in the back of the room, Mr. Gordon
+extracted a much-thumbed pamphlet on the linen and jute industry, published
+after extended investigation by the United States in 1913. Mr. Gordon
+turned to a certain page, and pointed a finger at a significant line which
+ran:
+
+"The wages of the linen workers in Ireland are the lowest received in any
+mills in the United Kingdom."
+
+Then Mr. Gordon added:
+
+"Another pre-war report by Dr. H. W. Bailie, chief medical officer of
+Belfast, commented on the low wage of the sweated home worker--the report
+has since been suppressed. I remember one woman he told about. She
+embroidered 300 dots for a penny. By working continuously all week she
+could just make $1.50.[2]
+
+"Pay's not the only thing," continued Mr. Gordon. "Working condition's
+another. Go to the mills and see the wet spinners. The air of the room they
+work in is heavy with humidity. There are the women, waists open at the
+throat, sleeves rolled up, hair pulled back to prevent the irritation of
+loose ends on damp skins, bare feet on the cement floor. At noon they
+snatch up their shawls and rush home for a hurried lunch. It's not
+surprising that Dr. Bailie reported that poor working conditions were
+responsible for many premature births and many delicate children. Nor that
+the low pay of the workers made them easy prey to tuberculosis. He wrote
+that, as in previous years, consumption was most prevalent among the
+poor.[3]
+
+"Why such pay and such working conditions?" asked Mr. Gordon. "Because
+before the war there were only 400 of us organized. Labor organizer after
+labor organizer fought for the unity of the working people. But no sooner
+would such a speaker rise oft a platform than there would be calls from all
+parts of the house: 'Are ye a Sinn Feiner?', 'What's yer religion?' or 'Do
+ye vote unionist?' There was no way out. He had to declare himself. Then
+one or the other half of his audience would rise and leave. With low wages,
+of course, the workers could not get a perspective on their battle. They
+were prisoners in Belfast. They never had money enough even for the
+two-hour trip to Dublin. Rail rates are high. Excursions almost unknown.
+Then came the war. At that time wages were:
+
+"Spinners and preparers, $3.00 a week.
+
+"Weavers and winders, $3.08 a week.
+
+"General laborers, $4.00 a week.
+
+"But how much did it cost to feed a family of five? Seven dollars a week.
+The workers had to get the difference. They couldn't without organization.
+With hunger at their heels, they forgot prejudices. Catholics began to go
+to meetings in Orange halls. Protestants attended similar meetings in
+Hibernian assembly rooms; at a small town near Belfast there was a recent
+labor procession in which one-half of the band was Orange and the other
+half Hibernian, and yet there was perfect harmony. Other unions than ours
+were at work. For instance, the Irish Transport and General Workers' union
+began to gather men under the motto chosen from one of Thomas Davis' songs:
+
+  "Then let the orange lily be a badge, my patriot brother,
+  The orange for you, the green for me, and each for one another.'
+
+"What happened? Take our union for example. From 400 in 1914, the
+membership mounted to 40,000 in 1919--that is the number represented today
+in the Irish Textile Federation. With the growth in strength the federation
+made out its cost-of-living budget, and presented its case to the Linen
+Trade Employers. At last the federation succeeded in obtaining this rate:
+
+"Spinners and preparers, $7.50 a week.
+
+"Weavers and winders, $7.50 a week.
+
+"General laborers, $10.00 a week."
+
+But, say the leaders, there will always be chance of disunion until the
+political question is settled. Ulster labor decided to assist in that
+settlement. So it killed Carsonism. And now it is trying to lay the
+Carsonistic ghost.
+
+This is the way labor killed Carsonism. I saw it done. I was in at the
+death. There was a parliamentary seat vacant in East Antrim. Carson, whose
+choice had hitherto been law, backed a Canadian named Major Moore. But
+labor put up a sort of Bull Moose candidate named Hanna. The Carsonists
+realized the issue. During the campaign they reiterated that Carsonism was
+to live or die by that vote. The dodgers for Major Moore ran:
+
+            East Antrim Election
+                     WHAT
+           The Enemies of Unionism
+                     WANT
+             The Return of Hanna
+                     WHY?
+  Because as _The Freeman's Journal_ of May 10,
+                 1919, states:
+       "IF HANNA WINS, HIS VICTORY WILL
+             BE THE DEATH KNELL OF
+                  CARSONISM."
+    Are YOU going to be the one to bring this
+                    about?
+             VOTE SOLID FOR MOORE
+             and show our enemies
+         EAST ANTRIM STANDS BY CARSON
+
+At the meetings the Carsonists continually stressed the point that this
+election meant more than the election or defeat of Moore. It meant the
+election or defeat of Carson and his ally, God.
+
+"God in His goodness," declared a woman advocate at a meeting held for
+Moore at Carrickfergus, "has spared Sir Edward Carson to us, but the day
+may come when we will see ourselves without him, and I want to be sure that
+no one in Ulster will have caused him one pain or sorrow."[4]
+
+"It is owing to Sir Edward Carson under Almighty God," stated D.M. Wilson,
+K.C., M.P., at a meeting at Whitehead, "that we have been saved from Home
+Rule, and the man that knows these things would rather that his right arm
+were paralyzed than be guilty of any act that would tend to weaken the work
+of Sir Edward Carson."[5]
+
+"I am fully persuaded," added William Coote, M.P., at the same meeting,
+"that the great country of the gun running will never be false to its great
+leader."[6]
+
+One evening near a stuccoed golf club at a cross roads in Upper Green Isle,
+with the v of the Belfast Lough shining in the distance, I waited to hear
+Major Moore address a crowd of workers. As the buzzing little audience
+gathered, boys climbed up telegraph poles with the stickers "We Want
+Hanna," and a small, pale-faced man with a protruding jaw was the center of
+a political argument for Hanna. At last the brake arrived. The major, a
+tall, personable man, stood up in the cart. But all the good old Ulster
+rallying cries he used, seemed to miss fire.
+
+"Sir Edward Carson's for me--"
+
+"Stand on your own feet, Major Muir," interrupted a worker.
+
+"Heart and soul, I'll fight Home Rule--"
+
+"What aboot Canada, Major Muir?" The major did not reply as he had at a
+previous meeting at Carrickfergus that he hoped that the time would come
+when there would be a "truly imperial parliament in London--one that would
+represent not only the three kingdoms but the whole empire."[7] Instead he
+went on:
+
+"The Unionist party stands for improved social legislation."
+
+"What aboot old age pensions?" and "Why didn't the Unionist party vote for
+working-men's compensation, Major Muir?"
+
+As he was preparing to drive away from the booing crowd, one of his
+supporters began to distribute dodgers. I had two in my hand when the
+small, pale-faced man with the jaw applied a match to them, and cried out
+as they flared in my hand:
+
+"That's what we do with trash."
+
+Who won? When the election returns were made public in June, they read:
+Major Moore, 7,549; Hanna, 8,714.
+
+Laying the ghost of Carsonism by the permanent settlement of the Irish
+political question was attempted last spring. It was then that Ulster labor
+backed the rest of the Irish Labor party at Berne when it asked for the
+"free and absolute self-determination of each and every people in choosing
+the sovereignty under which they shall live."
+
+
+
+THE SINN FEIN BABY IN BELFAST
+
+The pacific endeavors of the high cost of living are greatly aided by the
+natural kindliness of the people. I think I have never met simpler charity
+to strangers. For instance, in the little matter of appealing for street
+directions, I found the shawled women and the pale men would go far out of
+their ways to put me on the right path. Even when I inquired for the home
+of Dennis McCullough, they looked at me quickly, said: "Oh, you mean the
+big Sinn Feiner"? and readily directed me to his home.
+
+In the red brick home in the red brick row on the outskirts of the red
+brick town of Belfast, Mrs. Dennis McCullough, daughter of the south of
+Ireland, gave testimony that the goodheartedness of her neighbors prevails
+over their prejudice even in time of crisis. Her husband, a piano merchant,
+has been in some seven prisons for his political activities. He had told of
+plank beds, of food he could not eat, of the quelling of prison outbreaks
+by hosing the prisoners and then letting them lie in their wet clothes on
+cold floors. He had spoken of evading prison at one time by availing
+himself of the ancient privilege of "taking sanctuary": he went to the
+famous pilgrimage center of Lough Derg, and though no sanctuary law
+prevails, the military did not care or dare to violate the religious
+feelings of the inhabitants by seizing him there. And then he had told of
+the last time: before his last arrest he had taken great care not to
+provoke the authorities because Mrs. McCullough was about to give birth to
+her first child; but one evening when the couple and friends were seated
+about a quiet Sunday evening tea table, six constables entered and hurried
+him off to jail without even presenting a warrant. It was at this point
+that Mrs. McCullough gave her testimony:
+
+"Our house is just a little island of Sinn Fein in this district. The
+neighbors knew my husband had been arrested. The papers told them that the
+arrests had been made in connection with that Jules Verne German submarine
+plot. But when my baby was born, my neighbors forgot everything but the
+fact that I was a human being who needed help. One neighbor came in to bake
+my bread; another to sweep my house; another to cook my meals. They were
+very good.
+
+"Often at five o'clock, I watch the girls coming home from the mills. At
+six o'clock they eat supper. At seven the boys and girls walk out together,
+two by two." Mrs. McCullough laughed. "You know, I think that's all I have
+against the Ulsterites--there's nothing queer about them."
+
+By the grate, Dennis McCullough held the baby in his arms with all the care
+one uses towards a treasure long withheld. His drawn white face was close
+to the dimpled cheeks.
+
+The rank and file of the Belfastians, then, are joining the priests,
+co-operationists, labor unionists and Sinn Feiners in their fight for
+self-determination. For it is believed that as long as the Irish people,
+Irish or Scotch-Irish, remain under the domination of England, they will
+continue to suffer under exploitation by her capitalists. And the people of
+the north and the south are unanimous that English exploitation is what's
+the matter with Ireland.
+
+[Footnote 1: Census of 1911.]
+
+[Footnote 2: England passed an order in 1919 regulating the wages of
+sweated women workers so that the minimum wage of a girl 18 working a
+48-hour week amounts to $6.72. But the order concludes: "_This order
+shall have effect in all districts of Great Britain but not in
+Ireland_." (Ministry of Labor. Statutory Rules and Orders. 1919. No.
+357.)]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Report Chief Medical Inspector, Belfast, 1909."]
+
+[Footnote 4: _Belfast Telegraph_, May 15, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _Northern Whig_, Belfast, May 17, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Ibid_.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Belfast Telegraph_, May 15, 1919.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's What's the Matter with Ireland?, by Ruth Russell
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+Project Gutenberg's What's the Matter with Ireland?, by Ruth Russell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: What's the Matter with Ireland?
+
+Author: Ruth Russell
+
+Release Date: April 15, 2004 [EBook #12033]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHAT'S THE MATTER WITH IRELAND? ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Newman and PG Distributed
+Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+What's the Matter with Ireland?
+
+By Ruth Russell
+
+1920
+
+
+
+TO MY MOTHER
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+  I. WHAT'S THE MATTER WITH IRELAND
+ II. SINN FEIN AND REVOLUTION
+III. IRISH LABOR AND CLASS REVOLUTION
+ IV. AE'S PEACEFUL REVOLUTION
+  V. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND COMMUNISM
+ VI. WHAT ABOUT BELFAST?
+
+
+
+
+
+  ELECTED GOVERNMENT
+  OF
+  THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND
+  (AMERICAN DELEGATION)
+
+  January 29, 1920.
+
+  _Miss Ruth' Russell,
+  Chicago, Illinois_.
+
+  Dear Miss Russell:
+
+  I have read the advance copy of your book, "What's the Matter with
+  Ireland?", with much interest.
+
+  I congratulate you on the rapidity with which you succeeded in
+  understanding Irish conditions and grasped the Irish viewpoint.
+
+  I hope your book will be widely read. Your first chapter will be
+  instructive to those who have been deceived by the recent cry of Irish
+  prosperity. Cries of this sort are echoed without thought as to their
+  truth, and gain credence as they pass from mouth to mouth. I hope we
+  shall have many more impartial investigators, such as you, who will
+  take the trouble to see things for themselves first hand, and who will
+  not be imposed upon by half-truths.
+
+  Having visited Ireland, I feel you cannot doubt that the poet was
+  right--
+
+    "There never was a nation yet
+    Could rule another well."
+
+  I imagine, too, that having seen the character of British rule there,
+  you must realize better than before what it was your American patriots
+  of '76 hastened to rid themselves of. In a country with such natural
+  resources as Ireland, can you believe it possible that if government by
+  the people obtained there could be such conditions of unemployment and
+  misery as you found?
+
+  Do you not think that if the elected Government of the Republic were
+  left unhampered by foreign usurpation, we might in the coming years
+  hope to rival the boast of Lord Clare in 1798:
+
+    "There is not a nation on the face of the habitable globe which has
+    advanced in cultivation, in manufactures, with the same rapidity in
+    the same period as Ireland--from 1782 to 1798."
+
+  and that progress like this, with the present social outlook in
+  Ireland, would mean the peace, contentment and happiness of millions of
+  human beings?
+
+  Yours very truly,
+
+  (Signed) EAMON DE VALERA.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+"And tell us what is the matter with Ireland."
+
+This was the last injunction a fellow journalist, propagandized into testy
+impatience with Ireland, gave me before I sailed for that bit of Europe
+which lies closest to America.
+
+It became perfectly obvious that Ireland was poor; poor to ignorance, poor
+to starvation, poor to insanity and death. And that the cause of her
+poverty is her exploitation by the world capitalist next door to her.
+
+In Ireland there is no disagreement as to the cause of her poverty. There
+is very little difference as to the best remedy--three-fourths of Ireland
+have expressed their belief that the country can live only as a republic.
+Even the two great forces in Ireland that are said to be for the _status
+quo_, I found in active sympathy with the republican cause. In the
+Catholic Church the young priests are eager workers for Sinn Fein, and in
+Ulster the laborers are backing their leaders in a plea for
+self-determination. But there are, of course, those who say that a republic
+is not enough. In the cities where poverty is blackest, there are those who
+state that the new republic must be a workers' republic. In the villages
+and country places where the co-operative movement is growing strong, there
+are those who believe that the new republic must be a co-operative
+commonwealth.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+WHAT'S THE MATTER WITH IRELAND?
+
+OUT OF A JOB
+
+
+Is Ireland poor? I decided to base my answer to that question on personal
+investigation. I dressed myself as a working girl--it is to the working
+class that seven-eighths of the Irish people belong--and in a week in the
+slums of Dublin I found that lack of employment is continually driving the
+people to migration, low-wage slavery, or acceptance of charity.
+
+At the woman's employment bureau of the ministry of munitions, I discovered
+that 50,000 Irish boys and girls are annually sent to the English harvests,
+and that during the war there were 80,000 placements in the English
+munition factories.
+
+"But I don't want to leave home," I heard a little ex-fusemaker say as we
+stood in queues at the chicken-wire hatch in the big bare room turned over
+by the ministry of munitions for the replacement of women who had worked on
+army supplies. Her voice trembled with the uncertainty of one who knew she
+could not dictate.
+
+"Then you've got to be a servant," said the direct young woman at the
+hatch. "There's nothing left in Ireland but domestic jobs."
+
+"Isn't--you told me there might be something in Belfast?"
+
+"Linen mills are on part time now--no chance. There's only one place for
+good jobs now--that's across the channel."
+
+The little girl bit her lip. She shook her head and went out the rear exit
+provided for ex-war workers. Together we splashed into the broken-bricked
+alley that was sloppy with melting spring sleet.
+
+"Maybe she doesn't know everything," said the little girl, fingering a
+religious medal that shone beneath her brown muffler. "Maybe some one's
+dropped out. Let's say a prayer."
+
+Through the cutting sleet we bent our way to Dublin's largest factory--a
+plant where 1,000 girls are employed at what are the best woman's wages in
+Dublin, $4.50 to $10 a week.
+
+"You gotta be pretty brassy to ask for work here," said the little girl.
+"Everybody wants to work here. But you can't get anything unless you're
+b-brassy, can you?"
+
+We entered a big-windowed, red-bricked factory, and in response to our
+timid application, a black-clad woman shook her head wearily. Down a
+puddly, straw-strewn lane we were blown to one of the factories next in
+size--a fifty to 100 hand factory is considered big in Dublin. The sign on
+the door was scrawled:
+
+"No Hands Wanted."
+
+But in the courage of companionship we mounted the black, narrow-treaded
+wooden stairs to a box-littered room where white-aproned girls were nailing
+candy containers together. While we waited for the manager to come out, we
+stood with bowed heads so that the sleet could pool off our hats, and
+through a big crack in the plank floor we could see hard red candies
+swirling below. Suddenly we heard a voice and looked up to see the
+ticking-aproned manager spluttering:
+
+"Well, can't you read?"
+
+Up in a loft-like, saw-dusty room where girls were stuffing dolls and
+daubing red paint on china cheeks, an excited manager declared he was
+losing his own job. The new woman's trade union league wanted him to pay
+more than one dollar a week to his girls. He would show the union his
+books. Wasn't it better to have some job than none at all?
+
+Down the wet street, now glinting blindingly in the late sun, we walked
+into a grubby little tea shop for a sixpenny pot of tea between us. Out of
+my pocket I pulled a wage list of well-paying, imagination-stirring jobs in
+England. There were all sorts of jobs from toy-making at $8.25 a week to
+glass-blowing at $20. On the face of the little girl as she told me that
+she would meet me at the ministry of munitions the next morning there was a
+look of worried indecision.
+
+That night along Gloucester street, past the Georgian mansion houses built
+before the union of Ireland and England--great, flat-faced, uprising
+structures behind whose verdigrised knockers and shattered door fans comes
+the murmur of tenements--I walked till I came to a much polished brass
+plate lettered "St. Anthony's Working Girls' Home."
+
+"Why don't you go to England?" was the first question the matron put to me
+when I told her that I could get no factory work. "All the girls are
+going."
+
+In the stone-flagged cellar the girls were cooking their individual dinners
+at a stove deep set in the stone wall. A big, curly-haired girl was holding
+bread on a fork above the red coals.
+
+"Last time I got lonesome," she was admitting. "But the best parlor maid
+job here is $60 a year. And over at Basingstoke in England I've one waiting
+for me at $150 a year. If you want to live nowadays I suppose you've gotta
+be lonesome."
+
+Next day at the alley of the employment bureau, I met the little girl of
+the day before. She said a little dully:
+
+"Well, I took--shirt-making--Edinburgh."
+
+
+
+Instead of migrating, a girl may marry. But her husband in most cases can't
+make enough money to support a family. To keep an average family of five,
+just going, on food alone, costs $370 a year. Some farm hands get only
+$100. An average unskilled worker obtains $260 a year. An organized
+unskilled worker receives $367, and an organized skilled worker, $539.
+Therefore, if a girl marries, she has not only to bear children but to go
+out to work beside. Their constant toil makes the women of Ireland
+something less than well-cared-for slaves.
+
+Take the mother in Dublin. In Dublin there have long been too many casual
+laborers. One-third of Dublin's population of 300,000 are in this class.
+Now, while wages for some sorts of casual labor like dock work increased
+during the war, it has become almost impossible for Dublin laborers to get
+a day's job. For the unemployed are flocking for the good wages from the
+four fields of Ireland. On the days the man is out of work the woman must
+go out to wash or "char." I understood these conditions better after I
+spent a night in a typical one-room home in the dockers' quarters near the
+Liffey.
+
+Widow Hannan was my hostess. The widow is a strong, black-haired young
+woman who took an active part in the rebellion of 1916, and whose husband
+was killed fighting under James Connolly. We slept in the first floor
+front. In with the widow lay her three children, and in the cot
+catty-corner from the bed I was bunked. Just when the night air was
+thinning to gray there was a shattering rap on the ground-level window. The
+half-dressed young factory daughter clambered over the others and ripped
+down the rain coat that served as a night-time window curtain. Against the
+square-paned window was hunched a forward-shouldered woman.
+
+As she was being beckoned to the door, I rose, and to do my hair had to
+wedge myself in between the breakfast-table and the filmy mirror that hung
+among the half-tone pictures of the rebels of 1916. On the iron mantel,
+gray with coal dust, there was a family comb.
+
+"God save all here," said the neighbor entering. "Mary, himself's had no
+work for four days. Keep the young ones out of the grate for me. I've got
+to go out washing."
+
+"My sister-in-law has a husband and seven children to support," said the
+widow in explanation to me. "During the war, he could do with her going out
+just once in a while--now it's all the time." Then to the sister-in-law:
+"I've a wash myself today."
+
+The big shoes that must once have belonged to the visitor's man, hit the
+floor loosely as she walked slowly out. Then as lodger I was given the only
+chair at the breakfast-table. The mother and girl sat at a plank bench and
+supped their tea from their saucerless cups. As there was no place else to
+sit, the children took their bread and jam as they perched on the bed, and
+when they finished, surreptitiously wiped their fingers on the
+brown-covered hay mattress. Before we were through, they had run to the
+street and back to warm their cold legs inside the fender till the floor
+was tracked with mud from the street, ashes from the grate, and bits of
+crumbled bread.
+
+In the evening I heard the murmur of revolution. With the shawled mothers
+who line the lane on a pleasant evening, I stood between the widow and a
+twenty-year-old girl who held her tiny blind baby in her arms. Across the
+narrow street with its water-filled gutters, barefoot children in holey
+sweaters or with burlap tied about their shoulders, slapped their feet as
+they jigged, or jumped at hop-scotch. Back of them in typical Dublin decay
+rose the stables of an anciently prosperous shipping concern; in the v dip
+of the roofless walls, spiky grass grew and through the barred windows the
+wet gray sky was slotted. Suddenly the girl-mother spoke:
+
+"Why, there's himself coming back, Mary. See him turning up from the timber
+on the quay. There was sorrow in his eyes like the submarine times when he
+came to tell me no boat docked this morning. Baby or no baby, I'll have to
+get work for myself, for he's not given me a farthing for a fortnight."
+
+A big Danish-looking chap was homing towards the door. Without meeting the
+girl's eyes, he slunk into the doorway. His broad shoulders sagged under
+his sun-faded coat, and he blocked the light from the glassless window on
+the staircase as he disappeared. When he slouched out again his hand
+dropped from his hip pocket.
+
+"It's to drill he's going," The young mother snugged her shawl in more
+tightly about her baby. Then she said with a little break in her voice:
+"Oh, it's very pleasant, just this, with the girls jigging and rattling
+their legs of a spring evening."
+
+A girl's voice defiantly telling a soldier that if he didn't wear his
+civvies when he came to call he needn't come at all, rose clearly from a
+dark doorway. A lamplighter streaked yellow flame into the square lamp
+hanging from the stone shell opposite. A jarvey, hugging a bundle of hay,
+drove his horse clankingly over the cobblestones. Then grimly came the
+whisper of the widow of the rebellion close to my ear:
+
+"Oh, we'll have enough in the army this time."
+
+
+
+Difficult as the Irish worker's fight is, the able person is loath to give
+up and accept charity. But whether she wants to or not, if she can't find
+work she must go to the poorhouse. Before the war it was estimated that
+over one-half the inmates of the Irish workhouses were employable. During
+the war, when there were more jobs than usual to be had, there was a great
+exodus from the hated poorhouse; there was a drop in workhouse wards from
+400,000 to 250,000. But now jobs are getting less again and there is a
+melancholy return back over the hills to the poorhouse.
+
+Night refuges, I found, are the last stage in this journey. There, with
+every day out of work, women become more unemployable--clothes and
+constitutions wear out; minds lose hope in effort and rely on luck. As I
+sat with a tableful of charwomen and general housework girls in a refuge in
+Dublin, I read two ads from the paper. One offered a job for a general
+servant with wages at $50 a year. The other ran: "Wanted: a strong humble
+general housework girl to live out; $1.25 a week." I put the choice up to
+the table.
+
+"If you haven't anybody of your own to live with," advised a husky-voiced,
+mufflered girl next me as she warmed her fingers about her mug of tea and
+regarded me from under her cotton velvet hat with some suspicion, "you
+should get the job living with the family. It takes five dollars a week to
+live by yourself." Then forestalling a protest she added: "You'll get two
+early evenings off--at eight o'clock."
+
+"Whatever you get, don't let it go." A bird-faced woman leaned over the
+table so that the green black plume of her charity bonnet wagged across the
+center of the table. With her little warning eyes still on my face she
+settled back impressively. As she extracted a half sheet of newspaper from
+under her beaded cape and furtively wrapped up one of the two "hunks" of
+bread that each refugee got, she continued: "Once I gave up a place because
+they let me have just potatoes and onions for dinner. No, hold on to
+whatever you get--whatever." And after we had night prayers that were so
+long drawn out that someone moaned: "Do they want to scourge us with
+praying?", the old charwoman repeated the hopeless words: "Hold on to
+whatever you get--whatever."
+
+In the pale gold light that flooded through the windows of the sixty-bed
+dormitory, the women turned down the mussed toweling sheets from the
+bolsters across the reddish gray spreads.
+
+"My clothes dried on me after the rain, and I do be coughing till my chest
+is sore," said the girl who had sat next me at the table and was next me in
+the sleeping room. "There was too many at the dispensary to wait."
+
+Out of a sagging pocket in her creased mackintosh she took a clothes brush.
+She slipped her skirt from under her coat and with her blue-cold hand
+passed the flat brush back and forth over the muddy hem.
+
+"If I had a bit o' black for my shoes now--with your clothes I could get me
+a housemaid's job easy," Her muffler covered the fact that she had no
+shirtwaist. Then she added encouragingly: "You'd better get a job quick.
+There's only one blanket on these beds and clothes run down using them for
+covers at night."
+
+Opposite us a gray-cheeked mother was wrapping a black petticoat about the
+legs of a small child. She tucked the little girl in the narrow bed they
+were both to sleep in, and babbled softly to the drowsy child:
+
+"No place yet. My heart do be falling out o' me. Well, I'm not to blame
+because it's you that keeps me from getting it. You--" she bent over the
+bed and ended sharply: "Oh, my darling, shall we die in Dublin?"
+
+Through the dusk, above the sound of coughing and canvas stretching as the
+women settled themselves for the night, there rose the soft voices of two
+women telling welcome fairy stories to each other:
+
+"It was a wild night," said one. "She was going along the Liffey, and the
+wind coming up from the sea blew the cape about her face and she half fell
+into the water. He caught her, they kept company for seven years and then
+he married her. Who do you suppose he turned out to be? Why, a wealthy
+London baker. Och, God send us all fortune."
+
+There was silence, then the whisper of the mother:
+
+"Look up to the windows, darling. There's just a taste of daylight left."
+
+Gradually it grew dark and quiet in this vault of human misery. Then, far
+away from some remote chapel in the house, there floated the triumphant
+words of the practising choir:
+
+"Alleluia! Alleluia!"
+
+
+
+ILL.
+
+What do emigration and low wages do to Irish health? Social conditions
+result in an extraordinary percentage of tuberculosis and lunacy, and in a
+baby shortage in Ireland. Individual propensities to sexual excess or
+common crime are, incidentally, responsible for little of the ill health in
+Ireland.
+
+Ireland's tuberculosis rate is higher than that of most of the countries in
+the "civilized" world. Through Sir William Thompson, registrar-general of
+Ireland, I was given much material about tuberculosis in Ireland. An
+international pre-war chart showed Ireland fourth on the tuberculosis
+list--it was exceeded only by Austria, Hungary, and Servia.[1] During the
+war, Ireland's tuberculosis mortality rate showed a tendency to increase;
+in 1913, her death list from tuberculosis was 9,387 and in 1917 it was
+9,680.[2]
+
+Emigration is heat to the tuberculosis thermometer. Why? Sir Robert
+Matheson, ex-registrar-general of Ireland, explained at a meeting of the
+Woman's National Health Association. The more fit, he said, emigrate, and
+the less fit stay home and propagate weak children. Besides, emigrants who
+contract the disease elsewhere come home to die. Many so return from the
+United States. Numbers of the 50,000 annual migrants from the west coast of
+Ireland to the English harvests return to nurse the tuberculosis they
+contracted across the channel. Dr. Birmingham, of the Westport Union, is
+quoted as saying that in September a disease known locally as the "English
+cold" is prevalent among the young men who have been harvesting in England.
+Sometimes it is simple bronchitis. Mostly it is incipent phthisis. It is
+easily traced to the wretched sleeping places called "Paddy houses" in
+which Irish laborers are permitted to be housed in England. These "Paddy
+houses" are often death traps--crowded, dark, unventilated barns in which
+the men have to sleep on coarse bags on the floor.[3]
+
+The Irish wage causes tuberculosis to mount higher. Dr. Andrew Trimble,
+chief tuberculosis officer for Belfast, comments on the fact that the sex
+affected proves that economic conditions are to blame. Under conditions of
+poverty, women become ill more quickly than men. Dr. Trimble writes: "In
+Belfast and in Ireland generally more females suffer from tuberculosis than
+males. In Great Britain, however, the reverse is the case.... In former
+years, however, they had much the same experience as we have in Ireland ...
+and it would be necessary to go back over twenty-five years to come to a
+point where the mortality from tuberculosis among women equalled that now
+obtaining with us. It would seem that the hardships associated with poor
+economic conditions--insufficient wages, bad housing and want of fresh air,
+good food and sufficient clothing--tell more heavily on the female than on
+the male, and with the march of progress and better conditions of living
+... tuberculosis amongst women is automatically reduced."[4]
+
+The Irish wage must choose a tuberculosis incubator for a home. Ireland is
+a one-room-home country. In the great "rural slum" districts, the one-room
+cabin prevails. Country slums exist where homes cannot be supported by the
+land they are built on--they occur, for instance, in the rocky fields of
+Galway and Donegal and in the stripped bog lands of Sligo. Galway and
+Donegal cabins are made of stones wrested from the ground; in Mayo, the
+walls are piled sod--mud cabins. Roofing these western homes is the "skin
+o' th' soil" or sod with the grass roots in it. Through the homemade roofs
+or barrel chimneys the wet Atlantic winds often pour streams of water that
+puddle on the earthen floors. At one end of the cabin is a smoky dent that
+indicates the fireplace; and at the other there may be a stall or two. The
+small, deep-set windows are, as a rule, "fixed." Rural slums are rivaled by
+city slums. Even in the capital of Ireland the poor are housed as badly as
+in the west of Ireland. Looking down on the city of Dublin from the tower
+of St. Patrick's cathedral, one can see roofs so smashed in that they look
+as if some giant had walked over them; great areas so packed with buildings
+that there are only darts of passageways for light and air. In ancient
+plaster cabins, in high old edifices with pointed Huguenot roofs, in
+Georgian mansion tenements, there are 25,000 families whose homes are
+one-room homes. Dublin's proportion of those who live more than two to a
+room is higher than that of any other city in the British Isles--London has
+16.8; Edinburgh, 31.1; Dublin, 37.9.[5] In one-room homes tuberculosis
+breeds fast. A table from the dispensary for tuberculosis patients, an
+institution built in Dublin as a memorial to the American, P.F. Collier,
+shows that out of 1,176 cases 676 came from one-room homes.[6] As a type
+case, the report instances this: "Nine members of the W---- family were
+found living in one room together in a condition bordering on starvation.
+Both parents were very tubercular. The father had left the Sanatorium of
+the South Dublin Union on hearing of the mother's delicacy. He hoped to
+earn a little to support the family that had been driven to such a state
+through illness that, houseless, it had had to sleep on stairs. The only
+regular income was $1.12 a week earned by the eldest girl, aged 16, in a
+factory. Owing to want of food and unhealthy surroundings, she was in so
+run down a condition that it seemed certain she would become tubercular if
+not at once removed."
+
+The Irish wage can't buy the "good old diet." Milk and stirabout and
+potatoes once grew rosy-cheeked children. But bread and tea is the general
+diet now. War rations? Ireland was not put on war rations. To regulate the
+amount of butter and bacon per family would have been superfluous labor.
+Few families got even war rations.[7] Charitable organizations doubt if
+they should give relief to families who are able to have an occasional meal
+of potatoes in addition to their bread and tea. In a recent pamphlet[8] the
+St. Vincent de Paul Society said: "A widow ... who after paying the rent of
+her room, has a shilling a day to feed herself and two, three, four or even
+more children, is considered a doubtful case by the society. Yet a shilling
+a day will only give the family bread and tea for every meal, with an
+occasional dish of potatoes. By strict economy a little margarine may be
+purchased, but by no process of reasoning may it be said that the family
+has enough to eat, or suitable food." The Irish wage would have to be a
+high wage to buy the old diet. For that is not supplied by Ireland for
+Ireland any more. When Ireland became a cow lot, cereal and vegetable crops
+became few. But milk should be plentiful? The recent vice-regal milk
+commission noted the lack of milk for the poor in Ireland. Why? The town of
+Naas tells one reason. Naas is in the midst of a grazing country, but Naas
+babies have died for want of milk, because Naas cattle are raised for beef
+exportation. The town of Ennis tells another reason. Ennis is also in the
+center of a grazing country. Until the Woman's National Health Association
+established a depot, Ennis poor could not get retailed pitchersful of milk,
+for Ennis cows are raised to supply wholesale cansful to creameries which
+make the supply into dairy products for exportation.[9]
+
+Bread-and-tea, and bread-and-tealess families get on the calling list of
+tuberculosis nurses. "The nurses often found," writes the Woman's National
+Health Association, "that a large number of cases committed to their care
+were in an advanced stage of the disease ... in a number of cases families
+have been found entirely without food. This chronic state of lack of
+nourishment ... accounts in part for the fact that there are two and
+sometimes three persons affected in the same family."[10]
+
+Has mental as well as physical health been affected? Lunacy is
+extraordinarily prevalent in Ireland. In the lunacy inspectors' office in
+Dublin castle, I was given the last comparison they had published of the
+insanity rates in England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland. English and
+Welsh insanity per 10,000 people was 40.8; Scottish, 45.4; Irish, 56.2. The
+Irish rate for 1916 showed an increase to 57.1.[11]
+
+Emigration, remark lunacy experts, fostered lunacy. Whole families withdrew
+from certain districts. Consanguineous marriages became more frequent.
+Weak-minded cousins wedded to bring forth weaker-minded children.
+
+And Irish living conditions are a nemesis. They affect those who go as well
+as those who stay. Commenting on the fact that the Irish contribute the
+highest proportion of the white foreign-born population to the American
+hospitals for the insane, as well as filling their own asylums, the lunacy
+inspectors write: "As to why this should be, we can offer no reasoned
+explanation: but just as the Irish famine was, apart from its direct
+effects, responsible for so much physical and mental distress in the
+country, so it would seem not improbable that the innutritious dietary and
+other deprivations of the majority of the population of Ireland must, when
+acting over many generations, have led to impaired nutrition of the nervous
+system, and in this way have developed in the race those neuropathic and
+psychopathic tendencies which are precursors of insanity."[12]
+
+Babies don't like mentally and physically worn-out parents. Babies used to
+be thought to have special predilection for Ireland. But as a matter of
+fact, they come to the island less and less. Ireland has for some time
+produced fewer babies to the thousand people than Scotland. During the
+decade 1907-1916 Scotland's annual average to every thousand people was
+25.9;[13] Ireland's was 22.8. From 1907 to 1917 Ireland's total number of
+babies fell from 101,742 to 86,370.[14]
+
+But as was said in the beginning, it is not to individual excess that most
+of the ill health in Ireland is due. It was not until recently that
+venereal disease as a factor in Irish ill health has been a factor worth
+mentioning. In 1906 a lunacy report read: "The statistics show that general
+paralysis of the insane--a disease now almost unknown in Ireland--is
+increasing in the more populous urban districts. At the same time the
+disease is still much less prevalent than in other countries, and in the
+rural districts it is practically non-existent. This is to a large extent
+due to the high standard of sexual morality that prevails all over
+Ireland."[15]
+
+Nor do the Irish suffer from the violence that accompanies common
+crime--for there is little crime under the most crime-provoking conditions.
+As the Countess of Aberdeen said: "In the past annual report by Sir Charles
+Cameron, the medical officer of health for Dublin, there are again some
+figures that tell a strange tale of poverty so widespread, of destitution
+so complete, of housing so unsanitary, of unemployment so little heeded,
+that one is amazed by the fact that no combined effort on the part of more
+fortunate citizens has been made toward bringing about a wholesome change,
+and this amazement is only lessened by the extraordinary freedom we in
+Dublin enjoy from robberies, peculations, from crimes of violence and other
+misdeeds that would sharpen our perception of miseries now borne with a
+fortitude and a self-restraint that cannot but appeal strongly to any who,
+either from personal experience or philanthropic reading, know how crime
+and vice are associated elsewhere with conditions not more distressing and
+often less long-lived than ours."[16]
+
+
+
+SCHOOL CLOSED
+
+There's small chance for the Irish to better their condition through
+education. Many Irish children don't go to school. It is estimated that out
+of 500,000 school children, 150,000 do not attend school. Why not? Here are
+two reasons advanced by the Vice-Regal Committee on Primary Education,
+Ireland, in its report published by His Majesty's Stationers, Dublin, 1919:
+
+Many families are too poor.
+
+England does not encourage Irish education.
+
+Irish poverty is recognized in the school laws; the Irish Education act
+passed by Parliament in 1892 is full of excuses for children who must go to
+work instead of to school. Thousands of Irish youngsters must avail
+themselves of these excuses. Ireland has 64,000 children under the age of
+14 at work. But Scotland with virtually the same population has only
+37,500.[17]
+
+Eight-year-old Michael Mallin drags kelp out of a rush basket and packs it
+down for fertilizer between the brown ridges of the little hand-spaded
+field in Donegal.
+
+"Is there no school to be going to, Michael?"
+
+"There do be a school, but to help my da' there is no one home but me."
+
+The act says that the following is a "reasonable excuse for the
+non-attendance of a child, namely, ... being engaged in necessary
+operations of husbandry."[18]
+
+Ten-year-old Margaret Duncan can be found sitting hunched up on a doorstep
+in a back street in Belfast. Her skirt and the step are webbed with threads
+clipped from machine-embroidered linen, or pulled from handkerchiefs for
+hemstitching. A few doors away little Helen Keefe, all elbows, is scrubbing
+her front steps.
+
+"But school's on."
+
+"Aye," responds Margaret, "but our mothers need us."
+
+The act plainly states that another reasonable excuse is "domestic
+necessity or other work requiring to be done at a particular time or
+season."[19]
+
+William Brady has a twelve-hour day in Dublin. He's out in the morning at
+5:30 to deliver papers. He's at school until three. He runs errands for the
+sweet shop till seven.
+
+"You get too tired for school work. How does your teacher like that?"
+
+"Ash! She can't do anything."
+
+Intuitively he knows that he can protect himself behind the fortress of
+words in the school attendance act: "A person shall not be deemed to have
+taken a child into his employment in contravention of this act if it is
+proved that the employment by reason of being during the hours when school
+is not in session does not interfere with the efficient elementary
+instruction of the child."[20]
+
+Nine-year-old Patrick Gallagher may go to the Letterkenny Hiring Fair and
+sell his baby services to a farmer. Some one may say to Paddy:
+
+"Why aren't you at school?"
+
+"Surely, I live over two miles away from school."
+
+The law thinks two miles are too far for him to walk. So he may be hired to
+work instead. Reads the education act: "A person shall not be deemed to
+have taken a child into his employment in contravention of this act if it
+is proved to the satisfaction of the court that during the employment there
+is not within two miles ... from the residence of the child any ... school
+which the child can attend."[21]
+
+Incidentally England does not encourage Irish education. England does not
+provide enough money to erect the best schools nor to attract the best
+teachers. But England agreed to an Irish education grant.[22] She
+established a central board of education in Ireland, and promised that
+through this board she would pay two-thirds of the school building bill and
+teachers' salaries to any one who was zealous enough to erect a school.
+Does England come through with the funds? Not, says the vice-regal
+committee, unless she feels like it. In 1900 she agreed with Ireland that
+Ireland's teachers should be paid higher salaries, but stipulated that the
+increase in salaries would not mean an immediate increase in grants.
+
+New building grants were suspended altogether for a time. In 1902, an
+annual grant of L185,000 was diverted from Irish primary education and used
+for quite extraneous purposes. And when England does give money for Irish
+education, she pays no heed to the requirements stated by the Irish
+commissioners of education.[23] Instead she says: "This amount I happen to
+be giving to English education; I will grant a proportionate amount to
+Irish education."
+
+"If English primary education happens to require financial aid from the
+Treasury, Irish primary education is to get some and in proportion
+thereto," writes the committee. "If England happens not to require any,
+then, of course, neither does Ireland. A starving man is to be fed only if
+some one else is hungry.... It seems to us extraordinary that Irish primary
+education should be financed on lines that have little relation to the
+needs of the case."[24]
+
+So there are not enough schools to go to. Belfast teachers testified before
+the committee that in their city alone there were 15,000 children without
+school accommodations. Some of the number are on the streets. Others are
+packed into educational holes of Calcutta. New schools, said the teachers,
+are needed not only for these pupils but also for those incarcerated in
+unsuitable schools--unheated schools or schools in whose dark rooms gas
+must burn daily. On the point of unsuitability, the testimony of a special
+investigator named F.H. Dale was quoted. He said:
+
+"I have no hesitation in reporting that both in point of convenience for
+teachers and in the requirements necessary for the health of teachers and
+scholars, the average school buildings in Dublin and Belfast are markedly
+inferior to the average school buildings now in use in English cities of
+corresponding size."
+
+So if unsuitable schools were removed, Belfast would have to provide for
+some thousands of school children beyond the estimate of 15,000, and other
+localities according to their similar great need.[25]
+
+Live, interesting primary teachers are few in Ireland. The low pay does not
+begin to compensate Irish school teachers for the great sacrifices they
+must make. Women teachers in Ireland begin at $405 a year; men at $500. If
+it were not for the fact that there are very few openings for educated
+young men and women in a grazing country there would probably be even
+greater scarcity.[26] Since three-fourths of the schools are rural those
+who determine to teach must resign themselves to social and professional
+hermitage. What is the result of these factors on the teaching morale? The
+1918 report at the education office shows 13,258 teachers, and only 3,820
+of these are marked highly efficient.[27]
+
+Thus the committee of the lord lieutenant.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Ireland's Crusade Against Tuberculosis." Edited by Countess
+of Aberdeen. Maunsel and Company. Dublin. 1908. P. 32.]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Marriages, Births, and Deaths in Ireland, 1917." His
+Majesty's Stationery Office. Dublin. 1918. P. IX.]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Ireland's Crusade Against Tuberculosis." P. 34-35.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Report of Chief Tuberculosis Officer of Belfast for the Three
+Years Ended 31 March, 1917." Hugh Adair. Belfast. 1917. P. 25.]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Appendix Report Housing Conditions of Dublin." Alex Thorn.
+Dublin. 1914. P. 154.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "First Annual Report P.F. Collier Memorial Dispensary."
+Dollard. Dublin. 1913. P. 24.]
+
+[Footnote 7: "Starvation in Dublin." By Lionel Gordon-Smith and Cruise
+O'Brien. Wood Printing Works. Dublin. 1917. P. 14.]
+
+[Footnote 8: "The Poor in Dublin." Pamphlet. St. Vincent de Paul Society.]
+
+[Footnote 9: "How Local Milk Depots in Ireland Are Worked." Dollard.
+Dublin. 1915. P. 3-15.]
+
+[Footnote 10: "Second Annual Report of the Woman's National Health
+Association." Waller and Company. Dublin. 1909. P. 143.]
+
+[Footnote 11: "Supplement Fifty-fourth Report Inspectors of Lunacy." Alex
+Thorn. Dublin. 1906. P. VII.]
+
+[Footnote 12: _Ibid_. P. XXVII.]
+
+[Footnote 13: "Sixty-second Annual Report of the Registrar General for
+Scotland, 1916." His Majesty's Stationery Office. Edinburgh. 1918. P.
+LXVII.]
+
+[Footnote 14: "Marriages, Births, and Deaths in Ireland, 1917." P. XII.]
+
+[Footnote 15: "Supplement Fifty-fourth Report Inspectors of Lunacy." P.
+XXXII.]
+
+[Footnote 16: "The Woman's National Health Association and Infant Welfare."
+The Child. June, 1911. P. 10.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Figures supplied by H.C. Ferguson, Superintendent of Charity
+Organization Society, Belfast, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 18: "Irish Education Act, 1892." (55 & 56 Vict.) Chap. 42. P. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 19: _Ibid_. P. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 20: _Ibid_. P. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 21: _Ibid_. P. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 22: _Ibid_. P. 8 et al.]
+
+[Footnote 23. "Vice-regal Committee of Enquiry into Primary Education,
+Ireland, 1918." His Majesty's Stationery Office. Dublin. 1919. P. 22.]
+
+[Footnote 24: _Ibid_. P. 22.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _Ibid_. Martin Reservation. P. 27-30.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _Ibid_. P. 8.]
+
+[Footnote 27: _Ibid_. P. 39.]
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+SINN FEIN AND REVOLUTION
+
+WILL SOCIAL CONDITION LEAD TO IMMEDIATE REVOLUTION?
+
+
+"Eamonn De Valera, the President of the Irish Republic, who has been in
+hiding since his escape from Lincoln jail, will be welcomed back to Dublin
+by a public reception. Tomorrow evening at seven o'clock he will be met at
+the Mount street bridge by Lawrence O'Neill, Lord Mayor of Dublin...."
+
+The news note was in the morning papers. In small type it was hidden on the
+back pages--the Irish papers have a curious habit of six-pointing articles
+in which the people are vitally interested and putting three-column heads
+on such stuff as: "Do Dublin Girls Rouge?" That day the concern of the
+people was unquestionably not rouge but republics. For the question that
+sibilated in Grafton street cafes and at the tram change at Nelson pillar
+was: "Will Dublin Castle permit?"
+
+Orders and gun enforcement. The empire did not deviate from the usual
+program of empires--action without discussion. In the crises that are
+always occurring between organized revolt and the empire, there is never
+any consideration of the physical agony that goads the people to revolt.
+There wasn't now. By early afternoon, the answer, on great, black-lettered
+posters, was swabbed to the sides of buildings all over town:
+
+"DE VALERA RECEPTION FORBIDDEN!"
+
+That was the headline, and after instructions warning the people not to
+take part in the ceremony, the government order ended:
+
+"GOD SAVE THE KING!"
+
+How would the revolutionaries reply? Rumors ran riot. The Sinn Fein
+volunteers would pit themselves against His Majesty's troops. The streets
+would be red again. The belief that the meeting would be held in spite of
+the proclamation was supported by a statement on green-lettered posters
+that appeared later next the British dictum:
+
+"LORD MAYOR REQUESTS GOOD ORDER AT RECEPTION!"
+
+This plea was followed by a paragraph asking that the people attending the
+reception would not allow themselves to be provoked into disorder by the
+British military. Then there was the concluding exclamation:
+
+"GOD SAVE IRELAND!"
+
+On my way to the Sinn Fein headquarters in Harcourt street, I passed the
+Mansion House of the Lord Mayor and found two long-coated Dublin Military
+Police stripping the new wet poster from the yellow walls. When I arrived
+at Number 6, Harcourt street, I saw black-clad Mrs. Sheehy-Sheffington, in
+somewhat agitated absorption of thought, coming down the worn steps of the
+old Georgian house. In the upper back room, earnest young secretaries
+worked in swift silence. One of them, a curly-haired girl with her mouth
+o-ed about a cigarette, puffed unceasingly. At last Harry Boland, secretary
+of Sinn Fein, entered.
+
+"The council decides tonight," he admitted. His eyes were bright and
+faraway like one whose mind is on a coming crisis. When I told him I would
+drop in again to hear the decision, he protested that they would be at it
+till late. On my counter protest that time made no difference to me, he
+promised that if I would not come he would send me word at eleven that
+night. "But I think," he added, "we won't know till morning."
+
+At ten that night, Boots knocked at my door. I concluded that there had
+been a stampeded decision. But on going out I discovered the Associated
+Press correspondent there. He told me that he heard that I was to receive
+the news and that he did not believe that there was any necessity of
+bothering the Sinn Feiners twice for the same decision.
+
+"I think the reception is quite likely," he volunteered. "This afternoon a
+good many of the Sinn Fein army were at University chapel at confession. At
+the girls' hostels of National University--which is regarded as a sort of
+adolescent Sinn Fein headquarters--there have been strict orders that the
+girls are to remain indoors tomorrow night."
+
+When the messenger arrived at eleven to say that no decision had been
+reached, I made an appointment for an interview on the following day with
+DeValera.
+
+Electricity was in the air by morning. There were all sorts of sparks.
+Young men in civilian clothes ran for trams with their hands over their hip
+pockets. A delightful girl whom I had met, boarded my car with a heavy
+parcel in her hands. As the British officer next me rose to give her his
+seat, her cheeks became very pink. Sometime later she told me that, like
+the rest of the Sinn Fein volunteers, she had received her mobilization
+orders, and that the parcel the officer had relented for was--her rifle.
+
+At that time, her division of the woman's section of the Sinn Fein
+volunteers was pressing a plan for the holding of the reception. In order,
+however, that no needed fighters would be killed, the girls had asked that
+they should be first to meet the president. Then, when the machine guns
+commenced, "only girls" would fall.
+
+Into College Green a brute of a tank had cruised. The man in charge was
+inviting people to have a look. Inside there were red-lipped munition
+boxes, provender cases, and through the skewer-sized sight-holes next the
+jutting guns, there were glimpses of shoppers emerging from Grafton street
+into the Green. Over the city, against the silver-rimmed, Irish gray
+clouds, aeroplanes--there were sixteen in one formation--buzzed
+insistently. Between the little stone columns of the roof railing of
+Trinity College, machine guns poked out their cold snouts.
+
+"Smoke bombs were dropped over Mount street bridge today," said Harry
+Boland with a shrug of his shoulders when I arrived at Sinn Fein
+headquarters to ask if the reception would still be held. "What can we do
+against a force like theirs?"
+
+But there was a strained feeling at headquarters as if the decision had
+been made after a hard fight. Alderman Thomas Kelly, one of the oldest of
+the Sinn Feiners, told me that he had backed DeValera in his refusal to
+countenance a needless loss of life, and that it was only after a good
+struggle that their point had won.
+
+"DeValera's just beyond the town," whispered Harry Boland to me when he
+decided that we would leave to see the president at seven--the hour the
+executive was due to appear at the bridge. "They're searching all the cars
+that cross the canal bridges. If there is any trouble as we pass just say
+that you are an American citizen--that'd get you through anywhere."
+
+Knots of still expectant people were gathered at the Mount street bridge.
+Squads of long-coated military police patrolled the place. Children called
+at games. The starlight dripped into the canal. At Portobello bridge we
+made our crossing. Nothing happened. The constables did not even punch the
+cushions of our car as they did with others to see if munitions were
+concealed therein. We swooped down curving roads between white walls hung
+with masses of dark laurel. We stopped dead on a road arched with trees. We
+got out, clicked the car door softly shut, turned a corner, and walked some
+distance in the cool night. As we walked I made I forget what request in
+regard to the interview from young Mr. Boland, and with the reverent regard
+and complete obedience to DeValera's wishes that is characteristic in the
+young Sinn Feiners--a state of mind that does not, however, prevent calling
+the president "Dev"--he said simply: "But I must do what he tells me." At
+the door of a modestly comfortable home whose steps we mounted, a thick-set
+man blocked my way for a moment.
+
+"You won't," he asked, "say where you came?"
+
+"I'm sure," I returned, "I haven't an idea where I am."
+
+DeValera was giving rapid, almost breathless, orders in Irish to some one
+as I entered his room. His thin frame towered above a dark plush-covered
+table. A fire behind him surrounded him with a soft yellow aura. His white,
+ascetic, young--he is thirty-seven--face was lined with determination.
+Doors and windows were hung with thick, dark-red portieres, and the walls
+were almost as white as DeValera's face.
+
+"Pardon us for speaking Irish," he apologized. "We forget. Now first of
+all, we will go over the questions you sent me. I have written the answers.
+They must appear as I have put them down. That is the condition on which
+the interview takes place."
+
+Did Sinn Fein plan immediate revolution? The president ran a fountain pen
+under the small, finely written lines as he remarked in an aside that he
+was not a writer but a mathematician. No. The sudden set of the president's
+jaw indicated that this man who had fought in the 1916 rebellion till even
+his enemies had praised him, was the man who had decided there would be no
+reception at the bridge. No. There would be no armed revolt till all
+peaceable methods had failed.
+
+If Sinn Fein succeeded in getting separation, would it establish a
+bolshevistic government? DeValera returned that he was not sure what
+bolshevism is. As far as he understood bolshevism, Sinn Fein was not
+bolshevistic. But perhaps, by the way, bolshevism had been as
+misrepresented in the American press as Sinn Fein. Right there, I took
+exception and said that from his own point of view I did not see what good
+slurring the American press would do his cause. Immediately he answered as
+if only the principal phase of the matter had occurred to him: "But it's
+true." Then he continued: The worker is unfairly treated. Whether it is
+bolshevistic or not, Sinn Fein hopes to bring about a government in which
+there will be juster conditions for the laboring classes.
+
+
+
+CAUSE AND REMEDY OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS.
+
+The empire does not consider the cause of revolt.[1] But the republic is
+interested not only in the cause but also in the remedy.
+
+Relief, the republic has said, must come through Sinn Fein--ourselves.
+Neither the Sinn Fein leaders nor the people believe in the power of the
+Irish vote in the British House of Commons. At the last general elections
+the Sinn Fein party pledged that if its members were elected they would not
+go to the British parliament, but would remain at home to form the Irish
+parliament, the governing body of the Irish republic. Dodgers explaining
+why Sinn Fein had decided to forego the House of Commons were widely
+distributed. These read: "What good has parliamentarianism been? For
+thirty-three years England has been considering Home Rule while Irish
+members pleaded for it. But in three weeks the English parliament passed a
+conscriptive act for Ireland, though the Irish party was solid against it."
+On this platform, Sinn Fein won seventy-three out of 105 seats.
+
+If Sinn Fein is to relieve the social conditions in Ireland, it must, say
+Sinn Feiners, find out the cause. So they have pondered on this question:
+What is the cause of the unemployment in Ireland today? The answer to that
+question was the one point that the sharp-mustached, sardonic little Arthur
+Griffith, founder of Sinn Fein, wanted the American delegates from the
+Philadelphia Race Convention to carry back to America.
+
+It was revealed at a meeting of the Irish parliament specially called for
+the delegates. Cards were difficult to get for that meeting, and as each
+one passed through the long dreary ante-room of the circular assembly hall
+of the Mansion House, he was subjected to close scrutiny by the two dozen
+Irish volunteers on guard. In the civilian audience there was a sprinkling
+of American and Australian officers. Up on the platform was the throne of
+the Lord Mayor, in front of which sat the delegates--Frank Walsh, Edward F.
+Dunne, and Michael Ryan. In a roped-off semi-circle below the platform were
+deep upholstered chairs wherein rested the members of the Irish parliament.
+Countess Markewicz was, of course, the only woman there. White-haired,
+trembling-handed Laurence Ginnel, who is given long jail terms because he
+refuses to take his hat off in a British court, sat forward on his chair.
+The rich young Protestant named Robert Barton regarded the crowd through
+his shining eyeglasses. Keen, boyish Michael Collins, minister of finance,
+fingered the paper he was going to read. The last two men had recently
+escaped from prison and were wanted by the police--both, as they say in
+Ireland, were "on the run."
+
+"England kills Irish industry," said the succinct Arthur Griffith as he
+rose from the right hand of DeValera to address the delegates. "Early in
+the nineteenth century, England wanted a cheap meat supply center. She
+therefore made it more profitable for the landowners in Ireland to grow
+cattle instead of crops. Only a few herders are required in cattle care. So
+literally millions of Irish, tillers of the soil and millers of grain, were
+thrown out of employment, and from 1841 to 1911 the population fell from
+8,000,000 to 4,400,000. Today, Ireland, capable of supporting 16,000,000,
+cannot maintain 4,000,000."[2]
+
+What is the Sinn Fein remedy for unemployment? Industry. Plans were then
+under way for DeValera to make his escape to America to obtain American
+capital to back Irish industry. But money was not to be his sole business.
+He was to work for the recognition of Irish consuls and Irish mercantile
+marine. And inside Ireland the movement to establish industry on a sound
+basis was going on. Irish banks, Irish courts, Irish schools are to sustain
+the movement. At present the English-controlled Irish banks handicap Irish
+entrepreneurs by charging them one per cent more interest than English
+banks charge English borrowers; therefore, a national bank is regarded as
+an imperative need. Decisions of British judges in Irish courts may hamper
+Irish industry; so in parts of the country perfectly legal courts of
+arbitration manned by Irishmen have been established. School children under
+the present system of education are trained neither to commerce nor to love
+of the development of their native land; accordingly a Sinn Fein school
+fund is now being collected so that the Irish parliament may soon be able
+to take over national education.
+
+Sinn Fein could develop industry more easily if Ireland were free.[3] There
+is hope. It lies in Ireland's very lack of jobs. British labor does not
+like the competition of the cheap labor market next door. It rather
+welcomes the party that would push Irish industry. For with Irish industry
+developed Irish labor would become scarce and high. Already the British
+labor party has declared in favor of the self-determination of Ireland, and
+it is expected that with its accession to power there may be a final
+granting of self-determination to Ireland.
+
+As we were leaving the Mansion House--to which some of us were invited to
+return to a reception for the delegates that evening--I found intense
+reaction to the speakers of the day. I asked a young American
+non-commissioned officer how he liked DeValera. He seemed to be as stirred
+by the name as the young members of DeValera's regiment who besiege Mrs.
+DeValera for some little valueless possession of the "chief's." The boy
+drew in his breath, and I expected him to let it out again in a flow of
+praise, but emotion seemed to get the better of him, and all he could
+manage was a fervent: "Oh, gee!" Then I came across young Sylvia Pankhurst,
+disowned by her family for her communist sympathies, and in Dublin for the
+purpose of persuading the Irish parliament to become soviet. The Irish
+speakers, she told me, were much to be preferred to the Americans. They
+used more figures and less figures of speech. And when I repeated her
+remark to Desmond Fitzgerald, a pink and fastidious member of parliament,
+he smilingly commented: "Well, we Irish are more sophisticated, aren't we?"
+
+
+
+THE MAILED FIST
+
+In the afternoon the curtain went up on a matinee performance of The Mailed
+Fist.
+
+The first act was in the home of Madame Gonne-McBride. It was, properly, an
+exposition of the power of the enemy.
+
+With Madame Gonne-McBride, once called the most beautiful woman in Europe,
+Sylvia Pankhurst, and the sister, of Robert Barton, I entered the big house
+on Stephen's Green. Modern splashily vivid wall coloring. Japanese screens.
+Ancient carved madonnas. Two big Airedales thudded up and down in greeting
+to their mistress. I spoke of their unusual size.
+
+Madame Gonne-McBride, taking the head of one of them between her hands:
+"They won't let any one arrest me again, will they?"
+
+She is tall and slim in her deep mourning--her husband was killed in the
+rebellion of 1916. Her widow's bonnet is a soft silky guipure lace placed
+on her head like a Red Cross worker's coif. On the breast of her black gown
+there hangs a large dull silver cross. Beggars and flower-sellers greet her
+by name. It is said that a large part of her popularity is due to her work
+in obtaining free school lunches. Anyway, there was great grief among the
+people when she was thrown into jail for supposed complicity in the
+unproved German plot. The arrest, she said, came one Sunday night. She was
+walking unconcernedly from one of George Russell's weekly gatherings, when
+five husky constables blocked the bridge road and hurried her off to jail.
+At last, on account of her ill health, she was released from prison--very
+weak and very pale.
+
+Enter seventeen-year-old Sean McBride. Places back against the door. Blue
+eyes wide. Breathlessly: "They're after Bob Barton and Michael Collins.
+They've surrounded the Mansion House."
+
+Hatless we raced across Stephen's Green--that little handkerchief of a park
+that never seemed so embroidered with turns and bridges and bandstands and
+duck ponds before. Through the crowd that had already gathered we edged our
+way till we came to the double line of bayonets and batons that guarded the
+entrance to Dawson street. Over the broad, blue shoulder of the policeman
+directly in front of me, I glimpsed a wicked-looking little whippet tank
+with two very conscious British officers just head and shoulders out. Still
+further down were three covered motor lorries that had been used to convey
+the soldiers.
+
+Sean, for the especial benefit of constable just ahead: "Wars for democracy
+and small nations! And that's the only way they can keep us in the British
+empire. Brute force. Nice exhibition for the American journalists in town."
+
+Constable stalked Sean back to edge of crowd. Sean looked at him steadily
+with slight twinkle in his eye. Miss Barton, Miss Pankhurst, and I climbed
+up a low stone wall that commanded the guarded street, and clung to the
+iron paling on top. Sean came and stood beneath.
+
+Miss Pankhurst, regarding crowd in puzzled manner: "Why do you all smile?
+When the suffragists were arrested we used to become furious."
+
+Sean looking up at her in kindly manner in which old rebel might glance at
+impatient young rebel: "You forget. We're very used to this."
+
+Miss Pankhurst made an unexpected jump from her place. She wedged her way
+to the line of soldiers. As she talked to two young Tommies they blushed
+and fiddled with their bayonets like girls with their first bouquets of
+flowers. Twice a British major admonished them.
+
+Miss Pankhurst, returning: "Welsh boys. Just babies. I asked them why they
+came out armed to kill fellow workers. They said they had enlisted for the
+war. If they had known they were to be sent to Ireland they would have
+refused to go. I told them it was not too late to act. They could take off
+their uniforms. But they? They're weak--weak."
+
+As dusk fell, party capes and tulle mists of head dresses began to appear
+between the drab or tattered suits of the bystanders. Among the coming
+reception guests was Susan Mitchell, co-editor with George Russell on
+_The Irish Homestead_.
+
+Susan Mitchell, of constable: "Can't I go through? No? But there's to be a
+party, and the tea will get all cold."
+
+In the courage of the crowd, the people began to sing The Soldiers' Song.
+It took courage. It was shortly after John O'Sheehan had been sentenced for
+two years for caroling another seditious lyric. A surge of sound brought
+out the words: "The west's awake!" Dying yokes. And a sudden
+right-about-face movement of the throng.
+
+Crowd shouting: "Up the Americans!"
+
+With Sinn Fein and American flags flying, the delegates' car rolled up to
+the outskirts of the crowd. A sharp order. The crowd-fearing bayonets
+lunged forward. Frank Walsh, looking through his tortoise-rim glasses at
+the steel fence, got out of his car. He walked up to the pointing bayonets,
+and asked for the man in charge.
+
+Frank Walsh: "What's the row?"
+
+The casualness of the question must have disarmed Lieutenant-Colonel
+Johnstone of the Dublin Military Police. He laughed. Then conferred. While
+the confab was on, the Countess Markewicz slipped from Mr. Walsh's car to
+our paling. She was, as usual, dressed in a "prepared" style. She had on
+her green tweed suit with biscuits in the pockets, "so if anything
+happened."
+
+Countess Markewicz, rubbing her hands: "Excellent propaganda! Excellent
+propaganda!"
+
+The motor lorries chugged. Soldiers broke line, and climbed in. The people
+screamed, jumped, waved their hands, and hurrahed for Walsh. Mr. Walsh
+returned to his car. And in the path made by the heartily boohed motor
+lorries, the American's machine commenced its victorious passage to the
+Mansion House. In order to get through the crowd to the reception we sprang
+to the rear of the motor. Clinging to the dusty mudguard, I remarked to
+Miss Pankhurst that we would not look very partified. And she, pushed about
+by the tattered people, said she did not mind. Long ago she had decided she
+would never wear evening dresses because poor people never have them.
+
+Last act. Turkish-rugged and velvet-portiered reception room of the Mansion
+House. Assorted people shaking hands with the delegates. Delegates filled
+with boyish glee at the stagey turn of events.
+
+Frank Walsh: "Look! There's Bob Barton talking to his sister. Out there by
+the portrait of Queen Victoria--see that man in a green uniform. That's
+Michael Collins of the Irish Volunteers and minister of finance of the
+Irish Republic. The very men they're after.
+
+"Is this a play? Or a dream?"
+
+[Footnote 1. British propaganda, on the contrary, states that the Irish are
+not in the physical agony of extreme poverty. They are prosperous. They
+made money on munitions, and their exports increased enormously during the
+war.
+
+"You could eat shell as easily as make it," was one of the first
+parliamentary rebuffs received by Irishmen asking the establishment of
+national munition factories at the beginning of the war, according to
+Edward J. Riordan. Mr. Riordan is secretary of the National Industrial
+Development Association. This is a non-political organization of which the
+Countess of Desart, the Earl of Carrick, and Colonel Sir Nugent Everard are
+some of the executive members. It was not until 1916 that Ireland secured
+consideration of her rights to a share in the war expenditure. In that
+year, an all-Ireland committee called on Lloyd George. He said: "It is fair
+that Ireland, contributing as she does not only in money but in flesh and
+blood, should have her fair share of expenditure.... I should be prepared
+to utilize whatever opportunities we can to utilize the opportunity this
+gives you to develop Ireland industrially." After persistent effort,
+however, all that the all-Ireland committee was able to get was five small
+munition factories. _The insignificance of these plants may be realized
+from the fact that at the time the armistice was declared there were only
+2,250 workers in them._
+
+As to trade increase:--when I was in Ireland in 1919, the last export
+statistics given out by the government were for 1916. In 1914 exports were
+valued at $386,000,000; in 1916, at $535,000,000. But, according to the
+Board of Trade, prices had doubled in that time, so that _if exports had
+remained stationary, their value should have doubled to_ $772,000,000.]
+
+[Footnote 2. That England controls this industrial situation was made clear
+during the war. Then ship tonnage was scarce, and England's regular
+resources of agricultural supply were cut off. So England called on Ireland
+to revert to agriculture. Ireland's tillage acreage jumped from 2,300,000
+in 1914 to 3,280,000 in 1918. This change in policy brought prosperity to
+some of the farmers, and Ireland's bank deposits rose from $310,000,000 in
+1913 to $455,000,000 in 1917. But England is reestablishing her former
+agricultural trade connections. According to F.A. Smiddy, professor of
+economics at University college, Cork, a return to grazing has already
+commenced in Ireland, and _"prosperity" will last at most only two
+post-war years._]
+
+[Footnote 3. British taxation saps Irish capital. The 1916 imperial annual
+tax took $125,000,000 put of Ireland and put back $65,000,000 into Irish
+administration. Irishmen argue that the excess might better go to the
+development of Ireland. Figures supplied Department of Agriculture, 1919.]
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+IRISH LABOR AND CLASS REVOLUTION
+
+"A CHANGE OF FLAGS IS NOT ENOUGH."
+
+
+In the sputtering flare of the arc lamp in front of Liberty hall stood
+squads of boys. Some of them wore brass-buttoned, green woolen waists, and
+some, ordinary cotton shirts. Some of them had on uniform knickers, and
+some, long, unpressed trousers. On the opposite side of the street were
+blocked similar squads of serious-eyed, high-chinned girls. Some of them
+were in green tweed suits, and others as they had come from work. They were
+companies of the Citizens' Army recruited by the Irish Labor party, and
+assembled in honor of the return of the Countess Markewicz from jail.
+
+  "Though cowards flinch and traitors sneer,
+  We'll keep the red flag flying here."
+
+Young voices, impatient of the interim of waiting, sang the socialist song.
+The burden was taken up by the laborers, whose constant movement to keep a
+good view was attested by the hollow sound of their wooden-soled boots on
+the stone walks. And the refrain was hummed by the shawled, frayed-skirted
+creatures who were coming up from Talbot street, Gloucester street,
+Peterson's lane, and all the family-to-a-room districts in Dublin. On the
+skeletonish railroad crossing suspended over the Liffey, tin-hatted and
+bayonet-carrying British soldiers were silhouetted against the
+moon-whitened sky. Up to them floated the last oath of "The Red Flag":
+
+  "With heads uncovered swear we all,
+  To bear it onward till we fall.
+  Come dungeon dark or gallows grim,
+  This song shall be our parting hymn."
+
+Clattered over the bridge the horse-dragged brake. In the light of a search
+lamp played on it from an automobile behind, a small figure in a slouch hat
+and a big black coat waved a bouquet of narcissus. There was a surge of the
+block-long crowds and people who could not see lifted their hands and
+shouted: "Up the countess!"
+
+As we waited in the light of the dim yellow bulbs threaded from the ceiling
+of the big bare upper front room of Liberty Hall, Susan Mitchell told me of
+"the chivalrous woman." The countess is a daughter of the Gore-Booth family
+which owned its Sligo estate before America was discovered. As a girl the
+countess used to ride fast horses like mad along the rocky western coast.
+Then she became a three-feathered debutante bowing at Dublin Castle. Later
+she painted pictures in Paris and married her handsome Pole. But one day
+some one put an Irish history in her hands. In a sudden whole-hearted
+conversion to the cause of the people, the countess turned to aid the Irish
+labor organizers. She drilled boy scouts for the Citizens' Army. She fed
+starving strikers during the labor troubles of 1913 with sheep sent daily
+from her Sligo estate. In the rebellion of 1916 she fought and killed under
+Michael Mallin of the Citizens' Army. She was hardly out of jail for
+participation in the rebellion when she was clapped in again for alleged
+complicity in the never-to-be-proved German plot. While she was in jail,
+she was elected the first woman member of parliament.
+
+White from imprisonment, her small round steel-rimmed glasses dropping away
+from her blue eyes, and her curly brown hair wisping out from under her
+black felt hat, the countess embraced a few of the women in the room and
+exchanged handclasps with the men. Below the crowd was clamoring for her
+appearance at the window.
+
+"Fellow rebels!" she began as she leaned out into the mellow night. Then
+with the apparent desire to say everything at once that makes her public
+speech stuttery, she continued: "It's good to come out of jail to this. It
+is good to come out again to work for a republic. Let us all join hands to
+make the new republic a workers' republic. A change of flags is not
+enough!"
+
+Two oil flares with orange flame throwing off red sparks on the crowd, were
+fastened to the brake below. It was the brake that was to carry "Madame" on
+her triumphal tour of Dublin. The boys of the Citizens' Army made a human
+rope about the conveyance. In it I climbed with the countess, the plump
+little Mrs. James Connolly, the magisterial Countess Plunkett, Commandant
+O'Neill of the Citizens' Army, Sean Milroy, who escaped from Lincoln jail
+with DeValera, and two or three others. Rows of constables were backed
+against the walls at irregular intervals. I asked Sean Milroy if he were
+not afraid that he would be re-taken, and he responded comfortably that the
+"peelers" would never attempt to take a political prisoner out of a
+gathering like that. As we neared the poverty-smelling Coombe district, the
+countess remarked that this, St. Patrick's, was her constituency. At the
+shaft of St. James fountain, the brake was halted. Shedding her long coat,
+and standing straight in her green tweed suit, with the plush seat of the
+brake for her floor, the countess told the cheering workers that she was
+going to come down to live in the Coombe. Heated with the energy of talking
+and throwing her body about so that her voice would carry over the crowd
+that circled her, the countess sank down on the seat. As the brake drove
+on, motherly little Mrs. Connolly tried to slip the big coat over the
+countess. But the countess, in one of those sudden meditative silences
+during which she seems to retain only a subconsciousness of her
+surroundings, refused the offer of warmth with a shrug of her shoulders.
+Then, emerging from her pre-occupation, she demanded of Sean Milroy:
+
+"What have you planned for your constituency? I'm going to have a soviet."
+
+
+
+THE WORKERS' REPUBLIC
+
+Like the countess, the Irish Labor party wants a workers' republic. But it
+wants a republic first.
+
+The Irish Labor party has been accused of accepting Russian roubles, of
+hiding bags of bolshevik gold in the basement of Liberty Hall. Whether it
+has taken Russian gold or not, it is frankly desirous of possessing the
+Russian form of government. James Connolly, who is largely responsible for
+the present Labor party in Ireland, was, like Lenin and Trotsky, a Marxian
+socialist, and worked for government by the proletariat. The Irish Labor
+party celebrated the Russian revolution by calling a "bolshevik" meeting
+and cheering under a red flag in the assembly room of the Mansion House.
+And in its last congress, it reaffirmed its "adherence to the principles of
+freedom, democracy, and peace enunciated in the Russian revolution."
+
+How strong are the revolutionaries? The Irish Labor party is new but it
+already contains about 300,000 members.[1] It plans to include every worker
+from the "white collar" to the "muffler" labor. And the laborers alone make
+up seven-eighths of the population. For while there are just 252,000
+members of the professional and commercial classes, there are 4,137,000 who
+are in agricultural, industrial and indefinite classes[2]--most of the
+farmers are held to be laborers because outside the great estates, holdings
+average at thirty acres and are worked by the holders themselves.[3]
+
+There's the revolutionary rub. The Irish farmers make up the largest body
+of workers in Ireland. The Irish farmer sweated and bled for his land.
+Would he yield it now for nationalization? I put the question up to William
+O'Brien, the lame, never-smiling tailor who is secretary of the Irish Labor
+party. He said that the farm hand should be taken into consideration.
+
+The farm hand would profit by nationalization. At present he is condemned
+to slavery. At a hiring fair--called a "slave market" by the labor
+unions--he stands between the mooing cows and snorting pigs and offers his
+services for sale for as little as $100 a year. He may wish to get more
+money. But his employer is also very often his landlord. What happens? In
+the spring of 1919, 35,000 farm hands went on strike. Lord Bellew of
+Ballyragget and Lord Powerscourt of Enniskerry used the eviction threat to
+get the men back to work, and in Rhode, evictions actually took place.
+
+The small farmer on bad land would profit by re-distribution. Many such
+live in the west and northwest of Ireland. Take a farmer of Donegal. There
+there's stony, boggy land. Fires must be built about the stones so that the
+soil will lose its grip upon them and they may be hauled away to help make
+fences. Immovable boulders are frequent, so frequent that the soil cannot
+be ploughed but must be spaded by hand. Seaweed for fertilizer must be
+plucked from the rocks in the sea, carried up the mountain side and laid
+black and thick in the sterile brown furrows. Near Dungloe in Donegal, one
+holding of 600 acres was recently valued at $10.50, and another of 400 at
+$3.70. So the Labor party is confident of bringing over the farmers to its
+point of view.
+
+On the whole, it is said, the way of the labor propagandist is easy, for
+capital in Ireland is very weak. First, there is very little of it. In 1917
+the total income tax of the British Isles was L300,000,000; Ireland with
+one-tenth the population contributed only one-fortieth of the tax. In the
+same year, the total excess profits tax was L290,000,000 and Ireland's
+proportion was slightly less than for the income tax.[4] Second, what
+capital there is, is not effectively organized. The first national
+commercial association is just forming in Dublin.
+
+Whether the future prove the numerical strength of labor or not, the
+leaders are determined that labor will be organically strong. It is
+developing a pyramid form of government. Irish labor fosters the "one big
+union." In some towns all the labor, from teachers to dock-workers, have
+already coalesced. These unions select their district heads. The district
+heads are subsidiary to the general head in Dublin. When each union inside
+the big union is ready to take over its industry, and their district and
+general heads are ready to take over government there will be a general
+strike for this end. The strike will be supported by the army--the
+Citizens' Army of the workers.
+
+"There you have," said James Connolly, who promoted the one big union, "not
+only the most effective combination for industrial warfare, but also for
+the social administration of the future."[5]
+
+"Certainly we mean to take over industry by force if necessary," affirmed
+Thomas Johnson, treasurer of the Irish Labor party. He is a big-browed man
+with thick, pompadoured, gray hair, and the aspect of a live professor.
+Some people call him the coming leader of Ireland. In answer to my
+statement that it wouldn't be a very hard job to take over Irish industry,
+he smiled and said: "That's why we welcome the entrance of outside capital
+into Ireland. The more industry is developed, the less we will have to do
+afterward."
+
+
+
+THE REPUBLIC FIRST
+
+Labor agrees with Sinn Fein not only that Irish industry must be developed
+but also that Ireland must have independence. After the national war, the
+class war must come. First freedom from exploitation by capitalistic
+nations, and then freedom from capitalistic individuals. Many socialists,
+it is said, do not understand why Ireland should not plunge at once into
+the class war. It was a matter of regret to James Connolly that many of his
+fellow socialists the world over would never understand his participation
+in the rebellion of 1916. Nora Connolly, the smiling boy-like girl who
+smokes and works by a grate in Liberty Hall, says that on the eve of his
+execution, when he lay in bed with his leg shattered by a gun wound, her
+father said to her: "The socialists will never understand why I am here.
+They all forget I am an Irishman."
+
+But James Connolly's fellow socialists in Ireland understand "why he was
+there," They back his participation in the national war. And they know
+every Irishman will. So they go to the workers and say: "Jim Connolly died
+to make Ireland free." Then while the workers cheer, they swiftly show why
+Connolly advocated the class war, too: "Jim Connolly lived to make Ireland
+free. He believed that the world is for the man who works in it, but in
+Ireland he saw seven-eighths of the people in the working class, and he
+knew that to these people life means crowded one-room homes, endless
+Fridays, no schools or virtually none, and churches where resignation is
+preached to them. So his life was a dangerous fight to organize workers
+that they might become strong enough to take what is theirs." At Liberty
+Hall, one is told that the martyr's name is magnetizing the masses into the
+Irish Labor party. And, in order to propagate his ideas, the people are
+contributing their coppers towards a fund for the permanent establishment
+of the James Connolly Labor College.
+
+So labor fights for a republic first. At the last general elections it
+withdrew all its labor party candidates that the Sinn Fein candidates might
+have a clear field to demonstrate to the world how unified is Irish
+sentiment in favor of a republic. And at the International Labor and
+Socialist conference held in Berne in 1919, Cathal O'Shannon, the bright
+young labor leader who goes about with his small frame swallowed up in an
+overcoat too big for him, made this declaration:
+
+"Irish labor reaffirms its declaration in favor of free and absolute
+self-determination of each and every people, the Irish included, in
+choosing the sovereignty and form of government under which it shall live.
+It rejoices that this self-determination has now been assured to the
+Jugo-Slavs, Czecho-Slovaks, Alsatians and Lorrainers, as well as to the
+Finns, Poles, Ukrainians, and now to the Arabs. This is not enough and it
+is not impartial. To be one and the other, this principle must also be
+applied in the same sense and under the same conditions to the peoples of
+Ireland, India, Egypt, and to such other people as have not yet secured the
+exercise of the inherent right.... Irish labor claims no more and no less
+for Ireland than for the others."
+
+After the republic, a workers' republic? After Sinn Fein, the Labor party?
+Madame Markewicz is high in the councils of both Sinn Fein and Labor. One
+day, lost in one of her trance-like meditations in which she states her
+intuitions with absolute disregard of expediency, she said to me:
+
+"Labor will swamp Sinn Fein."
+
+[Footnote 1. Figures supplied by William O'Brien, secretary Irish Labor
+party and Trade Union congress, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 2. Census of 1911.]
+
+[Footnote 3. Figures supplied by Department of Agriculture of Ireland,
+1919.]
+
+[Footnote 4. Figures read by Thomas Lough, M.P., in House of Commons, May
+14, 1918.]
+
+[Footnote 5. "Reconquest of Ireland," By James Connolly. Maunsel and
+Company. 1917. P. 328.]
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+AE'S PEACEFUL REVOLUTION
+
+"THE CO-OPERATIVE COMMONWEALTH"
+
+
+It was very dark. I could not find the number. The flat-faced little row of
+houses was set far back on the green. But at last I mounted some lofty
+steps, and entered a brown linoleum-covered hallway. In the front parlor
+sat the hostess. She was like some family portrait with her hair parted and
+drawn over her ears, with her black taffeta gown surmounted by a
+cameo-pinned lace collar. She poured tea. In a back parlor whose walls were
+hung with unframed paintings, a big brown-bearded man was passing teacups
+to women who were lounging in chairs and to men who stood black against the
+red glow of the grate. The big man was George Russell, the famous AE, poet,
+painter and philosopher, the "north star of Ireland."
+
+At last he sat down on the edge of a chair--his blue eyes atwinkle as if he
+knew some good secret of the happy end of human struggling and was only
+waiting the proper moment to tell. This much he did reveal as he gestured
+with the pipe that was more often in his hand than in his mouth: it is his
+belief that all acts purposed for good work out towards good. He gives ear
+to all sincere radicals, Sinn Feiners and "Reds." But he states that he
+believes he is the only living pacifist, and disputes the value of bloody
+methods. He advocates the peaceful revolution of co-operation. His
+powerfully gentle personality has an undoubted effect on the
+revolutionaries, and while neither element wants to embrace pacifism, both
+want AE's revolution to go forward with theirs.
+
+His gaiety at the little Sunday evenings which he holds quite regularly,
+goes far, I am told, towards easing the strain on the taut nerves of the
+Sinn Fein intellectuals who attend them. On the Sunday evening I was
+present the subject of jail journals was broached. Darrell Figgis had just
+written one. In a dim corner of the room was miniatured the ivory face and
+the red gold beard of the much imprisoned Figgis.
+
+"Why write a jail journal?" queried AE, smiling towards the corner. "The
+rare book, the book that bibliophiles will pray to find twenty years from
+now, will be written by an Irishman who never went to jail."
+
+Some one, I think that it was "Jimmy" Stephens, author of "The Crock of
+Gold," who sat cross-legged on the end of a worn wicker chaise longue and
+talked with all the facility with which he writes, mentioned the countess's
+plan of living in the Coombe district. AE returned that as far as he knew
+the countess was the only member of parliament who felt called upon to live
+with her constituency.
+
+Then suddenly the whole room seemed to join a chorus of protest against
+President Wilson. At the Peace Conference all power was his. He was backed
+by the richest, greatest nation in the world. But he failed to keep his
+promise of gaining the self-determination of small nations. Was he yielding
+to the anti-Irish sentiment brought about by English control of the cables
+and English propaganda in the United States--was he to let his great
+republic be intellectually dependent on the ancient monarchy?
+
+"Perhaps," said AE to me after a few meditative puffs of his pipe, "you
+feel like the American who was with us on a similar occasion a few weeks
+ago. At last he burst out with: 'It's no conception which Americans have of
+their president that he should take the place and the duties of God
+Omnipotent in the world,'"
+
+One day I went to discuss Irish labor with AE. I climbed up to that most
+curious of all magazine offices--the _Irish Homestead_ office up under
+the roof of Plunkett House. It is a semi-circular room whose walls are
+covered with the lavender and purple people of AE's brush. AE was ambushed
+behind piles of newspapers, and behind him in a grate filled with
+smouldering peat blocks sat the black tea kettle. As a reporter, one of the
+few things for which I am allowed to retain respect is the editorial dead
+line. So I assured AE that I would be glad to return when he had finished
+writing. But with a courtesy that is evidently founded on an inversion of
+the American rule that business should always come before people, he
+assured me that he could sit down at the fire with me at once.
+
+Now I knew that he had great sympathy with laborers. I recalled his
+terrible letter against Dublin employers in the great strike of 1913 when
+he foretold that the success of the employers in starving the Dublin poor
+would necessarily lead to "red ruin and the breaking up of laws.... The men
+whose manhood you have broken will loathe you, and will always be brooding
+and seeking to strike a new blow. The children will be taught to curse you.
+The infant being moulded in the womb will have breathed into its starved
+body the vitality of hate. It is not they--it is you who are pulling down
+the pillars of the social order."[1] But I knew, too, that he was opposed
+to violence, so I wondered what he would say to this:
+
+"A labor leader just told me that it was his belief that industrial
+revolution would take place in Ireland in two or three years. Labor waits
+only till it has secured greater unity between the north and south. Then it
+will take over industry and government by force."
+
+"I had hoped--I am trying to convince the labor leaders here," he said
+finally, "of the value of the Italian plan for the taking over of industry.
+The Italian seaman's union co-operatively purchased and ran boats on which
+they formerly had been merely workers."
+
+Russia he spoke of for a moment. People shortly over from Russia told him,
+as he had felt, that the soviet was not the dreadful thing it was made out
+to be. But a dictatorship of the workers he would not like. He wanted, he
+said with an upward movement of his big arms, he wanted to be free.
+
+"Now I am for the building of a co-operative commonwealth on co-operative
+societies. Ireland can and is developing her own industries through
+co-operation. She is developing them without aid from England and in the
+face of opposition in Ireland.
+
+"England, you see, is used to dealing with problems of empire--with nations
+and great metropolises. When we bring her plans that mean life or death to
+just villages, the matter is too small to discuss. She is bored.
+
+"Ireland offers opposition in the person of the 'gombeen man.' He is the
+local trader and money lender. And co-operative buying and selling takes
+away his monopoly of business.
+
+"Paddy Gallagher up in Dungloe in the Rosses will give you an idea of the
+poverty of the Irish countryside, of the extent that the poverty is due to
+the gombeen men, 'the bosses of the Rosses,' and of the ability of the
+co-operative society to develop and create industry even in such a locality.
+
+"Societies like Paddy Gallagher's are springing up all over Ireland. The
+rapid growth may be estimated from the fact that in 1902 their trade
+turnover was $7,500,000, and in 1918, $50,000,000. These little units do
+not merely develop industry; they also bind up the economic and social
+interests of the people.
+
+"In a few years these new societies and others to be created will have
+dominated their districts, and political power will follow, and we will
+have new political ideals based on a democratic control of agriculture and
+industry, and states and people will move harmoniously to a given end.
+
+"Ireland might attain, by orderly evolution, to a co-operative commonwealth
+in fifty to two hundred years.
+
+"But these are dangerous times for prophecy."
+
+
+
+PADDY GALLAGHER: GIANT KILLER.
+
+From the dark niche under the gray boulder where the violets grow, a
+Donegal fairy flew to the mountain cabin to bring a birthday wish to
+Patrick Gallagher. The fairy designed not that great good would come to
+Paddy, but that great good would come to his people through him. At least
+when Paddy grew up, he slew the child-eating giant, Poverty, who lived in
+Donegal.
+
+Paddy began to fight poverty when he could scarcely toddle. With his
+father, whose back was laden with a great rush basket, he used to pad in
+his bare feet down the mountainside to the Dungloe harbor--down where the
+hills give the ocean a black embrace. Father and son would wade into the
+ocean that was pink and lavender in the sunset. Above them, the white
+curlews swooped and curved and opened their pine wood beaks to squawk a
+prayer for dead fish. But the workers did not stop to watch. Their food
+also was in question. They must pluck the black seaweed to fertilize their
+field.
+
+When the early sun bronzed the bog, and streaked the dark pool below with
+gold, Paddy and his father began to feed the dried wavy strands of kelp
+between the hungry brown furrow lips. They packed the long groove near the
+stone fence; they rounded past the big boulder that could not be budged;
+last of all, they filled the short far row in the strangely shaped little
+field. At noon, Paddy's mother appeared at the half door of the cabin and
+called in the general direction of the field--it was difficult to see them,
+for their frieze suits had been dyed in bog water and she could not at once
+distinguish them from the brown earth. They were glad to come in to eat
+their sugarless and creamless oatmeal.
+
+In the evening Paddy ran over the road to his cousin's. Western clouds were
+blackening and his little cousin was pulling the pig into the cabin as a
+man puts other sort of treasure out of danger into a safe. Paddy listened a
+moment. He could hear the castanets of the tweed weaver's loom and the hum
+of his uncle's deep voice as he sang at his work. He ran to the rear of the
+cabin and up the stone steps to the little addition. A lantern filled the
+room he entered with black, harp-like shadows of the loom. While the uncle
+stopped treadling and held the blue-tailed shuttle in his hand, the
+breathless little boy told him that the field was finished.
+
+"God grant," said the uncle with a solemnity that put fear into the heart
+of Paddy, "there may be a harvest for you."
+
+Paddy watched his mother work ceaselessly to aid in the fight that his
+father and he were making against poverty. During the month her needles
+would click unending wool into socks, and then on Saturday she would
+trudge--often in a stiff Atlantic gale--sixteen miles to the market in
+Strabane. There she sold the socks at a penny a pair.
+
+In spite of combined hopes, the potato plants were floppily yellow that
+year. Their stems felt like a dead man's fingers. No potatoes to eat. None
+to exchange for meal. What were they to do?
+
+The gombeen man told them. As member of the county council, he said, he
+would secure money for the repair of the roads. All those who worked on the
+road would get paid in meal.
+
+"Let your da' not worry," said the fat gombeen man pompously to Paddy.
+Paddy had brought the ticket that his father had obtained by a week's work
+to exchange for twenty-eight pounds of corn meal. "I'll keep famine from
+the parish. Charity's not dead yet."
+
+When Paddy lugged the meal into the cabin, he found his mother lying on the
+bed with her face averted from the bowl of milk that some less hungry
+neighbor had brought in. His father's gaunt frame was hunched over the peat
+blocks on the flat hearth. Paddy, full of desire to banish the brooding
+discouragement from the room, hastened to repeat the words of the gombeen
+man. But he felt that he had failed when his father, regarding the two
+stone sack, said hollowly:
+
+"Charity? Small pay to the men who keep the roads open for his vans."
+
+In the spring, Paddy was nine, and had to go out in the world to fight
+poverty alone. His father had confided to him that they were in great debt
+to the gombeen man. Paddy could help them get out. There was to be a hiring
+fair in Strabane. Paddy swung along the road to Strabane pretending he was
+a man--he was to be hired out just like one. But when he arrived at the
+hiring field he shrank back. All the farm hands, big and little, stood
+herded together in between the cattle pens. A man? A beast. One overseer
+for a big estate came up to dicker for the boy, and said he would give him
+fifteen dollars for six months' work. Paddy was just about to muster up
+courage to put the price up a bit, when a friend of the overseer came up
+with the prearranged remark: "A fine boy! Well worth twelve dollars the six
+months!"
+
+"What do you want to know for?" asked the gombeen man, when at the end of
+Paddy's back-breaking six months, Paddy and his father brought him the
+fifteen dollars and asked how much they still owed. The gombeen man refuses
+accounts to everyone but the priest, magistrate, doctor and teacher. "What
+do you want to know how much you owe for? Unless you want to pay me all
+off?"
+
+When Paddy was seventeen he made a still bigger fight against debt. With
+the sons of other "tied" men, he went to work in the Scottish harvests. His
+family was not as badly off as those of some of the boys. Some had run so
+far behind that the gombeen man had served writs on them, obtained judgment
+against their holdings, and could evict them at pleasure.
+
+When Paddy married and settled down in Dungloe he found the reason for the
+unpayableness of the debt. One day he and his father shopped at the gombeen
+store together. They bought the same amount of meal. The father paid
+cash--seventeen shillings. Forty-four days later, Paddy brought his money.
+But the gombeen man presented him with a bill for twenty-one shillings and
+three pence. It did no good to say how much the father had paid for the
+same amount of meal. The gombeen man insisted that Paddy's father had given
+eighteen shillings, and Paddy was being charged just three shillings and
+three pence interest. Or only 144 per cent per annum!
+
+"Why do we buy from him? Why don't we get together and do our own buying?"
+asked the insurgent Paddy. After much reflection he had decided on the
+tactics of his campaign against poverty and the recruiting for his army
+commenced that night as the neighbors visited about his turf fire. There
+was doubt on the faces of those tied to the gombeen man. But Paddy
+continued: "Let's try it out in a small way, say with fertilizer. That
+stuff he's selling us isn't as good as kelp, and he won't tell us what it's
+made of."
+
+The recruits fell in. They scraped up enough money to buy a twenty-ton load
+of rich manure from a neighboring co-operative society. The little deal
+saved them $200 and brought them heavy crops. They organized. They needed a
+store. Up in a rocky boreen on his little farm, Paddy had an empty shed.
+Again the neighbors explored the toes of their money stockings, and found
+enough to pay for filling the shed with flour, tea, sugar and meal. Then,
+if they were "free" men, they came boldly to shop on the nights the store
+was open--moonlight or no moonlight. But if they were "tied" men, they
+crept fearsomely tip the rocks on dark nights only. The recruits recruited.
+Financial and social returns began to come in. At the end of the first year
+there was a clear profit of over $500. In three years the society was
+recognized as one of the most efficient in Ireland and presented by the
+Pembroke fund with a fine stucco hall. Jigs. Dances. Lectures.
+
+But the gombeen man wasn't "taking it lying down." He called on his
+political and religious friends to aid. First on the magistrate. When Paddy
+became the political rival of the gombeen man for the county council, there
+was a joint debate. Paddy used reduced prices as his argument. Questions
+were hurled at him by the reddening trader.
+
+"Wait till I get through," said Paddy. "Then I'll attend to you."
+
+That, said the trader, was a physical threat! So the gombeener's friend,
+the magistrate, threw Paddy into jail. Paddy went to prison full of fear
+that dissension might be sown in the society's ranks. But on coming out he
+discovered not only that he had won the election but that a committee was
+waiting to present him with a gorgeous French gilt clock, and that fires,
+just as on St. John's eve, were blazing on the mountains.
+
+But the trader took another friend of his aside. This time it was the
+village priest. Bad dances, he said, were going on of nights in Templecrone
+hall. What was Paddy's surprise on a Sunday in the windswept chapel by the
+sea to hear his beloved hall denounced as a place of sin. Paddy knew the
+people would not come any more.
+
+Then, the great inspiration. Paddy remembered how his mother used to try to
+help with her knitting. He saw girls at spinning wheels or looms working
+full eight hours a day and earning only $1.25 to $1.50 a week. So with
+permission of the society, Paddy had two long tables placed in the
+entertainment hall, and along the edges of the tables he had the latest
+type of knitting machines screwed. Soon there were about 300 girls working
+on a seven and a half hour day. They were paid by the piece, and it was not
+long before they were getting wages that ran from $17.50 to $5.25 a week.
+Incidentally, Mr. Gallagher, as manager, gave himself only $10.00 a week.
+
+
+
+When I saw Patrick Gallagher in Dungloe, he was dressed in a blue suit and
+a soft gray cap, and looked not unlike the keen sort of business men one
+sees on an ocean liner. And indeed he gave the impression that if he had
+not been a co-operationist for Ireland, he might well have been a
+capitalist in America. He took me up the main street of Dungloe into easily
+the busiest of the white plastered shops. He made plain the hints of
+growing industry. The bacon cured in Dungloe. The egg-weighing--since
+weighing was introduced the farmers worked to increase the size of the eggs
+and the first year increased their sales $15,000 worth. The rentable farm
+machines.
+
+"Come out into this old cabin and meet our baker," Paddy continued when we
+went out the rear of the store. "We began to get bread from Londonderry,
+but the old Lough Swilly road is too uncertain. See the ancient Scotch
+oven--the coals are placed in the oven part and when they are still hot
+they are scooped out and the bread is put in their place. Interesting,
+isn't it? But we are going to get a modern slide oven."
+
+After viewing the orchard and the beehives beneath the trees, I remarked on
+the size of the plant, and its suitability for his purpose. He said:
+
+"It used to belong to the gombeen man."
+
+
+
+The sea wind was blowing through the open windows of the mill. Barefoot
+girls--it's only on Sunday that Donegal country girls wear shoes and then
+they put them on only when they are quite near church--silently needled
+khaki-worsted over the shining wire prongs. Others spindled wool for new
+work. As they stood or sat at their work, the shy colleens told of an extra
+room added to a cabin, or a plump sum to a dowry through the money earned
+at the mill. None of them was planning, as their older sisters had had to
+plan, to go to Scotland or America.
+
+"As the parents of most of the girls are members in the society they want
+the best working conditions possible for them," said Mr. Gallagher as he
+took me out the back entrance of the knitting mill. "So we're building this
+new factory. See that hole where we blasted for granite; we got enough for
+the entire mill in one blast. That motor is for the electricity to be used
+in the plant.
+
+"Northern sky lights in the new building--the evenest light comes from the
+north. Cement floor--good for cleaning but bad for the girls, so we are to
+have cork matting for them to stand on. Slide-in seats under the
+tables--that's so that a girl may stand or sit at her work."
+
+"Soon the hall will be free for entertainments again," I suggested. "Won't
+the old cry be raised against it once more?"
+
+"No. We're too strong for that now."
+
+
+
+At the Gallaghers' home, a sort of store-like place on the main street,
+Mrs. Gallagher with a soft shawl about her shoulders was waiting to
+introduce me to Miss Hester. Miss Hester was brought to Dungloe by the
+co-operative society to care for the mothers at child-birth. She is the
+first nurse who ever came to work in Donegal.
+
+But Mr. Gallagher wanted to talk more of Dungloe's attainment and ambition.
+He compared the trade turnover of $5,045 for the first year of the society
+with $375,000 for 1918. But there were more things to be done. The finest
+herring in the world swim the Donegal coast. Scots catch it. Irish buy it.
+Dungloe men wanted to fish, but the gombeen man would never lend money to
+promote industry. Other plans for the development of Dungloe were
+discussed, but the expense of the cartage of surplus products on the toy
+Lough Swilly road, and the impossibility of getting freight boats into the
+undredged harbor, were lead to rising ambition.
+
+"Parliament is not interested in public improvements for Dungloe," smiled
+Mr. Gallagher. "I suppose if I were a British member of parliament I would
+not want to hand out funds for the projection of a harbor in a faraway
+place like this. Irish transportation will not be taken in hand until
+Ireland can control her own economic policy."
+
+As the darkness closed in about our little fire the talk turned somehow to
+tales of the fairies of Donegal, and Mr. Gallagher chuckled:
+
+"Some persons about here still believe in the good people."
+
+Then gentle Mrs. Gallagher, conscious of a benevolent force close at hand,
+began simply:
+
+"Well, don't you think perhaps--"
+
+[Footnote 1. "To the Masters of Dublin--An Open Letter." By AE. _The
+Irish Times_, Oct. 17, 1913.]
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND COMMUNISM
+
+THE LIMERICK SOVIET
+
+
+A soviet supported by the Catholic Church--that was the singular spectacle
+I found when I broke through the military cordon about the proclaimed city
+of Limerick.
+
+The city had been proclaimed for this reason: Robert Byrne, son of a
+Limerick business man, had been imprisoned for political reasons. He fell
+ill from the effects of a hunger strike,[1] and was sent to the hospital in
+the Limerick workhouse. A "rescue party" was formed. In the melee that
+followed, Robert Byrne and a constable were killed. Then according to a
+military order, Limerick was proclaimed because of "the attack by armed men
+on police constables and the brutal murder of one of them."
+
+At Limerick Junction we were locked in our compartments. There were few on
+the train. Two or three school boys with their initialed school caps. Two
+or three women drinking tea from the wicker train baskets supplied at the
+junction. In the yards of the Limerick station, the train came to a dead
+stop. Then the conductor unlocked compartments, while a kilted Scotch
+officer, with three bayonet-carrying soldiers behind him, asked for
+permits. At last we were pulled into the station filled with empty freight
+trucks and its guard of soldiers. Through the dusk beyond the rain was
+slithering.
+
+"Sorry. No cab, miss," said a constable. "The whole city's on strike."
+
+That explained my inability to get Limerick on the wire. From Kildare I had
+been trying all morning to reach Limerick on the telephone. All the
+Limerick shops I passed were blinded or shuttered. In the gray light, black
+lines of people moved desolately up and down, not allowed to congregate and
+apparently not wanting to remain in homes they were weary of. A few candles
+flickered in windows. After leaving my suitcase at a hotel, I left for the
+strike headquarters. On my way I neared Sarsfield bridge. Between it and
+me, there loomed a great black mass. Close to it, I found it was a tank,
+stenciled with the name of Scotch-and-Soda, and surrounded by massed barbed
+wire inside a wooden fence. On the bridge, the guards paraded up and down
+and called to the people:
+
+"Step to the road!"
+
+At the door of a river street house, I mounted gritty stone steps. A
+red-badged man opened the door part way. As soon as I told him I was an
+American journalist, the suspicious look on his face vanished. With much
+cordiality he invited me to come upstairs. While he knocked on a
+consultation door, he bade me wait. In the wavering hall light, the knots
+in the worn wooden floor threw blots of shadow. On an invitation to come
+in, I entered a badly lit room where workingmen sat at a long black
+scratched table. In the empty chair at the end of the table opposite the
+chairman, I was invited to sit down. As I asked my questions, every head
+was turned down towards me as if the strike committee was having its
+picture taken and everybody wanted to get in it.
+
+"Yes, this is a soviet," said John Cronin, the carpenter who was father of
+the baby soviet. "Why did we form it? Why do we pit people's rule against
+military rule? Of course, as workers, we are against all military. But our
+particular grievance against the British military is this: when the town
+was unjustly proclaimed, the cordon was drawn to leave out a factory part
+of town that lies beyond the bridges. We had to ask the soldiers for
+permits to earn our daily bread.
+
+"You have seen how we have thrown the crank into production. But some
+activities are permitted to continue. Bakers are working under our orders.
+The kept press is killed, but we have substituted our own paper." He held
+up a small sheet which said in large letters: The Workers' Bulletin Issued
+by the Limerick Proletariat.
+
+"We've distributed food and slashed prices. The farmers send us their
+produce. The food committee has been able to cut down prices: eggs, for
+instance, are down from a dollar to sixty-six cents a dozen and milk from
+fourteen to six cents a quart.
+
+"In a few days we will engrave our own money. Beside there will be an
+influx of money from England. About half the workers are affiliated to
+English unions and entitled to strike pay. We have, by the way, felt the
+sympathy of the union men in the army sent to guard us. A whole Scotch
+regiment had to be sent home because it was letting workers go back and
+forth without passes.
+
+"And--we have told no one else--the national executive council of the Irish
+Labor party and Trade Union congress will change its headquarters from
+Dublin to Limerick. Then if military rule isn't abrogated, a general strike
+of the entire country will be called."
+
+Just here a boy with imaginative brown eyes, who was, I discovered later,
+the editor of the _Workers' Bulletin_, said suddenly:
+
+"There! Isn't that enough to tell the young lady? How do we know that she
+is not from Scotland Yard?"
+
+In order to send my wire on the all-Ireland strike, I stumbled along dark
+streets till I came to the postoffice. Lantern light was streaming from a
+hatchway open in the big iron door in the rear. "Who comes?" challenged the
+guards. While I was giving a most conversational reply, a dashing officer
+ran up and told me the password to the night telegraph room. Streets were
+deserted when I attempted to find my way back to the hotel. At last I saw a
+cloaked figure separate itself from the column post box against which it
+was standing. I asked my way and discovered I was talking to a member of
+the Black Watch. Limerick is the only town in the British Isles that
+retains the ancient custom of a civilian night guard. While the strike was
+on, there were, during the day, 600 special Royal Irish constables on duty
+in Limerick. But, at night, in spite of unlit streets, the 600 constables
+gave place to the sixty men of the Black Watch.
+
+
+
+"Priests preached sermons Sunday urging the people to withstand the enemy
+with the same spirit they did in the time of Sarsfield," said young
+Alphonsus O'Mara, the mayor of Limerick, whom I met at breakfast. His Sinn
+Fein beliefs had imprisoned him in his hotel, for his home was beyond the
+town and he would not ask the British military for a pass. Opposite the
+breakfast room we could see the drawn blue shades of Limerick's dry goods
+store. A woman staggered by with a burlap bag of coal on her shoulders. A
+donkey cart with a movie poster reading: "Working Under Order of the Strike
+Committee: GOD AND MAN," rolled past. A child hugging a pot of Easter
+lilies shuffled by. "There's no idea that the people want communism. There
+can't be. The people here are Catholics."
+
+But a little incident of the strike impressed me with the fact that there
+were communists among these fervent Catholics. In order to pictorialize the
+predicament of the Limerick workers to the world through the journalists
+who were gathered in Limerick waiting the hoped-for arrival of the first
+transatlantic plane, the national executive council devised this plan. One
+bright spring afternoon, the amusement committee placed poster
+announcements of a hurling match that was to be held just outside of
+Limerick at Caherdavin. About one thousand people, mostly Irish boys and
+girls, left town. At sunset, two by two, girls with yellow primroses at
+their waists, and boys with their hurling sticks in their hands, marched
+down the white-walled Caherdavin road towards the bridge. The bridge guard
+hooped his arm towards the boat house occupied by the military. Soldiers,
+strapping on cartridge belts, double-quicked to his aid. A machine gun
+sniffed the air from the upper story of the boat house. Scotch-and-Soda
+veered heavily bridgewards. A squad of fifty helmeted constables marched to
+the bridge, and marked time. But the boys and girls merely asked if they
+might go home, and when they were refused, turned about again and kept up a
+circling tramp, requesting admission. Down near the Broken Treaty Stone, in
+St. Munchin's Temperance hall, in a room half-filled with potatoes and eggs
+and milk, women who were to care for the exiles during their temporary
+banishment, were working. A few of the workers' red-badged guards came to
+herald the approach of the workers, and then sat down on a settle outside
+the hall.
+
+St. Munchin's chapel bell struck the Angelus.
+
+The red-badged guards rose and blessed themselves.
+
+
+
+THE BISHOP ON COMMUNISM
+
+Possibly, I thought, the clergymen of Limerick were hurried into support of
+red labor. What was the attitude of those who had a perspective on the
+situation towards communism?
+
+Just outside Limerick, in the town of Ennis in the county of Clare--Clare
+as well as Kerry has the reputation of shooting down informers at
+sight--there dwells the most loved bishop in Ireland. The Lenten pastoral
+of the Right Reverend Michael Fogarty, bishop of Killaloe, was so fervently
+national that when it was twice mailed to the Friends of Irish Freedom in
+America it was twice refused carriage by the British government. There was
+no doubt that he was for Sinn Fein. But how did he stand towards labor?
+
+Past an ancient Norman castle on which was whitewashed the legend "Up De
+Valera!" into the low-built little town of Ennis, I drove up to the modest
+colonial home that is called the "episcopal palace," Bishop Fogarty invited
+me to take off my "wet, cold, ugly coat," and to sit at a linen-covered
+spot at the long plush-hung library table. As he rang a bell, he told me I
+must be hungry after my drive. Then a maid brought in a piping-hot dinner
+of delicious Irish stew. I sat down quite frankly hungry, but from a rather
+resentful glance which the maid gave me, I have since suspicioned that I
+ate the bishop's dinner.
+
+First I told the bishop that I am a Catholic. Then I said I was informed
+that there was a reaction against the Church in Ireland, against being what
+American Protestants call "priest-ridden." The first reason of the
+reaction, I was told, was the fact that the people felt that the hierarchy
+was not in favor of a republic. Indeed I had it from an Irish-American
+priest in Dublin that many of the Irish bishops were in a bad way, because
+neither the English government nor the people trusted them.
+
+"Priest-ridden?" The bishop smiled. "Priest-ridden? England would like us
+to control these people for her today. We couldn't if we would.
+Priest-ridden? Perhaps the other way about."
+
+The second reason, it was said, is due to the fact that the workers feel
+that the Church is standing with the capitalists. A Dublin Catholic, wife
+of an American correspondent stationed in that city, told me that socialism
+is so strong in the very poor parish of St. Mary's pro-cathedral in Dublin
+that out of 40,000 members, there were 16,000 who were not practising their
+religion.
+
+"A lie!" exclaimed the bishop as his jaw shot out and his great muscular
+frame straightened as if to meet physical combat on the score. "It is
+simply not true. The loyalty of the Irish to the Catholic Church is
+unquestionable."
+
+And anyway, he indicated, if the people desired a communistic government
+there is no essential opposition in the Catholic Church.
+
+In the past, said the bishop, the Church in Ireland had thrived under
+common ownership. When in the fifth century Patrick evangelized Ireland,
+the ancient Irish were practising a kind of socialism. There was a common
+ownership of land. Each freeman had a right to use a certain acreage. But
+the land of every man, from the king down, might be taken away by the
+state. There was an elected king, and assemblies of nobles and freemen.
+There were arbitration courts where the lawgivers decided on penalties, and
+whose decisions were enforced by the assemblies. One of the reasons, the
+bishop said, that England had found it difficult to rule the Irish, was
+that she attempted to force a feudal government on a socialistic people.
+
+Recently--to illustrate that the Irish still retain their instinct for
+common ownership--there had been, as the bishop mentioned, a successful
+socialistic experiment in Clare. On looking up this fact at a later time, I
+discovered that the experiment had points of resemblance to the ancient
+state.[2] In 1823 the English socialist, Robert Owen, visited Ireland. His
+outline of the possibilities of co-operation on socialistic lines inspired
+the foundation of the Hibernian Philanthropic Society. It was in 1831 that
+Arthur Vandeleur, one of the members of the society, decided he would
+establish a socialist colony on his estate in Ralahine, Clare county. A
+large tract of land was to be possessed and developed by a group of
+tenants. This property was not, incidentally, a gift, but was to be held by
+Mr. Vandeleur until the tenants were able to pay for it. An elected
+committee of nine, and a general assembly of all men and women members of
+the society, were the government. The committee's decision against an
+offending member of society could be enforced or not by the members. The
+success of the society is acknowledged. Through it was introduced the first
+reaping machine into Ireland. By it the condition of the toiler was much
+raised, and might have been more greatly elevated but for the fact that the
+community had to pay a very heavy annual rental in kind to Mr. Vandeleur.
+The experiment came to a premature end, however, because of the passing of
+the estate out of the hands of Mr. Vandeleur, and the non-recognition of
+the right of such a community to hold a lease or to act as tenants under
+the land laws of Great Britain.
+
+"Why should there not be a modernized form of the ancient Gaelic state?"
+asked the bishop.
+
+When I spoke of the Russian soviet, and stated that I heard that the Roman
+Catholic church had spread in eight dioceses under the new government, the
+bishop nodded his head. The Church, he said, had nothing to fear from the
+soviet.
+
+"Certainly not from the Limerick soviet," I suggested. "It was there that I
+saw a red-badged guard rise to say the Angelus."
+
+"Isn't it well," smiled the bishop, "that communism is to be
+Christianized?"
+
+[Footnote 1: Notice was given by the General Prison Board of Ireland on
+November 24, 1919, that no prisoner on hunger strike would obtain release.
+It was stated that the hunger-striker alone would be responsible for the
+consequences of his refusal to take food.]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Labour in Irish History." By James Connolly. Maunsel and
+Company. 1917. P. 122.]
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+WHAT ABOUT BELFAST?
+
+SICKNESS AND DEATH OF CARSONISM
+
+
+The H.C. of L. has done an extraordinary thing. It is the high cost of
+living that has caused the sickness and death of Carsonism. Carsonism is a
+synonym for the division of the Ulsterites by political and religious
+cries--there are 690,000 Catholics and 888,000 non-Catholics.[1]
+
+The good work began during the war. Driven by the war cost of living,
+Unionist and Protestant organized with Sinn Fein and Catholic workers, and
+together they obtained increased pay. Now they no longer want division. For
+they believe what the labor leaders have long preached: "Carsonism with its
+continuance of the ancient cries of 'No Popery!' and 'No Home Rule!'
+operates for the good of the rich mill owners and against the good of the
+workers. If the workers allow themselves to be divided on these scores,
+they can neither keep a union to get better wages nor elect men intent on
+securing industrial legislation. If the workers are really wise they will
+lay the Carson ghost by working with the south of Ireland towards a
+settlement of the political question. Why not? The workers of the north and
+south are bound by the tie of a common poverty."
+
+"All my life," said Dawson Gordon, the Protestant president of the Irish
+Textile Federation, as we talked in the dark little union headquarters
+where shawled spinners and weavers were coming in with their big copper
+dues, "I have heard stories that were so much fuel on the prejudice pile.
+When I was small, I believed anything I was told about the Catholics. I
+remember this tale that my mother repeated to me as she said her
+grandmother had told it to her: 'A neighbor of grandmother's was alone in
+her cabin one night. There was a knock at the door. A Catholic woman begged
+for shelter. The neighbor could not bear to turn her back into the night.
+Then as there was only one bed, the two women shared it. Next morning
+grandmother heard a moaning in the cabin. On entering, she saw the neighbor
+lying alone on the bed, stabbed in the back. The neighbor's last words
+were: "Never trust a Catholic!"' As I grew a little older I found two other
+Protestant friends whose grandmothers had had the same experience. And
+since I have been a labor organizer, I have run across Catholics who told
+the same story turned about. So I began to think that there was a hell of a
+lot of great-grandmothers with stabbed friends--almost too many for belief.
+
+"But hysterical as they were, such stories served their purpose of
+division."
+
+From a schoolish-looking cupboard in the back of the room, Mr. Gordon
+extracted a much-thumbed pamphlet on the linen and jute industry, published
+after extended investigation by the United States in 1913. Mr. Gordon
+turned to a certain page, and pointed a finger at a significant line which
+ran:
+
+"The wages of the linen workers in Ireland are the lowest received in any
+mills in the United Kingdom."
+
+Then Mr. Gordon added:
+
+"Another pre-war report by Dr. H. W. Bailie, chief medical officer of
+Belfast, commented on the low wage of the sweated home worker--the report
+has since been suppressed. I remember one woman he told about. She
+embroidered 300 dots for a penny. By working continuously all week she
+could just make $1.50.[2]
+
+"Pay's not the only thing," continued Mr. Gordon. "Working condition's
+another. Go to the mills and see the wet spinners. The air of the room they
+work in is heavy with humidity. There are the women, waists open at the
+throat, sleeves rolled up, hair pulled back to prevent the irritation of
+loose ends on damp skins, bare feet on the cement floor. At noon they
+snatch up their shawls and rush home for a hurried lunch. It's not
+surprising that Dr. Bailie reported that poor working conditions were
+responsible for many premature births and many delicate children. Nor that
+the low pay of the workers made them easy prey to tuberculosis. He wrote
+that, as in previous years, consumption was most prevalent among the
+poor.[3]
+
+"Why such pay and such working conditions?" asked Mr. Gordon. "Because
+before the war there were only 400 of us organized. Labor organizer after
+labor organizer fought for the unity of the working people. But no sooner
+would such a speaker rise oft a platform than there would be calls from all
+parts of the house: 'Are ye a Sinn Feiner?', 'What's yer religion?' or 'Do
+ye vote unionist?' There was no way out. He had to declare himself. Then
+one or the other half of his audience would rise and leave. With low wages,
+of course, the workers could not get a perspective on their battle. They
+were prisoners in Belfast. They never had money enough even for the
+two-hour trip to Dublin. Rail rates are high. Excursions almost unknown.
+Then came the war. At that time wages were:
+
+"Spinners and preparers, $3.00 a week.
+
+"Weavers and winders, $3.08 a week.
+
+"General laborers, $4.00 a week.
+
+"But how much did it cost to feed a family of five? Seven dollars a week.
+The workers had to get the difference. They couldn't without organization.
+With hunger at their heels, they forgot prejudices. Catholics began to go
+to meetings in Orange halls. Protestants attended similar meetings in
+Hibernian assembly rooms; at a small town near Belfast there was a recent
+labor procession in which one-half of the band was Orange and the other
+half Hibernian, and yet there was perfect harmony. Other unions than ours
+were at work. For instance, the Irish Transport and General Workers' union
+began to gather men under the motto chosen from one of Thomas Davis' songs:
+
+  "Then let the orange lily be a badge, my patriot brother,
+  The orange for you, the green for me, and each for one another.'
+
+"What happened? Take our union for example. From 400 in 1914, the
+membership mounted to 40,000 in 1919--that is the number represented today
+in the Irish Textile Federation. With the growth in strength the federation
+made out its cost-of-living budget, and presented its case to the Linen
+Trade Employers. At last the federation succeeded in obtaining this rate:
+
+"Spinners and preparers, $7.50 a week.
+
+"Weavers and winders, $7.50 a week.
+
+"General laborers, $10.00 a week."
+
+But, say the leaders, there will always be chance of disunion until the
+political question is settled. Ulster labor decided to assist in that
+settlement. So it killed Carsonism. And now it is trying to lay the
+Carsonistic ghost.
+
+This is the way labor killed Carsonism. I saw it done. I was in at the
+death. There was a parliamentary seat vacant in East Antrim. Carson, whose
+choice had hitherto been law, backed a Canadian named Major Moore. But
+labor put up a sort of Bull Moose candidate named Hanna. The Carsonists
+realized the issue. During the campaign they reiterated that Carsonism was
+to live or die by that vote. The dodgers for Major Moore ran:
+
+            East Antrim Election
+                     WHAT
+           The Enemies of Unionism
+                     WANT
+             The Return of Hanna
+                     WHY?
+  Because as _The Freeman's Journal_ of May 10,
+                 1919, states:
+       "IF HANNA WINS, HIS VICTORY WILL
+             BE THE DEATH KNELL OF
+                  CARSONISM."
+    Are YOU going to be the one to bring this
+                    about?
+             VOTE SOLID FOR MOORE
+             and show our enemies
+         EAST ANTRIM STANDS BY CARSON
+
+At the meetings the Carsonists continually stressed the point that this
+election meant more than the election or defeat of Moore. It meant the
+election or defeat of Carson and his ally, God.
+
+"God in His goodness," declared a woman advocate at a meeting held for
+Moore at Carrickfergus, "has spared Sir Edward Carson to us, but the day
+may come when we will see ourselves without him, and I want to be sure that
+no one in Ulster will have caused him one pain or sorrow."[4]
+
+"It is owing to Sir Edward Carson under Almighty God," stated D.M. Wilson,
+K.C., M.P., at a meeting at Whitehead, "that we have been saved from Home
+Rule, and the man that knows these things would rather that his right arm
+were paralyzed than be guilty of any act that would tend to weaken the work
+of Sir Edward Carson."[5]
+
+"I am fully persuaded," added William Coote, M.P., at the same meeting,
+"that the great country of the gun running will never be false to its great
+leader."[6]
+
+One evening near a stuccoed golf club at a cross roads in Upper Green Isle,
+with the v of the Belfast Lough shining in the distance, I waited to hear
+Major Moore address a crowd of workers. As the buzzing little audience
+gathered, boys climbed up telegraph poles with the stickers "We Want
+Hanna," and a small, pale-faced man with a protruding jaw was the center of
+a political argument for Hanna. At last the brake arrived. The major, a
+tall, personable man, stood up in the cart. But all the good old Ulster
+rallying cries he used, seemed to miss fire.
+
+"Sir Edward Carson's for me--"
+
+"Stand on your own feet, Major Muir," interrupted a worker.
+
+"Heart and soul, I'll fight Home Rule--"
+
+"What aboot Canada, Major Muir?" The major did not reply as he had at a
+previous meeting at Carrickfergus that he hoped that the time would come
+when there would be a "truly imperial parliament in London--one that would
+represent not only the three kingdoms but the whole empire."[7] Instead he
+went on:
+
+"The Unionist party stands for improved social legislation."
+
+"What aboot old age pensions?" and "Why didn't the Unionist party vote for
+working-men's compensation, Major Muir?"
+
+As he was preparing to drive away from the booing crowd, one of his
+supporters began to distribute dodgers. I had two in my hand when the
+small, pale-faced man with the jaw applied a match to them, and cried out
+as they flared in my hand:
+
+"That's what we do with trash."
+
+Who won? When the election returns were made public in June, they read:
+Major Moore, 7,549; Hanna, 8,714.
+
+Laying the ghost of Carsonism by the permanent settlement of the Irish
+political question was attempted last spring. It was then that Ulster labor
+backed the rest of the Irish Labor party at Berne when it asked for the
+"free and absolute self-determination of each and every people in choosing
+the sovereignty under which they shall live."
+
+
+
+THE SINN FEIN BABY IN BELFAST
+
+The pacific endeavors of the high cost of living are greatly aided by the
+natural kindliness of the people. I think I have never met simpler charity
+to strangers. For instance, in the little matter of appealing for street
+directions, I found the shawled women and the pale men would go far out of
+their ways to put me on the right path. Even when I inquired for the home
+of Dennis McCullough, they looked at me quickly, said: "Oh, you mean the
+big Sinn Feiner"? and readily directed me to his home.
+
+In the red brick home in the red brick row on the outskirts of the red
+brick town of Belfast, Mrs. Dennis McCullough, daughter of the south of
+Ireland, gave testimony that the goodheartedness of her neighbors prevails
+over their prejudice even in time of crisis. Her husband, a piano merchant,
+has been in some seven prisons for his political activities. He had told of
+plank beds, of food he could not eat, of the quelling of prison outbreaks
+by hosing the prisoners and then letting them lie in their wet clothes on
+cold floors. He had spoken of evading prison at one time by availing
+himself of the ancient privilege of "taking sanctuary": he went to the
+famous pilgrimage center of Lough Derg, and though no sanctuary law
+prevails, the military did not care or dare to violate the religious
+feelings of the inhabitants by seizing him there. And then he had told of
+the last time: before his last arrest he had taken great care not to
+provoke the authorities because Mrs. McCullough was about to give birth to
+her first child; but one evening when the couple and friends were seated
+about a quiet Sunday evening tea table, six constables entered and hurried
+him off to jail without even presenting a warrant. It was at this point
+that Mrs. McCullough gave her testimony:
+
+"Our house is just a little island of Sinn Fein in this district. The
+neighbors knew my husband had been arrested. The papers told them that the
+arrests had been made in connection with that Jules Verne German submarine
+plot. But when my baby was born, my neighbors forgot everything but the
+fact that I was a human being who needed help. One neighbor came in to bake
+my bread; another to sweep my house; another to cook my meals. They were
+very good.
+
+"Often at five o'clock, I watch the girls coming home from the mills. At
+six o'clock they eat supper. At seven the boys and girls walk out together,
+two by two." Mrs. McCullough laughed. "You know, I think that's all I have
+against the Ulsterites--there's nothing queer about them."
+
+By the grate, Dennis McCullough held the baby in his arms with all the care
+one uses towards a treasure long withheld. His drawn white face was close
+to the dimpled cheeks.
+
+The rank and file of the Belfastians, then, are joining the priests,
+co-operationists, labor unionists and Sinn Feiners in their fight for
+self-determination. For it is believed that as long as the Irish people,
+Irish or Scotch-Irish, remain under the domination of England, they will
+continue to suffer under exploitation by her capitalists. And the people of
+the north and the south are unanimous that English exploitation is what's
+the matter with Ireland.
+
+[Footnote 1: Census of 1911.]
+
+[Footnote 2: England passed an order in 1919 regulating the wages of
+sweated women workers so that the minimum wage of a girl 18 working a
+48-hour week amounts to $6.72. But the order concludes: "_This order
+shall have effect in all districts of Great Britain but not in
+Ireland_." (Ministry of Labor. Statutory Rules and Orders. 1919. No.
+357.)]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Report Chief Medical Inspector, Belfast, 1909."]
+
+[Footnote 4: _Belfast Telegraph_, May 15, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _Northern Whig_, Belfast, May 17, 1919.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Ibid_.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Belfast Telegraph_, May 15, 1919.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's What's the Matter with Ireland?, by Ruth Russell
+
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