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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:38:14 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:38:14 -0700 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/11865-0.txt b/11865-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fedfa07 --- /dev/null +++ b/11865-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1570 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11865 *** + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 11865-h.htm or 11865-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/8/6/11865/11865-h/11865-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/8/6/11865/11865-h.zip) + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +Vol. 20, No. 564] SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +[Illustration: BELVOIR CASTLE.] + +Belvoir Castle, (or Bever, as it was formerly and is now sometimes +called,) in situation and aspect partly resembles "majestic Windsor." +It has a similar "princely brow," being placed upon an abrupt +elevation of a kind of natural cliff, forming the termination of a +peninsular hill, the basis of which is red grit stone, but now covered +with vegetable mould, well turfed by nature and art, and varied into +terraces of different elevation. It has been the seat of the noble +family of Manners for several generations; it claims the priority of +every other seat in the county wherein it is situate; and is one of +the most magnificent castellated structures in the kingdom. + +This castle, in some topographical works, is described as being in +Lincolnshire. Camden says, "In the west part of Kesteven, on the edge +of Lincolnshire and Leicestershire, there stands Belvoir Castle, so +called (whatever was its ancient name) from the fine prospect on a +steep hill, which seems the work of art." Burton expressly says +that it "is certainly in Lincolnshire," and the authors of _Magna +Britannia_ are of the same opinion; but Mr. Nichols, whose authority +on subjects of local history, respecting Leicestershire, is generally +decisive and satisfactory, states that "the castle is at present in +every respect considered as being within this county with all the +lands of the extra-parochial part of Belvoir thereto belonging, +(including the site of the Priory,[1]) consisting in the whole of +about 600 acres of wood, meadow, and pasture land; upon which are now +no buildings but the castle, with its offices and the inn. It would be +a difficult matter, notwithstanding, to trace out with accuracy, the +precise boundary of the two counties in this neighbourhood." + + [1] At Belvoir was formerly a priory of four black monks, + subordinate to the Abbey of St. Alban, in Hertfordshire, to which + it was annexed by its founder, Robert de Belvideir, or De Todenci, + in the time of William the Conqueror. It was dedicated to St. + Mary; and was valued, at the Dissolution, at £104 19s. 10d. per + annum. Dr. Stukely, in the year 1726, saw the coffin and bones of + the founder, who died in 1088, dug up in the Priory chapel, then + a stable and on a stone was inscribed in large letters, with lead + cast in them, ROBERT DE TODENE LE FVDEVR. Another coffin and + cover near it was likewise discovered with the following + inscription:--"The Vale of Bever, barren of wood, is large and + very plentiful of good corn and grass, and lieth in three shires, + Leicester, Lincoln, and much in Nottinghamshire." + +That Belvoir has been the site of a castle since the Norman Conquest +appears well established. Leland says, "The Castle of Belvoir standeth +in the utter part of that way of Leicestershire, on the nape of an +high hill, steep up each way, partly by nature, partly by working of +men's hands, as it may evidently be perceived. Whether there were any +castle there before the Conquest or no I am not sure, but surely I +think no rather than ye. Toteneius was the first inhabiter after the +Conquest. Then it came to Albeneius, and from Albeney to Ros." + +The Belvoir estate came into the Manners family, by the marriage of +Eleanor with Robert de Manners of Ethale, Northumberland. Eleanor was +the eldest sister of Edmund, Lord Ros, who resided at the manor-house +of Elsinges, in Enfield, Middlesex, where he died without issue in the +year 1508. His sisters became heiresses to the estates, and Belvoir +being part of the moiety of Eleanor, became the property of the +Manners family, who have continued to possess it to the present time. + +As the possessors of this castle and lordship have been chiefly +persons of considerable eminence, and many of them numbered among the +great men of history, it may be as well to interweave a few notices +of them with a brief chronological account of the noble structure. +Robert, the first Norman lord, died in 1088, and was buried in the +chapter-house of the Priory, where Dr. Stukely discovered the stone +already named, to his memory. "By a general survey taken at the +death of Robert, it appears that he was in possession of fourscore +lordships: many of which, by uninterrupted succession, continue still +to be the property of the Duke of Rutland. In Lincolnshire his domains +were still more numerous. In Northamptonshire he had nine lordships; +one of which, Stoke, acquired the additional name of Albini, when it +came into the possession of his son." William de Albini, son of the +above, succeeded to these lordships; and, like his father, was a +celebrated warrior: according to Matthew Paris, he valourously +distinguished himself at the battle of Tinchebrai, in Normandy, +September 27, 1106; where Henry I. encountered Robert Curthose, his +brother. This lord obtained from Henry the grant of an annual fair at +Belvoir, to be continued for eight days. During the changeful reigns +of Stephen and Henry II., the castle fell into the hands of the +crown, and was granted to Ranulph de Gernons, Earl of Chester; but +repossession was obtained by de Albini, who died here about the year +1155. William de Albini, (alias Meschines and Britto,) the next +possessor of Belvoir, endowed the Priory hero with certain lands, and, +in 1165, certified to Henry II. that he then held of him thirty-two +knights' fees under the old feoffments, whereby he was enfeoffed +in the time of Henry I. William de Albini, the third of that name, +accompanied Richard I. during his crusading reign, into Normandy: he +was also one of the sureties for King John, in his treaty of peace +with Philip of France. He was too, engaged in the barons' wars in the +latter reign, and was taken prisoner by the king's party at Rochester +Castle; his own castle at Belvoir also falling into the royal hands. +He was likewise one of the twenty-five barons, whose signatures were +attached to Magna Charta and the charter of Forests at Runnemede. This +lord richly endowed the priory of Belvoir, and founded and endowed a +hospital at Wassebridge, between Stamford and Uffingham, where he was +buried in 1236. Isabel, of the house of Albini, now married to Robert +de Ros, or Roos, baron of Hamlake, and thus carried the estates into a +new family. The bounds of the lordship of Belvoir, at this time, are +described by a document printed in Nichols's History. This new lord +obtained a license from Henry III. to hold a weekly market and annual +fair at Belvoir. He died in 1285, and his body was buried at Kirkham, +his bowels before the high altar at Belvoir, and his heart at Croxton +Abbey; it being a practice of that age for the corporeal remains of +eminent persons to be thus distributed after death. The next owner, +William de Ros was, in 1304, allowed to impark 100 acres under +the name of _Bever_ Park, which was appropriated solely to the +preservation of game. He died in 1317: his eldest son, William de Ros, +took the title of Baron Ros, of Hamlake, Werke, Belvoir, and Trusbut; +was Lord High Admiral of England, and sat in parliament from 11 Edw. +II. to 16 Edw. III; he died in 1342. Sir William de Ros, knight, was +Lord High Treasurer to Henry IV.; he died at the Castle in 1414, and +bequeathed 400_l._ "for finding ten honest chaplains to pray for his +soul, and the souls of his father, mother, brethren, sisters, &c." for +eight years within his chapel at Belvoir castle. John and William Ros, +the next owners, were distinguished in the wars of France; the former +was slain at Anjou; the latter died in 1431, and was succeeded by his +son, Edmund, an infant, who, on coming of age, engaged in the civil +wars of York and Lancaster: he was attainted in 1641, and his noble +possessions parcelled out by Edward IV; the honour, castle, and +lordship of Belvoir, with the park and all its members, and the rent +called castle-guard, (then an appurtenance to Belvoir,) being granted +in 1647, to Hastings the court corruptionist.[2] The attainder was, +however, repealed, and Edmund, Lord Ros re-obtained possession of all +his estates in 1483: he died at Enfield, and the estates then passed +into the Manners family, as we have stated. + + [2] "The Lord Ros took Henry the VIth's part against King Edward, + whereupon his lands were confiscated, and Belever Castle given in + keeping to Lord Hastings, who coming thither on a time to peruse + the ground, and to lie in the castle, was suddenly repelled by Mr. + Harrington, a man of power thereabouts, and friend to the Lord + Ros. Whereupon the Lord Hastings came thither another time with a + strong power, and upon a raging will spoiled the castle, defacing + the roofs, and taking the leads off them.--Then fell all the + castle to ruins, and the timber of the roofs uncovered, rotted + away, and the soil between the walls at the last grew full of + elders, and no habitation was there till that, of late days, the + Earl of Rutland hath made it fairer than ever it was."--_Leland_. + +George, eldest son of the above-named Robert Manners, succeeded to his +father's estates, including Belvoir: in his will, a copy of which is +given by Mr. Nichols, dated Oct. 6, 1513, he is styled "Sir George +Manners, knight, Lord Ros." He was interred, with his lady, in a +chantry chapel, founded by his father-in-law, Sir Thomas Ledger, in +the chapel of St. George, at Windsor. His son, Thomas, Lord Ros, +succeeded him, and was created by Henry VIII. a knight, and afterwards +Earl of Rutland, a title which had never before been conferred on +any person but of the blood royal. This nobleman aided Henry in the +dissolution of the monasteries, and for his zeal received from the +monarch several manors and estates. He caused many of the ancient +monuments of the Albinis and the Rosses to be removed from the priory +churches of Belvoir and Croxton to that of Bottesford. He also +restored and in part rebuilt the castle, which had been in ruins since +Hastings's attack. The state of the castle at this period is thus +described by Leland:--"It is a straunge sighte to se be how many +steppes of stone the way goith up from the village to the castel. +In the castel be two faire gates; and the dungeon is a faire rounde +towere now turned to pleasure, as a place to walk yn, and to se al +the counterye aboute, and raylid about the round (wall,) and a garden +(plotte) in the midle. There is also a welle of grete depth in the +castelle, and the spring thereof is very good." Henry, the second Bard +of Rutland, succeeded his father in 1543; and in 1556 was appointed +captain-general of all the forces then going to France, and commander +of the fleet, by Philip and Mary. Edward, the third earl, eldest son +of the former, succeeded in 1563: Camden calls him "a profound lawyer, +and a man accomplished with all polite learning." John, a colonel of +foot in the Irish wars, became fourth earl in 1587, and was followed +by his son Roger, the fifth earl, who dying without issue, his brother +Francis was nominated his heir, and made the sixth earl. He married +two wives, by the first of whom he had only one child, named +Catherine, who married George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham. +Her issue, George, the second Duke of Buckingham, dying without an +heir, the title of Lord Ros of Hamlake again reverted to the Rutland +family. By a second marriage he had two sons, who, according to the +monument, were murdered by wicked practice and sorcery.[3] George +was created seventh earl in 1632; and was honoured with a visit from +Charles I. at Belvoir castle, in 1634. The eighth earl was John +Manners, who attaching himself to the Parliamentarians, the castle was +attacked by the royal army, and lost and won again and again by each +party, till the earl being "put to great streights for the maintenance +of his family," petitioned the house of peers for relief, and Lord +Viscount Campden having been the principal instrument in the ruin of +the "castle, lands, and woods about Belvoyre," parliament agreed that +1,500l a year be paid out of Lord Campden's estate, until 5,000l +be levied, to the earl of Rutland. In the civil wars the castle was +defended for the king by the rector of Ashwell, co. Rutland. In 1649, +the parliament ordered it to be demolished; satisfaction was, however, +made to the earl, whose son rebuilt the castle after the Restoration. +John, the ninth earl, succeeded his father in 1679. He preferred the +baronial retirement and rural quiet of Belvoir, to the busy court; +though he was created Marquess of Granby, in the county of Nottingham, +and Duke of Rutland. He died in 1710-11, and was succeeded by his son +John;[4] whose eldest son became the third Duke of Rutland, and was +the last of the family who resided at Haddon, Derbyshire. He died in +1779, and was succeeded by his grandson, Charles, Lord Ros, fourth +duke, who died lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1787, when his son John +Henry, the present and fifth duke succeeded to the titles and estates. + + [3] As illustrative of the folly and superstition of the times, + it may be interesting to explain this. Joan Flower, and her two + daughters, who were servants at Belvoir Castle, having + been dismissed the family, in revenge, made use of all the + enchantments, spells, and charms, that were at that time supposed + to answer their malicious purposes. Henry, the eldest son, died + soon after their dismissal; but no suspicion of witchcraft arose + till five years after, when the three women, who are said to have + entered into a formal contract with the devil, were accused of + "murdering Henry Lord Ros by witchcraft, and torturing the Lord + Francis, his brother, and Lady Catharine, his sister." After + various examinations, before Francis Lord Willoughby, of Eresby, + and other magistrates, they were committed to Lincoln gaol. Joan + died at Ancaster, on her way thither, by wishing the bread and + butter she ate might choak her if guilty. The two daughters were + tried before Sir Henry Hobbert, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, + and Sir Edward Bromley, one of the Barons of Exchequer, confessed + their guilt, and were executed at Lincoln, March 11, 1618-19. + + [4] "The _great Marquess of Granby_" born in 1721, was the son of + this duke. During the rebellion he raised a regiment of foot. In + 1758, being lieutenant-general, he was sent into Germany, and + eminently distinguished himself under Prince Ferdinand of + Brunswick. He died in 1770, and was buried with his ancestors at + Bottesford, where, a few years since, there was no monumental + record of his name! + +It is now time to speak of the present magnificence of Belvoir. The +castle which surrounds a quadrangular court, occupies nearly the +summit of the hill, which is ascended by superb stone steps. On the +castle are mounted seven small pieces of cannon, which were presented +to the Duke of Rutland by George the Third; from these pieces 21 +rounds were fired Nov. 5, 1808, in commemoration of the Gunpowder +Plot. The view from the terraces and towers comprehends the whole vale +of Belvoir, and the adjoining country as far as Lincoln, including +twenty-two of the Duke of Rutland's manors. On the southern slope +of the hill are enclosed terraces, on which there are several +flower-gardens, surrounded by extensive shrubberies. The +kitchen-gardens extend to eight acres. The park is of great extent, +and contains fine forest trees which form a woodland beneath the hill, +so extensive as to afford shelter for innumerable rooks. There are +likewise thriving plantations, containing some remarkably fine young +oaks. + +Belvoir Castle has one of the most superb _interiors_ in the kingdom: +its furniture and decorations are of the most costly description. +It also contains one of the most valuable collections of paintings, +whether considered for the variety of schools, or the judicious choice +of the works of each master. Among those who have contributed to +this invaluable assemblage, are Poussin, Carlo Dolci, Guido, Claude +Lorraine, Salvator Rosa, Murillo, Reubens, Teniers, and Reynolds. +The collection was principally formed by John, the third duke, and +Charles, his successor, who were munificent patrons of the arts. All +the modern pictures, of which there are a considerable number, were +collected by the former duke. + +The last general repairs of Belvoir Castle are stated to have cost the +noble owner upwards of 60,000£. The structure has been more than once +extensively injured by fire. A conflagration there in October, 1816, +consumed a large portion of the ancient part of the castle, and +several of the pictures. Among them was Sir Joshua Reynolds's +_Nativity_, a composition of thirteen figures, and in dimensions 12 +feet by 18. This noble picture was purchased by the late Duke of +Rutland for 1,200 guineas. + + * * * * * + + +THE PAINTER'S LAST PASSION. + + + A hectic hue is on my feverish cheek, + And slowly throbs my pulse--but it will cease; + And cease, too, will the visions instinct, + Impalpable, and deep, that haunt my soul! + Death, who can dash the chalice from the lips + Of Pleasure's votary, and hush the lyre + While poetry is breathing on its strings; + Death, who can quench the spirit which portrays + Beauty's resemblance on the marble urn, + Will steep my feelings in oblivion's gloom, + Ere wintry winds disperse the sunny leaves + That cluster round the bosom of the rose. + But I have communed with enchanting shapes, + And felt the silver gush of many a song + Amid the air, until my spirit seem'd + Instinct with glorious draughts of paradise! + Mine eyes have scarcely closed their burning lids + For many a night; and I have watch'd the stars + That smiled upon me from the brow of heaven, + Like deep blue orbs familiar to my youth; + But now abstraction clouds me, and the fire-- + Ambition's fire--it can be nothing less-- + Deserts its lonely shrine; but I must give + The last bright touch to this bewitching form, + This pictured rainbow of my solitude! + I have invested her with loveliness + More pure than beings of the earth assume, + And Memory calls her beauteous image back + From the forgotten things of distant years, + Warm, eloquent, and holy, as the balm + Of flow'rs impearl'd with dew, which summer skies + Diffuse around--I mark the marble brow + Of polish'd symmetry, the eyes more blue + Than violets in their vernal bloom, the neck + Swanlike, and moulded with ethereal grace; + And feel their magic influence on my mind. + I will embody them, and give the stamp + Of fervid genius to their various charms, + Ere this last aspiration is extinct + In the unbroken slumbers of the tomb! + For I have had prophetic monitors + To warn me of my fate, and I must leave + All that is lovely in this lovely world. + + It is a summer eve--the sunbeams tinge + The glassy bosom of the quiet lake; + The music of the birds enchants the air, + And Nature's verdant robe is gemm'd with flow'rs. + From which the breeze derives its liquid balm. + Oh! in my youth, this hour has been to me + Bright as the fairy arch upon the clouds + Of earthly grief and gloom, and even now + It gives the silent fountain of my heart + A renovated action, and recalls + The energies that long ago were mine. + My fancy wanders as I thus portray + The lineaments on which 'tis bliss to gaze: + How beautiful their prototype! to whom + I breath'd in youth the most impassion'd words, + And felt as if Elysium had disclosed + Its glory to my eye--around this brow, + Stainless as marble, cluster golden curls + Like sunbeams on the bosom of the cloud, + And o'er the radiant azure orbs beneath, + The snowy lids suspend their glossy fringe. + Upon such beauty shall my pencil stamp + Its immortality, and make it seem + More beautiful in Fancy's softest glow; + And, my beloved! when this warm hand that traced + Thy pictured charms is mouldering in the dust, + Thou wilt proclaim the painter's mastery, + And consecrate the canvass with a power + Which shall defy the wasting hand of Time! + + G.R.C. + + * * * * * + + +PRESERVATION OF A HUMAN BODY. + + +In a vault under the Font of the Old Church of St. Dunstan in the +West, has lately been discovered the leaden coffin of a "Mr. Moody," +(without a Christian name,) who "died in the year 1747, aged 70 +years." After this interment of 85 years, the face was found not +decomposed, but perfect; the mouth extended--the teeth and eye-brows +unimpaired, and to the touch, the flesh solid (covered with a cloth) +and no appearance of worms; which puzzles the common opinion that such +insects prey upon the dead: + + "And food for worms brave Percy!" + +exclaimed Prince Henry over the expiring body of Hotspur. + +This observation was made by a person who saw the remains on the +8th of August, 1832, an older object by twelve years, and without +teeth,--a gum-biter! + +AN OLD INHABITANT OF CLIFFORD'S INN. + + * * * * * + + +THE ROSE OF THE CASTLE. + + + A summer morn, with all its golden light, + Gilded the snowy bosom of the cloud, + And robed the verdant earth with sunny hues. + The bees sang music to their passion-flow'rs, + The birds, with melody which seem'd to gush + From joyful hearts, entranced the crystal air; + But, spectre-like, the ancient castle frown'd + Over the deep, whose softly-rippling waves + Reflected its array of ruined towers. + In times of old, the gallant chiefs for whom + Its stately walls arose, the men who made + Their names a terror to the Saracen, + Adopted as their symbol in the field, + The rose--that flower of faction and of blood! + I saw it sculptured on the marble shield + Which graced the lofty gate, it was enroll'd + Among the records of departed days; + Over the hearth, upon the pictured crest + It met mine eye, and to my mind recall'd + The glorious deeds of England's chivalry. + + The Rose--it appear'd on the portal proud, + Which the ivy robed in its mournful shroud; + As the sunshine gleam'd in the silent hall + I traced its image upon the wall. + + Although the castle was old and grey, + And its summer of glory had pass'd away, + Though the roof had fall'n, and the walls sunk low, + The rose still smiled in the sunbeam's glow. + + But, oh! that symbol of purest faith + Had cheer'd the heart in the hour of death, + And shone triumphant o'er the brave + As they crush'd the power of the sceptred slave. + + It seem'd like a spell on the lips of all + Whom the trumpet call'd from their festive hall, + And the soldier to it upturn'd his eye + As he lay on the grassy turf to die. + + But it gleams no more on land or sea, + A star to the feudal chivalry! + On the silent hearth, and the ivied tower, + Hath it found a last forsaken bower. G.R.C. + + * * * * * + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS. + + * * * * * + +SPIRIT DRINKING. + + +(_TO THE EDITOR._) + + +Much as has been said about gin-drinking in the present times, it +would appear from the following curious extract, that our forefathers +(of the last century,) were more addicted to that pernicious custom, +than we are even in the nineteenth century:-- + +"Several of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the County of +Middlesex, having, in pursuance of an order of a former Quarter +Session, made an inquiry into the houses and places where Geneva and +other such pernicious distilled liquors are sold by retail, about this +time made their report; by which it appears, to the great surprise and +concern of those who have the trade and welfare of the public truly +at heart, that there are in the limits of Westminster, Holborn, the +Tower, and Finsbury divisions (exclusive of London and Southwark) +7,044 houses and shops, where the said liquors are publicly sold by +retail, (which in several parishes, is computed to be, at least, every +sixth house,) besides what is privately sold in garrets, cellars, +back-rooms, and other private places. + +"That of this number, no less than 2,105 are unlicensed; and that +Geneva is now sold, not only by distillers and Geneva shops, but by +above 80 other inferior trades; particularly chandlers, weavers, +tobacconists, shoemakers, carpenters, barbers, tailors, dyers, +labourers, &c. &c.; there being in the Hamlets of Bethnal Green, +upwards of 90 weavers who sell this liquor." + +"_JANUARY 20TH_, 1736." G.K. + + * * * * * + + +THE DEATH OF ADAM. + + +(_FROM THE GERMAN._) + + +When Adam was nine hundred and thirty years old, he felt in himself +the word of the judge, "Thou shalt die." Then spoke Adam to the +weeping Eve: "Let my sons come before me, that I may see and may bless +them." They all came at their father's word, and stood before him, +many hundred in number, and prayed for his life. "Who among you," said +the old man, "will go to the holy mountain? Very likely he may +find pity for me, and bring to me the fruit of the tree of life." +Immediately, all his sons offered themselves; and Seth, the most +pious, was chosen by his father for the message. He besprinkled his +head with ashes, hastened, and delayed not, until he stood before +the gate of Paradise. Then prayed he, "Let my father find pity, +kind-hearted one, and send to him fruit from the tree of life." +Quickly there stood the glittering cherub, and instead of the tree of +life, he held a twig of three leaves in his hand. "Carry this to thy +father," said he, friendly, "his last consolation is here; for eternal +life dwells not on the earth." Swiftly hastened Seth, threw himself +down, and said, "No fruit of the tree of life bring I to thee, +my father, only this twig has the angel given me, to be thy last +consolation here." The dying man took the twig, and was glad. He +smelled on it the fragrance of Paradise, and then was his soul +elevated: "Children," said he, "eternal life dwells not for us on the +earth; you must follow after me; but on these leaves I breathe the +refreshing air of another world." Then his eyes failed; his spirit +fled hence. + +Adam's children buried their father, and wept for him thirty days; but +Seth wept not. He planted the twig upon his father's grave, at the +head of the dead man, and named it the twig of the new life, of the +awakening up out of the sleep of death. The little twig grew up into a +high tree, and by it many of Adam's children strengthened themselves +with comfort of the other life. So it came to the following +generation. In the garden of David it blossomed fair, until his +infatuated son began to doubt on immortality; then withered the twig, +though its blossoms came among other nations. And as on a stem from +this tree, the restorer of immortality gave up his holy life; from it +the fragrance of the new life scattered itself around far among all +nations. W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT NAVAL LAWS. + + +The laws made by Richard I. for the preservation of good order in his +fleet, when he was sailing to Palestine, were as follows:--He that +kills a man on board shall be tied to the body and thrown into the +sea. If he kills one on land he shall he buried with the same. If it +be proved that any one has drawn a knife to strike another, or has +drawn blood, he shall lose his hand. If he strike with his fist, +without effusion of blood, he shall be thrice plunged into the sea. If +a man insult another with opprobrious language, so often as he does +it, to give so many ounces of silver. A man convicted of theft, to +have his head shaved, and to be tarred and feathered on the head, and +to be left on the first land the ship shall come to. Richard appointed +officers to see these laws executed with rigour, _two of which +officers were bishops_. A.H.K.--T. + + * * * * * + + + +NOTES OF A READER + + +THE ATMOSPHERE.--CLIMATOLOGY. + + +_(FROM PART XIV. OF KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE; OR, THE PLAIN WHY AND +BECAUSE.)_ + +_Why may the atmosphere be termed a fourth kingdom of Nature?_ + +Because it extends its influence in an equal degree over the three +kingdoms, the animal, the vegetable, and the mineral, operates upon +each after a distinct manner, and appears rather to be independent, +and allied to all of them, than to be rightly included within any one. + +_Why is a knowledge of the atmosphere important to the naturalist?_ + +Because it serves to throw much light on the history and functions +both of the animal and vegetable creation; for it is through this +great medium that heat, light, electricity, oxygen, and the great +springs of vital phenomena, are conveyed to all classes of organized +matter. It is by means of this wonderful agent, that we gain the +theory of respiration in all classes of creatures possessing animal +life; and that we become acquainted with the migrations of animals, +as well as many of their peculiar instincts and habits. It is the +atmosphere that enables us to account for the periodical changes in +the plumage of birds and the furs of animals, and the variety of +colours to be found amongst them. By means also of the elasticity of +the atmosphere, sounds and odours are transmitted to sensitive beings. +Atmospherical phenomena, it may be safely inferred, attracted the +observation of mankind in the earliest ages: we know that the +Egyptians and the Greeks wrote upon the subject; the Jews too, a +pastoral people, "could discern the face of the sky;" and even in our +day, shepherds may be ranked among the weather-wise. "This is a fine +morning, a soft day, or a cold evening," are modes of salutation with +us, as commonly as is the "Salem Alikem" (Peace be with you!) amongst +the inhabitants of the more serene countries of the East. Shenstone +says, though with nearly equal spleen and truth: "there is nothing +more universally commended than a fine day: the reason is, that people +can commend it without envy." + +_Why do we call the atmosphere a fluid?_ + +Because it has a tendency to move in all directions, and consequently +rushes in and fills every space not previously occupied by a more +solid substance. Hence we find, that every cave, crevice, place, and +vessel, having communication with the atmosphere, if it be not filled +with something else, is filled with air; against which it is no +argument that we do not see it, as it is perfectly transparent, and +consequently invisible. + +_Why do birds fly?_ + +Because of the inertia of the atmosphere, which gives effect to their +wings. Were it possible for a bird to live without respiration, and in +a space void of air, it would no longer have the power of flight. The +plumage of the wings being spread, and acting with a broad surface +on the atmosphere beneath them, is resisted by the inertia of the +atmosphere, so that the air forms a falcrum, as it were, on which the +bird rises, by the leverage of its wings. + +_Why is air generally considered to be invisible?_ + +Because, though a coloured fluid, and naturally blue, its colour +acquires intensity only, or, in other words, becomes visible only, +from the depth of the transparent mass. According to rigid Newtonians, +air is transparent, or, rather, invisible; and the azure colour of the +atmosphere arises from the greater refrangibility of the blue rays of +light. Other philosophers imagine that the blue tint is inherent in +air; that is, that the particles of air have the property of producing +a blue colour, in their combination with light. + +_Why are the most distant objects in a prospect of a blue tinge?_ + +Because their colours are always tinted by the deepening hues of the +interjacent atmosphere. Again, the blending of the atmospheric azure +with the colours of the solar rays, produces those compound and +sometimes remarkable tints, with which the sky and clouds are +emblazoned. Hence, the mountains appear blue, not because that is +their colour, but because it is the colour of the medium through which +they are seen. + +_Why do the Heavens appear blue?_ + +Because of our looking at the dark vacuity beyond our atmosphere +through an illuminated medium. Were there no atmosphere, it is +universally admitted the appearance would be perfectly black, except +in the particular direction of the sun, or some other of the heavenly +bodies, and since the atmosphere is transparent, this blackness (if +such an expression may be used) must be seen through it, only somewhat +modified by the rays of light reflected by the atmosphere to the eye, +from the direction in which we look. For this reason, the clearer or +more transparent the atmosphere is, the darker is the appearance of +the heavens, there being then less light reflected by the atmosphere +to the eye. In the zenith, the appearance is always darker than nearer +the horizon; and from the tops of high mountains, the heavens in +the zenith appear nearly black.--_Mr. B. Hallowell, in the American +Journal of Science and Arts._ + +_Why does the heat of temperature of different parts of the earth +vary?_ + +Because of the position of the place with respect to the equator, or +rather to the ecliptic, or, more strictly still, with respect to the +plane in which the earth revolves around the sun; for on this relation +depends the temperature of the place, so far as it is produced, +directly, by the influence of the sun. Maltebrun ascribes to it the +following influences: 1, the action of the sun upon the atmosphere: 2, +the interior temperature of the globe: 3, the elevation of the earth +above the level of the ocean: 4, the general inclination of the +surface, and its local exposure: 5, the position of its mountains +relatively to the cardinal points: 6, the neighbourhood of great seas, +and their relative situation: 7, the geological nature of the soil: 8, +the degree of cultivation, and of population, at which a country has +arrived: 9, the prevalent winds. + +_Why are the strata of air upon all mountains of successive coldness?_ + +Because the air does not acquire immediately, by the passage of the +solar rays, a considerable degree of heat. Thus, with the elevation of +land, cold may be said to increase in very rapid progression. Winter +continues to reign on the Alps and the Pyrenees, while the flowers of +spring are covering the plains of northern France. This beneficent +appointment of Nature considerably increases the number of habitable +countries in the torrid zone. It is probable, that at the back of the +flat burning coasts of Guinea, there exist in the centre of Africa, +countries which enjoy a delightful temperature; as we see the vernal +valley of Quito, situate under the same latitude with the destructive +coasts of French Guyana, where the humid heat constantly cherishes the +seeds of disease. On the other hand, it is the continued elevation +of the ground, which, in the central parts of Asia, extends the cold +region to the 35th parallel of latitude, so that in ascending from +Bengal to Thibet, we imagine ourselves in a few days transported from +the equator to the pole.--_Maltebrun._ + +_Why does the destruction of forests sometimes prove beneficial to a +country?_ + +Because a freer circulation of air is thus procured--but carried too +far, it becomes a scourge which may desolate whole regions. We have +a sad example of this in the Cape de Verde islands, not to mention +others. It is the destruction of forests, and not a supposed cooling +of the globe, which has rendered the southern part of Iceland more +accessible to the dreadful cold which is too often produced by those +masses of floating ice which are intercepted and detained by its +northern coasts.--Ibid. + +_Why do mountains influence climates?_ + +Because, although they cannot prevent the general motions of the +atmosphere from taking place, they may, by stopping them in part, +render particular winds more or less frequent throughout a certain +extent of country. Maltebrun observes, there cannot be a doubt that +the Alps contribute in securing to Italy its delightful and happy +climate, its perpetual spring, and its double harvests. + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +THE TOAD FISH. + + + [We quote these interesting details from a paper on the Sargasso + Weed, or gulf weed, with which a certain part of the Atlantic + Ocean is generally covered, and amongst which Toad Fish are + found. The reason of the weed accumulating has given rise to much + difference of opinion, which is the main subject of the above + communication, by Mr. Benet, of Bulstrode-street, to the _Naval + Magazine_[5]] + + [5] We are happy to perceive that the above journal rises + in interest and value as it proceeds; and merits all the + encouragement our notice of its first appearance may have induced + our readers to confer upon it. + +[Illustration: Toad Fish] + +The figure represents one of those fishes to which, on account of +their uncouth appearance, the name of Toad Fish has been popularly +given. Under this denomination there have been included many very +dissimilar kinds, extreme ugliness being held as alone sufficient for +the establishment of an undeniable claim to the title. The present +fish, and those nearly related to it, advance, however, peculiar +claims to the appellation. Their belly and side fins are borne upon +supports which project from the body in the semblance of limbs, their +similarity to which is increased by the jointed form they acquire at +the point of union of the fin with its support, and still farther +by the finger-like appearance of the rays of these fins, which are +unconnected by membrane at their tips. This curious structure imparts +to these fishes not only somewhat of the outward form of a quadruped, +but also a portion of its habits, and they are, accordingly, capable +of crawling like toads among the sea-weeds and rocks which they +usually inhabit; the side fins, which are placed farther back than +those of the belly, performing on each occasion the functions of +hinder feet. Nor is this mode of locomotion confined to the water +alone; it may, also, be exercised by them on land, for their +gill-openings are so small, that evaporation takes place but slowly +from within them, and thus the gills are kept moistened, and the +circulation of the blood is preserved, even out of the water, for two +or three days. So remarkable a deviation from the usual appearance and +habits of the class to which they belong, has naturally caused them to +be regarded as objects of curiosity; and it is recorded, that living +specimens have been successfully transported from the East to Holland, +where they have been sold at considerable prices. + +The fishes of this genus, to which Commerson gave the name of +Antennarius, (on account of the filament which they possess on the +forehead,) are met with in the sea of warm climates, in the east as +well as in the west. They subsist chiefly on small crabs, to surprise +which they hide themselves among the sea-weed, or behind stones. Their +flesh is said not to be edible; it may, perhaps, have been rejected, +on account of their disgusting appearance, and is certainly too small +in quantity to allow of its being important as an article of food. +In swimming, they usually gulp down air, and, thus distending their +capacious stomachs, enlarge themselves into a rounded half-floating +mass, much in the same manner as the globe of balloon fishes. Their +nearest affinity is to the fishes known as anglers, with which +they agree in the form of their gill-openings and fins, and in +the possession of filaments on the head; but the monstrously +disproportioned head of the anglers, which is depressed from +above downwards, and the enormous opening of their mouth, readily +distinguish them from the Toad Fishes, whose head is of moderate size, +and, like their bodies, compressed laterally. They are either smooth +or variously hairy or bristly, and are always destitute of the regular +scales with which fishes are generally invested. They are furnished, +especially on the lips and the under parts, with numerous short, loose +processes of skin, which add considerably to their sense of touch. +There is great variety in the different kinds in the length of the +filament on the head, and its termination is still more varied; in +some it is almost simple, as though formed of a single undilated hair; +in others, it is surmounted by a small, dense, globular mass of short +filaments; and in others again, it has two, or even three large fleshy +processes at its end, not unlike the baits which terminate the fishing +filaments of the anglers. + +In the species figured, the Antennarius Iaevigatus, the skin is +smooth, and furnished with short loose processes; the filament on the +head is short, and terminated by a small knob of clustered minute +filaments; this is succeeded by two other processes, each resembling +a fin supported by a single ray, and fringed, especially towards its +upper part, by loose portions of skin; to these succeed the back fin, +supported, as usual, by many rays. The colour is pale, irregularly +blotched, spotted, and streaked with brown, the markings varying +considerably in different individuals; it is also dotted irregularly +with white. By these characters it may be known from the other species +of the genus, with which it appears to have been associated by +Linnaeus, under the common name of Lophius Histrio. It was first +scientifically distinguished by M. Bosc, a French naturalist, who +observed it, on his voyage to America, among the Sargasso weed: he +described and figured it, not without some imperfections, in the +Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle. It has since been figured, +but not described, by Dr. Mitchell in the Transactions of the New York +Society; and one very nearly resembling it has been described by Mr. +Bennett with a figure, in the Geological Journal. The genus to which +it belongs is most completely treated of by M. Cuvier, in the Memoires +du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. + + * * * * * + + + +SELECT BIOGRAPHY + + +[Illustration: Cuvier] + + +Cuvier, the great naturalist, paid the debt of nature in May last, +after a life devoted to science with an unwearied application and a +success exceeded by none in modern times. He was born at Montbelliard +in 1769, a year which gave to so many remarkable men--a Napoleon--a +Chateaubriand--a Wellington--a Humboldt, &c. and his first discoveries +were on the Mollusca, and shook to its base the zoological +classification which then universally prevailed. + +Invited to Paris to fill the place of Professor of Comparative Anatomy +at the _Jardin des Plantes_, his lectures speedily drew crowds around +him, attracted by his popular eloquence and lucid arrangement. His +next work, _Lecons d'Anatomie Comparee_, 1805, was rewarded by the +Institute with the decennial prize for the work which had contributed +the most to our knowledge of the Natural Sciences during that period. +At the same period he published a series of Memoirs on the Anatomy of +the Mollusca, and devoted his attention to a detailed examination +of the fossil remains of the bones of mammiferous animals; he +particularly examined the numerous fossils in the environs of Paris, +assisted in the geological part of his task by his friend M. A. +Brogniart. The sagacity and accuracy which M. Cuvier displayed in the +examination of fossil bones, raised this branch of inquiry to the +dignity of a perfectly new science, which has thrown a powerful light +on geology, and directed it into a more philosophical route. A +number of works and of elaborate memoirs published since by various +naturalists, have shown the prodigious influence which the labours of +Cuvier have exercised on the study of geology, of the animal kingdom, +and even of fossil botany. M. Cuvier amused himself during these +laborious works by particular researches which would alone have been +sufficient to have distinguished any other man, such as his five +Memoirs on the Voice of Birds, on Crocodiles, and on numerous subjects +of zoology; such also as his descriptions of the living animals in +the menagerie, &c. In all his works, even to the minutest details, +we discover the same luminous, clear, and methodical mind, and the +sagacity which characterized him. Feeling the want of a work +which should present a general view of his ideas on zoological +classification, he published in 1817 his work entitled _Le Regne +Animal distribue d'après son Organisation_, in 4 vols, 8vo. which +speedily became the text-book of all zoological students. When +employed on this work he felt how far in arrear of the other branches +of zoology was that which respects the class of fish, and saw how much +difficulty had accumulated in it, as well from our ignorance of the +anatomy of these animals, and the impossibility of determining with +precision the laws of their comparative organization, as from the want +of large collections, and perhaps also from the too artificial spirit +which had hitherto prevailed in ichthyology. He employed his influence +to form a collection in the Paris Museum of specimens of fish from all +parts of the world, and was so successful in his endeavours that the +number of specimens which at first scarcely amounted to 1,000, in a +few years amounted to 6,000. Of these he dissected a large portion +with a care hitherto unknown, having the advantage of an able +associate in the study of the details in M. Valenciennes; he was thus +enabled in a period of time that may be called short, looking to the +extent of the results, to collect the materials of his great _Histoire +Naturelle des Poissons_, of which eight volumes have appeared, with +their appropriate plates, and for the continuation of which we have to +look to his laborious assistant. The recent embarrassment among the +Paris publishers having occasioned a stoppage in the progress of this +work, M. Cuvier availed himself of this (as the part prepared for the +press was already in advance of the printer) to make preparations +for republishing his _Lecons d'Anotomie Comparee_, of which a second +edition had been long anxiously called for. This design, however, he +was not permitted to complete; but it is to be hoped that we shall not +be long deprived of the edition he had contemplated, and that it will +be accompanied with those beautiful and accurate plates on which he +had bestowed so much pains, and in the execution of which he himself +excelled; for he was a skilful draftsman, and seized external forms +with rapidity and accuracy, and possessed the art of representing +in his drawings the forms of organic tissues in a style peculiar to +himself. His last course of lectures, on the History of the Natural +Sciences, and on the Philosophy of Natural History, delivered at the +College of France, is now publishing in livraisons, and will extend +to three or four vols, 8vo. This work, however, we believe, has been +published without his consent or revision. His memory was prodigious, +and he scarcely knew what it was to forget anything. Although his +great powers were more particularly devoted to natural history, no +part of science was a stranger to him, and his taste for literature +and works of imagination was particularly refined and elegant. In his +_Eloges_ of illustrious men, delivered in his capacity of perpetual +secretary of the Academy of Sciences, he always displays the utmost +impartiality and love of truth; he never debased the dignity +of science by any love of intrigue, and displayed the utmost +disinterestedness in his efforts to promote science. The qualities +of his heart were not less estimable than those of his head, and he +possessed the happy art of inspiring his friends with an unalterable +attachment. His conversation was varied and animated, adapted by turns +to every subject, and he may truly be said to have been the grace and +ornament of society. We must not forget the great services he rendered +to public education as head of the University; his Report on the +State of Primary Education in Holland is a lasting monument of his +solicitude for the education of the people, and all those who have +observed his conduct with regard to the higher branches of education, +know how constantly his influence was directed to favour their +progress and to remove obstacles. In other departments of the civil +service into which he was successively called, as Master of Requests, +Counsellor of State, President of the Section of the Interior, +Director of Protestant Worship, (for he was an enlightened and liberal +Protestant, and watched over the interests of his co-religionists with +constant solicitude,) and at last as a Peer of France--in all these he +displayed the same superiority of talent. The office of Censor of the +Press, which was offered to him, he, to his eternal honour, refused. +Such was the man whose loss the world has now to deplore: but the mind +that traced her age and history--in the wrecks of ages dug from her +bosom--will live for ever in his works to enlighten and instruct +mankind.--_Foreign Quarterly Review._ + +Cuvier is said to have died of a paralytic affection of the +oesophagus. His body was examined by several eminent pathologists: +his brain is stated to have presented a mass of extraordinary volume, +weighing three pounds thirteen and a half ounces; a fact which will +be treasured up by contemporary phrenologists as evidence of Cuvier's +great intellectual capabilities. + +[Cuvier was Professor of Geology in the College of France. The chair, +vacant by his death, has just been filled by the appointment of +M. Elie Beaumont, celebrated for his investigation of mountain +formations.] + + * * * * * + + + +NEW BOOKS + + +LEGENDS OF THE RHINE. + + + [These are three novel-sized volumes from the prolific pen of Mr. + Grattan, whose _Highways and Byeways_ have probably started off + hundreds of scribbling tourists to the Continent, much to the + annoyance of the keepers of old castles and other necromantic + haunts. These Legends, however, have little to do with the Rhine, + which is perhaps fortunate for their success, as most of the + traditionary stories of the romantic river have been dished up in + as many forms and fashions as French cooks are accustomed to serve + up eggs. A few of our Correspondents have tried their taste, + but we hope not the reader's patience, in _Rhin_-onomy; and Mr. + Planché, moreover, has wandered and sailed up and down the + district, picking to new van its mystic stories in every form + common to our literature. We have enjoyed every inch of the stream + and its banks, coloured after nature, in a panorama on paper, to + put into your pocket or portmanteau; and just now Views on the + Rhine are publishing in sixpenny portions, and becoming as little + rare as Views on the Thames; till we may as well say thick as + leaves on the Rhine, as in Vallainbrosa. + + Mr. Grattan's Legends are stated to be freely adapted from the + literature of the countries where the scenes are laid. They + consist of some ten or dozen stories of untiring length but too + much for entire extract. For the sake of some delightfully + graphic writing we are induced to quote a portion of one of the + tales--_The Curse of the Black Lady_, a legend of the twelfth + century. The scene lies in the Low Countries, and introduces an + admirably-drawn portrait of a knight of the period.] + +The Castle of the Countess of Hainault at Mons was a complete specimen +of the splendid architecture of the twelfth century, or that which +is now called Gothic; pointed windows abounding in coloured glass, +unpolished marble, heavy wooden doors, thickly studded with iron +nails, leading into immense corridors, interminable passages, and +branching staircases. + +It was early in a morning of the month of February, that the horn of a +knight was heard beyond the castle wall, and immediately replied to +by the warder; and when the draw-bridge was slowly replaced and the +portcullis heavily withdrawn, a knight followed by a squire, whose +surcoat bore the Flander's lion, entered. The cap of the knight was +of black velvet, and slight bars of steel, bent into the form of a +semicircle, crossed each other at the top of his head and served at +once for defence and for ornament. His boots of thick leather reaching +almost to the knees bespoke him an inhabitant of a maritime country, +having spurs formed of a single point of iron, long and obtuse, and +these being gilt would have announced the wearer's rank in chivalry, +even if his whole equipment and bearing had not proclaimed his right +to the deference with which he was received. As he dismounted from his +horse, he threw off the large mantle, not unlike the military cloaks +of our days, and discovered the knightly armour, which showed to +peculiar advantage his powerful limbs. A straight black tunic without +sleeves descended to his knees. It was fastened by a silver girdle, +from which depended on one side a strong sword, and on the other a +dagger, the richly wrought handle of which seemed to declare it of +Turkish make. His arms and hands were covered with a steel tissue, +sitting close and so flexible that it yielded lightly to every motion. +The squire who followed him was old, and a certain familiarity was +mingled with the respect of his manner, and seemed to declare that he +had been long accustomed to his master. In truth he had served +the father of our knight, and the latter had grown up beneath his +attendance, which had not unfrequently become his protection. His +armour, far from adorning his person, scarcely left a human figure +visible beneath its heavy plates of iron, fastened by nails whose +monstrous heads seemed cast in the same mould with those which +strengthened the heavy oak doors of the palace. His helmet seemed the +section of a water-pipe of cast iron. Visor it had none; but in its +place was a plate or bar of iron descending from the forehead to the +chin, almost touching the nose and mouth, and he had a group of arms +suspended from his saddle. It was Sir Guy de Dampierre and his squire. + +The seneschal conducted them with much ceremony to the knight's +apartments in the castle, where a small table placed by the side of an +enormous log-fire in the middle of the room, and plentifully furnished +with cold salted and dried meats, together with the thin wines of +France, and the more potent juice of the German grape, soon made him +forget the cold and thirst he had endured in the forest. The beer he +quaffed with peculiar pleasure, as it invitingly foamed in a silver +tankard, which had been thickly embossed by the abbot of Wansfort, and +presented by him to the Emperor Baldwin previous to his embarkation +for the Holy Land. + +Having praised the flavour of the beer and helped himself to some +slices from a well cured wild boar's head, he said to the chamberlain, +"And Baldwin of Avesnes is not yet arrived, you say?" + +"No, Count," replied the chamberlain; "we expected he would be with +you." + +"Why, my road lay through Namur, and he comes directly from Bruges. I +marvel therefore he be not arrived--and I have news for him," said the +knight. + + [The next page includes a passing notice of the _introduction of + chimneys_ into England, referable, though not without dispute, to + this date:--] + +The warder's horn was again heard; and after due time the person in +question made his appearance. He looked harassed and fatigued, and +gladly took the seat Count Guy pointed to, close by his own, and +having stirred the logs which burned lazily in the huge hearth, he +observed, "Methinks the wood emits this sulphureous vapour more +strongly than ever. I marvel, Guy, that you have not repaid the +compliment of the English king's invitation to your weavers, by +bringing over workmen to build you some of those long narrow passages +which, beginning just over the fire, project from the top of the house +to carry off the smoke." + +"What mean you, Baldwin?" + +"Nay, have you not heard that in England they are beginning to build +along the end of the rooms, lodges or troughs to contain the fuel, on +the base of which they raise a brick funnel, through which all the +smoke mounts and so evaporates at the top of the house?" replied +Baldwin. + +"Think you then, d'Avesnes, that the whole room can be warmed with the +fire at one end of it, particularly if the smoke be carried out?" + +"Indeed they say," replied d'Avesnes, "it casts a strong heat +everywhere." + + ["The Black Lady" is thus characterised:--"They speak of her as + one entirely destitute of natural sensibility; they hint at some + dark practices, and they designate her so frequently by the + epithet of the 'Black Lady,' that many, both in Hainault and + Flanders, are ignorant that this is not really her title." Here + follows a whole-length portrait of this specimen of black-letter + majesty.] + +In the tapestried room into which the brothers were conducted, sat +the Black Lady of Brabant on a throne elevated considerably above +the floor. The dais was covered with the same rich tapestry as the +hangings which covered the walls, for even in this early age Bruges +was celebrated for such manufactures. The draperies of the throne were +of purple velvet fringed with gold, with a canopy and curtains of the +same rich materials, the latter being looped back with a massive cord +and tassels. The constable supported one side of the throne, and +the seneschal the other. Below these were the cup-bearer and grand +huntsman. Six pages were placed about the steps of the throne, and +the same number of ladies in waiting were also there. Yet Marguerite +herself wanted not the surrounding magnificence to mark her superior +dignity of "Countess by the grace of God," then accorded to only one +county besides her own; for there was a sort of fearful majesty about +her towering height, unbowed either by the weight of years (and she +had already passed what the Psalmist has declared to be the age of +man) or luxurious indulgence. Her face was pale and marked by deep +furrows, indicating an unlimited indulgence of the strong passions +which had rendered her life so unquiet. Her eye was black, and +retained all the fire of lively feeling, yet it was sunken. Her +forehead was low, yet there was an inflexibility of resolve in +its deep lines that added much to the majestic character of her +appearance. Her teeth too were perfect, and her thin and colourless +lips left them visible to attract the painful admiration excited by +their contrast with the unlovely expression of her features; her chin +was small. Her hair was all drawn from her face to the crown of her +head and concealed under the black lace veil, which concealing the +upper part of her forehead, fell over each shoulder even to her feet. +Her upper garment was a long mantle of black velvet lined with ermine, +which, opening in front, fell over the arms of her throne, and +discovered a dress of crimson cloth of Bruges of that beautiful sort +called _ecarlate_. The boddice was drawn tightly to her shape by +rich gold cord, the ends of which, finished by heavy tassels, fell +downwards to the edge of her robe. The crimson tunic reached only to +her knees, and discovered an under dress of white Syrian silk, on +which was a border of gold, evidently of oriental workmanship. Her +hard bust was covered by many rows of the finest Asiatic pearls, and +depending from her girdle was a rosary of jet, which sustained a +richly embossed golden cross, probably enshrining a piece of wood of +the true cross from Palestine. The small gold crown which circled +her brows, and the sceptre she held, were evidently made by the same +skilful artist--probably the work of the celebrated Erembert, Abbot +of Wansfort. Her arms, which notwithstanding her towering statue were +disproportionably long, were covered by sleeves of the finest Bruges +linen, which however only appeared at the shoulders and elbows, the +rest of the arm being covered with the crimson cloth which formed the +tunic, and these were laced with gold cord down to the waist, where +the Bruges linen formed a cuff. Her form was harsh and bony, and no +grace of motion relieved its outlines; for she was so fearfully still, +you might have thought the living form had been placed in sight of the +Gorgon's head and so transformed to stone. Her features seemed alike +immovable, all sunk into a dark, fixed, and settled discontent with +life. + + * * * * * + + +THE BRITISH MUSEUM. + + + [This is the seventeenth volume of the _Library of Entertaining + Knowledge_; and, like the majority of its predecessors, it aims + at rendering popular, and of obvious interest, subjects which had + hitherto been abstruse and uninviting. It is the first of a series + of volumes to be published on the Antiquities of the British + Museum, so as in some measure to set them free from their national + imprisonment; for such we must term any assemblage of works of art + (the property of the country), which are not unconditionally open + to public inspection. + + The portion before us is the first of two volumes devoted to + the Egyptian Antiquities in the Museum. It has been diligently + compiled; and rendered more interesting than would be a bare + account of what the Museum contains, by correct notices generally + "of the history of art among the Egyptians." The best authorities + have been consulted and acknowledged, as Hamilton, Heeren, Gau, + and Belzoni, and the more recent labours of Mr. James Burton. + The whole is attractively arranged in chapters; on the Physical + Character of Egypt; Political Sketch of Ancient Egypt, and the + monuments of the respective divisions of the country. We subjoin + an extract, containing a graphic outline of _Thebes_:] + +We pass by Kennéh, on the east bank, from which travellers may go to +Cosseir to embark on the Red Sea; we hasten by the remains of Kouft, +the ancient Coptos, and the solitary propylon of Kous, standing alone +without its temple,--to the plain of Thebes, to the most wonderful +assemblage of ruins on the face of the earth. + +All travellers agree that it is impossible to describe the effect +produced by the colossal remains of this ancient capital; nor does it +lie within our plan to attempt this description at present any farther +than is necessary to make our readers acquainted with the general +character and localities of the existing temples of Egypt. + +No knowledge of antiquity, no long-cherished associations, no +searching after something to admire, is necessary here. The wonders of +Thebes rise before the astonished spectator like the creations of some +superior power. "It appeared to me," says Belzoni, "like entering +a city of giants, who, after a long conflict, were all destroyed, +leaving the ruins of their various temples as the only proofs of their +former existence." Denon's description of the first view of Thebes by +the French army, which he accompanied in the expedition into Upper +Egypt, is singularly characteristic. "On turning the point of a chain +of mountains which forms a kind of promontory, we saw all at once +ancient Thebes in its full extent--that Thebes whose magnitude has +been pictured to us by a single word in Homer, _hundred-gated_, a +poetical and unmeaning expression which has been so confidently +repeated ever since. This city, described in a few pages dictated +to Herodotus by Egyptian priests, which succeeding authors have +copied--renowned for numerous kings, who, through their wisdom, have +been elevated to the rank of gods; for laws which have been revered +without being known; for sciences which have been confided to proud +and mysterious inscriptions, wise and earliest monuments of the arts +which time has respected;--this sanctuary, abandoned, desolated +through barbarism, and surrendered to the desert from which it was +won; this city, shrouded in the veil of mystery by which even colossi +are magnified: this remote city, which imagination has only caught a +glimpse of through the darkness of time,--was still so gigantic an +apparition, that at the site of its scattered ruins, the army halted +of its own accord, and the soldiers, with one spontaneous movement, +clapped their hands." It is, however, rather unfortunate for Denon's +description, that another traveller denies that there is such an +approach to Thebes as is mentioned in the extract, and he assures us +that the ruins cannot be seen till the traveller comes near them; and +further, that to produce such astonishing effects as the Frenchman +describes, we ought to be _very_ near them or _among_ them. Without +pretending to reconcile these contradictions, we can readily believe +that the ruins may produce a considerable effect, even at some +distance, if Denon's drawings are at all correct. As to the impression +made by a near inspection of these wonderful remains, there is no +discrepancy among travellers. + +Thebes lay on each side of the river, and extended also on both sides +as far as the mountains. The tombs, which are on the western side, +reach even into the limits of the desert. Four principal villages +stand on the site of this ancient city,--Luxor and Carnak on the +eastern, Gournou and Medinet-Abou on the western side. The temple of +Luxor is very near the river, and there is here a good ancient jettée, +well built of bricks. The entrance to this temple is through a +magnificent propylon, or gateway, facing the north, 200 feet in front, +and 57 feet high above the present level of the soil. Before the +gateway stand the two most perfect obelisks that exist, formed, as +usual, of the red granite of Syene, and each about 80 feet high, +and from 8 to 10 feet wide at the base. Travellers differ in their +estimate of the width of the base, some, perhaps, taking the actual +measure on the surface of the soil while others may make allowance +for that part that is buried; for that the soil is much elevated will +appear from what follows: "Between these obelisks and the propylon are +two colossal statutes, also of red granite; from the difference of +the dresses it is judged that one was a male, the other a female, +figure;--they are nearly of equal sizes. Though buried in the ground +to the chest, they still measure 21 and 22 feet from thence to the top +of the mitre." Another cause of discrepancy in the measurements +may be, that the adjacent sides of the obelisks are of different +dimensions; which is generally the case. + +It is this gateway that is filled with those remarkable sculptures, +which represent the triumph of some ancient monarch of Egypt over an +Asiatic enemy, and which we find repeated, both on other monuments of +Thebes, and partly also on some of the monuments of Nubia, as, for +example, at Ipsambul. This event appears to have formed an epoch +in Egyptian history, and to have furnished materials both for the +historian and the sculptor, like the war of Troy to the Grecian poet. +The whole length of this temple is about 800 feet. + +But the remains of Carnak, about one mile and a quarter lower down the +river, are still more wonderful than Luxor: one of the buildings is +probably the temple of Ammon, which we know from Diodoius was on this +side of the river. An irregular avenue of sphinxes, considerably +more than a mile in length (about 6,560 feet), connected the northern +entrance of the temple of Luxor with it; but this was only one +of several proud approaches to perhaps the largest assemblage of +buildings that ever was erected. For a minute description of Carnak +we must refer to the plans in the great French work, and to Dr. +Richardson's and Mr. Hamilton's accounts. The irregularities in the +structure and approaches of this building show that the various parts +of it were raised at different periods, for indeed it would have been +impossible for any one sovereign to have completed such a monument in +his life-time; and we know, also, that the great temple at Memphis +received numerous additions during a long succession of ages. Some +parts, both of this temple and of the larger building at Carnak +(sometimes called a palace), have been constructed out of the +materials of earlier buildings, as we see from blocks of stone being +occasionally placed with inverted hieroglyphics. It is impossible +without good drawings and very long descriptions, to give anything +like an adequate idea of the enormous remains of Carnak, among which +we find a hall whose roof of flat stones is sustained by more than +130 pillars, some 26 feet, and others as much as 34 feet, in +circumference. The remains on the western side of the river are, +perhaps, more interesting than those on the east. That nearly all +the monuments of Thebes belong to a period anterior to the Persian +conquest, B.C. 525, and that among them we must look for the oldest +and most genuine specimens of Egyptian art, is clear, both from the +character of the monuments themselves and from historical records; nor +is this conviction weakened by finding the name of Alexander twice on +part of the buildings at Carnak, which will prove no more than that +a chamber might have been added to the temple and inscribed with his +name; or that it was not unusual for the priests to flatter conquerors +or conquerors' deputies by carving on stone the name of their new +master. Thebes was the centre of Egyptian power and commerce, probably +long before Memphis grew into importance, or before the Delta was made +suitable to the purposes of husbandry by the cutting of canals and the +raising of embankments. + + [In a note to this passage, it is stated that "Herodotus has given + no description of Thebes. Denon several times quotes Herodotus + for what is not in that author. But this is so common, even with + people who have claims to scholarship, that it has become almost + a fashion to say that any thing is in Herodotus." So that the + audience of Lord Goderich with the late King, as described in the + _Edinburgh Review_, in the Herodotean (or _says_ he and _says + she_) dialect, is no great license.] + + [The volume is profusely embellished.] + + * * * * * + + + +THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +ERRORS OF THE DAY. + + +The devoutest believers in "the march of intellect" must at intervals +be almost driven to renounce their creed in despair. Errors which were +supposed to have been exploded centuries ago, sometimes reappear on a +sudden, and propagate themselves for a season with a rapidity which no +reasoning can pursue, no ridicule arrest. Notions, worthy only of the +dark ages, spring up in the glare of the supposed illumination of the +present day, and resist all the efforts of the Briarean press itself +to dispel them. At one time, it is a pious Hungarian prince who +performs preternatural cures, at the request of the friends of the +sick parties in Ireland, conveyed through that droll medium for a +miracle, the Hamburg letter-bag! At another, it is an old dropsical +impostor, whom thousands of blaspheming dupes venerate as a second +virgin quick of a new Messiah! A short time since animal magnetism +was in vogue; and the strong will of certain gifted individuals was +believed to have the power of entering into a mystical communication +with the spirits of others, and of absolutely controlling their whole +physical and mental being! To-day we are startled by the actual +exhibition of a miracle, the "unknown tongue," on alternate Sundays, +at the Caledonian Chapel in Regent Square, London! If at any time we +are tempted to plume ourselves on the fact, that the belief in ghosts +and witchcraft has disappeared, we are quickly humiliated by the +recollection that there are yet thousands of devout believers in +the prophecies of Francis Moore, physician; or by overhearing the +rhapsodies of some millenarian dreamer, who as confidently gives us +the date of the opening of the New Jerusalem as if he were speaking of +the New London Bridge.--_Quarterly Review_. + + * * * * * + + +PUBLIC CREDIT. + + +It is physically impossible to carry on the commerce of the civilized +world by the aid of a _purely_ metallic currency--no, not though our +gold and silver coins were every tenth year debased to a tenth! Why, +in London alone, five millions of money are daily exchanged at the +Clearing-house, in the course of a few hours. We should like to +see the attempt made to bring this infinity of transactions to a +settlement in coined money. Credit money, in some shape or other, +always has, and must have, performed the part of a circulating +medium to a very considerable extent. And (by one of those wonderful +compensatory processes which so frequently claim the admiration of +every investigator of civil, as well as of physical economy) there +is in the nature of credit an elasticity which causes it, when left +unshackled by law, to adapt itself to the necessities of commerce, and +the legitimate demands of the market. Well may the productive classes +exclaim to those who persist in legislating on the subject, and are +not content without determining who may, and who may not, give credit +to another, what kind of monied obligations shall, or shall not, be +allowed to circulate--that is, to be taken in exchange for goods at +the option of the parties--well might they exclaim, as the merchants +of Paris did to the minister of Louis, when he asked what his master +could do for them--"Laissez nous faire,"--"Leave us alone, to surround +ourselves with those precautions which experience will suggest and the +instinct of self-preservation put in execution."--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + +HOARDING MONEY. + + +There can be no doubt too that "_hoarding_" coin goes on to a +considerable extent, and greatly augments the scarcity, and +consequently the value of the precious metals. Even the old practice +of "making a stocking" is by no means given up in rural districts. We +ourselves, but a few days back, personally witnessed an old crone, +the wife of a small, and apparently poor farmer, in a wild pastoral +district, bring no less than three hundred sovereigns in a bag to a +neighbouring attorney, to be placed by him in security: her treasure +having accumulated till she was afraid to keep it longer at home. Such +examples are by no means so rare as may be imagined. The failures of +so many country banks in 1825 destroyed the confidence of country +people in the bank-notes of the present banks, and causes their +preference of gold. The failure of many attorneys, as well as of those +country banks which received and gave interest on deposits, and (with +the exception of the savings banks, which are very limited in the +amount of the deposits they allow) the total absence, in the rural +districts of England, of any safe and accessible depositaries for the +savings of the economical, such as the invaluable Scotch banks, +have tended most injuriously to discourage economy; and where that +principle was strongly ingrafted, have converted it into a practice of +hoarding,--have caused that to stagnate in unprofitable masses which, +spread through proper channels, would have stimulated new industry and +new accumulations, and added both to the wealth of the owner, and to +the general stock.--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + +INVENTION OF PRINTING. + + + [Our Correspondent, W.M. of the Regent's Park, should read the + following announcement, which supersedes the necessity of printing + his communication. At least, we do not feel ourselves justified in + doing so, without reference to the undernamed German work.] + +It is proposed to erect a monument in Mentz, by public subscription +and support of all nations, to Gutenberg, the great inventor of the +art of printing, and to celebrate the immortal discovery in a grand +and becoming style. The erection is to take place in 1836, being the +fourth centenary anniversary of the great achievement, for it is +capable of historic proof that Gutenberg communicated his discovery of +movable letters to some friends at Strasburg in 1436, to which city he +had retired on account of some disturbances in his native place: vide +Schaab's _Geschichte der Erfinding der Buchdruckerkunst_, Mainz, +1831, 3 vols. 8vo. The subscriptions and support, in particular, of +printers, booksellers, authors and literary bodies, is solicited. +Kings and princes, in behalf of the best interests of their subjects +and of civilization, it is hoped, will not be backward to support so +noble a design. The public will be informed, from time to time, +by means of the daily papers and journals, of the progress of the +subscription, for which the smallest sums will be received, and the +names of the donors entered in a book kept by the Corporation +of Mentz, to which all communications are requested to be +addressed.--_Foreign Quarterly Review_. + + * * * * * + + +GOETHE + + +A medal, in commemoration of Goethe, has been struck at Berlin. On one +side is the portrait of the deceased, by the celebrated Leonard Posch, +crowned with laurel, bearing the inscription Jo. W. DE GOETHE NAT. +XXVIII AUG. MDCCXXXXIX. The likeness was taken a few years ago at +Weimar, and has been universally admired for its accuracy. On the +reverse is represented the Poet's Apotheosis. A swan bears him on his +wings to the starry regions, that appear expanded above, and to which +the Poet, having a golden lyre in his left arm, extends his right arm +with longing gaze. On this side is the inscription AD ASTRA REDIIT D. +XXII MART. MDCCCXXXIL--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + +_ Wilkes's Luckiest Number_.--A rich farmer in Devonshire made a will, +in which the following article was found:--"I bequeath to John +Wilkes, late member of parliament for Aylesbury, five thousand pounds +sterling, as a grateful return for the courage with which he defended +the liberty of his country, and opposed the dangerous progress of +arbitrary power." + +_Owen's Alms-houses, Islington_, were founded by Dame Alice Owen, in +consequence of a providential escape. In the fields, near this spot, +in the reign of Queen Mary, the archers frequently exercised with bows +and arrows. Dame Owen walking with her maid, and observing a woman +milking a cow, was desirous of trying to milk the cow herself, which +she did, when on leaving the cow, an arrow pierced the crown of her +hat, without doing her the least injury. In gratitude for her escape, +she built the school and houses. For many years an arrow was fixed on +the top of them. SWAINE. + +_Origin of Tory_.--Our friend, Mr. George Olaus Borrow, who has +devoted his attention specially to the Celtic dialect, suggests that +the long-disputed etymology of the word Tory may be traced to the +Irish adherents of Charles II., during the Cromwellian era. The words +_Tar a Ri_ (pronounced _Tory_,) and meaning _Come, O King_, having +been so constantly in the mouths of the Royalists as to have become +a by-word to designate them. Mr. Borrow's paper on the subject has +appeared in the _Norfolk Chronicle_. + +_Toast_.--May the man who wins a woman's heart never be instrumental +in breaking its peace. + + _Progress of Life_. + + When man full thirty years has spent, + The road at times both rough and stony, + To clear life's vapour, and repent + He seeks the stream of Matrimony! + +_Caught at last_.--Sir Jervis Elwayes, lieutenant of the Tower, being +much addicted to gaming, used to say, in his prayers, "Lord, let me +hanged, if ever I play more." He broke this serious prayer a thousand +times, and at last was hanged on Tower Hill, in 1615, for the murder +of Sir Thomas Overbury. + +Edward the Confessor took great delight in Haverley Bower, in Essex, +it being woody, solitary, and fit for devotion; but it so abounded +with warbling nightingales, that they disturbed him in his devotions. +He earnestly prayed for their absence, since which time it is +superstitiously said, never nightingale was heard to sing in the park, +though occasionally the warbler is heard outside the pales. + +_Wages_.--In 1352, (25th Edward III.) the wages paid to haymakers was +1d. a-day; a mower of meadows, 3d. a-day, or 5d. an acre; reapers of +corn in the first week of August, 2d., in the second 3d. per day, and +so on till the end of August, without meat, drink, or other allowance; +finding their own tools. For threshing a quarter of wheat or rye, +2-1/2d.; a quarter of barley, beans, peas, and oats, 1-1/2d. A master +carpenter, 3d. per day, other carpenters 2d. A master mason 4d. per +day, other masons 3_d_., and their servants 1-1/2d. per day. Tilers +3d., and their "knaves" 1-1/2d. Thatchers 3d. a-day, and their knaves +1-1/2d. Plasterers, and other workers of mud walls and their knaves +in like manner, without meat or drink, and this from Easter to +Michaelmas; and from that time less, according to the direction of the +justices. T. GILL. + +_Literary Quizzing_.--Of all human quizzing, ancient and modern, +plebeian or patrician, nothing equals that now in triumphant practice +in the lists of literature. From Zoilus to the penny newspapers, never +has there been criticism, penned or spoken, so bitterly pungent as +some of the grave laudatory articles, by which authors are now quizzed +down to zero in the popular reviews. Satan Montgomery is bantered with +the name of Isaiah; Miss Landon by a comparison with La Rochefoucault; +and Don Trueba, with Pigault le Brun. This is a refinement in cruelty. +It is twining the rack with flowers; and hanging a man with a cord of +gold. The sentence of the reviewer should be "Yea, yea; and nay, nay!" +A Barmecide's feast of fame is a supererogation of malice. We hold +that all authors so derided have a right to call upon their critics +to make good their words; and build up the visionary castles of their +_Fata Morgana_, (like London Bridge in the nursery song) with "gravel +and stone;" or rather, "with silver and gold." A heavy mulct should be +imposed on literary quizzing.--_Tait's Edinburgh Magazine_. + +_Cross Readings_, (_from the Spanish_.)--Suddenly King Alphonso +Riberro Fernando rose from his couch, and sallying from his tent with +fierce looks and sword in hand--swore the total annihilation of every +bug in the Castiles. + +And the king with great despatch, forthwith ordered a strong body of +cavalry, for--there was a mouse scratching behind the wainscot. + +So the queen, Mary, rising majestically from her throne, with +imperial, yet gentle look, exclaimed in a sweet voice--"Scratch Poll's +head." + +There was a goodly array of gay knights following the king to the +hunt--the rats being numerous they afforded good sport. + +These specimens of Spanish satire came out in the form of +cross-readings, a few months after the death of Cervantes; they were +affirmed to be by that illustrious author; how truly so I know not. +R.N. + +_Cannon Clock_.--In the gardens of the Palais Royal and the +Luxembourg, at Paris, is a specimen of this contrivance invented by +one Rousseau. A burning-glass is fixed over the vent of a cannon, so +that the sun's rays, at the moment of its passing the meridian, are +concentrated by the glass, on the priming, and the piece is fired. The +burning-glass is regulated, for this purpose, every month. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen +and Booksellers_. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11865 *** diff --git a/11865-h/11865-h.htm b/11865-h/11865-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..91e2070 --- /dev/null +++ b/11865-h/11865-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1991 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 564, September 1, 1832, by Various</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + .note, .footnote + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img + {border: none;} + .figure p + + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + a:link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:red} + pre {font-size: 9pt;} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11865 ***</div> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 564, September 1, 1832, by Various</h1> +<br /> +<br /> +<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker,<br /> + and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders</b></center> +<br /> +<br /> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + <hr class="full" /> + + <table width="100%" + summary="Volume, Number, and Date"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><b>Vol. 20. No. 564.</b></td> + + <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, + 1832.</b></td> + + <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" + id="page129"></a>[pg 129]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/564-1.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/564-1.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>BELVOIR CASTLE.</h3> + </div> + + <p>Belvoir Castle, (or Bever, as it was formerly and is now + sometimes called,) in situation and aspect partly resembles + "majestic Windsor." It has a similar "princely brow," being + placed upon an abrupt elevation of a kind of natural cliff, + forming the termination of a peninsular hill, the basis of + which is red grit stone, but now covered with vegetable mould, + well turfed by nature and art, and varied into terraces of + different elevation. It has been the seat of the noble family + of Manners for several generations; it claims the priority of + every other seat in the county wherein it is situate; and is + one of the most magnificent castellated structures in the + kingdom.</p> + + <p>This castle, in some topographical works, is described as + being in Lincolnshire. Camden says, "In the west part of + Kesteven, on the edge of Lincolnshire and Leicestershire, there + stands Belvoir Castle, so called (whatever was its ancient + name) from the fine prospect on a steep hill, which seems the + work of art." Burton expressly says that it "is certainly in + Lincolnshire," and the authors of <i>Magna Britannia</i> are of + the same opinion; but Mr. Nichols, whose authority on subjects + of local history, respecting Leicestershire, is generally + decisive and satisfactory, states that "the castle is at + present in every respect considered as being within this county + with all the lands <span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" + id="page130"></a>[pg 130]</span> of the extra-parochial part + of Belvoir thereto belonging, (including the site of the + Priory,<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>) + consisting in the whole of about 600 acres of wood, meadow, + and pasture land; upon which are now no buildings but the + castle, with its offices and the inn. It would be a + difficult matter, notwithstanding, to trace out with + accuracy, the precise boundary of the two counties in this + neighbourhood."</p> + + <p>That Belvoir has been the site of a castle since the Norman + Conquest appears well established. Leland says, "The Castle of + Belvoir standeth in the utter part of that way of + Leicestershire, on the nape of an high hill, steep up each way, + partly by nature, partly by working of men's hands, as it may + evidently be perceived. Whether there were any castle there + before the Conquest or no I am not sure, but surely I think no + rather than ye. Toteneius was the first inhabiter after the + Conquest. Then it came to Albeneius, and from Albeney to + Ros."</p> + + <p>The Belvoir estate came into the Manners family, by the + marriage of Eleanor with Robert de Manners of Ethale, + Northumberland. Eleanor was the eldest sister of Edmund, Lord + Ros, who resided at the manor-house of Elsinges, in Enfield, + Middlesex, where he died without issue in the year 1508. His + sisters became heiresses to the estates, and Belvoir being part + of the moiety of Eleanor, became the property of the Manners + family, who have continued to possess it to the present + time.</p> + + <p>As the possessors of this castle and lordship have been + chiefly persons of considerable eminence, and many of them + numbered among the great men of history, it may be as well to + interweave a few notices of them with a brief chronological + account of the noble structure. Robert, the first Norman lord, + died in 1088, and was buried in the chapter-house of the + Priory, where Dr. Stukely discovered the stone already named, + to his memory. "By a general survey taken at the death of + Robert, it appears that he was in possession of fourscore + lordships: many of which, by uninterrupted succession, continue + still to be the property of the Duke of Rutland. In + Lincolnshire his domains were still more numerous. In + Northamptonshire he had nine lordships; one of which, Stoke, + acquired the additional name of Albini, when it came into the + possession of his son." William de Albini, son of the above, + succeeded to these lordships; and, like his father, was a + celebrated warrior: according to Matthew Paris, he valourously + distinguished himself at the battle of Tinchebrai, in Normandy, + September 27, 1106; where Henry I. encountered Robert Curthose, + his brother. This lord obtained from Henry the grant of an + annual fair at Belvoir, to be continued for eight days. During + the changeful reigns of Stephen and Henry II., the castle fell + into the hands of the crown, and was granted to Ranulph de + Gernons, Earl of Chester; but repossession was obtained by de + Albini, who died here about the year 1155. William de Albini, + (alias Meschines and Britto,) the next possessor of Belvoir, + endowed the Priory hero with certain lands, and, in 1165, + certified to Henry II. that he then held of him thirty-two + knights' fees under the old feoffments, whereby he was + enfeoffed in the time of Henry I. William de Albini, the third + of that name, accompanied Richard I. during his crusading + reign, into Normandy: he was also one of the sureties for King + John, in his treaty of peace with Philip of France. He was too, + engaged in the barons' wars in the latter reign, and was taken + prisoner by the king's party at Rochester Castle; his own + castle at Belvoir also falling into the royal hands. He was + likewise one of the twenty-five barons, whose signatures were + attached to Magna Charta and the charter of Forests at + Runnemede. This lord richly endowed the priory of Belvoir, and + founded and endowed a hospital at Wassebridge, between Stamford + and Uffingham, where he was buried in 1236. Isabel, of the + house of Albini, now married to Robert de Ros, or Roos, baron + of Hamlake, and thus carried the estates into a new family. The + bounds of the lordship of Belvoir, at this time, are described + by a document printed in Nichols's History. This new lord + obtained a license from Henry III. to hold a weekly market and + annual fair at Belvoir. He died in 1285, and his body was + buried at Kirkham, his bowels before the high altar at Belvoir, + and his heart at Croxton Abbey; it being a practice of that age + for the corporeal remains of eminent persons to be thus + distributed after death. The next owner, William de Ros was, in + 1304, allowed to impark 100 acres under the name of + <i>Bever</i> Park, which was appropriated solely to the + preservation of game. He died in 1317: his eldest son, William + de Ros, took the title of Baron Ros, of Hamlake, Werke, + Belvoir, and Trusbut; was Lord High Admiral of England, and sat + in parliament from 11 Edw. II. to 16 Edw. III; he died in 1342. + Sir William de Ros, knight, was Lord High Treasurer to Henry + IV.; he died at the Castle in 1414, and bequeathed 400<i>l.</i> + "for finding ten <span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" + id="page131"></a>[pg 131]</span> honest chaplains to pray + for his soul, and the souls of his father, mother, brethren, + sisters, &c." for eight years within his chapel at + Belvoir castle. John and William Ros, the next owners, were + distinguished in the wars of France; the former was slain at + Anjou; the latter died in 1431, and was succeeded by his + son, Edmund, an infant, who, on coming of age, engaged in + the civil wars of York and Lancaster: he was attainted in + 1641, and his noble possessions parcelled out by Edward IV; + the honour, castle, and lordship of Belvoir, with the park + and all its members, and the rent called castle-guard, (then + an appurtenance to Belvoir,) being granted in 1647, to + Hastings the court corruptionist.<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> + The attainder was, however, repealed, and Edmund, Lord Ros + re-obtained possession of all his estates in 1483: he died + at Enfield, and the estates then passed into the Manners + family, as we have stated.</p> + + <p>George, eldest son of the above-named Robert Manners, + succeeded to his father's estates, including Belvoir: in his + will, a copy of which is given by Mr. Nichols, dated Oct. 6, + 1513, he is styled "Sir George Manners, knight, Lord Ros." He + was interred, with his lady, in a chantry chapel, founded by + his father-in-law, Sir Thomas Ledger, in the chapel of St. + George, at Windsor. His son, Thomas, Lord Ros, succeeded him, + and was created by Henry VIII. a knight, and afterwards Earl of + Rutland, a title which had never before been conferred on any + person but of the blood royal. This nobleman aided Henry in the + dissolution of the monasteries, and for his zeal received from + the monarch several manors and estates. He caused many of the + ancient monuments of the Albinis and the Rosses to be removed + from the priory churches of Belvoir and Croxton to that of + Bottesford. He also restored and in part rebuilt the castle, + which had been in ruins since Hastings's attack. The state of + the castle at this period is thus described by + Leland:—"It is a straunge sighte to se be how many + steppes of stone the way goith up from the village to the + castel. In the castel be two faire gates; and the dungeon is a + faire rounde towere now turned to pleasure, as a place to walk + yn, and to se al the counterye aboute, and raylid about the + round (wall,) and a garden (plotte) in the midle. There is also + a welle of grete depth in the castelle, and the spring thereof + is very good." Henry, the second Bard of Rutland, succeeded his + father in 1543; and in 1556 was appointed captain-general of + all the forces then going to France, and commander of the + fleet, by Philip and Mary. Edward, the third earl, eldest son + of the former, succeeded in 1563: Camden calls him "a profound + lawyer, and a man accomplished with all polite learning." John, + a colonel of foot in the Irish wars, became fourth earl in + 1587, and was followed by his son Roger, the fifth earl, who + dying without issue, his brother Francis was nominated his + heir, and made the sixth earl. He married two wives, by the + first of whom he had only one child, named Catherine, who + married George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham. Her + issue, George, the second Duke of Buckingham, dying without an + heir, the title of Lord Ros of Hamlake again reverted to the + Rutland family. By a second marriage he had two sons, who, + according to the monument, were murdered by wicked practice and + sorcery.<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> + George was created seventh earl in 1632; and was honoured + with a visit from Charles I. at Belvoir castle, in 1634. The + eighth earl was John Manners, who attaching himself to the + Parliamentarians, the castle was attacked by the royal army, + and lost and won again and again by each party, till the + earl being "put to great streights for the maintenance of + his family," petitioned the house of peers for relief, and + Lord Viscount Campden having been the principal instrument + in the ruin of the "castle, lands, and woods about + Belvoyre," parliament agreed that 1,500<i>l</i> a year be + paid out of Lord Campden's estate, until 5,000<i>l</i> be + levied, to the earl of Rutland. In the civil wars the castle + was defended for the king by the rector of Ashwell, co. + Rutland. In 1649, the parliament ordered it to be + demolished; satisfaction was, however, made to the earl, + whose son rebuilt the castle after the Restoration. John, + the ninth earl, succeeded + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" + id="page132"></a>[pg 132]</span> his father in 1679. He + preferred the baronial retirement and rural quiet of + Belvoir, to the busy court; though he was created Marquess + of Granby, in the county of Nottingham, and Duke of Rutland. + He died in 1710-11, and was succeeded by his son + John;<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> + whose eldest son became the third Duke of Rutland, and was + the last of the family who resided at Haddon, Derbyshire. He + died in 1779, and was succeeded by his grandson, Charles, + Lord Ros, fourth duke, who died lord lieutenant of Ireland + in 1787, when his son John Henry, the present and fifth duke + succeeded to the titles and estates.</p> + + <p>It is now time to speak of the present magnificence of + Belvoir. The castle which surrounds a quadrangular court, + occupies nearly the summit of the hill, which is ascended by + superb stone steps. On the castle are mounted seven small + pieces of cannon, which were presented to the Duke of Rutland + by George the Third; from these pieces 21 rounds were fired + Nov. 5, 1808, in commemoration of the Gunpowder Plot. The view + from the terraces and towers comprehends the whole vale of + Belvoir, and the adjoining country as far as Lincoln, including + twenty-two of the Duke of Rutland's manors. On the southern + slope of the hill are enclosed terraces, on which there are + several flower-gardens, surrounded by extensive shrubberies. + The kitchen-gardens extend to eight acres. The park is of great + extent, and contains fine forest trees which form a woodland + beneath the hill, so extensive as to afford shelter for + innumerable rooks. There are likewise thriving plantations, + containing some remarkably fine young oaks.</p> + + <p>Belvoir Castle has one of the most superb <i>interiors</i> + in the kingdom: its furniture and decorations are of the most + costly description. It also contains one of the most valuable + collections of paintings, whether considered for the variety of + schools, or the judicious choice of the works of each master. + Among those who have contributed to this invaluable assemblage, + are Poussin, Carlo Dolci, Guido, Claude Lorraine, Salvator + Rosa, Murillo, Reubens, Teniers, and Reynolds. The collection + was principally formed by John, the third duke, and Charles, + his successor, who were munificent patrons of the arts. All the + modern pictures, of which there are a considerable number, were + collected by the former duke.</p> + + <p>The last general repairs of Belvoir Castle are stated to + have cost the noble owner upwards of 60,000£. The + structure has been more than once extensively injured by fire. + A conflagration there in October, 1816, consumed a large + portion of the ancient part of the castle, and several of the + pictures. Among them was Sir Joshua Reynolds's <i>Nativity</i>, + a composition of thirteen figures, and in dimensions 12 feet by + 18. This noble picture was purchased by the late Duke of + Rutland for 1,200 guineas.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE PAINTER'S LAST PASSION.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>A hectic hue is on my feverish cheek,</p> + + <p>And slowly throbs my pulse—but it will + cease;</p> + + <p>And cease, too, will the visions instinct,</p> + + <p>Impalpable, and deep, that haunt my soul!</p> + + <p>Death, who can dash the chalice from the lips</p> + + <p>Of Pleasure's votary, and hush the lyre</p> + + <p>While poetry is breathing on its strings;</p> + + <p>Death, who can quench the spirit which portrays</p> + + <p>Beauty's resemblance on the marble urn,</p> + + <p>Will steep my feelings in oblivion's gloom,</p> + + <p>Ere wintry winds disperse the sunny leaves</p> + + <p>That cluster round the bosom of the rose.</p> + + <p>But I have communed with enchanting shapes,</p> + + <p>And felt the silver gush of many a song</p> + + <p>Amid the air, until my spirit seem'd</p> + + <p>Instinct with glorious draughts of paradise!</p> + + <p>Mine eyes have scarcely closed their burning + lids</p> + + <p>For many a night; and I have watch'd the stars</p> + + <p>That smiled upon me from the brow of heaven,</p> + + <p>Like deep blue orbs familiar to my youth;</p> + + <p>But now abstraction clouds me, and the + fire—</p> + + <p>Ambition's fire—it can be nothing + less—</p> + + <p>Deserts its lonely shrine; but I must give</p> + + <p>The last bright touch to this bewitching form,</p> + + <p>This pictured rainbow of my solitude!</p> + + <p>I have invested her with loveliness</p> + + <p>More pure than beings of the earth assume,</p> + + <p>And Memory calls her beauteous image back</p> + + <p>From the forgotten things of distant years,</p> + + <p>Warm, eloquent, and holy, as the balm</p> + + <p>Of flow'rs impearl'd with dew, which summer + skies</p> + + <p>Diffuse around—I mark the marble brow</p> + + <p>Of polish'd symmetry, the eyes more blue</p> + + <p>Than violets in their vernal bloom, the neck</p> + + <p>Swanlike, and moulded with ethereal grace;</p> + + <p>And feel their magic influence on my mind.</p> + + <p>I will embody them, and give the stamp</p> + + <p>Of fervid genius to their various charms,</p> + + <p>Ere this last aspiration is extinct</p> + + <p>In the unbroken slumbers of the tomb!</p> + + <p>For I have had prophetic monitors</p> + + <p>To warn me of my fate, and I must leave</p> + + <p>All that is lovely in this lovely world.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>It is a summer eve—the sunbeams tinge</p> + + <p>The glassy bosom of the quiet lake;</p> + + <p>The music of the birds enchants the air,</p> + + <p>And Nature's verdant robe is gemm'd with + flow'rs.</p> + + <p>From which the breeze derives its liquid balm.</p> + + <p>Oh! in my youth, this hour has been to me</p> + + <p>Bright as the fairy arch upon the clouds</p> + + <p>Of earthly grief and gloom, and even now</p> + + <p>It gives the silent fountain of my heart</p> + + <p>A renovated action, and recalls</p> + + <p>The energies that long ago were mine.</p> + + <p>My fancy wanders as I thus portray</p> + + <p>The lineaments on which 'tis bliss to gaze:</p> + + <p>How beautiful their prototype! to whom</p> + + <p>I breath'd in youth the most impassion'd words,</p> + + <p>And felt as if Elysium had disclosed</p> + + <p>Its glory to my eye—around this brow,</p> + + <p>Stainless as marble, cluster golden curls</p> + + <p>Like sunbeams on the bosom of the cloud,</p> + + <p>And o'er the radiant azure orbs beneath,</p> + + <p>The snowy lids suspend their glossy fringe.</p> + + <p>Upon such beauty shall my pencil stamp</p> + + <p>Its immortality, and make it seem</p> + + <p>More beautiful in Fancy's softest glow;</p> + + <p>And, my beloved! when this warm hand that + traced</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" + id="page133"></a>[pg 133]</span> + + <p>Thy pictured charms is mouldering in the dust,</p> + + <p>Thou wilt proclaim the painter's mastery,</p> + + <p>And consecrate the canvass with a power</p> + + <p>Which shall defy the wasting hand of Time!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i10">G.R.C.</p> + </div> + </div> + <hr /> + + <h3>PRESERVATION OF A HUMAN BODY.</h3> + + <p>In a vault under the Font of the Old Church of St. Dunstan + in the West, has lately been discovered the leaden coffin of a + "Mr. Moody," (without a Christian name,) who "died in the year + 1747, aged 70 years." After this interment of 85 years, the + face was found not decomposed, but perfect; the mouth + extended—the teeth and eye-brows unimpaired, and to the + touch, the flesh solid (covered with a cloth) and no appearance + of worms; which puzzles the common opinion that such insects + prey upon the dead:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"And food for worms brave Percy!"</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>exclaimed Prince Henry over the expiring body of + Hotspur.</p> + + <p>This observation was made by a person who saw the remains on + the 8th of August, 1832, an older object by twelve years, and + without teeth,—a gum-biter!</p> + + <h4>AN OLD INHABITANT OF CLIFFORD'S INN.</h4> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE ROSE OF THE CASTLE.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>A summer morn, with all its golden light,</p> + + <p>Gilded the snowy bosom of the cloud,</p> + + <p>And robed the verdant earth with sunny hues.</p> + + <p>The bees sang music to their passion-flow'rs,</p> + + <p>The birds, with melody which seem'd to gush</p> + + <p>From joyful hearts, entranced the crystal air;</p> + + <p>But, spectre-like, the ancient castle frown'd</p> + + <p>Over the deep, whose softly-rippling waves</p> + + <p>Reflected its array of ruined towers.</p> + + <p>In times of old, the gallant chiefs for whom</p> + + <p>Its stately walls arose, the men who made</p> + + <p>Their names a terror to the Saracen,</p> + + <p>Adopted as their symbol in the field,</p> + + <p>The rose—that flower of faction and of + blood!</p> + + <p>I saw it sculptured on the marble shield</p> + + <p>Which graced the lofty gate, it was enroll'd</p> + + <p>Among the records of departed days;</p> + + <p>Over the hearth, upon the pictured crest</p> + + <p>It met mine eye, and to my mind recall'd</p> + + <p>The glorious deeds of England's chivalry.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The Rose—it appear'd on the portal proud,</p> + + <p>Which the ivy robed in its mournful shroud;</p> + + <p>As the sunshine gleam'd in the silent hall</p> + + <p>I traced its image upon the wall.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Although the castle was old and grey,</p> + + <p>And its summer of glory had pass'd away,</p> + + <p>Though the roof had fall'n, and the walls sunk + low,</p> + + <p>The rose still smiled in the sunbeam's glow.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>But, oh! that symbol of purest faith</p> + + <p>Had cheer'd the heart in the hour of death,</p> + + <p>And shone triumphant o'er the brave</p> + + <p>As they crush'd the power of the sceptred slave.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>It seem'd like a spell on the lips of all</p> + + <p>Whom the trumpet call'd from their festive hall,</p> + + <p>And the soldier to it upturn'd his eye</p> + + <p>As he lay on the grassy turf to die.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>But it gleams no more on land or sea,</p> + + <p>A star to the feudal chivalry!</p> + + <p>On the silent hearth, and the ivied tower,</p> + + <p>Hath it found a last forsaken bower. G.R.C.</p> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Retrospective Gleanings.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>SPIRIT DRINKING.</h3> + + <h4>(<i>To the Editor.</i>)</h4> + + <p>Much as has been said about gin-drinking in the present + times, it would appear from the following curious extract, that + our forefathers (of the last century,) were more addicted to + that pernicious custom, than we are even in the nineteenth + century:—</p> + + <p>"Several of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the + County of Middlesex, having, in pursuance of an order of a + former Quarter Session, made an inquiry into the houses and + places where Geneva and other such pernicious distilled liquors + are sold by retail, about this time made their report; by which + it appears, to the great surprise and concern of those who have + the trade and welfare of the public truly at heart, that there + are in the limits of Westminster, Holborn, the Tower, and + Finsbury divisions (exclusive of London and Southwark) 7,044 + houses and shops, where the said liquors are publicly sold by + retail, (which in several parishes, is computed to be, at + least, every sixth house,) besides what is privately sold in + garrets, cellars, back-rooms, and other private places.</p> + + <p>"That of this number, no less than 2,105 are unlicensed; and + that Geneva is now sold, not only by distillers and Geneva + shops, but by above 80 other inferior trades; particularly + chandlers, weavers, tobacconists, shoemakers, carpenters, + barbers, tailors, dyers, labourers, &c. &c.; there + being in the Hamlets of Bethnal Green, upwards of 90 weavers + who sell this liquor."</p> + + <h4>"<i>January 20th</i>, 1736." G.K.</h4> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE DEATH OF ADAM.</h3> + + <h4>(<i>From the German.</i>)</h4> + + <p>When Adam was nine hundred and thirty years old, he felt in + himself the word of the judge, "Thou shalt die." Then spoke + Adam to the weeping Eve: "Let my sons come before me, that I + may see and may bless them." They all came at their father's + word, and stood before him, many hundred in number, and prayed + for his life. "Who among you," said the old man, "will go to + the holy mountain? Very likely he may find pity for me, and + bring to me the fruit of the tree of life." Immediately, all + his sons offered themselves; and Seth, the most pious, was + chosen by his father for the message. He besprinkled his head + with ashes, hastened, and delayed not, until he stood before + the gate of Paradise. Then prayed he, "Let my father find pity, + kind-hearted one, and send to him fruit from the tree of life." + Quickly there stood the glittering cherub, and instead of the + tree of life, he held a twig of three leaves in his hand. + "Carry this to thy father," said he, friendly, "his + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page134" + id="page134"></a>[pg 134]</span> last consolation is here; + for eternal life dwells not on the earth." Swiftly hastened + Seth, threw himself down, and said, "No fruit of the tree of + life bring I to thee, my father, only this twig has the + angel given me, to be thy last consolation here." The dying + man took the twig, and was glad. He smelled on it the + fragrance of Paradise, and then was his soul elevated: + "Children," said he, "eternal life dwells not for us on the + earth; you must follow after me; but on these leaves I + breathe the refreshing air of another world." Then his eyes + failed; his spirit fled hence.</p> + + <p>Adam's children buried their father, and wept for him thirty + days; but Seth wept not. He planted the twig upon his father's + grave, at the head of the dead man, and named it the twig of + the new life, of the awakening up out of the sleep of death. + The little twig grew up into a high tree, and by it many of + Adam's children strengthened themselves with comfort of the + other life. So it came to the following generation. In the + garden of David it blossomed fair, until his infatuated son + began to doubt on immortality; then withered the twig, though + its blossoms came among other nations. And as on a stem from + this tree, the restorer of immortality gave up his holy life; + from it the fragrance of the new life scattered itself around + far among all nations. W.G.C.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>ANCIENT NAVAL LAWS.</h3> + + <p>The laws made by Richard I. for the preservation of good + order in his fleet, when he was sailing to Palestine, were as + follows:—He that kills a man on board shall be tied to + the body and thrown into the sea. If he kills one on land he + shall he buried with the same. If it be proved that any one has + drawn a knife to strike another, or has drawn blood, he shall + lose his hand. If he strike with his fist, without effusion of + blood, he shall be thrice plunged into the sea. If a man insult + another with opprobrious language, so often as he does it, to + give so many ounces of silver. A man convicted of theft, to + have his head shaved, and to be tarred and feathered on the + head, and to be left on the first land the ship shall come to. + Richard appointed officers to see these laws executed with + rigour, <i>two of which officers were bishops</i>. + A.H.K.—T.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Notes of a Reader</h2> + + <h3>THE ATMOSPHERE.—CLIMATOLOGY.</h3> + + <h4><i>(From Part XIV. of Knowledge for the People; or, the + Plain Why and Because.)</i></h4><br /> + <br /> + + + <p><i>Why may the atmosphere be termed a fourth kingdom of + Nature?</i></p> + + <p>Because it extends its influence in an equal degree over the + three kingdoms, the animal, the vegetable, and the mineral, + operates upon each after a distinct manner, and appears rather + to be independent, and allied to all of them, than to be + rightly included within any one.</p> + + <p><i>Why is a knowledge of the atmosphere important to the + naturalist?</i></p> + + <p>Because it serves to throw much light on the history and + functions both of the animal and vegetable creation; for it is + through this great medium that heat, light, electricity, + oxygen, and the great springs of vital phenomena, are conveyed + to all classes of organized matter. It is by means of this + wonderful agent, that we gain the theory of respiration in all + classes of creatures possessing animal life; and that we become + acquainted with the migrations of animals, as well as many of + their peculiar instincts and habits. It is the atmosphere that + enables us to account for the periodical changes in the plumage + of birds and the furs of animals, and the variety of colours to + be found amongst them. By means also of the elasticity of the + atmosphere, sounds and odours are transmitted to sensitive + beings. Atmospherical phenomena, it may be safely inferred, + attracted the observation of mankind in the earliest ages: we + know that the Egyptians and the Greeks wrote upon the subject; + the Jews too, a pastoral people, "could discern the face of the + sky;" and even in our day, shepherds may be ranked among the + weather-wise. "This is a fine morning, a soft day, or a cold + evening," are modes of salutation with us, as commonly as is + the "Salem Alikem" (Peace be with you!) amongst the inhabitants + of the more serene countries of the East. Shenstone says, + though with nearly equal spleen and truth: "there is nothing + more universally commended than a fine day: the reason is, that + people can commend it without envy."</p> + + <p><i>Why do we call the atmosphere a fluid?</i></p> + + <p>Because it has a tendency to move in all directions, and + consequently rushes in and fills every space not previously + occupied by a more solid substance. Hence we find, that every + cave, crevice, place, and vessel, having communication with the + atmosphere, if it be not filled with something else, is filled + with air; against which it is no argument that we do not see + it, as it is perfectly transparent, and consequently + invisible.</p> + + <p><i>Why do birds fly?</i></p> + + <p>Because of the inertia of the atmosphere, which gives effect + to their wings. Were it possible for a bird to live without + respiration, and in a space void of air, it would no longer + have the power of flight. The plumage of the wings being + spread, and acting with a broad surface on the atmosphere + beneath them, is resisted by the inertia of the atmosphere, so + that the air forms a falcrum, as it + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" + id="page135"></a>[pg 135]</span> were, on which the bird + rises, by the leverage of its wings.</p> + + <p><i>Why is air generally considered to be invisible?</i></p> + + <p>Because, though a coloured fluid, and naturally blue, its + colour acquires intensity only, or, in other words, becomes + visible only, from the depth of the transparent mass. According + to rigid Newtonians, air is transparent, or, rather, invisible; + and the azure colour of the atmosphere arises from the greater + refrangibility of the blue rays of light. Other philosophers + imagine that the blue tint is inherent in air; that is, that + the particles of air have the property of producing a blue + colour, in their combination with light.</p> + + <p><i>Why are the most distant objects in a prospect of a blue + tinge?</i></p> + + <p>Because their colours are always tinted by the deepening + hues of the interjacent atmosphere. Again, the blending of the + atmospheric azure with the colours of the solar rays, produces + those compound and sometimes remarkable tints, with which the + sky and clouds are emblazoned. Hence, the mountains appear + blue, not because that is their colour, but because it is the + colour of the medium through which they are seen.</p> + + <p><i>Why do the Heavens appear blue?</i></p> + + <p>Because of our looking at the dark vacuity beyond our + atmosphere through an illuminated medium. Were there no + atmosphere, it is universally admitted the appearance would be + perfectly black, except in the particular direction of the sun, + or some other of the heavenly bodies, and since the atmosphere + is transparent, this blackness (if such an expression may be + used) must be seen through it, only somewhat modified by the + rays of light reflected by the atmosphere to the eye, from the + direction in which we look. For this reason, the clearer or + more transparent the atmosphere is, the darker is the + appearance of the heavens, there being then less light + reflected by the atmosphere to the eye. In the zenith, the + appearance is always darker than nearer the horizon; and from + the tops of high mountains, the heavens in the zenith appear + nearly black.—<i>Mr. B. Hallowell, in the American + Journal of Science and Arts.</i></p> + + <p><i>Why does the heat of temperature of different parts of + the earth vary?</i></p> + + <p>Because of the position of the place with respect to the + equator, or rather to the ecliptic, or, more strictly still, + with respect to the plane in which the earth revolves around + the sun; for on this relation depends the temperature of the + place, so far as it is produced, directly, by the influence of + the sun. Maltebrun ascribes to it the following influences: 1, + the action of the sun upon the atmosphere: 2, the interior + temperature of the globe: 3, the elevation of the earth above + the level of the ocean: 4, the general inclination of the + surface, and its local exposure: 5, the position of its + mountains relatively to the cardinal points: 6, the + neighbourhood of great seas, and their relative situation: 7, + the geological nature of the soil: 8, the degree of + cultivation, and of population, at which a country has arrived: + 9, the prevalent winds.</p> + + <p><i>Why are the strata of air upon all mountains of + successive coldness?</i></p> + + <p>Because the air does not acquire immediately, by the passage + of the solar rays, a considerable degree of heat. Thus, with + the elevation of land, cold may be said to increase in very + rapid progression. Winter continues to reign on the Alps and + the Pyrenees, while the flowers of spring are covering the + plains of northern France. This beneficent appointment of + Nature considerably increases the number of habitable countries + in the torrid zone. It is probable, that at the back of the + flat burning coasts of Guinea, there exist in the centre of + Africa, countries which enjoy a delightful temperature; as we + see the vernal valley of Quito, situate under the same latitude + with the destructive coasts of French Guyana, where the humid + heat constantly cherishes the seeds of disease. On the other + hand, it is the continued elevation of the ground, which, in + the central parts of Asia, extends the cold region to the 35th + parallel of latitude, so that in ascending from Bengal to + Thibet, we imagine ourselves in a few days transported from the + equator to the pole.—<i>Maltebrun.</i></p> + + <p><i>Why does the destruction of forests sometimes prove + beneficial to a country?</i></p> + + <p>Because a freer circulation of air is thus + procured—but carried too far, it becomes a scourge which + may desolate whole regions. We have a sad example of this in + the Cape de Verde islands, not to mention others. It is the + destruction of forests, and not a supposed cooling of the + globe, which has rendered the southern part of Iceland more + accessible to the dreadful cold which is too often produced by + those masses of floating ice which are intercepted and detained + by its northern coasts.—<i>Ibid.</i></p> + + <p><i>Why do mountains influence climates?</i></p> + + <p>Because, although they cannot prevent the general motions of + the atmosphere from taking place, they may, by stopping them in + part, render particular winds more or less frequent throughout + a certain extent of country. Maltebrun observes, there cannot + be a doubt that the Alps contribute in securing to Italy its + delightful and happy climate, its perpetual spring, and its + double harvests.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The Naturalist.</h2> + + <h3>THE TOAD FISH.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>[We quote these interesting details from a paper on the + Sargasso Weed, or gulf weed, with which a certain part of + the Atlantic <span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" + id="page136"></a>[pg 136]</span> Ocean is generally + covered, and amongst which Toad Fish are found. The + reason of the weed accumulating has given rise to much + difference of opinion, which is the main subject of the + above communication, by Mr. Benet, of Bulstrode-street, + to the <i>Naval Magazine</i><a id="footnotetag5" + name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>]</p> + </blockquote> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/564-2.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/564-2.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>Toad Fish</h3> + </div> + + <p>The figure represents one of those fishes to which, on + account of their uncouth appearance, the name of Toad Fish has + been popularly given. Under this denomination there have been + included many very dissimilar kinds, extreme ugliness being + held as alone sufficient for the establishment of an undeniable + claim to the title. The present fish, and those nearly related + to it, advance, however, peculiar claims to the appellation. + Their belly and side fins are borne upon supports which project + from the body in the semblance of limbs, their similarity to + which is increased by the jointed form they acquire at the + point of union of the fin with its support, and still farther + by the finger-like appearance of the rays of these fins, which + are unconnected by membrane at their tips. This curious + structure imparts to these fishes not only somewhat of the + outward form of a quadruped, but also a portion of its habits, + and they are, accordingly, capable of crawling like toads among + the sea-weeds and rocks which they usually inhabit; the side + fins, which are placed farther back than those of the belly, + performing on each occasion the functions of hinder feet. Nor + is this mode of locomotion confined to the water alone; it may, + also, be exercised by them on land, for their gill-openings are + so small, that evaporation takes place but slowly from within + them, and thus the gills are kept moistened, and the + circulation of the blood is preserved, even out of the water, + for two or three days. So remarkable a deviation from the usual + appearance and habits of the class to which they belong, has + naturally caused them to be regarded as objects of curiosity; + and it is recorded, that living specimens have been + successfully transported from the East to Holland, where they + have been sold at considerable prices.</p> + + <p>The fishes of this genus, to which Commerson gave the name + of Antennarius, (on account of the filament which they possess + on the forehead,) are met with in the sea of warm climates, in + the east as well as in the west. They subsist chiefly on small + crabs, to surprise which they hide themselves among the + sea-weed, or behind stones. Their flesh is said not to be + edible; it may, perhaps, have been rejected, on account of + their disgusting appearance, and is certainly too small in + quantity to allow of its being important as an article of food. + In swimming, they usually gulp down air, and, thus distending + their capacious stomachs, enlarge themselves into a rounded + half-floating mass, much in the same manner as the globe of + balloon fishes. Their nearest affinity is to the fishes known + as anglers, with which they agree in the form of their + gill-openings and fins, and in the possession of filaments on + the head; but the monstrously disproportioned head of the + anglers, which is depressed from above downwards, and the + enormous opening of their mouth, readily distinguish them from + the Toad Fishes, whose head is of moderate size, and, like + their bodies, compressed laterally. They are either smooth or + variously hairy or bristly, and are always destitute of the + regular scales with which fishes are generally invested. They + are furnished, especially on the lips and the under parts, with + numerous short, loose <span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" + id="page137"></a>[pg 137]</span> processes of skin, which + add considerably to their sense of touch. There is great + variety in the different kinds in the length of the filament + on the head, and its termination is still more varied; in + some it is almost simple, as though formed of a single + undilated hair; in others, it is surmounted by a small, + dense, globular mass of short filaments; and in others + again, it has two, or even three large fleshy processes at + its end, not unlike the baits which terminate the fishing + filaments of the anglers.</p> + + <p>In the species figured, the Antennarius Iaevigatus, the skin + is smooth, and furnished with short loose processes; the + filament on the head is short, and terminated by a small knob + of clustered minute filaments; this is succeeded by two other + processes, each resembling a fin supported by a single ray, and + fringed, especially towards its upper part, by loose portions + of skin; to these succeed the back fin, supported, as usual, by + many rays. The colour is pale, irregularly blotched, spotted, + and streaked with brown, the markings varying considerably in + different individuals; it is also dotted irregularly with + white. By these characters it may be known from the other + species of the genus, with which it appears to have been + associated by Linnaeus, under the common name of Lophius + Histrio. It was first scientifically distinguished by M. Bosc, + a French naturalist, who observed it, on his voyage to America, + among the Sargasso weed: he described and figured it, not + without some imperfections, in the Nouveau Dictionnaire + d'Histoire Naturelle. It has since been figured, but not + described, by Dr. Mitchell in the Transactions of the New York + Society; and one very nearly resembling it has been described + by Mr. Bennett with a figure, in the Geological Journal. The + genus to which it belongs is most completely treated of by M. + Cuvier, in the Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Select Biography</h2> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:50%; float: left;"> + <a href="images/564-3.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/564-3.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>Cuvier</h3> + </div> + + <p>Cuvier, the great naturalist, paid the debt of nature in May + last, after a life devoted to science with an unwearied + application and a success exceeded by none in modern times. He + was born at Montbelliard in 1769, a year which gave to so many + remarkable men—a Napoleon—a Chateaubriand—a + Wellington—a Humboldt, &c. and his first discoveries + were on the Mollusca, and shook to its base the zoological + classification which then universally prevailed.</p> + + <p>Invited to Paris to fill the place of Professor of + Comparative Anatomy at the <i>Jardin des Plantes</i>, his + lectures speedily drew crowds around him, attracted by his + popular eloquence and lucid arrangement. His next work, + <i>Lecons d'Anatomie Comparee</i>, 1805, was rewarded by the + Institute with the decennial prize for the work which had + contributed the most to our knowledge of the Natural Sciences + during that period. At the same period he published a series of + Memoirs on the Anatomy of the Mollusca, and devoted his + attention to a detailed examination of the fossil remains of + the bones of mammiferous animals; he particularly examined the + numerous fossils in the environs of Paris, assisted in the + geological part of his task by his friend M. A. Brogniart. The + sagacity and accuracy which M. Cuvier displayed in the + examination of fossil bones, raised this branch of inquiry to + the dignity of a perfectly new science, which has thrown a + powerful light on geology, and directed it into a more + philosophical route. A number of works and of elaborate memoirs + published since by various naturalists, have shown the + prodigious influence which the labours of Cuvier have exercised + on the study of geology, of the animal kingdom, and even of + fossil botany. M. Cuvier amused himself during these laborious + works by particular researches which would alone have been + sufficient to have distinguished any other man, such as his + five Memoirs on the Voice of Birds, on Crocodiles, and on + numerous subjects of zoology; such also as his descriptions of + the living animals in the menagerie, &c. In all his works, + even to the minutest details, we discover the same luminous, + clear, and methodical mind, and the sagacity which + characterized him. Feeling the want of a work which should + present a general view of his ideas on zoological + classification, he published in 1817 his work entitled <i>Le + Regne Animal distribue d'après son Organisation</i>, in + 4 vols, 8vo. which speedily became the text-book of all + zoological students. When employed on this work he felt how far + in arrear of the other branches of zoology was that which + respects the class of fish, and saw how much difficulty had + accumulated in it, as well from our ignorance of the anatomy of + these animals, and the impossibility of determining with + precision the laws of their comparative organization, as from + the want of large collections, and perhaps also from the too + artificial spirit which had hitherto prevailed in ichthyology. + He employed his influence to form a collection in the Paris + Museum of specimens of fish from all parts of the world, and + was so successful in <span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" + id="page138"></a>[pg 138]</span> his endeavours that the + number of specimens which at first scarcely amounted to + 1,000, in a few years amounted to 6,000. Of these he + dissected a large portion with a care hitherto unknown, + having the advantage of an able associate in the study of + the details in M. Valenciennes; he was thus enabled in a + period of time that may be called short, looking to the + extent of the results, to collect the materials of his great + <i>Histoire Naturelle des Poissons</i>, of which eight + volumes have appeared, with their appropriate plates, and + for the continuation of which we have to look to his + laborious assistant. The recent embarrassment among the + Paris publishers having occasioned a stoppage in the + progress of this work, M. Cuvier availed himself of this (as + the part prepared for the press was already in advance of + the printer) to make preparations for republishing his + <i>Lecons d'Anotomie Comparee</i>, of which a second edition + had been long anxiously called for. This design, however, he + was not permitted to complete; but it is to be hoped that we + shall not be long deprived of the edition he had + contemplated, and that it will be accompanied with those + beautiful and accurate plates on which he had bestowed so + much pains, and in the execution of which he himself + excelled; for he was a skilful draftsman, and seized + external forms with rapidity and accuracy, and possessed the + art of representing in his drawings the forms of organic + tissues in a style peculiar to himself. His last course of + lectures, on the History of the Natural Sciences, and on the + Philosophy of Natural History, delivered at the College of + France, is now publishing in livraisons, and will extend to + three or four vols, 8vo. This work, however, we believe, has + been published without his consent or revision. His memory + was prodigious, and he scarcely knew what it was to forget + anything. Although his great powers were more particularly + devoted to natural history, no part of science was a + stranger to him, and his taste for literature and works of + imagination was particularly refined and elegant. In his + <i>Eloges</i> of illustrious men, delivered in his capacity + of perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences, he always + displays the utmost impartiality and love of truth; he never + debased the dignity of science by any love of intrigue, and + displayed the utmost disinterestedness in his efforts to + promote science. The qualities of his heart were not less + estimable than those of his head, and he possessed the happy + art of inspiring his friends with an unalterable attachment. + His conversation was varied and animated, adapted by turns + to every subject, and he may truly be said to have been the + grace and ornament of society. We must not forget the great + services he rendered to public education as head of the + University; his Report on the State of Primary Education in + Holland is a lasting monument of his solicitude for the + education of the people, and all those who have observed his + conduct with regard to the higher branches of education, + know how constantly his influence was directed to favour + their progress and to remove obstacles. In other departments + of the civil service into which he was successively called, + as Master of Requests, Counsellor of State, President of the + Section of the Interior, Director of Protestant Worship, + (for he was an enlightened and liberal Protestant, and + watched over the interests of his co-religionists with + constant solicitude,) and at last as a Peer of + France—in all these he displayed the same superiority + of talent. The office of Censor of the Press, which was + offered to him, he, to his eternal honour, refused. Such was + the man whose loss the world has now to deplore: but the + mind that traced her age and history—in the wrecks of + ages dug from her bosom—will live for ever in his + works to enlighten and instruct mankind.—<i>Foreign + Quarterly Review.</i></p> + + <p>Cuvier is said to have died of a paralytic affection of the + oesophagus. His body was examined by several eminent + pathologists: his brain is stated to have presented a mass of + extraordinary volume, weighing three pounds thirteen and a half + ounces; a fact which will be treasured up by contemporary + phrenologists as evidence of Cuvier's great intellectual + capabilities.</p> + + <p>[Cuvier was Professor of Geology in the College of France. + The chair, vacant by his death, has just been filled by the + appointment of M. Elie Beaumont, celebrated for his + investigation of mountain formations.]</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>New Books</h2> + + <h3>LEGENDS OF THE RHINE.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>[These are three novel-sized volumes from the prolific + pen of Mr. Grattan, whose <i>Highways and Byeways</i> have + probably started off hundreds of scribbling tourists to the + Continent, much to the annoyance of the keepers of old + castles and other necromantic haunts. These Legends, + however, have little to do with the Rhine, which is perhaps + fortunate for their success, as most of the traditionary + stories of the romantic river have been dished up in as + many forms and fashions as French cooks are accustomed to + serve up eggs. A few of our Correspondents have tried their + taste, but we hope not the reader's patience, in + <i>Rhin</i>-onomy; and Mr. Planché, moreover, has + wandered and sailed up and down the district, picking to + new van its mystic stories in every form common to our + literature. We have enjoyed every inch of the stream and + its banks, coloured after nature, in a panorama on paper, + to put <span class="pagenum"><a name="page139" + id="page139"></a>[pg 139]</span> into your pocket or + portmanteau; and just now Views on the Rhine are + publishing in sixpenny portions, and becoming as little + rare as Views on the Thames; till we may as well say + thick as leaves on the Rhine, as in Vallainbrosa.</p> + + <p>Mr. Grattan's Legends are stated to be freely adapted + from the literature of the countries where the scenes are + laid. They consist of some ten or dozen stories of untiring + length but too much for entire extract. For the sake of + some delightfully graphic writing we are induced to quote a + portion of one of the tales—<i>The Curse of the Black + Lady</i>, a legend of the twelfth century. The scene lies + in the Low Countries, and introduces an admirably-drawn + portrait of a knight of the period.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The Castle of the Countess of Hainault at Mons was a + complete specimen of the splendid architecture of the twelfth + century, or that which is now called Gothic; pointed windows + abounding in coloured glass, unpolished marble, heavy wooden + doors, thickly studded with iron nails, leading into immense + corridors, interminable passages, and branching staircases.</p> + + <p>It was early in a morning of the month of February, that the + horn of a knight was heard beyond the castle wall, and + immediately replied to by the warder; and when the draw-bridge + was slowly replaced and the portcullis heavily withdrawn, a + knight followed by a squire, whose surcoat bore the Flander's + lion, entered. The cap of the knight was of black velvet, and + slight bars of steel, bent into the form of a semicircle, + crossed each other at the top of his head and served at once + for defence and for ornament. His boots of thick leather + reaching almost to the knees bespoke him an inhabitant of a + maritime country, having spurs formed of a single point of + iron, long and obtuse, and these being gilt would have + announced the wearer's rank in chivalry, even if his whole + equipment and bearing had not proclaimed his right to the + deference with which he was received. As he dismounted from his + horse, he threw off the large mantle, not unlike the military + cloaks of our days, and discovered the knightly armour, which + showed to peculiar advantage his powerful limbs. A straight + black tunic without sleeves descended to his knees. It was + fastened by a silver girdle, from which depended on one side a + strong sword, and on the other a dagger, the richly wrought + handle of which seemed to declare it of Turkish make. His arms + and hands were covered with a steel tissue, sitting close and + so flexible that it yielded lightly to every motion. The squire + who followed him was old, and a certain familiarity was mingled + with the respect of his manner, and seemed to declare that he + had been long accustomed to his master. In truth he had served + the father of our knight, and the latter had grown up beneath + his attendance, which had not unfrequently become his + protection. His armour, far from adorning his person, scarcely + left a human figure visible beneath its heavy plates of iron, + fastened by nails whose monstrous heads seemed cast in the same + mould with those which strengthened the heavy oak doors of the + palace. His helmet seemed the section of a water-pipe of cast + iron. Visor it had none; but in its place was a plate or bar of + iron descending from the forehead to the chin, almost touching + the nose and mouth, and he had a group of arms suspended from + his saddle. It was Sir Guy de Dampierre and his squire.</p> + + <p>The seneschal conducted them with much ceremony to the + knight's apartments in the castle, where a small table placed + by the side of an enormous log-fire in the middle of the room, + and plentifully furnished with cold salted and dried meats, + together with the thin wines of France, and the more potent + juice of the German grape, soon made him forget the cold and + thirst he had endured in the forest. The beer he quaffed with + peculiar pleasure, as it invitingly foamed in a silver tankard, + which had been thickly embossed by the abbot of Wansfort, and + presented by him to the Emperor Baldwin previous to his + embarkation for the Holy Land.</p> + + <p>Having praised the flavour of the beer and helped himself to + some slices from a well cured wild boar's head, he said to the + chamberlain, "And Baldwin of Avesnes is not yet arrived, you + say?"</p> + + <p>"No, Count," replied the chamberlain; "we expected he would + be with you."</p> + + <p>"Why, my road lay through Namur, and he comes directly from + Bruges. I marvel therefore he be not arrived—and I have + news for him," said the knight.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>[The next page includes a passing notice of the + <i>introduction of chimneys</i> into England, referable, + though not without dispute, to this date:—]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The warder's horn was again heard; and after due time the + person in question made his appearance. He looked harassed and + fatigued, and gladly took the seat Count Guy pointed to, close + by his own, and having stirred the logs which burned lazily in + the huge hearth, he observed, "Methinks the wood emits this + sulphureous vapour more strongly than ever. I marvel, Guy, that + you have not repaid the compliment of the English king's + invitation to your weavers, by bringing over workmen to build + you some of those long narrow passages which, beginning just + over the fire, project from the top of the house to carry off + the smoke."</p> + + <p>"What mean you, Baldwin?"</p> + + <p>"Nay, have you not heard that in England they are beginning + to build along the end of the rooms, lodges or troughs to + contain the fuel, on the base of which they raise a brick + funnel, through which all the smoke mounts + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page140" + id="page140"></a>[pg 140]</span> and so evaporates at the + top of the house?" replied Baldwin.</p> + + <p>"Think you then, d'Avesnes, that the whole room can be + warmed with the fire at one end of it, particularly if the + smoke be carried out?"</p> + + <p>"Indeed they say," replied d'Avesnes, "it casts a strong + heat everywhere."</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>["The Black Lady" is thus characterised:—"They + speak of her as one entirely destitute of natural + sensibility; they hint at some dark practices, and they + designate her so frequently by the epithet of the 'Black + Lady,' that many, both in Hainault and Flanders, are + ignorant that this is not really her title." Here follows a + whole-length portrait of this specimen of black-letter + majesty.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>In the tapestried room into which the brothers were + conducted, sat the Black Lady of Brabant on a throne elevated + considerably above the floor. The dais was covered with the + same rich tapestry as the hangings which covered the walls, for + even in this early age Bruges was celebrated for such + manufactures. The draperies of the throne were of purple velvet + fringed with gold, with a canopy and curtains of the same rich + materials, the latter being looped back with a massive cord and + tassels. The constable supported one side of the throne, and + the seneschal the other. Below these were the cup-bearer and + grand huntsman. Six pages were placed about the steps of the + throne, and the same number of ladies in waiting were also + there. Yet Marguerite herself wanted not the surrounding + magnificence to mark her superior dignity of "Countess by the + grace of God," then accorded to only one county besides her + own; for there was a sort of fearful majesty about her towering + height, unbowed either by the weight of years (and she had + already passed what the Psalmist has declared to be the age of + man) or luxurious indulgence. Her face was pale and marked by + deep furrows, indicating an unlimited indulgence of the strong + passions which had rendered her life so unquiet. Her eye was + black, and retained all the fire of lively feeling, yet it was + sunken. Her forehead was low, yet there was an inflexibility of + resolve in its deep lines that added much to the majestic + character of her appearance. Her teeth too were perfect, and + her thin and colourless lips left them visible to attract the + painful admiration excited by their contrast with the unlovely + expression of her features; her chin was small. Her hair was + all drawn from her face to the crown of her head and concealed + under the black lace veil, which concealing the upper part of + her forehead, fell over each shoulder even to her feet. Her + upper garment was a long mantle of black velvet lined with + ermine, which, opening in front, fell over the arms of her + throne, and discovered a dress of crimson cloth of Bruges of + that beautiful sort called <i>ecarlate</i>. The boddice was + drawn tightly to her shape by rich gold cord, the ends of + which, finished by heavy tassels, fell downwards to the edge of + her robe. The crimson tunic reached only to her knees, and + discovered an under dress of white Syrian silk, on which was a + border of gold, evidently of oriental workmanship. Her hard + bust was covered by many rows of the finest Asiatic pearls, and + depending from her girdle was a rosary of jet, which sustained + a richly embossed golden cross, probably enshrining a piece of + wood of the true cross from Palestine. The small gold crown + which circled her brows, and the sceptre she held, were + evidently made by the same skilful artist—probably the + work of the celebrated Erembert, Abbot of Wansfort. Her arms, + which notwithstanding her towering statue were + disproportionably long, were covered by sleeves of the finest + Bruges linen, which however only appeared at the shoulders and + elbows, the rest of the arm being covered with the crimson + cloth which formed the tunic, and these were laced with gold + cord down to the waist, where the Bruges linen formed a cuff. + Her form was harsh and bony, and no grace of motion relieved + its outlines; for she was so fearfully still, you might have + thought the living form had been placed in sight of the + Gorgon's head and so transformed to stone. Her features seemed + alike immovable, all sunk into a dark, fixed, and settled + discontent with life.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE BRITISH MUSEUM.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>[This is the seventeenth volume of the <i>Library of + Entertaining Knowledge</i>; and, like the majority of its + predecessors, it aims at rendering popular, and of obvious + interest, subjects which had hitherto been abstruse and + uninviting. It is the first of a series of volumes to be + published on the Antiquities of the British Museum, so as + in some measure to set them free from their national + imprisonment; for such we must term any assemblage of works + of art (the property of the country), which are not + unconditionally open to public inspection.</p> + + <p>The portion before us is the first of two volumes + devoted to the Egyptian Antiquities in the Museum. It has + been diligently compiled; and rendered more interesting + than would be a bare account of what the Museum contains, + by correct notices generally "of the history of art among + the Egyptians." The best authorities have been consulted + and acknowledged, as Hamilton, Heeren, Gau, and Belzoni, + and the more recent labours of Mr. James Burton. The whole + is attractively arranged in chapters; on the Physical + Character of Egypt; Political Sketch of Ancient Egypt, and + the monuments of the respective divisions of the country. + We subjoin <span class="pagenum"><a name="page141" + id="page141"></a>[pg 141]</span> an extract, containing + a graphic outline of <i>Thebes</i>:]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>We pass by Kennéh, on the east bank, from which + travellers may go to Cosseir to embark on the Red Sea; we + hasten by the remains of Kouft, the ancient Coptos, and the + solitary propylon of Kous, standing alone without its + temple,—to the plain of Thebes, to the most wonderful + assemblage of ruins on the face of the earth.</p> + + <p>All travellers agree that it is impossible to describe the + effect produced by the colossal remains of this ancient + capital; nor does it lie within our plan to attempt this + description at present any farther than is necessary to make + our readers acquainted with the general character and + localities of the existing temples of Egypt.</p> + + <p>No knowledge of antiquity, no long-cherished associations, + no searching after something to admire, is necessary here. The + wonders of Thebes rise before the astonished spectator like the + creations of some superior power. "It appeared to me," says + Belzoni, "like entering a city of giants, who, after a long + conflict, were all destroyed, leaving the ruins of their + various temples as the only proofs of their former existence." + Denon's description of the first view of Thebes by the French + army, which he accompanied in the expedition into Upper Egypt, + is singularly characteristic. "On turning the point of a chain + of mountains which forms a kind of promontory, we saw all at + once ancient Thebes in its full extent—that Thebes whose + magnitude has been pictured to us by a single word in Homer, + <i>hundred-gated</i>, a poetical and unmeaning expression which + has been so confidently repeated ever since. This city, + described in a few pages dictated to Herodotus by Egyptian + priests, which succeeding authors have copied—renowned + for numerous kings, who, through their wisdom, have been + elevated to the rank of gods; for laws which have been revered + without being known; for sciences which have been confided to + proud and mysterious inscriptions, wise and earliest monuments + of the arts which time has respected;—this sanctuary, + abandoned, desolated through barbarism, and surrendered to the + desert from which it was won; this city, shrouded in the veil + of mystery by which even colossi are magnified: this remote + city, which imagination has only caught a glimpse of through + the darkness of time,—was still so gigantic an + apparition, that at the site of its scattered ruins, the army + halted of its own accord, and the soldiers, with one + spontaneous movement, clapped their hands." It is, however, + rather unfortunate for Denon's description, that another + traveller denies that there is such an approach to Thebes as is + mentioned in the extract, and he assures us that the ruins + cannot be seen till the traveller comes near them; and further, + that to produce such astonishing effects as the Frenchman + describes, we ought to be <i>very</i> near them or <i>among</i> + them. Without pretending to reconcile these contradictions, we + can readily believe that the ruins may produce a considerable + effect, even at some distance, if Denon's drawings are at all + correct. As to the impression made by a near inspection of + these wonderful remains, there is no discrepancy among + travellers.</p> + + <p>Thebes lay on each side of the river, and extended also on + both sides as far as the mountains. The tombs, which are on the + western side, reach even into the limits of the desert. Four + principal villages stand on the site of this ancient + city,—Luxor and Carnak on the eastern, Gournou and + Medinet-Abou on the western side. The temple of Luxor is very + near the river, and there is here a good ancient jettée, + well built of bricks. The entrance to this temple is through a + magnificent propylon, or gateway, facing the north, 200 feet in + front, and 57 feet high above the present level of the soil. + Before the gateway stand the two most perfect obelisks that + exist, formed, as usual, of the red granite of Syene, and each + about 80 feet high, and from 8 to 10 feet wide at the base. + Travellers differ in their estimate of the width of the base, + some, perhaps, taking the actual measure on the surface of the + soil while others may make allowance for that part that is + buried; for that the soil is much elevated will appear from + what follows: "Between these obelisks and the propylon are two + colossal statutes, also of red granite; from the difference of + the dresses it is judged that one was a male, the other a + female, figure;—they are nearly of equal sizes. Though + buried in the ground to the chest, they still measure 21 and 22 + feet from thence to the top of the mitre." Another cause of + discrepancy in the measurements may be, that the adjacent sides + of the obelisks are of different dimensions; which is generally + the case.</p> + + <p>It is this gateway that is filled with those remarkable + sculptures, which represent the triumph of some ancient monarch + of Egypt over an Asiatic enemy, and which we find repeated, + both on other monuments of Thebes, and partly also on some of + the monuments of Nubia, as, for example, at Ipsambul. This + event appears to have formed an epoch in Egyptian history, and + to have furnished materials both for the historian and the + sculptor, like the war of Troy to the Grecian poet. The whole + length of this temple is about 800 feet.</p> + + <p>But the remains of Carnak, about one mile and a quarter + lower down the river, are still more wonderful than Luxor: one + of the buildings is probably the temple of Ammon, which we know + from Diodoius was on this side of the river. An irregular + avenue of sphinxes, considerably more than a mile in length + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" + id="page142"></a>[pg 142]</span> (about 6,560 feet), + connected the northern entrance of the temple of Luxor with + it; but this was only one of several proud approaches to + perhaps the largest assemblage of buildings that ever was + erected. For a minute description of Carnak we must refer to + the plans in the great French work, and to Dr. Richardson's + and Mr. Hamilton's accounts. The irregularities in the + structure and approaches of this building show that the + various parts of it were raised at different periods, for + indeed it would have been impossible for any one sovereign + to have completed such a monument in his life-time; and we + know, also, that the great temple at Memphis received + numerous additions during a long succession of ages. Some + parts, both of this temple and of the larger building at + Carnak (sometimes called a palace), have been constructed + out of the materials of earlier buildings, as we see from + blocks of stone being occasionally placed with inverted + hieroglyphics. It is impossible without good drawings and + very long descriptions, to give anything like an adequate + idea of the enormous remains of Carnak, among which we find + a hall whose roof of flat stones is sustained by more than + 130 pillars, some 26 feet, and others as much as 34 feet, in + circumference. The remains on the western side of the river + are, perhaps, more interesting than those on the east. That + nearly all the monuments of Thebes belong to a period + anterior to the Persian conquest, B.C. 525, and that among + them we must look for the oldest and most genuine specimens + of Egyptian art, is clear, both from the character of the + monuments themselves and from historical records; nor is + this conviction weakened by finding the name of Alexander + twice on part of the buildings at Carnak, which will prove + no more than that a chamber might have been added to the + temple and inscribed with his name; or that it was not + unusual for the priests to flatter conquerors or conquerors' + deputies by carving on stone the name of their new master. + Thebes was the centre of Egyptian power and commerce, + probably long before Memphis grew into importance, or before + the Delta was made suitable to the purposes of husbandry by + the cutting of canals and the raising of embankments.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>[In a note to this passage, it is stated that "Herodotus + has given no description of Thebes. Denon several times + quotes Herodotus for what is not in that author. But this + is so common, even with people who have claims to + scholarship, that it has become almost a fashion to say + that any thing is in Herodotus." So that the audience of + Lord Goderich with the late King, as described in the + <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, in the Herodotean (or <i>says + he</i> and <i>says she</i>) dialect, is no great + license.]</p> + + <p>[The volume is profusely embellished.]</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The Public Journals.</h2> + + <h3>ERRORS OF THE DAY.</h3> + + <p>The devoutest believers in "the march of intellect" must at + intervals be almost driven to renounce their creed in despair. + Errors which were supposed to have been exploded centuries ago, + sometimes reappear on a sudden, and propagate themselves for a + season with a rapidity which no reasoning can pursue, no + ridicule arrest. Notions, worthy only of the dark ages, spring + up in the glare of the supposed illumination of the present + day, and resist all the efforts of the Briarean press itself to + dispel them. At one time, it is a pious Hungarian prince who + performs preternatural cures, at the request of the friends of + the sick parties in Ireland, conveyed through that droll medium + for a miracle, the Hamburg letter-bag! At another, it is an old + dropsical impostor, whom thousands of blaspheming dupes + venerate as a second virgin quick of a new Messiah! A short + time since animal magnetism was in vogue; and the strong will + of certain gifted individuals was believed to have the power of + entering into a mystical communication with the spirits of + others, and of absolutely controlling their whole physical and + mental being! To-day we are startled by the actual exhibition + of a miracle, the "unknown tongue," on alternate Sundays, at + the Caledonian Chapel in Regent Square, London! If at any time + we are tempted to plume ourselves on the fact, that the belief + in ghosts and witchcraft has disappeared, we are quickly + humiliated by the recollection that there are yet thousands of + devout believers in the prophecies of Francis Moore, physician; + or by overhearing the rhapsodies of some millenarian dreamer, + who as confidently gives us the date of the opening of the New + Jerusalem as if he were speaking of the New London + Bridge.—<i>Quarterly Review</i>.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>PUBLIC CREDIT.</h3> + + <p>It is physically impossible to carry on the commerce of the + civilized world by the aid of a <i>purely</i> metallic + currency—no, not though our gold and silver coins were + every tenth year debased to a tenth! Why, in London alone, five + millions of money are daily exchanged at the Clearing-house, in + the course of a few hours. We should like to see the attempt + made to bring this infinity of transactions to a settlement in + coined money. Credit money, in some shape or other, always has, + and must have, performed the part of a circulating medium to a + very considerable extent. And (by one of those wonderful + compensatory processes which so frequently claim the admiration + of every investigator of civil, as well as of physical economy) + there is in the nature of credit an elasticity which causes it, + when left unshackled by law, to adapt itself + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" + id="page143"></a>[pg 143]</span> to the necessities of + commerce, and the legitimate demands of the market. Well may + the productive classes exclaim to those who persist in + legislating on the subject, and are not content without + determining who may, and who may not, give credit to + another, what kind of monied obligations shall, or shall + not, be allowed to circulate—that is, to be taken in + exchange for goods at the option of the parties—well + might they exclaim, as the merchants of Paris did to the + minister of Louis, when he asked what his master could do + for them—"Laissez nous faire,"—"Leave us alone, + to surround ourselves with those precautions which + experience will suggest and the instinct of + self-preservation put in execution."—<i>Ibid</i>.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>HOARDING MONEY.</h3> + + <p>There can be no doubt too that "<i>hoarding</i>" coin goes + on to a considerable extent, and greatly augments the scarcity, + and consequently the value of the precious metals. Even the old + practice of "making a stocking" is by no means given up in + rural districts. We ourselves, but a few days back, personally + witnessed an old crone, the wife of a small, and apparently + poor farmer, in a wild pastoral district, bring no less than + three hundred sovereigns in a bag to a neighbouring attorney, + to be placed by him in security: her treasure having + accumulated till she was afraid to keep it longer at home. Such + examples are by no means so rare as may be imagined. The + failures of so many country banks in 1825 destroyed the + confidence of country people in the bank-notes of the present + banks, and causes their preference of gold. The failure of many + attorneys, as well as of those country banks which received and + gave interest on deposits, and (with the exception of the + savings banks, which are very limited in the amount of the + deposits they allow) the total absence, in the rural districts + of England, of any safe and accessible depositaries for the + savings of the economical, such as the invaluable Scotch banks, + have tended most injuriously to discourage economy; and where + that principle was strongly ingrafted, have converted it into a + practice of hoarding,—have caused that to stagnate in + unprofitable masses which, spread through proper channels, + would have stimulated new industry and new accumulations, and + added both to the wealth of the owner, and to the general + stock.—<i>Ibid</i>.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>INVENTION OF PRINTING.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>[Our Correspondent, W.M. of the Regent's Park, should + read the following announcement, which supersedes the + necessity of printing his communication. At least, we do + not feel ourselves justified in doing so, without reference + to the undernamed German work.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>It is proposed to erect a monument in Mentz, by public + subscription and support of all nations, to Gutenberg, the + great inventor of the art of printing, and to celebrate the + immortal discovery in a grand and becoming style. The erection + is to take place in 1836, being the fourth centenary + anniversary of the great achievement, for it is capable of + historic proof that Gutenberg communicated his discovery of + movable letters to some friends at Strasburg in 1436, to which + city he had retired on account of some disturbances in his + native place: vide Schaab's <i>Geschichte der Erfinding der + Buchdruckerkunst</i>, Mainz, 1831, 3 vols. 8vo. The + subscriptions and support, in particular, of printers, + booksellers, authors and literary bodies, is solicited. Kings + and princes, in behalf of the best interests of their subjects + and of civilization, it is hoped, will not be backward to + support so noble a design. The public will be informed, from + time to time, by means of the daily papers and journals, of the + progress of the subscription, for which the smallest sums will + be received, and the names of the donors entered in a book kept + by the Corporation of Mentz, to which all communications are + requested to be addressed.—<i>Foreign Quarterly + Review</i>.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>GOETHE</h3> + + <p>A medal, in commemoration of Goethe, has been struck at + Berlin. On one side is the portrait of the deceased, by the + celebrated Leonard Posch, crowned with laurel, bearing the + inscription Jo. W. DE GOETHE NAT. XXVIII AUG. MDCCXXXXIX. The + likeness was taken a few years ago at Weimar, and has been + universally admired for its accuracy. On the reverse is + represented the Poet's Apotheosis. A swan bears him on his + wings to the starry regions, that appear expanded above, and to + which the Poet, having a golden lyre in his left arm, extends + his right arm with longing gaze. On this side is the + inscription AD ASTRA REDIIT D. XXII MART. + MDCCCXXXIL—<i>Ibid</i>.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The Gatherer.</h2> + + <p><i>Wilkes's Luckiest Number</i>.—A rich farmer in + Devonshire made a will, in which the following article was + found:—"I bequeath to John Wilkes, late member of + parliament for Aylesbury, five thousand pounds sterling, as a + grateful return for the courage with which he defended the + liberty of his country, and opposed the dangerous progress of + arbitrary power."</p> + + <p><i>Owen's Alms-houses, Islington</i>, were founded by Dame + Alice Owen, in consequence of a providential escape. In the + fields, near this spot, in the reign of Queen Mary, the archers + frequently exercised with bows and arrows. Dame Owen walking + with her maid, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" + id="page144"></a>[pg 144]</span> and observing a woman + milking a cow, was desirous of trying to milk the cow + herself, which she did, when on leaving the cow, an arrow + pierced the crown of her hat, without doing her the least + injury. In gratitude for her escape, she built the school + and houses. For many years an arrow was fixed on the top of + them. SWAINE.</p> + + <p><i>Origin of Tory</i>.—Our friend, Mr. George Olaus + Borrow, who has devoted his attention specially to the Celtic + dialect, suggests that the long-disputed etymology of the word + Tory may be traced to the Irish adherents of Charles II., + during the Cromwellian era. The words <i>Tar a Ri</i> + (pronounced <i>Tory</i>,) and meaning <i>Come, O King</i>, + having been so constantly in the mouths of the Royalists as to + have become a by-word to designate them. Mr. Borrow's paper on + the subject has appeared in the <i>Norfolk Chronicle</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Toast</i>.—May the man who wins a woman's heart + never be instrumental in breaking its peace.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i8"><i>Progress of Life</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>When man full thirty years has spent,</p> + + <p class="i2">The road at times both rough and + stony,</p> + + <p>To clear life's vapour, and repent</p> + + <p class="i2">He seeks the stream of Matrimony!</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><i>Caught at last</i>.—Sir Jervis Elwayes, lieutenant + of the Tower, being much addicted to gaming, used to say, in + his prayers, "Lord, let me hanged, if ever I play more." He + broke this serious prayer a thousand times, and at last was + hanged on Tower Hill, in 1615, for the murder of Sir Thomas + Overbury.</p> + + <p>Edward the Confessor took great delight in Haverley Bower, + in Essex, it being woody, solitary, and fit for devotion; but + it so abounded with warbling nightingales, that they disturbed + him in his devotions. He earnestly prayed for their absence, + since which time it is superstitiously said, never nightingale + was heard to sing in the park, though occasionally the warbler + is heard outside the pales.</p> + + <p><i>Wages</i>.—In 1352, (25th Edward III.) the wages + paid to haymakers was 1<i>d</i>. a-day; a mower of meadows, + 3<i>d</i>. a-day, or 5<i>d</i>. an acre; reapers of corn in the + first week of August, 2<i>d</i>., in the second 3<i>d</i>. per + day, and so on till the end of August, without meat, drink, or + other allowance; finding their own tools. For threshing a + quarter of wheat or rye, 2-1/2<i>d</i>.; a quarter of barley, + beans, peas, and oats, 1-1/2<i>d</i>. A master carpenter, + 3<i>d</i>. per day, other carpenters 2<i>d</i>. A master mason + 4<i>d</i>. per day, other masons 3<i>d</i>., and their servants + 1-1/2<i>d</i>. per day. Tilers 3<i>d</i>., and their "knaves" + 1-1/2<i>d</i>. Thatchers 3<i>d</i>. a-day, and their knaves + 1-1/2<i>d</i>. Plasterers, and other workers of mud walls and + their knaves in like manner, without meat or drink, and this + from Easter to Michaelmas; and from that time less, according + to the direction of the justices. T. GILL.</p> + + <p><i>Literary Quizzing</i>.—Of all human quizzing, + ancient and modern, plebeian or patrician, nothing equals that + now in triumphant practice in the lists of literature. From + Zoilus to the penny newspapers, never has there been criticism, + penned or spoken, so bitterly pungent as some of the grave + laudatory articles, by which authors are now quizzed down to + zero in the popular reviews. Satan Montgomery is bantered with + the name of Isaiah; Miss Landon by a comparison with La + Rochefoucault; and Don Trueba, with Pigault le Brun. This is a + refinement in cruelty. It is twining the rack with flowers; and + hanging a man with a cord of gold. The sentence of the reviewer + should be "Yea, yea; and nay, nay!" A Barmecide's feast of fame + is a supererogation of malice. We hold that all authors so + derided have a right to call upon their critics to make good + their words; and build up the visionary castles of their + <i>Fata Morgana</i>, (like London Bridge in the nursery song) + with "gravel and stone;" or rather, "with silver and gold." A + heavy mulct should be imposed on literary + quizzing.—<i>Tait's Edinburgh Magazine</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Cross Readings</i>, (<i>from the + Spanish</i>.)—Suddenly King Alphonso Riberro Fernando + rose from his couch, and sallying from his tent with fierce + looks and sword in hand—swore the total annihilation of + every bug in the Castiles.</p> + + <p>And the king with great despatch, forthwith ordered a strong + body of cavalry, for—there was a mouse scratching behind + the wainscot.</p> + + <p>So the queen, Mary, rising majestically from her throne, + with imperial, yet gentle look, exclaimed in a sweet + voice—"Scratch Poll's head."</p> + + <p>There was a goodly array of gay knights following the king + to the hunt—the rats being numerous they afforded good + sport.</p> + + <p>These specimens of Spanish satire came out in the form of + cross-readings, a few months after the death of Cervantes; they + were affirmed to be by that illustrious author; how truly so I + know not. R.N.</p> + + <p><i>Cannon Clock</i>.—In the gardens of the Palais + Royal and the Luxembourg, at Paris, is a specimen of this + contrivance invented by one Rousseau. A burning-glass is fixed + over the vent of a cannon, so that the sun's rays, at the + moment of its passing the meridian, are concentrated by the + glass, on the priming, and the piece is fired. The + burning-glass is regulated, for this purpose, every month.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" + name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>At Belvoir was formerly a priory of four black monks, + subordinate to the Abbey of St. Alban, in Hertfordshire, to + which it was annexed by its founder, Robert de Belvideir, + or De Todenci, in the time of William the Conqueror. It was + dedicated to St. Mary; and was valued, at the Dissolution, + at £104 19<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i> per annum. Dr. + Stukely, in the year 1726, saw the coffin and bones of the + founder, who died in 1088, dug up in the Priory chapel, + then a stable and on a stone was inscribed in large + letters, with lead cast in them, ROBERT DE TODENE LE + FVDEVR. Another coffin and cover near it was likewise + discovered with the following inscription:—"The Vale + of Bever, barren of wood, is large and very plentiful of + good corn and grass, and lieth in three shires, Leicester, + Lincoln, and much in Nottinghamshire."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" + name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>"The Lord Ros took Henry the VIth's part against King + Edward, whereupon his lands were confiscated, and Belever + Castle given in keeping to Lord Hastings, who coming + thither on a time to peruse the ground, and to lie in the + castle, was suddenly repelled by Mr. Harrington, a man of + power thereabouts, and friend to the Lord Ros. Whereupon + the Lord Hastings came thither another time with a strong + power, and upon a raging will spoiled the castle, defacing + the roofs, and taking the leads off them.—Then fell + all the castle to ruins, and the timber of the roofs + uncovered, rotted away, and the soil between the walls at + the last grew full of elders, and no habitation was there + till that, of late days, the Earl of Rutland hath made it + fairer than ever it was."—<i>Leland</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" + name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>As illustrative of the folly and superstition of the + times, it may be interesting to explain this. Joan Flower, + and her two daughters, who were servants at Belvoir Castle, + having been dismissed the family, in revenge, made use of + all the enchantments, spells, and charms, that were at that + time supposed to answer their malicious purposes. Henry, + the eldest son, died soon after their dismissal; but no + suspicion of witchcraft arose till five years after, when + the three women, who are said to have entered into a formal + contract with the devil, were accused of "murdering Henry + Lord Ros by witchcraft, and torturing the Lord Francis, his + brother, and Lady Catharine, his sister." After various + examinations, before Francis Lord Willoughby, of Eresby, + and other magistrates, they were committed to Lincoln gaol. + Joan died at Ancaster, on her way thither, by wishing the + bread and butter she ate might choak her if guilty. The two + daughters were tried before Sir Henry Hobbert, Chief + Justice of the Common Pleas, and Sir Edward Bromley, one of + the Barons of Exchequer, confessed their guilt, and were + executed at Lincoln, March 11, 1618-19.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" + name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p>"The <i>great Marquess of Granby</i>" born in 1721, was + the son of this duke. During the rebellion he raised a + regiment of foot. In 1758, being lieutenant-general, he was + sent into Germany, and eminently distinguished himself + under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. He died in 1770, and + was buried with his ancestors at Bottesford, where, a few + years since, there was no monumental record of his + name!</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" + name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p>We are happy to perceive that the above journal rises in + interest and value as it proceeds; and merits all the + encouragement our notice of its first appearance may have + induced our readers to confer upon it.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <p><i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near + Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New + Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, + Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>.</p> +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11865 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/11865-h/images/564-1.png b/11865-h/images/564-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0bfe5c --- /dev/null +++ b/11865-h/images/564-1.png diff --git a/11865-h/images/564-2.png b/11865-h/images/564-2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..87f039d --- /dev/null +++ b/11865-h/images/564-2.png diff --git a/11865-h/images/564-3.png b/11865-h/images/564-3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..81e70da --- /dev/null +++ b/11865-h/images/564-3.png diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca35598 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #11865 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11865) diff --git a/old/11865-8.txt b/old/11865-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46798f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11865-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1999 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 564, September 1, 1832, by Various + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, +Issue 564, September 1, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 1, 2004 [eBook #11865] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: iso-8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, +AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 564, SEPTEMBER 1, 1832*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker, and Project Gutenberg +Distributed Proofreaders + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 11865-h.htm or 11865-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/8/6/11865/11865-h/11865-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/8/6/11865/11865-h.zip) + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +Vol. 20, No. 564] SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +[Illustration: BELVOIR CASTLE.] + +Belvoir Castle, (or Bever, as it was formerly and is now sometimes +called,) in situation and aspect partly resembles "majestic Windsor." +It has a similar "princely brow," being placed upon an abrupt +elevation of a kind of natural cliff, forming the termination of a +peninsular hill, the basis of which is red grit stone, but now covered +with vegetable mould, well turfed by nature and art, and varied into +terraces of different elevation. It has been the seat of the noble +family of Manners for several generations; it claims the priority of +every other seat in the county wherein it is situate; and is one of +the most magnificent castellated structures in the kingdom. + +This castle, in some topographical works, is described as being in +Lincolnshire. Camden says, "In the west part of Kesteven, on the edge +of Lincolnshire and Leicestershire, there stands Belvoir Castle, so +called (whatever was its ancient name) from the fine prospect on a +steep hill, which seems the work of art." Burton expressly says +that it "is certainly in Lincolnshire," and the authors of _Magna +Britannia_ are of the same opinion; but Mr. Nichols, whose authority +on subjects of local history, respecting Leicestershire, is generally +decisive and satisfactory, states that "the castle is at present in +every respect considered as being within this county with all the +lands of the extra-parochial part of Belvoir thereto belonging, +(including the site of the Priory,[1]) consisting in the whole of +about 600 acres of wood, meadow, and pasture land; upon which are now +no buildings but the castle, with its offices and the inn. It would be +a difficult matter, notwithstanding, to trace out with accuracy, the +precise boundary of the two counties in this neighbourhood." + + [1] At Belvoir was formerly a priory of four black monks, + subordinate to the Abbey of St. Alban, in Hertfordshire, to which + it was annexed by its founder, Robert de Belvideir, or De Todenci, + in the time of William the Conqueror. It was dedicated to St. + Mary; and was valued, at the Dissolution, at £104 19s. 10d. per + annum. Dr. Stukely, in the year 1726, saw the coffin and bones of + the founder, who died in 1088, dug up in the Priory chapel, then + a stable and on a stone was inscribed in large letters, with lead + cast in them, ROBERT DE TODENE LE FVDEVR. Another coffin and + cover near it was likewise discovered with the following + inscription:--"The Vale of Bever, barren of wood, is large and + very plentiful of good corn and grass, and lieth in three shires, + Leicester, Lincoln, and much in Nottinghamshire." + +That Belvoir has been the site of a castle since the Norman Conquest +appears well established. Leland says, "The Castle of Belvoir standeth +in the utter part of that way of Leicestershire, on the nape of an +high hill, steep up each way, partly by nature, partly by working of +men's hands, as it may evidently be perceived. Whether there were any +castle there before the Conquest or no I am not sure, but surely I +think no rather than ye. Toteneius was the first inhabiter after the +Conquest. Then it came to Albeneius, and from Albeney to Ros." + +The Belvoir estate came into the Manners family, by the marriage of +Eleanor with Robert de Manners of Ethale, Northumberland. Eleanor was +the eldest sister of Edmund, Lord Ros, who resided at the manor-house +of Elsinges, in Enfield, Middlesex, where he died without issue in the +year 1508. His sisters became heiresses to the estates, and Belvoir +being part of the moiety of Eleanor, became the property of the +Manners family, who have continued to possess it to the present time. + +As the possessors of this castle and lordship have been chiefly +persons of considerable eminence, and many of them numbered among the +great men of history, it may be as well to interweave a few notices +of them with a brief chronological account of the noble structure. +Robert, the first Norman lord, died in 1088, and was buried in the +chapter-house of the Priory, where Dr. Stukely discovered the stone +already named, to his memory. "By a general survey taken at the +death of Robert, it appears that he was in possession of fourscore +lordships: many of which, by uninterrupted succession, continue still +to be the property of the Duke of Rutland. In Lincolnshire his domains +were still more numerous. In Northamptonshire he had nine lordships; +one of which, Stoke, acquired the additional name of Albini, when it +came into the possession of his son." William de Albini, son of the +above, succeeded to these lordships; and, like his father, was a +celebrated warrior: according to Matthew Paris, he valourously +distinguished himself at the battle of Tinchebrai, in Normandy, +September 27, 1106; where Henry I. encountered Robert Curthose, his +brother. This lord obtained from Henry the grant of an annual fair at +Belvoir, to be continued for eight days. During the changeful reigns +of Stephen and Henry II., the castle fell into the hands of the +crown, and was granted to Ranulph de Gernons, Earl of Chester; but +repossession was obtained by de Albini, who died here about the year +1155. William de Albini, (alias Meschines and Britto,) the next +possessor of Belvoir, endowed the Priory hero with certain lands, and, +in 1165, certified to Henry II. that he then held of him thirty-two +knights' fees under the old feoffments, whereby he was enfeoffed +in the time of Henry I. William de Albini, the third of that name, +accompanied Richard I. during his crusading reign, into Normandy: he +was also one of the sureties for King John, in his treaty of peace +with Philip of France. He was too, engaged in the barons' wars in the +latter reign, and was taken prisoner by the king's party at Rochester +Castle; his own castle at Belvoir also falling into the royal hands. +He was likewise one of the twenty-five barons, whose signatures were +attached to Magna Charta and the charter of Forests at Runnemede. This +lord richly endowed the priory of Belvoir, and founded and endowed a +hospital at Wassebridge, between Stamford and Uffingham, where he was +buried in 1236. Isabel, of the house of Albini, now married to Robert +de Ros, or Roos, baron of Hamlake, and thus carried the estates into a +new family. The bounds of the lordship of Belvoir, at this time, are +described by a document printed in Nichols's History. This new lord +obtained a license from Henry III. to hold a weekly market and annual +fair at Belvoir. He died in 1285, and his body was buried at Kirkham, +his bowels before the high altar at Belvoir, and his heart at Croxton +Abbey; it being a practice of that age for the corporeal remains of +eminent persons to be thus distributed after death. The next owner, +William de Ros was, in 1304, allowed to impark 100 acres under +the name of _Bever_ Park, which was appropriated solely to the +preservation of game. He died in 1317: his eldest son, William de Ros, +took the title of Baron Ros, of Hamlake, Werke, Belvoir, and Trusbut; +was Lord High Admiral of England, and sat in parliament from 11 Edw. +II. to 16 Edw. III; he died in 1342. Sir William de Ros, knight, was +Lord High Treasurer to Henry IV.; he died at the Castle in 1414, and +bequeathed 400_l._ "for finding ten honest chaplains to pray for his +soul, and the souls of his father, mother, brethren, sisters, &c." for +eight years within his chapel at Belvoir castle. John and William Ros, +the next owners, were distinguished in the wars of France; the former +was slain at Anjou; the latter died in 1431, and was succeeded by his +son, Edmund, an infant, who, on coming of age, engaged in the civil +wars of York and Lancaster: he was attainted in 1641, and his noble +possessions parcelled out by Edward IV; the honour, castle, and +lordship of Belvoir, with the park and all its members, and the rent +called castle-guard, (then an appurtenance to Belvoir,) being granted +in 1647, to Hastings the court corruptionist.[2] The attainder was, +however, repealed, and Edmund, Lord Ros re-obtained possession of all +his estates in 1483: he died at Enfield, and the estates then passed +into the Manners family, as we have stated. + + [2] "The Lord Ros took Henry the VIth's part against King Edward, + whereupon his lands were confiscated, and Belever Castle given in + keeping to Lord Hastings, who coming thither on a time to peruse + the ground, and to lie in the castle, was suddenly repelled by Mr. + Harrington, a man of power thereabouts, and friend to the Lord + Ros. Whereupon the Lord Hastings came thither another time with a + strong power, and upon a raging will spoiled the castle, defacing + the roofs, and taking the leads off them.--Then fell all the + castle to ruins, and the timber of the roofs uncovered, rotted + away, and the soil between the walls at the last grew full of + elders, and no habitation was there till that, of late days, the + Earl of Rutland hath made it fairer than ever it was."--_Leland_. + +George, eldest son of the above-named Robert Manners, succeeded to his +father's estates, including Belvoir: in his will, a copy of which is +given by Mr. Nichols, dated Oct. 6, 1513, he is styled "Sir George +Manners, knight, Lord Ros." He was interred, with his lady, in a +chantry chapel, founded by his father-in-law, Sir Thomas Ledger, in +the chapel of St. George, at Windsor. His son, Thomas, Lord Ros, +succeeded him, and was created by Henry VIII. a knight, and afterwards +Earl of Rutland, a title which had never before been conferred on +any person but of the blood royal. This nobleman aided Henry in the +dissolution of the monasteries, and for his zeal received from the +monarch several manors and estates. He caused many of the ancient +monuments of the Albinis and the Rosses to be removed from the priory +churches of Belvoir and Croxton to that of Bottesford. He also +restored and in part rebuilt the castle, which had been in ruins since +Hastings's attack. The state of the castle at this period is thus +described by Leland:--"It is a straunge sighte to se be how many +steppes of stone the way goith up from the village to the castel. +In the castel be two faire gates; and the dungeon is a faire rounde +towere now turned to pleasure, as a place to walk yn, and to se al +the counterye aboute, and raylid about the round (wall,) and a garden +(plotte) in the midle. There is also a welle of grete depth in the +castelle, and the spring thereof is very good." Henry, the second Bard +of Rutland, succeeded his father in 1543; and in 1556 was appointed +captain-general of all the forces then going to France, and commander +of the fleet, by Philip and Mary. Edward, the third earl, eldest son +of the former, succeeded in 1563: Camden calls him "a profound lawyer, +and a man accomplished with all polite learning." John, a colonel of +foot in the Irish wars, became fourth earl in 1587, and was followed +by his son Roger, the fifth earl, who dying without issue, his brother +Francis was nominated his heir, and made the sixth earl. He married +two wives, by the first of whom he had only one child, named +Catherine, who married George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham. +Her issue, George, the second Duke of Buckingham, dying without an +heir, the title of Lord Ros of Hamlake again reverted to the Rutland +family. By a second marriage he had two sons, who, according to the +monument, were murdered by wicked practice and sorcery.[3] George +was created seventh earl in 1632; and was honoured with a visit from +Charles I. at Belvoir castle, in 1634. The eighth earl was John +Manners, who attaching himself to the Parliamentarians, the castle was +attacked by the royal army, and lost and won again and again by each +party, till the earl being "put to great streights for the maintenance +of his family," petitioned the house of peers for relief, and Lord +Viscount Campden having been the principal instrument in the ruin of +the "castle, lands, and woods about Belvoyre," parliament agreed that +1,500l a year be paid out of Lord Campden's estate, until 5,000l +be levied, to the earl of Rutland. In the civil wars the castle was +defended for the king by the rector of Ashwell, co. Rutland. In 1649, +the parliament ordered it to be demolished; satisfaction was, however, +made to the earl, whose son rebuilt the castle after the Restoration. +John, the ninth earl, succeeded his father in 1679. He preferred the +baronial retirement and rural quiet of Belvoir, to the busy court; +though he was created Marquess of Granby, in the county of Nottingham, +and Duke of Rutland. He died in 1710-11, and was succeeded by his son +John;[4] whose eldest son became the third Duke of Rutland, and was +the last of the family who resided at Haddon, Derbyshire. He died in +1779, and was succeeded by his grandson, Charles, Lord Ros, fourth +duke, who died lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1787, when his son John +Henry, the present and fifth duke succeeded to the titles and estates. + + [3] As illustrative of the folly and superstition of the times, + it may be interesting to explain this. Joan Flower, and her two + daughters, who were servants at Belvoir Castle, having + been dismissed the family, in revenge, made use of all the + enchantments, spells, and charms, that were at that time supposed + to answer their malicious purposes. Henry, the eldest son, died + soon after their dismissal; but no suspicion of witchcraft arose + till five years after, when the three women, who are said to have + entered into a formal contract with the devil, were accused of + "murdering Henry Lord Ros by witchcraft, and torturing the Lord + Francis, his brother, and Lady Catharine, his sister." After + various examinations, before Francis Lord Willoughby, of Eresby, + and other magistrates, they were committed to Lincoln gaol. Joan + died at Ancaster, on her way thither, by wishing the bread and + butter she ate might choak her if guilty. The two daughters were + tried before Sir Henry Hobbert, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, + and Sir Edward Bromley, one of the Barons of Exchequer, confessed + their guilt, and were executed at Lincoln, March 11, 1618-19. + + [4] "The _great Marquess of Granby_" born in 1721, was the son of + this duke. During the rebellion he raised a regiment of foot. In + 1758, being lieutenant-general, he was sent into Germany, and + eminently distinguished himself under Prince Ferdinand of + Brunswick. He died in 1770, and was buried with his ancestors at + Bottesford, where, a few years since, there was no monumental + record of his name! + +It is now time to speak of the present magnificence of Belvoir. The +castle which surrounds a quadrangular court, occupies nearly the +summit of the hill, which is ascended by superb stone steps. On the +castle are mounted seven small pieces of cannon, which were presented +to the Duke of Rutland by George the Third; from these pieces 21 +rounds were fired Nov. 5, 1808, in commemoration of the Gunpowder +Plot. The view from the terraces and towers comprehends the whole vale +of Belvoir, and the adjoining country as far as Lincoln, including +twenty-two of the Duke of Rutland's manors. On the southern slope +of the hill are enclosed terraces, on which there are several +flower-gardens, surrounded by extensive shrubberies. The +kitchen-gardens extend to eight acres. The park is of great extent, +and contains fine forest trees which form a woodland beneath the hill, +so extensive as to afford shelter for innumerable rooks. There are +likewise thriving plantations, containing some remarkably fine young +oaks. + +Belvoir Castle has one of the most superb _interiors_ in the kingdom: +its furniture and decorations are of the most costly description. +It also contains one of the most valuable collections of paintings, +whether considered for the variety of schools, or the judicious choice +of the works of each master. Among those who have contributed to +this invaluable assemblage, are Poussin, Carlo Dolci, Guido, Claude +Lorraine, Salvator Rosa, Murillo, Reubens, Teniers, and Reynolds. +The collection was principally formed by John, the third duke, and +Charles, his successor, who were munificent patrons of the arts. All +the modern pictures, of which there are a considerable number, were +collected by the former duke. + +The last general repairs of Belvoir Castle are stated to have cost the +noble owner upwards of 60,000£. The structure has been more than once +extensively injured by fire. A conflagration there in October, 1816, +consumed a large portion of the ancient part of the castle, and +several of the pictures. Among them was Sir Joshua Reynolds's +_Nativity_, a composition of thirteen figures, and in dimensions 12 +feet by 18. This noble picture was purchased by the late Duke of +Rutland for 1,200 guineas. + + * * * * * + + +THE PAINTER'S LAST PASSION. + + + A hectic hue is on my feverish cheek, + And slowly throbs my pulse--but it will cease; + And cease, too, will the visions instinct, + Impalpable, and deep, that haunt my soul! + Death, who can dash the chalice from the lips + Of Pleasure's votary, and hush the lyre + While poetry is breathing on its strings; + Death, who can quench the spirit which portrays + Beauty's resemblance on the marble urn, + Will steep my feelings in oblivion's gloom, + Ere wintry winds disperse the sunny leaves + That cluster round the bosom of the rose. + But I have communed with enchanting shapes, + And felt the silver gush of many a song + Amid the air, until my spirit seem'd + Instinct with glorious draughts of paradise! + Mine eyes have scarcely closed their burning lids + For many a night; and I have watch'd the stars + That smiled upon me from the brow of heaven, + Like deep blue orbs familiar to my youth; + But now abstraction clouds me, and the fire-- + Ambition's fire--it can be nothing less-- + Deserts its lonely shrine; but I must give + The last bright touch to this bewitching form, + This pictured rainbow of my solitude! + I have invested her with loveliness + More pure than beings of the earth assume, + And Memory calls her beauteous image back + From the forgotten things of distant years, + Warm, eloquent, and holy, as the balm + Of flow'rs impearl'd with dew, which summer skies + Diffuse around--I mark the marble brow + Of polish'd symmetry, the eyes more blue + Than violets in their vernal bloom, the neck + Swanlike, and moulded with ethereal grace; + And feel their magic influence on my mind. + I will embody them, and give the stamp + Of fervid genius to their various charms, + Ere this last aspiration is extinct + In the unbroken slumbers of the tomb! + For I have had prophetic monitors + To warn me of my fate, and I must leave + All that is lovely in this lovely world. + + It is a summer eve--the sunbeams tinge + The glassy bosom of the quiet lake; + The music of the birds enchants the air, + And Nature's verdant robe is gemm'd with flow'rs. + From which the breeze derives its liquid balm. + Oh! in my youth, this hour has been to me + Bright as the fairy arch upon the clouds + Of earthly grief and gloom, and even now + It gives the silent fountain of my heart + A renovated action, and recalls + The energies that long ago were mine. + My fancy wanders as I thus portray + The lineaments on which 'tis bliss to gaze: + How beautiful their prototype! to whom + I breath'd in youth the most impassion'd words, + And felt as if Elysium had disclosed + Its glory to my eye--around this brow, + Stainless as marble, cluster golden curls + Like sunbeams on the bosom of the cloud, + And o'er the radiant azure orbs beneath, + The snowy lids suspend their glossy fringe. + Upon such beauty shall my pencil stamp + Its immortality, and make it seem + More beautiful in Fancy's softest glow; + And, my beloved! when this warm hand that traced + Thy pictured charms is mouldering in the dust, + Thou wilt proclaim the painter's mastery, + And consecrate the canvass with a power + Which shall defy the wasting hand of Time! + + G.R.C. + + * * * * * + + +PRESERVATION OF A HUMAN BODY. + + +In a vault under the Font of the Old Church of St. Dunstan in the +West, has lately been discovered the leaden coffin of a "Mr. Moody," +(without a Christian name,) who "died in the year 1747, aged 70 +years." After this interment of 85 years, the face was found not +decomposed, but perfect; the mouth extended--the teeth and eye-brows +unimpaired, and to the touch, the flesh solid (covered with a cloth) +and no appearance of worms; which puzzles the common opinion that such +insects prey upon the dead: + + "And food for worms brave Percy!" + +exclaimed Prince Henry over the expiring body of Hotspur. + +This observation was made by a person who saw the remains on the +8th of August, 1832, an older object by twelve years, and without +teeth,--a gum-biter! + +AN OLD INHABITANT OF CLIFFORD'S INN. + + * * * * * + + +THE ROSE OF THE CASTLE. + + + A summer morn, with all its golden light, + Gilded the snowy bosom of the cloud, + And robed the verdant earth with sunny hues. + The bees sang music to their passion-flow'rs, + The birds, with melody which seem'd to gush + From joyful hearts, entranced the crystal air; + But, spectre-like, the ancient castle frown'd + Over the deep, whose softly-rippling waves + Reflected its array of ruined towers. + In times of old, the gallant chiefs for whom + Its stately walls arose, the men who made + Their names a terror to the Saracen, + Adopted as their symbol in the field, + The rose--that flower of faction and of blood! + I saw it sculptured on the marble shield + Which graced the lofty gate, it was enroll'd + Among the records of departed days; + Over the hearth, upon the pictured crest + It met mine eye, and to my mind recall'd + The glorious deeds of England's chivalry. + + The Rose--it appear'd on the portal proud, + Which the ivy robed in its mournful shroud; + As the sunshine gleam'd in the silent hall + I traced its image upon the wall. + + Although the castle was old and grey, + And its summer of glory had pass'd away, + Though the roof had fall'n, and the walls sunk low, + The rose still smiled in the sunbeam's glow. + + But, oh! that symbol of purest faith + Had cheer'd the heart in the hour of death, + And shone triumphant o'er the brave + As they crush'd the power of the sceptred slave. + + It seem'd like a spell on the lips of all + Whom the trumpet call'd from their festive hall, + And the soldier to it upturn'd his eye + As he lay on the grassy turf to die. + + But it gleams no more on land or sea, + A star to the feudal chivalry! + On the silent hearth, and the ivied tower, + Hath it found a last forsaken bower. G.R.C. + + * * * * * + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS. + + * * * * * + +SPIRIT DRINKING. + + +(_TO THE EDITOR._) + + +Much as has been said about gin-drinking in the present times, it +would appear from the following curious extract, that our forefathers +(of the last century,) were more addicted to that pernicious custom, +than we are even in the nineteenth century:-- + +"Several of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the County of +Middlesex, having, in pursuance of an order of a former Quarter +Session, made an inquiry into the houses and places where Geneva and +other such pernicious distilled liquors are sold by retail, about this +time made their report; by which it appears, to the great surprise and +concern of those who have the trade and welfare of the public truly +at heart, that there are in the limits of Westminster, Holborn, the +Tower, and Finsbury divisions (exclusive of London and Southwark) +7,044 houses and shops, where the said liquors are publicly sold by +retail, (which in several parishes, is computed to be, at least, every +sixth house,) besides what is privately sold in garrets, cellars, +back-rooms, and other private places. + +"That of this number, no less than 2,105 are unlicensed; and that +Geneva is now sold, not only by distillers and Geneva shops, but by +above 80 other inferior trades; particularly chandlers, weavers, +tobacconists, shoemakers, carpenters, barbers, tailors, dyers, +labourers, &c. &c.; there being in the Hamlets of Bethnal Green, +upwards of 90 weavers who sell this liquor." + +"_JANUARY 20TH_, 1736." G.K. + + * * * * * + + +THE DEATH OF ADAM. + + +(_FROM THE GERMAN._) + + +When Adam was nine hundred and thirty years old, he felt in himself +the word of the judge, "Thou shalt die." Then spoke Adam to the +weeping Eve: "Let my sons come before me, that I may see and may bless +them." They all came at their father's word, and stood before him, +many hundred in number, and prayed for his life. "Who among you," said +the old man, "will go to the holy mountain? Very likely he may +find pity for me, and bring to me the fruit of the tree of life." +Immediately, all his sons offered themselves; and Seth, the most +pious, was chosen by his father for the message. He besprinkled his +head with ashes, hastened, and delayed not, until he stood before +the gate of Paradise. Then prayed he, "Let my father find pity, +kind-hearted one, and send to him fruit from the tree of life." +Quickly there stood the glittering cherub, and instead of the tree of +life, he held a twig of three leaves in his hand. "Carry this to thy +father," said he, friendly, "his last consolation is here; for eternal +life dwells not on the earth." Swiftly hastened Seth, threw himself +down, and said, "No fruit of the tree of life bring I to thee, +my father, only this twig has the angel given me, to be thy last +consolation here." The dying man took the twig, and was glad. He +smelled on it the fragrance of Paradise, and then was his soul +elevated: "Children," said he, "eternal life dwells not for us on the +earth; you must follow after me; but on these leaves I breathe the +refreshing air of another world." Then his eyes failed; his spirit +fled hence. + +Adam's children buried their father, and wept for him thirty days; but +Seth wept not. He planted the twig upon his father's grave, at the +head of the dead man, and named it the twig of the new life, of the +awakening up out of the sleep of death. The little twig grew up into a +high tree, and by it many of Adam's children strengthened themselves +with comfort of the other life. So it came to the following +generation. In the garden of David it blossomed fair, until his +infatuated son began to doubt on immortality; then withered the twig, +though its blossoms came among other nations. And as on a stem from +this tree, the restorer of immortality gave up his holy life; from it +the fragrance of the new life scattered itself around far among all +nations. W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT NAVAL LAWS. + + +The laws made by Richard I. for the preservation of good order in his +fleet, when he was sailing to Palestine, were as follows:--He that +kills a man on board shall be tied to the body and thrown into the +sea. If he kills one on land he shall he buried with the same. If it +be proved that any one has drawn a knife to strike another, or has +drawn blood, he shall lose his hand. If he strike with his fist, +without effusion of blood, he shall be thrice plunged into the sea. If +a man insult another with opprobrious language, so often as he does +it, to give so many ounces of silver. A man convicted of theft, to +have his head shaved, and to be tarred and feathered on the head, and +to be left on the first land the ship shall come to. Richard appointed +officers to see these laws executed with rigour, _two of which +officers were bishops_. A.H.K.--T. + + * * * * * + + + +NOTES OF A READER + + +THE ATMOSPHERE.--CLIMATOLOGY. + + +_(FROM PART XIV. OF KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE; OR, THE PLAIN WHY AND +BECAUSE.)_ + +_Why may the atmosphere be termed a fourth kingdom of Nature?_ + +Because it extends its influence in an equal degree over the three +kingdoms, the animal, the vegetable, and the mineral, operates upon +each after a distinct manner, and appears rather to be independent, +and allied to all of them, than to be rightly included within any one. + +_Why is a knowledge of the atmosphere important to the naturalist?_ + +Because it serves to throw much light on the history and functions +both of the animal and vegetable creation; for it is through this +great medium that heat, light, electricity, oxygen, and the great +springs of vital phenomena, are conveyed to all classes of organized +matter. It is by means of this wonderful agent, that we gain the +theory of respiration in all classes of creatures possessing animal +life; and that we become acquainted with the migrations of animals, +as well as many of their peculiar instincts and habits. It is the +atmosphere that enables us to account for the periodical changes in +the plumage of birds and the furs of animals, and the variety of +colours to be found amongst them. By means also of the elasticity of +the atmosphere, sounds and odours are transmitted to sensitive beings. +Atmospherical phenomena, it may be safely inferred, attracted the +observation of mankind in the earliest ages: we know that the +Egyptians and the Greeks wrote upon the subject; the Jews too, a +pastoral people, "could discern the face of the sky;" and even in our +day, shepherds may be ranked among the weather-wise. "This is a fine +morning, a soft day, or a cold evening," are modes of salutation with +us, as commonly as is the "Salem Alikem" (Peace be with you!) amongst +the inhabitants of the more serene countries of the East. Shenstone +says, though with nearly equal spleen and truth: "there is nothing +more universally commended than a fine day: the reason is, that people +can commend it without envy." + +_Why do we call the atmosphere a fluid?_ + +Because it has a tendency to move in all directions, and consequently +rushes in and fills every space not previously occupied by a more +solid substance. Hence we find, that every cave, crevice, place, and +vessel, having communication with the atmosphere, if it be not filled +with something else, is filled with air; against which it is no +argument that we do not see it, as it is perfectly transparent, and +consequently invisible. + +_Why do birds fly?_ + +Because of the inertia of the atmosphere, which gives effect to their +wings. Were it possible for a bird to live without respiration, and in +a space void of air, it would no longer have the power of flight. The +plumage of the wings being spread, and acting with a broad surface +on the atmosphere beneath them, is resisted by the inertia of the +atmosphere, so that the air forms a falcrum, as it were, on which the +bird rises, by the leverage of its wings. + +_Why is air generally considered to be invisible?_ + +Because, though a coloured fluid, and naturally blue, its colour +acquires intensity only, or, in other words, becomes visible only, +from the depth of the transparent mass. According to rigid Newtonians, +air is transparent, or, rather, invisible; and the azure colour of the +atmosphere arises from the greater refrangibility of the blue rays of +light. Other philosophers imagine that the blue tint is inherent in +air; that is, that the particles of air have the property of producing +a blue colour, in their combination with light. + +_Why are the most distant objects in a prospect of a blue tinge?_ + +Because their colours are always tinted by the deepening hues of the +interjacent atmosphere. Again, the blending of the atmospheric azure +with the colours of the solar rays, produces those compound and +sometimes remarkable tints, with which the sky and clouds are +emblazoned. Hence, the mountains appear blue, not because that is +their colour, but because it is the colour of the medium through which +they are seen. + +_Why do the Heavens appear blue?_ + +Because of our looking at the dark vacuity beyond our atmosphere +through an illuminated medium. Were there no atmosphere, it is +universally admitted the appearance would be perfectly black, except +in the particular direction of the sun, or some other of the heavenly +bodies, and since the atmosphere is transparent, this blackness (if +such an expression may be used) must be seen through it, only somewhat +modified by the rays of light reflected by the atmosphere to the eye, +from the direction in which we look. For this reason, the clearer or +more transparent the atmosphere is, the darker is the appearance of +the heavens, there being then less light reflected by the atmosphere +to the eye. In the zenith, the appearance is always darker than nearer +the horizon; and from the tops of high mountains, the heavens in +the zenith appear nearly black.--_Mr. B. Hallowell, in the American +Journal of Science and Arts._ + +_Why does the heat of temperature of different parts of the earth +vary?_ + +Because of the position of the place with respect to the equator, or +rather to the ecliptic, or, more strictly still, with respect to the +plane in which the earth revolves around the sun; for on this relation +depends the temperature of the place, so far as it is produced, +directly, by the influence of the sun. Maltebrun ascribes to it the +following influences: 1, the action of the sun upon the atmosphere: 2, +the interior temperature of the globe: 3, the elevation of the earth +above the level of the ocean: 4, the general inclination of the +surface, and its local exposure: 5, the position of its mountains +relatively to the cardinal points: 6, the neighbourhood of great seas, +and their relative situation: 7, the geological nature of the soil: 8, +the degree of cultivation, and of population, at which a country has +arrived: 9, the prevalent winds. + +_Why are the strata of air upon all mountains of successive coldness?_ + +Because the air does not acquire immediately, by the passage of the +solar rays, a considerable degree of heat. Thus, with the elevation of +land, cold may be said to increase in very rapid progression. Winter +continues to reign on the Alps and the Pyrenees, while the flowers of +spring are covering the plains of northern France. This beneficent +appointment of Nature considerably increases the number of habitable +countries in the torrid zone. It is probable, that at the back of the +flat burning coasts of Guinea, there exist in the centre of Africa, +countries which enjoy a delightful temperature; as we see the vernal +valley of Quito, situate under the same latitude with the destructive +coasts of French Guyana, where the humid heat constantly cherishes the +seeds of disease. On the other hand, it is the continued elevation +of the ground, which, in the central parts of Asia, extends the cold +region to the 35th parallel of latitude, so that in ascending from +Bengal to Thibet, we imagine ourselves in a few days transported from +the equator to the pole.--_Maltebrun._ + +_Why does the destruction of forests sometimes prove beneficial to a +country?_ + +Because a freer circulation of air is thus procured--but carried too +far, it becomes a scourge which may desolate whole regions. We have +a sad example of this in the Cape de Verde islands, not to mention +others. It is the destruction of forests, and not a supposed cooling +of the globe, which has rendered the southern part of Iceland more +accessible to the dreadful cold which is too often produced by those +masses of floating ice which are intercepted and detained by its +northern coasts.--Ibid. + +_Why do mountains influence climates?_ + +Because, although they cannot prevent the general motions of the +atmosphere from taking place, they may, by stopping them in part, +render particular winds more or less frequent throughout a certain +extent of country. Maltebrun observes, there cannot be a doubt that +the Alps contribute in securing to Italy its delightful and happy +climate, its perpetual spring, and its double harvests. + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +THE TOAD FISH. + + + [We quote these interesting details from a paper on the Sargasso + Weed, or gulf weed, with which a certain part of the Atlantic + Ocean is generally covered, and amongst which Toad Fish are + found. The reason of the weed accumulating has given rise to much + difference of opinion, which is the main subject of the above + communication, by Mr. Benet, of Bulstrode-street, to the _Naval + Magazine_[5]] + + [5] We are happy to perceive that the above journal rises + in interest and value as it proceeds; and merits all the + encouragement our notice of its first appearance may have induced + our readers to confer upon it. + +[Illustration: Toad Fish] + +The figure represents one of those fishes to which, on account of +their uncouth appearance, the name of Toad Fish has been popularly +given. Under this denomination there have been included many very +dissimilar kinds, extreme ugliness being held as alone sufficient for +the establishment of an undeniable claim to the title. The present +fish, and those nearly related to it, advance, however, peculiar +claims to the appellation. Their belly and side fins are borne upon +supports which project from the body in the semblance of limbs, their +similarity to which is increased by the jointed form they acquire at +the point of union of the fin with its support, and still farther +by the finger-like appearance of the rays of these fins, which are +unconnected by membrane at their tips. This curious structure imparts +to these fishes not only somewhat of the outward form of a quadruped, +but also a portion of its habits, and they are, accordingly, capable +of crawling like toads among the sea-weeds and rocks which they +usually inhabit; the side fins, which are placed farther back than +those of the belly, performing on each occasion the functions of +hinder feet. Nor is this mode of locomotion confined to the water +alone; it may, also, be exercised by them on land, for their +gill-openings are so small, that evaporation takes place but slowly +from within them, and thus the gills are kept moistened, and the +circulation of the blood is preserved, even out of the water, for two +or three days. So remarkable a deviation from the usual appearance and +habits of the class to which they belong, has naturally caused them to +be regarded as objects of curiosity; and it is recorded, that living +specimens have been successfully transported from the East to Holland, +where they have been sold at considerable prices. + +The fishes of this genus, to which Commerson gave the name of +Antennarius, (on account of the filament which they possess on the +forehead,) are met with in the sea of warm climates, in the east as +well as in the west. They subsist chiefly on small crabs, to surprise +which they hide themselves among the sea-weed, or behind stones. Their +flesh is said not to be edible; it may, perhaps, have been rejected, +on account of their disgusting appearance, and is certainly too small +in quantity to allow of its being important as an article of food. +In swimming, they usually gulp down air, and, thus distending their +capacious stomachs, enlarge themselves into a rounded half-floating +mass, much in the same manner as the globe of balloon fishes. Their +nearest affinity is to the fishes known as anglers, with which +they agree in the form of their gill-openings and fins, and in +the possession of filaments on the head; but the monstrously +disproportioned head of the anglers, which is depressed from +above downwards, and the enormous opening of their mouth, readily +distinguish them from the Toad Fishes, whose head is of moderate size, +and, like their bodies, compressed laterally. They are either smooth +or variously hairy or bristly, and are always destitute of the regular +scales with which fishes are generally invested. They are furnished, +especially on the lips and the under parts, with numerous short, loose +processes of skin, which add considerably to their sense of touch. +There is great variety in the different kinds in the length of the +filament on the head, and its termination is still more varied; in +some it is almost simple, as though formed of a single undilated hair; +in others, it is surmounted by a small, dense, globular mass of short +filaments; and in others again, it has two, or even three large fleshy +processes at its end, not unlike the baits which terminate the fishing +filaments of the anglers. + +In the species figured, the Antennarius Iaevigatus, the skin is +smooth, and furnished with short loose processes; the filament on the +head is short, and terminated by a small knob of clustered minute +filaments; this is succeeded by two other processes, each resembling +a fin supported by a single ray, and fringed, especially towards its +upper part, by loose portions of skin; to these succeed the back fin, +supported, as usual, by many rays. The colour is pale, irregularly +blotched, spotted, and streaked with brown, the markings varying +considerably in different individuals; it is also dotted irregularly +with white. By these characters it may be known from the other species +of the genus, with which it appears to have been associated by +Linnaeus, under the common name of Lophius Histrio. It was first +scientifically distinguished by M. Bosc, a French naturalist, who +observed it, on his voyage to America, among the Sargasso weed: he +described and figured it, not without some imperfections, in the +Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle. It has since been figured, +but not described, by Dr. Mitchell in the Transactions of the New York +Society; and one very nearly resembling it has been described by Mr. +Bennett with a figure, in the Geological Journal. The genus to which +it belongs is most completely treated of by M. Cuvier, in the Memoires +du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. + + * * * * * + + + +SELECT BIOGRAPHY + + +[Illustration: Cuvier] + + +Cuvier, the great naturalist, paid the debt of nature in May last, +after a life devoted to science with an unwearied application and a +success exceeded by none in modern times. He was born at Montbelliard +in 1769, a year which gave to so many remarkable men--a Napoleon--a +Chateaubriand--a Wellington--a Humboldt, &c. and his first discoveries +were on the Mollusca, and shook to its base the zoological +classification which then universally prevailed. + +Invited to Paris to fill the place of Professor of Comparative Anatomy +at the _Jardin des Plantes_, his lectures speedily drew crowds around +him, attracted by his popular eloquence and lucid arrangement. His +next work, _Lecons d'Anatomie Comparee_, 1805, was rewarded by the +Institute with the decennial prize for the work which had contributed +the most to our knowledge of the Natural Sciences during that period. +At the same period he published a series of Memoirs on the Anatomy of +the Mollusca, and devoted his attention to a detailed examination +of the fossil remains of the bones of mammiferous animals; he +particularly examined the numerous fossils in the environs of Paris, +assisted in the geological part of his task by his friend M. A. +Brogniart. The sagacity and accuracy which M. Cuvier displayed in the +examination of fossil bones, raised this branch of inquiry to the +dignity of a perfectly new science, which has thrown a powerful light +on geology, and directed it into a more philosophical route. A +number of works and of elaborate memoirs published since by various +naturalists, have shown the prodigious influence which the labours of +Cuvier have exercised on the study of geology, of the animal kingdom, +and even of fossil botany. M. Cuvier amused himself during these +laborious works by particular researches which would alone have been +sufficient to have distinguished any other man, such as his five +Memoirs on the Voice of Birds, on Crocodiles, and on numerous subjects +of zoology; such also as his descriptions of the living animals in +the menagerie, &c. In all his works, even to the minutest details, +we discover the same luminous, clear, and methodical mind, and the +sagacity which characterized him. Feeling the want of a work +which should present a general view of his ideas on zoological +classification, he published in 1817 his work entitled _Le Regne +Animal distribue d'après son Organisation_, in 4 vols, 8vo. which +speedily became the text-book of all zoological students. When +employed on this work he felt how far in arrear of the other branches +of zoology was that which respects the class of fish, and saw how much +difficulty had accumulated in it, as well from our ignorance of the +anatomy of these animals, and the impossibility of determining with +precision the laws of their comparative organization, as from the want +of large collections, and perhaps also from the too artificial spirit +which had hitherto prevailed in ichthyology. He employed his influence +to form a collection in the Paris Museum of specimens of fish from all +parts of the world, and was so successful in his endeavours that the +number of specimens which at first scarcely amounted to 1,000, in a +few years amounted to 6,000. Of these he dissected a large portion +with a care hitherto unknown, having the advantage of an able +associate in the study of the details in M. Valenciennes; he was thus +enabled in a period of time that may be called short, looking to the +extent of the results, to collect the materials of his great _Histoire +Naturelle des Poissons_, of which eight volumes have appeared, with +their appropriate plates, and for the continuation of which we have to +look to his laborious assistant. The recent embarrassment among the +Paris publishers having occasioned a stoppage in the progress of this +work, M. Cuvier availed himself of this (as the part prepared for the +press was already in advance of the printer) to make preparations +for republishing his _Lecons d'Anotomie Comparee_, of which a second +edition had been long anxiously called for. This design, however, he +was not permitted to complete; but it is to be hoped that we shall not +be long deprived of the edition he had contemplated, and that it will +be accompanied with those beautiful and accurate plates on which he +had bestowed so much pains, and in the execution of which he himself +excelled; for he was a skilful draftsman, and seized external forms +with rapidity and accuracy, and possessed the art of representing +in his drawings the forms of organic tissues in a style peculiar to +himself. His last course of lectures, on the History of the Natural +Sciences, and on the Philosophy of Natural History, delivered at the +College of France, is now publishing in livraisons, and will extend +to three or four vols, 8vo. This work, however, we believe, has been +published without his consent or revision. His memory was prodigious, +and he scarcely knew what it was to forget anything. Although his +great powers were more particularly devoted to natural history, no +part of science was a stranger to him, and his taste for literature +and works of imagination was particularly refined and elegant. In his +_Eloges_ of illustrious men, delivered in his capacity of perpetual +secretary of the Academy of Sciences, he always displays the utmost +impartiality and love of truth; he never debased the dignity +of science by any love of intrigue, and displayed the utmost +disinterestedness in his efforts to promote science. The qualities +of his heart were not less estimable than those of his head, and he +possessed the happy art of inspiring his friends with an unalterable +attachment. His conversation was varied and animated, adapted by turns +to every subject, and he may truly be said to have been the grace and +ornament of society. We must not forget the great services he rendered +to public education as head of the University; his Report on the +State of Primary Education in Holland is a lasting monument of his +solicitude for the education of the people, and all those who have +observed his conduct with regard to the higher branches of education, +know how constantly his influence was directed to favour their +progress and to remove obstacles. In other departments of the civil +service into which he was successively called, as Master of Requests, +Counsellor of State, President of the Section of the Interior, +Director of Protestant Worship, (for he was an enlightened and liberal +Protestant, and watched over the interests of his co-religionists with +constant solicitude,) and at last as a Peer of France--in all these he +displayed the same superiority of talent. The office of Censor of the +Press, which was offered to him, he, to his eternal honour, refused. +Such was the man whose loss the world has now to deplore: but the mind +that traced her age and history--in the wrecks of ages dug from her +bosom--will live for ever in his works to enlighten and instruct +mankind.--_Foreign Quarterly Review._ + +Cuvier is said to have died of a paralytic affection of the +oesophagus. His body was examined by several eminent pathologists: +his brain is stated to have presented a mass of extraordinary volume, +weighing three pounds thirteen and a half ounces; a fact which will +be treasured up by contemporary phrenologists as evidence of Cuvier's +great intellectual capabilities. + +[Cuvier was Professor of Geology in the College of France. The chair, +vacant by his death, has just been filled by the appointment of +M. Elie Beaumont, celebrated for his investigation of mountain +formations.] + + * * * * * + + + +NEW BOOKS + + +LEGENDS OF THE RHINE. + + + [These are three novel-sized volumes from the prolific pen of Mr. + Grattan, whose _Highways and Byeways_ have probably started off + hundreds of scribbling tourists to the Continent, much to the + annoyance of the keepers of old castles and other necromantic + haunts. These Legends, however, have little to do with the Rhine, + which is perhaps fortunate for their success, as most of the + traditionary stories of the romantic river have been dished up in + as many forms and fashions as French cooks are accustomed to serve + up eggs. A few of our Correspondents have tried their taste, + but we hope not the reader's patience, in _Rhin_-onomy; and Mr. + Planché, moreover, has wandered and sailed up and down the + district, picking to new van its mystic stories in every form + common to our literature. We have enjoyed every inch of the stream + and its banks, coloured after nature, in a panorama on paper, to + put into your pocket or portmanteau; and just now Views on the + Rhine are publishing in sixpenny portions, and becoming as little + rare as Views on the Thames; till we may as well say thick as + leaves on the Rhine, as in Vallainbrosa. + + Mr. Grattan's Legends are stated to be freely adapted from the + literature of the countries where the scenes are laid. They + consist of some ten or dozen stories of untiring length but too + much for entire extract. For the sake of some delightfully + graphic writing we are induced to quote a portion of one of the + tales--_The Curse of the Black Lady_, a legend of the twelfth + century. The scene lies in the Low Countries, and introduces an + admirably-drawn portrait of a knight of the period.] + +The Castle of the Countess of Hainault at Mons was a complete specimen +of the splendid architecture of the twelfth century, or that which +is now called Gothic; pointed windows abounding in coloured glass, +unpolished marble, heavy wooden doors, thickly studded with iron +nails, leading into immense corridors, interminable passages, and +branching staircases. + +It was early in a morning of the month of February, that the horn of a +knight was heard beyond the castle wall, and immediately replied to +by the warder; and when the draw-bridge was slowly replaced and the +portcullis heavily withdrawn, a knight followed by a squire, whose +surcoat bore the Flander's lion, entered. The cap of the knight was +of black velvet, and slight bars of steel, bent into the form of a +semicircle, crossed each other at the top of his head and served at +once for defence and for ornament. His boots of thick leather reaching +almost to the knees bespoke him an inhabitant of a maritime country, +having spurs formed of a single point of iron, long and obtuse, and +these being gilt would have announced the wearer's rank in chivalry, +even if his whole equipment and bearing had not proclaimed his right +to the deference with which he was received. As he dismounted from his +horse, he threw off the large mantle, not unlike the military cloaks +of our days, and discovered the knightly armour, which showed to +peculiar advantage his powerful limbs. A straight black tunic without +sleeves descended to his knees. It was fastened by a silver girdle, +from which depended on one side a strong sword, and on the other a +dagger, the richly wrought handle of which seemed to declare it of +Turkish make. His arms and hands were covered with a steel tissue, +sitting close and so flexible that it yielded lightly to every motion. +The squire who followed him was old, and a certain familiarity was +mingled with the respect of his manner, and seemed to declare that he +had been long accustomed to his master. In truth he had served +the father of our knight, and the latter had grown up beneath his +attendance, which had not unfrequently become his protection. His +armour, far from adorning his person, scarcely left a human figure +visible beneath its heavy plates of iron, fastened by nails whose +monstrous heads seemed cast in the same mould with those which +strengthened the heavy oak doors of the palace. His helmet seemed the +section of a water-pipe of cast iron. Visor it had none; but in its +place was a plate or bar of iron descending from the forehead to the +chin, almost touching the nose and mouth, and he had a group of arms +suspended from his saddle. It was Sir Guy de Dampierre and his squire. + +The seneschal conducted them with much ceremony to the knight's +apartments in the castle, where a small table placed by the side of an +enormous log-fire in the middle of the room, and plentifully furnished +with cold salted and dried meats, together with the thin wines of +France, and the more potent juice of the German grape, soon made him +forget the cold and thirst he had endured in the forest. The beer he +quaffed with peculiar pleasure, as it invitingly foamed in a silver +tankard, which had been thickly embossed by the abbot of Wansfort, and +presented by him to the Emperor Baldwin previous to his embarkation +for the Holy Land. + +Having praised the flavour of the beer and helped himself to some +slices from a well cured wild boar's head, he said to the chamberlain, +"And Baldwin of Avesnes is not yet arrived, you say?" + +"No, Count," replied the chamberlain; "we expected he would be with +you." + +"Why, my road lay through Namur, and he comes directly from Bruges. I +marvel therefore he be not arrived--and I have news for him," said the +knight. + + [The next page includes a passing notice of the _introduction of + chimneys_ into England, referable, though not without dispute, to + this date:--] + +The warder's horn was again heard; and after due time the person in +question made his appearance. He looked harassed and fatigued, and +gladly took the seat Count Guy pointed to, close by his own, and +having stirred the logs which burned lazily in the huge hearth, he +observed, "Methinks the wood emits this sulphureous vapour more +strongly than ever. I marvel, Guy, that you have not repaid the +compliment of the English king's invitation to your weavers, by +bringing over workmen to build you some of those long narrow passages +which, beginning just over the fire, project from the top of the house +to carry off the smoke." + +"What mean you, Baldwin?" + +"Nay, have you not heard that in England they are beginning to build +along the end of the rooms, lodges or troughs to contain the fuel, on +the base of which they raise a brick funnel, through which all the +smoke mounts and so evaporates at the top of the house?" replied +Baldwin. + +"Think you then, d'Avesnes, that the whole room can be warmed with the +fire at one end of it, particularly if the smoke be carried out?" + +"Indeed they say," replied d'Avesnes, "it casts a strong heat +everywhere." + + ["The Black Lady" is thus characterised:--"They speak of her as + one entirely destitute of natural sensibility; they hint at some + dark practices, and they designate her so frequently by the + epithet of the 'Black Lady,' that many, both in Hainault and + Flanders, are ignorant that this is not really her title." Here + follows a whole-length portrait of this specimen of black-letter + majesty.] + +In the tapestried room into which the brothers were conducted, sat +the Black Lady of Brabant on a throne elevated considerably above +the floor. The dais was covered with the same rich tapestry as the +hangings which covered the walls, for even in this early age Bruges +was celebrated for such manufactures. The draperies of the throne were +of purple velvet fringed with gold, with a canopy and curtains of the +same rich materials, the latter being looped back with a massive cord +and tassels. The constable supported one side of the throne, and +the seneschal the other. Below these were the cup-bearer and grand +huntsman. Six pages were placed about the steps of the throne, and +the same number of ladies in waiting were also there. Yet Marguerite +herself wanted not the surrounding magnificence to mark her superior +dignity of "Countess by the grace of God," then accorded to only one +county besides her own; for there was a sort of fearful majesty about +her towering height, unbowed either by the weight of years (and she +had already passed what the Psalmist has declared to be the age of +man) or luxurious indulgence. Her face was pale and marked by deep +furrows, indicating an unlimited indulgence of the strong passions +which had rendered her life so unquiet. Her eye was black, and +retained all the fire of lively feeling, yet it was sunken. Her +forehead was low, yet there was an inflexibility of resolve in +its deep lines that added much to the majestic character of her +appearance. Her teeth too were perfect, and her thin and colourless +lips left them visible to attract the painful admiration excited by +their contrast with the unlovely expression of her features; her chin +was small. Her hair was all drawn from her face to the crown of her +head and concealed under the black lace veil, which concealing the +upper part of her forehead, fell over each shoulder even to her feet. +Her upper garment was a long mantle of black velvet lined with ermine, +which, opening in front, fell over the arms of her throne, and +discovered a dress of crimson cloth of Bruges of that beautiful sort +called _ecarlate_. The boddice was drawn tightly to her shape by +rich gold cord, the ends of which, finished by heavy tassels, fell +downwards to the edge of her robe. The crimson tunic reached only to +her knees, and discovered an under dress of white Syrian silk, on +which was a border of gold, evidently of oriental workmanship. Her +hard bust was covered by many rows of the finest Asiatic pearls, and +depending from her girdle was a rosary of jet, which sustained a +richly embossed golden cross, probably enshrining a piece of wood of +the true cross from Palestine. The small gold crown which circled +her brows, and the sceptre she held, were evidently made by the same +skilful artist--probably the work of the celebrated Erembert, Abbot +of Wansfort. Her arms, which notwithstanding her towering statue were +disproportionably long, were covered by sleeves of the finest Bruges +linen, which however only appeared at the shoulders and elbows, the +rest of the arm being covered with the crimson cloth which formed the +tunic, and these were laced with gold cord down to the waist, where +the Bruges linen formed a cuff. Her form was harsh and bony, and no +grace of motion relieved its outlines; for she was so fearfully still, +you might have thought the living form had been placed in sight of the +Gorgon's head and so transformed to stone. Her features seemed alike +immovable, all sunk into a dark, fixed, and settled discontent with +life. + + * * * * * + + +THE BRITISH MUSEUM. + + + [This is the seventeenth volume of the _Library of Entertaining + Knowledge_; and, like the majority of its predecessors, it aims + at rendering popular, and of obvious interest, subjects which had + hitherto been abstruse and uninviting. It is the first of a series + of volumes to be published on the Antiquities of the British + Museum, so as in some measure to set them free from their national + imprisonment; for such we must term any assemblage of works of art + (the property of the country), which are not unconditionally open + to public inspection. + + The portion before us is the first of two volumes devoted to + the Egyptian Antiquities in the Museum. It has been diligently + compiled; and rendered more interesting than would be a bare + account of what the Museum contains, by correct notices generally + "of the history of art among the Egyptians." The best authorities + have been consulted and acknowledged, as Hamilton, Heeren, Gau, + and Belzoni, and the more recent labours of Mr. James Burton. + The whole is attractively arranged in chapters; on the Physical + Character of Egypt; Political Sketch of Ancient Egypt, and the + monuments of the respective divisions of the country. We subjoin + an extract, containing a graphic outline of _Thebes_:] + +We pass by Kennéh, on the east bank, from which travellers may go to +Cosseir to embark on the Red Sea; we hasten by the remains of Kouft, +the ancient Coptos, and the solitary propylon of Kous, standing alone +without its temple,--to the plain of Thebes, to the most wonderful +assemblage of ruins on the face of the earth. + +All travellers agree that it is impossible to describe the effect +produced by the colossal remains of this ancient capital; nor does it +lie within our plan to attempt this description at present any farther +than is necessary to make our readers acquainted with the general +character and localities of the existing temples of Egypt. + +No knowledge of antiquity, no long-cherished associations, no +searching after something to admire, is necessary here. The wonders of +Thebes rise before the astonished spectator like the creations of some +superior power. "It appeared to me," says Belzoni, "like entering +a city of giants, who, after a long conflict, were all destroyed, +leaving the ruins of their various temples as the only proofs of their +former existence." Denon's description of the first view of Thebes by +the French army, which he accompanied in the expedition into Upper +Egypt, is singularly characteristic. "On turning the point of a chain +of mountains which forms a kind of promontory, we saw all at once +ancient Thebes in its full extent--that Thebes whose magnitude has +been pictured to us by a single word in Homer, _hundred-gated_, a +poetical and unmeaning expression which has been so confidently +repeated ever since. This city, described in a few pages dictated +to Herodotus by Egyptian priests, which succeeding authors have +copied--renowned for numerous kings, who, through their wisdom, have +been elevated to the rank of gods; for laws which have been revered +without being known; for sciences which have been confided to proud +and mysterious inscriptions, wise and earliest monuments of the arts +which time has respected;--this sanctuary, abandoned, desolated +through barbarism, and surrendered to the desert from which it was +won; this city, shrouded in the veil of mystery by which even colossi +are magnified: this remote city, which imagination has only caught a +glimpse of through the darkness of time,--was still so gigantic an +apparition, that at the site of its scattered ruins, the army halted +of its own accord, and the soldiers, with one spontaneous movement, +clapped their hands." It is, however, rather unfortunate for Denon's +description, that another traveller denies that there is such an +approach to Thebes as is mentioned in the extract, and he assures us +that the ruins cannot be seen till the traveller comes near them; and +further, that to produce such astonishing effects as the Frenchman +describes, we ought to be _very_ near them or _among_ them. Without +pretending to reconcile these contradictions, we can readily believe +that the ruins may produce a considerable effect, even at some +distance, if Denon's drawings are at all correct. As to the impression +made by a near inspection of these wonderful remains, there is no +discrepancy among travellers. + +Thebes lay on each side of the river, and extended also on both sides +as far as the mountains. The tombs, which are on the western side, +reach even into the limits of the desert. Four principal villages +stand on the site of this ancient city,--Luxor and Carnak on the +eastern, Gournou and Medinet-Abou on the western side. The temple of +Luxor is very near the river, and there is here a good ancient jettée, +well built of bricks. The entrance to this temple is through a +magnificent propylon, or gateway, facing the north, 200 feet in front, +and 57 feet high above the present level of the soil. Before the +gateway stand the two most perfect obelisks that exist, formed, as +usual, of the red granite of Syene, and each about 80 feet high, +and from 8 to 10 feet wide at the base. Travellers differ in their +estimate of the width of the base, some, perhaps, taking the actual +measure on the surface of the soil while others may make allowance +for that part that is buried; for that the soil is much elevated will +appear from what follows: "Between these obelisks and the propylon are +two colossal statutes, also of red granite; from the difference of +the dresses it is judged that one was a male, the other a female, +figure;--they are nearly of equal sizes. Though buried in the ground +to the chest, they still measure 21 and 22 feet from thence to the top +of the mitre." Another cause of discrepancy in the measurements +may be, that the adjacent sides of the obelisks are of different +dimensions; which is generally the case. + +It is this gateway that is filled with those remarkable sculptures, +which represent the triumph of some ancient monarch of Egypt over an +Asiatic enemy, and which we find repeated, both on other monuments of +Thebes, and partly also on some of the monuments of Nubia, as, for +example, at Ipsambul. This event appears to have formed an epoch +in Egyptian history, and to have furnished materials both for the +historian and the sculptor, like the war of Troy to the Grecian poet. +The whole length of this temple is about 800 feet. + +But the remains of Carnak, about one mile and a quarter lower down the +river, are still more wonderful than Luxor: one of the buildings is +probably the temple of Ammon, which we know from Diodoius was on this +side of the river. An irregular avenue of sphinxes, considerably +more than a mile in length (about 6,560 feet), connected the northern +entrance of the temple of Luxor with it; but this was only one +of several proud approaches to perhaps the largest assemblage of +buildings that ever was erected. For a minute description of Carnak +we must refer to the plans in the great French work, and to Dr. +Richardson's and Mr. Hamilton's accounts. The irregularities in the +structure and approaches of this building show that the various parts +of it were raised at different periods, for indeed it would have been +impossible for any one sovereign to have completed such a monument in +his life-time; and we know, also, that the great temple at Memphis +received numerous additions during a long succession of ages. Some +parts, both of this temple and of the larger building at Carnak +(sometimes called a palace), have been constructed out of the +materials of earlier buildings, as we see from blocks of stone being +occasionally placed with inverted hieroglyphics. It is impossible +without good drawings and very long descriptions, to give anything +like an adequate idea of the enormous remains of Carnak, among which +we find a hall whose roof of flat stones is sustained by more than +130 pillars, some 26 feet, and others as much as 34 feet, in +circumference. The remains on the western side of the river are, +perhaps, more interesting than those on the east. That nearly all +the monuments of Thebes belong to a period anterior to the Persian +conquest, B.C. 525, and that among them we must look for the oldest +and most genuine specimens of Egyptian art, is clear, both from the +character of the monuments themselves and from historical records; nor +is this conviction weakened by finding the name of Alexander twice on +part of the buildings at Carnak, which will prove no more than that +a chamber might have been added to the temple and inscribed with his +name; or that it was not unusual for the priests to flatter conquerors +or conquerors' deputies by carving on stone the name of their new +master. Thebes was the centre of Egyptian power and commerce, probably +long before Memphis grew into importance, or before the Delta was made +suitable to the purposes of husbandry by the cutting of canals and the +raising of embankments. + + [In a note to this passage, it is stated that "Herodotus has given + no description of Thebes. Denon several times quotes Herodotus + for what is not in that author. But this is so common, even with + people who have claims to scholarship, that it has become almost + a fashion to say that any thing is in Herodotus." So that the + audience of Lord Goderich with the late King, as described in the + _Edinburgh Review_, in the Herodotean (or _says_ he and _says + she_) dialect, is no great license.] + + [The volume is profusely embellished.] + + * * * * * + + + +THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +ERRORS OF THE DAY. + + +The devoutest believers in "the march of intellect" must at intervals +be almost driven to renounce their creed in despair. Errors which were +supposed to have been exploded centuries ago, sometimes reappear on a +sudden, and propagate themselves for a season with a rapidity which no +reasoning can pursue, no ridicule arrest. Notions, worthy only of the +dark ages, spring up in the glare of the supposed illumination of the +present day, and resist all the efforts of the Briarean press itself +to dispel them. At one time, it is a pious Hungarian prince who +performs preternatural cures, at the request of the friends of the +sick parties in Ireland, conveyed through that droll medium for a +miracle, the Hamburg letter-bag! At another, it is an old dropsical +impostor, whom thousands of blaspheming dupes venerate as a second +virgin quick of a new Messiah! A short time since animal magnetism +was in vogue; and the strong will of certain gifted individuals was +believed to have the power of entering into a mystical communication +with the spirits of others, and of absolutely controlling their whole +physical and mental being! To-day we are startled by the actual +exhibition of a miracle, the "unknown tongue," on alternate Sundays, +at the Caledonian Chapel in Regent Square, London! If at any time we +are tempted to plume ourselves on the fact, that the belief in ghosts +and witchcraft has disappeared, we are quickly humiliated by the +recollection that there are yet thousands of devout believers in +the prophecies of Francis Moore, physician; or by overhearing the +rhapsodies of some millenarian dreamer, who as confidently gives us +the date of the opening of the New Jerusalem as if he were speaking of +the New London Bridge.--_Quarterly Review_. + + * * * * * + + +PUBLIC CREDIT. + + +It is physically impossible to carry on the commerce of the civilized +world by the aid of a _purely_ metallic currency--no, not though our +gold and silver coins were every tenth year debased to a tenth! Why, +in London alone, five millions of money are daily exchanged at the +Clearing-house, in the course of a few hours. We should like to +see the attempt made to bring this infinity of transactions to a +settlement in coined money. Credit money, in some shape or other, +always has, and must have, performed the part of a circulating +medium to a very considerable extent. And (by one of those wonderful +compensatory processes which so frequently claim the admiration of +every investigator of civil, as well as of physical economy) there +is in the nature of credit an elasticity which causes it, when left +unshackled by law, to adapt itself to the necessities of commerce, and +the legitimate demands of the market. Well may the productive classes +exclaim to those who persist in legislating on the subject, and are +not content without determining who may, and who may not, give credit +to another, what kind of monied obligations shall, or shall not, be +allowed to circulate--that is, to be taken in exchange for goods at +the option of the parties--well might they exclaim, as the merchants +of Paris did to the minister of Louis, when he asked what his master +could do for them--"Laissez nous faire,"--"Leave us alone, to surround +ourselves with those precautions which experience will suggest and the +instinct of self-preservation put in execution."--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + +HOARDING MONEY. + + +There can be no doubt too that "_hoarding_" coin goes on to a +considerable extent, and greatly augments the scarcity, and +consequently the value of the precious metals. Even the old practice +of "making a stocking" is by no means given up in rural districts. We +ourselves, but a few days back, personally witnessed an old crone, +the wife of a small, and apparently poor farmer, in a wild pastoral +district, bring no less than three hundred sovereigns in a bag to a +neighbouring attorney, to be placed by him in security: her treasure +having accumulated till she was afraid to keep it longer at home. Such +examples are by no means so rare as may be imagined. The failures of +so many country banks in 1825 destroyed the confidence of country +people in the bank-notes of the present banks, and causes their +preference of gold. The failure of many attorneys, as well as of those +country banks which received and gave interest on deposits, and (with +the exception of the savings banks, which are very limited in the +amount of the deposits they allow) the total absence, in the rural +districts of England, of any safe and accessible depositaries for the +savings of the economical, such as the invaluable Scotch banks, +have tended most injuriously to discourage economy; and where that +principle was strongly ingrafted, have converted it into a practice of +hoarding,--have caused that to stagnate in unprofitable masses which, +spread through proper channels, would have stimulated new industry and +new accumulations, and added both to the wealth of the owner, and to +the general stock.--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + +INVENTION OF PRINTING. + + + [Our Correspondent, W.M. of the Regent's Park, should read the + following announcement, which supersedes the necessity of printing + his communication. At least, we do not feel ourselves justified in + doing so, without reference to the undernamed German work.] + +It is proposed to erect a monument in Mentz, by public subscription +and support of all nations, to Gutenberg, the great inventor of the +art of printing, and to celebrate the immortal discovery in a grand +and becoming style. The erection is to take place in 1836, being the +fourth centenary anniversary of the great achievement, for it is +capable of historic proof that Gutenberg communicated his discovery of +movable letters to some friends at Strasburg in 1436, to which city he +had retired on account of some disturbances in his native place: vide +Schaab's _Geschichte der Erfinding der Buchdruckerkunst_, Mainz, +1831, 3 vols. 8vo. The subscriptions and support, in particular, of +printers, booksellers, authors and literary bodies, is solicited. +Kings and princes, in behalf of the best interests of their subjects +and of civilization, it is hoped, will not be backward to support so +noble a design. The public will be informed, from time to time, +by means of the daily papers and journals, of the progress of the +subscription, for which the smallest sums will be received, and the +names of the donors entered in a book kept by the Corporation +of Mentz, to which all communications are requested to be +addressed.--_Foreign Quarterly Review_. + + * * * * * + + +GOETHE + + +A medal, in commemoration of Goethe, has been struck at Berlin. On one +side is the portrait of the deceased, by the celebrated Leonard Posch, +crowned with laurel, bearing the inscription Jo. W. DE GOETHE NAT. +XXVIII AUG. MDCCXXXXIX. The likeness was taken a few years ago at +Weimar, and has been universally admired for its accuracy. On the +reverse is represented the Poet's Apotheosis. A swan bears him on his +wings to the starry regions, that appear expanded above, and to which +the Poet, having a golden lyre in his left arm, extends his right arm +with longing gaze. On this side is the inscription AD ASTRA REDIIT D. +XXII MART. MDCCCXXXIL--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + +_ Wilkes's Luckiest Number_.--A rich farmer in Devonshire made a will, +in which the following article was found:--"I bequeath to John +Wilkes, late member of parliament for Aylesbury, five thousand pounds +sterling, as a grateful return for the courage with which he defended +the liberty of his country, and opposed the dangerous progress of +arbitrary power." + +_Owen's Alms-houses, Islington_, were founded by Dame Alice Owen, in +consequence of a providential escape. In the fields, near this spot, +in the reign of Queen Mary, the archers frequently exercised with bows +and arrows. Dame Owen walking with her maid, and observing a woman +milking a cow, was desirous of trying to milk the cow herself, which +she did, when on leaving the cow, an arrow pierced the crown of her +hat, without doing her the least injury. In gratitude for her escape, +she built the school and houses. For many years an arrow was fixed on +the top of them. SWAINE. + +_Origin of Tory_.--Our friend, Mr. George Olaus Borrow, who has +devoted his attention specially to the Celtic dialect, suggests that +the long-disputed etymology of the word Tory may be traced to the +Irish adherents of Charles II., during the Cromwellian era. The words +_Tar a Ri_ (pronounced _Tory_,) and meaning _Come, O King_, having +been so constantly in the mouths of the Royalists as to have become +a by-word to designate them. Mr. Borrow's paper on the subject has +appeared in the _Norfolk Chronicle_. + +_Toast_.--May the man who wins a woman's heart never be instrumental +in breaking its peace. + + _Progress of Life_. + + When man full thirty years has spent, + The road at times both rough and stony, + To clear life's vapour, and repent + He seeks the stream of Matrimony! + +_Caught at last_.--Sir Jervis Elwayes, lieutenant of the Tower, being +much addicted to gaming, used to say, in his prayers, "Lord, let me +hanged, if ever I play more." He broke this serious prayer a thousand +times, and at last was hanged on Tower Hill, in 1615, for the murder +of Sir Thomas Overbury. + +Edward the Confessor took great delight in Haverley Bower, in Essex, +it being woody, solitary, and fit for devotion; but it so abounded +with warbling nightingales, that they disturbed him in his devotions. +He earnestly prayed for their absence, since which time it is +superstitiously said, never nightingale was heard to sing in the park, +though occasionally the warbler is heard outside the pales. + +_Wages_.--In 1352, (25th Edward III.) the wages paid to haymakers was +1d. a-day; a mower of meadows, 3d. a-day, or 5d. an acre; reapers of +corn in the first week of August, 2d., in the second 3d. per day, and +so on till the end of August, without meat, drink, or other allowance; +finding their own tools. For threshing a quarter of wheat or rye, +2-1/2d.; a quarter of barley, beans, peas, and oats, 1-1/2d. A master +carpenter, 3d. per day, other carpenters 2d. A master mason 4d. per +day, other masons 3_d_., and their servants 1-1/2d. per day. Tilers +3d., and their "knaves" 1-1/2d. Thatchers 3d. a-day, and their knaves +1-1/2d. Plasterers, and other workers of mud walls and their knaves +in like manner, without meat or drink, and this from Easter to +Michaelmas; and from that time less, according to the direction of the +justices. T. GILL. + +_Literary Quizzing_.--Of all human quizzing, ancient and modern, +plebeian or patrician, nothing equals that now in triumphant practice +in the lists of literature. From Zoilus to the penny newspapers, never +has there been criticism, penned or spoken, so bitterly pungent as +some of the grave laudatory articles, by which authors are now quizzed +down to zero in the popular reviews. Satan Montgomery is bantered with +the name of Isaiah; Miss Landon by a comparison with La Rochefoucault; +and Don Trueba, with Pigault le Brun. This is a refinement in cruelty. +It is twining the rack with flowers; and hanging a man with a cord of +gold. The sentence of the reviewer should be "Yea, yea; and nay, nay!" +A Barmecide's feast of fame is a supererogation of malice. We hold +that all authors so derided have a right to call upon their critics +to make good their words; and build up the visionary castles of their +_Fata Morgana_, (like London Bridge in the nursery song) with "gravel +and stone;" or rather, "with silver and gold." A heavy mulct should be +imposed on literary quizzing.--_Tait's Edinburgh Magazine_. + +_Cross Readings_, (_from the Spanish_.)--Suddenly King Alphonso +Riberro Fernando rose from his couch, and sallying from his tent with +fierce looks and sword in hand--swore the total annihilation of every +bug in the Castiles. + +And the king with great despatch, forthwith ordered a strong body of +cavalry, for--there was a mouse scratching behind the wainscot. + +So the queen, Mary, rising majestically from her throne, with +imperial, yet gentle look, exclaimed in a sweet voice--"Scratch Poll's +head." + +There was a goodly array of gay knights following the king to the +hunt--the rats being numerous they afforded good sport. + +These specimens of Spanish satire came out in the form of +cross-readings, a few months after the death of Cervantes; they were +affirmed to be by that illustrious author; how truly so I know not. +R.N. + +_Cannon Clock_.--In the gardens of the Palais Royal and the +Luxembourg, at Paris, is a specimen of this contrivance invented by +one Rousseau. A burning-glass is fixed over the vent of a cannon, so +that the sun's rays, at the moment of its passing the meridian, are +concentrated by the glass, on the priming, and the piece is fired. The +burning-glass is regulated, for this purpose, every month. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen +and Booksellers_. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, +AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 564, SEPTEMBER 1, 1832*** + + +******* This file should be named 11865-8.txt or 11865-8.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/8/6/11865 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 564, September 1, 1832</p> +<p>Author: Various</p> +<p>Release Date: April 1, 2004 [eBook #11865]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: iso-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 564, SEPTEMBER 1, 1832***</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker,<br /> + and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders</b></center> +<br /> +<br /> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + <hr class="full" /> + + <table width="100%" + summary="Volume, Number, and Date"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><b>Vol. 20. No. 564.</b></td> + + <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, + 1832.</b></td> + + <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" + id="page129"></a>[pg 129]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/564-1.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/564-1.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>BELVOIR CASTLE.</h3> + </div> + + <p>Belvoir Castle, (or Bever, as it was formerly and is now + sometimes called,) in situation and aspect partly resembles + "majestic Windsor." It has a similar "princely brow," being + placed upon an abrupt elevation of a kind of natural cliff, + forming the termination of a peninsular hill, the basis of + which is red grit stone, but now covered with vegetable mould, + well turfed by nature and art, and varied into terraces of + different elevation. It has been the seat of the noble family + of Manners for several generations; it claims the priority of + every other seat in the county wherein it is situate; and is + one of the most magnificent castellated structures in the + kingdom.</p> + + <p>This castle, in some topographical works, is described as + being in Lincolnshire. Camden says, "In the west part of + Kesteven, on the edge of Lincolnshire and Leicestershire, there + stands Belvoir Castle, so called (whatever was its ancient + name) from the fine prospect on a steep hill, which seems the + work of art." Burton expressly says that it "is certainly in + Lincolnshire," and the authors of <i>Magna Britannia</i> are of + the same opinion; but Mr. Nichols, whose authority on subjects + of local history, respecting Leicestershire, is generally + decisive and satisfactory, states that "the castle is at + present in every respect considered as being within this county + with all the lands <span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" + id="page130"></a>[pg 130]</span> of the extra-parochial part + of Belvoir thereto belonging, (including the site of the + Priory,<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>) + consisting in the whole of about 600 acres of wood, meadow, + and pasture land; upon which are now no buildings but the + castle, with its offices and the inn. It would be a + difficult matter, notwithstanding, to trace out with + accuracy, the precise boundary of the two counties in this + neighbourhood."</p> + + <p>That Belvoir has been the site of a castle since the Norman + Conquest appears well established. Leland says, "The Castle of + Belvoir standeth in the utter part of that way of + Leicestershire, on the nape of an high hill, steep up each way, + partly by nature, partly by working of men's hands, as it may + evidently be perceived. Whether there were any castle there + before the Conquest or no I am not sure, but surely I think no + rather than ye. Toteneius was the first inhabiter after the + Conquest. Then it came to Albeneius, and from Albeney to + Ros."</p> + + <p>The Belvoir estate came into the Manners family, by the + marriage of Eleanor with Robert de Manners of Ethale, + Northumberland. Eleanor was the eldest sister of Edmund, Lord + Ros, who resided at the manor-house of Elsinges, in Enfield, + Middlesex, where he died without issue in the year 1508. His + sisters became heiresses to the estates, and Belvoir being part + of the moiety of Eleanor, became the property of the Manners + family, who have continued to possess it to the present + time.</p> + + <p>As the possessors of this castle and lordship have been + chiefly persons of considerable eminence, and many of them + numbered among the great men of history, it may be as well to + interweave a few notices of them with a brief chronological + account of the noble structure. Robert, the first Norman lord, + died in 1088, and was buried in the chapter-house of the + Priory, where Dr. Stukely discovered the stone already named, + to his memory. "By a general survey taken at the death of + Robert, it appears that he was in possession of fourscore + lordships: many of which, by uninterrupted succession, continue + still to be the property of the Duke of Rutland. In + Lincolnshire his domains were still more numerous. In + Northamptonshire he had nine lordships; one of which, Stoke, + acquired the additional name of Albini, when it came into the + possession of his son." William de Albini, son of the above, + succeeded to these lordships; and, like his father, was a + celebrated warrior: according to Matthew Paris, he valourously + distinguished himself at the battle of Tinchebrai, in Normandy, + September 27, 1106; where Henry I. encountered Robert Curthose, + his brother. This lord obtained from Henry the grant of an + annual fair at Belvoir, to be continued for eight days. During + the changeful reigns of Stephen and Henry II., the castle fell + into the hands of the crown, and was granted to Ranulph de + Gernons, Earl of Chester; but repossession was obtained by de + Albini, who died here about the year 1155. William de Albini, + (alias Meschines and Britto,) the next possessor of Belvoir, + endowed the Priory hero with certain lands, and, in 1165, + certified to Henry II. that he then held of him thirty-two + knights' fees under the old feoffments, whereby he was + enfeoffed in the time of Henry I. William de Albini, the third + of that name, accompanied Richard I. during his crusading + reign, into Normandy: he was also one of the sureties for King + John, in his treaty of peace with Philip of France. He was too, + engaged in the barons' wars in the latter reign, and was taken + prisoner by the king's party at Rochester Castle; his own + castle at Belvoir also falling into the royal hands. He was + likewise one of the twenty-five barons, whose signatures were + attached to Magna Charta and the charter of Forests at + Runnemede. This lord richly endowed the priory of Belvoir, and + founded and endowed a hospital at Wassebridge, between Stamford + and Uffingham, where he was buried in 1236. Isabel, of the + house of Albini, now married to Robert de Ros, or Roos, baron + of Hamlake, and thus carried the estates into a new family. The + bounds of the lordship of Belvoir, at this time, are described + by a document printed in Nichols's History. This new lord + obtained a license from Henry III. to hold a weekly market and + annual fair at Belvoir. He died in 1285, and his body was + buried at Kirkham, his bowels before the high altar at Belvoir, + and his heart at Croxton Abbey; it being a practice of that age + for the corporeal remains of eminent persons to be thus + distributed after death. The next owner, William de Ros was, in + 1304, allowed to impark 100 acres under the name of + <i>Bever</i> Park, which was appropriated solely to the + preservation of game. He died in 1317: his eldest son, William + de Ros, took the title of Baron Ros, of Hamlake, Werke, + Belvoir, and Trusbut; was Lord High Admiral of England, and sat + in parliament from 11 Edw. II. to 16 Edw. III; he died in 1342. + Sir William de Ros, knight, was Lord High Treasurer to Henry + IV.; he died at the Castle in 1414, and bequeathed 400<i>l.</i> + "for finding ten <span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" + id="page131"></a>[pg 131]</span> honest chaplains to pray + for his soul, and the souls of his father, mother, brethren, + sisters, &c." for eight years within his chapel at + Belvoir castle. John and William Ros, the next owners, were + distinguished in the wars of France; the former was slain at + Anjou; the latter died in 1431, and was succeeded by his + son, Edmund, an infant, who, on coming of age, engaged in + the civil wars of York and Lancaster: he was attainted in + 1641, and his noble possessions parcelled out by Edward IV; + the honour, castle, and lordship of Belvoir, with the park + and all its members, and the rent called castle-guard, (then + an appurtenance to Belvoir,) being granted in 1647, to + Hastings the court corruptionist.<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> + The attainder was, however, repealed, and Edmund, Lord Ros + re-obtained possession of all his estates in 1483: he died + at Enfield, and the estates then passed into the Manners + family, as we have stated.</p> + + <p>George, eldest son of the above-named Robert Manners, + succeeded to his father's estates, including Belvoir: in his + will, a copy of which is given by Mr. Nichols, dated Oct. 6, + 1513, he is styled "Sir George Manners, knight, Lord Ros." He + was interred, with his lady, in a chantry chapel, founded by + his father-in-law, Sir Thomas Ledger, in the chapel of St. + George, at Windsor. His son, Thomas, Lord Ros, succeeded him, + and was created by Henry VIII. a knight, and afterwards Earl of + Rutland, a title which had never before been conferred on any + person but of the blood royal. This nobleman aided Henry in the + dissolution of the monasteries, and for his zeal received from + the monarch several manors and estates. He caused many of the + ancient monuments of the Albinis and the Rosses to be removed + from the priory churches of Belvoir and Croxton to that of + Bottesford. He also restored and in part rebuilt the castle, + which had been in ruins since Hastings's attack. The state of + the castle at this period is thus described by + Leland:—"It is a straunge sighte to se be how many + steppes of stone the way goith up from the village to the + castel. In the castel be two faire gates; and the dungeon is a + faire rounde towere now turned to pleasure, as a place to walk + yn, and to se al the counterye aboute, and raylid about the + round (wall,) and a garden (plotte) in the midle. There is also + a welle of grete depth in the castelle, and the spring thereof + is very good." Henry, the second Bard of Rutland, succeeded his + father in 1543; and in 1556 was appointed captain-general of + all the forces then going to France, and commander of the + fleet, by Philip and Mary. Edward, the third earl, eldest son + of the former, succeeded in 1563: Camden calls him "a profound + lawyer, and a man accomplished with all polite learning." John, + a colonel of foot in the Irish wars, became fourth earl in + 1587, and was followed by his son Roger, the fifth earl, who + dying without issue, his brother Francis was nominated his + heir, and made the sixth earl. He married two wives, by the + first of whom he had only one child, named Catherine, who + married George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham. Her + issue, George, the second Duke of Buckingham, dying without an + heir, the title of Lord Ros of Hamlake again reverted to the + Rutland family. By a second marriage he had two sons, who, + according to the monument, were murdered by wicked practice and + sorcery.<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> + George was created seventh earl in 1632; and was honoured + with a visit from Charles I. at Belvoir castle, in 1634. The + eighth earl was John Manners, who attaching himself to the + Parliamentarians, the castle was attacked by the royal army, + and lost and won again and again by each party, till the + earl being "put to great streights for the maintenance of + his family," petitioned the house of peers for relief, and + Lord Viscount Campden having been the principal instrument + in the ruin of the "castle, lands, and woods about + Belvoyre," parliament agreed that 1,500<i>l</i> a year be + paid out of Lord Campden's estate, until 5,000<i>l</i> be + levied, to the earl of Rutland. In the civil wars the castle + was defended for the king by the rector of Ashwell, co. + Rutland. In 1649, the parliament ordered it to be + demolished; satisfaction was, however, made to the earl, + whose son rebuilt the castle after the Restoration. John, + the ninth earl, succeeded + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" + id="page132"></a>[pg 132]</span> his father in 1679. He + preferred the baronial retirement and rural quiet of + Belvoir, to the busy court; though he was created Marquess + of Granby, in the county of Nottingham, and Duke of Rutland. + He died in 1710-11, and was succeeded by his son + John;<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> + whose eldest son became the third Duke of Rutland, and was + the last of the family who resided at Haddon, Derbyshire. He + died in 1779, and was succeeded by his grandson, Charles, + Lord Ros, fourth duke, who died lord lieutenant of Ireland + in 1787, when his son John Henry, the present and fifth duke + succeeded to the titles and estates.</p> + + <p>It is now time to speak of the present magnificence of + Belvoir. The castle which surrounds a quadrangular court, + occupies nearly the summit of the hill, which is ascended by + superb stone steps. On the castle are mounted seven small + pieces of cannon, which were presented to the Duke of Rutland + by George the Third; from these pieces 21 rounds were fired + Nov. 5, 1808, in commemoration of the Gunpowder Plot. The view + from the terraces and towers comprehends the whole vale of + Belvoir, and the adjoining country as far as Lincoln, including + twenty-two of the Duke of Rutland's manors. On the southern + slope of the hill are enclosed terraces, on which there are + several flower-gardens, surrounded by extensive shrubberies. + The kitchen-gardens extend to eight acres. The park is of great + extent, and contains fine forest trees which form a woodland + beneath the hill, so extensive as to afford shelter for + innumerable rooks. There are likewise thriving plantations, + containing some remarkably fine young oaks.</p> + + <p>Belvoir Castle has one of the most superb <i>interiors</i> + in the kingdom: its furniture and decorations are of the most + costly description. It also contains one of the most valuable + collections of paintings, whether considered for the variety of + schools, or the judicious choice of the works of each master. + Among those who have contributed to this invaluable assemblage, + are Poussin, Carlo Dolci, Guido, Claude Lorraine, Salvator + Rosa, Murillo, Reubens, Teniers, and Reynolds. The collection + was principally formed by John, the third duke, and Charles, + his successor, who were munificent patrons of the arts. All the + modern pictures, of which there are a considerable number, were + collected by the former duke.</p> + + <p>The last general repairs of Belvoir Castle are stated to + have cost the noble owner upwards of 60,000£. The + structure has been more than once extensively injured by fire. + A conflagration there in October, 1816, consumed a large + portion of the ancient part of the castle, and several of the + pictures. Among them was Sir Joshua Reynolds's <i>Nativity</i>, + a composition of thirteen figures, and in dimensions 12 feet by + 18. This noble picture was purchased by the late Duke of + Rutland for 1,200 guineas.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE PAINTER'S LAST PASSION.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>A hectic hue is on my feverish cheek,</p> + + <p>And slowly throbs my pulse—but it will + cease;</p> + + <p>And cease, too, will the visions instinct,</p> + + <p>Impalpable, and deep, that haunt my soul!</p> + + <p>Death, who can dash the chalice from the lips</p> + + <p>Of Pleasure's votary, and hush the lyre</p> + + <p>While poetry is breathing on its strings;</p> + + <p>Death, who can quench the spirit which portrays</p> + + <p>Beauty's resemblance on the marble urn,</p> + + <p>Will steep my feelings in oblivion's gloom,</p> + + <p>Ere wintry winds disperse the sunny leaves</p> + + <p>That cluster round the bosom of the rose.</p> + + <p>But I have communed with enchanting shapes,</p> + + <p>And felt the silver gush of many a song</p> + + <p>Amid the air, until my spirit seem'd</p> + + <p>Instinct with glorious draughts of paradise!</p> + + <p>Mine eyes have scarcely closed their burning + lids</p> + + <p>For many a night; and I have watch'd the stars</p> + + <p>That smiled upon me from the brow of heaven,</p> + + <p>Like deep blue orbs familiar to my youth;</p> + + <p>But now abstraction clouds me, and the + fire—</p> + + <p>Ambition's fire—it can be nothing + less—</p> + + <p>Deserts its lonely shrine; but I must give</p> + + <p>The last bright touch to this bewitching form,</p> + + <p>This pictured rainbow of my solitude!</p> + + <p>I have invested her with loveliness</p> + + <p>More pure than beings of the earth assume,</p> + + <p>And Memory calls her beauteous image back</p> + + <p>From the forgotten things of distant years,</p> + + <p>Warm, eloquent, and holy, as the balm</p> + + <p>Of flow'rs impearl'd with dew, which summer + skies</p> + + <p>Diffuse around—I mark the marble brow</p> + + <p>Of polish'd symmetry, the eyes more blue</p> + + <p>Than violets in their vernal bloom, the neck</p> + + <p>Swanlike, and moulded with ethereal grace;</p> + + <p>And feel their magic influence on my mind.</p> + + <p>I will embody them, and give the stamp</p> + + <p>Of fervid genius to their various charms,</p> + + <p>Ere this last aspiration is extinct</p> + + <p>In the unbroken slumbers of the tomb!</p> + + <p>For I have had prophetic monitors</p> + + <p>To warn me of my fate, and I must leave</p> + + <p>All that is lovely in this lovely world.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>It is a summer eve—the sunbeams tinge</p> + + <p>The glassy bosom of the quiet lake;</p> + + <p>The music of the birds enchants the air,</p> + + <p>And Nature's verdant robe is gemm'd with + flow'rs.</p> + + <p>From which the breeze derives its liquid balm.</p> + + <p>Oh! in my youth, this hour has been to me</p> + + <p>Bright as the fairy arch upon the clouds</p> + + <p>Of earthly grief and gloom, and even now</p> + + <p>It gives the silent fountain of my heart</p> + + <p>A renovated action, and recalls</p> + + <p>The energies that long ago were mine.</p> + + <p>My fancy wanders as I thus portray</p> + + <p>The lineaments on which 'tis bliss to gaze:</p> + + <p>How beautiful their prototype! to whom</p> + + <p>I breath'd in youth the most impassion'd words,</p> + + <p>And felt as if Elysium had disclosed</p> + + <p>Its glory to my eye—around this brow,</p> + + <p>Stainless as marble, cluster golden curls</p> + + <p>Like sunbeams on the bosom of the cloud,</p> + + <p>And o'er the radiant azure orbs beneath,</p> + + <p>The snowy lids suspend their glossy fringe.</p> + + <p>Upon such beauty shall my pencil stamp</p> + + <p>Its immortality, and make it seem</p> + + <p>More beautiful in Fancy's softest glow;</p> + + <p>And, my beloved! when this warm hand that + traced</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" + id="page133"></a>[pg 133]</span> + + <p>Thy pictured charms is mouldering in the dust,</p> + + <p>Thou wilt proclaim the painter's mastery,</p> + + <p>And consecrate the canvass with a power</p> + + <p>Which shall defy the wasting hand of Time!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i10">G.R.C.</p> + </div> + </div> + <hr /> + + <h3>PRESERVATION OF A HUMAN BODY.</h3> + + <p>In a vault under the Font of the Old Church of St. Dunstan + in the West, has lately been discovered the leaden coffin of a + "Mr. Moody," (without a Christian name,) who "died in the year + 1747, aged 70 years." After this interment of 85 years, the + face was found not decomposed, but perfect; the mouth + extended—the teeth and eye-brows unimpaired, and to the + touch, the flesh solid (covered with a cloth) and no appearance + of worms; which puzzles the common opinion that such insects + prey upon the dead:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"And food for worms brave Percy!"</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>exclaimed Prince Henry over the expiring body of + Hotspur.</p> + + <p>This observation was made by a person who saw the remains on + the 8th of August, 1832, an older object by twelve years, and + without teeth,—a gum-biter!</p> + + <h4>AN OLD INHABITANT OF CLIFFORD'S INN.</h4> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE ROSE OF THE CASTLE.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>A summer morn, with all its golden light,</p> + + <p>Gilded the snowy bosom of the cloud,</p> + + <p>And robed the verdant earth with sunny hues.</p> + + <p>The bees sang music to their passion-flow'rs,</p> + + <p>The birds, with melody which seem'd to gush</p> + + <p>From joyful hearts, entranced the crystal air;</p> + + <p>But, spectre-like, the ancient castle frown'd</p> + + <p>Over the deep, whose softly-rippling waves</p> + + <p>Reflected its array of ruined towers.</p> + + <p>In times of old, the gallant chiefs for whom</p> + + <p>Its stately walls arose, the men who made</p> + + <p>Their names a terror to the Saracen,</p> + + <p>Adopted as their symbol in the field,</p> + + <p>The rose—that flower of faction and of + blood!</p> + + <p>I saw it sculptured on the marble shield</p> + + <p>Which graced the lofty gate, it was enroll'd</p> + + <p>Among the records of departed days;</p> + + <p>Over the hearth, upon the pictured crest</p> + + <p>It met mine eye, and to my mind recall'd</p> + + <p>The glorious deeds of England's chivalry.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The Rose—it appear'd on the portal proud,</p> + + <p>Which the ivy robed in its mournful shroud;</p> + + <p>As the sunshine gleam'd in the silent hall</p> + + <p>I traced its image upon the wall.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Although the castle was old and grey,</p> + + <p>And its summer of glory had pass'd away,</p> + + <p>Though the roof had fall'n, and the walls sunk + low,</p> + + <p>The rose still smiled in the sunbeam's glow.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>But, oh! that symbol of purest faith</p> + + <p>Had cheer'd the heart in the hour of death,</p> + + <p>And shone triumphant o'er the brave</p> + + <p>As they crush'd the power of the sceptred slave.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>It seem'd like a spell on the lips of all</p> + + <p>Whom the trumpet call'd from their festive hall,</p> + + <p>And the soldier to it upturn'd his eye</p> + + <p>As he lay on the grassy turf to die.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>But it gleams no more on land or sea,</p> + + <p>A star to the feudal chivalry!</p> + + <p>On the silent hearth, and the ivied tower,</p> + + <p>Hath it found a last forsaken bower. G.R.C.</p> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Retrospective Gleanings.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>SPIRIT DRINKING.</h3> + + <h4>(<i>To the Editor.</i>)</h4> + + <p>Much as has been said about gin-drinking in the present + times, it would appear from the following curious extract, that + our forefathers (of the last century,) were more addicted to + that pernicious custom, than we are even in the nineteenth + century:—</p> + + <p>"Several of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the + County of Middlesex, having, in pursuance of an order of a + former Quarter Session, made an inquiry into the houses and + places where Geneva and other such pernicious distilled liquors + are sold by retail, about this time made their report; by which + it appears, to the great surprise and concern of those who have + the trade and welfare of the public truly at heart, that there + are in the limits of Westminster, Holborn, the Tower, and + Finsbury divisions (exclusive of London and Southwark) 7,044 + houses and shops, where the said liquors are publicly sold by + retail, (which in several parishes, is computed to be, at + least, every sixth house,) besides what is privately sold in + garrets, cellars, back-rooms, and other private places.</p> + + <p>"That of this number, no less than 2,105 are unlicensed; and + that Geneva is now sold, not only by distillers and Geneva + shops, but by above 80 other inferior trades; particularly + chandlers, weavers, tobacconists, shoemakers, carpenters, + barbers, tailors, dyers, labourers, &c. &c.; there + being in the Hamlets of Bethnal Green, upwards of 90 weavers + who sell this liquor."</p> + + <h4>"<i>January 20th</i>, 1736." G.K.</h4> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE DEATH OF ADAM.</h3> + + <h4>(<i>From the German.</i>)</h4> + + <p>When Adam was nine hundred and thirty years old, he felt in + himself the word of the judge, "Thou shalt die." Then spoke + Adam to the weeping Eve: "Let my sons come before me, that I + may see and may bless them." They all came at their father's + word, and stood before him, many hundred in number, and prayed + for his life. "Who among you," said the old man, "will go to + the holy mountain? Very likely he may find pity for me, and + bring to me the fruit of the tree of life." Immediately, all + his sons offered themselves; and Seth, the most pious, was + chosen by his father for the message. He besprinkled his head + with ashes, hastened, and delayed not, until he stood before + the gate of Paradise. Then prayed he, "Let my father find pity, + kind-hearted one, and send to him fruit from the tree of life." + Quickly there stood the glittering cherub, and instead of the + tree of life, he held a twig of three leaves in his hand. + "Carry this to thy father," said he, friendly, "his + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page134" + id="page134"></a>[pg 134]</span> last consolation is here; + for eternal life dwells not on the earth." Swiftly hastened + Seth, threw himself down, and said, "No fruit of the tree of + life bring I to thee, my father, only this twig has the + angel given me, to be thy last consolation here." The dying + man took the twig, and was glad. He smelled on it the + fragrance of Paradise, and then was his soul elevated: + "Children," said he, "eternal life dwells not for us on the + earth; you must follow after me; but on these leaves I + breathe the refreshing air of another world." Then his eyes + failed; his spirit fled hence.</p> + + <p>Adam's children buried their father, and wept for him thirty + days; but Seth wept not. He planted the twig upon his father's + grave, at the head of the dead man, and named it the twig of + the new life, of the awakening up out of the sleep of death. + The little twig grew up into a high tree, and by it many of + Adam's children strengthened themselves with comfort of the + other life. So it came to the following generation. In the + garden of David it blossomed fair, until his infatuated son + began to doubt on immortality; then withered the twig, though + its blossoms came among other nations. And as on a stem from + this tree, the restorer of immortality gave up his holy life; + from it the fragrance of the new life scattered itself around + far among all nations. W.G.C.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>ANCIENT NAVAL LAWS.</h3> + + <p>The laws made by Richard I. for the preservation of good + order in his fleet, when he was sailing to Palestine, were as + follows:—He that kills a man on board shall be tied to + the body and thrown into the sea. If he kills one on land he + shall he buried with the same. If it be proved that any one has + drawn a knife to strike another, or has drawn blood, he shall + lose his hand. If he strike with his fist, without effusion of + blood, he shall be thrice plunged into the sea. If a man insult + another with opprobrious language, so often as he does it, to + give so many ounces of silver. A man convicted of theft, to + have his head shaved, and to be tarred and feathered on the + head, and to be left on the first land the ship shall come to. + Richard appointed officers to see these laws executed with + rigour, <i>two of which officers were bishops</i>. + A.H.K.—T.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Notes of a Reader</h2> + + <h3>THE ATMOSPHERE.—CLIMATOLOGY.</h3> + + <h4><i>(From Part XIV. of Knowledge for the People; or, the + Plain Why and Because.)</i></h4><br /> + <br /> + + + <p><i>Why may the atmosphere be termed a fourth kingdom of + Nature?</i></p> + + <p>Because it extends its influence in an equal degree over the + three kingdoms, the animal, the vegetable, and the mineral, + operates upon each after a distinct manner, and appears rather + to be independent, and allied to all of them, than to be + rightly included within any one.</p> + + <p><i>Why is a knowledge of the atmosphere important to the + naturalist?</i></p> + + <p>Because it serves to throw much light on the history and + functions both of the animal and vegetable creation; for it is + through this great medium that heat, light, electricity, + oxygen, and the great springs of vital phenomena, are conveyed + to all classes of organized matter. It is by means of this + wonderful agent, that we gain the theory of respiration in all + classes of creatures possessing animal life; and that we become + acquainted with the migrations of animals, as well as many of + their peculiar instincts and habits. It is the atmosphere that + enables us to account for the periodical changes in the plumage + of birds and the furs of animals, and the variety of colours to + be found amongst them. By means also of the elasticity of the + atmosphere, sounds and odours are transmitted to sensitive + beings. Atmospherical phenomena, it may be safely inferred, + attracted the observation of mankind in the earliest ages: we + know that the Egyptians and the Greeks wrote upon the subject; + the Jews too, a pastoral people, "could discern the face of the + sky;" and even in our day, shepherds may be ranked among the + weather-wise. "This is a fine morning, a soft day, or a cold + evening," are modes of salutation with us, as commonly as is + the "Salem Alikem" (Peace be with you!) amongst the inhabitants + of the more serene countries of the East. Shenstone says, + though with nearly equal spleen and truth: "there is nothing + more universally commended than a fine day: the reason is, that + people can commend it without envy."</p> + + <p><i>Why do we call the atmosphere a fluid?</i></p> + + <p>Because it has a tendency to move in all directions, and + consequently rushes in and fills every space not previously + occupied by a more solid substance. Hence we find, that every + cave, crevice, place, and vessel, having communication with the + atmosphere, if it be not filled with something else, is filled + with air; against which it is no argument that we do not see + it, as it is perfectly transparent, and consequently + invisible.</p> + + <p><i>Why do birds fly?</i></p> + + <p>Because of the inertia of the atmosphere, which gives effect + to their wings. Were it possible for a bird to live without + respiration, and in a space void of air, it would no longer + have the power of flight. The plumage of the wings being + spread, and acting with a broad surface on the atmosphere + beneath them, is resisted by the inertia of the atmosphere, so + that the air forms a falcrum, as it + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" + id="page135"></a>[pg 135]</span> were, on which the bird + rises, by the leverage of its wings.</p> + + <p><i>Why is air generally considered to be invisible?</i></p> + + <p>Because, though a coloured fluid, and naturally blue, its + colour acquires intensity only, or, in other words, becomes + visible only, from the depth of the transparent mass. According + to rigid Newtonians, air is transparent, or, rather, invisible; + and the azure colour of the atmosphere arises from the greater + refrangibility of the blue rays of light. Other philosophers + imagine that the blue tint is inherent in air; that is, that + the particles of air have the property of producing a blue + colour, in their combination with light.</p> + + <p><i>Why are the most distant objects in a prospect of a blue + tinge?</i></p> + + <p>Because their colours are always tinted by the deepening + hues of the interjacent atmosphere. Again, the blending of the + atmospheric azure with the colours of the solar rays, produces + those compound and sometimes remarkable tints, with which the + sky and clouds are emblazoned. Hence, the mountains appear + blue, not because that is their colour, but because it is the + colour of the medium through which they are seen.</p> + + <p><i>Why do the Heavens appear blue?</i></p> + + <p>Because of our looking at the dark vacuity beyond our + atmosphere through an illuminated medium. Were there no + atmosphere, it is universally admitted the appearance would be + perfectly black, except in the particular direction of the sun, + or some other of the heavenly bodies, and since the atmosphere + is transparent, this blackness (if such an expression may be + used) must be seen through it, only somewhat modified by the + rays of light reflected by the atmosphere to the eye, from the + direction in which we look. For this reason, the clearer or + more transparent the atmosphere is, the darker is the + appearance of the heavens, there being then less light + reflected by the atmosphere to the eye. In the zenith, the + appearance is always darker than nearer the horizon; and from + the tops of high mountains, the heavens in the zenith appear + nearly black.—<i>Mr. B. Hallowell, in the American + Journal of Science and Arts.</i></p> + + <p><i>Why does the heat of temperature of different parts of + the earth vary?</i></p> + + <p>Because of the position of the place with respect to the + equator, or rather to the ecliptic, or, more strictly still, + with respect to the plane in which the earth revolves around + the sun; for on this relation depends the temperature of the + place, so far as it is produced, directly, by the influence of + the sun. Maltebrun ascribes to it the following influences: 1, + the action of the sun upon the atmosphere: 2, the interior + temperature of the globe: 3, the elevation of the earth above + the level of the ocean: 4, the general inclination of the + surface, and its local exposure: 5, the position of its + mountains relatively to the cardinal points: 6, the + neighbourhood of great seas, and their relative situation: 7, + the geological nature of the soil: 8, the degree of + cultivation, and of population, at which a country has arrived: + 9, the prevalent winds.</p> + + <p><i>Why are the strata of air upon all mountains of + successive coldness?</i></p> + + <p>Because the air does not acquire immediately, by the passage + of the solar rays, a considerable degree of heat. Thus, with + the elevation of land, cold may be said to increase in very + rapid progression. Winter continues to reign on the Alps and + the Pyrenees, while the flowers of spring are covering the + plains of northern France. This beneficent appointment of + Nature considerably increases the number of habitable countries + in the torrid zone. It is probable, that at the back of the + flat burning coasts of Guinea, there exist in the centre of + Africa, countries which enjoy a delightful temperature; as we + see the vernal valley of Quito, situate under the same latitude + with the destructive coasts of French Guyana, where the humid + heat constantly cherishes the seeds of disease. On the other + hand, it is the continued elevation of the ground, which, in + the central parts of Asia, extends the cold region to the 35th + parallel of latitude, so that in ascending from Bengal to + Thibet, we imagine ourselves in a few days transported from the + equator to the pole.—<i>Maltebrun.</i></p> + + <p><i>Why does the destruction of forests sometimes prove + beneficial to a country?</i></p> + + <p>Because a freer circulation of air is thus + procured—but carried too far, it becomes a scourge which + may desolate whole regions. We have a sad example of this in + the Cape de Verde islands, not to mention others. It is the + destruction of forests, and not a supposed cooling of the + globe, which has rendered the southern part of Iceland more + accessible to the dreadful cold which is too often produced by + those masses of floating ice which are intercepted and detained + by its northern coasts.—<i>Ibid.</i></p> + + <p><i>Why do mountains influence climates?</i></p> + + <p>Because, although they cannot prevent the general motions of + the atmosphere from taking place, they may, by stopping them in + part, render particular winds more or less frequent throughout + a certain extent of country. Maltebrun observes, there cannot + be a doubt that the Alps contribute in securing to Italy its + delightful and happy climate, its perpetual spring, and its + double harvests.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The Naturalist.</h2> + + <h3>THE TOAD FISH.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>[We quote these interesting details from a paper on the + Sargasso Weed, or gulf weed, with which a certain part of + the Atlantic <span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" + id="page136"></a>[pg 136]</span> Ocean is generally + covered, and amongst which Toad Fish are found. The + reason of the weed accumulating has given rise to much + difference of opinion, which is the main subject of the + above communication, by Mr. Benet, of Bulstrode-street, + to the <i>Naval Magazine</i><a id="footnotetag5" + name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>]</p> + </blockquote> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/564-2.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/564-2.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>Toad Fish</h3> + </div> + + <p>The figure represents one of those fishes to which, on + account of their uncouth appearance, the name of Toad Fish has + been popularly given. Under this denomination there have been + included many very dissimilar kinds, extreme ugliness being + held as alone sufficient for the establishment of an undeniable + claim to the title. The present fish, and those nearly related + to it, advance, however, peculiar claims to the appellation. + Their belly and side fins are borne upon supports which project + from the body in the semblance of limbs, their similarity to + which is increased by the jointed form they acquire at the + point of union of the fin with its support, and still farther + by the finger-like appearance of the rays of these fins, which + are unconnected by membrane at their tips. This curious + structure imparts to these fishes not only somewhat of the + outward form of a quadruped, but also a portion of its habits, + and they are, accordingly, capable of crawling like toads among + the sea-weeds and rocks which they usually inhabit; the side + fins, which are placed farther back than those of the belly, + performing on each occasion the functions of hinder feet. Nor + is this mode of locomotion confined to the water alone; it may, + also, be exercised by them on land, for their gill-openings are + so small, that evaporation takes place but slowly from within + them, and thus the gills are kept moistened, and the + circulation of the blood is preserved, even out of the water, + for two or three days. So remarkable a deviation from the usual + appearance and habits of the class to which they belong, has + naturally caused them to be regarded as objects of curiosity; + and it is recorded, that living specimens have been + successfully transported from the East to Holland, where they + have been sold at considerable prices.</p> + + <p>The fishes of this genus, to which Commerson gave the name + of Antennarius, (on account of the filament which they possess + on the forehead,) are met with in the sea of warm climates, in + the east as well as in the west. They subsist chiefly on small + crabs, to surprise which they hide themselves among the + sea-weed, or behind stones. Their flesh is said not to be + edible; it may, perhaps, have been rejected, on account of + their disgusting appearance, and is certainly too small in + quantity to allow of its being important as an article of food. + In swimming, they usually gulp down air, and, thus distending + their capacious stomachs, enlarge themselves into a rounded + half-floating mass, much in the same manner as the globe of + balloon fishes. Their nearest affinity is to the fishes known + as anglers, with which they agree in the form of their + gill-openings and fins, and in the possession of filaments on + the head; but the monstrously disproportioned head of the + anglers, which is depressed from above downwards, and the + enormous opening of their mouth, readily distinguish them from + the Toad Fishes, whose head is of moderate size, and, like + their bodies, compressed laterally. They are either smooth or + variously hairy or bristly, and are always destitute of the + regular scales with which fishes are generally invested. They + are furnished, especially on the lips and the under parts, with + numerous short, loose <span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" + id="page137"></a>[pg 137]</span> processes of skin, which + add considerably to their sense of touch. There is great + variety in the different kinds in the length of the filament + on the head, and its termination is still more varied; in + some it is almost simple, as though formed of a single + undilated hair; in others, it is surmounted by a small, + dense, globular mass of short filaments; and in others + again, it has two, or even three large fleshy processes at + its end, not unlike the baits which terminate the fishing + filaments of the anglers.</p> + + <p>In the species figured, the Antennarius Iaevigatus, the skin + is smooth, and furnished with short loose processes; the + filament on the head is short, and terminated by a small knob + of clustered minute filaments; this is succeeded by two other + processes, each resembling a fin supported by a single ray, and + fringed, especially towards its upper part, by loose portions + of skin; to these succeed the back fin, supported, as usual, by + many rays. The colour is pale, irregularly blotched, spotted, + and streaked with brown, the markings varying considerably in + different individuals; it is also dotted irregularly with + white. By these characters it may be known from the other + species of the genus, with which it appears to have been + associated by Linnaeus, under the common name of Lophius + Histrio. It was first scientifically distinguished by M. Bosc, + a French naturalist, who observed it, on his voyage to America, + among the Sargasso weed: he described and figured it, not + without some imperfections, in the Nouveau Dictionnaire + d'Histoire Naturelle. It has since been figured, but not + described, by Dr. Mitchell in the Transactions of the New York + Society; and one very nearly resembling it has been described + by Mr. Bennett with a figure, in the Geological Journal. The + genus to which it belongs is most completely treated of by M. + Cuvier, in the Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Select Biography</h2> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:50%; float: left;"> + <a href="images/564-3.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/564-3.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>Cuvier</h3> + </div> + + <p>Cuvier, the great naturalist, paid the debt of nature in May + last, after a life devoted to science with an unwearied + application and a success exceeded by none in modern times. He + was born at Montbelliard in 1769, a year which gave to so many + remarkable men—a Napoleon—a Chateaubriand—a + Wellington—a Humboldt, &c. and his first discoveries + were on the Mollusca, and shook to its base the zoological + classification which then universally prevailed.</p> + + <p>Invited to Paris to fill the place of Professor of + Comparative Anatomy at the <i>Jardin des Plantes</i>, his + lectures speedily drew crowds around him, attracted by his + popular eloquence and lucid arrangement. His next work, + <i>Lecons d'Anatomie Comparee</i>, 1805, was rewarded by the + Institute with the decennial prize for the work which had + contributed the most to our knowledge of the Natural Sciences + during that period. At the same period he published a series of + Memoirs on the Anatomy of the Mollusca, and devoted his + attention to a detailed examination of the fossil remains of + the bones of mammiferous animals; he particularly examined the + numerous fossils in the environs of Paris, assisted in the + geological part of his task by his friend M. A. Brogniart. The + sagacity and accuracy which M. Cuvier displayed in the + examination of fossil bones, raised this branch of inquiry to + the dignity of a perfectly new science, which has thrown a + powerful light on geology, and directed it into a more + philosophical route. A number of works and of elaborate memoirs + published since by various naturalists, have shown the + prodigious influence which the labours of Cuvier have exercised + on the study of geology, of the animal kingdom, and even of + fossil botany. M. Cuvier amused himself during these laborious + works by particular researches which would alone have been + sufficient to have distinguished any other man, such as his + five Memoirs on the Voice of Birds, on Crocodiles, and on + numerous subjects of zoology; such also as his descriptions of + the living animals in the menagerie, &c. In all his works, + even to the minutest details, we discover the same luminous, + clear, and methodical mind, and the sagacity which + characterized him. Feeling the want of a work which should + present a general view of his ideas on zoological + classification, he published in 1817 his work entitled <i>Le + Regne Animal distribue d'après son Organisation</i>, in + 4 vols, 8vo. which speedily became the text-book of all + zoological students. When employed on this work he felt how far + in arrear of the other branches of zoology was that which + respects the class of fish, and saw how much difficulty had + accumulated in it, as well from our ignorance of the anatomy of + these animals, and the impossibility of determining with + precision the laws of their comparative organization, as from + the want of large collections, and perhaps also from the too + artificial spirit which had hitherto prevailed in ichthyology. + He employed his influence to form a collection in the Paris + Museum of specimens of fish from all parts of the world, and + was so successful in <span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" + id="page138"></a>[pg 138]</span> his endeavours that the + number of specimens which at first scarcely amounted to + 1,000, in a few years amounted to 6,000. Of these he + dissected a large portion with a care hitherto unknown, + having the advantage of an able associate in the study of + the details in M. Valenciennes; he was thus enabled in a + period of time that may be called short, looking to the + extent of the results, to collect the materials of his great + <i>Histoire Naturelle des Poissons</i>, of which eight + volumes have appeared, with their appropriate plates, and + for the continuation of which we have to look to his + laborious assistant. The recent embarrassment among the + Paris publishers having occasioned a stoppage in the + progress of this work, M. Cuvier availed himself of this (as + the part prepared for the press was already in advance of + the printer) to make preparations for republishing his + <i>Lecons d'Anotomie Comparee</i>, of which a second edition + had been long anxiously called for. This design, however, he + was not permitted to complete; but it is to be hoped that we + shall not be long deprived of the edition he had + contemplated, and that it will be accompanied with those + beautiful and accurate plates on which he had bestowed so + much pains, and in the execution of which he himself + excelled; for he was a skilful draftsman, and seized + external forms with rapidity and accuracy, and possessed the + art of representing in his drawings the forms of organic + tissues in a style peculiar to himself. His last course of + lectures, on the History of the Natural Sciences, and on the + Philosophy of Natural History, delivered at the College of + France, is now publishing in livraisons, and will extend to + three or four vols, 8vo. This work, however, we believe, has + been published without his consent or revision. His memory + was prodigious, and he scarcely knew what it was to forget + anything. Although his great powers were more particularly + devoted to natural history, no part of science was a + stranger to him, and his taste for literature and works of + imagination was particularly refined and elegant. In his + <i>Eloges</i> of illustrious men, delivered in his capacity + of perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences, he always + displays the utmost impartiality and love of truth; he never + debased the dignity of science by any love of intrigue, and + displayed the utmost disinterestedness in his efforts to + promote science. The qualities of his heart were not less + estimable than those of his head, and he possessed the happy + art of inspiring his friends with an unalterable attachment. + His conversation was varied and animated, adapted by turns + to every subject, and he may truly be said to have been the + grace and ornament of society. We must not forget the great + services he rendered to public education as head of the + University; his Report on the State of Primary Education in + Holland is a lasting monument of his solicitude for the + education of the people, and all those who have observed his + conduct with regard to the higher branches of education, + know how constantly his influence was directed to favour + their progress and to remove obstacles. In other departments + of the civil service into which he was successively called, + as Master of Requests, Counsellor of State, President of the + Section of the Interior, Director of Protestant Worship, + (for he was an enlightened and liberal Protestant, and + watched over the interests of his co-religionists with + constant solicitude,) and at last as a Peer of + France—in all these he displayed the same superiority + of talent. The office of Censor of the Press, which was + offered to him, he, to his eternal honour, refused. Such was + the man whose loss the world has now to deplore: but the + mind that traced her age and history—in the wrecks of + ages dug from her bosom—will live for ever in his + works to enlighten and instruct mankind.—<i>Foreign + Quarterly Review.</i></p> + + <p>Cuvier is said to have died of a paralytic affection of the + oesophagus. His body was examined by several eminent + pathologists: his brain is stated to have presented a mass of + extraordinary volume, weighing three pounds thirteen and a half + ounces; a fact which will be treasured up by contemporary + phrenologists as evidence of Cuvier's great intellectual + capabilities.</p> + + <p>[Cuvier was Professor of Geology in the College of France. + The chair, vacant by his death, has just been filled by the + appointment of M. Elie Beaumont, celebrated for his + investigation of mountain formations.]</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>New Books</h2> + + <h3>LEGENDS OF THE RHINE.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>[These are three novel-sized volumes from the prolific + pen of Mr. Grattan, whose <i>Highways and Byeways</i> have + probably started off hundreds of scribbling tourists to the + Continent, much to the annoyance of the keepers of old + castles and other necromantic haunts. These Legends, + however, have little to do with the Rhine, which is perhaps + fortunate for their success, as most of the traditionary + stories of the romantic river have been dished up in as + many forms and fashions as French cooks are accustomed to + serve up eggs. A few of our Correspondents have tried their + taste, but we hope not the reader's patience, in + <i>Rhin</i>-onomy; and Mr. Planché, moreover, has + wandered and sailed up and down the district, picking to + new van its mystic stories in every form common to our + literature. We have enjoyed every inch of the stream and + its banks, coloured after nature, in a panorama on paper, + to put <span class="pagenum"><a name="page139" + id="page139"></a>[pg 139]</span> into your pocket or + portmanteau; and just now Views on the Rhine are + publishing in sixpenny portions, and becoming as little + rare as Views on the Thames; till we may as well say + thick as leaves on the Rhine, as in Vallainbrosa.</p> + + <p>Mr. Grattan's Legends are stated to be freely adapted + from the literature of the countries where the scenes are + laid. They consist of some ten or dozen stories of untiring + length but too much for entire extract. For the sake of + some delightfully graphic writing we are induced to quote a + portion of one of the tales—<i>The Curse of the Black + Lady</i>, a legend of the twelfth century. The scene lies + in the Low Countries, and introduces an admirably-drawn + portrait of a knight of the period.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The Castle of the Countess of Hainault at Mons was a + complete specimen of the splendid architecture of the twelfth + century, or that which is now called Gothic; pointed windows + abounding in coloured glass, unpolished marble, heavy wooden + doors, thickly studded with iron nails, leading into immense + corridors, interminable passages, and branching staircases.</p> + + <p>It was early in a morning of the month of February, that the + horn of a knight was heard beyond the castle wall, and + immediately replied to by the warder; and when the draw-bridge + was slowly replaced and the portcullis heavily withdrawn, a + knight followed by a squire, whose surcoat bore the Flander's + lion, entered. The cap of the knight was of black velvet, and + slight bars of steel, bent into the form of a semicircle, + crossed each other at the top of his head and served at once + for defence and for ornament. His boots of thick leather + reaching almost to the knees bespoke him an inhabitant of a + maritime country, having spurs formed of a single point of + iron, long and obtuse, and these being gilt would have + announced the wearer's rank in chivalry, even if his whole + equipment and bearing had not proclaimed his right to the + deference with which he was received. As he dismounted from his + horse, he threw off the large mantle, not unlike the military + cloaks of our days, and discovered the knightly armour, which + showed to peculiar advantage his powerful limbs. A straight + black tunic without sleeves descended to his knees. It was + fastened by a silver girdle, from which depended on one side a + strong sword, and on the other a dagger, the richly wrought + handle of which seemed to declare it of Turkish make. His arms + and hands were covered with a steel tissue, sitting close and + so flexible that it yielded lightly to every motion. The squire + who followed him was old, and a certain familiarity was mingled + with the respect of his manner, and seemed to declare that he + had been long accustomed to his master. In truth he had served + the father of our knight, and the latter had grown up beneath + his attendance, which had not unfrequently become his + protection. His armour, far from adorning his person, scarcely + left a human figure visible beneath its heavy plates of iron, + fastened by nails whose monstrous heads seemed cast in the same + mould with those which strengthened the heavy oak doors of the + palace. His helmet seemed the section of a water-pipe of cast + iron. Visor it had none; but in its place was a plate or bar of + iron descending from the forehead to the chin, almost touching + the nose and mouth, and he had a group of arms suspended from + his saddle. It was Sir Guy de Dampierre and his squire.</p> + + <p>The seneschal conducted them with much ceremony to the + knight's apartments in the castle, where a small table placed + by the side of an enormous log-fire in the middle of the room, + and plentifully furnished with cold salted and dried meats, + together with the thin wines of France, and the more potent + juice of the German grape, soon made him forget the cold and + thirst he had endured in the forest. The beer he quaffed with + peculiar pleasure, as it invitingly foamed in a silver tankard, + which had been thickly embossed by the abbot of Wansfort, and + presented by him to the Emperor Baldwin previous to his + embarkation for the Holy Land.</p> + + <p>Having praised the flavour of the beer and helped himself to + some slices from a well cured wild boar's head, he said to the + chamberlain, "And Baldwin of Avesnes is not yet arrived, you + say?"</p> + + <p>"No, Count," replied the chamberlain; "we expected he would + be with you."</p> + + <p>"Why, my road lay through Namur, and he comes directly from + Bruges. I marvel therefore he be not arrived—and I have + news for him," said the knight.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>[The next page includes a passing notice of the + <i>introduction of chimneys</i> into England, referable, + though not without dispute, to this date:—]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The warder's horn was again heard; and after due time the + person in question made his appearance. He looked harassed and + fatigued, and gladly took the seat Count Guy pointed to, close + by his own, and having stirred the logs which burned lazily in + the huge hearth, he observed, "Methinks the wood emits this + sulphureous vapour more strongly than ever. I marvel, Guy, that + you have not repaid the compliment of the English king's + invitation to your weavers, by bringing over workmen to build + you some of those long narrow passages which, beginning just + over the fire, project from the top of the house to carry off + the smoke."</p> + + <p>"What mean you, Baldwin?"</p> + + <p>"Nay, have you not heard that in England they are beginning + to build along the end of the rooms, lodges or troughs to + contain the fuel, on the base of which they raise a brick + funnel, through which all the smoke mounts + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page140" + id="page140"></a>[pg 140]</span> and so evaporates at the + top of the house?" replied Baldwin.</p> + + <p>"Think you then, d'Avesnes, that the whole room can be + warmed with the fire at one end of it, particularly if the + smoke be carried out?"</p> + + <p>"Indeed they say," replied d'Avesnes, "it casts a strong + heat everywhere."</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>["The Black Lady" is thus characterised:—"They + speak of her as one entirely destitute of natural + sensibility; they hint at some dark practices, and they + designate her so frequently by the epithet of the 'Black + Lady,' that many, both in Hainault and Flanders, are + ignorant that this is not really her title." Here follows a + whole-length portrait of this specimen of black-letter + majesty.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>In the tapestried room into which the brothers were + conducted, sat the Black Lady of Brabant on a throne elevated + considerably above the floor. The dais was covered with the + same rich tapestry as the hangings which covered the walls, for + even in this early age Bruges was celebrated for such + manufactures. The draperies of the throne were of purple velvet + fringed with gold, with a canopy and curtains of the same rich + materials, the latter being looped back with a massive cord and + tassels. The constable supported one side of the throne, and + the seneschal the other. Below these were the cup-bearer and + grand huntsman. Six pages were placed about the steps of the + throne, and the same number of ladies in waiting were also + there. Yet Marguerite herself wanted not the surrounding + magnificence to mark her superior dignity of "Countess by the + grace of God," then accorded to only one county besides her + own; for there was a sort of fearful majesty about her towering + height, unbowed either by the weight of years (and she had + already passed what the Psalmist has declared to be the age of + man) or luxurious indulgence. Her face was pale and marked by + deep furrows, indicating an unlimited indulgence of the strong + passions which had rendered her life so unquiet. Her eye was + black, and retained all the fire of lively feeling, yet it was + sunken. Her forehead was low, yet there was an inflexibility of + resolve in its deep lines that added much to the majestic + character of her appearance. Her teeth too were perfect, and + her thin and colourless lips left them visible to attract the + painful admiration excited by their contrast with the unlovely + expression of her features; her chin was small. Her hair was + all drawn from her face to the crown of her head and concealed + under the black lace veil, which concealing the upper part of + her forehead, fell over each shoulder even to her feet. Her + upper garment was a long mantle of black velvet lined with + ermine, which, opening in front, fell over the arms of her + throne, and discovered a dress of crimson cloth of Bruges of + that beautiful sort called <i>ecarlate</i>. The boddice was + drawn tightly to her shape by rich gold cord, the ends of + which, finished by heavy tassels, fell downwards to the edge of + her robe. The crimson tunic reached only to her knees, and + discovered an under dress of white Syrian silk, on which was a + border of gold, evidently of oriental workmanship. Her hard + bust was covered by many rows of the finest Asiatic pearls, and + depending from her girdle was a rosary of jet, which sustained + a richly embossed golden cross, probably enshrining a piece of + wood of the true cross from Palestine. The small gold crown + which circled her brows, and the sceptre she held, were + evidently made by the same skilful artist—probably the + work of the celebrated Erembert, Abbot of Wansfort. Her arms, + which notwithstanding her towering statue were + disproportionably long, were covered by sleeves of the finest + Bruges linen, which however only appeared at the shoulders and + elbows, the rest of the arm being covered with the crimson + cloth which formed the tunic, and these were laced with gold + cord down to the waist, where the Bruges linen formed a cuff. + Her form was harsh and bony, and no grace of motion relieved + its outlines; for she was so fearfully still, you might have + thought the living form had been placed in sight of the + Gorgon's head and so transformed to stone. Her features seemed + alike immovable, all sunk into a dark, fixed, and settled + discontent with life.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE BRITISH MUSEUM.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>[This is the seventeenth volume of the <i>Library of + Entertaining Knowledge</i>; and, like the majority of its + predecessors, it aims at rendering popular, and of obvious + interest, subjects which had hitherto been abstruse and + uninviting. It is the first of a series of volumes to be + published on the Antiquities of the British Museum, so as + in some measure to set them free from their national + imprisonment; for such we must term any assemblage of works + of art (the property of the country), which are not + unconditionally open to public inspection.</p> + + <p>The portion before us is the first of two volumes + devoted to the Egyptian Antiquities in the Museum. It has + been diligently compiled; and rendered more interesting + than would be a bare account of what the Museum contains, + by correct notices generally "of the history of art among + the Egyptians." The best authorities have been consulted + and acknowledged, as Hamilton, Heeren, Gau, and Belzoni, + and the more recent labours of Mr. James Burton. The whole + is attractively arranged in chapters; on the Physical + Character of Egypt; Political Sketch of Ancient Egypt, and + the monuments of the respective divisions of the country. + We subjoin <span class="pagenum"><a name="page141" + id="page141"></a>[pg 141]</span> an extract, containing + a graphic outline of <i>Thebes</i>:]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>We pass by Kennéh, on the east bank, from which + travellers may go to Cosseir to embark on the Red Sea; we + hasten by the remains of Kouft, the ancient Coptos, and the + solitary propylon of Kous, standing alone without its + temple,—to the plain of Thebes, to the most wonderful + assemblage of ruins on the face of the earth.</p> + + <p>All travellers agree that it is impossible to describe the + effect produced by the colossal remains of this ancient + capital; nor does it lie within our plan to attempt this + description at present any farther than is necessary to make + our readers acquainted with the general character and + localities of the existing temples of Egypt.</p> + + <p>No knowledge of antiquity, no long-cherished associations, + no searching after something to admire, is necessary here. The + wonders of Thebes rise before the astonished spectator like the + creations of some superior power. "It appeared to me," says + Belzoni, "like entering a city of giants, who, after a long + conflict, were all destroyed, leaving the ruins of their + various temples as the only proofs of their former existence." + Denon's description of the first view of Thebes by the French + army, which he accompanied in the expedition into Upper Egypt, + is singularly characteristic. "On turning the point of a chain + of mountains which forms a kind of promontory, we saw all at + once ancient Thebes in its full extent—that Thebes whose + magnitude has been pictured to us by a single word in Homer, + <i>hundred-gated</i>, a poetical and unmeaning expression which + has been so confidently repeated ever since. This city, + described in a few pages dictated to Herodotus by Egyptian + priests, which succeeding authors have copied—renowned + for numerous kings, who, through their wisdom, have been + elevated to the rank of gods; for laws which have been revered + without being known; for sciences which have been confided to + proud and mysterious inscriptions, wise and earliest monuments + of the arts which time has respected;—this sanctuary, + abandoned, desolated through barbarism, and surrendered to the + desert from which it was won; this city, shrouded in the veil + of mystery by which even colossi are magnified: this remote + city, which imagination has only caught a glimpse of through + the darkness of time,—was still so gigantic an + apparition, that at the site of its scattered ruins, the army + halted of its own accord, and the soldiers, with one + spontaneous movement, clapped their hands." It is, however, + rather unfortunate for Denon's description, that another + traveller denies that there is such an approach to Thebes as is + mentioned in the extract, and he assures us that the ruins + cannot be seen till the traveller comes near them; and further, + that to produce such astonishing effects as the Frenchman + describes, we ought to be <i>very</i> near them or <i>among</i> + them. Without pretending to reconcile these contradictions, we + can readily believe that the ruins may produce a considerable + effect, even at some distance, if Denon's drawings are at all + correct. As to the impression made by a near inspection of + these wonderful remains, there is no discrepancy among + travellers.</p> + + <p>Thebes lay on each side of the river, and extended also on + both sides as far as the mountains. The tombs, which are on the + western side, reach even into the limits of the desert. Four + principal villages stand on the site of this ancient + city,—Luxor and Carnak on the eastern, Gournou and + Medinet-Abou on the western side. The temple of Luxor is very + near the river, and there is here a good ancient jettée, + well built of bricks. The entrance to this temple is through a + magnificent propylon, or gateway, facing the north, 200 feet in + front, and 57 feet high above the present level of the soil. + Before the gateway stand the two most perfect obelisks that + exist, formed, as usual, of the red granite of Syene, and each + about 80 feet high, and from 8 to 10 feet wide at the base. + Travellers differ in their estimate of the width of the base, + some, perhaps, taking the actual measure on the surface of the + soil while others may make allowance for that part that is + buried; for that the soil is much elevated will appear from + what follows: "Between these obelisks and the propylon are two + colossal statutes, also of red granite; from the difference of + the dresses it is judged that one was a male, the other a + female, figure;—they are nearly of equal sizes. Though + buried in the ground to the chest, they still measure 21 and 22 + feet from thence to the top of the mitre." Another cause of + discrepancy in the measurements may be, that the adjacent sides + of the obelisks are of different dimensions; which is generally + the case.</p> + + <p>It is this gateway that is filled with those remarkable + sculptures, which represent the triumph of some ancient monarch + of Egypt over an Asiatic enemy, and which we find repeated, + both on other monuments of Thebes, and partly also on some of + the monuments of Nubia, as, for example, at Ipsambul. This + event appears to have formed an epoch in Egyptian history, and + to have furnished materials both for the historian and the + sculptor, like the war of Troy to the Grecian poet. The whole + length of this temple is about 800 feet.</p> + + <p>But the remains of Carnak, about one mile and a quarter + lower down the river, are still more wonderful than Luxor: one + of the buildings is probably the temple of Ammon, which we know + from Diodoius was on this side of the river. An irregular + avenue of sphinxes, considerably more than a mile in length + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" + id="page142"></a>[pg 142]</span> (about 6,560 feet), + connected the northern entrance of the temple of Luxor with + it; but this was only one of several proud approaches to + perhaps the largest assemblage of buildings that ever was + erected. For a minute description of Carnak we must refer to + the plans in the great French work, and to Dr. Richardson's + and Mr. Hamilton's accounts. The irregularities in the + structure and approaches of this building show that the + various parts of it were raised at different periods, for + indeed it would have been impossible for any one sovereign + to have completed such a monument in his life-time; and we + know, also, that the great temple at Memphis received + numerous additions during a long succession of ages. Some + parts, both of this temple and of the larger building at + Carnak (sometimes called a palace), have been constructed + out of the materials of earlier buildings, as we see from + blocks of stone being occasionally placed with inverted + hieroglyphics. It is impossible without good drawings and + very long descriptions, to give anything like an adequate + idea of the enormous remains of Carnak, among which we find + a hall whose roof of flat stones is sustained by more than + 130 pillars, some 26 feet, and others as much as 34 feet, in + circumference. The remains on the western side of the river + are, perhaps, more interesting than those on the east. That + nearly all the monuments of Thebes belong to a period + anterior to the Persian conquest, B.C. 525, and that among + them we must look for the oldest and most genuine specimens + of Egyptian art, is clear, both from the character of the + monuments themselves and from historical records; nor is + this conviction weakened by finding the name of Alexander + twice on part of the buildings at Carnak, which will prove + no more than that a chamber might have been added to the + temple and inscribed with his name; or that it was not + unusual for the priests to flatter conquerors or conquerors' + deputies by carving on stone the name of their new master. + Thebes was the centre of Egyptian power and commerce, + probably long before Memphis grew into importance, or before + the Delta was made suitable to the purposes of husbandry by + the cutting of canals and the raising of embankments.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>[In a note to this passage, it is stated that "Herodotus + has given no description of Thebes. Denon several times + quotes Herodotus for what is not in that author. But this + is so common, even with people who have claims to + scholarship, that it has become almost a fashion to say + that any thing is in Herodotus." So that the audience of + Lord Goderich with the late King, as described in the + <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, in the Herodotean (or <i>says + he</i> and <i>says she</i>) dialect, is no great + license.]</p> + + <p>[The volume is profusely embellished.]</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The Public Journals.</h2> + + <h3>ERRORS OF THE DAY.</h3> + + <p>The devoutest believers in "the march of intellect" must at + intervals be almost driven to renounce their creed in despair. + Errors which were supposed to have been exploded centuries ago, + sometimes reappear on a sudden, and propagate themselves for a + season with a rapidity which no reasoning can pursue, no + ridicule arrest. Notions, worthy only of the dark ages, spring + up in the glare of the supposed illumination of the present + day, and resist all the efforts of the Briarean press itself to + dispel them. At one time, it is a pious Hungarian prince who + performs preternatural cures, at the request of the friends of + the sick parties in Ireland, conveyed through that droll medium + for a miracle, the Hamburg letter-bag! At another, it is an old + dropsical impostor, whom thousands of blaspheming dupes + venerate as a second virgin quick of a new Messiah! A short + time since animal magnetism was in vogue; and the strong will + of certain gifted individuals was believed to have the power of + entering into a mystical communication with the spirits of + others, and of absolutely controlling their whole physical and + mental being! To-day we are startled by the actual exhibition + of a miracle, the "unknown tongue," on alternate Sundays, at + the Caledonian Chapel in Regent Square, London! If at any time + we are tempted to plume ourselves on the fact, that the belief + in ghosts and witchcraft has disappeared, we are quickly + humiliated by the recollection that there are yet thousands of + devout believers in the prophecies of Francis Moore, physician; + or by overhearing the rhapsodies of some millenarian dreamer, + who as confidently gives us the date of the opening of the New + Jerusalem as if he were speaking of the New London + Bridge.—<i>Quarterly Review</i>.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>PUBLIC CREDIT.</h3> + + <p>It is physically impossible to carry on the commerce of the + civilized world by the aid of a <i>purely</i> metallic + currency—no, not though our gold and silver coins were + every tenth year debased to a tenth! Why, in London alone, five + millions of money are daily exchanged at the Clearing-house, in + the course of a few hours. We should like to see the attempt + made to bring this infinity of transactions to a settlement in + coined money. Credit money, in some shape or other, always has, + and must have, performed the part of a circulating medium to a + very considerable extent. And (by one of those wonderful + compensatory processes which so frequently claim the admiration + of every investigator of civil, as well as of physical economy) + there is in the nature of credit an elasticity which causes it, + when left unshackled by law, to adapt itself + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" + id="page143"></a>[pg 143]</span> to the necessities of + commerce, and the legitimate demands of the market. Well may + the productive classes exclaim to those who persist in + legislating on the subject, and are not content without + determining who may, and who may not, give credit to + another, what kind of monied obligations shall, or shall + not, be allowed to circulate—that is, to be taken in + exchange for goods at the option of the parties—well + might they exclaim, as the merchants of Paris did to the + minister of Louis, when he asked what his master could do + for them—"Laissez nous faire,"—"Leave us alone, + to surround ourselves with those precautions which + experience will suggest and the instinct of + self-preservation put in execution."—<i>Ibid</i>.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>HOARDING MONEY.</h3> + + <p>There can be no doubt too that "<i>hoarding</i>" coin goes + on to a considerable extent, and greatly augments the scarcity, + and consequently the value of the precious metals. Even the old + practice of "making a stocking" is by no means given up in + rural districts. We ourselves, but a few days back, personally + witnessed an old crone, the wife of a small, and apparently + poor farmer, in a wild pastoral district, bring no less than + three hundred sovereigns in a bag to a neighbouring attorney, + to be placed by him in security: her treasure having + accumulated till she was afraid to keep it longer at home. Such + examples are by no means so rare as may be imagined. The + failures of so many country banks in 1825 destroyed the + confidence of country people in the bank-notes of the present + banks, and causes their preference of gold. The failure of many + attorneys, as well as of those country banks which received and + gave interest on deposits, and (with the exception of the + savings banks, which are very limited in the amount of the + deposits they allow) the total absence, in the rural districts + of England, of any safe and accessible depositaries for the + savings of the economical, such as the invaluable Scotch banks, + have tended most injuriously to discourage economy; and where + that principle was strongly ingrafted, have converted it into a + practice of hoarding,—have caused that to stagnate in + unprofitable masses which, spread through proper channels, + would have stimulated new industry and new accumulations, and + added both to the wealth of the owner, and to the general + stock.—<i>Ibid</i>.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>INVENTION OF PRINTING.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>[Our Correspondent, W.M. of the Regent's Park, should + read the following announcement, which supersedes the + necessity of printing his communication. At least, we do + not feel ourselves justified in doing so, without reference + to the undernamed German work.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>It is proposed to erect a monument in Mentz, by public + subscription and support of all nations, to Gutenberg, the + great inventor of the art of printing, and to celebrate the + immortal discovery in a grand and becoming style. The erection + is to take place in 1836, being the fourth centenary + anniversary of the great achievement, for it is capable of + historic proof that Gutenberg communicated his discovery of + movable letters to some friends at Strasburg in 1436, to which + city he had retired on account of some disturbances in his + native place: vide Schaab's <i>Geschichte der Erfinding der + Buchdruckerkunst</i>, Mainz, 1831, 3 vols. 8vo. The + subscriptions and support, in particular, of printers, + booksellers, authors and literary bodies, is solicited. Kings + and princes, in behalf of the best interests of their subjects + and of civilization, it is hoped, will not be backward to + support so noble a design. The public will be informed, from + time to time, by means of the daily papers and journals, of the + progress of the subscription, for which the smallest sums will + be received, and the names of the donors entered in a book kept + by the Corporation of Mentz, to which all communications are + requested to be addressed.—<i>Foreign Quarterly + Review</i>.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>GOETHE</h3> + + <p>A medal, in commemoration of Goethe, has been struck at + Berlin. On one side is the portrait of the deceased, by the + celebrated Leonard Posch, crowned with laurel, bearing the + inscription Jo. W. DE GOETHE NAT. XXVIII AUG. MDCCXXXXIX. The + likeness was taken a few years ago at Weimar, and has been + universally admired for its accuracy. On the reverse is + represented the Poet's Apotheosis. A swan bears him on his + wings to the starry regions, that appear expanded above, and to + which the Poet, having a golden lyre in his left arm, extends + his right arm with longing gaze. On this side is the + inscription AD ASTRA REDIIT D. XXII MART. + MDCCCXXXIL—<i>Ibid</i>.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The Gatherer.</h2> + + <p><i>Wilkes's Luckiest Number</i>.—A rich farmer in + Devonshire made a will, in which the following article was + found:—"I bequeath to John Wilkes, late member of + parliament for Aylesbury, five thousand pounds sterling, as a + grateful return for the courage with which he defended the + liberty of his country, and opposed the dangerous progress of + arbitrary power."</p> + + <p><i>Owen's Alms-houses, Islington</i>, were founded by Dame + Alice Owen, in consequence of a providential escape. In the + fields, near this spot, in the reign of Queen Mary, the archers + frequently exercised with bows and arrows. Dame Owen walking + with her maid, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" + id="page144"></a>[pg 144]</span> and observing a woman + milking a cow, was desirous of trying to milk the cow + herself, which she did, when on leaving the cow, an arrow + pierced the crown of her hat, without doing her the least + injury. In gratitude for her escape, she built the school + and houses. For many years an arrow was fixed on the top of + them. SWAINE.</p> + + <p><i>Origin of Tory</i>.—Our friend, Mr. George Olaus + Borrow, who has devoted his attention specially to the Celtic + dialect, suggests that the long-disputed etymology of the word + Tory may be traced to the Irish adherents of Charles II., + during the Cromwellian era. The words <i>Tar a Ri</i> + (pronounced <i>Tory</i>,) and meaning <i>Come, O King</i>, + having been so constantly in the mouths of the Royalists as to + have become a by-word to designate them. Mr. Borrow's paper on + the subject has appeared in the <i>Norfolk Chronicle</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Toast</i>.—May the man who wins a woman's heart + never be instrumental in breaking its peace.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i8"><i>Progress of Life</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>When man full thirty years has spent,</p> + + <p class="i2">The road at times both rough and + stony,</p> + + <p>To clear life's vapour, and repent</p> + + <p class="i2">He seeks the stream of Matrimony!</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><i>Caught at last</i>.—Sir Jervis Elwayes, lieutenant + of the Tower, being much addicted to gaming, used to say, in + his prayers, "Lord, let me hanged, if ever I play more." He + broke this serious prayer a thousand times, and at last was + hanged on Tower Hill, in 1615, for the murder of Sir Thomas + Overbury.</p> + + <p>Edward the Confessor took great delight in Haverley Bower, + in Essex, it being woody, solitary, and fit for devotion; but + it so abounded with warbling nightingales, that they disturbed + him in his devotions. He earnestly prayed for their absence, + since which time it is superstitiously said, never nightingale + was heard to sing in the park, though occasionally the warbler + is heard outside the pales.</p> + + <p><i>Wages</i>.—In 1352, (25th Edward III.) the wages + paid to haymakers was 1<i>d</i>. a-day; a mower of meadows, + 3<i>d</i>. a-day, or 5<i>d</i>. an acre; reapers of corn in the + first week of August, 2<i>d</i>., in the second 3<i>d</i>. per + day, and so on till the end of August, without meat, drink, or + other allowance; finding their own tools. For threshing a + quarter of wheat or rye, 2-1/2<i>d</i>.; a quarter of barley, + beans, peas, and oats, 1-1/2<i>d</i>. A master carpenter, + 3<i>d</i>. per day, other carpenters 2<i>d</i>. A master mason + 4<i>d</i>. per day, other masons 3<i>d</i>., and their servants + 1-1/2<i>d</i>. per day. Tilers 3<i>d</i>., and their "knaves" + 1-1/2<i>d</i>. Thatchers 3<i>d</i>. a-day, and their knaves + 1-1/2<i>d</i>. Plasterers, and other workers of mud walls and + their knaves in like manner, without meat or drink, and this + from Easter to Michaelmas; and from that time less, according + to the direction of the justices. T. GILL.</p> + + <p><i>Literary Quizzing</i>.—Of all human quizzing, + ancient and modern, plebeian or patrician, nothing equals that + now in triumphant practice in the lists of literature. From + Zoilus to the penny newspapers, never has there been criticism, + penned or spoken, so bitterly pungent as some of the grave + laudatory articles, by which authors are now quizzed down to + zero in the popular reviews. Satan Montgomery is bantered with + the name of Isaiah; Miss Landon by a comparison with La + Rochefoucault; and Don Trueba, with Pigault le Brun. This is a + refinement in cruelty. It is twining the rack with flowers; and + hanging a man with a cord of gold. The sentence of the reviewer + should be "Yea, yea; and nay, nay!" A Barmecide's feast of fame + is a supererogation of malice. We hold that all authors so + derided have a right to call upon their critics to make good + their words; and build up the visionary castles of their + <i>Fata Morgana</i>, (like London Bridge in the nursery song) + with "gravel and stone;" or rather, "with silver and gold." A + heavy mulct should be imposed on literary + quizzing.—<i>Tait's Edinburgh Magazine</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Cross Readings</i>, (<i>from the + Spanish</i>.)—Suddenly King Alphonso Riberro Fernando + rose from his couch, and sallying from his tent with fierce + looks and sword in hand—swore the total annihilation of + every bug in the Castiles.</p> + + <p>And the king with great despatch, forthwith ordered a strong + body of cavalry, for—there was a mouse scratching behind + the wainscot.</p> + + <p>So the queen, Mary, rising majestically from her throne, + with imperial, yet gentle look, exclaimed in a sweet + voice—"Scratch Poll's head."</p> + + <p>There was a goodly array of gay knights following the king + to the hunt—the rats being numerous they afforded good + sport.</p> + + <p>These specimens of Spanish satire came out in the form of + cross-readings, a few months after the death of Cervantes; they + were affirmed to be by that illustrious author; how truly so I + know not. R.N.</p> + + <p><i>Cannon Clock</i>.—In the gardens of the Palais + Royal and the Luxembourg, at Paris, is a specimen of this + contrivance invented by one Rousseau. A burning-glass is fixed + over the vent of a cannon, so that the sun's rays, at the + moment of its passing the meridian, are concentrated by the + glass, on the priming, and the piece is fired. The + burning-glass is regulated, for this purpose, every month.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" + name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>At Belvoir was formerly a priory of four black monks, + subordinate to the Abbey of St. Alban, in Hertfordshire, to + which it was annexed by its founder, Robert de Belvideir, + or De Todenci, in the time of William the Conqueror. It was + dedicated to St. Mary; and was valued, at the Dissolution, + at £104 19<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i> per annum. Dr. + Stukely, in the year 1726, saw the coffin and bones of the + founder, who died in 1088, dug up in the Priory chapel, + then a stable and on a stone was inscribed in large + letters, with lead cast in them, ROBERT DE TODENE LE + FVDEVR. Another coffin and cover near it was likewise + discovered with the following inscription:—"The Vale + of Bever, barren of wood, is large and very plentiful of + good corn and grass, and lieth in three shires, Leicester, + Lincoln, and much in Nottinghamshire."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" + name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>"The Lord Ros took Henry the VIth's part against King + Edward, whereupon his lands were confiscated, and Belever + Castle given in keeping to Lord Hastings, who coming + thither on a time to peruse the ground, and to lie in the + castle, was suddenly repelled by Mr. Harrington, a man of + power thereabouts, and friend to the Lord Ros. Whereupon + the Lord Hastings came thither another time with a strong + power, and upon a raging will spoiled the castle, defacing + the roofs, and taking the leads off them.—Then fell + all the castle to ruins, and the timber of the roofs + uncovered, rotted away, and the soil between the walls at + the last grew full of elders, and no habitation was there + till that, of late days, the Earl of Rutland hath made it + fairer than ever it was."—<i>Leland</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" + name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>As illustrative of the folly and superstition of the + times, it may be interesting to explain this. Joan Flower, + and her two daughters, who were servants at Belvoir Castle, + having been dismissed the family, in revenge, made use of + all the enchantments, spells, and charms, that were at that + time supposed to answer their malicious purposes. Henry, + the eldest son, died soon after their dismissal; but no + suspicion of witchcraft arose till five years after, when + the three women, who are said to have entered into a formal + contract with the devil, were accused of "murdering Henry + Lord Ros by witchcraft, and torturing the Lord Francis, his + brother, and Lady Catharine, his sister." After various + examinations, before Francis Lord Willoughby, of Eresby, + and other magistrates, they were committed to Lincoln gaol. + Joan died at Ancaster, on her way thither, by wishing the + bread and butter she ate might choak her if guilty. The two + daughters were tried before Sir Henry Hobbert, Chief + Justice of the Common Pleas, and Sir Edward Bromley, one of + the Barons of Exchequer, confessed their guilt, and were + executed at Lincoln, March 11, 1618-19.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" + name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p>"The <i>great Marquess of Granby</i>" born in 1721, was + the son of this duke. During the rebellion he raised a + regiment of foot. In 1758, being lieutenant-general, he was + sent into Germany, and eminently distinguished himself + under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. He died in 1770, and + was buried with his ancestors at Bottesford, where, a few + years since, there was no monumental record of his + name!</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" + name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p>We are happy to perceive that the above journal rises in + interest and value as it proceeds; and merits all the + encouragement our notice of its first appearance may have + induced our readers to confer upon it.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <p><i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near + Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New + Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, + Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>.</p> + <hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 564, SEPTEMBER 1, 1832***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 11865-h.txt or 11865-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/8/6/11865">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/8/6/11865</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, +Issue 564, September 1, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 1, 2004 [eBook #11865] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, +AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 564, SEPTEMBER 1, 1832*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker, and Project Gutenberg +Distributed Proofreaders + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 11865-h.htm or 11865-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/8/6/11865/11865-h/11865-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/8/6/11865/11865-h.zip) + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +Vol. 20, No. 564] SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +[Illustration: BELVOIR CASTLE.] + +Belvoir Castle, (or Bever, as it was formerly and is now sometimes +called,) in situation and aspect partly resembles "majestic Windsor." +It has a similar "princely brow," being placed upon an abrupt +elevation of a kind of natural cliff, forming the termination of a +peninsular hill, the basis of which is red grit stone, but now covered +with vegetable mould, well turfed by nature and art, and varied into +terraces of different elevation. It has been the seat of the noble +family of Manners for several generations; it claims the priority of +every other seat in the county wherein it is situate; and is one of +the most magnificent castellated structures in the kingdom. + +This castle, in some topographical works, is described as being in +Lincolnshire. Camden says, "In the west part of Kesteven, on the edge +of Lincolnshire and Leicestershire, there stands Belvoir Castle, so +called (whatever was its ancient name) from the fine prospect on a +steep hill, which seems the work of art." Burton expressly says +that it "is certainly in Lincolnshire," and the authors of _Magna +Britannia_ are of the same opinion; but Mr. Nichols, whose authority +on subjects of local history, respecting Leicestershire, is generally +decisive and satisfactory, states that "the castle is at present in +every respect considered as being within this county with all the +lands of the extra-parochial part of Belvoir thereto belonging, +(including the site of the Priory,[1]) consisting in the whole of +about 600 acres of wood, meadow, and pasture land; upon which are now +no buildings but the castle, with its offices and the inn. It would be +a difficult matter, notwithstanding, to trace out with accuracy, the +precise boundary of the two counties in this neighbourhood." + + [1] At Belvoir was formerly a priory of four black monks, + subordinate to the Abbey of St. Alban, in Hertfordshire, to which + it was annexed by its founder, Robert de Belvideir, or De Todenci, + in the time of William the Conqueror. It was dedicated to St. + Mary; and was valued, at the Dissolution, at L104 19s. 10d. per + annum. Dr. Stukely, in the year 1726, saw the coffin and bones of + the founder, who died in 1088, dug up in the Priory chapel, then + a stable and on a stone was inscribed in large letters, with lead + cast in them, ROBERT DE TODENE LE FVDEVR. Another coffin and + cover near it was likewise discovered with the following + inscription:--"The Vale of Bever, barren of wood, is large and + very plentiful of good corn and grass, and lieth in three shires, + Leicester, Lincoln, and much in Nottinghamshire." + +That Belvoir has been the site of a castle since the Norman Conquest +appears well established. Leland says, "The Castle of Belvoir standeth +in the utter part of that way of Leicestershire, on the nape of an +high hill, steep up each way, partly by nature, partly by working of +men's hands, as it may evidently be perceived. Whether there were any +castle there before the Conquest or no I am not sure, but surely I +think no rather than ye. Toteneius was the first inhabiter after the +Conquest. Then it came to Albeneius, and from Albeney to Ros." + +The Belvoir estate came into the Manners family, by the marriage of +Eleanor with Robert de Manners of Ethale, Northumberland. Eleanor was +the eldest sister of Edmund, Lord Ros, who resided at the manor-house +of Elsinges, in Enfield, Middlesex, where he died without issue in the +year 1508. His sisters became heiresses to the estates, and Belvoir +being part of the moiety of Eleanor, became the property of the +Manners family, who have continued to possess it to the present time. + +As the possessors of this castle and lordship have been chiefly +persons of considerable eminence, and many of them numbered among the +great men of history, it may be as well to interweave a few notices +of them with a brief chronological account of the noble structure. +Robert, the first Norman lord, died in 1088, and was buried in the +chapter-house of the Priory, where Dr. Stukely discovered the stone +already named, to his memory. "By a general survey taken at the +death of Robert, it appears that he was in possession of fourscore +lordships: many of which, by uninterrupted succession, continue still +to be the property of the Duke of Rutland. In Lincolnshire his domains +were still more numerous. In Northamptonshire he had nine lordships; +one of which, Stoke, acquired the additional name of Albini, when it +came into the possession of his son." William de Albini, son of the +above, succeeded to these lordships; and, like his father, was a +celebrated warrior: according to Matthew Paris, he valourously +distinguished himself at the battle of Tinchebrai, in Normandy, +September 27, 1106; where Henry I. encountered Robert Curthose, his +brother. This lord obtained from Henry the grant of an annual fair at +Belvoir, to be continued for eight days. During the changeful reigns +of Stephen and Henry II., the castle fell into the hands of the +crown, and was granted to Ranulph de Gernons, Earl of Chester; but +repossession was obtained by de Albini, who died here about the year +1155. William de Albini, (alias Meschines and Britto,) the next +possessor of Belvoir, endowed the Priory hero with certain lands, and, +in 1165, certified to Henry II. that he then held of him thirty-two +knights' fees under the old feoffments, whereby he was enfeoffed +in the time of Henry I. William de Albini, the third of that name, +accompanied Richard I. during his crusading reign, into Normandy: he +was also one of the sureties for King John, in his treaty of peace +with Philip of France. He was too, engaged in the barons' wars in the +latter reign, and was taken prisoner by the king's party at Rochester +Castle; his own castle at Belvoir also falling into the royal hands. +He was likewise one of the twenty-five barons, whose signatures were +attached to Magna Charta and the charter of Forests at Runnemede. This +lord richly endowed the priory of Belvoir, and founded and endowed a +hospital at Wassebridge, between Stamford and Uffingham, where he was +buried in 1236. Isabel, of the house of Albini, now married to Robert +de Ros, or Roos, baron of Hamlake, and thus carried the estates into a +new family. The bounds of the lordship of Belvoir, at this time, are +described by a document printed in Nichols's History. This new lord +obtained a license from Henry III. to hold a weekly market and annual +fair at Belvoir. He died in 1285, and his body was buried at Kirkham, +his bowels before the high altar at Belvoir, and his heart at Croxton +Abbey; it being a practice of that age for the corporeal remains of +eminent persons to be thus distributed after death. The next owner, +William de Ros was, in 1304, allowed to impark 100 acres under +the name of _Bever_ Park, which was appropriated solely to the +preservation of game. He died in 1317: his eldest son, William de Ros, +took the title of Baron Ros, of Hamlake, Werke, Belvoir, and Trusbut; +was Lord High Admiral of England, and sat in parliament from 11 Edw. +II. to 16 Edw. III; he died in 1342. Sir William de Ros, knight, was +Lord High Treasurer to Henry IV.; he died at the Castle in 1414, and +bequeathed 400_l._ "for finding ten honest chaplains to pray for his +soul, and the souls of his father, mother, brethren, sisters, &c." for +eight years within his chapel at Belvoir castle. John and William Ros, +the next owners, were distinguished in the wars of France; the former +was slain at Anjou; the latter died in 1431, and was succeeded by his +son, Edmund, an infant, who, on coming of age, engaged in the civil +wars of York and Lancaster: he was attainted in 1641, and his noble +possessions parcelled out by Edward IV; the honour, castle, and +lordship of Belvoir, with the park and all its members, and the rent +called castle-guard, (then an appurtenance to Belvoir,) being granted +in 1647, to Hastings the court corruptionist.[2] The attainder was, +however, repealed, and Edmund, Lord Ros re-obtained possession of all +his estates in 1483: he died at Enfield, and the estates then passed +into the Manners family, as we have stated. + + [2] "The Lord Ros took Henry the VIth's part against King Edward, + whereupon his lands were confiscated, and Belever Castle given in + keeping to Lord Hastings, who coming thither on a time to peruse + the ground, and to lie in the castle, was suddenly repelled by Mr. + Harrington, a man of power thereabouts, and friend to the Lord + Ros. Whereupon the Lord Hastings came thither another time with a + strong power, and upon a raging will spoiled the castle, defacing + the roofs, and taking the leads off them.--Then fell all the + castle to ruins, and the timber of the roofs uncovered, rotted + away, and the soil between the walls at the last grew full of + elders, and no habitation was there till that, of late days, the + Earl of Rutland hath made it fairer than ever it was."--_Leland_. + +George, eldest son of the above-named Robert Manners, succeeded to his +father's estates, including Belvoir: in his will, a copy of which is +given by Mr. Nichols, dated Oct. 6, 1513, he is styled "Sir George +Manners, knight, Lord Ros." He was interred, with his lady, in a +chantry chapel, founded by his father-in-law, Sir Thomas Ledger, in +the chapel of St. George, at Windsor. His son, Thomas, Lord Ros, +succeeded him, and was created by Henry VIII. a knight, and afterwards +Earl of Rutland, a title which had never before been conferred on +any person but of the blood royal. This nobleman aided Henry in the +dissolution of the monasteries, and for his zeal received from the +monarch several manors and estates. He caused many of the ancient +monuments of the Albinis and the Rosses to be removed from the priory +churches of Belvoir and Croxton to that of Bottesford. He also +restored and in part rebuilt the castle, which had been in ruins since +Hastings's attack. The state of the castle at this period is thus +described by Leland:--"It is a straunge sighte to se be how many +steppes of stone the way goith up from the village to the castel. +In the castel be two faire gates; and the dungeon is a faire rounde +towere now turned to pleasure, as a place to walk yn, and to se al +the counterye aboute, and raylid about the round (wall,) and a garden +(plotte) in the midle. There is also a welle of grete depth in the +castelle, and the spring thereof is very good." Henry, the second Bard +of Rutland, succeeded his father in 1543; and in 1556 was appointed +captain-general of all the forces then going to France, and commander +of the fleet, by Philip and Mary. Edward, the third earl, eldest son +of the former, succeeded in 1563: Camden calls him "a profound lawyer, +and a man accomplished with all polite learning." John, a colonel of +foot in the Irish wars, became fourth earl in 1587, and was followed +by his son Roger, the fifth earl, who dying without issue, his brother +Francis was nominated his heir, and made the sixth earl. He married +two wives, by the first of whom he had only one child, named +Catherine, who married George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham. +Her issue, George, the second Duke of Buckingham, dying without an +heir, the title of Lord Ros of Hamlake again reverted to the Rutland +family. By a second marriage he had two sons, who, according to the +monument, were murdered by wicked practice and sorcery.[3] George +was created seventh earl in 1632; and was honoured with a visit from +Charles I. at Belvoir castle, in 1634. The eighth earl was John +Manners, who attaching himself to the Parliamentarians, the castle was +attacked by the royal army, and lost and won again and again by each +party, till the earl being "put to great streights for the maintenance +of his family," petitioned the house of peers for relief, and Lord +Viscount Campden having been the principal instrument in the ruin of +the "castle, lands, and woods about Belvoyre," parliament agreed that +1,500l a year be paid out of Lord Campden's estate, until 5,000l +be levied, to the earl of Rutland. In the civil wars the castle was +defended for the king by the rector of Ashwell, co. Rutland. In 1649, +the parliament ordered it to be demolished; satisfaction was, however, +made to the earl, whose son rebuilt the castle after the Restoration. +John, the ninth earl, succeeded his father in 1679. He preferred the +baronial retirement and rural quiet of Belvoir, to the busy court; +though he was created Marquess of Granby, in the county of Nottingham, +and Duke of Rutland. He died in 1710-11, and was succeeded by his son +John;[4] whose eldest son became the third Duke of Rutland, and was +the last of the family who resided at Haddon, Derbyshire. He died in +1779, and was succeeded by his grandson, Charles, Lord Ros, fourth +duke, who died lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1787, when his son John +Henry, the present and fifth duke succeeded to the titles and estates. + + [3] As illustrative of the folly and superstition of the times, + it may be interesting to explain this. Joan Flower, and her two + daughters, who were servants at Belvoir Castle, having + been dismissed the family, in revenge, made use of all the + enchantments, spells, and charms, that were at that time supposed + to answer their malicious purposes. Henry, the eldest son, died + soon after their dismissal; but no suspicion of witchcraft arose + till five years after, when the three women, who are said to have + entered into a formal contract with the devil, were accused of + "murdering Henry Lord Ros by witchcraft, and torturing the Lord + Francis, his brother, and Lady Catharine, his sister." After + various examinations, before Francis Lord Willoughby, of Eresby, + and other magistrates, they were committed to Lincoln gaol. Joan + died at Ancaster, on her way thither, by wishing the bread and + butter she ate might choak her if guilty. The two daughters were + tried before Sir Henry Hobbert, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, + and Sir Edward Bromley, one of the Barons of Exchequer, confessed + their guilt, and were executed at Lincoln, March 11, 1618-19. + + [4] "The _great Marquess of Granby_" born in 1721, was the son of + this duke. During the rebellion he raised a regiment of foot. In + 1758, being lieutenant-general, he was sent into Germany, and + eminently distinguished himself under Prince Ferdinand of + Brunswick. He died in 1770, and was buried with his ancestors at + Bottesford, where, a few years since, there was no monumental + record of his name! + +It is now time to speak of the present magnificence of Belvoir. The +castle which surrounds a quadrangular court, occupies nearly the +summit of the hill, which is ascended by superb stone steps. On the +castle are mounted seven small pieces of cannon, which were presented +to the Duke of Rutland by George the Third; from these pieces 21 +rounds were fired Nov. 5, 1808, in commemoration of the Gunpowder +Plot. The view from the terraces and towers comprehends the whole vale +of Belvoir, and the adjoining country as far as Lincoln, including +twenty-two of the Duke of Rutland's manors. On the southern slope +of the hill are enclosed terraces, on which there are several +flower-gardens, surrounded by extensive shrubberies. The +kitchen-gardens extend to eight acres. The park is of great extent, +and contains fine forest trees which form a woodland beneath the hill, +so extensive as to afford shelter for innumerable rooks. There are +likewise thriving plantations, containing some remarkably fine young +oaks. + +Belvoir Castle has one of the most superb _interiors_ in the kingdom: +its furniture and decorations are of the most costly description. +It also contains one of the most valuable collections of paintings, +whether considered for the variety of schools, or the judicious choice +of the works of each master. Among those who have contributed to +this invaluable assemblage, are Poussin, Carlo Dolci, Guido, Claude +Lorraine, Salvator Rosa, Murillo, Reubens, Teniers, and Reynolds. +The collection was principally formed by John, the third duke, and +Charles, his successor, who were munificent patrons of the arts. All +the modern pictures, of which there are a considerable number, were +collected by the former duke. + +The last general repairs of Belvoir Castle are stated to have cost the +noble owner upwards of 60,000L. The structure has been more than once +extensively injured by fire. A conflagration there in October, 1816, +consumed a large portion of the ancient part of the castle, and +several of the pictures. Among them was Sir Joshua Reynolds's +_Nativity_, a composition of thirteen figures, and in dimensions 12 +feet by 18. This noble picture was purchased by the late Duke of +Rutland for 1,200 guineas. + + * * * * * + + +THE PAINTER'S LAST PASSION. + + + A hectic hue is on my feverish cheek, + And slowly throbs my pulse--but it will cease; + And cease, too, will the visions instinct, + Impalpable, and deep, that haunt my soul! + Death, who can dash the chalice from the lips + Of Pleasure's votary, and hush the lyre + While poetry is breathing on its strings; + Death, who can quench the spirit which portrays + Beauty's resemblance on the marble urn, + Will steep my feelings in oblivion's gloom, + Ere wintry winds disperse the sunny leaves + That cluster round the bosom of the rose. + But I have communed with enchanting shapes, + And felt the silver gush of many a song + Amid the air, until my spirit seem'd + Instinct with glorious draughts of paradise! + Mine eyes have scarcely closed their burning lids + For many a night; and I have watch'd the stars + That smiled upon me from the brow of heaven, + Like deep blue orbs familiar to my youth; + But now abstraction clouds me, and the fire-- + Ambition's fire--it can be nothing less-- + Deserts its lonely shrine; but I must give + The last bright touch to this bewitching form, + This pictured rainbow of my solitude! + I have invested her with loveliness + More pure than beings of the earth assume, + And Memory calls her beauteous image back + From the forgotten things of distant years, + Warm, eloquent, and holy, as the balm + Of flow'rs impearl'd with dew, which summer skies + Diffuse around--I mark the marble brow + Of polish'd symmetry, the eyes more blue + Than violets in their vernal bloom, the neck + Swanlike, and moulded with ethereal grace; + And feel their magic influence on my mind. + I will embody them, and give the stamp + Of fervid genius to their various charms, + Ere this last aspiration is extinct + In the unbroken slumbers of the tomb! + For I have had prophetic monitors + To warn me of my fate, and I must leave + All that is lovely in this lovely world. + + It is a summer eve--the sunbeams tinge + The glassy bosom of the quiet lake; + The music of the birds enchants the air, + And Nature's verdant robe is gemm'd with flow'rs. + From which the breeze derives its liquid balm. + Oh! in my youth, this hour has been to me + Bright as the fairy arch upon the clouds + Of earthly grief and gloom, and even now + It gives the silent fountain of my heart + A renovated action, and recalls + The energies that long ago were mine. + My fancy wanders as I thus portray + The lineaments on which 'tis bliss to gaze: + How beautiful their prototype! to whom + I breath'd in youth the most impassion'd words, + And felt as if Elysium had disclosed + Its glory to my eye--around this brow, + Stainless as marble, cluster golden curls + Like sunbeams on the bosom of the cloud, + And o'er the radiant azure orbs beneath, + The snowy lids suspend their glossy fringe. + Upon such beauty shall my pencil stamp + Its immortality, and make it seem + More beautiful in Fancy's softest glow; + And, my beloved! when this warm hand that traced + Thy pictured charms is mouldering in the dust, + Thou wilt proclaim the painter's mastery, + And consecrate the canvass with a power + Which shall defy the wasting hand of Time! + + G.R.C. + + * * * * * + + +PRESERVATION OF A HUMAN BODY. + + +In a vault under the Font of the Old Church of St. Dunstan in the +West, has lately been discovered the leaden coffin of a "Mr. Moody," +(without a Christian name,) who "died in the year 1747, aged 70 +years." After this interment of 85 years, the face was found not +decomposed, but perfect; the mouth extended--the teeth and eye-brows +unimpaired, and to the touch, the flesh solid (covered with a cloth) +and no appearance of worms; which puzzles the common opinion that such +insects prey upon the dead: + + "And food for worms brave Percy!" + +exclaimed Prince Henry over the expiring body of Hotspur. + +This observation was made by a person who saw the remains on the +8th of August, 1832, an older object by twelve years, and without +teeth,--a gum-biter! + +AN OLD INHABITANT OF CLIFFORD'S INN. + + * * * * * + + +THE ROSE OF THE CASTLE. + + + A summer morn, with all its golden light, + Gilded the snowy bosom of the cloud, + And robed the verdant earth with sunny hues. + The bees sang music to their passion-flow'rs, + The birds, with melody which seem'd to gush + From joyful hearts, entranced the crystal air; + But, spectre-like, the ancient castle frown'd + Over the deep, whose softly-rippling waves + Reflected its array of ruined towers. + In times of old, the gallant chiefs for whom + Its stately walls arose, the men who made + Their names a terror to the Saracen, + Adopted as their symbol in the field, + The rose--that flower of faction and of blood! + I saw it sculptured on the marble shield + Which graced the lofty gate, it was enroll'd + Among the records of departed days; + Over the hearth, upon the pictured crest + It met mine eye, and to my mind recall'd + The glorious deeds of England's chivalry. + + The Rose--it appear'd on the portal proud, + Which the ivy robed in its mournful shroud; + As the sunshine gleam'd in the silent hall + I traced its image upon the wall. + + Although the castle was old and grey, + And its summer of glory had pass'd away, + Though the roof had fall'n, and the walls sunk low, + The rose still smiled in the sunbeam's glow. + + But, oh! that symbol of purest faith + Had cheer'd the heart in the hour of death, + And shone triumphant o'er the brave + As they crush'd the power of the sceptred slave. + + It seem'd like a spell on the lips of all + Whom the trumpet call'd from their festive hall, + And the soldier to it upturn'd his eye + As he lay on the grassy turf to die. + + But it gleams no more on land or sea, + A star to the feudal chivalry! + On the silent hearth, and the ivied tower, + Hath it found a last forsaken bower. G.R.C. + + * * * * * + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS. + + * * * * * + +SPIRIT DRINKING. + + +(_TO THE EDITOR._) + + +Much as has been said about gin-drinking in the present times, it +would appear from the following curious extract, that our forefathers +(of the last century,) were more addicted to that pernicious custom, +than we are even in the nineteenth century:-- + +"Several of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the County of +Middlesex, having, in pursuance of an order of a former Quarter +Session, made an inquiry into the houses and places where Geneva and +other such pernicious distilled liquors are sold by retail, about this +time made their report; by which it appears, to the great surprise and +concern of those who have the trade and welfare of the public truly +at heart, that there are in the limits of Westminster, Holborn, the +Tower, and Finsbury divisions (exclusive of London and Southwark) +7,044 houses and shops, where the said liquors are publicly sold by +retail, (which in several parishes, is computed to be, at least, every +sixth house,) besides what is privately sold in garrets, cellars, +back-rooms, and other private places. + +"That of this number, no less than 2,105 are unlicensed; and that +Geneva is now sold, not only by distillers and Geneva shops, but by +above 80 other inferior trades; particularly chandlers, weavers, +tobacconists, shoemakers, carpenters, barbers, tailors, dyers, +labourers, &c. &c.; there being in the Hamlets of Bethnal Green, +upwards of 90 weavers who sell this liquor." + +"_JANUARY 20TH_, 1736." G.K. + + * * * * * + + +THE DEATH OF ADAM. + + +(_FROM THE GERMAN._) + + +When Adam was nine hundred and thirty years old, he felt in himself +the word of the judge, "Thou shalt die." Then spoke Adam to the +weeping Eve: "Let my sons come before me, that I may see and may bless +them." They all came at their father's word, and stood before him, +many hundred in number, and prayed for his life. "Who among you," said +the old man, "will go to the holy mountain? Very likely he may +find pity for me, and bring to me the fruit of the tree of life." +Immediately, all his sons offered themselves; and Seth, the most +pious, was chosen by his father for the message. He besprinkled his +head with ashes, hastened, and delayed not, until he stood before +the gate of Paradise. Then prayed he, "Let my father find pity, +kind-hearted one, and send to him fruit from the tree of life." +Quickly there stood the glittering cherub, and instead of the tree of +life, he held a twig of three leaves in his hand. "Carry this to thy +father," said he, friendly, "his last consolation is here; for eternal +life dwells not on the earth." Swiftly hastened Seth, threw himself +down, and said, "No fruit of the tree of life bring I to thee, +my father, only this twig has the angel given me, to be thy last +consolation here." The dying man took the twig, and was glad. He +smelled on it the fragrance of Paradise, and then was his soul +elevated: "Children," said he, "eternal life dwells not for us on the +earth; you must follow after me; but on these leaves I breathe the +refreshing air of another world." Then his eyes failed; his spirit +fled hence. + +Adam's children buried their father, and wept for him thirty days; but +Seth wept not. He planted the twig upon his father's grave, at the +head of the dead man, and named it the twig of the new life, of the +awakening up out of the sleep of death. The little twig grew up into a +high tree, and by it many of Adam's children strengthened themselves +with comfort of the other life. So it came to the following +generation. In the garden of David it blossomed fair, until his +infatuated son began to doubt on immortality; then withered the twig, +though its blossoms came among other nations. And as on a stem from +this tree, the restorer of immortality gave up his holy life; from it +the fragrance of the new life scattered itself around far among all +nations. W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT NAVAL LAWS. + + +The laws made by Richard I. for the preservation of good order in his +fleet, when he was sailing to Palestine, were as follows:--He that +kills a man on board shall be tied to the body and thrown into the +sea. If he kills one on land he shall he buried with the same. If it +be proved that any one has drawn a knife to strike another, or has +drawn blood, he shall lose his hand. If he strike with his fist, +without effusion of blood, he shall be thrice plunged into the sea. If +a man insult another with opprobrious language, so often as he does +it, to give so many ounces of silver. A man convicted of theft, to +have his head shaved, and to be tarred and feathered on the head, and +to be left on the first land the ship shall come to. Richard appointed +officers to see these laws executed with rigour, _two of which +officers were bishops_. A.H.K.--T. + + * * * * * + + + +NOTES OF A READER + + +THE ATMOSPHERE.--CLIMATOLOGY. + + +_(FROM PART XIV. OF KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE; OR, THE PLAIN WHY AND +BECAUSE.)_ + +_Why may the atmosphere be termed a fourth kingdom of Nature?_ + +Because it extends its influence in an equal degree over the three +kingdoms, the animal, the vegetable, and the mineral, operates upon +each after a distinct manner, and appears rather to be independent, +and allied to all of them, than to be rightly included within any one. + +_Why is a knowledge of the atmosphere important to the naturalist?_ + +Because it serves to throw much light on the history and functions +both of the animal and vegetable creation; for it is through this +great medium that heat, light, electricity, oxygen, and the great +springs of vital phenomena, are conveyed to all classes of organized +matter. It is by means of this wonderful agent, that we gain the +theory of respiration in all classes of creatures possessing animal +life; and that we become acquainted with the migrations of animals, +as well as many of their peculiar instincts and habits. It is the +atmosphere that enables us to account for the periodical changes in +the plumage of birds and the furs of animals, and the variety of +colours to be found amongst them. By means also of the elasticity of +the atmosphere, sounds and odours are transmitted to sensitive beings. +Atmospherical phenomena, it may be safely inferred, attracted the +observation of mankind in the earliest ages: we know that the +Egyptians and the Greeks wrote upon the subject; the Jews too, a +pastoral people, "could discern the face of the sky;" and even in our +day, shepherds may be ranked among the weather-wise. "This is a fine +morning, a soft day, or a cold evening," are modes of salutation with +us, as commonly as is the "Salem Alikem" (Peace be with you!) amongst +the inhabitants of the more serene countries of the East. Shenstone +says, though with nearly equal spleen and truth: "there is nothing +more universally commended than a fine day: the reason is, that people +can commend it without envy." + +_Why do we call the atmosphere a fluid?_ + +Because it has a tendency to move in all directions, and consequently +rushes in and fills every space not previously occupied by a more +solid substance. Hence we find, that every cave, crevice, place, and +vessel, having communication with the atmosphere, if it be not filled +with something else, is filled with air; against which it is no +argument that we do not see it, as it is perfectly transparent, and +consequently invisible. + +_Why do birds fly?_ + +Because of the inertia of the atmosphere, which gives effect to their +wings. Were it possible for a bird to live without respiration, and in +a space void of air, it would no longer have the power of flight. The +plumage of the wings being spread, and acting with a broad surface +on the atmosphere beneath them, is resisted by the inertia of the +atmosphere, so that the air forms a falcrum, as it were, on which the +bird rises, by the leverage of its wings. + +_Why is air generally considered to be invisible?_ + +Because, though a coloured fluid, and naturally blue, its colour +acquires intensity only, or, in other words, becomes visible only, +from the depth of the transparent mass. According to rigid Newtonians, +air is transparent, or, rather, invisible; and the azure colour of the +atmosphere arises from the greater refrangibility of the blue rays of +light. Other philosophers imagine that the blue tint is inherent in +air; that is, that the particles of air have the property of producing +a blue colour, in their combination with light. + +_Why are the most distant objects in a prospect of a blue tinge?_ + +Because their colours are always tinted by the deepening hues of the +interjacent atmosphere. Again, the blending of the atmospheric azure +with the colours of the solar rays, produces those compound and +sometimes remarkable tints, with which the sky and clouds are +emblazoned. Hence, the mountains appear blue, not because that is +their colour, but because it is the colour of the medium through which +they are seen. + +_Why do the Heavens appear blue?_ + +Because of our looking at the dark vacuity beyond our atmosphere +through an illuminated medium. Were there no atmosphere, it is +universally admitted the appearance would be perfectly black, except +in the particular direction of the sun, or some other of the heavenly +bodies, and since the atmosphere is transparent, this blackness (if +such an expression may be used) must be seen through it, only somewhat +modified by the rays of light reflected by the atmosphere to the eye, +from the direction in which we look. For this reason, the clearer or +more transparent the atmosphere is, the darker is the appearance of +the heavens, there being then less light reflected by the atmosphere +to the eye. In the zenith, the appearance is always darker than nearer +the horizon; and from the tops of high mountains, the heavens in +the zenith appear nearly black.--_Mr. B. Hallowell, in the American +Journal of Science and Arts._ + +_Why does the heat of temperature of different parts of the earth +vary?_ + +Because of the position of the place with respect to the equator, or +rather to the ecliptic, or, more strictly still, with respect to the +plane in which the earth revolves around the sun; for on this relation +depends the temperature of the place, so far as it is produced, +directly, by the influence of the sun. Maltebrun ascribes to it the +following influences: 1, the action of the sun upon the atmosphere: 2, +the interior temperature of the globe: 3, the elevation of the earth +above the level of the ocean: 4, the general inclination of the +surface, and its local exposure: 5, the position of its mountains +relatively to the cardinal points: 6, the neighbourhood of great seas, +and their relative situation: 7, the geological nature of the soil: 8, +the degree of cultivation, and of population, at which a country has +arrived: 9, the prevalent winds. + +_Why are the strata of air upon all mountains of successive coldness?_ + +Because the air does not acquire immediately, by the passage of the +solar rays, a considerable degree of heat. Thus, with the elevation of +land, cold may be said to increase in very rapid progression. Winter +continues to reign on the Alps and the Pyrenees, while the flowers of +spring are covering the plains of northern France. This beneficent +appointment of Nature considerably increases the number of habitable +countries in the torrid zone. It is probable, that at the back of the +flat burning coasts of Guinea, there exist in the centre of Africa, +countries which enjoy a delightful temperature; as we see the vernal +valley of Quito, situate under the same latitude with the destructive +coasts of French Guyana, where the humid heat constantly cherishes the +seeds of disease. On the other hand, it is the continued elevation +of the ground, which, in the central parts of Asia, extends the cold +region to the 35th parallel of latitude, so that in ascending from +Bengal to Thibet, we imagine ourselves in a few days transported from +the equator to the pole.--_Maltebrun._ + +_Why does the destruction of forests sometimes prove beneficial to a +country?_ + +Because a freer circulation of air is thus procured--but carried too +far, it becomes a scourge which may desolate whole regions. We have +a sad example of this in the Cape de Verde islands, not to mention +others. It is the destruction of forests, and not a supposed cooling +of the globe, which has rendered the southern part of Iceland more +accessible to the dreadful cold which is too often produced by those +masses of floating ice which are intercepted and detained by its +northern coasts.--Ibid. + +_Why do mountains influence climates?_ + +Because, although they cannot prevent the general motions of the +atmosphere from taking place, they may, by stopping them in part, +render particular winds more or less frequent throughout a certain +extent of country. Maltebrun observes, there cannot be a doubt that +the Alps contribute in securing to Italy its delightful and happy +climate, its perpetual spring, and its double harvests. + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +THE TOAD FISH. + + + [We quote these interesting details from a paper on the Sargasso + Weed, or gulf weed, with which a certain part of the Atlantic + Ocean is generally covered, and amongst which Toad Fish are + found. The reason of the weed accumulating has given rise to much + difference of opinion, which is the main subject of the above + communication, by Mr. Benet, of Bulstrode-street, to the _Naval + Magazine_[5]] + + [5] We are happy to perceive that the above journal rises + in interest and value as it proceeds; and merits all the + encouragement our notice of its first appearance may have induced + our readers to confer upon it. + +[Illustration: Toad Fish] + +The figure represents one of those fishes to which, on account of +their uncouth appearance, the name of Toad Fish has been popularly +given. Under this denomination there have been included many very +dissimilar kinds, extreme ugliness being held as alone sufficient for +the establishment of an undeniable claim to the title. The present +fish, and those nearly related to it, advance, however, peculiar +claims to the appellation. Their belly and side fins are borne upon +supports which project from the body in the semblance of limbs, their +similarity to which is increased by the jointed form they acquire at +the point of union of the fin with its support, and still farther +by the finger-like appearance of the rays of these fins, which are +unconnected by membrane at their tips. This curious structure imparts +to these fishes not only somewhat of the outward form of a quadruped, +but also a portion of its habits, and they are, accordingly, capable +of crawling like toads among the sea-weeds and rocks which they +usually inhabit; the side fins, which are placed farther back than +those of the belly, performing on each occasion the functions of +hinder feet. Nor is this mode of locomotion confined to the water +alone; it may, also, be exercised by them on land, for their +gill-openings are so small, that evaporation takes place but slowly +from within them, and thus the gills are kept moistened, and the +circulation of the blood is preserved, even out of the water, for two +or three days. So remarkable a deviation from the usual appearance and +habits of the class to which they belong, has naturally caused them to +be regarded as objects of curiosity; and it is recorded, that living +specimens have been successfully transported from the East to Holland, +where they have been sold at considerable prices. + +The fishes of this genus, to which Commerson gave the name of +Antennarius, (on account of the filament which they possess on the +forehead,) are met with in the sea of warm climates, in the east as +well as in the west. They subsist chiefly on small crabs, to surprise +which they hide themselves among the sea-weed, or behind stones. Their +flesh is said not to be edible; it may, perhaps, have been rejected, +on account of their disgusting appearance, and is certainly too small +in quantity to allow of its being important as an article of food. +In swimming, they usually gulp down air, and, thus distending their +capacious stomachs, enlarge themselves into a rounded half-floating +mass, much in the same manner as the globe of balloon fishes. Their +nearest affinity is to the fishes known as anglers, with which +they agree in the form of their gill-openings and fins, and in +the possession of filaments on the head; but the monstrously +disproportioned head of the anglers, which is depressed from +above downwards, and the enormous opening of their mouth, readily +distinguish them from the Toad Fishes, whose head is of moderate size, +and, like their bodies, compressed laterally. They are either smooth +or variously hairy or bristly, and are always destitute of the regular +scales with which fishes are generally invested. They are furnished, +especially on the lips and the under parts, with numerous short, loose +processes of skin, which add considerably to their sense of touch. +There is great variety in the different kinds in the length of the +filament on the head, and its termination is still more varied; in +some it is almost simple, as though formed of a single undilated hair; +in others, it is surmounted by a small, dense, globular mass of short +filaments; and in others again, it has two, or even three large fleshy +processes at its end, not unlike the baits which terminate the fishing +filaments of the anglers. + +In the species figured, the Antennarius Iaevigatus, the skin is +smooth, and furnished with short loose processes; the filament on the +head is short, and terminated by a small knob of clustered minute +filaments; this is succeeded by two other processes, each resembling +a fin supported by a single ray, and fringed, especially towards its +upper part, by loose portions of skin; to these succeed the back fin, +supported, as usual, by many rays. The colour is pale, irregularly +blotched, spotted, and streaked with brown, the markings varying +considerably in different individuals; it is also dotted irregularly +with white. By these characters it may be known from the other species +of the genus, with which it appears to have been associated by +Linnaeus, under the common name of Lophius Histrio. It was first +scientifically distinguished by M. Bosc, a French naturalist, who +observed it, on his voyage to America, among the Sargasso weed: he +described and figured it, not without some imperfections, in the +Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle. It has since been figured, +but not described, by Dr. Mitchell in the Transactions of the New York +Society; and one very nearly resembling it has been described by Mr. +Bennett with a figure, in the Geological Journal. The genus to which +it belongs is most completely treated of by M. Cuvier, in the Memoires +du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. + + * * * * * + + + +SELECT BIOGRAPHY + + +[Illustration: Cuvier] + + +Cuvier, the great naturalist, paid the debt of nature in May last, +after a life devoted to science with an unwearied application and a +success exceeded by none in modern times. He was born at Montbelliard +in 1769, a year which gave to so many remarkable men--a Napoleon--a +Chateaubriand--a Wellington--a Humboldt, &c. and his first discoveries +were on the Mollusca, and shook to its base the zoological +classification which then universally prevailed. + +Invited to Paris to fill the place of Professor of Comparative Anatomy +at the _Jardin des Plantes_, his lectures speedily drew crowds around +him, attracted by his popular eloquence and lucid arrangement. His +next work, _Lecons d'Anatomie Comparee_, 1805, was rewarded by the +Institute with the decennial prize for the work which had contributed +the most to our knowledge of the Natural Sciences during that period. +At the same period he published a series of Memoirs on the Anatomy of +the Mollusca, and devoted his attention to a detailed examination +of the fossil remains of the bones of mammiferous animals; he +particularly examined the numerous fossils in the environs of Paris, +assisted in the geological part of his task by his friend M. A. +Brogniart. The sagacity and accuracy which M. Cuvier displayed in the +examination of fossil bones, raised this branch of inquiry to the +dignity of a perfectly new science, which has thrown a powerful light +on geology, and directed it into a more philosophical route. A +number of works and of elaborate memoirs published since by various +naturalists, have shown the prodigious influence which the labours of +Cuvier have exercised on the study of geology, of the animal kingdom, +and even of fossil botany. M. Cuvier amused himself during these +laborious works by particular researches which would alone have been +sufficient to have distinguished any other man, such as his five +Memoirs on the Voice of Birds, on Crocodiles, and on numerous subjects +of zoology; such also as his descriptions of the living animals in +the menagerie, &c. In all his works, even to the minutest details, +we discover the same luminous, clear, and methodical mind, and the +sagacity which characterized him. Feeling the want of a work +which should present a general view of his ideas on zoological +classification, he published in 1817 his work entitled _Le Regne +Animal distribue d'apres son Organisation_, in 4 vols, 8vo. which +speedily became the text-book of all zoological students. When +employed on this work he felt how far in arrear of the other branches +of zoology was that which respects the class of fish, and saw how much +difficulty had accumulated in it, as well from our ignorance of the +anatomy of these animals, and the impossibility of determining with +precision the laws of their comparative organization, as from the want +of large collections, and perhaps also from the too artificial spirit +which had hitherto prevailed in ichthyology. He employed his influence +to form a collection in the Paris Museum of specimens of fish from all +parts of the world, and was so successful in his endeavours that the +number of specimens which at first scarcely amounted to 1,000, in a +few years amounted to 6,000. Of these he dissected a large portion +with a care hitherto unknown, having the advantage of an able +associate in the study of the details in M. Valenciennes; he was thus +enabled in a period of time that may be called short, looking to the +extent of the results, to collect the materials of his great _Histoire +Naturelle des Poissons_, of which eight volumes have appeared, with +their appropriate plates, and for the continuation of which we have to +look to his laborious assistant. The recent embarrassment among the +Paris publishers having occasioned a stoppage in the progress of this +work, M. Cuvier availed himself of this (as the part prepared for the +press was already in advance of the printer) to make preparations +for republishing his _Lecons d'Anotomie Comparee_, of which a second +edition had been long anxiously called for. This design, however, he +was not permitted to complete; but it is to be hoped that we shall not +be long deprived of the edition he had contemplated, and that it will +be accompanied with those beautiful and accurate plates on which he +had bestowed so much pains, and in the execution of which he himself +excelled; for he was a skilful draftsman, and seized external forms +with rapidity and accuracy, and possessed the art of representing +in his drawings the forms of organic tissues in a style peculiar to +himself. His last course of lectures, on the History of the Natural +Sciences, and on the Philosophy of Natural History, delivered at the +College of France, is now publishing in livraisons, and will extend +to three or four vols, 8vo. This work, however, we believe, has been +published without his consent or revision. His memory was prodigious, +and he scarcely knew what it was to forget anything. Although his +great powers were more particularly devoted to natural history, no +part of science was a stranger to him, and his taste for literature +and works of imagination was particularly refined and elegant. In his +_Eloges_ of illustrious men, delivered in his capacity of perpetual +secretary of the Academy of Sciences, he always displays the utmost +impartiality and love of truth; he never debased the dignity +of science by any love of intrigue, and displayed the utmost +disinterestedness in his efforts to promote science. The qualities +of his heart were not less estimable than those of his head, and he +possessed the happy art of inspiring his friends with an unalterable +attachment. His conversation was varied and animated, adapted by turns +to every subject, and he may truly be said to have been the grace and +ornament of society. We must not forget the great services he rendered +to public education as head of the University; his Report on the +State of Primary Education in Holland is a lasting monument of his +solicitude for the education of the people, and all those who have +observed his conduct with regard to the higher branches of education, +know how constantly his influence was directed to favour their +progress and to remove obstacles. In other departments of the civil +service into which he was successively called, as Master of Requests, +Counsellor of State, President of the Section of the Interior, +Director of Protestant Worship, (for he was an enlightened and liberal +Protestant, and watched over the interests of his co-religionists with +constant solicitude,) and at last as a Peer of France--in all these he +displayed the same superiority of talent. The office of Censor of the +Press, which was offered to him, he, to his eternal honour, refused. +Such was the man whose loss the world has now to deplore: but the mind +that traced her age and history--in the wrecks of ages dug from her +bosom--will live for ever in his works to enlighten and instruct +mankind.--_Foreign Quarterly Review._ + +Cuvier is said to have died of a paralytic affection of the +oesophagus. His body was examined by several eminent pathologists: +his brain is stated to have presented a mass of extraordinary volume, +weighing three pounds thirteen and a half ounces; a fact which will +be treasured up by contemporary phrenologists as evidence of Cuvier's +great intellectual capabilities. + +[Cuvier was Professor of Geology in the College of France. The chair, +vacant by his death, has just been filled by the appointment of +M. Elie Beaumont, celebrated for his investigation of mountain +formations.] + + * * * * * + + + +NEW BOOKS + + +LEGENDS OF THE RHINE. + + + [These are three novel-sized volumes from the prolific pen of Mr. + Grattan, whose _Highways and Byeways_ have probably started off + hundreds of scribbling tourists to the Continent, much to the + annoyance of the keepers of old castles and other necromantic + haunts. These Legends, however, have little to do with the Rhine, + which is perhaps fortunate for their success, as most of the + traditionary stories of the romantic river have been dished up in + as many forms and fashions as French cooks are accustomed to serve + up eggs. A few of our Correspondents have tried their taste, + but we hope not the reader's patience, in _Rhin_-onomy; and Mr. + Planche, moreover, has wandered and sailed up and down the + district, picking to new van its mystic stories in every form + common to our literature. We have enjoyed every inch of the stream + and its banks, coloured after nature, in a panorama on paper, to + put into your pocket or portmanteau; and just now Views on the + Rhine are publishing in sixpenny portions, and becoming as little + rare as Views on the Thames; till we may as well say thick as + leaves on the Rhine, as in Vallainbrosa. + + Mr. Grattan's Legends are stated to be freely adapted from the + literature of the countries where the scenes are laid. They + consist of some ten or dozen stories of untiring length but too + much for entire extract. For the sake of some delightfully + graphic writing we are induced to quote a portion of one of the + tales--_The Curse of the Black Lady_, a legend of the twelfth + century. The scene lies in the Low Countries, and introduces an + admirably-drawn portrait of a knight of the period.] + +The Castle of the Countess of Hainault at Mons was a complete specimen +of the splendid architecture of the twelfth century, or that which +is now called Gothic; pointed windows abounding in coloured glass, +unpolished marble, heavy wooden doors, thickly studded with iron +nails, leading into immense corridors, interminable passages, and +branching staircases. + +It was early in a morning of the month of February, that the horn of a +knight was heard beyond the castle wall, and immediately replied to +by the warder; and when the draw-bridge was slowly replaced and the +portcullis heavily withdrawn, a knight followed by a squire, whose +surcoat bore the Flander's lion, entered. The cap of the knight was +of black velvet, and slight bars of steel, bent into the form of a +semicircle, crossed each other at the top of his head and served at +once for defence and for ornament. His boots of thick leather reaching +almost to the knees bespoke him an inhabitant of a maritime country, +having spurs formed of a single point of iron, long and obtuse, and +these being gilt would have announced the wearer's rank in chivalry, +even if his whole equipment and bearing had not proclaimed his right +to the deference with which he was received. As he dismounted from his +horse, he threw off the large mantle, not unlike the military cloaks +of our days, and discovered the knightly armour, which showed to +peculiar advantage his powerful limbs. A straight black tunic without +sleeves descended to his knees. It was fastened by a silver girdle, +from which depended on one side a strong sword, and on the other a +dagger, the richly wrought handle of which seemed to declare it of +Turkish make. His arms and hands were covered with a steel tissue, +sitting close and so flexible that it yielded lightly to every motion. +The squire who followed him was old, and a certain familiarity was +mingled with the respect of his manner, and seemed to declare that he +had been long accustomed to his master. In truth he had served +the father of our knight, and the latter had grown up beneath his +attendance, which had not unfrequently become his protection. His +armour, far from adorning his person, scarcely left a human figure +visible beneath its heavy plates of iron, fastened by nails whose +monstrous heads seemed cast in the same mould with those which +strengthened the heavy oak doors of the palace. His helmet seemed the +section of a water-pipe of cast iron. Visor it had none; but in its +place was a plate or bar of iron descending from the forehead to the +chin, almost touching the nose and mouth, and he had a group of arms +suspended from his saddle. It was Sir Guy de Dampierre and his squire. + +The seneschal conducted them with much ceremony to the knight's +apartments in the castle, where a small table placed by the side of an +enormous log-fire in the middle of the room, and plentifully furnished +with cold salted and dried meats, together with the thin wines of +France, and the more potent juice of the German grape, soon made him +forget the cold and thirst he had endured in the forest. The beer he +quaffed with peculiar pleasure, as it invitingly foamed in a silver +tankard, which had been thickly embossed by the abbot of Wansfort, and +presented by him to the Emperor Baldwin previous to his embarkation +for the Holy Land. + +Having praised the flavour of the beer and helped himself to some +slices from a well cured wild boar's head, he said to the chamberlain, +"And Baldwin of Avesnes is not yet arrived, you say?" + +"No, Count," replied the chamberlain; "we expected he would be with +you." + +"Why, my road lay through Namur, and he comes directly from Bruges. I +marvel therefore he be not arrived--and I have news for him," said the +knight. + + [The next page includes a passing notice of the _introduction of + chimneys_ into England, referable, though not without dispute, to + this date:--] + +The warder's horn was again heard; and after due time the person in +question made his appearance. He looked harassed and fatigued, and +gladly took the seat Count Guy pointed to, close by his own, and +having stirred the logs which burned lazily in the huge hearth, he +observed, "Methinks the wood emits this sulphureous vapour more +strongly than ever. I marvel, Guy, that you have not repaid the +compliment of the English king's invitation to your weavers, by +bringing over workmen to build you some of those long narrow passages +which, beginning just over the fire, project from the top of the house +to carry off the smoke." + +"What mean you, Baldwin?" + +"Nay, have you not heard that in England they are beginning to build +along the end of the rooms, lodges or troughs to contain the fuel, on +the base of which they raise a brick funnel, through which all the +smoke mounts and so evaporates at the top of the house?" replied +Baldwin. + +"Think you then, d'Avesnes, that the whole room can be warmed with the +fire at one end of it, particularly if the smoke be carried out?" + +"Indeed they say," replied d'Avesnes, "it casts a strong heat +everywhere." + + ["The Black Lady" is thus characterised:--"They speak of her as + one entirely destitute of natural sensibility; they hint at some + dark practices, and they designate her so frequently by the + epithet of the 'Black Lady,' that many, both in Hainault and + Flanders, are ignorant that this is not really her title." Here + follows a whole-length portrait of this specimen of black-letter + majesty.] + +In the tapestried room into which the brothers were conducted, sat +the Black Lady of Brabant on a throne elevated considerably above +the floor. The dais was covered with the same rich tapestry as the +hangings which covered the walls, for even in this early age Bruges +was celebrated for such manufactures. The draperies of the throne were +of purple velvet fringed with gold, with a canopy and curtains of the +same rich materials, the latter being looped back with a massive cord +and tassels. The constable supported one side of the throne, and +the seneschal the other. Below these were the cup-bearer and grand +huntsman. Six pages were placed about the steps of the throne, and +the same number of ladies in waiting were also there. Yet Marguerite +herself wanted not the surrounding magnificence to mark her superior +dignity of "Countess by the grace of God," then accorded to only one +county besides her own; for there was a sort of fearful majesty about +her towering height, unbowed either by the weight of years (and she +had already passed what the Psalmist has declared to be the age of +man) or luxurious indulgence. Her face was pale and marked by deep +furrows, indicating an unlimited indulgence of the strong passions +which had rendered her life so unquiet. Her eye was black, and +retained all the fire of lively feeling, yet it was sunken. Her +forehead was low, yet there was an inflexibility of resolve in +its deep lines that added much to the majestic character of her +appearance. Her teeth too were perfect, and her thin and colourless +lips left them visible to attract the painful admiration excited by +their contrast with the unlovely expression of her features; her chin +was small. Her hair was all drawn from her face to the crown of her +head and concealed under the black lace veil, which concealing the +upper part of her forehead, fell over each shoulder even to her feet. +Her upper garment was a long mantle of black velvet lined with ermine, +which, opening in front, fell over the arms of her throne, and +discovered a dress of crimson cloth of Bruges of that beautiful sort +called _ecarlate_. The boddice was drawn tightly to her shape by +rich gold cord, the ends of which, finished by heavy tassels, fell +downwards to the edge of her robe. The crimson tunic reached only to +her knees, and discovered an under dress of white Syrian silk, on +which was a border of gold, evidently of oriental workmanship. Her +hard bust was covered by many rows of the finest Asiatic pearls, and +depending from her girdle was a rosary of jet, which sustained a +richly embossed golden cross, probably enshrining a piece of wood of +the true cross from Palestine. The small gold crown which circled +her brows, and the sceptre she held, were evidently made by the same +skilful artist--probably the work of the celebrated Erembert, Abbot +of Wansfort. Her arms, which notwithstanding her towering statue were +disproportionably long, were covered by sleeves of the finest Bruges +linen, which however only appeared at the shoulders and elbows, the +rest of the arm being covered with the crimson cloth which formed the +tunic, and these were laced with gold cord down to the waist, where +the Bruges linen formed a cuff. Her form was harsh and bony, and no +grace of motion relieved its outlines; for she was so fearfully still, +you might have thought the living form had been placed in sight of the +Gorgon's head and so transformed to stone. Her features seemed alike +immovable, all sunk into a dark, fixed, and settled discontent with +life. + + * * * * * + + +THE BRITISH MUSEUM. + + + [This is the seventeenth volume of the _Library of Entertaining + Knowledge_; and, like the majority of its predecessors, it aims + at rendering popular, and of obvious interest, subjects which had + hitherto been abstruse and uninviting. It is the first of a series + of volumes to be published on the Antiquities of the British + Museum, so as in some measure to set them free from their national + imprisonment; for such we must term any assemblage of works of art + (the property of the country), which are not unconditionally open + to public inspection. + + The portion before us is the first of two volumes devoted to + the Egyptian Antiquities in the Museum. It has been diligently + compiled; and rendered more interesting than would be a bare + account of what the Museum contains, by correct notices generally + "of the history of art among the Egyptians." The best authorities + have been consulted and acknowledged, as Hamilton, Heeren, Gau, + and Belzoni, and the more recent labours of Mr. James Burton. + The whole is attractively arranged in chapters; on the Physical + Character of Egypt; Political Sketch of Ancient Egypt, and the + monuments of the respective divisions of the country. We subjoin + an extract, containing a graphic outline of _Thebes_:] + +We pass by Kenneh, on the east bank, from which travellers may go to +Cosseir to embark on the Red Sea; we hasten by the remains of Kouft, +the ancient Coptos, and the solitary propylon of Kous, standing alone +without its temple,--to the plain of Thebes, to the most wonderful +assemblage of ruins on the face of the earth. + +All travellers agree that it is impossible to describe the effect +produced by the colossal remains of this ancient capital; nor does it +lie within our plan to attempt this description at present any farther +than is necessary to make our readers acquainted with the general +character and localities of the existing temples of Egypt. + +No knowledge of antiquity, no long-cherished associations, no +searching after something to admire, is necessary here. The wonders of +Thebes rise before the astonished spectator like the creations of some +superior power. "It appeared to me," says Belzoni, "like entering +a city of giants, who, after a long conflict, were all destroyed, +leaving the ruins of their various temples as the only proofs of their +former existence." Denon's description of the first view of Thebes by +the French army, which he accompanied in the expedition into Upper +Egypt, is singularly characteristic. "On turning the point of a chain +of mountains which forms a kind of promontory, we saw all at once +ancient Thebes in its full extent--that Thebes whose magnitude has +been pictured to us by a single word in Homer, _hundred-gated_, a +poetical and unmeaning expression which has been so confidently +repeated ever since. This city, described in a few pages dictated +to Herodotus by Egyptian priests, which succeeding authors have +copied--renowned for numerous kings, who, through their wisdom, have +been elevated to the rank of gods; for laws which have been revered +without being known; for sciences which have been confided to proud +and mysterious inscriptions, wise and earliest monuments of the arts +which time has respected;--this sanctuary, abandoned, desolated +through barbarism, and surrendered to the desert from which it was +won; this city, shrouded in the veil of mystery by which even colossi +are magnified: this remote city, which imagination has only caught a +glimpse of through the darkness of time,--was still so gigantic an +apparition, that at the site of its scattered ruins, the army halted +of its own accord, and the soldiers, with one spontaneous movement, +clapped their hands." It is, however, rather unfortunate for Denon's +description, that another traveller denies that there is such an +approach to Thebes as is mentioned in the extract, and he assures us +that the ruins cannot be seen till the traveller comes near them; and +further, that to produce such astonishing effects as the Frenchman +describes, we ought to be _very_ near them or _among_ them. Without +pretending to reconcile these contradictions, we can readily believe +that the ruins may produce a considerable effect, even at some +distance, if Denon's drawings are at all correct. As to the impression +made by a near inspection of these wonderful remains, there is no +discrepancy among travellers. + +Thebes lay on each side of the river, and extended also on both sides +as far as the mountains. The tombs, which are on the western side, +reach even into the limits of the desert. Four principal villages +stand on the site of this ancient city,--Luxor and Carnak on the +eastern, Gournou and Medinet-Abou on the western side. The temple of +Luxor is very near the river, and there is here a good ancient jettee, +well built of bricks. The entrance to this temple is through a +magnificent propylon, or gateway, facing the north, 200 feet in front, +and 57 feet high above the present level of the soil. Before the +gateway stand the two most perfect obelisks that exist, formed, as +usual, of the red granite of Syene, and each about 80 feet high, +and from 8 to 10 feet wide at the base. Travellers differ in their +estimate of the width of the base, some, perhaps, taking the actual +measure on the surface of the soil while others may make allowance +for that part that is buried; for that the soil is much elevated will +appear from what follows: "Between these obelisks and the propylon are +two colossal statutes, also of red granite; from the difference of +the dresses it is judged that one was a male, the other a female, +figure;--they are nearly of equal sizes. Though buried in the ground +to the chest, they still measure 21 and 22 feet from thence to the top +of the mitre." Another cause of discrepancy in the measurements +may be, that the adjacent sides of the obelisks are of different +dimensions; which is generally the case. + +It is this gateway that is filled with those remarkable sculptures, +which represent the triumph of some ancient monarch of Egypt over an +Asiatic enemy, and which we find repeated, both on other monuments of +Thebes, and partly also on some of the monuments of Nubia, as, for +example, at Ipsambul. This event appears to have formed an epoch +in Egyptian history, and to have furnished materials both for the +historian and the sculptor, like the war of Troy to the Grecian poet. +The whole length of this temple is about 800 feet. + +But the remains of Carnak, about one mile and a quarter lower down the +river, are still more wonderful than Luxor: one of the buildings is +probably the temple of Ammon, which we know from Diodoius was on this +side of the river. An irregular avenue of sphinxes, considerably +more than a mile in length (about 6,560 feet), connected the northern +entrance of the temple of Luxor with it; but this was only one +of several proud approaches to perhaps the largest assemblage of +buildings that ever was erected. For a minute description of Carnak +we must refer to the plans in the great French work, and to Dr. +Richardson's and Mr. Hamilton's accounts. The irregularities in the +structure and approaches of this building show that the various parts +of it were raised at different periods, for indeed it would have been +impossible for any one sovereign to have completed such a monument in +his life-time; and we know, also, that the great temple at Memphis +received numerous additions during a long succession of ages. Some +parts, both of this temple and of the larger building at Carnak +(sometimes called a palace), have been constructed out of the +materials of earlier buildings, as we see from blocks of stone being +occasionally placed with inverted hieroglyphics. It is impossible +without good drawings and very long descriptions, to give anything +like an adequate idea of the enormous remains of Carnak, among which +we find a hall whose roof of flat stones is sustained by more than +130 pillars, some 26 feet, and others as much as 34 feet, in +circumference. The remains on the western side of the river are, +perhaps, more interesting than those on the east. That nearly all +the monuments of Thebes belong to a period anterior to the Persian +conquest, B.C. 525, and that among them we must look for the oldest +and most genuine specimens of Egyptian art, is clear, both from the +character of the monuments themselves and from historical records; nor +is this conviction weakened by finding the name of Alexander twice on +part of the buildings at Carnak, which will prove no more than that +a chamber might have been added to the temple and inscribed with his +name; or that it was not unusual for the priests to flatter conquerors +or conquerors' deputies by carving on stone the name of their new +master. Thebes was the centre of Egyptian power and commerce, probably +long before Memphis grew into importance, or before the Delta was made +suitable to the purposes of husbandry by the cutting of canals and the +raising of embankments. + + [In a note to this passage, it is stated that "Herodotus has given + no description of Thebes. Denon several times quotes Herodotus + for what is not in that author. But this is so common, even with + people who have claims to scholarship, that it has become almost + a fashion to say that any thing is in Herodotus." So that the + audience of Lord Goderich with the late King, as described in the + _Edinburgh Review_, in the Herodotean (or _says_ he and _says + she_) dialect, is no great license.] + + [The volume is profusely embellished.] + + * * * * * + + + +THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +ERRORS OF THE DAY. + + +The devoutest believers in "the march of intellect" must at intervals +be almost driven to renounce their creed in despair. Errors which were +supposed to have been exploded centuries ago, sometimes reappear on a +sudden, and propagate themselves for a season with a rapidity which no +reasoning can pursue, no ridicule arrest. Notions, worthy only of the +dark ages, spring up in the glare of the supposed illumination of the +present day, and resist all the efforts of the Briarean press itself +to dispel them. At one time, it is a pious Hungarian prince who +performs preternatural cures, at the request of the friends of the +sick parties in Ireland, conveyed through that droll medium for a +miracle, the Hamburg letter-bag! At another, it is an old dropsical +impostor, whom thousands of blaspheming dupes venerate as a second +virgin quick of a new Messiah! A short time since animal magnetism +was in vogue; and the strong will of certain gifted individuals was +believed to have the power of entering into a mystical communication +with the spirits of others, and of absolutely controlling their whole +physical and mental being! To-day we are startled by the actual +exhibition of a miracle, the "unknown tongue," on alternate Sundays, +at the Caledonian Chapel in Regent Square, London! If at any time we +are tempted to plume ourselves on the fact, that the belief in ghosts +and witchcraft has disappeared, we are quickly humiliated by the +recollection that there are yet thousands of devout believers in +the prophecies of Francis Moore, physician; or by overhearing the +rhapsodies of some millenarian dreamer, who as confidently gives us +the date of the opening of the New Jerusalem as if he were speaking of +the New London Bridge.--_Quarterly Review_. + + * * * * * + + +PUBLIC CREDIT. + + +It is physically impossible to carry on the commerce of the civilized +world by the aid of a _purely_ metallic currency--no, not though our +gold and silver coins were every tenth year debased to a tenth! Why, +in London alone, five millions of money are daily exchanged at the +Clearing-house, in the course of a few hours. We should like to +see the attempt made to bring this infinity of transactions to a +settlement in coined money. Credit money, in some shape or other, +always has, and must have, performed the part of a circulating +medium to a very considerable extent. And (by one of those wonderful +compensatory processes which so frequently claim the admiration of +every investigator of civil, as well as of physical economy) there +is in the nature of credit an elasticity which causes it, when left +unshackled by law, to adapt itself to the necessities of commerce, and +the legitimate demands of the market. Well may the productive classes +exclaim to those who persist in legislating on the subject, and are +not content without determining who may, and who may not, give credit +to another, what kind of monied obligations shall, or shall not, be +allowed to circulate--that is, to be taken in exchange for goods at +the option of the parties--well might they exclaim, as the merchants +of Paris did to the minister of Louis, when he asked what his master +could do for them--"Laissez nous faire,"--"Leave us alone, to surround +ourselves with those precautions which experience will suggest and the +instinct of self-preservation put in execution."--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + +HOARDING MONEY. + + +There can be no doubt too that "_hoarding_" coin goes on to a +considerable extent, and greatly augments the scarcity, and +consequently the value of the precious metals. Even the old practice +of "making a stocking" is by no means given up in rural districts. We +ourselves, but a few days back, personally witnessed an old crone, +the wife of a small, and apparently poor farmer, in a wild pastoral +district, bring no less than three hundred sovereigns in a bag to a +neighbouring attorney, to be placed by him in security: her treasure +having accumulated till she was afraid to keep it longer at home. Such +examples are by no means so rare as may be imagined. The failures of +so many country banks in 1825 destroyed the confidence of country +people in the bank-notes of the present banks, and causes their +preference of gold. The failure of many attorneys, as well as of those +country banks which received and gave interest on deposits, and (with +the exception of the savings banks, which are very limited in the +amount of the deposits they allow) the total absence, in the rural +districts of England, of any safe and accessible depositaries for the +savings of the economical, such as the invaluable Scotch banks, +have tended most injuriously to discourage economy; and where that +principle was strongly ingrafted, have converted it into a practice of +hoarding,--have caused that to stagnate in unprofitable masses which, +spread through proper channels, would have stimulated new industry and +new accumulations, and added both to the wealth of the owner, and to +the general stock.--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + +INVENTION OF PRINTING. + + + [Our Correspondent, W.M. of the Regent's Park, should read the + following announcement, which supersedes the necessity of printing + his communication. At least, we do not feel ourselves justified in + doing so, without reference to the undernamed German work.] + +It is proposed to erect a monument in Mentz, by public subscription +and support of all nations, to Gutenberg, the great inventor of the +art of printing, and to celebrate the immortal discovery in a grand +and becoming style. The erection is to take place in 1836, being the +fourth centenary anniversary of the great achievement, for it is +capable of historic proof that Gutenberg communicated his discovery of +movable letters to some friends at Strasburg in 1436, to which city he +had retired on account of some disturbances in his native place: vide +Schaab's _Geschichte der Erfinding der Buchdruckerkunst_, Mainz, +1831, 3 vols. 8vo. The subscriptions and support, in particular, of +printers, booksellers, authors and literary bodies, is solicited. +Kings and princes, in behalf of the best interests of their subjects +and of civilization, it is hoped, will not be backward to support so +noble a design. The public will be informed, from time to time, +by means of the daily papers and journals, of the progress of the +subscription, for which the smallest sums will be received, and the +names of the donors entered in a book kept by the Corporation +of Mentz, to which all communications are requested to be +addressed.--_Foreign Quarterly Review_. + + * * * * * + + +GOETHE + + +A medal, in commemoration of Goethe, has been struck at Berlin. On one +side is the portrait of the deceased, by the celebrated Leonard Posch, +crowned with laurel, bearing the inscription Jo. W. DE GOETHE NAT. +XXVIII AUG. MDCCXXXXIX. The likeness was taken a few years ago at +Weimar, and has been universally admired for its accuracy. On the +reverse is represented the Poet's Apotheosis. A swan bears him on his +wings to the starry regions, that appear expanded above, and to which +the Poet, having a golden lyre in his left arm, extends his right arm +with longing gaze. On this side is the inscription AD ASTRA REDIIT D. +XXII MART. MDCCCXXXIL--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + +_ Wilkes's Luckiest Number_.--A rich farmer in Devonshire made a will, +in which the following article was found:--"I bequeath to John +Wilkes, late member of parliament for Aylesbury, five thousand pounds +sterling, as a grateful return for the courage with which he defended +the liberty of his country, and opposed the dangerous progress of +arbitrary power." + +_Owen's Alms-houses, Islington_, were founded by Dame Alice Owen, in +consequence of a providential escape. In the fields, near this spot, +in the reign of Queen Mary, the archers frequently exercised with bows +and arrows. Dame Owen walking with her maid, and observing a woman +milking a cow, was desirous of trying to milk the cow herself, which +she did, when on leaving the cow, an arrow pierced the crown of her +hat, without doing her the least injury. In gratitude for her escape, +she built the school and houses. For many years an arrow was fixed on +the top of them. SWAINE. + +_Origin of Tory_.--Our friend, Mr. George Olaus Borrow, who has +devoted his attention specially to the Celtic dialect, suggests that +the long-disputed etymology of the word Tory may be traced to the +Irish adherents of Charles II., during the Cromwellian era. The words +_Tar a Ri_ (pronounced _Tory_,) and meaning _Come, O King_, having +been so constantly in the mouths of the Royalists as to have become +a by-word to designate them. Mr. Borrow's paper on the subject has +appeared in the _Norfolk Chronicle_. + +_Toast_.--May the man who wins a woman's heart never be instrumental +in breaking its peace. + + _Progress of Life_. + + When man full thirty years has spent, + The road at times both rough and stony, + To clear life's vapour, and repent + He seeks the stream of Matrimony! + +_Caught at last_.--Sir Jervis Elwayes, lieutenant of the Tower, being +much addicted to gaming, used to say, in his prayers, "Lord, let me +hanged, if ever I play more." He broke this serious prayer a thousand +times, and at last was hanged on Tower Hill, in 1615, for the murder +of Sir Thomas Overbury. + +Edward the Confessor took great delight in Haverley Bower, in Essex, +it being woody, solitary, and fit for devotion; but it so abounded +with warbling nightingales, that they disturbed him in his devotions. +He earnestly prayed for their absence, since which time it is +superstitiously said, never nightingale was heard to sing in the park, +though occasionally the warbler is heard outside the pales. + +_Wages_.--In 1352, (25th Edward III.) the wages paid to haymakers was +1d. a-day; a mower of meadows, 3d. a-day, or 5d. an acre; reapers of +corn in the first week of August, 2d., in the second 3d. per day, and +so on till the end of August, without meat, drink, or other allowance; +finding their own tools. For threshing a quarter of wheat or rye, +2-1/2d.; a quarter of barley, beans, peas, and oats, 1-1/2d. A master +carpenter, 3d. per day, other carpenters 2d. A master mason 4d. per +day, other masons 3_d_., and their servants 1-1/2d. per day. Tilers +3d., and their "knaves" 1-1/2d. Thatchers 3d. a-day, and their knaves +1-1/2d. Plasterers, and other workers of mud walls and their knaves +in like manner, without meat or drink, and this from Easter to +Michaelmas; and from that time less, according to the direction of the +justices. T. GILL. + +_Literary Quizzing_.--Of all human quizzing, ancient and modern, +plebeian or patrician, nothing equals that now in triumphant practice +in the lists of literature. From Zoilus to the penny newspapers, never +has there been criticism, penned or spoken, so bitterly pungent as +some of the grave laudatory articles, by which authors are now quizzed +down to zero in the popular reviews. Satan Montgomery is bantered with +the name of Isaiah; Miss Landon by a comparison with La Rochefoucault; +and Don Trueba, with Pigault le Brun. This is a refinement in cruelty. +It is twining the rack with flowers; and hanging a man with a cord of +gold. The sentence of the reviewer should be "Yea, yea; and nay, nay!" +A Barmecide's feast of fame is a supererogation of malice. We hold +that all authors so derided have a right to call upon their critics +to make good their words; and build up the visionary castles of their +_Fata Morgana_, (like London Bridge in the nursery song) with "gravel +and stone;" or rather, "with silver and gold." A heavy mulct should be +imposed on literary quizzing.--_Tait's Edinburgh Magazine_. + +_Cross Readings_, (_from the Spanish_.)--Suddenly King Alphonso +Riberro Fernando rose from his couch, and sallying from his tent with +fierce looks and sword in hand--swore the total annihilation of every +bug in the Castiles. + +And the king with great despatch, forthwith ordered a strong body of +cavalry, for--there was a mouse scratching behind the wainscot. + +So the queen, Mary, rising majestically from her throne, with +imperial, yet gentle look, exclaimed in a sweet voice--"Scratch Poll's +head." + +There was a goodly array of gay knights following the king to the +hunt--the rats being numerous they afforded good sport. + +These specimens of Spanish satire came out in the form of +cross-readings, a few months after the death of Cervantes; they were +affirmed to be by that illustrious author; how truly so I know not. +R.N. + +_Cannon Clock_.--In the gardens of the Palais Royal and the +Luxembourg, at Paris, is a specimen of this contrivance invented by +one Rousseau. A burning-glass is fixed over the vent of a cannon, so +that the sun's rays, at the moment of its passing the meridian, are +concentrated by the glass, on the priming, and the piece is fired. The +burning-glass is regulated, for this purpose, every month. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen +and Booksellers_. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, +AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 564, SEPTEMBER 1, 1832*** + + +******* This file should be named 11865.txt or 11865.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/8/6/11865 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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