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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1179 ***
+
+ON REVENUES
+
+By Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+
+
+
+        Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+        pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+        and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+        and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+        years before having to move once more, to settle
+        in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+        Revenues describes Xenophon's ideas to solve the
+        problem of poverty in Athens, and thus remove an
+        excuse to mistreat the Athenian allies.
+
+
+
+
+    PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+    This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+    four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though
+    there is doubt about some of these) is:
+
+    Work                                   Number of books
+
+    The Anabasis                                         7
+    The Hellenica                                        7
+    The Cyropaedia                                       8
+    The Memorabilia                                      4
+    The Symposium                                        1
+    The Economist                                        1
+    On Horsemanship                                      1
+    The Sportsman                                        1
+    The Cavalry General                                  1
+    The Apology                                          1
+    On Revenues                                          1
+    The Hiero                                            1
+    The Agesilaus                                        1
+    The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+    Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into
+    English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The
+    diacritical marks have been lost.
+
+
+
+
+WAYS AND MEANS
+
+A Pamphlet On Revenues
+
+
+
+I
+
+For myself I hold to the opinion that the qualities of the leading
+statesmen in a state, whatever they be, are reproduced in the character
+of the constitution itself. (1)
+
+ (1) "Like minister, like government." For the same idea more fully
+    expressed, see "Cyrop." VIII. i. 8; viii. 5.
+
+As, however, it has been maintained by certain leading statesmen in
+Athens that the recognised standard of right and wrong is as high at
+Athens as elsewhere, but that, owing to the pressure of poverty on the
+masses, a certain measure of injustice in their dealing with the allied
+states (2) could not be avoided; I set myself to discover whether by
+any manner of means it were possible for the citizens of Athens to be
+supported solely from the soil of Attica itself, which was obviously
+the most equitable solution. For if so, herein lay, as I believed, the
+antidote at once to their own poverty and to the feeling of suspicion
+with which they are regarded by the rest of Hellas.
+
+ (2) Lit. "the cities," i.e. of the alliance, {tas summakhidas}.
+
+I had no sooner begun my investigation than one fact presented itself
+clearly to my mind, which is that the country itself is made by nature
+to provide the amplest resources. And with a view to establishing the
+truth of this initial proposition I will describe the physical features
+of Attica.
+
+In the first place, the extraordinary mildness of the climate is proved
+by the actual products of the soil. Numerous plants which in many parts
+of the world appear as stunted leafless growths are here fruit-bearing.
+And as with the soil so with the sea indenting our coasts, the varied
+productivity of which is exceptionally great. Again with regard to those
+kindly fruits of earth (3) which Providence bestows on man season by
+season, one and all they commence earlier and end later in this land.
+Nor is the supremacy of Attica shown only in those products which year
+after year flourish and grow old, but the land contains treasures of
+a more perennial kind. Within its folds lies imbedded by nature an
+unstinted store of marble, out of which are chiselled (4) temples and
+altars of rarest beauty and the glittering splendour of images sacred
+to the gods. This marble, moreover, is an object of desire to many
+foreigners, Hellenes and barbarians alike. Then there is land which,
+although it yields no fruit to the sower, needs only to be quarried
+in order to feed many times more mouths than it could as corn-land.
+Doubtless we owe it to a divine dispensation that our land is veined
+with silver; if we consider how many neighbouring states lie round us
+by land and sea and yet into none of them does a single thinnest vein of
+silver penetrate.
+
+ (3) Lit. "those good things which the gods afford in their seasons."
+
+ (4) Or, "arise," or "are fashioned."
+
+Indeed it would be scarcely irrational to maintain that the city of
+Athens lies at the navel, not of Hellas merely, but of the habitable
+world. So true is it, that the farther we remove from Athens the
+greater the extreme of heat or cold to be encountered; or to use another
+illustration, the traveller who desires to traverse the confines of
+Hellas from end to end will find that, whether he voyages by sea or by
+land, he is describing a circle, the centre of which is Athens. (5)
+
+ (5) See "Geog. of Brit. Isles." J. R. and S. A. Green, ch. i. p. 7:
+    "London, in fact, is placed at what is very nearly the geometrical
+    centre of those masses of land which make up the earth surface of
+    the globe, and is thus more than any city of the world the natural
+    point of convergence for its different lines of navigation," etc.
+    The natural advantages of Boeotia are similarly set forth by
+    Ephorus. Cf. Strab. ix. 2, p. 400.
+
+Once more, this land though not literally sea-girt has all the
+advantages of an island, being accessible to every wind that blows, and
+can invite to its bosom or waft from its shore all products, since it is
+peninsular; whilst by land it is the emporium of many markets, as being
+a portion of the continent.
+
+Lastly, while the majority of states have barbarian neighbours,
+the source of many troubles, Athens has as her next-door neighbours
+civilised states which are themselves far remote from the barbarians.
+
+
+
+II
+
+All these advantages, to repeat what I have said, may, I believe, be
+traced primarily to the soil and position of Attica itself. But these
+natural blessings may be added to: in the first place, by a careful
+handling of our resident alien (1) population. And, for my part, I can
+hardly conceive of a more splendid source of revenue than lies open
+in this direction. Here you have a self-supporting class of residents
+conferring large benefits upon the state, and instead of receiving
+payment (2) themselves, contributing on the contrary to the gain of
+the exchequer by the sojourners' tax. (3) Nor, under the term careful
+handling, do I demand more than the removal of obligations which, whilst
+they confer no benefit on the state, have an air of inflicting various
+disabilities on the resident aliens. (4) And I would further relieve
+them from the obligation of serving as hoplites side by side with the
+citizen proper; since, beside the personal risk, which is great, the
+trouble of quitting trades and homesteads is no trifle. (5) Incidentally
+the state itself would benefit by this exemption, if the citizens were
+more in the habit of campaigning with one another, rather than (6)
+shoulder to shoulder with Lydians, Phrygians, Syrians, and barbarians
+from all quarters of the world, who form the staple of our resident
+alien class. Besides the advantage (of so weeding the ranks), (7) it
+would add a positive lustre to our city, were it admitted that the
+men of Athens, her sons, have reliance on themselves rather than on
+foreigners to fight her battles. And further, supposing we offered our
+resident aliens a share in various other honourable duties, including
+the cavalry service, (8) I shall be surprised if we do not increase
+the goodwill of the aliens themselves, whilst at the same time we add
+distinctly to the strength and grandeur of our city.
+
+ (1) Lit. "metics" or "metoecs."
+
+ (2) {misthos}, e.g. of the assembly, the senate, and the dicasts.
+
+ (3) The {metoikion}. See Plat. "Laws," 850 B; according to Isaeus, ap.
+    Harpocr. s.v., it was 12 drachmae per annum for a male and 6
+    drachmae for a female.
+
+ (4) Or, "the class in question." According to Schneider (who cites the
+    {atimetos metanastes} of Homer, "Il." ix. 648), the reference is
+    not to disabilities in the technical sense, but to humiliating
+    duties, such as the {skaphephoria} imposed on the men, or the
+    {udriaphoria} and {skiadephoria} imposed on their wives and
+    daughters in attendance on the {kanephoroi} at the Panathenaic and
+    other festival processions. See Arist. "Eccles." 730 foll.;
+    Boeckh, "P. E. A." IV. x. (Eng. tr. G. Cornewall Lewis, p. 538).
+
+ (5) Or, reading {megas men gar o agon, mega de kai to apo ton tekhnon
+    kai ton oikeion apienai}, after Zurborg ("Xen. de Reditibus
+    Libellus," Berolini, MDCCCLXXVI.), transl. "since it is severe
+    enough to enter the arena of war, but all the worse when that
+    implies the abandonment of your trade and your domestic concerns."
+
+ (6) Or, "instead of finding themselves brigaded as nowadays with a
+    motley crew of Lydians," etc.
+
+ (7) Zurborg, after Cobet, omits the words so rendered.
+
+ (8) See "Hipparch." ix. 3, where Xenophon in almost identical words
+    recommends that reform.
+
+In the next place, seeing that there are at present numerous building
+sites within the city walls as yet devoid of houses, supposing the state
+were to make free grants of such land (9) to foreigners for building
+purposes in cases where there could be no doubt as to the respectability
+of the applicant, if I am not mistaken, the result of such a measure
+will be that a larger number of persons, and of a better class, will be
+attracted to Athens as a place of residence.
+
+ (9) Or, "offer the fee simple of such property to."
+
+Lastly, if we could bring ourselves to appoint, as a new government
+office, a board of guardians of foreign residents like our Guardians of
+Orphans, (10) with special privileges assigned to those guardians who
+should show on their books the greatest number of resident aliens--such
+a measure would tend to improve the goodwill of the class in question,
+and in all probability all people without a city of their own would
+aspire to the status of foreign residents in Athens, and so further
+increase the revenues of the city. (11)
+
+ (10) "The Archon was the legal protector of all orphans. It was his
+    duty to appoint guardians, if none were named in the father's
+    will."--C. R. Kennedy, Note to "Select Speeches of Demosthenes."
+    The orphans of those who had fallen in the war (Thuc. ii. 46) were
+    specially cared for.
+
+ (11) Or, "help to swell the state exchequer."
+
+
+
+III
+
+At this point I propose to offer some remarks in proof of the
+attractions and advantages of Athens as a centre of commercial
+enterprise. In the first place, it will hardly be denied that we possess
+the finest and safest harbourage for shipping, where vessels of all
+sorts can come to moorings and be laid up in absolute security (1) as
+far as stress of weather is concerned. But further than that, in most
+states the trader is under the necessity of lading his vessel with some
+merchandise (2) or other in exchange for his cargo, since the current
+coin (3) has no circulation beyond the frontier. But at Athens he has a
+choice: he can either in return for his wares export a variety of goods,
+such as human beings seek after, or, if he does not desire to take goods
+in exchange for goods, he has simply to export silver, and he cannot
+have a more excellent freight to export, since wherever he likes to sell
+it he may look to realise a large percentage on his capital. (4)
+
+ (1) Reading {adeos} after Cobet, or if {edeos}, transl. "in perfect
+    comfort."
+
+ (2) Or, "of exchanging cargo for cargo to the exclusion of specie."
+
+ (3) I.e. of the particular locality. See "The Types of Greek Coins,"
+    Percy Gardner, ch. ii. "International Currencies among the
+    Greeks."
+
+ (4) Or, "on the original outlay."
+
+Or again, supposing prizes (5) were offered to the magistrates in charge
+of the market (6) for equitable and speedy settlements of points in
+dispute (7) to enable any one so wishing to proceed on his voyage
+without hindrance, the result would be that far more traders would trade
+with us and with greater satisfaction.
+
+ (5) Cf. "Hiero," ix. 6, 7, 11; "Hipparch." i. 26.
+
+ (6) {to tou emporiou arkhe}. Probably he is referring to the
+    {epimeletai emporiou} (overseers of the market). See Harpocr.
+    s.v.; Aristot. "Athenian Polity," 51.
+
+ (7) For the sort of case, see Demosth. (or Deinarch.) "c. Theocr."
+    1324; Zurborg ad loc.; Boeckh, I. ix. xv. (pp. 48, 81, Eng. tr.)
+
+It would indeed be a good and noble institution to pay special marks
+of honour, such as the privilege of the front seat, to merchants and
+shipowners, and on occasion to invite to hospitable entertainment those
+who, through something notable in the quality of ship or merchandise,
+may claim to have done the state a service. The recipients of these
+honours will rush into our arms as friends, not only under the incentive
+of gain, but of distinction also.
+
+Now the greater the number of people attracted to Athens either as
+visitors or as residents, clearly the greater the development of imports
+and exports. More goods will be sent out of the country, (8) there will
+be more buying and selling, with a consequent influx of money in
+the shape of rents to individuals and dues and customs to the state
+exchequer. And to secure this augmentation of the revenues, mind you,
+not the outlay of one single penny; nothing needed beyond one or two
+philanthropic measures and certain details of supervision. (9)
+
+ (8) See Zurborg, "Comm." p. 24.
+
+ (9) See Aristot. "Pol." iv. 15, 3.
+
+With regard to the other sources of revenue which I contemplate, I
+admit, it is different. For these I recognise the necessity of a capital
+(10) to begin with. I am not, however, without good hope that the
+citizens of this state will contribute heartily to such an object, when
+I reflect on the large sums subscribed by the state on various late
+occasions, as, for instance, when reinforcements were sent to the
+Arcadians under the command of Lysistratus, (11) and again at the date
+of the generalship of Hegesileos. (12) I am well aware that ships of
+war are frequently despatched and that too (13) although it is uncertain
+whether the venture will be for the better or for the worse, and
+the only certainty is that the contributor will not recover the sum
+subscribed nor have any further share in the object for which he gave
+his contribution. (14)
+
+ (10) "A starting-point."
+
+ (11) B.C. 366; cf. "Hell." VII. iv. 3.
+
+ (12) B.C. 362; cf. "Hell." VII. v. 15. See Grote, "H. G." x. 459;
+    Ephor. ap. Diog. Laert. ii. 54; Diod. Sic. xv. 84; Boeckh, ap. L.
+    Dindorf. Xenophon's son Gryllus served under him and was slain.
+
+ (13) Reading {kai tauta toutout men adelou ontos}, after Zurborg.
+
+ (14) Reading { (uper) on an eisenegkosi} with Zurborg. See his note,
+    "Comm." p. 25.
+
+But for a sound investment (15) I know of nothing comparable with
+the initial outlay to form this fund. (16) Any one whose contribution
+amounts to ten minae (17) may look forward to a return as high as he
+would get on bottomry, of nearly one-fifth, (18) as the recipient of
+three obols a day. The contributor of five minae (19) will on the same
+principle get more than a third, (20) while the majority of Athenians
+will get more than cent per cent on their contribution. That is to say,
+a subscription of one mina (21) will put the subscriber in possession
+of nearly double that sum, (22) and that, moreover, without setting
+foot outside Athens, which, as far as human affairs go, is as sound and
+durable a security as possible.
+
+ (15) "A good substantial property."
+
+ (16) Or, "on the other hand, I affirm that the outlay necessary to
+    form the capital for my present project will be more remunerative
+    than any other that can be named." As to the scheme itself see
+    Grote, "Plato," III. ch. xxxix.; Boeckh, op. cit. (pp. 4, 37, 136,
+    600 seq. Eng. tr.) Cf. Demosth. "de Sym." for another scheme, 354
+    B.C., which shows the "sound administrative and practical
+    judgment" of the youthful orator as compared with "the benevolent
+    dreams and ample public largess in which Xenophon here indulges."
+    --Grote, op. cit. p. 601.
+
+ (17) L40:12:4 = 1000 drachmae.
+
+ (18) I.e. exactly 18 or nearly 20 per cent. The following table will
+    make the arithmetic clear:--
+
+        6 ob. = 1 drachma           10 minae = 6000 ob.
+      100 dr. = 1 mina                       = 1000 dr.
+
+      600 ob. = 1 mina   1000 dr.:180 dr.::100:18 therefore nearly 1/5
+    3 ob. (a day) x 360 = 1080 ob. p.a.      = nearly 20 per cent.
+                        =  180 dr. p.a.
+
+    As to the 3 obols a day (= 180 dr. p.a.) which as an Athenian
+    citizen he is entitled to, see Grote, op. cit. p. 597: "There will
+    be a regular distribution among all citizens, per head and
+    equally. Three oboli, or half a drachma, will be allotted daily to
+    each, to poor and rich alike"  (on the principle of the Theorikon).
+    "For the poor citizens this will provide a comfortable
+    subsistence, without any contribution on their part; the poverty
+    now prevailing will thus be alleviated. The rich, like the poor,
+    receive the daily triobolon as a free gift; but if they compute it
+    as interest for their investments, they will find that the rate of
+    interest is full and satisfactory, like the rate on bottomry."
+    Zurborg, "Comm." p. 25; Boeckh, op. cit. IV. xxi. (p. 606, Eng.
+    tr.); and Grote's note, op. cit. p. 598.
+
+ (19) = L20:6:3 = 500 drachmae.
+
+ (20) = I.e. 36 per cent.
+
+ (21) = L4:1:3 = 100 drachmae.
+
+ (22) I.e. 180 per cent.
+
+Moreover, I am of opinion that if the names of contributors were to be
+inscribed as benefactors for all time, many foreigners would be induced
+to contribute, and possibly not a few states, in their desire to obtain
+the right of inscription; indeed I anticipate that some kings, (23)
+tyrants, (24) and satraps will display a keen desire to share in such a
+favour.
+
+ (23) Zurborg suggests (p. 5) "Philip or Cersobleptes." Cf. Isocr. "On
+    the Peace," S. 23.
+
+ (24) I.e. despotic monarchs.
+
+To come to the point. Were such a capital once furnished, it would be a
+magnificent plan to build lodging-houses for the benefit of shipmasters
+in the neighbourhood of the harbours, in addition to those which
+exist; and again, on the same principle, suitable places of meeting for
+merchants, for the purposes (25) of buying and selling; and thirdly,
+public lodging-houses for persons visiting the city. Again, supposing
+dwelling-houses and stores for vending goods were fitted up for retail
+dealers in Piraeus and the city, they would at once be an ornament to
+the state and a fertile source of revenue. Also it seems to me it would
+be a good thing to try and see if, on the principle on which at present
+the state possesses public warships, it would not be possible to secure
+public merchant vessels, to be let out on the security of guarantors
+just like any other public property. If the plan were found feasible
+this public merchant navy would be a large source of extra revenue.
+
+ (25) Reading, with Zurborg, {epi one te}.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+I come to a new topic. I am persuaded that the establishment of the
+silver mines on a proper footing (1) would be followed by a large
+increase in wealth apart from the other sources of revenue. And I would
+like, for the benefit of those who may be ignorant, to point out what
+the capacity of these mines really is. You will then be in a position
+to decide how to turn them to better account. It is clear, I presume,
+to every one that these mines have for a very long time been in active
+operation; at any rate no one will venture to fix the date at which they
+first began to be worked. (2) Now in spite of the fact that the silver
+ore has been dug and carried out for so long a time, I would ask you to
+note that the mounds of rubbish so shovelled out are but a fractional
+portion of the series of hillocks containing veins of silver, and as
+yet unquarried. Nor is the silver-bearing region gradually becoming
+circumscribed. On the contrary it is evidently extending in wider area
+from year to year. That is to say, during the period in which thousands
+of workers (3) have been employed within the mines no hand was ever
+stopped for want of work to do. Rather, at any given moment, the work to
+be done was more than enough for the hands employed. And so it is
+to-day with the owners of slaves working in the mines; no one dreams
+of reducing the number of his hands. On the contrary, the object is
+perpetually to acquire as many additional hands as the owner possibly
+can. The fact is that with few hands to dig and search, the find of
+treasure will be small, but with an increase in labour the discovery of
+the ore itself is more than proportionally increased. So much so, that
+of all operations with which I am acquainted, this is the only one
+in which no sort of jealousy is felt at a further development of the
+industry. (4) I may go a step farther; every proprietor of a farm will
+be able to tell you exactly how many yoke of oxen are sufficient for the
+estate, and how many farm hands. To send into the field more than the
+exact number requisite every farmer would consider a dead loss. (5) But
+in silver mining (operations) the universal complaint is the want of
+hands. Indeed there is no analogy between this and other industries.
+With an increase in the number of bronze-workers articles of bronze may
+become so cheap that the bronze-worker has to retire from the field. And
+so again with ironfounders. Or again, in a plethoric condition of the
+corn and wine market these fruits of the soil will be so depreciated in
+value that the particular husbandries cease to be remunerative, and many
+a farmer will give up his tillage of the soil and betake himself to the
+business of a merchant, or of a shopkeeper, to banking or money-lending.
+But the converse is the case in the working of silver; there the larger
+the quantity of ore discovered and the greater the amount of silver
+extracted, the greater the number of persons ready to engage in the
+operation. One more illustration: take the case of movable property. No
+one when he has got sufficient furniture for his house dreams of making
+further purchases on this head, but of silver no one ever yet possessed
+so much that he was forced to cry "enough." On the contrary, if ever
+anybody does become possessed of an immoderate amount he finds as much
+pleasure in digging a hole in the ground and hoarding it as in the
+actual employment of it. And from a wider point of view: when a state is
+prosperous there is nothing which people so much desire as silver.
+The men want money to expend on beautiful armour and fine horses, and
+houses, and sumptuous paraphernalia (6) of all sorts. The women betake
+themselves to expensive apparel and ornaments of gold. Or when states
+are sick, (7) either through barrenness of corn and other fruits, or
+through war, the demand for current coin is even more imperative (whilst
+the ground lies unproductive), to pay for necessaries or military aid.
+
+ (1) Or, "on a sound basis."
+
+ (2) "Exploited."
+
+ (3) Or, "at the date when the maximum of hands was employed."
+
+ (4) Reading {epikataskeuazumenois}, or, if {episkeuazomenoi}, transl.
+    "at the rehabilitation of old works."
+
+ (5) Cf. "Oecon." xvii. 12.
+
+ (6) "The thousand and one embellishments of civil life."
+
+ (7) "When a state is struck down with barrenness," etc. See "Mem." II.
+    vii.
+
+And if it be asserted that gold is after all just as useful as silver,
+without gainsaying the proposition I may note this fact (8) about gold,
+that, with a sudden influx of this metal, it is the gold itself which
+is depreciated whilst causing at the same time a rise in the value of
+silver.
+
+ (8) Lit. "I know, however."
+
+The above facts are, I think, conclusive. They encourage us not only to
+introduce as much human labour as possible into the mines, but to extend
+the scale of operations within, by increase of plant, etc., in full
+assurance that there is no danger either of the ore itself being
+exhausted or of silver becoming depreciated. And in advancing these
+views I am merely following a precedent set me by the state herself. So
+it seems to me, since the state permits any foreigner who desires it to
+undertake mining operations on a footing of equality (9) with her own
+citizens.
+
+ (9) Or, "at an equal rent with that which she imposes on her own
+    citizens." See Boeckh, "P. E. A." IV. x. (p. 540, Eng. tr.)
+
+But, to make my meaning clearer on the question of maintenance, I will
+at this point explain in detail how the silver mines may be furnished
+and extended so as to render them much more useful to the state. Only I
+would premise that I claim no sort of admiration for anything which I am
+about to say, as though I had hit upon some recondite discovery. Since
+half of what I have to say is at the present moment still patent to the
+eyes of all of us, and as to what belongs to past history, if we are to
+believe the testimony of our fathers, (10) things were then much of a
+piece with what is going on now. No, what is really marvellous is that
+the state, with the fact of so many private persons growing wealthy
+at her expense, and under her very eyes, should have failed to imitate
+them. It is an old story, trite enough to those of us who have cared to
+attend to it, how once on a time Nicias, the son of Niceratus, owned
+a thousand men in the silver mines, (11) whom he let out to Sosias, a
+Thracian, on the following terms. Sosias was to pay him a net obol a
+day, without charge or deduction, for every slave of the thousand,
+and be (12) responsible for keeping up the number perpetually at that
+figure. So again Hipponicus (13) had six hundred slaves let out on
+the same principle, which brought him in a net mina (14) a day without
+charge or deduction. Then there was Philemonides, with three hundred,
+bringing him in half a mina, and others, I make no doubt there were,
+making profits in proportion to their respective resources and capital.
+(15) But there is no need to revert to ancient history. At the present
+moment there are hundreds of human beings in the mines let out on
+the same principle. (16) And given that my proposal were carried into
+effect, the only novelty in it is that, just as the individual in
+acquiring the ownership of a gang of slaves finds himself at once
+provided with a permanent source of income, so the state, in like
+fashion, should possess herself of a body of public slaves, to the
+number, say, of three for every Athenian citizen. (17) As to the
+feasibility of our proposals, I challenge any one whom it may concern to
+test the scheme point by point, and to give his verdict.
+
+ (10) Reading {para ton pateron}, with Zurborg, after Wilamowitz-
+    Mollendorf.
+
+ (11) See "Mem." II. v. 2; Plut. "Nicias," 4; "Athen." vi. 272. See an
+    important criticism of Boeckh's view by Cornewall Lewis,
+    translation of "P. E. A." p. 675 foll.
+
+ (12) Reading {parekhein}, or if {pareikhen}, transl. "whilst he
+    himself kept up the number." See H. hagen in "Journ. Philol." x.
+    19, pp. 34-36; also Zurborg, "Comm." p. 28.
+
+ (13) Son of Callias.
+
+ (14) = L4:1:3 = 600 ob.
+
+ (15) Or, "whose incomes would vary in proportion to their working
+    capital."
+
+ (16) See Jebb, "Theophr." xxvi. 21.
+
+ (17) According to the ancient authorities the citizens of Athens
+    numbered about 21,000 at this date, which would give about 63,000
+    as the number of state-slaves contemplated for the purposes of the
+    scheme. See Zurborg, "Comm." p. 29. "At a census taken in B.C. 309
+    the number of slaves was returned at 400,000, and it does not seem
+    likely that there were fewer at any time during the classical
+    period."--"A Companion to School Classics" (James Gow), p. 101,
+    xiii. "Population of Attica."
+
+With regard to the price then of the men themselves, it is obvious that
+the public treasury is in a better position to provide funds than any
+private individuals. What can be easier than for the Council (18) to
+invite by public proclamation all whom it may concern to bring their
+slaves, and to buy up those produced? Assuming the purchase to be
+effected, is it credible that people will hesitate to hire from the
+state rather than from the private owner, and actually on the same
+terms? People have at all events no hesitation at present in hiring
+consecrated grounds, sacred victims, (19) houses, etc., or in purchasing
+the right of farming taxes from the state. To ensure the preservation
+of the purchased property, the treasury can take the same securities
+precisely from the lessee as it does from those who purchase the right
+of farming its taxes. Indeed, fraudulent dealing is easier on the part
+of the man who has purchased such a right than of the man who hires
+slaves. Since it is not easy to see how the exportation (20) of public
+money is to be detected, when it differs in no way from private money.
+Whereas it will take a clever thief to make off with these slaves,
+marked as they will be with the public stamp, and in face of a heavy
+penalty attached at once to the sale and exportation of them. Up to
+this point then it would appear feasible enough for the state to acquire
+property in men and to keep a safe watch over them. (21)
+
+ (18) Or, "senate." See Aristot. "Athen. Pol." for the functions of the
+    Boule.
+
+ (19) So Zurborg. See Demosth. "in Mid." 570; Boeckh, "P. E. A." II.
+    xii. (p. 212, Eng. tr.) See Arnold's note to "Thuc." iii. 50, 7.
+
+ (20) Or, "diversation," "defalcation."
+
+ (21) Or, "as far as that goes, then, there is nothing apparently to
+    prevent the state from acquiring property in slaves, and
+    safeguarding the property so acquired."
+
+But with reference to an opposite objection which may present itself
+to the mind of some one: what guarantee is there that, along with the
+increase in the supply of labourers, there will be a corresponding demand
+for their services on the part of contractors? (22) It may be reassuring
+to note, first of all, that many of those who have already embarked
+on mining operations (23) will be anxious to increase their staff of
+labourers by hiring some of these public slaves (remember, they have a
+large capital at stake; (24) and again, many of the actual labourers now
+engaged are growing old); and secondly, there are many others, Athenians
+and foreigners alike, who, though unwilling and indeed incapable
+of working physically in the mines, will be glad enough to earn a
+livelihood by their wits as superintendents. (25)
+
+ (22) Or, "with this influx (multiplying) of labourers there will be a
+    corresponding increase in the demand for labour on the part of the
+    lessees."
+
+ (23) Or, "got their mining establishments started."
+
+ (24) Or, "of course they will, considering the amount of fixed capital
+    at stake," or, "since they have large resources at their back." I
+    have adopted Zurborg's stopping of this sentence.
+
+ (25) See "Mem." II. viii. 1, for an illustrative case.
+
+Let it be granted, however, that at first a nucleus of twelve hundred
+slaves is formed. It is hardly too sanguine a supposition that out of
+the profits alone, (26) within five or six years this number may be
+increased to at least six thousand. Again, out of that number of six
+thousand--supposing each slave to being in an obol a day clear of all
+expenses--we get a revenue of sixty talents a year. And supposing twenty
+talents out of this sum laid out on the purchase of more slaves, there
+will be forty talents left for the state to apply to any other purpose
+it may find advisable. By the time the round number (27) of ten thousand
+is reached the yearly income will amount to a hundred talents.
+
+ (26) "Out of the income so derived."
+
+ (27) Or, "full complement."
+
+As a matter of fact, the state will receive much more than these figures
+represent, (28) as any one here will bear me witness who can remember
+what the dues (29) derived from slaves realised before the troubles at
+Decelea. (30) Testimony to the same effect is borne by the fact, that
+in spite of the countless number of human beings employed in the silver
+mines within the whole period, (31) the mines present exactly the
+same appearance to-day as they did within the recollection of our
+forefathers. (32) And once more everything that is taking place to-day
+tends to prove that, whatever the number of slaves employed, you will
+never have more than the works can easily absorb. The miners find no
+limit of depth in sinking shafts or laterally in piercing galleries. To
+open cuttings in new directions to-day is just as possible as it was in
+former times. In fact no one can take on himself to say whether there is
+more ore in the regions already cut into, or in those where the pick has
+not yet struck. (33) Well then, it may be asked, why is it that there
+is not the same rush to make new cuttings now as in former times?
+The answer is, because the people concerned with the mines are poorer
+nowadays. The attempt to restart operations, renew plant, etc., is
+of recent date, and any one who ventures to open up a new area runs a
+considerable risk. Supposing he hits upon a productive field, he becomes
+a rich man, but supposing he draws a blank, he loses the whole of his
+outlay; and that is a danger which people of the present time are shy of
+facing.
+
+ (28) Or, "a very much larger sum than we have calculated on." Lit.
+    "many times over that sum."
+
+ (29) Or, "tax." See below, S. 49; for the whole matter see Thuc. vii.
+    27, vi. 91; Xen. "Mem." III. vi. 12, in reference to B.C. 413,
+    when Decelea had been fortified. As to the wholesale desertion of
+    slaves, "more than twenty thousand slaves had deserted, many of
+    them artisans," according to Thucydides.
+
+ (30) Or, "the days of Decelea." Lit. "the incidents of Decelea."
+
+ (31) I.e. "of their working since mining began."
+
+ (32) Lit. "are just the same to-day as our forefathers recollected
+    them to be in their time."
+
+ (33) Or, "whether the tracts already explored or those not yet opened
+    are the more prolific."
+
+It is a difficulty, but it is one on which, I believe, I can offer some
+practical advice. I have a plan to suggest which will reduce the risk of
+opening up new cuttings to a minimum. (34)
+
+ (34) Or, "I have a plan to make the opening of new cuttings as safe as
+    possible."
+
+The citizens of Athens are divided, as we all know, into ten tribes.
+Let the state then assign to each of these ten tribes an equal number of
+slaves, and let the tribes agree to associate their fortunes and proceed
+to open new cuttings. What will happen? Any single tribe hitting upon a
+productive lode will be the means of discovering what is advantageous to
+all. Or, supposing two or three, or possibly the half of them, hit upon
+a lode, clearly these several operations will proportionally be more
+remunerative still. That the whole ten will fail is not at all in
+accordance with what we should expect from the history of the past. It
+is possible, of course, for private persons to combine in the same way,
+(35) and share their fortunes and minimise their risks. Nor need you
+apprehend, sirs, that a state mining company, established on this
+principle, will prove a thorn in the side (36) of the private owner, or
+the private owner prove injurious to the state. But rather like allies
+who render each other stronger the more they combine, (37) so in these
+silver mines, the greater number of companies at work (38) the larger
+the riches they will discover and disinter. (39)
+
+ (35) "To form similar joint-stock companies."
+
+ (36) See "Cyneg." v. 5.
+
+ (37) Or, "deriving strength from combination."
+
+ (38) Co-operators.
+
+ (39) Reading {ekphoresousi}, after Cobet.
+
+This then is a statement, as far as I can make it clear, of the method
+by which, with the proper state organisation, every Athenian may be
+supplied with ample maintenance at the public expense. Possibly some of
+you may be calculating that the capital (40) requisite will be enormous.
+They may doubt if a sufficient sum will ever be subscribed to meet all
+the needs. All I can say is, even so, do not despond. It is not as if it
+were necessary that every feature of the scheme should be carried out at
+once, or else there is to be no advantage in it at all. On the contrary,
+whatever number of houses are erected, or ships are built, or slaves
+purchased, etc., these portions will begin to pay at once. In fact,
+the bit-by-bit method of proceeding will be more advantageous than a
+simultaneous carrying into effect of the whole plan, to this extent:
+if we set about erecting buildings wholesale (41) we shall make a more
+expensive and worse job of it than if we finish them off gradually.
+Again, if we set about bidding for hundreds of slaves at once we shall
+be forced to purchase an inferior type at a higher cost. Whereas, if we
+proceed tentatively, as we find ourselves able, (42) we can complete any
+well-devised attempt at our leisure, (43) and, in case of any obvious
+failure, take warning and not repeat it. Again, if everything were to be
+carried out at once, it is we, sirs, who must make the whole provision
+at our expense. (44) Whereas, if part were proceeded with and part
+stood over, the portion of revenue in hand will help to furnish what is
+necessary to go on with. But to come now to what every one probably will
+regard as a really grave danger, lest the state may become possessed of
+an over large number of slaves, with the result that the works will be
+overstocked. That again is an apprehension which we may escape if we are
+careful not to put into the works more hands from year to year than
+the works themselves demand. Thus (45) I am persuaded that the easiest
+method of carrying out this scheme, as a whole, is also the best. If,
+however, you are persuaded that, owing to the extraordinary property
+taxes (46) to which you have been subjected during the present war, you
+will not be equal to any further contributions at present, (47) what you
+should do is this: (48) during the current year resolve to carry on
+the financial administration of the state within the limits of a sum
+equivalent to that which your dues (49) realised before the peace.
+That done, you are at liberty to take any surplus sum, whether directly
+traceable to the peace itself, or to the more courteous treatment of
+our resident aliens and traders, or to the growth of the imports and
+exports, coincident with the collecting together of larger masses of
+human beings, or to an augmentation of harbour (50) and market dues:
+this surplus, I say, however derived, you should take and invest (51) so
+as to bring in the greatest revenue. (52)
+
+ (40) Or, "sinking fund."
+
+ (41) {athrooi}--"in a body." It is a military phrase, I think. In
+    close order, as it were, not in detachments.
+
+ (42) "According to our ability," a favourite Socratic phrase.
+
+ (43) {authis}. See for this corrupt passage Zurborg, "Comm." p. 31. He
+    would insert, "and a little delay will not be prejudicial to our
+    interests, but rather the contrary," or to that effect, thus: {kai
+    authis an  (anutoimen ou gar toiaute te anabole blaben genesthai
+    an) emin oiometha} "vel simile aliquid."
+
+ (44) Or, "it is we who must bear the whole burthen of the outlay."
+
+ (45) {outos}, "so far, unless I am mistaken, the easiest method is the
+    best."
+
+ (46) Or, "heavy contributions, subscriptions incidental to," but the
+    word {eisphoras} is technical. For the exhaustion of the treasury
+    see Dem. "Lept." 464; Grote, "H. G."xi. 326.
+
+ (47) Or, "you will not be able to subscribe a single penny more."
+
+ (48) {umeis de}, you are masters of the situation. It lies with you to
+    carry on, etc.; {dioikeite} is of course imperative.
+
+ (49) Or, "taxes."
+
+ (50) Reading, after Zurborg, {dia ta ellimenia}. Or, if the vulg. {dia
+    en limeni}, transl. "an augmentation of market dues at Piraeus."
+
+ (51) I.e. as fixed capital, or, "you should expend on plant."
+
+ (52) Or, adopting Zurborg's emend, {os an pleista eggignetai}, transl.
+    "for the purposes of the present scheme as far as it may be
+    available."
+
+Again, if there is an apprehension on the part of any that the whole
+scheme (53) will crumble into nothing on the first outbreak of war,
+I would only beg these alarmists to note that, under the condition of
+things which we propose to bring about, war will have more terrors for
+the attacking party than for this state. Since what possession I should
+like to know can be more serviceable for war than that of men? Think of
+the many ships which they will be capable of manning on public service.
+Think of the number who will serve on land as infantry (in the
+public service) and will bear hard upon the enemy. Only we
+must treat them with courtesy. (54) For myself, my calculation is, that
+even in the event of war we shall be quite able to keep a firm hold of
+the silver mines. I may take it, we have in the neighbourhood of the
+mines certain fortresses--one on the southern slope in Anaphlystus;
+(55) and we have another on the northern side in Thoricus, the two being
+about seven and a half miles (56) apart. Suppose then a third breastwork
+were to be placed between these, on the highest point of Besa,
+that would enable the operatives to collect into one out of all the
+fortresses, and at the first perception of a hostile movement it would
+only be a short distance for each to retire into safety. (57) In the
+event of an enemy advancing in large numbers they might certainly make
+off with whatever corn or wine or cattle they found outside. But even if
+they did get hold of the silver ore, it would be little better to them
+than a heap of stones. (58) But how is an enemy ever to march upon the
+mines in force? The nearest state, Megara, is distant, I take it, a good
+deal over sixty miles; (59) and the next closest, Thebes, a good deal
+nearer seventy. (60) Supposing then an enemy to advance from some such
+point to attack the mines, he cannot avoid passing Athens; and presuming
+his force to be small, we may expect him to be annihilated by our
+cavalry and frontier police. (61) I say, presuming his force to be
+small, since to march with anything like a large force, and thereby
+leave his own territory denuded of troops, would be a startling
+achievement. Why, the fortified city of Athens will be much closer the
+states of the attacking parties than they themselves will be by the
+time they have got to the mines. But, for the sake of argument, let us
+suppose an enemy to have arrived in the neighbourhood of Laurium; how
+is he going to stop there without provisions? To go out in search of
+supplies with a detachment of his force would imply risk, both for the
+foraging party and for those who have to do the fighting; (62) whilst,
+if they are driven to do so in force each time, they may call themselves
+besiegers, but they will be practically in a state of siege themselves.
+
+ (53) Or, "the proposed organisation."
+
+ (54) See ch. ii. above.
+
+ (55) Or, reading {en te pros mesembrian thalatte}, "on the southern
+    Sea." For Anaphlystus see "Hell." I. ii. 1; "Mem." III. v. 25. It
+    was Eubulus's deme, the leading statesman at this date.
+
+ (56) Lit. "60 stades."
+
+ (57) The passage {sunekoi t an erga}, etc., is probably corrupt. {Ta
+    erga} seems to mean "the operatives;" cf. Latin "operae." Others
+    take it of "the works themselves." Possibly it may refer to
+    military works connecting the three fortresses named. "There might
+    be a system of converging (works or) lines drawn to a single point
+    from all the fortresses, and at the first sign of any thing
+    hostile," etc.
+
+ (58) I.e. "they might as well try to carry off so many tons of stone."
+
+ (59) Lit. "500 stades."
+
+ (60) Lit. "more than 600 stades."
+
+ (61) The {peripoloi}, or horse patrol to guard the frontier. See Thuc.
+    iv. 57, viii. 92; Arist. "Birds,"ii. 76. Young Athenians between
+    eighteen and twenty were eligible for the service.
+
+ (62) Or, "for the very object of the contest." The construction is in
+    any case unusual. {peri on agonizontai} = {peri touton oi}.
+    Zurborg suggests {peri ton agonizomenon}.
+
+But it is not the income (63) derived from the slaves alone to which
+we look to help the state towards the effective maintenance of her
+citizens, but with the growth and concentration of a thick population in
+the mining district various sources of revenue will accrue, whether from
+the market at Sunium, or from the various state buildings in connection
+with the silver mines, from furnaces and all the rest. Since we must
+expect a thickly populated city to spring up here, if organised in the
+way proposed, and plots of land will become as valuable to owners out
+there as they are to those who possess them in the neighbourhood of the
+capital.
+
+ (63) I adopt Zurborg's correction, {prosphora} for {eisphora}, as
+    obviously right. See above, iv. 23.
+
+If, at this point, I may assume my proposals to have been carried into
+effect, I think I can promise, not only that our city shall be relieved
+from a financial strain, but that she shall make a great stride in
+orderliness and in tactical organisation, she shall grow in martial
+spirit and readiness for war. I anticipate that those who are under
+orders to go through gymnastic training will devote themselves with
+a new zeal to the details of the training school, now that they will
+receive a larger maintenance whilst (64) under the orders of the trainer
+in the torch race. So again those on garrison duty in the various
+fortresses, those enrolled as peltasts, or again as frontier police to
+protect the rural districts, one and all will carry out their respective
+duties more ardently when the maintenance (64) appropriate to these
+several functions is duly forthcoming.
+
+ (64) I follow Zurborg in omitting {e}. If {e} is to stand, transl.
+    "than they get whilst supplied by the gymnasiarch in the torch
+    race," or "whilst exercising the office of gymnasiarchs
+    themselves." See "Pol. Ath." i. 13.
+
+ (65) "State aid."
+
+
+
+V
+
+But now, if it is evident that, in order to get the full benefit of all
+these sources of revenue, (1) peace is an indispensable condition--if
+that is plain, I say, the question suggests itself, would it not be
+worth while to appoint a board to act as guardians of peace? Since no
+doubt the election of such a magistracy would enhance the charm of this
+city in the eyes of the whole world, and add largely to the number
+of our visitors. But if any one is disposed to take the view, that by
+adopting a persistent peace policy, (2) this city will be shorn of
+her power, that her glory will dwindle and her good name be forgotten
+throughout the length and breadth of Hellas, the view so taken by our
+friends here (3) is in my poor judgment somewhat unreasonable. For
+they are surely the happy states, they, in popular language, are most
+fortune-favoured, which endure in peace the longest season. And of all
+states Athens is pre-eminently adapted by nature to flourish and wax
+strong in peace. The while she abides in peace she cannot fail to
+exercise an attractive force on all. From the mariner and the merchant
+upwards, all seek her, flocking they come; the wealthy dealers in corn
+and wine (4) and oil, the owner of many cattle. And not these only, but
+the man who depends upon his wits, whose skill it is to do business and
+make gain out of money (5) and its employment. And here another crowd,
+artificers of all sorts, artists and artisans, professors of wisdom,
+(6) philosophers, and poets, with those who exhibit and popularise their
+works. (7) And next a new train of pleasure-seekers, eager to feast on
+everything sacred or secular, (8) which may captivate and charm eye and
+ear. Or once again, where are all those who seek to effect a rapid sale
+or purchase of a thousand commodities, to find what they want, if not at
+Athens?
+
+ (1) Or, "to set these several sources of revenue flowing in full
+    stream."
+
+ (2) Cf. "a policy of peace at any price," or, "by persisting for any
+    length of time in the enjoyment of peace."
+
+ (3) {kai outoi ge}. The speaker waves his hand to the quarter of the
+    house where the anti-peace party is seated.
+
+ (4) After Zurborg, I omit {oukh oi eduoinoi}.
+
+ (5) Reading {kai ap arguriou}, with Zurborg.
+
+ (6) Lit. "Sophists." See Grote, "H. G." viii. lxvii. note, p. 497.
+
+ (7) E.g. chorus-trainers, musicians, grammarians, rhapsodists, and
+    actors.
+
+ (8) Or, "sacred and profane."
+
+But if there is no desire to gainsay these views--only that certain
+people, in their wish to recover that headship (9) which was once the
+pride of our city, are persuaded that the accomplishment of their hopes
+is to be found, not in peace but in war, I beg them to reflect on some
+matters of history, and to begin at the beginning, (10) the Median war.
+Was it by high-handed violence, or as benefactors of the Hellenes, that
+we obtained the headship of the naval forces, and the trusteeship of the
+treasury of Hellas? (11) Again, when through the too cruel exercise of
+her presidency, as men thought, Athens was deprived of her empire, is it
+not the case that even in those days, (12) as soon as we held aloof from
+injustice we were once more reinstated by the islanders, of their own
+free will, as presidents of the naval force? Nay, did not the very
+Thebans, in return for certain benefits, grant to us Athenians
+to exercise leadership over them? (13) And at another date the
+Lacedaemonans suffered us Athenians to arrange the terms of hegemony
+(14) at our discretion, not as driven to such submission, but in
+requital of kindly treatment. And to-day, owing to the chaos (15) which
+reigns in Hellas, if I mistake not, an opportunity has fallen to this
+city of winning back our fellow-Hellenes without pain or peril or
+expense of any sort. It is given to us to try and harmonise states
+which are at war with one another: it is given to us to reconcile the
+differences of rival factions within those states themselves, wherever
+existing.
+
+ (9) Lit. "her hegemony for the city," B.C. 476.
+
+ (10) "And first of all."
+
+ (11) See Thuc. i. 96.
+
+ (12) B.C. 378. Second confederacy of Delos. See Grote, "H. G." x. 152.
+
+ (13) B.C. 375. Cf. "Hell." V. iv. 62; Grote, "H. G." x. 139; Isocr.
+    "Or." xiv. 20; Diod. Sic. xv. 29.
+
+ (14) B.C. 369 (al. B.C. 368). Cf. "Hell." VII. i. 14.
+
+ (15) See "Hell."VII. v. 27.
+
+Make it but evident that we are minded to preserve the independence (16)
+of the Delphic shrine in its primitive integrity, not by joining in
+any war but by the moral force of embassies throughout the length and
+breadth of Hellas--and I for one shall not be astonished if you find our
+brother Hellenes of one sentiment and eager under seal of solemn oaths
+(17) to proceed against those, whoever they may be, who shall seek (18)
+to step into the place vacated by the Phocians and to occupy the sacred
+shrine. Make it but evident that you intend to establish a general
+peace by land and sea, and, if I mistake not, your efforts will find
+a response in the hearts of all. There is no man but will pray for the
+salvation of Athens next to that of his own fatherland.
+
+ (16) "Autonomy."
+
+ (17) See Thuc. v. 18, clause 2 of the Treaty of Peace, B.C. 422-421.
+
+ (18) Reading, with Zurborg, {peironto}. Or, if the vulgate
+    {epeironto}, transl. "against those who sought to step."
+
+Again, is any one persuaded that, looking solely to riches and
+money-making, the state may find war more profitable than peace? If so,
+I cannot conceive a better method to decide that question than to allow
+the mind to revert (19) to the past history of the state and to note
+well the sequence of events. He will discover that in times long gone by
+during a period of peace vast wealth was stored up in the acropolis, the
+whole of which was lavishly expended during a subsequent period of war.
+He will perceive, if he examines closely, that even at the present time
+we are suffering from its ill effects. Countless sources of revenue have
+failed, or if they have still flowed in, been lavishly expended on a
+multiplicity of things. Whereas, (20) now that peace is established by
+sea, our revenues have expanded and the citizens of Athens have it in
+their power to turn these to account as they like best.
+
+ (19) Reading {epanoskopoin}.
+
+ (20) Or, "But the moment peace has been restored."
+
+But if you turn on me with the question, "Do you really mean that even
+in the event of unjust attacks upon our city on the part of any, we
+are still resolutely to observe peace towards that offender?" I answer
+distinctly, No! But, on the contrary, I maintain that we shall all the
+more promptly retaliate on such aggression in proportion as we have done
+no wrong to any one ourselves. Since that will be to rob the aggressor
+of his allies. (21)
+
+ (21) Reading, after Cobet, {ei medena uparkhoimen adikountes}. Or, if
+    the vulgate {ei medena parakhoimen adikounta}, transl. "if we can
+    show complete innocence on our own side."
+
+
+
+VI
+
+But now, if none of these proposals be impracticable or even difficult
+of execution; if rather by giving them effect we may conciliate further
+the friendship of Hellas, whilst we strengthen our own administration
+and increase our fame; if by the same means the people shall be
+provided with the necessaries of life, and our rich men be relieved of
+expenditure on war; if with the large surplus to be counted on, we are
+in a position to conduct our festivals on an even grander scale than
+heretofore, to restore our temples, to rebuild our forts and docks, and
+to reinstate in their ancient privileges our priests, our senators, our
+magistrates, and our knights--surely it were but reasonable to enter
+upon this project speedily, so that we too, even in our own day, may
+witness the unclouded dawn of prosperity in store for our city.
+
+But if you are agreed to carry out this plan, there is one further
+counsel which I would urge upon you. Send to Dodona and to Delphi, I
+would beg you, and consult the will of Heaven whether such a provision
+and such a policy on our part be truly to the interest of Athens both
+for the present and for the time to come. If the consent of Heaven be
+thus obtained, we ought then, I say, to put a further question: whose
+special favour among the gods shall we seek to secure with a view to the
+happier execution of these measures?
+
+And in accordance with that answer, let us offer a sacrifice of happy
+omen to the deities so named, and commence the work; since if these
+transactions be so carried out with the will of God, have we not the
+right to prognosticate some further advance in the path of political
+progress for this whole state?
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On Revenues, by Xenophon
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1179 ***
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+    <title>
+      On Revenues, by Xenophon
+    </title>
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+  <body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1179 ***</div>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      ON REVENUES
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      By Xenophon
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+        Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+        pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+        and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+        and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+        years before having to move once more, to settle
+        in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+        Revenues describes Xenophon's ideas to solve the
+        problem of poverty in Athens, and thus remove an
+        excuse to mistreat the Athenian allies.
+</pre>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+    This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+    four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though
+    there is doubt about some of these) is:
+
+    Work                                   Number of books
+
+    The Anabasis                                         7
+    The Hellenica                                        7
+    The Cyropaedia                                       8
+    The Memorabilia                                      4
+    The Symposium                                        1
+    The Economist                                        1
+    On Horsemanship                                      1
+    The Sportsman                                        1
+    The Cavalry General                                  1
+    The Apology                                          1
+    On Revenues                                          1
+    The Hiero                                            1
+    The Agesilaus                                        1
+    The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+    Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into
+    English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The
+    diacritical marks have been lost.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      WAYS AND MEANS
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      A Pamphlet On Revenues
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For myself I hold to the opinion that the qualities of the leading
+      statesmen in a state, whatever they be, are reproduced in the character of
+      the constitution itself. (1)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) "Like minister, like government." For the same idea more fully
+    expressed, see "Cyrop." VIII. i. 8; viii. 5.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As, however, it has been maintained by certain leading statesmen in Athens
+      that the recognised standard of right and wrong is as high at Athens as
+      elsewhere, but that, owing to the pressure of poverty on the masses, a
+      certain measure of injustice in their dealing with the allied states (2)
+      could not be avoided; I set myself to discover whether by any manner of
+      means it were possible for the citizens of Athens to be supported solely
+      from the soil of Attica itself, which was obviously the most equitable
+      solution. For if so, herein lay, as I believed, the antidote at once to
+      their own poverty and to the feeling of suspicion with which they are
+      regarded by the rest of Hellas.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Lit. "the cities," i.e. of the alliance, {tas summakhidas}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I had no sooner begun my investigation than one fact presented itself
+      clearly to my mind, which is that the country itself is made by nature to
+      provide the amplest resources. And with a view to establishing the truth
+      of this initial proposition I will describe the physical features of
+      Attica.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the first place, the extraordinary mildness of the climate is proved by
+      the actual products of the soil. Numerous plants which in many parts of
+      the world appear as stunted leafless growths are here fruit-bearing. And
+      as with the soil so with the sea indenting our coasts, the varied
+      productivity of which is exceptionally great. Again with regard to those
+      kindly fruits of earth (3) which Providence bestows on man season by
+      season, one and all they commence earlier and end later in this land. Nor
+      is the supremacy of Attica shown only in those products which year after
+      year flourish and grow old, but the land contains treasures of a more
+      perennial kind. Within its folds lies imbedded by nature an unstinted
+      store of marble, out of which are chiselled (4) temples and altars of
+      rarest beauty and the glittering splendour of images sacred to the gods.
+      This marble, moreover, is an object of desire to many foreigners, Hellenes
+      and barbarians alike. Then there is land which, although it yields no
+      fruit to the sower, needs only to be quarried in order to feed many times
+      more mouths than it could as corn-land. Doubtless we owe it to a divine
+      dispensation that our land is veined with silver; if we consider how many
+      neighbouring states lie round us by land and sea and yet into none of them
+      does a single thinnest vein of silver penetrate.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Lit. "those good things which the gods afford in their seasons."
+
+ (4) Or, "arise," or "are fashioned."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Indeed it would be scarcely irrational to maintain that the city of Athens
+      lies at the navel, not of Hellas merely, but of the habitable world. So
+      true is it, that the farther we remove from Athens the greater the extreme
+      of heat or cold to be encountered; or to use another illustration, the
+      traveller who desires to traverse the confines of Hellas from end to end
+      will find that, whether he voyages by sea or by land, he is describing a
+      circle, the centre of which is Athens. (5)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) See "Geog. of Brit. Isles." J. R. and S. A. Green, ch. i. p. 7:
+    "London, in fact, is placed at what is very nearly the geometrical
+    centre of those masses of land which make up the earth surface of
+    the globe, and is thus more than any city of the world the natural
+    point of convergence for its different lines of navigation," etc.
+    The natural advantages of Boeotia are similarly set forth by
+    Ephorus. Cf. Strab. ix. 2, p. 400.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Once more, this land though not literally sea-girt has all the advantages
+      of an island, being accessible to every wind that blows, and can invite to
+      its bosom or waft from its shore all products, since it is peninsular;
+      whilst by land it is the emporium of many markets, as being a portion of
+      the continent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lastly, while the majority of states have barbarian neighbours, the source
+      of many troubles, Athens has as her next-door neighbours civilised states
+      which are themselves far remote from the barbarians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      All these advantages, to repeat what I have said, may, I believe, be
+      traced primarily to the soil and position of Attica itself. But these
+      natural blessings may be added to: in the first place, by a careful
+      handling of our resident alien (1) population. And, for my part, I can
+      hardly conceive of a more splendid source of revenue than lies open in
+      this direction. Here you have a self-supporting class of residents
+      conferring large benefits upon the state, and instead of receiving payment
+      (2) themselves, contributing on the contrary to the gain of the exchequer
+      by the sojourners' tax. (3) Nor, under the term careful handling, do I
+      demand more than the removal of obligations which, whilst they confer no
+      benefit on the state, have an air of inflicting various disabilities on
+      the resident aliens. (4) And I would further relieve them from the
+      obligation of serving as hoplites side by side with the citizen proper;
+      since, beside the personal risk, which is great, the trouble of quitting
+      trades and homesteads is no trifle. (5) Incidentally the state itself
+      would benefit by this exemption, if the citizens were more in the habit of
+      campaigning with one another, rather than (6) shoulder to shoulder with
+      Lydians, Phrygians, Syrians, and barbarians from all quarters of the
+      world, who form the staple of our resident alien class. Besides the
+      advantage (of so weeding the ranks), (7) it would add a positive lustre to
+      our city, were it admitted that the men of Athens, her sons, have reliance
+      on themselves rather than on foreigners to fight her battles. And further,
+      supposing we offered our resident aliens a share in various other
+      honourable duties, including the cavalry service, (8) I shall be surprised
+      if we do not increase the goodwill of the aliens themselves, whilst at the
+      same time we add distinctly to the strength and grandeur of our city.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "metics" or "metoecs."
+
+ (2) {misthos}, e.g. of the assembly, the senate, and the dicasts.
+
+ (3) The {metoikion}. See Plat. "Laws," 850 B; according to Isaeus, ap.
+    Harpocr. s.v., it was 12 drachmae per annum for a male and 6
+    drachmae for a female.
+
+ (4) Or, "the class in question." According to Schneider (who cites the
+    {atimetos metanastes} of Homer, "Il." ix. 648), the reference is
+    not to disabilities in the technical sense, but to humiliating
+    duties, such as the {skaphephoria} imposed on the men, or the
+    {udriaphoria} and {skiadephoria} imposed on their wives and
+    daughters in attendance on the {kanephoroi} at the Panathenaic and
+    other festival processions. See Arist. "Eccles." 730 foll.;
+    Boeckh, "P. E. A." IV. x. (Eng. tr. G. Cornewall Lewis, p. 538).
+
+ (5) Or, reading {megas men gar o agon, mega de kai to apo ton tekhnon
+    kai ton oikeion apienai}, after Zurborg ("Xen. de Reditibus
+    Libellus," Berolini, MDCCCLXXVI.), transl. "since it is severe
+    enough to enter the arena of war, but all the worse when that
+    implies the abandonment of your trade and your domestic concerns."
+
+ (6) Or, "instead of finding themselves brigaded as nowadays with a
+    motley crew of Lydians," etc.
+
+ (7) Zurborg, after Cobet, omits the words so rendered.
+
+ (8) See "Hipparch." ix. 3, where Xenophon in almost identical words
+    recommends that reform.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In the next place, seeing that there are at present numerous building
+      sites within the city walls as yet devoid of houses, supposing the state
+      were to make free grants of such land (9) to foreigners for building
+      purposes in cases where there could be no doubt as to the respectability
+      of the applicant, if I am not mistaken, the result of such a measure will
+      be that a larger number of persons, and of a better class, will be
+      attracted to Athens as a place of residence.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) Or, "offer the fee simple of such property to."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Lastly, if we could bring ourselves to appoint, as a new government
+      office, a board of guardians of foreign residents like our Guardians of
+      Orphans, (10) with special privileges assigned to those guardians who
+      should show on their books the greatest number of resident aliens&mdash;such
+      a measure would tend to improve the goodwill of the class in question, and
+      in all probability all people without a city of their own would aspire to
+      the status of foreign residents in Athens, and so further increase the
+      revenues of the city. (11)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) "The Archon was the legal protector of all orphans. It was his
+    duty to appoint guardians, if none were named in the father's
+    will."&mdash;C. R. Kennedy, Note to "Select Speeches of Demosthenes."
+    The orphans of those who had fallen in the war (Thuc. ii. 46) were
+    specially cared for.
+
+ (11) Or, "help to swell the state exchequer."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this point I propose to offer some remarks in proof of the attractions
+      and advantages of Athens as a centre of commercial enterprise. In the
+      first place, it will hardly be denied that we possess the finest and
+      safest harbourage for shipping, where vessels of all sorts can come to
+      moorings and be laid up in absolute security (1) as far as stress of
+      weather is concerned. But further than that, in most states the trader is
+      under the necessity of lading his vessel with some merchandise (2) or
+      other in exchange for his cargo, since the current coin (3) has no
+      circulation beyond the frontier. But at Athens he has a choice: he can
+      either in return for his wares export a variety of goods, such as human
+      beings seek after, or, if he does not desire to take goods in exchange for
+      goods, he has simply to export silver, and he cannot have a more excellent
+      freight to export, since wherever he likes to sell it he may look to
+      realise a large percentage on his capital. (4)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Reading {adeos} after Cobet, or if {edeos}, transl. "in perfect
+    comfort."
+
+ (2) Or, "of exchanging cargo for cargo to the exclusion of specie."
+
+ (3) I.e. of the particular locality. See "The Types of Greek Coins,"
+    Percy Gardner, ch. ii. "International Currencies among the
+    Greeks."
+
+ (4) Or, "on the original outlay."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Or again, supposing prizes (5) were offered to the magistrates in charge
+      of the market (6) for equitable and speedy settlements of points in
+      dispute (7) to enable any one so wishing to proceed on his voyage without
+      hindrance, the result would be that far more traders would trade with us
+      and with greater satisfaction.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Cf. "Hiero," ix. 6, 7, 11; "Hipparch." i. 26.
+
+ (6) {to tou emporiou arkhe}. Probably he is referring to the
+    {epimeletai emporiou} (overseers of the market). See Harpocr.
+    s.v.; Aristot. "Athenian Polity," 51.
+
+ (7) For the sort of case, see Demosth. (or Deinarch.) "c. Theocr."
+    1324; Zurborg ad loc.; Boeckh, I. ix. xv. (pp. 48, 81, Eng. tr.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It would indeed be a good and noble institution to pay special marks of
+      honour, such as the privilege of the front seat, to merchants and
+      shipowners, and on occasion to invite to hospitable entertainment those
+      who, through something notable in the quality of ship or merchandise, may
+      claim to have done the state a service. The recipients of these honours
+      will rush into our arms as friends, not only under the incentive of gain,
+      but of distinction also.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now the greater the number of people attracted to Athens either as
+      visitors or as residents, clearly the greater the development of imports
+      and exports. More goods will be sent out of the country, (8) there will be
+      more buying and selling, with a consequent influx of money in the shape of
+      rents to individuals and dues and customs to the state exchequer. And to
+      secure this augmentation of the revenues, mind you, not the outlay of one
+      single penny; nothing needed beyond one or two philanthropic measures and
+      certain details of supervision. (9)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) See Zurborg, "Comm." p. 24.
+
+ (9) See Aristot. "Pol." iv. 15, 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the other sources of revenue which I contemplate, I admit,
+      it is different. For these I recognise the necessity of a capital (10) to
+      begin with. I am not, however, without good hope that the citizens of this
+      state will contribute heartily to such an object, when I reflect on the
+      large sums subscribed by the state on various late occasions, as, for
+      instance, when reinforcements were sent to the Arcadians under the command
+      of Lysistratus, (11) and again at the date of the generalship of
+      Hegesileos. (12) I am well aware that ships of war are frequently
+      despatched and that too (13) although it is uncertain whether the venture
+      will be for the better or for the worse, and the only certainty is that
+      the contributor will not recover the sum subscribed nor have any further
+      share in the object for which he gave his contribution. (14)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) "A starting-point."
+
+ (11) B.C. 366; cf. "Hell." VII. iv. 3.
+
+ (12) B.C. 362; cf. "Hell." VII. v. 15. See Grote, "H. G." x. 459;
+    Ephor. ap. Diog. Laert. ii. 54; Diod. Sic. xv. 84; Boeckh, ap. L.
+    Dindorf. Xenophon's son Gryllus served under him and was slain.
+
+ (13) Reading {kai tauta toutout men adelou ontos}, after Zurborg.
+
+ (14) Reading { (uper) on an eisenegkosi} with Zurborg. See his note,
+    "Comm." p. 25.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But for a sound investment (15) I know of nothing comparable with the
+      initial outlay to form this fund. (16) Any one whose contribution amounts
+      to ten minae (17) may look forward to a return as high as he would get on
+      bottomry, of nearly one-fifth, (18) as the recipient of three obols a day.
+      The contributor of five minae (19) will on the same principle get more
+      than a third, (20) while the majority of Athenians will get more than cent
+      per cent on their contribution. That is to say, a subscription of one mina
+      (21) will put the subscriber in possession of nearly double that sum, (22)
+      and that, moreover, without setting foot outside Athens, which, as far as
+      human affairs go, is as sound and durable a security as possible.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) "A good substantial property."
+
+ (16) Or, "on the other hand, I affirm that the outlay necessary to
+    form the capital for my present project will be more remunerative
+    than any other that can be named." As to the scheme itself see
+    Grote, "Plato," III. ch. xxxix.; Boeckh, op. cit. (pp. 4, 37, 136,
+    600 seq. Eng. tr.) Cf. Demosth. "de Sym." for another scheme, 354
+    B.C., which shows the "sound administrative and practical
+    judgment" of the youthful orator as compared with "the benevolent
+    dreams and ample public largess in which Xenophon here indulges."
+    &mdash;Grote, op. cit. p. 601.
+
+ (17) L40:12:4 = 1000 drachmae.
+
+ (18) I.e. exactly 18 or nearly 20 per cent. The following table will
+    make the arithmetic clear:&mdash;
+
+        6 ob. = 1 drachma           10 minae = 6000 ob.
+      100 dr. = 1 mina                       = 1000 dr.
+
+      600 ob. = 1 mina   1000 dr.:180 dr.::100:18 therefore nearly 1/5
+    3 ob. (a day) x 360 = 1080 ob. p.a.      = nearly 20 per cent.
+                        =  180 dr. p.a.
+
+    As to the 3 obols a day (= 180 dr. p.a.) which as an Athenian
+    citizen he is entitled to, see Grote, op. cit. p. 597: "There will
+    be a regular distribution among all citizens, per head and
+    equally. Three oboli, or half a drachma, will be allotted daily to
+    each, to poor and rich alike"  (on the principle of the Theorikon).
+    "For the poor citizens this will provide a comfortable
+    subsistence, without any contribution on their part; the poverty
+    now prevailing will thus be alleviated. The rich, like the poor,
+    receive the daily triobolon as a free gift; but if they compute it
+    as interest for their investments, they will find that the rate of
+    interest is full and satisfactory, like the rate on bottomry."
+    Zurborg, "Comm." p. 25; Boeckh, op. cit. IV. xxi. (p. 606, Eng.
+    tr.); and Grote's note, op. cit. p. 598.
+
+ (19) = L20:6:3 = 500 drachmae.
+
+ (20) = I.e. 36 per cent.
+
+ (21) = L4:1:3 = 100 drachmae.
+
+ (22) I.e. 180 per cent.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Moreover, I am of opinion that if the names of contributors were to be
+      inscribed as benefactors for all time, many foreigners would be induced to
+      contribute, and possibly not a few states, in their desire to obtain the
+      right of inscription; indeed I anticipate that some kings, (23) tyrants,
+      (24) and satraps will display a keen desire to share in such a favour.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) Zurborg suggests (p. 5) "Philip or Cersobleptes." Cf. Isocr. "On
+    the Peace," S. 23.
+
+ (24) I.e. despotic monarchs.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To come to the point. Were such a capital once furnished, it would be a
+      magnificent plan to build lodging-houses for the benefit of shipmasters in
+      the neighbourhood of the harbours, in addition to those which exist; and
+      again, on the same principle, suitable places of meeting for merchants,
+      for the purposes (25) of buying and selling; and thirdly, public
+      lodging-houses for persons visiting the city. Again, supposing
+      dwelling-houses and stores for vending goods were fitted up for retail
+      dealers in Piraeus and the city, they would at once be an ornament to the
+      state and a fertile source of revenue. Also it seems to me it would be a
+      good thing to try and see if, on the principle on which at present the
+      state possesses public warships, it would not be possible to secure public
+      merchant vessels, to be let out on the security of guarantors just like
+      any other public property. If the plan were found feasible this public
+      merchant navy would be a large source of extra revenue.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (25) Reading, with Zurborg, {epi one te}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I come to a new topic. I am persuaded that the establishment of the silver
+      mines on a proper footing (1) would be followed by a large increase in
+      wealth apart from the other sources of revenue. And I would like, for the
+      benefit of those who may be ignorant, to point out what the capacity of
+      these mines really is. You will then be in a position to decide how to
+      turn them to better account. It is clear, I presume, to every one that
+      these mines have for a very long time been in active operation; at any
+      rate no one will venture to fix the date at which they first began to be
+      worked. (2) Now in spite of the fact that the silver ore has been dug and
+      carried out for so long a time, I would ask you to note that the mounds of
+      rubbish so shovelled out are but a fractional portion of the series of
+      hillocks containing veins of silver, and as yet unquarried. Nor is the
+      silver-bearing region gradually becoming circumscribed. On the contrary it
+      is evidently extending in wider area from year to year. That is to say,
+      during the period in which thousands of workers (3) have been employed
+      within the mines no hand was ever stopped for want of work to do. Rather,
+      at any given moment, the work to be done was more than enough for the
+      hands employed. And so it is to-day with the owners of slaves working in
+      the mines; no one dreams of reducing the number of his hands. On the
+      contrary, the object is perpetually to acquire as many additional hands as
+      the owner possibly can. The fact is that with few hands to dig and search,
+      the find of treasure will be small, but with an increase in labour the
+      discovery of the ore itself is more than proportionally increased. So much
+      so, that of all operations with which I am acquainted, this is the only
+      one in which no sort of jealousy is felt at a further development of the
+      industry. (4) I may go a step farther; every proprietor of a farm will be
+      able to tell you exactly how many yoke of oxen are sufficient for the
+      estate, and how many farm hands. To send into the field more than the
+      exact number requisite every farmer would consider a dead loss. (5) But in
+      silver mining (operations) the universal complaint is the want of hands.
+      Indeed there is no analogy between this and other industries. With an
+      increase in the number of bronze-workers articles of bronze may become so
+      cheap that the bronze-worker has to retire from the field. And so again
+      with ironfounders. Or again, in a plethoric condition of the corn and wine
+      market these fruits of the soil will be so depreciated in value that the
+      particular husbandries cease to be remunerative, and many a farmer will
+      give up his tillage of the soil and betake himself to the business of a
+      merchant, or of a shopkeeper, to banking or money-lending. But the
+      converse is the case in the working of silver; there the larger the
+      quantity of ore discovered and the greater the amount of silver extracted,
+      the greater the number of persons ready to engage in the operation. One
+      more illustration: take the case of movable property. No one when he has
+      got sufficient furniture for his house dreams of making further purchases
+      on this head, but of silver no one ever yet possessed so much that he was
+      forced to cry "enough." On the contrary, if ever anybody does become
+      possessed of an immoderate amount he finds as much pleasure in digging a
+      hole in the ground and hoarding it as in the actual employment of it. And
+      from a wider point of view: when a state is prosperous there is nothing
+      which people so much desire as silver. The men want money to expend on
+      beautiful armour and fine horses, and houses, and sumptuous paraphernalia
+      (6) of all sorts. The women betake themselves to expensive apparel and
+      ornaments of gold. Or when states are sick, (7) either through barrenness
+      of corn and other fruits, or through war, the demand for current coin is
+      even more imperative (whilst the ground lies unproductive), to pay for
+      necessaries or military aid.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, "on a sound basis."
+
+ (2) "Exploited."
+
+ (3) Or, "at the date when the maximum of hands was employed."
+
+ (4) Reading {epikataskeuazumenois}, or, if {episkeuazomenoi}, transl.
+    "at the rehabilitation of old works."
+
+ (5) Cf. "Oecon." xvii. 12.
+
+ (6) "The thousand and one embellishments of civil life."
+
+ (7) "When a state is struck down with barrenness," etc. See "Mem." II.
+    vii.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And if it be asserted that gold is after all just as useful as silver,
+      without gainsaying the proposition I may note this fact (8) about gold,
+      that, with a sudden influx of this metal, it is the gold itself which is
+      depreciated whilst causing at the same time a rise in the value of silver.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Lit. "I know, however."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The above facts are, I think, conclusive. They encourage us not only to
+      introduce as much human labour as possible into the mines, but to extend
+      the scale of operations within, by increase of plant, etc., in full
+      assurance that there is no danger either of the ore itself being exhausted
+      or of silver becoming depreciated. And in advancing these views I am
+      merely following a precedent set me by the state herself. So it seems to
+      me, since the state permits any foreigner who desires it to undertake
+      mining operations on a footing of equality (9) with her own citizens.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) Or, "at an equal rent with that which she imposes on her own
+    citizens." See Boeckh, "P. E. A." IV. x. (p. 540, Eng. tr.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But, to make my meaning clearer on the question of maintenance, I will at
+      this point explain in detail how the silver mines may be furnished and
+      extended so as to render them much more useful to the state. Only I would
+      premise that I claim no sort of admiration for anything which I am about
+      to say, as though I had hit upon some recondite discovery. Since half of
+      what I have to say is at the present moment still patent to the eyes of
+      all of us, and as to what belongs to past history, if we are to believe
+      the testimony of our fathers, (10) things were then much of a piece with
+      what is going on now. No, what is really marvellous is that the state,
+      with the fact of so many private persons growing wealthy at her expense,
+      and under her very eyes, should have failed to imitate them. It is an old
+      story, trite enough to those of us who have cared to attend to it, how
+      once on a time Nicias, the son of Niceratus, owned a thousand men in the
+      silver mines, (11) whom he let out to Sosias, a Thracian, on the following
+      terms. Sosias was to pay him a net obol a day, without charge or
+      deduction, for every slave of the thousand, and be (12) responsible for
+      keeping up the number perpetually at that figure. So again Hipponicus (13)
+      had six hundred slaves let out on the same principle, which brought him in
+      a net mina (14) a day without charge or deduction. Then there was
+      Philemonides, with three hundred, bringing him in half a mina, and others,
+      I make no doubt there were, making profits in proportion to their
+      respective resources and capital. (15) But there is no need to revert to
+      ancient history. At the present moment there are hundreds of human beings
+      in the mines let out on the same principle. (16) And given that my
+      proposal were carried into effect, the only novelty in it is that, just as
+      the individual in acquiring the ownership of a gang of slaves finds
+      himself at once provided with a permanent source of income, so the state,
+      in like fashion, should possess herself of a body of public slaves, to the
+      number, say, of three for every Athenian citizen. (17) As to the
+      feasibility of our proposals, I challenge any one whom it may concern to
+      test the scheme point by point, and to give his verdict.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Reading {para ton pateron}, with Zurborg, after Wilamowitz-
+    Mollendorf.
+
+ (11) See "Mem." II. v. 2; Plut. "Nicias," 4; "Athen." vi. 272. See an
+    important criticism of Boeckh's view by Cornewall Lewis,
+    translation of "P. E. A." p. 675 foll.
+
+ (12) Reading {parekhein}, or if {pareikhen}, transl. "whilst he
+    himself kept up the number." See H. hagen in "Journ. Philol." x.
+    19, pp. 34-36; also Zurborg, "Comm." p. 28.
+
+ (13) Son of Callias.
+
+ (14) = L4:1:3 = 600 ob.
+
+ (15) Or, "whose incomes would vary in proportion to their working
+    capital."
+
+ (16) See Jebb, "Theophr." xxvi. 21.
+
+ (17) According to the ancient authorities the citizens of Athens
+    numbered about 21,000 at this date, which would give about 63,000
+    as the number of state-slaves contemplated for the purposes of the
+    scheme. See Zurborg, "Comm." p. 29. "At a census taken in B.C. 309
+    the number of slaves was returned at 400,000, and it does not seem
+    likely that there were fewer at any time during the classical
+    period."&mdash;"A Companion to School Classics" (James Gow), p. 101,
+    xiii. "Population of Attica."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the price then of the men themselves, it is obvious that
+      the public treasury is in a better position to provide funds than any
+      private individuals. What can be easier than for the Council (18) to
+      invite by public proclamation all whom it may concern to bring their
+      slaves, and to buy up those produced? Assuming the purchase to be
+      effected, is it credible that people will hesitate to hire from the state
+      rather than from the private owner, and actually on the same terms? People
+      have at all events no hesitation at present in hiring consecrated grounds,
+      sacred victims, (19) houses, etc., or in purchasing the right of farming
+      taxes from the state. To ensure the preservation of the purchased
+      property, the treasury can take the same securities precisely from the
+      lessee as it does from those who purchase the right of farming its taxes.
+      Indeed, fraudulent dealing is easier on the part of the man who has
+      purchased such a right than of the man who hires slaves. Since it is not
+      easy to see how the exportation (20) of public money is to be detected,
+      when it differs in no way from private money. Whereas it will take a
+      clever thief to make off with these slaves, marked as they will be with
+      the public stamp, and in face of a heavy penalty attached at once to the
+      sale and exportation of them. Up to this point then it would appear
+      feasible enough for the state to acquire property in men and to keep a
+      safe watch over them. (21)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Or, "senate." See Aristot. "Athen. Pol." for the functions of the
+    Boule.
+
+ (19) So Zurborg. See Demosth. "in Mid." 570; Boeckh, "P. E. A." II.
+    xii. (p. 212, Eng. tr.) See Arnold's note to "Thuc." iii. 50, 7.
+
+ (20) Or, "diversation," "defalcation."
+
+ (21) Or, "as far as that goes, then, there is nothing apparently to
+    prevent the state from acquiring property in slaves, and
+    safeguarding the property so acquired."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But with reference to an opposite objection which may present itself to
+      the mind of some one: what guarantee is there that, along with the
+      increase in the supply of labourers, there will be a corresponding demand
+      for their services on the part of contractors? (22) It may be reassuring
+      to note, first of all, that many of those who have already embarked on
+      mining operations (23) will be anxious to increase their staff of
+      labourers by hiring some of these public slaves (remember, they have a
+      large capital at stake; (24) and again, many of the actual labourers now
+      engaged are growing old); and secondly, there are many others, Athenians
+      and foreigners alike, who, though unwilling and indeed incapable of
+      working physically in the mines, will be glad enough to earn a livelihood
+      by their wits as superintendents. (25)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) Or, "with this influx (multiplying) of labourers there will be a
+    corresponding increase in the demand for labour on the part of the
+    lessees."
+
+ (23) Or, "got their mining establishments started."
+
+ (24) Or, "of course they will, considering the amount of fixed capital
+    at stake," or, "since they have large resources at their back." I
+    have adopted Zurborg's stopping of this sentence.
+
+ (25) See "Mem." II. viii. 1, for an illustrative case.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Let it be granted, however, that at first a nucleus of twelve hundred
+      slaves is formed. It is hardly too sanguine a supposition that out of the
+      profits alone, (26) within five or six years this number may be increased
+      to at least six thousand. Again, out of that number of six thousand&mdash;supposing
+      each slave to being in an obol a day clear of all expenses&mdash;we get a
+      revenue of sixty talents a year. And supposing twenty talents out of this
+      sum laid out on the purchase of more slaves, there will be forty talents
+      left for the state to apply to any other purpose it may find advisable. By
+      the time the round number (27) of ten thousand is reached the yearly
+      income will amount to a hundred talents.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (26) "Out of the income so derived."
+
+ (27) Or, "full complement."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As a matter of fact, the state will receive much more than these figures
+      represent, (28) as any one here will bear me witness who can remember what
+      the dues (29) derived from slaves realised before the troubles at Decelea.
+      (30) Testimony to the same effect is borne by the fact, that in spite of
+      the countless number of human beings employed in the silver mines within
+      the whole period, (31) the mines present exactly the same appearance
+      to-day as they did within the recollection of our forefathers. (32) And
+      once more everything that is taking place to-day tends to prove that,
+      whatever the number of slaves employed, you will never have more than the
+      works can easily absorb. The miners find no limit of depth in sinking
+      shafts or laterally in piercing galleries. To open cuttings in new
+      directions to-day is just as possible as it was in former times. In fact
+      no one can take on himself to say whether there is more ore in the regions
+      already cut into, or in those where the pick has not yet struck. (33) Well
+      then, it may be asked, why is it that there is not the same rush to make
+      new cuttings now as in former times? The answer is, because the people
+      concerned with the mines are poorer nowadays. The attempt to restart
+      operations, renew plant, etc., is of recent date, and any one who ventures
+      to open up a new area runs a considerable risk. Supposing he hits upon a
+      productive field, he becomes a rich man, but supposing he draws a blank,
+      he loses the whole of his outlay; and that is a danger which people of the
+      present time are shy of facing.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (28) Or, "a very much larger sum than we have calculated on." Lit.
+    "many times over that sum."
+
+ (29) Or, "tax." See below, S. 49; for the whole matter see Thuc. vii.
+    27, vi. 91; Xen. "Mem." III. vi. 12, in reference to B.C. 413,
+    when Decelea had been fortified. As to the wholesale desertion of
+    slaves, "more than twenty thousand slaves had deserted, many of
+    them artisans," according to Thucydides.
+
+ (30) Or, "the days of Decelea." Lit. "the incidents of Decelea."
+
+ (31) I.e. "of their working since mining began."
+
+ (32) Lit. "are just the same to-day as our forefathers recollected
+    them to be in their time."
+
+ (33) Or, "whether the tracts already explored or those not yet opened
+    are the more prolific."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It is a difficulty, but it is one on which, I believe, I can offer some
+      practical advice. I have a plan to suggest which will reduce the risk of
+      opening up new cuttings to a minimum. (34)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (34) Or, "I have a plan to make the opening of new cuttings as safe as
+    possible."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The citizens of Athens are divided, as we all know, into ten tribes. Let
+      the state then assign to each of these ten tribes an equal number of
+      slaves, and let the tribes agree to associate their fortunes and proceed
+      to open new cuttings. What will happen? Any single tribe hitting upon a
+      productive lode will be the means of discovering what is advantageous to
+      all. Or, supposing two or three, or possibly the half of them, hit upon a
+      lode, clearly these several operations will proportionally be more
+      remunerative still. That the whole ten will fail is not at all in
+      accordance with what we should expect from the history of the past. It is
+      possible, of course, for private persons to combine in the same way, (35)
+      and share their fortunes and minimise their risks. Nor need you apprehend,
+      sirs, that a state mining company, established on this principle, will
+      prove a thorn in the side (36) of the private owner, or the private owner
+      prove injurious to the state. But rather like allies who render each other
+      stronger the more they combine, (37) so in these silver mines, the greater
+      number of companies at work (38) the larger the riches they will discover
+      and disinter. (39)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (35) "To form similar joint-stock companies."
+
+ (36) See "Cyneg." v. 5.
+
+ (37) Or, "deriving strength from combination."
+
+ (38) Co-operators.
+
+ (39) Reading {ekphoresousi}, after Cobet.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This then is a statement, as far as I can make it clear, of the method by
+      which, with the proper state organisation, every Athenian may be supplied
+      with ample maintenance at the public expense. Possibly some of you may be
+      calculating that the capital (40) requisite will be enormous. They may
+      doubt if a sufficient sum will ever be subscribed to meet all the needs.
+      All I can say is, even so, do not despond. It is not as if it were
+      necessary that every feature of the scheme should be carried out at once,
+      or else there is to be no advantage in it at all. On the contrary,
+      whatever number of houses are erected, or ships are built, or slaves
+      purchased, etc., these portions will begin to pay at once. In fact, the
+      bit-by-bit method of proceeding will be more advantageous than a
+      simultaneous carrying into effect of the whole plan, to this extent: if we
+      set about erecting buildings wholesale (41) we shall make a more expensive
+      and worse job of it than if we finish them off gradually. Again, if we set
+      about bidding for hundreds of slaves at once we shall be forced to
+      purchase an inferior type at a higher cost. Whereas, if we proceed
+      tentatively, as we find ourselves able, (42) we can complete any
+      well-devised attempt at our leisure, (43) and, in case of any obvious
+      failure, take warning and not repeat it. Again, if everything were to be
+      carried out at once, it is we, sirs, who must make the whole provision at
+      our expense. (44) Whereas, if part were proceeded with and part stood
+      over, the portion of revenue in hand will help to furnish what is
+      necessary to go on with. But to come now to what every one probably will
+      regard as a really grave danger, lest the state may become possessed of an
+      over large number of slaves, with the result that the works will be
+      overstocked. That again is an apprehension which we may escape if we are
+      careful not to put into the works more hands from year to year than the
+      works themselves demand. Thus (45) I am persuaded that the easiest method
+      of carrying out this scheme, as a whole, is also the best. If, however,
+      you are persuaded that, owing to the extraordinary property taxes (46) to
+      which you have been subjected during the present war, you will not be
+      equal to any further contributions at present, (47) what you should do is
+      this: (48) during the current year resolve to carry on the financial
+      administration of the state within the limits of a sum equivalent to that
+      which your dues (49) realised before the peace. That done, you are at
+      liberty to take any surplus sum, whether directly traceable to the peace
+      itself, or to the more courteous treatment of our resident aliens and
+      traders, or to the growth of the imports and exports, coincident with the
+      collecting together of larger masses of human beings, or to an
+      augmentation of harbour (50) and market dues: this surplus, I say, however
+      derived, you should take and invest (51) so as to bring in the greatest
+      revenue. (52)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (40) Or, "sinking fund."
+
+ (41) {athrooi}&mdash;"in a body." It is a military phrase, I think. In
+    close order, as it were, not in detachments.
+
+ (42) "According to our ability," a favourite Socratic phrase.
+
+ (43) {authis}. See for this corrupt passage Zurborg, "Comm." p. 31. He
+    would insert, "and a little delay will not be prejudicial to our
+    interests, but rather the contrary," or to that effect, thus: {kai
+    authis an  (anutoimen ou gar toiaute te anabole blaben genesthai
+    an) emin oiometha} "vel simile aliquid."
+
+ (44) Or, "it is we who must bear the whole burthen of the outlay."
+
+ (45) {outos}, "so far, unless I am mistaken, the easiest method is the
+    best."
+
+ (46) Or, "heavy contributions, subscriptions incidental to," but the
+    word {eisphoras} is technical. For the exhaustion of the treasury
+    see Dem. "Lept." 464; Grote, "H. G."xi. 326.
+
+ (47) Or, "you will not be able to subscribe a single penny more."
+
+ (48) {umeis de}, you are masters of the situation. It lies with you to
+    carry on, etc.; {dioikeite} is of course imperative.
+
+ (49) Or, "taxes."
+
+ (50) Reading, after Zurborg, {dia ta ellimenia}. Or, if the vulg. {dia
+    en limeni}, transl. "an augmentation of market dues at Piraeus."
+
+ (51) I.e. as fixed capital, or, "you should expend on plant."
+
+ (52) Or, adopting Zurborg's emend, {os an pleista eggignetai}, transl.
+    "for the purposes of the present scheme as far as it may be
+    available."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Again, if there is an apprehension on the part of any that the whole
+      scheme (53) will crumble into nothing on the first outbreak of war, I
+      would only beg these alarmists to note that, under the condition of things
+      which we propose to bring about, war will have more terrors for the
+      attacking party than for this state. Since what possession I should like
+      to know can be more serviceable for war than that of men? Think of the
+      many ships which they will be capable of manning on public service. Think
+      of the number who will serve on land as infantry (in the public service)
+      and will bear hard upon the enemy. Only we must treat them with courtesy.
+      (54) For myself, my calculation is, that even in the event of war we shall
+      be quite able to keep a firm hold of the silver mines. I may take it, we
+      have in the neighbourhood of the mines certain fortresses&mdash;one on the
+      southern slope in Anaphlystus; (55) and we have another on the northern
+      side in Thoricus, the two being about seven and a half miles (56) apart.
+      Suppose then a third breastwork were to be placed between these, on the
+      highest point of Besa, that would enable the operatives to collect into
+      one out of all the fortresses, and at the first perception of a hostile
+      movement it would only be a short distance for each to retire into safety.
+      (57) In the event of an enemy advancing in large numbers they might
+      certainly make off with whatever corn or wine or cattle they found
+      outside. But even if they did get hold of the silver ore, it would be
+      little better to them than a heap of stones. (58) But how is an enemy ever
+      to march upon the mines in force? The nearest state, Megara, is distant, I
+      take it, a good deal over sixty miles; (59) and the next closest, Thebes,
+      a good deal nearer seventy. (60) Supposing then an enemy to advance from
+      some such point to attack the mines, he cannot avoid passing Athens; and
+      presuming his force to be small, we may expect him to be annihilated by
+      our cavalry and frontier police. (61) I say, presuming his force to be
+      small, since to march with anything like a large force, and thereby leave
+      his own territory denuded of troops, would be a startling achievement.
+      Why, the fortified city of Athens will be much closer the states of the
+      attacking parties than they themselves will be by the time they have got
+      to the mines. But, for the sake of argument, let us suppose an enemy to
+      have arrived in the neighbourhood of Laurium; how is he going to stop
+      there without provisions? To go out in search of supplies with a
+      detachment of his force would imply risk, both for the foraging party and
+      for those who have to do the fighting; (62) whilst, if they are driven to
+      do so in force each time, they may call themselves besiegers, but they
+      will be practically in a state of siege themselves.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (53) Or, "the proposed organisation."
+
+ (54) See ch. ii. above.
+
+ (55) Or, reading {en te pros mesembrian thalatte}, "on the southern
+    Sea." For Anaphlystus see "Hell." I. ii. 1; "Mem." III. v. 25. It
+    was Eubulus's deme, the leading statesman at this date.
+
+ (56) Lit. "60 stades."
+
+ (57) The passage {sunekoi t an erga}, etc., is probably corrupt. {Ta
+    erga} seems to mean "the operatives;" cf. Latin "operae." Others
+    take it of "the works themselves." Possibly it may refer to
+    military works connecting the three fortresses named. "There might
+    be a system of converging (works or) lines drawn to a single point
+    from all the fortresses, and at the first sign of any thing
+    hostile," etc.
+
+ (58) I.e. "they might as well try to carry off so many tons of stone."
+
+ (59) Lit. "500 stades."
+
+ (60) Lit. "more than 600 stades."
+
+ (61) The {peripoloi}, or horse patrol to guard the frontier. See Thuc.
+    iv. 57, viii. 92; Arist. "Birds,"ii. 76. Young Athenians between
+    eighteen and twenty were eligible for the service.
+
+ (62) Or, "for the very object of the contest." The construction is in
+    any case unusual. {peri on agonizontai} = {peri touton oi}.
+    Zurborg suggests {peri ton agonizomenon}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But it is not the income (63) derived from the slaves alone to which we
+      look to help the state towards the effective maintenance of her citizens,
+      but with the growth and concentration of a thick population in the mining
+      district various sources of revenue will accrue, whether from the market
+      at Sunium, or from the various state buildings in connection with the
+      silver mines, from furnaces and all the rest. Since we must expect a
+      thickly populated city to spring up here, if organised in the way
+      proposed, and plots of land will become as valuable to owners out there as
+      they are to those who possess them in the neighbourhood of the capital.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (63) I adopt Zurborg's correction, {prosphora} for {eisphora}, as
+    obviously right. See above, iv. 23.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      If, at this point, I may assume my proposals to have been carried into
+      effect, I think I can promise, not only that our city shall be relieved
+      from a financial strain, but that she shall make a great stride in
+      orderliness and in tactical organisation, she shall grow in martial spirit
+      and readiness for war. I anticipate that those who are under orders to go
+      through gymnastic training will devote themselves with a new zeal to the
+      details of the training school, now that they will receive a larger
+      maintenance whilst (64) under the orders of the trainer in the torch race.
+      So again those on garrison duty in the various fortresses, those enrolled
+      as peltasts, or again as frontier police to protect the rural districts,
+      one and all will carry out their respective duties more ardently when the
+      maintenance (64) appropriate to these several functions is duly
+      forthcoming.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (64) I follow Zurborg in omitting {e}. If {e} is to stand, transl.
+    "than they get whilst supplied by the gymnasiarch in the torch
+    race," or "whilst exercising the office of gymnasiarchs
+    themselves." See "Pol. Ath." i. 13.
+
+ (65) "State aid."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But now, if it is evident that, in order to get the full benefit of all
+      these sources of revenue, (1) peace is an indispensable condition&mdash;if
+      that is plain, I say, the question suggests itself, would it not be worth
+      while to appoint a board to act as guardians of peace? Since no doubt the
+      election of such a magistracy would enhance the charm of this city in the
+      eyes of the whole world, and add largely to the number of our visitors.
+      But if any one is disposed to take the view, that by adopting a persistent
+      peace policy, (2) this city will be shorn of her power, that her glory
+      will dwindle and her good name be forgotten throughout the length and
+      breadth of Hellas, the view so taken by our friends here (3) is in my poor
+      judgment somewhat unreasonable. For they are surely the happy states,
+      they, in popular language, are most fortune-favoured, which endure in
+      peace the longest season. And of all states Athens is pre-eminently
+      adapted by nature to flourish and wax strong in peace. The while she
+      abides in peace she cannot fail to exercise an attractive force on all.
+      From the mariner and the merchant upwards, all seek her, flocking they
+      come; the wealthy dealers in corn and wine (4) and oil, the owner of many
+      cattle. And not these only, but the man who depends upon his wits, whose
+      skill it is to do business and make gain out of money (5) and its
+      employment. And here another crowd, artificers of all sorts, artists and
+      artisans, professors of wisdom, (6) philosophers, and poets, with those
+      who exhibit and popularise their works. (7) And next a new train of
+      pleasure-seekers, eager to feast on everything sacred or secular, (8)
+      which may captivate and charm eye and ear. Or once again, where are all
+      those who seek to effect a rapid sale or purchase of a thousand
+      commodities, to find what they want, if not at Athens?
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, "to set these several sources of revenue flowing in full
+    stream."
+
+ (2) Cf. "a policy of peace at any price," or, "by persisting for any
+    length of time in the enjoyment of peace."
+
+ (3) {kai outoi ge}. The speaker waves his hand to the quarter of the
+    house where the anti-peace party is seated.
+
+ (4) After Zurborg, I omit {oukh oi eduoinoi}.
+
+ (5) Reading {kai ap arguriou}, with Zurborg.
+
+ (6) Lit. "Sophists." See Grote, "H. G." viii. lxvii. note, p. 497.
+
+ (7) E.g. chorus-trainers, musicians, grammarians, rhapsodists, and
+    actors.
+
+ (8) Or, "sacred and profane."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But if there is no desire to gainsay these views&mdash;only that certain
+      people, in their wish to recover that headship (9) which was once the
+      pride of our city, are persuaded that the accomplishment of their hopes is
+      to be found, not in peace but in war, I beg them to reflect on some
+      matters of history, and to begin at the beginning, (10) the Median war.
+      Was it by high-handed violence, or as benefactors of the Hellenes, that we
+      obtained the headship of the naval forces, and the trusteeship of the
+      treasury of Hellas? (11) Again, when through the too cruel exercise of her
+      presidency, as men thought, Athens was deprived of her empire, is it not
+      the case that even in those days, (12) as soon as we held aloof from
+      injustice we were once more reinstated by the islanders, of their own free
+      will, as presidents of the naval force? Nay, did not the very Thebans, in
+      return for certain benefits, grant to us Athenians to exercise leadership
+      over them? (13) And at another date the Lacedaemonans suffered us
+      Athenians to arrange the terms of hegemony (14) at our discretion, not as
+      driven to such submission, but in requital of kindly treatment. And
+      to-day, owing to the chaos (15) which reigns in Hellas, if I mistake not,
+      an opportunity has fallen to this city of winning back our fellow-Hellenes
+      without pain or peril or expense of any sort. It is given to us to try and
+      harmonise states which are at war with one another: it is given to us to
+      reconcile the differences of rival factions within those states
+      themselves, wherever existing.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) Lit. "her hegemony for the city," B.C. 476.
+
+ (10) "And first of all."
+
+ (11) See Thuc. i. 96.
+
+ (12) B.C. 378. Second confederacy of Delos. See Grote, "H. G." x. 152.
+
+ (13) B.C. 375. Cf. "Hell." V. iv. 62; Grote, "H. G." x. 139; Isocr.
+    "Or." xiv. 20; Diod. Sic. xv. 29.
+
+ (14) B.C. 369 (al. B.C. 368). Cf. "Hell." VII. i. 14.
+
+ (15) See "Hell."VII. v. 27.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Make it but evident that we are minded to preserve the independence (16)
+      of the Delphic shrine in its primitive integrity, not by joining in any
+      war but by the moral force of embassies throughout the length and breadth
+      of Hellas&mdash;and I for one shall not be astonished if you find our
+      brother Hellenes of one sentiment and eager under seal of solemn oaths
+      (17) to proceed against those, whoever they may be, who shall seek (18) to
+      step into the place vacated by the Phocians and to occupy the sacred
+      shrine. Make it but evident that you intend to establish a general peace
+      by land and sea, and, if I mistake not, your efforts will find a response
+      in the hearts of all. There is no man but will pray for the salvation of
+      Athens next to that of his own fatherland.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) "Autonomy."
+
+ (17) See Thuc. v. 18, clause 2 of the Treaty of Peace, B.C. 422-421.
+
+ (18) Reading, with Zurborg, {peironto}. Or, if the vulgate
+    {epeironto}, transl. "against those who sought to step."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Again, is any one persuaded that, looking solely to riches and
+      money-making, the state may find war more profitable than peace? If so, I
+      cannot conceive a better method to decide that question than to allow the
+      mind to revert (19) to the past history of the state and to note well the
+      sequence of events. He will discover that in times long gone by during a
+      period of peace vast wealth was stored up in the acropolis, the whole of
+      which was lavishly expended during a subsequent period of war. He will
+      perceive, if he examines closely, that even at the present time we are
+      suffering from its ill effects. Countless sources of revenue have failed,
+      or if they have still flowed in, been lavishly expended on a multiplicity
+      of things. Whereas, (20) now that peace is established by sea, our
+      revenues have expanded and the citizens of Athens have it in their power
+      to turn these to account as they like best.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) Reading {epanoskopoin}.
+
+ (20) Or, "But the moment peace has been restored."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But if you turn on me with the question, "Do you really mean that even in
+      the event of unjust attacks upon our city on the part of any, we are still
+      resolutely to observe peace towards that offender?" I answer distinctly,
+      No! But, on the contrary, I maintain that we shall all the more promptly
+      retaliate on such aggression in proportion as we have done no wrong to any
+      one ourselves. Since that will be to rob the aggressor of his allies. (21)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) Reading, after Cobet, {ei medena uparkhoimen adikountes}. Or, if
+    the vulgate {ei medena parakhoimen adikounta}, transl. "if we can
+    show complete innocence on our own side."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      VI
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But now, if none of these proposals be impracticable or even difficult of
+      execution; if rather by giving them effect we may conciliate further the
+      friendship of Hellas, whilst we strengthen our own administration and
+      increase our fame; if by the same means the people shall be provided with
+      the necessaries of life, and our rich men be relieved of expenditure on
+      war; if with the large surplus to be counted on, we are in a position to
+      conduct our festivals on an even grander scale than heretofore, to restore
+      our temples, to rebuild our forts and docks, and to reinstate in their
+      ancient privileges our priests, our senators, our magistrates, and our
+      knights&mdash;surely it were but reasonable to enter upon this project
+      speedily, so that we too, even in our own day, may witness the unclouded
+      dawn of prosperity in store for our city.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But if you are agreed to carry out this plan, there is one further counsel
+      which I would urge upon you. Send to Dodona and to Delphi, I would beg
+      you, and consult the will of Heaven whether such a provision and such a
+      policy on our part be truly to the interest of Athens both for the present
+      and for the time to come. If the consent of Heaven be thus obtained, we
+      ought then, I say, to put a further question: whose special favour among
+      the gods shall we seek to secure with a view to the happier execution of
+      these measures?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And in accordance with that answer, let us offer a sacrifice of happy omen
+      to the deities so named, and commence the work; since if these
+      transactions be so carried out with the will of God, have we not the right
+      to prognosticate some further advance in the path of political progress
+      for this whole state?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </p>
+  <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1179 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+  <head>
+    <title>
+      On Revenues, by Xenophon
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+    
+    body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify}
+    P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; }
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+    hr  { width: 50%; text-align: center;}
+    .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; }
+    blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .mynote    {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;}
+    .toc       { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+    .toc2      { margin-left: 20%;}
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+    .pagenum   {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal;
+               margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%;
+               text-align: right;}
+    pre        { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;}
+    
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+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of On Revenues, by Xenophon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: On Revenues
+
+Author: Xenophon
+
+Translator: H. G. Dakyns
+
+Release Date: August 27, 2008 [EBook #1179]
+Last Updated: January 15, 2013
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON REVENUES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by John Bickers, and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      ON REVENUES
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      By Xenophon
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+        Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+        pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+        and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+        and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+        years before having to move once more, to settle
+        in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+        Revenues describes Xenophon's ideas to solve the
+        problem of poverty in Athens, and thus remove an
+        excuse to mistreat the Athenian allies.
+</pre>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+    This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+    four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though
+    there is doubt about some of these) is:
+
+    Work                                   Number of books
+
+    The Anabasis                                         7
+    The Hellenica                                        7
+    The Cyropaedia                                       8
+    The Memorabilia                                      4
+    The Symposium                                        1
+    The Economist                                        1
+    On Horsemanship                                      1
+    The Sportsman                                        1
+    The Cavalry General                                  1
+    The Apology                                          1
+    On Revenues                                          1
+    The Hiero                                            1
+    The Agesilaus                                        1
+    The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+    Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into
+    English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The
+    diacritical marks have been lost.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      WAYS AND MEANS
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      A Pamphlet On Revenues
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For myself I hold to the opinion that the qualities of the leading
+      statesmen in a state, whatever they be, are reproduced in the character of
+      the constitution itself. (1)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) "Like minister, like government." For the same idea more fully
+    expressed, see "Cyrop." VIII. i. 8; viii. 5.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As, however, it has been maintained by certain leading statesmen in Athens
+      that the recognised standard of right and wrong is as high at Athens as
+      elsewhere, but that, owing to the pressure of poverty on the masses, a
+      certain measure of injustice in their dealing with the allied states (2)
+      could not be avoided; I set myself to discover whether by any manner of
+      means it were possible for the citizens of Athens to be supported solely
+      from the soil of Attica itself, which was obviously the most equitable
+      solution. For if so, herein lay, as I believed, the antidote at once to
+      their own poverty and to the feeling of suspicion with which they are
+      regarded by the rest of Hellas.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Lit. "the cities," i.e. of the alliance, {tas summakhidas}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I had no sooner begun my investigation than one fact presented itself
+      clearly to my mind, which is that the country itself is made by nature to
+      provide the amplest resources. And with a view to establishing the truth
+      of this initial proposition I will describe the physical features of
+      Attica.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the first place, the extraordinary mildness of the climate is proved by
+      the actual products of the soil. Numerous plants which in many parts of
+      the world appear as stunted leafless growths are here fruit-bearing. And
+      as with the soil so with the sea indenting our coasts, the varied
+      productivity of which is exceptionally great. Again with regard to those
+      kindly fruits of earth (3) which Providence bestows on man season by
+      season, one and all they commence earlier and end later in this land. Nor
+      is the supremacy of Attica shown only in those products which year after
+      year flourish and grow old, but the land contains treasures of a more
+      perennial kind. Within its folds lies imbedded by nature an unstinted
+      store of marble, out of which are chiselled (4) temples and altars of
+      rarest beauty and the glittering splendour of images sacred to the gods.
+      This marble, moreover, is an object of desire to many foreigners, Hellenes
+      and barbarians alike. Then there is land which, although it yields no
+      fruit to the sower, needs only to be quarried in order to feed many times
+      more mouths than it could as corn-land. Doubtless we owe it to a divine
+      dispensation that our land is veined with silver; if we consider how many
+      neighbouring states lie round us by land and sea and yet into none of them
+      does a single thinnest vein of silver penetrate.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Lit. "those good things which the gods afford in their seasons."
+
+ (4) Or, "arise," or "are fashioned."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Indeed it would be scarcely irrational to maintain that the city of Athens
+      lies at the navel, not of Hellas merely, but of the habitable world. So
+      true is it, that the farther we remove from Athens the greater the extreme
+      of heat or cold to be encountered; or to use another illustration, the
+      traveller who desires to traverse the confines of Hellas from end to end
+      will find that, whether he voyages by sea or by land, he is describing a
+      circle, the centre of which is Athens. (5)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) See "Geog. of Brit. Isles." J. R. and S. A. Green, ch. i. p. 7:
+    "London, in fact, is placed at what is very nearly the geometrical
+    centre of those masses of land which make up the earth surface of
+    the globe, and is thus more than any city of the world the natural
+    point of convergence for its different lines of navigation," etc.
+    The natural advantages of Boeotia are similarly set forth by
+    Ephorus. Cf. Strab. ix. 2, p. 400.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Once more, this land though not literally sea-girt has all the advantages
+      of an island, being accessible to every wind that blows, and can invite to
+      its bosom or waft from its shore all products, since it is peninsular;
+      whilst by land it is the emporium of many markets, as being a portion of
+      the continent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lastly, while the majority of states have barbarian neighbours, the source
+      of many troubles, Athens has as her next-door neighbours civilised states
+      which are themselves far remote from the barbarians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      All these advantages, to repeat what I have said, may, I believe, be
+      traced primarily to the soil and position of Attica itself. But these
+      natural blessings may be added to: in the first place, by a careful
+      handling of our resident alien (1) population. And, for my part, I can
+      hardly conceive of a more splendid source of revenue than lies open in
+      this direction. Here you have a self-supporting class of residents
+      conferring large benefits upon the state, and instead of receiving payment
+      (2) themselves, contributing on the contrary to the gain of the exchequer
+      by the sojourners' tax. (3) Nor, under the term careful handling, do I
+      demand more than the removal of obligations which, whilst they confer no
+      benefit on the state, have an air of inflicting various disabilities on
+      the resident aliens. (4) And I would further relieve them from the
+      obligation of serving as hoplites side by side with the citizen proper;
+      since, beside the personal risk, which is great, the trouble of quitting
+      trades and homesteads is no trifle. (5) Incidentally the state itself
+      would benefit by this exemption, if the citizens were more in the habit of
+      campaigning with one another, rather than (6) shoulder to shoulder with
+      Lydians, Phrygians, Syrians, and barbarians from all quarters of the
+      world, who form the staple of our resident alien class. Besides the
+      advantage (of so weeding the ranks), (7) it would add a positive lustre to
+      our city, were it admitted that the men of Athens, her sons, have reliance
+      on themselves rather than on foreigners to fight her battles. And further,
+      supposing we offered our resident aliens a share in various other
+      honourable duties, including the cavalry service, (8) I shall be surprised
+      if we do not increase the goodwill of the aliens themselves, whilst at the
+      same time we add distinctly to the strength and grandeur of our city.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "metics" or "metoecs."
+
+ (2) {misthos}, e.g. of the assembly, the senate, and the dicasts.
+
+ (3) The {metoikion}. See Plat. "Laws," 850 B; according to Isaeus, ap.
+    Harpocr. s.v., it was 12 drachmae per annum for a male and 6
+    drachmae for a female.
+
+ (4) Or, "the class in question." According to Schneider (who cites the
+    {atimetos metanastes} of Homer, "Il." ix. 648), the reference is
+    not to disabilities in the technical sense, but to humiliating
+    duties, such as the {skaphephoria} imposed on the men, or the
+    {udriaphoria} and {skiadephoria} imposed on their wives and
+    daughters in attendance on the {kanephoroi} at the Panathenaic and
+    other festival processions. See Arist. "Eccles." 730 foll.;
+    Boeckh, "P. E. A." IV. x. (Eng. tr. G. Cornewall Lewis, p. 538).
+
+ (5) Or, reading {megas men gar o agon, mega de kai to apo ton tekhnon
+    kai ton oikeion apienai}, after Zurborg ("Xen. de Reditibus
+    Libellus," Berolini, MDCCCLXXVI.), transl. "since it is severe
+    enough to enter the arena of war, but all the worse when that
+    implies the abandonment of your trade and your domestic concerns."
+
+ (6) Or, "instead of finding themselves brigaded as nowadays with a
+    motley crew of Lydians," etc.
+
+ (7) Zurborg, after Cobet, omits the words so rendered.
+
+ (8) See "Hipparch." ix. 3, where Xenophon in almost identical words
+    recommends that reform.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In the next place, seeing that there are at present numerous building
+      sites within the city walls as yet devoid of houses, supposing the state
+      were to make free grants of such land (9) to foreigners for building
+      purposes in cases where there could be no doubt as to the respectability
+      of the applicant, if I am not mistaken, the result of such a measure will
+      be that a larger number of persons, and of a better class, will be
+      attracted to Athens as a place of residence.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) Or, "offer the fee simple of such property to."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Lastly, if we could bring ourselves to appoint, as a new government
+      office, a board of guardians of foreign residents like our Guardians of
+      Orphans, (10) with special privileges assigned to those guardians who
+      should show on their books the greatest number of resident aliens&mdash;such
+      a measure would tend to improve the goodwill of the class in question, and
+      in all probability all people without a city of their own would aspire to
+      the status of foreign residents in Athens, and so further increase the
+      revenues of the city. (11)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) "The Archon was the legal protector of all orphans. It was his
+    duty to appoint guardians, if none were named in the father's
+    will."&mdash;C. R. Kennedy, Note to "Select Speeches of Demosthenes."
+    The orphans of those who had fallen in the war (Thuc. ii. 46) were
+    specially cared for.
+
+ (11) Or, "help to swell the state exchequer."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this point I propose to offer some remarks in proof of the attractions
+      and advantages of Athens as a centre of commercial enterprise. In the
+      first place, it will hardly be denied that we possess the finest and
+      safest harbourage for shipping, where vessels of all sorts can come to
+      moorings and be laid up in absolute security (1) as far as stress of
+      weather is concerned. But further than that, in most states the trader is
+      under the necessity of lading his vessel with some merchandise (2) or
+      other in exchange for his cargo, since the current coin (3) has no
+      circulation beyond the frontier. But at Athens he has a choice: he can
+      either in return for his wares export a variety of goods, such as human
+      beings seek after, or, if he does not desire to take goods in exchange for
+      goods, he has simply to export silver, and he cannot have a more excellent
+      freight to export, since wherever he likes to sell it he may look to
+      realise a large percentage on his capital. (4)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Reading {adeos} after Cobet, or if {edeos}, transl. "in perfect
+    comfort."
+
+ (2) Or, "of exchanging cargo for cargo to the exclusion of specie."
+
+ (3) I.e. of the particular locality. See "The Types of Greek Coins,"
+    Percy Gardner, ch. ii. "International Currencies among the
+    Greeks."
+
+ (4) Or, "on the original outlay."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Or again, supposing prizes (5) were offered to the magistrates in charge
+      of the market (6) for equitable and speedy settlements of points in
+      dispute (7) to enable any one so wishing to proceed on his voyage without
+      hindrance, the result would be that far more traders would trade with us
+      and with greater satisfaction.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Cf. "Hiero," ix. 6, 7, 11; "Hipparch." i. 26.
+
+ (6) {to tou emporiou arkhe}. Probably he is referring to the
+    {epimeletai emporiou} (overseers of the market). See Harpocr.
+    s.v.; Aristot. "Athenian Polity," 51.
+
+ (7) For the sort of case, see Demosth. (or Deinarch.) "c. Theocr."
+    1324; Zurborg ad loc.; Boeckh, I. ix. xv. (pp. 48, 81, Eng. tr.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It would indeed be a good and noble institution to pay special marks of
+      honour, such as the privilege of the front seat, to merchants and
+      shipowners, and on occasion to invite to hospitable entertainment those
+      who, through something notable in the quality of ship or merchandise, may
+      claim to have done the state a service. The recipients of these honours
+      will rush into our arms as friends, not only under the incentive of gain,
+      but of distinction also.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now the greater the number of people attracted to Athens either as
+      visitors or as residents, clearly the greater the development of imports
+      and exports. More goods will be sent out of the country, (8) there will be
+      more buying and selling, with a consequent influx of money in the shape of
+      rents to individuals and dues and customs to the state exchequer. And to
+      secure this augmentation of the revenues, mind you, not the outlay of one
+      single penny; nothing needed beyond one or two philanthropic measures and
+      certain details of supervision. (9)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) See Zurborg, "Comm." p. 24.
+
+ (9) See Aristot. "Pol." iv. 15, 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the other sources of revenue which I contemplate, I admit,
+      it is different. For these I recognise the necessity of a capital (10) to
+      begin with. I am not, however, without good hope that the citizens of this
+      state will contribute heartily to such an object, when I reflect on the
+      large sums subscribed by the state on various late occasions, as, for
+      instance, when reinforcements were sent to the Arcadians under the command
+      of Lysistratus, (11) and again at the date of the generalship of
+      Hegesileos. (12) I am well aware that ships of war are frequently
+      despatched and that too (13) although it is uncertain whether the venture
+      will be for the better or for the worse, and the only certainty is that
+      the contributor will not recover the sum subscribed nor have any further
+      share in the object for which he gave his contribution. (14)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) "A starting-point."
+
+ (11) B.C. 366; cf. "Hell." VII. iv. 3.
+
+ (12) B.C. 362; cf. "Hell." VII. v. 15. See Grote, "H. G." x. 459;
+    Ephor. ap. Diog. Laert. ii. 54; Diod. Sic. xv. 84; Boeckh, ap. L.
+    Dindorf. Xenophon's son Gryllus served under him and was slain.
+
+ (13) Reading {kai tauta toutout men adelou ontos}, after Zurborg.
+
+ (14) Reading { (uper) on an eisenegkosi} with Zurborg. See his note,
+    "Comm." p. 25.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But for a sound investment (15) I know of nothing comparable with the
+      initial outlay to form this fund. (16) Any one whose contribution amounts
+      to ten minae (17) may look forward to a return as high as he would get on
+      bottomry, of nearly one-fifth, (18) as the recipient of three obols a day.
+      The contributor of five minae (19) will on the same principle get more
+      than a third, (20) while the majority of Athenians will get more than cent
+      per cent on their contribution. That is to say, a subscription of one mina
+      (21) will put the subscriber in possession of nearly double that sum, (22)
+      and that, moreover, without setting foot outside Athens, which, as far as
+      human affairs go, is as sound and durable a security as possible.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) "A good substantial property."
+
+ (16) Or, "on the other hand, I affirm that the outlay necessary to
+    form the capital for my present project will be more remunerative
+    than any other that can be named." As to the scheme itself see
+    Grote, "Plato," III. ch. xxxix.; Boeckh, op. cit. (pp. 4, 37, 136,
+    600 seq. Eng. tr.) Cf. Demosth. "de Sym." for another scheme, 354
+    B.C., which shows the "sound administrative and practical
+    judgment" of the youthful orator as compared with "the benevolent
+    dreams and ample public largess in which Xenophon here indulges."
+    &mdash;Grote, op. cit. p. 601.
+
+ (17) L40:12:4 = 1000 drachmae.
+
+ (18) I.e. exactly 18 or nearly 20 per cent. The following table will
+    make the arithmetic clear:&mdash;
+
+        6 ob. = 1 drachma           10 minae = 6000 ob.
+      100 dr. = 1 mina                       = 1000 dr.
+
+      600 ob. = 1 mina   1000 dr.:180 dr.::100:18 therefore nearly 1/5
+    3 ob. (a day) x 360 = 1080 ob. p.a.      = nearly 20 per cent.
+                        =  180 dr. p.a.
+
+    As to the 3 obols a day (= 180 dr. p.a.) which as an Athenian
+    citizen he is entitled to, see Grote, op. cit. p. 597: "There will
+    be a regular distribution among all citizens, per head and
+    equally. Three oboli, or half a drachma, will be allotted daily to
+    each, to poor and rich alike"  (on the principle of the Theorikon).
+    "For the poor citizens this will provide a comfortable
+    subsistence, without any contribution on their part; the poverty
+    now prevailing will thus be alleviated. The rich, like the poor,
+    receive the daily triobolon as a free gift; but if they compute it
+    as interest for their investments, they will find that the rate of
+    interest is full and satisfactory, like the rate on bottomry."
+    Zurborg, "Comm." p. 25; Boeckh, op. cit. IV. xxi. (p. 606, Eng.
+    tr.); and Grote's note, op. cit. p. 598.
+
+ (19) = L20:6:3 = 500 drachmae.
+
+ (20) = I.e. 36 per cent.
+
+ (21) = L4:1:3 = 100 drachmae.
+
+ (22) I.e. 180 per cent.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Moreover, I am of opinion that if the names of contributors were to be
+      inscribed as benefactors for all time, many foreigners would be induced to
+      contribute, and possibly not a few states, in their desire to obtain the
+      right of inscription; indeed I anticipate that some kings, (23) tyrants,
+      (24) and satraps will display a keen desire to share in such a favour.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) Zurborg suggests (p. 5) "Philip or Cersobleptes." Cf. Isocr. "On
+    the Peace," S. 23.
+
+ (24) I.e. despotic monarchs.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To come to the point. Were such a capital once furnished, it would be a
+      magnificent plan to build lodging-houses for the benefit of shipmasters in
+      the neighbourhood of the harbours, in addition to those which exist; and
+      again, on the same principle, suitable places of meeting for merchants,
+      for the purposes (25) of buying and selling; and thirdly, public
+      lodging-houses for persons visiting the city. Again, supposing
+      dwelling-houses and stores for vending goods were fitted up for retail
+      dealers in Piraeus and the city, they would at once be an ornament to the
+      state and a fertile source of revenue. Also it seems to me it would be a
+      good thing to try and see if, on the principle on which at present the
+      state possesses public warships, it would not be possible to secure public
+      merchant vessels, to be let out on the security of guarantors just like
+      any other public property. If the plan were found feasible this public
+      merchant navy would be a large source of extra revenue.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (25) Reading, with Zurborg, {epi one te}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I come to a new topic. I am persuaded that the establishment of the silver
+      mines on a proper footing (1) would be followed by a large increase in
+      wealth apart from the other sources of revenue. And I would like, for the
+      benefit of those who may be ignorant, to point out what the capacity of
+      these mines really is. You will then be in a position to decide how to
+      turn them to better account. It is clear, I presume, to every one that
+      these mines have for a very long time been in active operation; at any
+      rate no one will venture to fix the date at which they first began to be
+      worked. (2) Now in spite of the fact that the silver ore has been dug and
+      carried out for so long a time, I would ask you to note that the mounds of
+      rubbish so shovelled out are but a fractional portion of the series of
+      hillocks containing veins of silver, and as yet unquarried. Nor is the
+      silver-bearing region gradually becoming circumscribed. On the contrary it
+      is evidently extending in wider area from year to year. That is to say,
+      during the period in which thousands of workers (3) have been employed
+      within the mines no hand was ever stopped for want of work to do. Rather,
+      at any given moment, the work to be done was more than enough for the
+      hands employed. And so it is to-day with the owners of slaves working in
+      the mines; no one dreams of reducing the number of his hands. On the
+      contrary, the object is perpetually to acquire as many additional hands as
+      the owner possibly can. The fact is that with few hands to dig and search,
+      the find of treasure will be small, but with an increase in labour the
+      discovery of the ore itself is more than proportionally increased. So much
+      so, that of all operations with which I am acquainted, this is the only
+      one in which no sort of jealousy is felt at a further development of the
+      industry. (4) I may go a step farther; every proprietor of a farm will be
+      able to tell you exactly how many yoke of oxen are sufficient for the
+      estate, and how many farm hands. To send into the field more than the
+      exact number requisite every farmer would consider a dead loss. (5) But in
+      silver mining (operations) the universal complaint is the want of hands.
+      Indeed there is no analogy between this and other industries. With an
+      increase in the number of bronze-workers articles of bronze may become so
+      cheap that the bronze-worker has to retire from the field. And so again
+      with ironfounders. Or again, in a plethoric condition of the corn and wine
+      market these fruits of the soil will be so depreciated in value that the
+      particular husbandries cease to be remunerative, and many a farmer will
+      give up his tillage of the soil and betake himself to the business of a
+      merchant, or of a shopkeeper, to banking or money-lending. But the
+      converse is the case in the working of silver; there the larger the
+      quantity of ore discovered and the greater the amount of silver extracted,
+      the greater the number of persons ready to engage in the operation. One
+      more illustration: take the case of movable property. No one when he has
+      got sufficient furniture for his house dreams of making further purchases
+      on this head, but of silver no one ever yet possessed so much that he was
+      forced to cry "enough." On the contrary, if ever anybody does become
+      possessed of an immoderate amount he finds as much pleasure in digging a
+      hole in the ground and hoarding it as in the actual employment of it. And
+      from a wider point of view: when a state is prosperous there is nothing
+      which people so much desire as silver. The men want money to expend on
+      beautiful armour and fine horses, and houses, and sumptuous paraphernalia
+      (6) of all sorts. The women betake themselves to expensive apparel and
+      ornaments of gold. Or when states are sick, (7) either through barrenness
+      of corn and other fruits, or through war, the demand for current coin is
+      even more imperative (whilst the ground lies unproductive), to pay for
+      necessaries or military aid.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, "on a sound basis."
+
+ (2) "Exploited."
+
+ (3) Or, "at the date when the maximum of hands was employed."
+
+ (4) Reading {epikataskeuazumenois}, or, if {episkeuazomenoi}, transl.
+    "at the rehabilitation of old works."
+
+ (5) Cf. "Oecon." xvii. 12.
+
+ (6) "The thousand and one embellishments of civil life."
+
+ (7) "When a state is struck down with barrenness," etc. See "Mem." II.
+    vii.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And if it be asserted that gold is after all just as useful as silver,
+      without gainsaying the proposition I may note this fact (8) about gold,
+      that, with a sudden influx of this metal, it is the gold itself which is
+      depreciated whilst causing at the same time a rise in the value of silver.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Lit. "I know, however."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The above facts are, I think, conclusive. They encourage us not only to
+      introduce as much human labour as possible into the mines, but to extend
+      the scale of operations within, by increase of plant, etc., in full
+      assurance that there is no danger either of the ore itself being exhausted
+      or of silver becoming depreciated. And in advancing these views I am
+      merely following a precedent set me by the state herself. So it seems to
+      me, since the state permits any foreigner who desires it to undertake
+      mining operations on a footing of equality (9) with her own citizens.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) Or, "at an equal rent with that which she imposes on her own
+    citizens." See Boeckh, "P. E. A." IV. x. (p. 540, Eng. tr.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But, to make my meaning clearer on the question of maintenance, I will at
+      this point explain in detail how the silver mines may be furnished and
+      extended so as to render them much more useful to the state. Only I would
+      premise that I claim no sort of admiration for anything which I am about
+      to say, as though I had hit upon some recondite discovery. Since half of
+      what I have to say is at the present moment still patent to the eyes of
+      all of us, and as to what belongs to past history, if we are to believe
+      the testimony of our fathers, (10) things were then much of a piece with
+      what is going on now. No, what is really marvellous is that the state,
+      with the fact of so many private persons growing wealthy at her expense,
+      and under her very eyes, should have failed to imitate them. It is an old
+      story, trite enough to those of us who have cared to attend to it, how
+      once on a time Nicias, the son of Niceratus, owned a thousand men in the
+      silver mines, (11) whom he let out to Sosias, a Thracian, on the following
+      terms. Sosias was to pay him a net obol a day, without charge or
+      deduction, for every slave of the thousand, and be (12) responsible for
+      keeping up the number perpetually at that figure. So again Hipponicus (13)
+      had six hundred slaves let out on the same principle, which brought him in
+      a net mina (14) a day without charge or deduction. Then there was
+      Philemonides, with three hundred, bringing him in half a mina, and others,
+      I make no doubt there were, making profits in proportion to their
+      respective resources and capital. (15) But there is no need to revert to
+      ancient history. At the present moment there are hundreds of human beings
+      in the mines let out on the same principle. (16) And given that my
+      proposal were carried into effect, the only novelty in it is that, just as
+      the individual in acquiring the ownership of a gang of slaves finds
+      himself at once provided with a permanent source of income, so the state,
+      in like fashion, should possess herself of a body of public slaves, to the
+      number, say, of three for every Athenian citizen. (17) As to the
+      feasibility of our proposals, I challenge any one whom it may concern to
+      test the scheme point by point, and to give his verdict.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Reading {para ton pateron}, with Zurborg, after Wilamowitz-
+    Mollendorf.
+
+ (11) See "Mem." II. v. 2; Plut. "Nicias," 4; "Athen." vi. 272. See an
+    important criticism of Boeckh's view by Cornewall Lewis,
+    translation of "P. E. A." p. 675 foll.
+
+ (12) Reading {parekhein}, or if {pareikhen}, transl. "whilst he
+    himself kept up the number." See H. hagen in "Journ. Philol." x.
+    19, pp. 34-36; also Zurborg, "Comm." p. 28.
+
+ (13) Son of Callias.
+
+ (14) = L4:1:3 = 600 ob.
+
+ (15) Or, "whose incomes would vary in proportion to their working
+    capital."
+
+ (16) See Jebb, "Theophr." xxvi. 21.
+
+ (17) According to the ancient authorities the citizens of Athens
+    numbered about 21,000 at this date, which would give about 63,000
+    as the number of state-slaves contemplated for the purposes of the
+    scheme. See Zurborg, "Comm." p. 29. "At a census taken in B.C. 309
+    the number of slaves was returned at 400,000, and it does not seem
+    likely that there were fewer at any time during the classical
+    period."&mdash;"A Companion to School Classics" (James Gow), p. 101,
+    xiii. "Population of Attica."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the price then of the men themselves, it is obvious that
+      the public treasury is in a better position to provide funds than any
+      private individuals. What can be easier than for the Council (18) to
+      invite by public proclamation all whom it may concern to bring their
+      slaves, and to buy up those produced? Assuming the purchase to be
+      effected, is it credible that people will hesitate to hire from the state
+      rather than from the private owner, and actually on the same terms? People
+      have at all events no hesitation at present in hiring consecrated grounds,
+      sacred victims, (19) houses, etc., or in purchasing the right of farming
+      taxes from the state. To ensure the preservation of the purchased
+      property, the treasury can take the same securities precisely from the
+      lessee as it does from those who purchase the right of farming its taxes.
+      Indeed, fraudulent dealing is easier on the part of the man who has
+      purchased such a right than of the man who hires slaves. Since it is not
+      easy to see how the exportation (20) of public money is to be detected,
+      when it differs in no way from private money. Whereas it will take a
+      clever thief to make off with these slaves, marked as they will be with
+      the public stamp, and in face of a heavy penalty attached at once to the
+      sale and exportation of them. Up to this point then it would appear
+      feasible enough for the state to acquire property in men and to keep a
+      safe watch over them. (21)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Or, "senate." See Aristot. "Athen. Pol." for the functions of the
+    Boule.
+
+ (19) So Zurborg. See Demosth. "in Mid." 570; Boeckh, "P. E. A." II.
+    xii. (p. 212, Eng. tr.) See Arnold's note to "Thuc." iii. 50, 7.
+
+ (20) Or, "diversation," "defalcation."
+
+ (21) Or, "as far as that goes, then, there is nothing apparently to
+    prevent the state from acquiring property in slaves, and
+    safeguarding the property so acquired."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But with reference to an opposite objection which may present itself to
+      the mind of some one: what guarantee is there that, along with the
+      increase in the supply of labourers, there will be a corresponding demand
+      for their services on the part of contractors? (22) It may be reassuring
+      to note, first of all, that many of those who have already embarked on
+      mining operations (23) will be anxious to increase their staff of
+      labourers by hiring some of these public slaves (remember, they have a
+      large capital at stake; (24) and again, many of the actual labourers now
+      engaged are growing old); and secondly, there are many others, Athenians
+      and foreigners alike, who, though unwilling and indeed incapable of
+      working physically in the mines, will be glad enough to earn a livelihood
+      by their wits as superintendents. (25)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) Or, "with this influx (multiplying) of labourers there will be a
+    corresponding increase in the demand for labour on the part of the
+    lessees."
+
+ (23) Or, "got their mining establishments started."
+
+ (24) Or, "of course they will, considering the amount of fixed capital
+    at stake," or, "since they have large resources at their back." I
+    have adopted Zurborg's stopping of this sentence.
+
+ (25) See "Mem." II. viii. 1, for an illustrative case.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Let it be granted, however, that at first a nucleus of twelve hundred
+      slaves is formed. It is hardly too sanguine a supposition that out of the
+      profits alone, (26) within five or six years this number may be increased
+      to at least six thousand. Again, out of that number of six thousand&mdash;supposing
+      each slave to being in an obol a day clear of all expenses&mdash;we get a
+      revenue of sixty talents a year. And supposing twenty talents out of this
+      sum laid out on the purchase of more slaves, there will be forty talents
+      left for the state to apply to any other purpose it may find advisable. By
+      the time the round number (27) of ten thousand is reached the yearly
+      income will amount to a hundred talents.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (26) "Out of the income so derived."
+
+ (27) Or, "full complement."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As a matter of fact, the state will receive much more than these figures
+      represent, (28) as any one here will bear me witness who can remember what
+      the dues (29) derived from slaves realised before the troubles at Decelea.
+      (30) Testimony to the same effect is borne by the fact, that in spite of
+      the countless number of human beings employed in the silver mines within
+      the whole period, (31) the mines present exactly the same appearance
+      to-day as they did within the recollection of our forefathers. (32) And
+      once more everything that is taking place to-day tends to prove that,
+      whatever the number of slaves employed, you will never have more than the
+      works can easily absorb. The miners find no limit of depth in sinking
+      shafts or laterally in piercing galleries. To open cuttings in new
+      directions to-day is just as possible as it was in former times. In fact
+      no one can take on himself to say whether there is more ore in the regions
+      already cut into, or in those where the pick has not yet struck. (33) Well
+      then, it may be asked, why is it that there is not the same rush to make
+      new cuttings now as in former times? The answer is, because the people
+      concerned with the mines are poorer nowadays. The attempt to restart
+      operations, renew plant, etc., is of recent date, and any one who ventures
+      to open up a new area runs a considerable risk. Supposing he hits upon a
+      productive field, he becomes a rich man, but supposing he draws a blank,
+      he loses the whole of his outlay; and that is a danger which people of the
+      present time are shy of facing.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (28) Or, "a very much larger sum than we have calculated on." Lit.
+    "many times over that sum."
+
+ (29) Or, "tax." See below, S. 49; for the whole matter see Thuc. vii.
+    27, vi. 91; Xen. "Mem." III. vi. 12, in reference to B.C. 413,
+    when Decelea had been fortified. As to the wholesale desertion of
+    slaves, "more than twenty thousand slaves had deserted, many of
+    them artisans," according to Thucydides.
+
+ (30) Or, "the days of Decelea." Lit. "the incidents of Decelea."
+
+ (31) I.e. "of their working since mining began."
+
+ (32) Lit. "are just the same to-day as our forefathers recollected
+    them to be in their time."
+
+ (33) Or, "whether the tracts already explored or those not yet opened
+    are the more prolific."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It is a difficulty, but it is one on which, I believe, I can offer some
+      practical advice. I have a plan to suggest which will reduce the risk of
+      opening up new cuttings to a minimum. (34)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (34) Or, "I have a plan to make the opening of new cuttings as safe as
+    possible."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The citizens of Athens are divided, as we all know, into ten tribes. Let
+      the state then assign to each of these ten tribes an equal number of
+      slaves, and let the tribes agree to associate their fortunes and proceed
+      to open new cuttings. What will happen? Any single tribe hitting upon a
+      productive lode will be the means of discovering what is advantageous to
+      all. Or, supposing two or three, or possibly the half of them, hit upon a
+      lode, clearly these several operations will proportionally be more
+      remunerative still. That the whole ten will fail is not at all in
+      accordance with what we should expect from the history of the past. It is
+      possible, of course, for private persons to combine in the same way, (35)
+      and share their fortunes and minimise their risks. Nor need you apprehend,
+      sirs, that a state mining company, established on this principle, will
+      prove a thorn in the side (36) of the private owner, or the private owner
+      prove injurious to the state. But rather like allies who render each other
+      stronger the more they combine, (37) so in these silver mines, the greater
+      number of companies at work (38) the larger the riches they will discover
+      and disinter. (39)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (35) "To form similar joint-stock companies."
+
+ (36) See "Cyneg." v. 5.
+
+ (37) Or, "deriving strength from combination."
+
+ (38) Co-operators.
+
+ (39) Reading {ekphoresousi}, after Cobet.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This then is a statement, as far as I can make it clear, of the method by
+      which, with the proper state organisation, every Athenian may be supplied
+      with ample maintenance at the public expense. Possibly some of you may be
+      calculating that the capital (40) requisite will be enormous. They may
+      doubt if a sufficient sum will ever be subscribed to meet all the needs.
+      All I can say is, even so, do not despond. It is not as if it were
+      necessary that every feature of the scheme should be carried out at once,
+      or else there is to be no advantage in it at all. On the contrary,
+      whatever number of houses are erected, or ships are built, or slaves
+      purchased, etc., these portions will begin to pay at once. In fact, the
+      bit-by-bit method of proceeding will be more advantageous than a
+      simultaneous carrying into effect of the whole plan, to this extent: if we
+      set about erecting buildings wholesale (41) we shall make a more expensive
+      and worse job of it than if we finish them off gradually. Again, if we set
+      about bidding for hundreds of slaves at once we shall be forced to
+      purchase an inferior type at a higher cost. Whereas, if we proceed
+      tentatively, as we find ourselves able, (42) we can complete any
+      well-devised attempt at our leisure, (43) and, in case of any obvious
+      failure, take warning and not repeat it. Again, if everything were to be
+      carried out at once, it is we, sirs, who must make the whole provision at
+      our expense. (44) Whereas, if part were proceeded with and part stood
+      over, the portion of revenue in hand will help to furnish what is
+      necessary to go on with. But to come now to what every one probably will
+      regard as a really grave danger, lest the state may become possessed of an
+      over large number of slaves, with the result that the works will be
+      overstocked. That again is an apprehension which we may escape if we are
+      careful not to put into the works more hands from year to year than the
+      works themselves demand. Thus (45) I am persuaded that the easiest method
+      of carrying out this scheme, as a whole, is also the best. If, however,
+      you are persuaded that, owing to the extraordinary property taxes (46) to
+      which you have been subjected during the present war, you will not be
+      equal to any further contributions at present, (47) what you should do is
+      this: (48) during the current year resolve to carry on the financial
+      administration of the state within the limits of a sum equivalent to that
+      which your dues (49) realised before the peace. That done, you are at
+      liberty to take any surplus sum, whether directly traceable to the peace
+      itself, or to the more courteous treatment of our resident aliens and
+      traders, or to the growth of the imports and exports, coincident with the
+      collecting together of larger masses of human beings, or to an
+      augmentation of harbour (50) and market dues: this surplus, I say, however
+      derived, you should take and invest (51) so as to bring in the greatest
+      revenue. (52)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (40) Or, "sinking fund."
+
+ (41) {athrooi}&mdash;"in a body." It is a military phrase, I think. In
+    close order, as it were, not in detachments.
+
+ (42) "According to our ability," a favourite Socratic phrase.
+
+ (43) {authis}. See for this corrupt passage Zurborg, "Comm." p. 31. He
+    would insert, "and a little delay will not be prejudicial to our
+    interests, but rather the contrary," or to that effect, thus: {kai
+    authis an  (anutoimen ou gar toiaute te anabole blaben genesthai
+    an) emin oiometha} "vel simile aliquid."
+
+ (44) Or, "it is we who must bear the whole burthen of the outlay."
+
+ (45) {outos}, "so far, unless I am mistaken, the easiest method is the
+    best."
+
+ (46) Or, "heavy contributions, subscriptions incidental to," but the
+    word {eisphoras} is technical. For the exhaustion of the treasury
+    see Dem. "Lept." 464; Grote, "H. G."xi. 326.
+
+ (47) Or, "you will not be able to subscribe a single penny more."
+
+ (48) {umeis de}, you are masters of the situation. It lies with you to
+    carry on, etc.; {dioikeite} is of course imperative.
+
+ (49) Or, "taxes."
+
+ (50) Reading, after Zurborg, {dia ta ellimenia}. Or, if the vulg. {dia
+    en limeni}, transl. "an augmentation of market dues at Piraeus."
+
+ (51) I.e. as fixed capital, or, "you should expend on plant."
+
+ (52) Or, adopting Zurborg's emend, {os an pleista eggignetai}, transl.
+    "for the purposes of the present scheme as far as it may be
+    available."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Again, if there is an apprehension on the part of any that the whole
+      scheme (53) will crumble into nothing on the first outbreak of war, I
+      would only beg these alarmists to note that, under the condition of things
+      which we propose to bring about, war will have more terrors for the
+      attacking party than for this state. Since what possession I should like
+      to know can be more serviceable for war than that of men? Think of the
+      many ships which they will be capable of manning on public service. Think
+      of the number who will serve on land as infantry (in the public service)
+      and will bear hard upon the enemy. Only we must treat them with courtesy.
+      (54) For myself, my calculation is, that even in the event of war we shall
+      be quite able to keep a firm hold of the silver mines. I may take it, we
+      have in the neighbourhood of the mines certain fortresses&mdash;one on the
+      southern slope in Anaphlystus; (55) and we have another on the northern
+      side in Thoricus, the two being about seven and a half miles (56) apart.
+      Suppose then a third breastwork were to be placed between these, on the
+      highest point of Besa, that would enable the operatives to collect into
+      one out of all the fortresses, and at the first perception of a hostile
+      movement it would only be a short distance for each to retire into safety.
+      (57) In the event of an enemy advancing in large numbers they might
+      certainly make off with whatever corn or wine or cattle they found
+      outside. But even if they did get hold of the silver ore, it would be
+      little better to them than a heap of stones. (58) But how is an enemy ever
+      to march upon the mines in force? The nearest state, Megara, is distant, I
+      take it, a good deal over sixty miles; (59) and the next closest, Thebes,
+      a good deal nearer seventy. (60) Supposing then an enemy to advance from
+      some such point to attack the mines, he cannot avoid passing Athens; and
+      presuming his force to be small, we may expect him to be annihilated by
+      our cavalry and frontier police. (61) I say, presuming his force to be
+      small, since to march with anything like a large force, and thereby leave
+      his own territory denuded of troops, would be a startling achievement.
+      Why, the fortified city of Athens will be much closer the states of the
+      attacking parties than they themselves will be by the time they have got
+      to the mines. But, for the sake of argument, let us suppose an enemy to
+      have arrived in the neighbourhood of Laurium; how is he going to stop
+      there without provisions? To go out in search of supplies with a
+      detachment of his force would imply risk, both for the foraging party and
+      for those who have to do the fighting; (62) whilst, if they are driven to
+      do so in force each time, they may call themselves besiegers, but they
+      will be practically in a state of siege themselves.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (53) Or, "the proposed organisation."
+
+ (54) See ch. ii. above.
+
+ (55) Or, reading {en te pros mesembrian thalatte}, "on the southern
+    Sea." For Anaphlystus see "Hell." I. ii. 1; "Mem." III. v. 25. It
+    was Eubulus's deme, the leading statesman at this date.
+
+ (56) Lit. "60 stades."
+
+ (57) The passage {sunekoi t an erga}, etc., is probably corrupt. {Ta
+    erga} seems to mean "the operatives;" cf. Latin "operae." Others
+    take it of "the works themselves." Possibly it may refer to
+    military works connecting the three fortresses named. "There might
+    be a system of converging (works or) lines drawn to a single point
+    from all the fortresses, and at the first sign of any thing
+    hostile," etc.
+
+ (58) I.e. "they might as well try to carry off so many tons of stone."
+
+ (59) Lit. "500 stades."
+
+ (60) Lit. "more than 600 stades."
+
+ (61) The {peripoloi}, or horse patrol to guard the frontier. See Thuc.
+    iv. 57, viii. 92; Arist. "Birds,"ii. 76. Young Athenians between
+    eighteen and twenty were eligible for the service.
+
+ (62) Or, "for the very object of the contest." The construction is in
+    any case unusual. {peri on agonizontai} = {peri touton oi}.
+    Zurborg suggests {peri ton agonizomenon}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But it is not the income (63) derived from the slaves alone to which we
+      look to help the state towards the effective maintenance of her citizens,
+      but with the growth and concentration of a thick population in the mining
+      district various sources of revenue will accrue, whether from the market
+      at Sunium, or from the various state buildings in connection with the
+      silver mines, from furnaces and all the rest. Since we must expect a
+      thickly populated city to spring up here, if organised in the way
+      proposed, and plots of land will become as valuable to owners out there as
+      they are to those who possess them in the neighbourhood of the capital.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (63) I adopt Zurborg's correction, {prosphora} for {eisphora}, as
+    obviously right. See above, iv. 23.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      If, at this point, I may assume my proposals to have been carried into
+      effect, I think I can promise, not only that our city shall be relieved
+      from a financial strain, but that she shall make a great stride in
+      orderliness and in tactical organisation, she shall grow in martial spirit
+      and readiness for war. I anticipate that those who are under orders to go
+      through gymnastic training will devote themselves with a new zeal to the
+      details of the training school, now that they will receive a larger
+      maintenance whilst (64) under the orders of the trainer in the torch race.
+      So again those on garrison duty in the various fortresses, those enrolled
+      as peltasts, or again as frontier police to protect the rural districts,
+      one and all will carry out their respective duties more ardently when the
+      maintenance (64) appropriate to these several functions is duly
+      forthcoming.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (64) I follow Zurborg in omitting {e}. If {e} is to stand, transl.
+    "than they get whilst supplied by the gymnasiarch in the torch
+    race," or "whilst exercising the office of gymnasiarchs
+    themselves." See "Pol. Ath." i. 13.
+
+ (65) "State aid."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But now, if it is evident that, in order to get the full benefit of all
+      these sources of revenue, (1) peace is an indispensable condition&mdash;if
+      that is plain, I say, the question suggests itself, would it not be worth
+      while to appoint a board to act as guardians of peace? Since no doubt the
+      election of such a magistracy would enhance the charm of this city in the
+      eyes of the whole world, and add largely to the number of our visitors.
+      But if any one is disposed to take the view, that by adopting a persistent
+      peace policy, (2) this city will be shorn of her power, that her glory
+      will dwindle and her good name be forgotten throughout the length and
+      breadth of Hellas, the view so taken by our friends here (3) is in my poor
+      judgment somewhat unreasonable. For they are surely the happy states,
+      they, in popular language, are most fortune-favoured, which endure in
+      peace the longest season. And of all states Athens is pre-eminently
+      adapted by nature to flourish and wax strong in peace. The while she
+      abides in peace she cannot fail to exercise an attractive force on all.
+      From the mariner and the merchant upwards, all seek her, flocking they
+      come; the wealthy dealers in corn and wine (4) and oil, the owner of many
+      cattle. And not these only, but the man who depends upon his wits, whose
+      skill it is to do business and make gain out of money (5) and its
+      employment. And here another crowd, artificers of all sorts, artists and
+      artisans, professors of wisdom, (6) philosophers, and poets, with those
+      who exhibit and popularise their works. (7) And next a new train of
+      pleasure-seekers, eager to feast on everything sacred or secular, (8)
+      which may captivate and charm eye and ear. Or once again, where are all
+      those who seek to effect a rapid sale or purchase of a thousand
+      commodities, to find what they want, if not at Athens?
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, "to set these several sources of revenue flowing in full
+    stream."
+
+ (2) Cf. "a policy of peace at any price," or, "by persisting for any
+    length of time in the enjoyment of peace."
+
+ (3) {kai outoi ge}. The speaker waves his hand to the quarter of the
+    house where the anti-peace party is seated.
+
+ (4) After Zurborg, I omit {oukh oi eduoinoi}.
+
+ (5) Reading {kai ap arguriou}, with Zurborg.
+
+ (6) Lit. "Sophists." See Grote, "H. G." viii. lxvii. note, p. 497.
+
+ (7) E.g. chorus-trainers, musicians, grammarians, rhapsodists, and
+    actors.
+
+ (8) Or, "sacred and profane."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But if there is no desire to gainsay these views&mdash;only that certain
+      people, in their wish to recover that headship (9) which was once the
+      pride of our city, are persuaded that the accomplishment of their hopes is
+      to be found, not in peace but in war, I beg them to reflect on some
+      matters of history, and to begin at the beginning, (10) the Median war.
+      Was it by high-handed violence, or as benefactors of the Hellenes, that we
+      obtained the headship of the naval forces, and the trusteeship of the
+      treasury of Hellas? (11) Again, when through the too cruel exercise of her
+      presidency, as men thought, Athens was deprived of her empire, is it not
+      the case that even in those days, (12) as soon as we held aloof from
+      injustice we were once more reinstated by the islanders, of their own free
+      will, as presidents of the naval force? Nay, did not the very Thebans, in
+      return for certain benefits, grant to us Athenians to exercise leadership
+      over them? (13) And at another date the Lacedaemonans suffered us
+      Athenians to arrange the terms of hegemony (14) at our discretion, not as
+      driven to such submission, but in requital of kindly treatment. And
+      to-day, owing to the chaos (15) which reigns in Hellas, if I mistake not,
+      an opportunity has fallen to this city of winning back our fellow-Hellenes
+      without pain or peril or expense of any sort. It is given to us to try and
+      harmonise states which are at war with one another: it is given to us to
+      reconcile the differences of rival factions within those states
+      themselves, wherever existing.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) Lit. "her hegemony for the city," B.C. 476.
+
+ (10) "And first of all."
+
+ (11) See Thuc. i. 96.
+
+ (12) B.C. 378. Second confederacy of Delos. See Grote, "H. G." x. 152.
+
+ (13) B.C. 375. Cf. "Hell." V. iv. 62; Grote, "H. G." x. 139; Isocr.
+    "Or." xiv. 20; Diod. Sic. xv. 29.
+
+ (14) B.C. 369 (al. B.C. 368). Cf. "Hell." VII. i. 14.
+
+ (15) See "Hell."VII. v. 27.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Make it but evident that we are minded to preserve the independence (16)
+      of the Delphic shrine in its primitive integrity, not by joining in any
+      war but by the moral force of embassies throughout the length and breadth
+      of Hellas&mdash;and I for one shall not be astonished if you find our
+      brother Hellenes of one sentiment and eager under seal of solemn oaths
+      (17) to proceed against those, whoever they may be, who shall seek (18) to
+      step into the place vacated by the Phocians and to occupy the sacred
+      shrine. Make it but evident that you intend to establish a general peace
+      by land and sea, and, if I mistake not, your efforts will find a response
+      in the hearts of all. There is no man but will pray for the salvation of
+      Athens next to that of his own fatherland.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) "Autonomy."
+
+ (17) See Thuc. v. 18, clause 2 of the Treaty of Peace, B.C. 422-421.
+
+ (18) Reading, with Zurborg, {peironto}. Or, if the vulgate
+    {epeironto}, transl. "against those who sought to step."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Again, is any one persuaded that, looking solely to riches and
+      money-making, the state may find war more profitable than peace? If so, I
+      cannot conceive a better method to decide that question than to allow the
+      mind to revert (19) to the past history of the state and to note well the
+      sequence of events. He will discover that in times long gone by during a
+      period of peace vast wealth was stored up in the acropolis, the whole of
+      which was lavishly expended during a subsequent period of war. He will
+      perceive, if he examines closely, that even at the present time we are
+      suffering from its ill effects. Countless sources of revenue have failed,
+      or if they have still flowed in, been lavishly expended on a multiplicity
+      of things. Whereas, (20) now that peace is established by sea, our
+      revenues have expanded and the citizens of Athens have it in their power
+      to turn these to account as they like best.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) Reading {epanoskopoin}.
+
+ (20) Or, "But the moment peace has been restored."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But if you turn on me with the question, "Do you really mean that even in
+      the event of unjust attacks upon our city on the part of any, we are still
+      resolutely to observe peace towards that offender?" I answer distinctly,
+      No! But, on the contrary, I maintain that we shall all the more promptly
+      retaliate on such aggression in proportion as we have done no wrong to any
+      one ourselves. Since that will be to rob the aggressor of his allies. (21)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) Reading, after Cobet, {ei medena uparkhoimen adikountes}. Or, if
+    the vulgate {ei medena parakhoimen adikounta}, transl. "if we can
+    show complete innocence on our own side."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      VI
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But now, if none of these proposals be impracticable or even difficult of
+      execution; if rather by giving them effect we may conciliate further the
+      friendship of Hellas, whilst we strengthen our own administration and
+      increase our fame; if by the same means the people shall be provided with
+      the necessaries of life, and our rich men be relieved of expenditure on
+      war; if with the large surplus to be counted on, we are in a position to
+      conduct our festivals on an even grander scale than heretofore, to restore
+      our temples, to rebuild our forts and docks, and to reinstate in their
+      ancient privileges our priests, our senators, our magistrates, and our
+      knights&mdash;surely it were but reasonable to enter upon this project
+      speedily, so that we too, even in our own day, may witness the unclouded
+      dawn of prosperity in store for our city.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But if you are agreed to carry out this plan, there is one further counsel
+      which I would urge upon you. Send to Dodona and to Delphi, I would beg
+      you, and consult the will of Heaven whether such a provision and such a
+      policy on our part be truly to the interest of Athens both for the present
+      and for the time to come. If the consent of Heaven be thus obtained, we
+      ought then, I say, to put a further question: whose special favour among
+      the gods shall we seek to secure with a view to the happier execution of
+      these measures?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And in accordance with that answer, let us offer a sacrifice of happy omen
+      to the deities so named, and commence the work; since if these
+      transactions be so carried out with the will of God, have we not the right
+      to prognosticate some further advance in the path of political progress
+      for this whole state?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On Revenues, by Xenophon
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+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of On Revenues, by Xenophon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: On Revenues
+
+Author: Xenophon
+
+Translator: H. G. Dakyns
+
+Release Date: August 27, 2008 [EBook #1179]
+Release Date: January, 1998
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON REVENUES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by John Bickers
+
+
+
+
+
+ON REVENUES
+
+By Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+
+
+
+        Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+        pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+        and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+        and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+        years before having to move once more, to settle
+        in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+        Revenues describes Xenophon's ideas to solve the
+        problem of poverty in Athens, and thus remove an
+        excuse to mistreat the Athenian allies.
+
+
+
+
+    PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+    This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+    four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though
+    there is doubt about some of these) is:
+
+    Work                                   Number of books
+
+    The Anabasis                                         7
+    The Hellenica                                        7
+    The Cyropaedia                                       8
+    The Memorabilia                                      4
+    The Symposium                                        1
+    The Economist                                        1
+    On Horsemanship                                      1
+    The Sportsman                                        1
+    The Cavalry General                                  1
+    The Apology                                          1
+    On Revenues                                          1
+    The Hiero                                            1
+    The Agesilaus                                        1
+    The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+    Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into
+    English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The
+    diacritical marks have been lost.
+
+
+
+
+WAYS AND MEANS
+
+A Pamphlet On Revenues
+
+
+
+I
+
+For myself I hold to the opinion that the qualities of the leading
+statesmen in a state, whatever they be, are reproduced in the character
+of the constitution itself. (1)
+
+ (1) "Like minister, like government." For the same idea more fully
+    expressed, see "Cyrop." VIII. i. 8; viii. 5.
+
+As, however, it has been maintained by certain leading statesmen in
+Athens that the recognised standard of right and wrong is as high at
+Athens as elsewhere, but that, owing to the pressure of poverty on the
+masses, a certain measure of injustice in their dealing with the allied
+states (2) could not be avoided; I set myself to discover whether by
+any manner of means it were possible for the citizens of Athens to be
+supported solely from the soil of Attica itself, which was obviously
+the most equitable solution. For if so, herein lay, as I believed, the
+antidote at once to their own poverty and to the feeling of suspicion
+with which they are regarded by the rest of Hellas.
+
+ (2) Lit. "the cities," i.e. of the alliance, {tas summakhidas}.
+
+I had no sooner begun my investigation than one fact presented itself
+clearly to my mind, which is that the country itself is made by nature
+to provide the amplest resources. And with a view to establishing the
+truth of this initial proposition I will describe the physical features
+of Attica.
+
+In the first place, the extraordinary mildness of the climate is proved
+by the actual products of the soil. Numerous plants which in many parts
+of the world appear as stunted leafless growths are here fruit-bearing.
+And as with the soil so with the sea indenting our coasts, the varied
+productivity of which is exceptionally great. Again with regard to those
+kindly fruits of earth (3) which Providence bestows on man season by
+season, one and all they commence earlier and end later in this land.
+Nor is the supremacy of Attica shown only in those products which year
+after year flourish and grow old, but the land contains treasures of
+a more perennial kind. Within its folds lies imbedded by nature an
+unstinted store of marble, out of which are chiselled (4) temples and
+altars of rarest beauty and the glittering splendour of images sacred
+to the gods. This marble, moreover, is an object of desire to many
+foreigners, Hellenes and barbarians alike. Then there is land which,
+although it yields no fruit to the sower, needs only to be quarried
+in order to feed many times more mouths than it could as corn-land.
+Doubtless we owe it to a divine dispensation that our land is veined
+with silver; if we consider how many neighbouring states lie round us
+by land and sea and yet into none of them does a single thinnest vein of
+silver penetrate.
+
+ (3) Lit. "those good things which the gods afford in their seasons."
+
+ (4) Or, "arise," or "are fashioned."
+
+Indeed it would be scarcely irrational to maintain that the city of
+Athens lies at the navel, not of Hellas merely, but of the habitable
+world. So true is it, that the farther we remove from Athens the
+greater the extreme of heat or cold to be encountered; or to use another
+illustration, the traveller who desires to traverse the confines of
+Hellas from end to end will find that, whether he voyages by sea or by
+land, he is describing a circle, the centre of which is Athens. (5)
+
+ (5) See "Geog. of Brit. Isles." J. R. and S. A. Green, ch. i. p. 7:
+    "London, in fact, is placed at what is very nearly the geometrical
+    centre of those masses of land which make up the earth surface of
+    the globe, and is thus more than any city of the world the natural
+    point of convergence for its different lines of navigation," etc.
+    The natural advantages of Boeotia are similarly set forth by
+    Ephorus. Cf. Strab. ix. 2, p. 400.
+
+Once more, this land though not literally sea-girt has all the
+advantages of an island, being accessible to every wind that blows, and
+can invite to its bosom or waft from its shore all products, since it is
+peninsular; whilst by land it is the emporium of many markets, as being
+a portion of the continent.
+
+Lastly, while the majority of states have barbarian neighbours,
+the source of many troubles, Athens has as her next-door neighbours
+civilised states which are themselves far remote from the barbarians.
+
+
+
+II
+
+All these advantages, to repeat what I have said, may, I believe, be
+traced primarily to the soil and position of Attica itself. But these
+natural blessings may be added to: in the first place, by a careful
+handling of our resident alien (1) population. And, for my part, I can
+hardly conceive of a more splendid source of revenue than lies open
+in this direction. Here you have a self-supporting class of residents
+conferring large benefits upon the state, and instead of receiving
+payment (2) themselves, contributing on the contrary to the gain of
+the exchequer by the sojourners' tax. (3) Nor, under the term careful
+handling, do I demand more than the removal of obligations which, whilst
+they confer no benefit on the state, have an air of inflicting various
+disabilities on the resident aliens. (4) And I would further relieve
+them from the obligation of serving as hoplites side by side with the
+citizen proper; since, beside the personal risk, which is great, the
+trouble of quitting trades and homesteads is no trifle. (5) Incidentally
+the state itself would benefit by this exemption, if the citizens were
+more in the habit of campaigning with one another, rather than (6)
+shoulder to shoulder with Lydians, Phrygians, Syrians, and barbarians
+from all quarters of the world, who form the staple of our resident
+alien class. Besides the advantage (of so weeding the ranks), (7) it
+would add a positive lustre to our city, were it admitted that the
+men of Athens, her sons, have reliance on themselves rather than on
+foreigners to fight her battles. And further, supposing we offered our
+resident aliens a share in various other honourable duties, including
+the cavalry service, (8) I shall be surprised if we do not increase
+the goodwill of the aliens themselves, whilst at the same time we add
+distinctly to the strength and grandeur of our city.
+
+ (1) Lit. "metics" or "metoecs."
+
+ (2) {misthos}, e.g. of the assembly, the senate, and the dicasts.
+
+ (3) The {metoikion}. See Plat. "Laws," 850 B; according to Isaeus, ap.
+    Harpocr. s.v., it was 12 drachmae per annum for a male and 6
+    drachmae for a female.
+
+ (4) Or, "the class in question." According to Schneider (who cites the
+    {atimetos metanastes} of Homer, "Il." ix. 648), the reference is
+    not to disabilities in the technical sense, but to humiliating
+    duties, such as the {skaphephoria} imposed on the men, or the
+    {udriaphoria} and {skiadephoria} imposed on their wives and
+    daughters in attendance on the {kanephoroi} at the Panathenaic and
+    other festival processions. See Arist. "Eccles." 730 foll.;
+    Boeckh, "P. E. A." IV. x. (Eng. tr. G. Cornewall Lewis, p. 538).
+
+ (5) Or, reading {megas men gar o agon, mega de kai to apo ton tekhnon
+    kai ton oikeion apienai}, after Zurborg ("Xen. de Reditibus
+    Libellus," Berolini, MDCCCLXXVI.), transl. "since it is severe
+    enough to enter the arena of war, but all the worse when that
+    implies the abandonment of your trade and your domestic concerns."
+
+ (6) Or, "instead of finding themselves brigaded as nowadays with a
+    motley crew of Lydians," etc.
+
+ (7) Zurborg, after Cobet, omits the words so rendered.
+
+ (8) See "Hipparch." ix. 3, where Xenophon in almost identical words
+    recommends that reform.
+
+In the next place, seeing that there are at present numerous building
+sites within the city walls as yet devoid of houses, supposing the state
+were to make free grants of such land (9) to foreigners for building
+purposes in cases where there could be no doubt as to the respectability
+of the applicant, if I am not mistaken, the result of such a measure
+will be that a larger number of persons, and of a better class, will be
+attracted to Athens as a place of residence.
+
+ (9) Or, "offer the fee simple of such property to."
+
+Lastly, if we could bring ourselves to appoint, as a new government
+office, a board of guardians of foreign residents like our Guardians of
+Orphans, (10) with special privileges assigned to those guardians who
+should show on their books the greatest number of resident aliens--such
+a measure would tend to improve the goodwill of the class in question,
+and in all probability all people without a city of their own would
+aspire to the status of foreign residents in Athens, and so further
+increase the revenues of the city. (11)
+
+ (10) "The Archon was the legal protector of all orphans. It was his
+    duty to appoint guardians, if none were named in the father's
+    will."--C. R. Kennedy, Note to "Select Speeches of Demosthenes."
+    The orphans of those who had fallen in the war (Thuc. ii. 46) were
+    specially cared for.
+
+ (11) Or, "help to swell the state exchequer."
+
+
+
+III
+
+At this point I propose to offer some remarks in proof of the
+attractions and advantages of Athens as a centre of commercial
+enterprise. In the first place, it will hardly be denied that we possess
+the finest and safest harbourage for shipping, where vessels of all
+sorts can come to moorings and be laid up in absolute security (1) as
+far as stress of weather is concerned. But further than that, in most
+states the trader is under the necessity of lading his vessel with some
+merchandise (2) or other in exchange for his cargo, since the current
+coin (3) has no circulation beyond the frontier. But at Athens he has a
+choice: he can either in return for his wares export a variety of goods,
+such as human beings seek after, or, if he does not desire to take goods
+in exchange for goods, he has simply to export silver, and he cannot
+have a more excellent freight to export, since wherever he likes to sell
+it he may look to realise a large percentage on his capital. (4)
+
+ (1) Reading {adeos} after Cobet, or if {edeos}, transl. "in perfect
+    comfort."
+
+ (2) Or, "of exchanging cargo for cargo to the exclusion of specie."
+
+ (3) I.e. of the particular locality. See "The Types of Greek Coins,"
+    Percy Gardner, ch. ii. "International Currencies among the
+    Greeks."
+
+ (4) Or, "on the original outlay."
+
+Or again, supposing prizes (5) were offered to the magistrates in charge
+of the market (6) for equitable and speedy settlements of points in
+dispute (7) to enable any one so wishing to proceed on his voyage
+without hindrance, the result would be that far more traders would trade
+with us and with greater satisfaction.
+
+ (5) Cf. "Hiero," ix. 6, 7, 11; "Hipparch." i. 26.
+
+ (6) {to tou emporiou arkhe}. Probably he is referring to the
+    {epimeletai emporiou} (overseers of the market). See Harpocr.
+    s.v.; Aristot. "Athenian Polity," 51.
+
+ (7) For the sort of case, see Demosth. (or Deinarch.) "c. Theocr."
+    1324; Zurborg ad loc.; Boeckh, I. ix. xv. (pp. 48, 81, Eng. tr.)
+
+It would indeed be a good and noble institution to pay special marks
+of honour, such as the privilege of the front seat, to merchants and
+shipowners, and on occasion to invite to hospitable entertainment those
+who, through something notable in the quality of ship or merchandise,
+may claim to have done the state a service. The recipients of these
+honours will rush into our arms as friends, not only under the incentive
+of gain, but of distinction also.
+
+Now the greater the number of people attracted to Athens either as
+visitors or as residents, clearly the greater the development of imports
+and exports. More goods will be sent out of the country, (8) there will
+be more buying and selling, with a consequent influx of money in
+the shape of rents to individuals and dues and customs to the state
+exchequer. And to secure this augmentation of the revenues, mind you,
+not the outlay of one single penny; nothing needed beyond one or two
+philanthropic measures and certain details of supervision. (9)
+
+ (8) See Zurborg, "Comm." p. 24.
+
+ (9) See Aristot. "Pol." iv. 15, 3.
+
+With regard to the other sources of revenue which I contemplate, I
+admit, it is different. For these I recognise the necessity of a capital
+(10) to begin with. I am not, however, without good hope that the
+citizens of this state will contribute heartily to such an object, when
+I reflect on the large sums subscribed by the state on various late
+occasions, as, for instance, when reinforcements were sent to the
+Arcadians under the command of Lysistratus, (11) and again at the date
+of the generalship of Hegesileos. (12) I am well aware that ships of
+war are frequently despatched and that too (13) although it is uncertain
+whether the venture will be for the better or for the worse, and
+the only certainty is that the contributor will not recover the sum
+subscribed nor have any further share in the object for which he gave
+his contribution. (14)
+
+ (10) "A starting-point."
+
+ (11) B.C. 366; cf. "Hell." VII. iv. 3.
+
+ (12) B.C. 362; cf. "Hell." VII. v. 15. See Grote, "H. G." x. 459;
+    Ephor. ap. Diog. Laert. ii. 54; Diod. Sic. xv. 84; Boeckh, ap. L.
+    Dindorf. Xenophon's son Gryllus served under him and was slain.
+
+ (13) Reading {kai tauta toutout men adelou ontos}, after Zurborg.
+
+ (14) Reading { (uper) on an eisenegkosi} with Zurborg. See his note,
+    "Comm." p. 25.
+
+But for a sound investment (15) I know of nothing comparable with
+the initial outlay to form this fund. (16) Any one whose contribution
+amounts to ten minae (17) may look forward to a return as high as he
+would get on bottomry, of nearly one-fifth, (18) as the recipient of
+three obols a day. The contributor of five minae (19) will on the same
+principle get more than a third, (20) while the majority of Athenians
+will get more than cent per cent on their contribution. That is to say,
+a subscription of one mina (21) will put the subscriber in possession
+of nearly double that sum, (22) and that, moreover, without setting
+foot outside Athens, which, as far as human affairs go, is as sound and
+durable a security as possible.
+
+ (15) "A good substantial property."
+
+ (16) Or, "on the other hand, I affirm that the outlay necessary to
+    form the capital for my present project will be more remunerative
+    than any other that can be named." As to the scheme itself see
+    Grote, "Plato," III. ch. xxxix.; Boeckh, op. cit. (pp. 4, 37, 136,
+    600 seq. Eng. tr.) Cf. Demosth. "de Sym." for another scheme, 354
+    B.C., which shows the "sound administrative and practical
+    judgment" of the youthful orator as compared with "the benevolent
+    dreams and ample public largess in which Xenophon here indulges."
+    --Grote, op. cit. p. 601.
+
+ (17) L40:12:4 = 1000 drachmae.
+
+ (18) I.e. exactly 18 or nearly 20 per cent. The following table will
+    make the arithmetic clear:--
+
+        6 ob. = 1 drachma           10 minae = 6000 ob.
+      100 dr. = 1 mina                       = 1000 dr.
+
+      600 ob. = 1 mina   1000 dr.:180 dr.::100:18 therefore nearly 1/5
+    3 ob. (a day) x 360 = 1080 ob. p.a.      = nearly 20 per cent.
+                        =  180 dr. p.a.
+
+    As to the 3 obols a day (= 180 dr. p.a.) which as an Athenian
+    citizen he is entitled to, see Grote, op. cit. p. 597: "There will
+    be a regular distribution among all citizens, per head and
+    equally. Three oboli, or half a drachma, will be allotted daily to
+    each, to poor and rich alike"  (on the principle of the Theorikon).
+    "For the poor citizens this will provide a comfortable
+    subsistence, without any contribution on their part; the poverty
+    now prevailing will thus be alleviated. The rich, like the poor,
+    receive the daily triobolon as a free gift; but if they compute it
+    as interest for their investments, they will find that the rate of
+    interest is full and satisfactory, like the rate on bottomry."
+    Zurborg, "Comm." p. 25; Boeckh, op. cit. IV. xxi. (p. 606, Eng.
+    tr.); and Grote's note, op. cit. p. 598.
+
+ (19) = L20:6:3 = 500 drachmae.
+
+ (20) = I.e. 36 per cent.
+
+ (21) = L4:1:3 = 100 drachmae.
+
+ (22) I.e. 180 per cent.
+
+Moreover, I am of opinion that if the names of contributors were to be
+inscribed as benefactors for all time, many foreigners would be induced
+to contribute, and possibly not a few states, in their desire to obtain
+the right of inscription; indeed I anticipate that some kings, (23)
+tyrants, (24) and satraps will display a keen desire to share in such a
+favour.
+
+ (23) Zurborg suggests (p. 5) "Philip or Cersobleptes." Cf. Isocr. "On
+    the Peace," S. 23.
+
+ (24) I.e. despotic monarchs.
+
+To come to the point. Were such a capital once furnished, it would be a
+magnificent plan to build lodging-houses for the benefit of shipmasters
+in the neighbourhood of the harbours, in addition to those which
+exist; and again, on the same principle, suitable places of meeting for
+merchants, for the purposes (25) of buying and selling; and thirdly,
+public lodging-houses for persons visiting the city. Again, supposing
+dwelling-houses and stores for vending goods were fitted up for retail
+dealers in Piraeus and the city, they would at once be an ornament to
+the state and a fertile source of revenue. Also it seems to me it would
+be a good thing to try and see if, on the principle on which at present
+the state possesses public warships, it would not be possible to secure
+public merchant vessels, to be let out on the security of guarantors
+just like any other public property. If the plan were found feasible
+this public merchant navy would be a large source of extra revenue.
+
+ (25) Reading, with Zurborg, {epi one te}.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+I come to a new topic. I am persuaded that the establishment of the
+silver mines on a proper footing (1) would be followed by a large
+increase in wealth apart from the other sources of revenue. And I would
+like, for the benefit of those who may be ignorant, to point out what
+the capacity of these mines really is. You will then be in a position
+to decide how to turn them to better account. It is clear, I presume,
+to every one that these mines have for a very long time been in active
+operation; at any rate no one will venture to fix the date at which they
+first began to be worked. (2) Now in spite of the fact that the silver
+ore has been dug and carried out for so long a time, I would ask you to
+note that the mounds of rubbish so shovelled out are but a fractional
+portion of the series of hillocks containing veins of silver, and as
+yet unquarried. Nor is the silver-bearing region gradually becoming
+circumscribed. On the contrary it is evidently extending in wider area
+from year to year. That is to say, during the period in which thousands
+of workers (3) have been employed within the mines no hand was ever
+stopped for want of work to do. Rather, at any given moment, the work to
+be done was more than enough for the hands employed. And so it is
+to-day with the owners of slaves working in the mines; no one dreams
+of reducing the number of his hands. On the contrary, the object is
+perpetually to acquire as many additional hands as the owner possibly
+can. The fact is that with few hands to dig and search, the find of
+treasure will be small, but with an increase in labour the discovery of
+the ore itself is more than proportionally increased. So much so, that
+of all operations with which I am acquainted, this is the only one
+in which no sort of jealousy is felt at a further development of the
+industry. (4) I may go a step farther; every proprietor of a farm will
+be able to tell you exactly how many yoke of oxen are sufficient for the
+estate, and how many farm hands. To send into the field more than the
+exact number requisite every farmer would consider a dead loss. (5) But
+in silver mining (operations) the universal complaint is the want of
+hands. Indeed there is no analogy between this and other industries.
+With an increase in the number of bronze-workers articles of bronze may
+become so cheap that the bronze-worker has to retire from the field. And
+so again with ironfounders. Or again, in a plethoric condition of the
+corn and wine market these fruits of the soil will be so depreciated in
+value that the particular husbandries cease to be remunerative, and many
+a farmer will give up his tillage of the soil and betake himself to the
+business of a merchant, or of a shopkeeper, to banking or money-lending.
+But the converse is the case in the working of silver; there the larger
+the quantity of ore discovered and the greater the amount of silver
+extracted, the greater the number of persons ready to engage in the
+operation. One more illustration: take the case of movable property. No
+one when he has got sufficient furniture for his house dreams of making
+further purchases on this head, but of silver no one ever yet possessed
+so much that he was forced to cry "enough." On the contrary, if ever
+anybody does become possessed of an immoderate amount he finds as much
+pleasure in digging a hole in the ground and hoarding it as in the
+actual employment of it. And from a wider point of view: when a state is
+prosperous there is nothing which people so much desire as silver.
+The men want money to expend on beautiful armour and fine horses, and
+houses, and sumptuous paraphernalia (6) of all sorts. The women betake
+themselves to expensive apparel and ornaments of gold. Or when states
+are sick, (7) either through barrenness of corn and other fruits, or
+through war, the demand for current coin is even more imperative (whilst
+the ground lies unproductive), to pay for necessaries or military aid.
+
+ (1) Or, "on a sound basis."
+
+ (2) "Exploited."
+
+ (3) Or, "at the date when the maximum of hands was employed."
+
+ (4) Reading {epikataskeuazumenois}, or, if {episkeuazomenoi}, transl.
+    "at the rehabilitation of old works."
+
+ (5) Cf. "Oecon." xvii. 12.
+
+ (6) "The thousand and one embellishments of civil life."
+
+ (7) "When a state is struck down with barrenness," etc. See "Mem." II.
+    vii.
+
+And if it be asserted that gold is after all just as useful as silver,
+without gainsaying the proposition I may note this fact (8) about gold,
+that, with a sudden influx of this metal, it is the gold itself which
+is depreciated whilst causing at the same time a rise in the value of
+silver.
+
+ (8) Lit. "I know, however."
+
+The above facts are, I think, conclusive. They encourage us not only to
+introduce as much human labour as possible into the mines, but to extend
+the scale of operations within, by increase of plant, etc., in full
+assurance that there is no danger either of the ore itself being
+exhausted or of silver becoming depreciated. And in advancing these
+views I am merely following a precedent set me by the state herself. So
+it seems to me, since the state permits any foreigner who desires it to
+undertake mining operations on a footing of equality (9) with her own
+citizens.
+
+ (9) Or, "at an equal rent with that which she imposes on her own
+    citizens." See Boeckh, "P. E. A." IV. x. (p. 540, Eng. tr.)
+
+But, to make my meaning clearer on the question of maintenance, I will
+at this point explain in detail how the silver mines may be furnished
+and extended so as to render them much more useful to the state. Only I
+would premise that I claim no sort of admiration for anything which I am
+about to say, as though I had hit upon some recondite discovery. Since
+half of what I have to say is at the present moment still patent to the
+eyes of all of us, and as to what belongs to past history, if we are to
+believe the testimony of our fathers, (10) things were then much of a
+piece with what is going on now. No, what is really marvellous is that
+the state, with the fact of so many private persons growing wealthy
+at her expense, and under her very eyes, should have failed to imitate
+them. It is an old story, trite enough to those of us who have cared to
+attend to it, how once on a time Nicias, the son of Niceratus, owned
+a thousand men in the silver mines, (11) whom he let out to Sosias, a
+Thracian, on the following terms. Sosias was to pay him a net obol a
+day, without charge or deduction, for every slave of the thousand,
+and be (12) responsible for keeping up the number perpetually at that
+figure. So again Hipponicus (13) had six hundred slaves let out on
+the same principle, which brought him in a net mina (14) a day without
+charge or deduction. Then there was Philemonides, with three hundred,
+bringing him in half a mina, and others, I make no doubt there were,
+making profits in proportion to their respective resources and capital.
+(15) But there is no need to revert to ancient history. At the present
+moment there are hundreds of human beings in the mines let out on
+the same principle. (16) And given that my proposal were carried into
+effect, the only novelty in it is that, just as the individual in
+acquiring the ownership of a gang of slaves finds himself at once
+provided with a permanent source of income, so the state, in like
+fashion, should possess herself of a body of public slaves, to the
+number, say, of three for every Athenian citizen. (17) As to the
+feasibility of our proposals, I challenge any one whom it may concern to
+test the scheme point by point, and to give his verdict.
+
+ (10) Reading {para ton pateron}, with Zurborg, after Wilamowitz-
+    Mollendorf.
+
+ (11) See "Mem." II. v. 2; Plut. "Nicias," 4; "Athen." vi. 272. See an
+    important criticism of Boeckh's view by Cornewall Lewis,
+    translation of "P. E. A." p. 675 foll.
+
+ (12) Reading {parekhein}, or if {pareikhen}, transl. "whilst he
+    himself kept up the number." See H. hagen in "Journ. Philol." x.
+    19, pp. 34-36; also Zurborg, "Comm." p. 28.
+
+ (13) Son of Callias.
+
+ (14) = L4:1:3 = 600 ob.
+
+ (15) Or, "whose incomes would vary in proportion to their working
+    capital."
+
+ (16) See Jebb, "Theophr." xxvi. 21.
+
+ (17) According to the ancient authorities the citizens of Athens
+    numbered about 21,000 at this date, which would give about 63,000
+    as the number of state-slaves contemplated for the purposes of the
+    scheme. See Zurborg, "Comm." p. 29. "At a census taken in B.C. 309
+    the number of slaves was returned at 400,000, and it does not seem
+    likely that there were fewer at any time during the classical
+    period."--"A Companion to School Classics" (James Gow), p. 101,
+    xiii. "Population of Attica."
+
+With regard to the price then of the men themselves, it is obvious that
+the public treasury is in a better position to provide funds than any
+private individuals. What can be easier than for the Council (18) to
+invite by public proclamation all whom it may concern to bring their
+slaves, and to buy up those produced? Assuming the purchase to be
+effected, is it credible that people will hesitate to hire from the
+state rather than from the private owner, and actually on the same
+terms? People have at all events no hesitation at present in hiring
+consecrated grounds, sacred victims, (19) houses, etc., or in purchasing
+the right of farming taxes from the state. To ensure the preservation
+of the purchased property, the treasury can take the same securities
+precisely from the lessee as it does from those who purchase the right
+of farming its taxes. Indeed, fraudulent dealing is easier on the part
+of the man who has purchased such a right than of the man who hires
+slaves. Since it is not easy to see how the exportation (20) of public
+money is to be detected, when it differs in no way from private money.
+Whereas it will take a clever thief to make off with these slaves,
+marked as they will be with the public stamp, and in face of a heavy
+penalty attached at once to the sale and exportation of them. Up to
+this point then it would appear feasible enough for the state to acquire
+property in men and to keep a safe watch over them. (21)
+
+ (18) Or, "senate." See Aristot. "Athen. Pol." for the functions of the
+    Boule.
+
+ (19) So Zurborg. See Demosth. "in Mid." 570; Boeckh, "P. E. A." II.
+    xii. (p. 212, Eng. tr.) See Arnold's note to "Thuc." iii. 50, 7.
+
+ (20) Or, "diversation," "defalcation."
+
+ (21) Or, "as far as that goes, then, there is nothing apparently to
+    prevent the state from acquiring property in slaves, and
+    safeguarding the property so acquired."
+
+But with reference to an opposite objection which may present itself
+to the mind of some one: what guarantee is there that, along with the
+increase in the supply of labourers, there will be a corresponding demand
+for their services on the part of contractors? (22) It may be reassuring
+to note, first of all, that many of those who have already embarked
+on mining operations (23) will be anxious to increase their staff of
+labourers by hiring some of these public slaves (remember, they have a
+large capital at stake; (24) and again, many of the actual labourers now
+engaged are growing old); and secondly, there are many others, Athenians
+and foreigners alike, who, though unwilling and indeed incapable
+of working physically in the mines, will be glad enough to earn a
+livelihood by their wits as superintendents. (25)
+
+ (22) Or, "with this influx (multiplying) of labourers there will be a
+    corresponding increase in the demand for labour on the part of the
+    lessees."
+
+ (23) Or, "got their mining establishments started."
+
+ (24) Or, "of course they will, considering the amount of fixed capital
+    at stake," or, "since they have large resources at their back." I
+    have adopted Zurborg's stopping of this sentence.
+
+ (25) See "Mem." II. viii. 1, for an illustrative case.
+
+Let it be granted, however, that at first a nucleus of twelve hundred
+slaves is formed. It is hardly too sanguine a supposition that out of
+the profits alone, (26) within five or six years this number may be
+increased to at least six thousand. Again, out of that number of six
+thousand--supposing each slave to being in an obol a day clear of all
+expenses--we get a revenue of sixty talents a year. And supposing twenty
+talents out of this sum laid out on the purchase of more slaves, there
+will be forty talents left for the state to apply to any other purpose
+it may find advisable. By the time the round number (27) of ten thousand
+is reached the yearly income will amount to a hundred talents.
+
+ (26) "Out of the income so derived."
+
+ (27) Or, "full complement."
+
+As a matter of fact, the state will receive much more than these figures
+represent, (28) as any one here will bear me witness who can remember
+what the dues (29) derived from slaves realised before the troubles at
+Decelea. (30) Testimony to the same effect is borne by the fact, that
+in spite of the countless number of human beings employed in the silver
+mines within the whole period, (31) the mines present exactly the
+same appearance to-day as they did within the recollection of our
+forefathers. (32) And once more everything that is taking place to-day
+tends to prove that, whatever the number of slaves employed, you will
+never have more than the works can easily absorb. The miners find no
+limit of depth in sinking shafts or laterally in piercing galleries. To
+open cuttings in new directions to-day is just as possible as it was in
+former times. In fact no one can take on himself to say whether there is
+more ore in the regions already cut into, or in those where the pick has
+not yet struck. (33) Well then, it may be asked, why is it that there
+is not the same rush to make new cuttings now as in former times?
+The answer is, because the people concerned with the mines are poorer
+nowadays. The attempt to restart operations, renew plant, etc., is
+of recent date, and any one who ventures to open up a new area runs a
+considerable risk. Supposing he hits upon a productive field, he becomes
+a rich man, but supposing he draws a blank, he loses the whole of his
+outlay; and that is a danger which people of the present time are shy of
+facing.
+
+ (28) Or, "a very much larger sum than we have calculated on." Lit.
+    "many times over that sum."
+
+ (29) Or, "tax." See below, S. 49; for the whole matter see Thuc. vii.
+    27, vi. 91; Xen. "Mem." III. vi. 12, in reference to B.C. 413,
+    when Decelea had been fortified. As to the wholesale desertion of
+    slaves, "more than twenty thousand slaves had deserted, many of
+    them artisans," according to Thucydides.
+
+ (30) Or, "the days of Decelea." Lit. "the incidents of Decelea."
+
+ (31) I.e. "of their working since mining began."
+
+ (32) Lit. "are just the same to-day as our forefathers recollected
+    them to be in their time."
+
+ (33) Or, "whether the tracts already explored or those not yet opened
+    are the more prolific."
+
+It is a difficulty, but it is one on which, I believe, I can offer some
+practical advice. I have a plan to suggest which will reduce the risk of
+opening up new cuttings to a minimum. (34)
+
+ (34) Or, "I have a plan to make the opening of new cuttings as safe as
+    possible."
+
+The citizens of Athens are divided, as we all know, into ten tribes.
+Let the state then assign to each of these ten tribes an equal number of
+slaves, and let the tribes agree to associate their fortunes and proceed
+to open new cuttings. What will happen? Any single tribe hitting upon a
+productive lode will be the means of discovering what is advantageous to
+all. Or, supposing two or three, or possibly the half of them, hit upon
+a lode, clearly these several operations will proportionally be more
+remunerative still. That the whole ten will fail is not at all in
+accordance with what we should expect from the history of the past. It
+is possible, of course, for private persons to combine in the same way,
+(35) and share their fortunes and minimise their risks. Nor need you
+apprehend, sirs, that a state mining company, established on this
+principle, will prove a thorn in the side (36) of the private owner, or
+the private owner prove injurious to the state. But rather like allies
+who render each other stronger the more they combine, (37) so in these
+silver mines, the greater number of companies at work (38) the larger
+the riches they will discover and disinter. (39)
+
+ (35) "To form similar joint-stock companies."
+
+ (36) See "Cyneg." v. 5.
+
+ (37) Or, "deriving strength from combination."
+
+ (38) Co-operators.
+
+ (39) Reading {ekphoresousi}, after Cobet.
+
+This then is a statement, as far as I can make it clear, of the method
+by which, with the proper state organisation, every Athenian may be
+supplied with ample maintenance at the public expense. Possibly some of
+you may be calculating that the capital (40) requisite will be enormous.
+They may doubt if a sufficient sum will ever be subscribed to meet all
+the needs. All I can say is, even so, do not despond. It is not as if it
+were necessary that every feature of the scheme should be carried out at
+once, or else there is to be no advantage in it at all. On the contrary,
+whatever number of houses are erected, or ships are built, or slaves
+purchased, etc., these portions will begin to pay at once. In fact,
+the bit-by-bit method of proceeding will be more advantageous than a
+simultaneous carrying into effect of the whole plan, to this extent:
+if we set about erecting buildings wholesale (41) we shall make a more
+expensive and worse job of it than if we finish them off gradually.
+Again, if we set about bidding for hundreds of slaves at once we shall
+be forced to purchase an inferior type at a higher cost. Whereas, if we
+proceed tentatively, as we find ourselves able, (42) we can complete any
+well-devised attempt at our leisure, (43) and, in case of any obvious
+failure, take warning and not repeat it. Again, if everything were to be
+carried out at once, it is we, sirs, who must make the whole provision
+at our expense. (44) Whereas, if part were proceeded with and part
+stood over, the portion of revenue in hand will help to furnish what is
+necessary to go on with. But to come now to what every one probably will
+regard as a really grave danger, lest the state may become possessed of
+an over large number of slaves, with the result that the works will be
+overstocked. That again is an apprehension which we may escape if we are
+careful not to put into the works more hands from year to year than
+the works themselves demand. Thus (45) I am persuaded that the easiest
+method of carrying out this scheme, as a whole, is also the best. If,
+however, you are persuaded that, owing to the extraordinary property
+taxes (46) to which you have been subjected during the present war, you
+will not be equal to any further contributions at present, (47) what you
+should do is this: (48) during the current year resolve to carry on
+the financial administration of the state within the limits of a sum
+equivalent to that which your dues (49) realised before the peace.
+That done, you are at liberty to take any surplus sum, whether directly
+traceable to the peace itself, or to the more courteous treatment of
+our resident aliens and traders, or to the growth of the imports and
+exports, coincident with the collecting together of larger masses of
+human beings, or to an augmentation of harbour (50) and market dues:
+this surplus, I say, however derived, you should take and invest (51) so
+as to bring in the greatest revenue. (52)
+
+ (40) Or, "sinking fund."
+
+ (41) {athrooi}--"in a body." It is a military phrase, I think. In
+    close order, as it were, not in detachments.
+
+ (42) "According to our ability," a favourite Socratic phrase.
+
+ (43) {authis}. See for this corrupt passage Zurborg, "Comm." p. 31. He
+    would insert, "and a little delay will not be prejudicial to our
+    interests, but rather the contrary," or to that effect, thus: {kai
+    authis an  (anutoimen ou gar toiaute te anabole blaben genesthai
+    an) emin oiometha} "vel simile aliquid."
+
+ (44) Or, "it is we who must bear the whole burthen of the outlay."
+
+ (45) {outos}, "so far, unless I am mistaken, the easiest method is the
+    best."
+
+ (46) Or, "heavy contributions, subscriptions incidental to," but the
+    word {eisphoras} is technical. For the exhaustion of the treasury
+    see Dem. "Lept." 464; Grote, "H. G."xi. 326.
+
+ (47) Or, "you will not be able to subscribe a single penny more."
+
+ (48) {umeis de}, you are masters of the situation. It lies with you to
+    carry on, etc.; {dioikeite} is of course imperative.
+
+ (49) Or, "taxes."
+
+ (50) Reading, after Zurborg, {dia ta ellimenia}. Or, if the vulg. {dia
+    en limeni}, transl. "an augmentation of market dues at Piraeus."
+
+ (51) I.e. as fixed capital, or, "you should expend on plant."
+
+ (52) Or, adopting Zurborg's emend, {os an pleista eggignetai}, transl.
+    "for the purposes of the present scheme as far as it may be
+    available."
+
+Again, if there is an apprehension on the part of any that the whole
+scheme (53) will crumble into nothing on the first outbreak of war,
+I would only beg these alarmists to note that, under the condition of
+things which we propose to bring about, war will have more terrors for
+the attacking party than for this state. Since what possession I should
+like to know can be more serviceable for war than that of men? Think of
+the many ships which they will be capable of manning on public service.
+Think of the number who will serve on land as infantry (in the
+public service) and will bear hard upon the enemy. Only we
+must treat them with courtesy. (54) For myself, my calculation is, that
+even in the event of war we shall be quite able to keep a firm hold of
+the silver mines. I may take it, we have in the neighbourhood of the
+mines certain fortresses--one on the southern slope in Anaphlystus;
+(55) and we have another on the northern side in Thoricus, the two being
+about seven and a half miles (56) apart. Suppose then a third breastwork
+were to be placed between these, on the highest point of Besa,
+that would enable the operatives to collect into one out of all the
+fortresses, and at the first perception of a hostile movement it would
+only be a short distance for each to retire into safety. (57) In the
+event of an enemy advancing in large numbers they might certainly make
+off with whatever corn or wine or cattle they found outside. But even if
+they did get hold of the silver ore, it would be little better to them
+than a heap of stones. (58) But how is an enemy ever to march upon the
+mines in force? The nearest state, Megara, is distant, I take it, a good
+deal over sixty miles; (59) and the next closest, Thebes, a good deal
+nearer seventy. (60) Supposing then an enemy to advance from some such
+point to attack the mines, he cannot avoid passing Athens; and presuming
+his force to be small, we may expect him to be annihilated by our
+cavalry and frontier police. (61) I say, presuming his force to be
+small, since to march with anything like a large force, and thereby
+leave his own territory denuded of troops, would be a startling
+achievement. Why, the fortified city of Athens will be much closer the
+states of the attacking parties than they themselves will be by the
+time they have got to the mines. But, for the sake of argument, let us
+suppose an enemy to have arrived in the neighbourhood of Laurium; how
+is he going to stop there without provisions? To go out in search of
+supplies with a detachment of his force would imply risk, both for the
+foraging party and for those who have to do the fighting; (62) whilst,
+if they are driven to do so in force each time, they may call themselves
+besiegers, but they will be practically in a state of siege themselves.
+
+ (53) Or, "the proposed organisation."
+
+ (54) See ch. ii. above.
+
+ (55) Or, reading {en te pros mesembrian thalatte}, "on the southern
+    Sea." For Anaphlystus see "Hell." I. ii. 1; "Mem." III. v. 25. It
+    was Eubulus's deme, the leading statesman at this date.
+
+ (56) Lit. "60 stades."
+
+ (57) The passage {sunekoi t an erga}, etc., is probably corrupt. {Ta
+    erga} seems to mean "the operatives;" cf. Latin "operae." Others
+    take it of "the works themselves." Possibly it may refer to
+    military works connecting the three fortresses named. "There might
+    be a system of converging (works or) lines drawn to a single point
+    from all the fortresses, and at the first sign of any thing
+    hostile," etc.
+
+ (58) I.e. "they might as well try to carry off so many tons of stone."
+
+ (59) Lit. "500 stades."
+
+ (60) Lit. "more than 600 stades."
+
+ (61) The {peripoloi}, or horse patrol to guard the frontier. See Thuc.
+    iv. 57, viii. 92; Arist. "Birds,"ii. 76. Young Athenians between
+    eighteen and twenty were eligible for the service.
+
+ (62) Or, "for the very object of the contest." The construction is in
+    any case unusual. {peri on agonizontai} = {peri touton oi}.
+    Zurborg suggests {peri ton agonizomenon}.
+
+But it is not the income (63) derived from the slaves alone to which
+we look to help the state towards the effective maintenance of her
+citizens, but with the growth and concentration of a thick population in
+the mining district various sources of revenue will accrue, whether from
+the market at Sunium, or from the various state buildings in connection
+with the silver mines, from furnaces and all the rest. Since we must
+expect a thickly populated city to spring up here, if organised in the
+way proposed, and plots of land will become as valuable to owners out
+there as they are to those who possess them in the neighbourhood of the
+capital.
+
+ (63) I adopt Zurborg's correction, {prosphora} for {eisphora}, as
+    obviously right. See above, iv. 23.
+
+If, at this point, I may assume my proposals to have been carried into
+effect, I think I can promise, not only that our city shall be relieved
+from a financial strain, but that she shall make a great stride in
+orderliness and in tactical organisation, she shall grow in martial
+spirit and readiness for war. I anticipate that those who are under
+orders to go through gymnastic training will devote themselves with
+a new zeal to the details of the training school, now that they will
+receive a larger maintenance whilst (64) under the orders of the trainer
+in the torch race. So again those on garrison duty in the various
+fortresses, those enrolled as peltasts, or again as frontier police to
+protect the rural districts, one and all will carry out their respective
+duties more ardently when the maintenance (64) appropriate to these
+several functions is duly forthcoming.
+
+ (64) I follow Zurborg in omitting {e}. If {e} is to stand, transl.
+    "than they get whilst supplied by the gymnasiarch in the torch
+    race," or "whilst exercising the office of gymnasiarchs
+    themselves." See "Pol. Ath." i. 13.
+
+ (65) "State aid."
+
+
+
+V
+
+But now, if it is evident that, in order to get the full benefit of all
+these sources of revenue, (1) peace is an indispensable condition--if
+that is plain, I say, the question suggests itself, would it not be
+worth while to appoint a board to act as guardians of peace? Since no
+doubt the election of such a magistracy would enhance the charm of this
+city in the eyes of the whole world, and add largely to the number
+of our visitors. But if any one is disposed to take the view, that by
+adopting a persistent peace policy, (2) this city will be shorn of
+her power, that her glory will dwindle and her good name be forgotten
+throughout the length and breadth of Hellas, the view so taken by our
+friends here (3) is in my poor judgment somewhat unreasonable. For
+they are surely the happy states, they, in popular language, are most
+fortune-favoured, which endure in peace the longest season. And of all
+states Athens is pre-eminently adapted by nature to flourish and wax
+strong in peace. The while she abides in peace she cannot fail to
+exercise an attractive force on all. From the mariner and the merchant
+upwards, all seek her, flocking they come; the wealthy dealers in corn
+and wine (4) and oil, the owner of many cattle. And not these only, but
+the man who depends upon his wits, whose skill it is to do business and
+make gain out of money (5) and its employment. And here another crowd,
+artificers of all sorts, artists and artisans, professors of wisdom,
+(6) philosophers, and poets, with those who exhibit and popularise their
+works. (7) And next a new train of pleasure-seekers, eager to feast on
+everything sacred or secular, (8) which may captivate and charm eye and
+ear. Or once again, where are all those who seek to effect a rapid sale
+or purchase of a thousand commodities, to find what they want, if not at
+Athens?
+
+ (1) Or, "to set these several sources of revenue flowing in full
+    stream."
+
+ (2) Cf. "a policy of peace at any price," or, "by persisting for any
+    length of time in the enjoyment of peace."
+
+ (3) {kai outoi ge}. The speaker waves his hand to the quarter of the
+    house where the anti-peace party is seated.
+
+ (4) After Zurborg, I omit {oukh oi eduoinoi}.
+
+ (5) Reading {kai ap arguriou}, with Zurborg.
+
+ (6) Lit. "Sophists." See Grote, "H. G." viii. lxvii. note, p. 497.
+
+ (7) E.g. chorus-trainers, musicians, grammarians, rhapsodists, and
+    actors.
+
+ (8) Or, "sacred and profane."
+
+But if there is no desire to gainsay these views--only that certain
+people, in their wish to recover that headship (9) which was once the
+pride of our city, are persuaded that the accomplishment of their hopes
+is to be found, not in peace but in war, I beg them to reflect on some
+matters of history, and to begin at the beginning, (10) the Median war.
+Was it by high-handed violence, or as benefactors of the Hellenes, that
+we obtained the headship of the naval forces, and the trusteeship of the
+treasury of Hellas? (11) Again, when through the too cruel exercise of
+her presidency, as men thought, Athens was deprived of her empire, is it
+not the case that even in those days, (12) as soon as we held aloof from
+injustice we were once more reinstated by the islanders, of their own
+free will, as presidents of the naval force? Nay, did not the very
+Thebans, in return for certain benefits, grant to us Athenians
+to exercise leadership over them? (13) And at another date the
+Lacedaemonans suffered us Athenians to arrange the terms of hegemony
+(14) at our discretion, not as driven to such submission, but in
+requital of kindly treatment. And to-day, owing to the chaos (15) which
+reigns in Hellas, if I mistake not, an opportunity has fallen to this
+city of winning back our fellow-Hellenes without pain or peril or
+expense of any sort. It is given to us to try and harmonise states
+which are at war with one another: it is given to us to reconcile the
+differences of rival factions within those states themselves, wherever
+existing.
+
+ (9) Lit. "her hegemony for the city," B.C. 476.
+
+ (10) "And first of all."
+
+ (11) See Thuc. i. 96.
+
+ (12) B.C. 378. Second confederacy of Delos. See Grote, "H. G." x. 152.
+
+ (13) B.C. 375. Cf. "Hell." V. iv. 62; Grote, "H. G." x. 139; Isocr.
+    "Or." xiv. 20; Diod. Sic. xv. 29.
+
+ (14) B.C. 369 (al. B.C. 368). Cf. "Hell." VII. i. 14.
+
+ (15) See "Hell."VII. v. 27.
+
+Make it but evident that we are minded to preserve the independence (16)
+of the Delphic shrine in its primitive integrity, not by joining in
+any war but by the moral force of embassies throughout the length and
+breadth of Hellas--and I for one shall not be astonished if you find our
+brother Hellenes of one sentiment and eager under seal of solemn oaths
+(17) to proceed against those, whoever they may be, who shall seek (18)
+to step into the place vacated by the Phocians and to occupy the sacred
+shrine. Make it but evident that you intend to establish a general
+peace by land and sea, and, if I mistake not, your efforts will find
+a response in the hearts of all. There is no man but will pray for the
+salvation of Athens next to that of his own fatherland.
+
+ (16) "Autonomy."
+
+ (17) See Thuc. v. 18, clause 2 of the Treaty of Peace, B.C. 422-421.
+
+ (18) Reading, with Zurborg, {peironto}. Or, if the vulgate
+    {epeironto}, transl. "against those who sought to step."
+
+Again, is any one persuaded that, looking solely to riches and
+money-making, the state may find war more profitable than peace? If so,
+I cannot conceive a better method to decide that question than to allow
+the mind to revert (19) to the past history of the state and to note
+well the sequence of events. He will discover that in times long gone by
+during a period of peace vast wealth was stored up in the acropolis, the
+whole of which was lavishly expended during a subsequent period of war.
+He will perceive, if he examines closely, that even at the present time
+we are suffering from its ill effects. Countless sources of revenue have
+failed, or if they have still flowed in, been lavishly expended on a
+multiplicity of things. Whereas, (20) now that peace is established by
+sea, our revenues have expanded and the citizens of Athens have it in
+their power to turn these to account as they like best.
+
+ (19) Reading {epanoskopoin}.
+
+ (20) Or, "But the moment peace has been restored."
+
+But if you turn on me with the question, "Do you really mean that even
+in the event of unjust attacks upon our city on the part of any, we
+are still resolutely to observe peace towards that offender?" I answer
+distinctly, No! But, on the contrary, I maintain that we shall all the
+more promptly retaliate on such aggression in proportion as we have done
+no wrong to any one ourselves. Since that will be to rob the aggressor
+of his allies. (21)
+
+ (21) Reading, after Cobet, {ei medena uparkhoimen adikountes}. Or, if
+    the vulgate {ei medena parakhoimen adikounta}, transl. "if we can
+    show complete innocence on our own side."
+
+
+
+VI
+
+But now, if none of these proposals be impracticable or even difficult
+of execution; if rather by giving them effect we may conciliate further
+the friendship of Hellas, whilst we strengthen our own administration
+and increase our fame; if by the same means the people shall be
+provided with the necessaries of life, and our rich men be relieved of
+expenditure on war; if with the large surplus to be counted on, we are
+in a position to conduct our festivals on an even grander scale than
+heretofore, to restore our temples, to rebuild our forts and docks, and
+to reinstate in their ancient privileges our priests, our senators, our
+magistrates, and our knights--surely it were but reasonable to enter
+upon this project speedily, so that we too, even in our own day, may
+witness the unclouded dawn of prosperity in store for our city.
+
+But if you are agreed to carry out this plan, there is one further
+counsel which I would urge upon you. Send to Dodona and to Delphi, I
+would beg you, and consult the will of Heaven whether such a provision
+and such a policy on our part be truly to the interest of Athens both
+for the present and for the time to come. If the consent of Heaven be
+thus obtained, we ought then, I say, to put a further question: whose
+special favour among the gods shall we seek to secure with a view to the
+happier execution of these measures?
+
+And in accordance with that answer, let us offer a sacrifice of happy
+omen to the deities so named, and commence the work; since if these
+transactions be so carried out with the will of God, have we not the
+right to prognosticate some further advance in the path of political
+progress for this whole state?
+
+
+
+
+
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+*****The Project Gutenberg Etext of On Revenues by Xenophon*****
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+#11 in our series of Xenophon translations by Dakyns
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+On Revenues
+
+by Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+January, 1998  [Etext #1179]
+
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+Etext prepared by John Bickers, jbickers@templar.actrix.gen.nz.
+
+
+
+
+
+On Revenues
+
+by Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+
+
+
+Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+years before having to move once more, to settle
+in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+Revenues describes Xenophon's ideas to solve the
+problem of poverty in Athens, and thus remove an
+excuse to mistreat the Athenian allies.
+
+
+
+
+PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though
+there is doubt about some of these) is:
+
+Work                                   Number of books
+
+The Anabasis                                         7
+The Hellenica                                        7
+The Cyropaedia                                       8
+The Memorabilia                                      4
+The Symposium                                        1
+The Economist                                        1
+On Horsemanship                                      1
+The Sportsman                                        1
+The Cavalry General                                  1
+The Apology                                          1
+On Revenues                                          1
+The Hiero                                            1
+The Agesilaus                                        1
+The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into
+English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The
+diacritical marks have been lost.
+
+
+
+
+WAYS AND MEANS
+
+A Pamphlet On Revenues
+
+
+
+I
+
+For myself I hold to the opinion that the qualities of the leading
+statesmen in a state, whatever they be, are reproduced in the
+character of the constitution itself.[1]
+
+[1] "Like minister, like government." For the same idea more fully
+    expressed, see "Cyrop." VIII. i. 8; viii. 5.
+
+As, however, it has been maintained by certain leading statesmen in
+Athens that the recognised standard of right and wrong is as high at
+Athens as elsewhere, but that, owing to the pressure of poverty on the
+masses, a certain measure of injustice in their dealing with the
+allied states[2] could not be avoided; I set myself to discover
+whether by any manner of means it were possible for the citizens of
+Athens to be supported solely from the soil of Attica itself, which
+was obviously the most equitable solution. For if so, herein lay, as I
+believed, the antidote at once to their own poverty and to the feeling
+of suspicion with which they are regarded by the rest of Hellas.
+
+[2] Lit. "the cities," i.e. of the alliance, {tas summakhidas}.
+
+I had no sooner begun my investigation than one fact presented itself
+clearly to my mind, which is that the country itself is made by nature
+to provide the amplest resources. And with a view to establishing the
+truth of this initial proposition I will describe the physical
+features of Attica.
+
+In the first place, the extraordinary mildness of the climate is
+proved by the actual products of the soil. Numerous plants which in
+many parts of the world appear as stunted leafless growths are here
+fruit-bearing. And as with the soil so with the sea indenting our
+coasts, the varied productivity of which is exceptionally great. Again
+with regard to those kindly fruits of earth[3] which Providence
+bestows on man season by season, one and all they commence earlier and
+end later in this land. Nor is the supremacy of Attica shown only in
+those products which year after year flourish and grow old, but the
+land contains treasures of a more perennial kind. Within its folds
+lies imbedded by nature an unstinted store of marble, out of which are
+chiselled[4] temples and altars of rarest beauty and the glittering
+splendour of images sacred to the gods. This marble, moreover, is an
+obejct of desire to many foreigners, Hellenes and barbarians alike.
+Then there is land which, although it yields no fruit to the sower,
+needs only to be quarried in order to feed many times more mouths than
+it could as corn-land. Doubtless we owe it to a divine dispensation
+that our land is veined with silver; if we consider how many
+neighbouring states lie round us by land and sea and yet into none of
+them does a single thinnest vein of silver penetrate.
+
+[3] Lit. "those good things which the gods afford in their seasons."
+
+[4] Or, "arise," or "are fashioned."
+
+Indeed it would be scarcely irrational to maintain that the city of
+Athens lies at the navel, not of Hellas merely, but of the habitable
+world. So true is it, that the farther we remove from Athens the
+greater the extreme of heat or cold to be encountered; or to use
+another illustration, the traveller who desires to traverse the
+confines of Hellas from end to end will find that, whether he voyages
+by sea or by land, he is describing a circle, the centre of which is
+Athens.[5]
+
+[5] See "Geog. of Brit. Isles." J. R. and S. A. Green, ch. i. p. 7:
+    "London, in fact, is placed at what is very nearly the geometrical
+    centre of those masses of land which make up the earth surface of
+    the globe, and is thus more than any city of the world the natural
+    point of convergence for its different lines of navigation," etc.
+    The natural advantages of Boeotia are similarly set forth by
+    Ephorus. Cf. Strab. ix. 2, p. 400.
+
+Once more, this land though not literally sea-girt has all the
+advantages of an island, being accessible to every wind that blows,
+and can invite to its bosom or waft from its shore all products, since
+it is peninsular; whilst by land it is the emporium of many markets,
+as being a portion of the continent.
+
+Lastly, while the majority of states have barbarian neighbours, the
+source of many troubles, Athens has as her next-door neighbours
+civilised states which are themselves far remote from the barbarians.
+
+
+
+II
+
+All these advantages, to repeat what I have said, may, I believe, be
+traced primarily to the soil and position of Attica itself. But these
+natural blessings may be added to: in the first place, by a careful
+handling of our resident alien[1] population. And, for my part, I can
+hardly conceive of a more splendid source of revenue than lies open in
+this direction. Here you have a self-supporting class of residents
+confering large benefits upon the state, and instead of receiving
+payment[2] themselves, contributing on the contrary to the gain of the
+exchequer by the sojourners' tax.[3] Nor, under the term careful
+handling, do I demand more than the removal of obligations which,
+whilst they confer no benefit on the state, have an air of inflicting
+various disabilities on the resident aliens.[4] And I would further
+relieve them from the obligation of serving as hoplites side by side
+with the citizen proper; since, beside the personal risk, which is
+great, the trouble of quitting trades and homesteads is no trifle.[5]
+Incidentally the state itself would benefit by this exemption, if the
+citizens were more in the habit of campaigning with one another,
+rather than[6] shoulder to shoulder with Lydians, Phrygians, Syrians,
+and barbarians from all quarters of the world, who form the staple of
+our resident alien class. Besides the advantage [of so weeding the
+ranks],[7] it would add a positive lustre to our city, were it
+admitted that the men of Athens, her sons, have reliance on themselves
+rather than on foreigners to fight her battles. And further, supposing
+we offered our resident aliens a share in various other honourable
+duties, including the cavalry service,[8] I shall be surprised if we
+do not increase the goodwill of the aliens themselves, whilst at the
+same time we add distinctly to the strength and grandeur of our city.
+
+[1] Lit. "metics" or "metoecs."
+
+[2] {misthos}, e.g. of the assembly, the senate, and the dicasts.
+
+[3] The {metoikion}. See Plat. "Laws," 850 B; according to Isaeus, ap.
+    Harpocr. s.v., it was 12 drachmae per annum for a male and 6
+    drachmae for a female.
+
+[4] Or, "the class in question." According to Schneider (who cites the
+    {atimetos metanastes} of Homer, "Il." ix. 648), the reference is
+    not to disabilities in the technical sense, but to humiliating
+    duties, such as the {skaphephoria} imposed on the men, or the
+    {udriaphoria} and {skiadephoria} imposed on their wives and
+    daughters in attendance on the {kanephoroi} at the Panathenaic and
+    other festival processions. See Arist. "Eccles." 730 foll.;
+    Boeckh, "P. E. A." IV. x. (Eng. tr. G. Cornewall Lewis, p. 538).
+
+[5] Or, reading {megas men gar o agon, mega de kai to apo ton tekhnon
+    kai ton oikeion apienai}, after Zurborg ("Xen. de Reditibus
+    Libellus," Berolini, MDCCCLXXVI.), transl. "since it is severe
+    enough to enter the arena of war, but all the worse when that
+    implies the abandonment of your trade and your domestic concerns."
+
+[6] Or, "instead of finding themselves brigaded as nowadays with a
+    motley crew of Lydians," etc.
+
+[7] Zurborg, after Cobet, omits the words so rendered.
+
+[8] See "Hipparch." ix. 3, where Xenophon in almost identical words
+    recommends that reform.
+
+In the next place, seeing that there are at present numerous building
+sites within the city walls as yet devoid of houses, supposing the
+state were to make free grants of such land[9] to foreigners for
+building purposes in cases where there could be no doubt as to the
+respectability of the applicant, if I am not mistaken, the result of
+such a measure will be that a larger number of persons, and of a
+better class, will be attracted to Athens as a place of residence.
+
+[9] Or, "offer the fee simple of such property to."
+
+Lastly, if we could bring ourselves to appoint, as a new government
+office, a board of guardians of foreign residents like our Guardians
+of Orphans,[10] with special privileges assigned to those guardians
+who should show on their books the greatest number of resident aliens
+--such a measure would tend to improve the goodwill of the class in
+question, and in all probability all people without a city of their
+own would aspire to the status of foreign residents in Athens, and so
+further increase the revenues of the city.[11]
+
+[10] "The Archon was the legal protector of all orphans. It was his
+    duty to appoint guardians, if none were named in the father's
+    will."--C. R. Kennedy, Note to "Select Speeches of Demosthenes."
+    The orphans of those who had fallen in the war (Thuc. ii. 46) were
+    specially cared for.
+
+[11] Or, "help to swell the state exchequer."
+
+
+
+III
+
+At this point I propose to offer some remarks in proof of the
+attractions and advantages of Athens as a centre of commercial
+enterprise. In the first place, it will hardly be denied that we
+possess the finest and safest harbourage for shipping, where vessels
+of all sorts can come to moorings and be laid up in absolute
+security[1] as far as stress of weather is concerned. But further than
+that, in most states the trader is under the necessity of lading his
+vessel with some merchandise[2] or other in exchange for his cargo,
+since the current coin[3] has no circulation beyond the frontier. But
+at Athens he has a choice: he can either in return for his wares
+export a variety of goods, such as human beings seek after, or, if he
+does not desire to take goods in exchange for goods, he has simply to
+export silver, and he cannot have a more excellent freight to export,
+since wherever he likes to sell it he may look to realise a large
+percentage on his capital.[4]
+
+[1] Reading {adeos} after Cobet, or if {edeos}, transl. "in perfect
+    comfort."
+
+[2] Or, "of exchanging cargo for cargo to the exclusion of specie."
+
+[3] I.e. of the particular locality. See "The Types of Greek Coins,"
+    Percy Gardner, ch. ii. "International Currencies among the
+    Greeks."
+
+[4] Or, "on the original outlay."
+
+Or again, supposing prizes[5] were offered to the magistrates in
+charge of the market[6] for equitable and speedy settlements of points
+in dispute[7] to enable any one so wishing to proceed on his voyage
+without hindrance, the result would be that far more traders would
+trade with us and with greater satisfaction.
+
+[5] Cf. "Hiero," ix. 6, 7, 11; "Hipparch." i. 26.
+
+[6] {to tou emporiou arkhe}. Probably he is referring to the
+    {epimeletai emporiou} (overseers of the market). See Harpocr.
+    s.v.; Aristot. "Athenian Polity," 51.
+
+[7] For the sort of case, see Demosth. (or Deinarch.) "c. Theocr."
+    1324; Zurborg ad loc.; Boeckh, I. ix. xv. (pp. 48, 81, Eng. tr.)
+
+It would indeed be a good and noble institution to pay special marks
+of honour, such as the privilege of the front seat, to merchants and
+shipowners, and on occasion to invite to hospitable entertainment
+those who, through something notable in the quality of ship or
+merchandise, may claim to have done the state a service. The
+recipients of these honours will rush into our arms as friends, not
+only under the incentive of gain, but of distinction also.
+
+Now the greater the number of people attracted to Athens either as
+visitors or as residents, clearly the greater the development of
+imports and exports. More goods will be sent out of the country,[8]
+there will be more buying and selling, with a consequent influx of
+money in the shape of rents to individuals and dues and customs to the
+state exchequer. And to secure this augmentation of the revenues, mind
+you, not the outlay of one single penny; nothing needed beyond one or
+two philanthropic measures and certain details of supervision.[9]
+
+[8] See Zurborg, "Comm." p. 24.
+
+[9] See Aristot. "Pol." iv. 15, 3.
+
+With regard to the other sources of revenue which I contemplate, I
+admit, it is different. For these I recognise the necessity of a
+capital[10] to begin with. I am not, however, without good hope that
+the citizens of this state will contribute heartily to such an object,
+when I reflect on the large sums subscribed by the state on various
+late occasions, as, for instance, when reinforcements were sent to the
+Arcadians under the command of Lysistratus,[11] and again at the date
+of the generalship of Hegesileos.[12] I am well aware that ships of
+war are frequently despatched and that too[13] although it is
+uncertain whether the venture will be for the better or for the worse,
+and the only certainty is that the contributor will not recover the
+sum subscribed nor have any further share in the object for which he
+gave his contribution.[14]
+
+[10] "A starting-point."
+
+[11] B.C. 366; cf. "Hell." VII. iv. 3.
+
+[12] B.C. 362; cf. "Hell." VII. v. 15. See Grote, "H. G." x. 459;
+    Ephor. ap. Diog. Laert. ii. 54; Diod. Sic. xv. 84; Boeckh, ap. L.
+    Dindorf. Xenophon's son Gryllus served under him and was slain.
+
+[13] Reading {kai tauta toutout men adelou ontos}, after Zurborg.
+
+[14] Reading {[uper] on an eisenegkosi} with Zurborg. See his note,
+    "Comm." p. 25.
+
+But for a sound investment[15] I know of nothing comparable with the
+initial outlay to form this fund.[16] Any one whose contribution
+amounts to ten minae[17] may look forward to a return as high as he
+would get on bottomry, of nearly one-fifth,[18] as the recipient of
+three obols a day. The contributor of five minae[19] will on the same
+principle get more than a third,[20] while the majority of Athenians
+will get more than cent per cent on their contribution. That is to
+say, a subscription of one mina[21] will put the subscriber in
+possession of nearly double that sum,[22] and that, moreover, without
+setting foot outside Athens, which, as far as human affairs go, is as
+sound and durable a security as possible.
+
+[15] "A good substantial property."
+
+[16] Or, "on the other hand, I affirm that the outlay necessary to
+    form the capital for my present project will be more remunerative
+    than any other that can be named." As to the scheme itself see
+    Grote, "Plato," III. ch. xxxix.; Boeckh, op. cit. (pp. 4, 37, 136,
+    600 seq. Eng. tr.) Cf. Demosth. "de Sym." for another scheme, 354
+    B.C., which shows the "sound administrative and practical
+    judgment" of the youthful orator as compared with "the benevolent
+    dreams and ample public largess in which Xenophon here indulges."
+    --Grote, op. cit. p. 601.
+
+[17] L40:12:4 = 1000 drachmae.
+
+[18] I.e. exactly 18 or nearly 20 per cent. The following table will
+    make the arithmetic clear:--
+
+        6 ob. = 1 drachma           10 minae = 6000 ob.
+      100 dr. = 1 mina                       = 1000 dr.
+      600 ob. = 1 mina   1000 dr.:180 dr.::100:18 therefore nearly 1/5
+    3 ob. (a day) x 360 = 1080 ob. p.a.      = nearly 20 per cent.
+                        =  180 dr. p.a.
+
+    As to the 3 obols a day (= 180 dr. p.a.) which as an Athenian
+    citizen he is entitled to, see Grote, op. cit. p. 597: "There will
+    be a regular distribution among all citizens, per head and
+    equally. Three oboli, or half a drachma, will be allotted daily to
+    each, to poor and rich alike" [on the principle of the Theorikon].
+    "For the poor citizens this will provide a comfortable
+    subsistence, without any contribution on their part; the poverty
+    now prevailing will thus be alleviated. The rich, like the poor,
+    receive the daily triobolon as a free gift; but if they compute it
+    as interest for their investments, they will find that the rate of
+    interest is full and satisfactory, like the rate on bottomry."
+    Zurborg, "Comm." p. 25; Boeckh, op. cit. IV. xxi. (p. 606, Eng.
+    tr.); and Grote's note, op. cit. p. 598.
+
+[19] = L20:6:3 = 500 drachmae.
+
+[20] = I.e. 36 per cent.
+
+[21] = L4:1:3 = 100 drachmae.
+
+[22] I.e. 180 per cent.
+
+Moreover, I am of opinion that if the names of contributors were to be
+inscribed as benefactors for all time, many foreigners would be
+induced to contribute, and possibly not a few states, in their desire
+to obtain the right of inscription; indeed I anticipate that some
+kings,[23] tyrants,[24] and satraps will display a keen desire to
+share in such a favour.
+
+[23] Zurborg suggests (p. 5) "Philip or Cersobleptes." Cf. Isocr. "On
+    the Peace," S. 23.
+
+[24] I.e. despotic monarchs.
+
+To come to the point. Were such a capital once furnished, it would be
+a magnificent plan to build lodging-houses for the benefit of
+shipmasters in the neighbourhood of the harbours, in addition to those
+which exist; and again, on the same principle, suitable places of
+meeting for merchants, for the purposes[25] of buying and selling; and
+thirdly, public lodging-houses for persons visiting the city. Again,
+supposing dwelling-houses and stores for vending goods were fitted up
+for retail dealers in Piraeus and the city, they would at once be an
+ornament to the state and a fertile source of revenue. Also it seems
+to me it would be a good thing to try and see if, on the principle on
+which at present the state possesses public warships, it would not be
+possible to secure public merchant vessels, to be let out on the
+security of guarantors just like any other public property. If the
+plan were found feasible this public merchant navy would be a large
+source of extra revenue.
+
+[25] Reading, with Zurborg, {epi one te}.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+I come to a new topic. I am persuaded that the establishment of the
+silver mines on a proper footing[1] would be followed by a large
+increase in wealth apart from the other sources of revenue. And I
+would like, for the benefit of those who may be ignorant, to point out
+what the capacity of these mines really is. You will then be in a
+position to decide how to turn them to better account. It is clear, I
+presume, to every one that these mines have for a very long time been
+in active operation; at any rate no one will venture to fix the date
+at which they first began to be worked.[2] Now in spite of the fact
+that the silver ore has been dug and carried out for so long a time, I
+would ask you to note that the mounds of rubbish so shovelled out are
+but a fractional portion of the series of hillocks containing veins of
+silver, and as yet unquarried. Nor is the silver-bearing region
+gradually becoming circumscribed. On the contrary it is evidently
+extending in wider area from year to year. That is to say, during the
+period in which thousands of workers[3] have been employed within the
+mines no hand was ever stopped for want of work to do. Rather, at any
+given moment, the work to be done was more than enough for the hands
+employed. And so it is to-day with the owners of slaves working in the
+mines; no one dreams of reducing the number of his hands. On the
+contrary, the object is perpetually to acquire as many additional
+hands as the owner possibly can. The fact is that with few hands to
+dig and search, the find of treasure will be small, but with an
+increase in labour the discovery of the ore itself is more than
+proportionally increased. So much so, that of all operations with
+which I am acquainted, this is the only one in which no sort of
+jealousy is felt at a further development of the industry.[4] I may go
+a step farther; every proprietor of a farm will be able to tell you
+exactly how many yoke of oxen are sufficient for the estate, and how
+many farm hands. To send into the field more than the exact number
+requisite every farmer would consider a dead loss.[5] But in silver
+mining [operations] the universal complaint is the want of hands.
+Indeed there is no analogy between this and other industries. With an
+increase in the number of bronze-workers articles of bronze may become
+so cheap that the bronze-worker has to retire from the field. And so
+again with ironfounders. Or again, in a plethoric condition of the
+corn and wine market these fruits of the soil will be so depreciated
+in value that the particular husbandries cease to be remunerative, and
+many a farmer will give up his tillage of the soil and betake himself
+to the business of a merchant, or of a shopkeeper, to banking or
+money-lending. But the converse is the case in the working of silver;
+there the larger the quantity of ore discovered and the greater the
+amount of silver extracted, the greater the number of persons ready to
+engage in the operation. One more illustration: take the case of
+movable property. No one when he has got sufficient furniture for his
+house dreams of making further purchases on this head, but of silver
+no one ever yet possessed so much that he was forced to cry "enough."
+On the contrary, if ever anybody does become possessed of an
+immoderate amount he finds as much pleasure in digging a hole in the
+ground and hoarding it as in the actual employment of it. And from a
+wider point of view: when a state is prosperous there is nothing which
+people so much desire as silver. The men want money to expend on
+beautiful armour and fine horses, and houses, and sumptuous
+paraphenalia[6] of all sorts. The women betake themselves to expensive
+apparel and ornaments of gold. Or when states are sick,[7] either
+through barrenness of corn and other fruits, or through war, the
+demand for current coin is even more imperative (whilst the ground
+lies unproductive), to pay for necessaries or military aid.
+
+[1] Or, "on a sound basis."
+
+[2] "Exploited."
+
+[3] Or, "at the date when the maximum of hands was employed."
+
+[4] Reading {epikataskeuazumenois}, or, if {episkeuazomenoi}, transl.
+    "at the rehabilitation of old works."
+
+[5] Cf. "Oecon." xvii. 12.
+
+[6] "The thousand and one embellishments of civil life."
+
+[7] "When a state is struck down with barrenness," etc. See "Mem." II.
+    vii.
+
+And if it be asserted that gold is after all just as useful as silver,
+without gainsaying the proposition I may note this fact[8] about gold,
+that, with a sudden influx of this metal, it is the gold itself which
+is depreciated whilst causing at the same time a rise in the value of
+silver.
+
+[8] Lit. "I know, however."
+
+The above facts are, I think, conclusive. They encourage us not only
+to introduce as much human labour as possible into the mines, but to
+extend the scale of operations within, by increase of plant, etc., in
+full assurance that there is no danger either of the ore itself being
+exhausted or of silver becoming depreciated. And in advancing these
+views I am merely following a precedent set me by the state herself.
+So it seems to me, since the state permits any foreigner who desires
+it to undertake mining operations on a footing of equality[9] with her
+own citizens.
+
+[9] Or, "at an equal rent with that which she imposes on her own
+    citizens." See Boeckh, "P. E. A." IV. x. (p. 540, Eng. tr.)
+
+But, to make my meaning clearer on the question of maintenance, I will
+at this point explain in detail how the silver mines may be furnished
+and extended so as to render them much more useful to the state. Only
+I would premise that I claim no sort of admiration for anything which
+I am about to say, as though I had hit upon some recondite discovery.
+Since half of what I have to say is at the present moment still patent
+to the eyes of all of us, and as to what belongs to past history, if
+we are to believe the testimony of our fathers,[10] things were then
+much of a piece with what is going on now. No, what is really
+marvellous is that the state, with the fact of so many private persons
+growing wealthy at her expense, and under her very eyes, should have
+failed to imitate them. It is an old story, trite enough to those of
+us who have cared to attend to it, how once on a time Nicias, the son
+of Niceratus, owned a thousand men in the silver mines,[11] whom he
+let out to Sosias, a Thracian, on the following terms. Sosias was to
+pay him a net obol a day, without charge or deduction, for every slave
+of the thousand, and be[12] responsible for keeping up the number
+perpetually at that figure. So again Hipponicus[13] had six hundred
+slaves let out on the same principle, which brought him in a net
+mina[14] a day without charge or deduction. Then there was
+Philemonides, with three hundred, bringing him in half a mina, and
+others, I make no doubt there were, making profits in proportion to
+their respective resources and capital.[15] But there is no need to
+revert to ancient history. At the present moment there are hundreds of
+human beings in the mines let out on the same principle.[16] And given
+that my proposal were carried into effect, the only novelty in it is
+that, just as the individual in acquiring the ownership of a gang of
+slaves finds himself at once provided with a permanent source of
+income, so the state, in like fashion, should possess herself of a
+body of public slaves, to the number, say, of three for every Athenian
+citizen.[17] As to the feasability of our proposals, I challenge any
+one whom it may concern to test the scheme point by point, and to give
+his verdict.
+
+[10] Reading {para ton pateron}, with Zurborg, after Wilamowitz-
+    Mollendorf.
+
+[11] See "Mem." II. v. 2; Plut. "Nicias," 4; "Athen." vi. 272. See an
+    important criticism of Boeckh's view by Cornewall Lewis,
+    translation of "P. E. A." p. 675 foll.
+
+[12] Reading {parekhein}, or if {pareikhen}, transl. "whilst he
+    himself kept up the number." See H. hagen in "Journ. Philol." x.
+    19, pp. 34-36; also Zurborg, "Comm." p. 28.
+
+[13] Son of Callias.
+
+[14] = L4:1:3 = 600 ob.
+
+[15] Or, "whose incomes would vary in proportion to their working
+    capital."
+
+[16] See Jebb, "Theophr." xxvi. 21.
+
+[17] According to the ancient authorities the citizens of Athens
+    numbered about 21,000 at this date, which would give about 63,000
+    as the number of state-slaves contemplated for the purposes of the
+    scheme. See Zurborg, "Comm." p. 29. "At a census taken in B.C. 309
+    the number of slaves was returned at 400,000, and it does not seem
+    likely that there were fewer at any time during the classical
+    period."--"A Companion to School Classics" (James Gow), p. 101,
+    xiii. "Population of Attica."
+
+With regard to the price then of the men themselves, it is obvious
+that the public treasury is in a better position to provide funds than
+any private individuals. What can be easier than for the Council[18]
+to invite by public proclamation all whom it may concern to bring
+their slaves, and to buy up those produced? Assuming the purchase to
+be effected, is it credible that people will hesitate to hire from the
+state rather than from the private owner, and actually on the same
+terms? People have at all events no hesitation at present in hiring
+consecrated grounds, sacred victims,[19] houses, etc., or in
+purchasing the right of farming taxes from the state. To ensure the
+preservation of the purchased property, the treasury can take the same
+securities precisely from the lessee as it does from those who
+purchase the right of farming its taxes. Indeed, fraudulent dealing is
+easier on the part of the man who has purchased such a right than of
+the man who hires slaves. Since it is not easy to see how the
+exportation[20] of public money is to be detected, when it differs in
+no way from private money. Whereas it will take a clever thief to make
+off with these slaves, marked as they will be with the public stamp,
+and in face of a heavy penalty attached at once to the sale and
+exportation of them. Up to this point then it would appear feasible
+enough for the state to acquire property in men and to keep a safe
+watch over them.[21]
+
+[18] Or, "senate." See Aristot. "Athen. Pol." for the functions of the
+    Boule.
+
+[19] So Zurborg. See Demosth. "in Mid." 570; Boeckh, "P. E. A." II.
+    xii. (p. 212, Eng. tr.) See Arnold's note to "Thuc." iii. 50, 7.
+
+[20] Or, "diversation," "defalcation."
+
+[21] Or, "as far as that goes, then, there is nothing apparently to
+    prevent the state from acquiring property in slaves, and
+    safeguarding the property so acquired."
+
+But with reference to an opposite objection which may present itself
+to the mind of some one: what guarantee is there that, along with the
+increase in the supply of labourers, there will be a corrsponding
+demand for their services on the part of contractors?[22] It may be
+reassuring to note, first of all, that many of those who have already
+embarked on mining operations[23] will be anxious to increase their
+staff of labourers by hiring some of these public slaves (remember,
+they have a large capital at stake;[24] and again, many of the actual
+labourers now engaged are growing old); and secondly, there are many
+others, Athenians and foreigners alike, who, though unwilling and
+indeed incapable of working physically in the mines, will be glad
+enough to earn a livelihood by their wits as superintendents.[25]
+
+[22] Or, "with this influx (multiplying) of labourers there will be a
+    corresponding increase in the demand for labour on the part of the
+    lessees."
+
+[23] Or, "got their mining establishments started."
+
+[24] Or, "of course they will, considering the amount of fixed capital
+    at stake," or, "since they have large resources at their back." I
+    have adopted Zurborg's stopping of this sentence.
+
+[25] See "Mem." II. viii. 1, for an illustrative case.
+
+Let it be granted, however, that at first a nucleus of twelve hundred
+slaves is formed. It is hardly too sanguine a supposition that out of
+the profits alone,[26] within five or six years this number may be
+increased to at least six thousand. Again, out of that number of six
+thousand--supposing each slave to being in an obol a day clear of all
+expenses--we get a revenue of sixty talents a year. And supposing
+twenty talents out of this sum laid out on the purchase of more
+slaves, there will be forty talents left for the state to apply to any
+other purpose it may find advisable. By the time the round number[27]
+of ten thousand is reached the yearly income will amount to a hundred
+talents.
+
+[26] "Out of the income so derived."
+
+[27] Or, "full complement."
+
+As a matter of fact, the state will receive much more than these
+figures represent,[28] as any one here will bear me witness who can
+remember what the dues[29] derived from slaves realised before the
+troubles at Decelea.[30] Testimony to the same effect is borne by the
+fact, that in spite of the countless number of human beings employed
+in the silver mines within the whole period,[31] the mines present
+exactly the same appearance to-day as they did within the recollection
+of our forefathers.[32] And once more everything that is taking place
+to-day tends to prove that, whatever the number of slaves employed,
+you will never have more than the works can easily absorb. The miners
+find no limit of depth in sinking shafts or laterally in piercing
+galleries. To open cuttings in new directions to-day is just as
+possible as it was in former times. In fact no one can take on himself
+to say whether there is more ore in the regions already cut into, or
+in those where the pick has not yet struck.[33] Well then, it may be
+asked, why is it that there is not the same rush to make new cuttings
+now as in former times? The answer is, because the people concerned
+with the mines are poorer nowadays. The attempt to restart operations,
+renew plant, etc., is of recent date, and any one who ventures to open
+up a new area runs a considerable risk. Supposing he hits upon a
+productive field, he becomes a rich man, but supposing he draws a
+blank, he loses the whole of his outlay; and that is a danger which
+people of the present time are shy of facing.
+
+[28] Or, "a very much larger sum than we have calculated on." Lit.
+    "many times over that sum."
+
+[29] Or, "tax." See below, S. 49; for the whole matter see Thuc. vii.
+    27, vi. 91; Xen. "Mem." III. vi. 12, in reference to B.C. 413,
+    when Decelea had been fortified. As to the wholesale desertion of
+    slaves, "more than twenty thousand slaves had deserted, many of
+    them artisans," according to Thucydides.
+
+[30] Or, "the days of Decelea." Lit. "the incidents of Decelea."
+
+[31] I.e. "of their working since mining began."
+
+[32] Lit. "are just the same to-day as our forefathers recollected
+    them to be in their time."
+
+[33] Or, "whether the tracts already explored or those not yet opened
+    are the more prolific."
+
+It is a difficulty, but it is one on which, I believe, I can offer
+some practical advice. I have a plan to suggest which will reduce the
+risk of opening up new cuttings to a minimum.[34]
+
+[34] Or, "I have a plan to make the opening of new cuttings as safe as
+    possible."
+
+The citizens of Athens are divided, as we all know, into ten tribes.
+Let the state then assign to each of these ten tribes an equal number
+of slaves, and let the tribes agree to associate their fortunes and
+proceed to open new cuttings. What will happen? Any single tribe
+hitting upon a productive lode will be the means of discovering what
+is advantageous to all. Or, supposing two or three, or possibly the
+half of them, hit upon a lode, clearly these several operations will
+proportionally be more remunerative still. That the whole ten will
+fail is not at all in accordance with what we should expect from the
+history of the past. It is possible, of course, for private persons to
+combine in the same way,[35] and share their fortunes and minimise
+their risks. Nor need you apprehend, sirs, that a state mining
+company, established on this principle, will prove a thorn in the
+side[36] of the private owner, or the private owner prove injurious to
+the state. But rather like allies who render each other stronger the
+more they combine,[37] so in these silver mines, the greater number of
+companies at work[38] the larger the riches they will discover and
+disinter.[39]
+
+[35] "To form similar joint-stock companies."
+
+[36] See "Cyneg." v. 5.
+
+[37] Or, "deriving strength from combination."
+
+[38] Co-operators.
+
+[39] Reading {ekphoresousi}, after Cobet.
+
+This then is a statement, as far as I can make it clear, of the method
+by which, with the proper state organisation, every Athenian may be
+supplied with ample maintenance at the public expense. Possibly some
+of you may be calculating that the capital[40] requisite will be
+enormous. They may doubt if a sufficient sum will ever be subscribed
+to meet all the needs. All I can say is, even so, do not dispond. It
+is not as if it were necessary that every feature of the scheme should
+be carried out at once, or else there is to be no advantage in it at
+all. On the contrary, whatever number of houses are erected, or ships
+are built, or slaves purchased, etc., these portions will begin to pay
+at once. In fact, the bit-by-bit method of proceeding will be more
+advantageous than a simultaneous carrying into effect of the whole
+plan, to this extent: if we set about erecting buildings wholesale[41]
+we shall make a more expensive and worse job of it than if we finish
+them off gradually. Again, if we set about bidding for hundreds of
+slaves at once we shall be forced to purchase an inferior type at a
+higher cost. Whereas, if we proceed tentatively, as we find ourselves
+able,[42] we can complete any well-devised attempt at our leisure,[43]
+and, in case of any obvious failure, take warning and not repeat it.
+Again, if everything were to be carried out at once, it is we, sirs,
+who must make the whole provision at our expense.[44] Whereas, if part
+were proceeded with and part stood over, the portion of revenue in
+hand will help to furnish what is necessary to go on with. But to come
+now to what every one probably will regard as a really grave danger,
+lest the state may become possessed of an over large number of slaves,
+with the result that the works will be overstocked. That again is an
+apprehension which we may escape if we are careful not to put into the
+works more hands from year to year than the works themselves demand.
+Thus[45] I am persuaded that the easiest method of carrying out this
+scheme, as a whole, is also the best. If, however, you are persuaded
+that, owing to the extraordinary property taxes[46] to which you have
+been subjected during the present war, you will not be equal to any
+further contributions at present,[47] what you should do is this:[48]
+during the current year resolve to carry on the financial
+administration of the state within the limits of a sum equivalent to
+that which your dues[49] realised before the peace. That done, you are
+at liberty to take any surplus sum, whether directly traceable to the
+peace itself, or to the more courteous treatment of our resident
+aliens and traders, or to the growth of the imports and exports,
+coincident with the collecting together of larger masses of human
+beings, or to an augmentation of harbour[50] and market dues: this
+surplus, I say, however derived, you should take and invest[51] so as
+to bring in the greatest revenue.[52]
+
+[40] Or, "sinking fund."
+
+[41] {athrooi}--"in a body." It is a military phrase, I think. In
+    close order, as it were, not in detachments.
+
+[42] "According to our ability," a favourite Socratic phrase.
+
+[43] {authis}. See for this corrupt passage Zurborg, "Comm." p. 31. He
+    would insert, "and a little delay will not be prejudicial to our
+    interests, but rather the contrary," or to that effect, thus: {kai
+    authis an [anutoimen ou gar toiaute te anabole blaben genesthai
+    an] emin oiometha} "vel simile aliquid."
+
+[44] Or, "it is we who must bear the whole burthen of the outlay."
+
+[45] {outos}, "so far, unless I am mistaken, the easiest method is the
+    best."
+
+[46] Or, "heavy contributions, subscriptions incidental to," but the
+    word {eisphoras} is technical. For the exhaustion of the treasury
+    see Dem. "Lept." 464; Grote, "H. G."xi. 326.
+
+[47] Or, "you will not be able to subscribe a single penny more."
+
+[48] {umeis de}, you are masters of the situation. It lies with you to
+    carry on, etc.; {dioikeite} is of course imperative.
+
+[49] Or, "taxes."
+
+[50] Reading, after Zurborg, {dia ta ellimenia}. Or, if the vulg. {dia
+    en limeni}, transl. "an augmentation of market dues at Piraeus."
+
+[51] I.e. as fixed capital, or, "you should expend on plant."
+
+[52] Or, adopting Zurborg's emend, {os an pleista eggignetai}, transl.
+    "for the purposes of the present scheme as far as it may be
+    available."
+
+Again, if there is an apprehension on the part of any that the whole
+scheme[53] will crumble into nothing on the first outbreak of war, I
+would only beg these alarmists to note that, under the condition of
+things which we propose to bring about, war will have more terrors for
+the attacking party than for this state. Since what possession I
+should like to know can be more serviceable for war than that of men?
+Think of the many ships which they will be capable of manning on
+public service. Think of the number who will serve on land as infantry
+[in the public service] and will bear hard upon the enemy. Only we
+must treat them with courtesy.[54] For myself, my calculation is, that
+even in the event of war we shall be quite able to keep a firm hold of
+the silver mines. I may take it, we have in the neighbourhood of the
+mines certain fortresses--one on the southern slope in
+Anaphlystus;[55] and we have another on the northern side in Thoricus,
+the two being about seven and a half miles[56] apart. Suppose then a
+third breastwork were to be placed between these, on the highest point
+of Besa, that would enable the operatives to collect into one out of
+all the fortresses, and at the first perception of a hostile movement
+it would only be a short distance for each to retire into safety.[57]
+In the event of an enemy advancing in large numbers they might
+certainly make off with whatever corn or wine or cattle they found
+outside. But even if they did get hold of the silver ore, it would be
+little better to them than a heap of stones.[58] But how is an enemy
+ever to march upon the mines in force? The nearest state, Megara, is
+distant, I take it, a good deal over sixty miles;[59] and the next
+closest, Thebes, a good deal nearer seventy.[60] Supposing then an
+enemy to advance from some such point to attack the mines, he cannot
+avoid passing Athens; and presuming his force to be small, we may
+expect him to be annihilated by our cavalry and frontier police.[61] I
+say, presuming his force to be small, since to march with anything
+like a large force, and thereby leave his own territory denuded of
+troops, would be a startling achievement. Why, the fortified city of
+Athens will be much closer the states of the attacking parties than
+they themselves will be by the time they have got to the mines. But,
+for the sake of argument, let us suppose an enemy to have arrived in
+the neighbourhood of Laurium; how is he going to stop there without
+provisions? To go out in search of supplies with a detachment of his
+force would imply risk, both for the foraging party and for those who
+have to do the fighting;[62] whilst, if they are driven to do so in
+force each time, they may call themselves besiegers, but they will be
+practically in a state of siege themselves.
+
+[53] Or, "the proposed organisation."
+
+[54] See ch. ii. above.
+
+[55] Or, reading {en te pros mesembrian thalatte}, "on the southern
+    Sea." For Anaphlystus see "Hell." I. ii. 1; "Mem." III. v. 25. It
+    was Eubulus's deme, the leading statesman at this date.
+
+[56] Lit. "60 stades."
+
+[57] The passage {sunekoi t an erga}, etc., is probably corrupt. {Ta
+    erga} seems to mean "the operatives;" cf. Latin "operae." Others
+    take it of "the works themselves." Possibly it may refer to
+    military works connecting the three fortresses named. "There might
+    be a system of converging (works or) lines drawn to a single point
+    from all the fortresses, and at the first sign of any thing
+    hostile," etc.
+
+[58] I.e. "they might as well try to carry off so many tons of stone."
+
+[59] Lit. "500 stades."
+
+[60] Lit. "more than 600 stades."
+
+[61] The {peripoloi}, or horse patrol to guard the frontier. See Thuc.
+    iv. 57, viii. 92; Arist. "Birds,"ii. 76. Young Athenians between
+    eighteen and twenty were eligible for the service.
+
+[62] Or, "for the very object of the contest." The construction is in
+    any case unusual. {peri on agonizontai} = {peri touton oi}.
+    Zurborg suggests {peri ton agonizomenon}.
+
+But it is not the income[63] derived from the slaves alone to which we
+look to help the state towards the effective maintenance of her
+citizens, but with the growth and concentration of a thick population
+in the mining district various sources of revenue will accrue, whether
+from the market at Sunium, or from the various state buildings in
+connection with the silver mines, from furnaces and all the rest.
+Since we must expect a thickly populated city to spring up here, if
+organised in the way proposed, and plots of land will become as
+valuable to owners out there as they are to those who possess them in
+the neighbourhood of the capital.
+
+[63] I adopt Zurborg's correction, {prosphora} for {eisphora}, as
+    obviously right. See above, iv. 23.
+
+If, at this point, I may assume my proposals to have been carried into
+effect, I think I can promise, not only that our city shall be
+relieved from a financial strain, but that she shall make a great
+stride in orderliness and in tactical organisation, she shall grow in
+martial spirit and readiness for war. I anticipate that those who are
+under orders to go through gymnastic training will devote themselves
+with a new zeal to the details of the training school, now that they
+will receive a larger maintenance whilst[64] under the orders of the
+trainer in the torch race. So again those on garrison duty in the
+various fortresses, those enrolled as peltasts, or again as frontier
+police to protect the rural districts, one and all will carry out
+their respective duties more ardently when the maintenance[64]
+appropriate to these several functions is duly forthcoming.
+
+[64] I follow Zurborg in omitting {e}. If {e} is to stand, transl.
+    "than they get whilst supplied by the gymnasiarch in the torch
+    race," or "whilst exercising the office of gymnasiarchs
+    themselves." See "Pol. Ath." i. 13.
+
+[65] "State aid."
+
+
+
+V
+
+But now, if it is evident that, in order to get the full benefit of
+all these sources of revenue,[1] peace is an indispensable condition--
+if that is plain, I say, the question suggests itself, would it not be
+worth while to appoint a board to act as guardians of peace? Since no
+doubt the election of such a magistracy would enhance the charm of
+this city in the eyes of the whole world, and add largely to the
+number of our visitors. But if any one is disposed to take the view,
+that by adopting a persistent peace policy,[2] this city will be shorn
+of her power, that her glory will dwindle and her good name be
+forgotten throughout the length and breadth of Hellas, the view so
+taken by our friends here[3] is in my poor judgment somewhat
+unreasonable. For they are surely the happy states, they, in popular
+language, are most fortune-favoured, which endure in peace the longest
+season. And of all states Athens is pre-eminently adapted by nature to
+flourish and wax strong in peace. The while she abides in peace she
+cannot fail to exercise an attractive force on all. From the mariner
+and the merchant upwards, all seek her, flocking they come; the
+wealthy dealers in corn and wine[4] and oil, the owner of many cattle.
+And not these only, but the man who depends upon his wits, whose skill
+it is to do business and make gain out of money[5] and its employment.
+And here another crowd, artificers of all sorts, artists and artisans,
+professors of wisdom,[6] philosophers, and poets, with those who
+exhibit and popularise their works.[7] And next a new train of
+pleasure-seekers, eager to feast on everything sacred or secular,[8]
+which may captivate and charm eye and ear. Or once again, where are
+all those who seek to effect a rapid sale or purchase of a thousand
+commodities, to find what they want, if not at Athens?
+
+[1] Or, "to set these several sources of revenue flowing in full
+    stream."
+
+[2] Cf. "a policy of peace at any price," or, "by persisting for any
+    length of time in the enjoyment of peace."
+
+[3] {kai outoi ge}. The speaker waves his hand to the quarter of the
+    house where the anti-peace party is seated.
+
+[4] After Zurborg, I omit {oukh oi eduoinoi}.
+
+[5] Reading {kai ap arguriou}, with Zurborg.
+
+[6] Lit. "Sophists." See Grote, "H. G." viii. lxvii. note, p. 497.
+
+[7] E.g. chorus-trainers, musicians, grammarians, rhapsodists, and
+    actors.
+
+[8] Or, "sacred and profane."
+
+But if there is no desire to gainsay these views--only that certain
+people, in their wish to recover that headship[9] which was once the
+pride of our city, are persuaded that the accomplishment of their
+hopes is to be found, not in peace but in war, I beg them to reflect
+on some matters of history, and to begin at the beginning,[10] the
+Median war. Was it by high-handed violence, or as benefactors of the
+Hellenes, that we obtained the headship of the naval forces, and the
+trusteeship of the treasury of Hellas?[11] Again, when through the too
+cruel exercise of her presidency, as men thought, Athens was deprived
+of her empire, is it not the case that even in those days,[12] as soon
+as we held aloof from injustice we were once more reinstated by the
+islanders, of their own free will, as presidents of the naval force?
+Nay, did not the very Thebans, in return for certain benefits, grant
+to us Athenians to exercise leadership over them?[13] And at another
+date the Lacedaemonans suffered us Athenians to arrange the terms of
+hegemony[14] at our discretion, not as driven to such submission, but
+in requital of kindly treatment. And to-day, owing to the chaos[15]
+which reigns in Hellas, if I mistake not, an opportunity has fallen to
+this city of winning back our fellow-Hellenes without pain or peril or
+expense of any sort. It is given to us to try and harmonise states
+which are at war with one another: it is given to us to reconcile the
+differences of rival factions within those states themselves, wherever
+existing.
+
+[9] Lit. "her hegemony for the city," B.C. 476.
+
+[10] "And first of all."
+
+[11] See Thuc. i. 96.
+
+[12] B.C. 378. Second confederacy of Delos. See Grote, "H. G." x. 152.
+
+[13] B.C. 375. Cf. "Hell." V. iv. 62; Grote, "H. G." x. 139; Isocr.
+    "Or." xiv. 20; Diod. Sic. xv. 29.
+
+[14] B.C. 369 (al. B.C. 368). Cf. "Hell." VII. i. 14.
+
+[15] See "Hell."VII. v. 27.
+
+Make it but evident that we are minded to preserve the
+independence[16] of the Delphic shrine in its primitive integrity, not
+by joining in any war but by the moral force of embassies throughout
+the length and breadth of Hellas--and I for one shall not be
+astonished if you find our brother Hellenes of one sentiment and eager
+under seal of solemn oaths[17] to proceed against those, whoever they
+may be, who shall seek[18] to step into the place vacated by the
+Phocians and to occupy the sacred shrine. Make it but evident that you
+intend to establish a general peace by land and sea, and, if I mistake
+not, your efforts will find a response in the hearts of all. There is
+no man but will pray for the salvation of Athens next to that of his
+own fatherland.
+
+[16] "Autonomy."
+
+[17] See Thuc. v. 18, clause 2 of the Treaty of Peace, B.C. 422-421.
+
+[18] Reading, with Zurborg, {peironto}. Or, if the vulgate
+    {epeironto}, transl. "against those who sought to step."
+
+Again, is any one persuaded that, looking solely to riches and money-
+making, the state may find war more profitable than peace? If so, I
+cannot conceive a better method to decide that question than to allow
+the mind to revert[19] to the past history of the state and to note
+well the sequence of events. He will discover that in times long gone
+by during a period of peace vast wealth was stored up in the
+acropolis, the whole of which was lavishly expended during a
+subsequent period of war. He will perceive, if he examines closely,
+that even at the present time we are suffering from its ill effects.
+Countless sources of revenue have failed, or if they have still flowed
+in, been lavishly expended on a multiplicity of things. Whereas,[20]
+now that peace is established by sea, our revenues have expanded and
+the citizens of Athens have it in their power to turn these to account
+as they like best.
+
+[19] Reading {epanoskopoin}.
+
+[20] Or, "But the moment peace has been restored."
+
+But if you turn on me with the question, "Do you really mean that even
+in the event of unjust attacks upon our city on the part of any, we
+are still resolutely to observe peace towards that offender?" I answer
+distinctly, No! But, on the contrary, I maintain that we shall all the
+more promptly retaliate on such aggression in proportion as we have
+done no wrong to any one ourselves. Since that will be to rob the
+aggressor of his allies.[21]
+
+[21] Reading, after Cobet, {ei medena uparkhoimen adikountes}. Or, if
+    the vulgate {ei medena parakhoimen adikounta}, transl. "if we can
+    show complete innocence on our own side."
+
+
+
+VI
+
+But now, if none of these proposals be impracticable or even difficult
+of execution; if rather by giving them effect we may conciliate
+further the friendship of Hellas, whilst we strengthen our own
+administration and increase our fame; if by the same means the people
+shall be provided with the necessaries of life, and our rich men be
+relieved of expenditure on war; if with the large surplus to be
+counted on, we are in a position to conduct our festivals on an even
+grander scale than heretofore, to restore our temples, to rebuild our
+forts and docks, and to reinstate in their ancient privileges our
+priests, our senators, our magistrates, and our knights--surely it
+were but reasonable to enter upon this project speedily, so that we
+too, even in our own day, may witness the unclouded dawn of prosperity
+in store for our city.
+
+But if you are agreed to carry out this plan, there is one further
+counsel which I would urge upon you. Send to Dodona and to Delphi, I
+would beg you, and consult the will of Heaven whether such a provision
+and such a policy on our part be truly to the interest of Athens both
+for the present and for the time to come. If the consent of Heaven be
+thus obtained, we ought then, I say, to put a further question: whose
+special favour among the gods shall we seek to secure with a view to
+the happier execution of these measures?
+
+And in accordance with that answer, let us offer a sacrifice of happy
+omen to the deities so named, and commence the work; since if these
+transactions be so carried out with the will of God, have we not the
+right to prognosticate some further advance in the path of political
+progress for this whole state?
+
+
+
+
+
+End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of On Revenues by Xenophon
+
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