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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1174 ***
+
+HELLENICA
+
+By Xenophon
+
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+
+
+
+
+          Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+          pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+          and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+          and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+          years before having to move once more, to settle
+          in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+
+          The Hellenica is his chronicle of the history of
+          the Hellenes from 411 to 359 B.C., starting as a
+          continuation of Thucydides, and becoming his own
+          brand of work from Book III onwards.
+
+
+
+PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though there is
+doubt about some of these) is:
+
+     Work                                   Number of books
+
+     The Anabasis                                         7
+     The Hellenica                                        7
+     The Cyropaedia                                       8
+     The Memorabilia                                      4
+     The Symposium                                        1
+     The Economist                                        1
+     On Horsemanship                                      1
+     The Sportsman                                        1
+     The Cavalry General                                  1
+     The Apology                                          1
+     On Revenues                                          1
+     The Hiero                                            1
+     The Agesilaus                                        1
+     The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into English
+using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The diacritical marks
+have been lost.
+
+
+
+
+
+HELLENICA
+
+
+
+
+BOOK I
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 411. To follow the order of events (1). A few days later
+Thymochares arrived from Athens with a few ships, when another sea fight
+between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians at once took place, in which
+the former, under the command of Agesandridas, gained the victory.
+
+ (1) Lit. "after these events"; but is hard to conjecture to what
+    events the author refers. For the order of events and the
+    connection between the closing chapter of Thuc. viii. 109, and the
+    opening words of the "Hellenica," see introductory remarks above.
+    The scene of this sea-fight is, I think, the Hellespont.
+
+Another short interval brings us to a morning in early winter, when
+Dorieus, the son of Diagoras, was entering the Hellespont with fourteen
+ships from Rhodes at break of day. The Athenian day-watch descrying him,
+signalled to the generals, and they, with twenty sail, put out to sea to
+attack him. Dorieus made good his escape, and, as he shook himself free
+of the narrows, (2) ran his triremes aground off Rhoeteum. When the
+Athenians had come to close quarters, the fighting commenced, and was
+sustained at once from ships and shore, until at length the Athenians
+retired to their main camp at Madytus, having achieved nothing.
+
+ (2) Lit. "as he opened" {os enoige}. This is still a mariner's phrase
+    in modern Greek, if I am rightly informed.
+
+Meanwhile Mindarus, while sacrificing to Athena at Ilium, had observed
+the battle. He at once hastened to the sea, and getting his own triremes
+afloat, sailed out to pick up the ships with Dorieus. The Athenians on
+their side put out to meet him, and engaged him off Abydos. From early
+morning till the afternoon the fight was kept up close to the shore.
+(3) Victory and defeat hung still in even balance, when Alcibiades
+came sailing up with eighteen ships. Thereupon the Peloponnesians
+fled towards Abydos, where, however, Pharnabazus brought them timely
+assistance. (4) Mounted on horseback, he pushed forward into the sea as
+far as his horse would let him, doing battle himself, and encouraging
+his troopers and the infantry alike to play their parts. Then the
+Peloponnesians, ranging their ships in close-packed order, and drawing
+up their battle line in proximity to the land, kept up the fight. At
+length the Athenians, having captured thirty of the enemy's vessels
+without their crews, and having recovered those of their own which
+they had previously lost, set sail for Sestos. Here the fleet, with the
+exception of forty vessels, dispersed in different directions outside
+the Hellespont, to collect money; while Thrasylus, one of the generals,
+sailed to Athens to report what had happened, and to beg for a
+reinforcement of troops and ships. After the above incidents,
+Tissaphernes arrived in the Hellespont, and received a visit from
+Alcibiades, who presented him with a single ship, bringing with him
+tokens of friendship and gifts, whereupon Tissaphernes seized him and
+shut him up in Sardis, giving out that the king's orders were to go to
+war with the Athenians. Thirty days later Alcibiades, accompanied by
+Mantitheus, who had been captured in Caria, managed to procure horses
+and escaped by night to Clazomenae.
+
+ (3) The original has a somewhat more poetical ring. The author uses
+    the old Attic or Ionic word {eona}. This is a mark of style, of
+    which we shall have many instances. One might perhaps produce
+    something of the effect here by translating: "the battle hugged
+    the strand."
+
+ (4) Or, "came to their aid along the shore."
+
+B.C. 410. And now the Athenians at Sestos, hearing that Mindarus was
+meditating an attack upon them with a squadron of sixty sail, gave
+him the slip, and under cover of night escaped to Cardia. Hither also
+Alcibiades repaired from Clazomenae, having with him five triremes and
+a light skiff; but on learning that the Peloponnesian fleet had left
+Abydos and was in full sail for Cyzicus, he set off himself by land to
+Sestos, giving orders to the fleet to sail round and join him there.
+Presently the vessels arrived, and he was on the point of putting out to
+sea with everything ready for action, when Theramenes, with a fleet of
+twenty ships from Macedonia, entered the port, and at the same instant
+Thrasybulus, with a second fleet of twenty sail from Thasos, both
+squadrons having been engaged in collecting money. Bidding these
+officers also follow him with all speed, as soon as they had taken out
+their large sails and cleared for action, Alcibiades set sail himself
+for Parium. During the following night the united squadron, consisting
+now of eighty-six vessels, stood out to sea from Parium, and reached
+Proconnesus next morning, about the hour of breakfast. Here they learnt
+that Mindarus was in Cyzicus, and that Pharnabazus, with a body of
+infantry, was with him. Accordingly they waited the whole of this day at
+Proconnesus. On the following day Alcibiades summoned an assembly,
+and addressing the men in terms of encouragement, warned them that a
+threefold service was expected of them; that they must be ready for a
+sea fight, a land fight, and a wall fight all at once, "for look you,"
+said he, "we have no money, but the enemy has unlimited supplies from
+the king."
+
+Now, on the previous day, as soon as they were come to moorings, he had
+collected all the sea-going craft of the island, big and little alike,
+under his own control, that no one might report the number of his
+squadron to the enemy, and he had further caused a proclamation to be
+made, that any one caught sailing across to the opposite coast would be
+punished with death. When the meeting was over, he got his ships ready
+for action, and stood out to sea towards Cyzicus in torrents of rain.
+Off Cyzicus the sky cleared, and the sun shone out and revealed to him
+the spectacle of Mindarus's vessels, sixty in number, exercising at some
+distance from the harbour, and, in fact, intercepted by himself. The
+Peloponnesians, perceiving at a glance the greatly increased number of
+the Athenian galleys, and noting their proximity to the port, made haste
+to reach the land, where they brought their vessels to anchor in a
+body, and prepared to engage the enemy as he sailed to the attack. But
+Alcibiades, sailing round with twenty of his vessels, came to land and
+disembarked. Seeing this, Mindarus also landed, and in the engagement
+which ensued he fell fighting, whilst those who were with him took to
+flight. As for the enemy's ships, the Athenians succeeded in capturing
+the whole of them (with the exception of the Syracusan vessels,
+which were burnt by their crews), and made off with their prizes to
+Proconnesus. From thence on the following day they sailed to attack
+Cyzicus. The men of that place, seeing that the Peloponnesians and
+Pharnabazus had evacuated the town, admitted the Athenians. Here
+Alcibiades remained twenty days, obtaining large sums of money from
+the Cyzicenes, but otherwise inflicting no sort of mischief on the
+community. He then sailed back to Proconnesus, and from there to
+Perinthus and Selybria. The inhabitants of the former place welcomed his
+troops into their city, but the Selybrians preferred to give money,
+and so escape the admission of the troops. Continuing the voyage the
+squadron reached Chrysopolis in Chalcedonia, (5) where they built a
+fort, and established a custom-house to collect the tithe dues which
+they levied on all merchantmen passing through the Straits from the
+Black Sea. Besides this, a detachment of thirty ships was left there
+under the two generals, Theramenes and Eubulus, with instructions not
+only to keep a look-out on the port itself and on all traders passing
+through the channel, but generally to injure the enemy in any way which
+might present itself. This done, the rest of the generals hastened back
+to the Hellespont.
+
+ (5) This is the common spelling, but the coins of Calchedon have the
+    letters {KALKH}, and so the name is written in the best MSS. of
+    Herodotus, Xenophon, and other writers, by whom the place is
+    named. See "Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog." "Chalcedon."
+
+Now a despatch from Hippocrates, Mindarus's vice-admiral, (6) had been
+intercepted on its way to Lacedaemon, and taken to Athens. It ran
+as follows (in broad Doric): (7) "Ships gone; Mindarus dead; the men
+starving; at our wits' end what to do."
+
+ (6) "Epistoleus," i.e. secretary or despatch writer, is the Spartan
+    title of the officer second in command to the admiral.
+
+ (7) Reading {'Errei ta kala} (Bergk's conjecture for {kala}) =
+    "timbers," i.e. "ships" (a Doric word). Cf. Aristoph., "Lys."
+    1253, {potta kala}. The despatch continues: {Mindaros apessoua}
+    (al. {apessua}), which is much more racy than the simple word
+    "dead." "M. is gone off." I cannot find the right English or
+    "broad Scotch" equivalent. See Thirlwall, "Hist. Gr." IV. xxix. 88
+    note.
+
+Pharnabazus, however, was ready to meet with encouragement the
+despondency which afflicted the whole Peloponnesian army and their
+allies. "As long as their own bodies were safe and sound, why need
+they take to heart the loss of a few wooden hulls? Was there not timber
+enough and to spare in the king's territory?" And so he presented each
+man with a cloak and maintenance for a couple of months, after which he
+armed the sailors and formed them into a coastguard for the security of
+his own seaboard.
+
+He next called a meeting of the generals and trierarchs of the different
+States, and instructed them to build just as many new ships in the
+dockyards of Antandrus as they had respectively lost. He himself was to
+furnish the funds, and he gave them to understand that they might
+bring down timber from Mount Ida. While the ships were building, the
+Syracusans helped the men of Antandrus to finish a section of their
+walls, and were particularly pleasant on garrison duty; and that is why
+the Syracusans to this day enjoy the privilege of citizenship, with the
+title of "benefactors," at Antandrus. Having so arranged these matters,
+Pharnabazus proceeded at once to the rescue of Chalcedon.
+
+It was at this date that the Syracusan generals received news from home
+of their banishment by the democratic party. Accordingly they called a
+meeting of their separate divisions, and putting forward Hermocrates
+(8) as their spokesman, proceeded to deplore their misfortune, insisting
+upon the injustice and the illegality of their banishment. "And now let
+us admonish you," they added, "to be eager and willing in the future,
+even as in the past: whatever the word of command may be, show
+yourselves good men and true: let not the memory of those glorious sea
+fights fade. Think of those victories you have won, those ships you
+have captured by your own unaided efforts; forget not that long list of
+achievements shared by yourselves with others, in all which you
+proved yourselves invincible under our generalship. It was to a happy
+combination of our merit and your enthusiasm, displayed alike on land
+and sea, that you owe the strength and perfection of your discipline."
+
+ (8) Hermocrates, the son of Hermon. We first hear of him in Thuc. iv.
+    58 foll. as the chief agent in bringing the Sicilian States
+    together in conference at Gela B.C. 424, with a view to healing
+    their differences and combining to frustrate the dangerous designs
+    of Athens. In 415 B.C., when the attack came, he was again the
+    master spirit in rendering it abortive (Thuc. vi. 72 foll.) In 412
+    B.C. it was he who urged the Sicilians to assist in completing the
+    overthrow of Athens, by sending a squadron to co-operate with the
+    Peloponnesian navy--for the relief of Miletus, etc. (Thuc. viii.
+    26, 27 foll.) At a later date, in 411 B.C., when the Peloponnesian
+    sailors were ready to mutiny, and "laid all their grievances to
+    the charge of Astyochus (the Spartan admiral), who humoured
+    Tissaphernes for his own gain" (Thuc. viii. 83), Hermocrates took
+    the men's part, and so incurred the hatred of Tissaphernes.
+
+With these words they called upon the men to choose other commanders,
+who should undertake the duties of their office, until the arrival of
+their successors. Thereupon the whole assembly, and more particularly
+the captains and masters of vessels and marines, insisted with loud
+cries on their continuance in command. The generals replied, "It was
+not for them to indulge in faction against the State, but rather it was
+their duty, in case any charges were forthcoming against themselves,
+at once to render an account." When, however, no one had any kind of
+accusation to prefer, they yielded to the general demand, and were
+content to await the arrival of their successors. The names of these
+were--Demarchus, the son of Epidocus; Myscon, the son of Mencrates; and
+Potamis, the son of Gnosis.
+
+The captains, for their part, swore to restore the exiled generals as
+soon as they themselves should return to Syracuse. At present with
+a general vote of thanks they despatched them to their several
+destinations. It particular those who had enjoyed the society of
+Hermocrates recalled his virtues with regret, his thoroughness and
+enthusiasm, his frankness and affability, the care with which every
+morning and evening he was wont to gather in his quarters a group of
+naval captains and mariners whose ability he recognised. These were his
+confidants, to whom he communicated what he intended to say or do: they
+were his pupils, to whom he gave lessons in oratory, now calling upon
+them to speak extempore, and now again after deliberation. By these
+means Hermocrates had gained a wide reputation at the council board,
+where his mastery of language was no less felt than the wisdom of his
+advice. Appearing at Lacedaemon as the accuser of Tissaphernes, (9) he
+had carried his case, not only by the testimony of Astyochus, but by
+the obvious sincerity of his statements, and on the strength of this
+reputation he now betook himself to Pharnabazus. The latter did not wait
+to be asked, but at once gave him money, which enabled him to collect
+friends and triremes, with a view to his ultimate recall to Syracuse.
+Meanwhile the successors of the Syracusans had arrived at Miletus, where
+they took charge of the ships and the army.
+
+ (9) The matter referred to is fully explained Thuc. viii. 85.
+
+It was at this same season that a revolution occurred in Thasos,
+involving the expulsion of the philo-Laconian party, with the Laconian
+governor Eteonicus. The Laconian Pasippidas was charged with having
+brought the business about in conjunction with Tissaphernes, and was
+banished from Sparta in consequence. The naval force which he had been
+collecting from the allies was handed over to Cratesippidas, who was
+sent out to take his place in Chios.
+
+About the same period, while Thrasylus was still in Athens, Agis
+(10) made a foraging expedition up to the very walls of the city. But
+Thrasylus led out the Athenians with the rest of the inhabitants of the
+city, and drew them up by the side of the Lyceum Gymnasium, ready to
+engage the enemy if they approached; seeing which, Agis beat a hasty
+retreat, not however without the loss of some of his supports, a few of
+whom were cut down by the Athenian light troops. This success disposed
+the citizens to take a still more favourable view of the objects for
+which Thrasylus had come; and they passed a decree empowering him to
+call out a thousand hoplites, one hundred cavalry, and fifty triremes.
+
+ (10) The reader will recollect that we are giving in "the Deceleian"
+    period of the war, 413-404 B.C. The Spartan king was in command of
+    the fortress of Deceleia, only fourteen miles distant from Athens,
+    and erected on a spot within sight of the city. See Thuc. vii. 19,
+    27, 28.
+
+Meanwhile Agis, as he looked out from Deceleia, and saw vessel after
+vessel laden with corn running down to Piraeus, declared that it was
+useless for his troops to go on week after week excluding the Athenians
+from their own land, while no one stopped the source of their corn
+supply by sea: the best plan would be to send Clearchus, (11) the son
+of Rhamphius, who was proxenos (12) of the Byzantines, to Chalcedon and
+Byzantium. The suggestion was approved, and with fifteen vessels duly
+manned from Megara, or furnished by other allies, Clearchus set out.
+These were troop-ships rather than swift-sailing men-of-war. Three of
+them, on reaching the Hellespont, were destroyed by the Athenian ships
+employed to keep a sharp look-out on all merchant craft in those waters.
+The other twelve escaped to Sestos, and thence finally reached Byzantium
+in safety.
+
+ (11) Of Clearchus we shall hear more in the sequel, and in the
+    "Anabasis."
+
+ (12) The Proxenus answered pretty nearly to our "Consul," "Agent,"
+    "Resident"; but he differed in this respect, that he was always a
+    member of the foreign State. An Athenian represented Sparta at
+    Athens; a Laconian represented Athens at Sparta, and so forth. See
+    Liddell and Scott.
+
+So closed the year--a year notable also for the expedition against
+Sicily of the Carthaginians under Hannibal with one hundred thousand
+men, and the capture, within three months, of the two Hellenic cities of
+Selinus and Himera.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 409. Next year (1)... the Athenians fortified Thoricus; and
+Thrasylus, taking the vessels lately voted him and five thousand of
+his seamen armed to serve as peltasts, (2) set sail for Samos at the
+beginning of summer. At Samos he stayed three days, and then continued
+his voyage to Pygela, where he proceeded to ravage the territory and
+attack the fortress. Presently a detachment from Miletus came to the
+rescue of the men of Pygela, and attacking the scattered bands of the
+Athenian light troops, put them to flight. But to the aid of the light
+troops came the naval brigade of peltasts, with two companies of heavy
+infantry, and all but annihilated the whole detachment from Miletus.
+They captured about two hundred shields, and set up a trophy. Next day
+they sailed to Notium, and from Notium, after due preparation, marched
+upon Colophon. The Colophonians capitulated without a blow. The
+following night they made an incursion into Lydia, where the corn crops
+were ripe, and burnt several villages, and captured money, slaves, and
+other booty in large quantity. But Stages, the Persian, who was employed
+in this neighbourhood, fell in with a reinforcement of cavalry sent to
+protect the scattered pillaging parties from the Athenian camp, whilst
+occupied with their individual plunder, and took one trooper prisoner,
+killing seven others. After this Thrasylus led his troops back to the
+sea, intending to sail to Ephesus. Meanwhile Tissaphernes, who had wind
+of this intention, began collecting a large army and despatching cavalry
+with a summons to the inhabitants one and all to rally to the defence of
+the goddess Artemis at Ephesus.
+
+ (1) The MSS. here give a suspected passage, which may be rendered
+    thus: "The first of Olympiad 93, celebrated as the year in which
+    the newly-added two-horse race was won by Evagorias the Eleian,
+    and the stadion (200 yards foot-race) by the Cyrenaean Eubotas,
+    when Evarchippus was ephor at Sparta and Euctemon archon at
+    Athens." But Ol. 93, to which these officers,and the addition of
+    the new race at Olympia belong, is the year 408. We must therefore
+    suppose either that this passage has been accidentally inserted in
+    the wrong place by some editor or copyist, or that the author was
+    confused in his dates. The "stadium" is the famous foot-race at
+    Olympia, 606 3/4 English feet in length, run on a course also
+    called the "Stadion," which was exactly a stade long.
+
+ (2) Peltasts, i.e. light infantry armed with the "pelta" or light
+    shield, instead of the heavy {aspis} of the hoplite or heavy
+    infantry soldiers.
+
+On the seventeenth day after the incursion above mentioned Thrasylus
+sailed to Ephesus. He disembarked his troops in two divisions, his heavy
+infantry in the neighbourhood of Mount Coressus; his cavalry, peltasts,
+and marines, with the remainder of his force, near the marsh on the
+other side of the city. At daybreak he pushed forward both divisions.
+The citizens of Ephesus, on their side, were not slow to protect
+themselves. They had to aid them the troops brought up by Tissaphernes,
+as well as two detachments of Syracusans, consisting of the crews of
+their former twenty vessels and those of five new vessels which had
+opportunely arrived quite recently under Eucles, the son of Hippon,
+and Heracleides, the son of Aristogenes, together with two Selinuntian
+vessels. All these several forces first attacked the heavy infantry
+near Coressus; these they routed, killing about one hundred of them, and
+driving the remainder down into the sea. They then turned to deal with
+the second division on the marsh. Here, too, the Athenians were put to
+flight, and as many as three hundred of them perished. On this spot the
+Ephesians erected a trophy, and another at Coressus. The valour of the
+Syracusans and Selinuntians had been so conspicuous that the citizens
+presented many of them, both publicly and privately, with prizes for
+distinction in the field, besides offering the right of residence in
+their city with certain immunities to all who at any time might wish to
+live there. To the Selinuntians, indeed, as their own city had lately
+been destroyed, they offered full citizenship.
+
+The Athenians, after picking up their dead under a truce, set sail
+for Notium, and having there buried the slain, continued their voyage
+towards Lesbos and the Hellespont. Whilst lying at anchor in the harbour
+of Methymna, in that island, they caught sight of the Syracusan vessels,
+five-and-twenty in number, coasting along from Ephesus. They put out to
+sea to attack them, and captured four ships with their crews, and chased
+the remainder back to Ephesus. The prisoners were sent by Thrasylus to
+Athens, with one exception. This was an Athenian, Alcibiades, who was a
+cousin and fellow-exile of Alcibiades. Him Thrasylus released. (3) From
+Methymna Thrasylus set sail to Sestos to join the main body of the army,
+after which the united forces crossed to Lampsacus. And now winter was
+approaching. It was the winter in which the Syracusan prisoners who had
+been immured in the stone quarries of Piraeus dug through the rock and
+escaped one night, some to Decelia and others to Megara. At Lampsacus
+Alcibiades was anxious to marshal the whole military force there
+collected in one body, but the old troops refused to be incorporated
+with those of Thrasylus. "They, who had never yet been beaten, with
+these newcomers who had just suffered a defeat." So they devoted the
+winter to fortifying Lampsacus. They also made an expedition against
+Abydos, where Pharnabazus, coming to the rescue of the place,
+encountered them with numerous cavalry, but was defeated and forced
+to flee, Alcibiades pursuing hard with his cavalry and one hundred and
+twenty infantry under the command of Menander, till darkness intervened.
+After this battle the soldiers came together of their own accord, and
+freely fraternised with the troops of Thrasylus. This expedition was
+followed by other incursions during the winter into the interior, where
+they found plenty to do ravaging the king's territory.
+
+ (3) Reading {apelusen}. Wolf's conjecture for the MSS. {katelousen} =
+    stoned. See Thirlwall, "Hist. Gr." IV. xxix. 93 note.
+
+It was at this period also that the Lacedaemonians allowed their
+revolted helots from Malea, who had found an asylum at Coryphasium, to
+depart under a flag of truce. It was also about the same period that the
+Achaeans betrayed the colonists of Heracleia Trachinia, when they were
+all drawn up in battle to meet the hostile Oetaeans, whereby as many
+as seven hundred of them were lost, together with the governor (4) from
+Lacedaemon, Labotas. Thus the year came to its close--a year marked
+further by a revolt of the Medes from Darius, the king of Persia,
+followed by renewed submission to his authority.
+
+ (4) Technically {armostes} (harmost), i.e. administrator.
+
+
+
+III
+
+B.C. 408. The year following is the year in which the temple of Athena,
+in Phocaea, was struck by lightning and set on fire. (1) With the
+cessation of winter, in early spring, the Athenians set sail with the
+whole of their force to Proconnesus, and thence advanced upon Chalcedon
+and Byzantium, encamping near the former town. The men of Chalcedon,
+aware of their approach, had taken the precaution to deposit all their
+pillageable property with their neighbours, the Bithynian Thracians;
+whereupon Alcibiades put himself at the head of a small body of heavy
+infantry with the cavalry, and giving orders to the fleet to follow
+along the coast, marched against the Bithynians and demanded back the
+property of the Chalcedonians, threatening them with war in case of
+refusal. The Bithynians delivered up the property. Returning to camp,
+not only thus enriched, but with the further satisfaction of having
+secured pledges of good behaviour from the Bithynians, Alcibiades set to
+work with the whole of his troops to draw lines of circumvallation round
+Chalcedon from sea to sea, so as to include as much of the river as
+possible within his wall, which was made of timber. Thereupon the
+Lacedaemonian governor, Hippocrates, let his troops out of the city and
+offered battle, and the Athenians, on their side, drew up their forces
+opposite to receive him; while Pharnabazus, from without the lines of
+circumvallation, was still advancing with his army and large bodies of
+horse. Hippocrates and Thrasylus engaged each other with their heavy
+infantry for a long while, until Alcibiades, with a detachment of
+infantry and the cavalry, intervened. Presently Hippocrates fell,
+and the troops under him fled into the city; at the same instant
+Pharnabazus, unable to effect a junction with the Lacedaemonian leader,
+owing to the circumscribed nature of the ground and the close proximity
+of the river to the enemy's lines, retired to the Heracleium, (2)
+belonging to the Chalcedonians, where his camp lay. After this success
+Alcibiades set off to the Hellespont and the Chersonese to raise money,
+and the remaining generals came to terms with Pharnabazus in respect
+of Chalcedon; according to these, the Persian satrap agreed to pay the
+Athenians twenty talents (3) in behalf of the town, and to grant their
+ambassadors a safe conduct up country to the king. It was further
+stipulated by mutual consent and under oaths provided, that the
+Chalcedonians should continue the payment of their customary tribute
+to Athens, being also bound to discharge all outstanding debts. The
+Athenians, on their side, were bound to desist from all hostilities
+until the return of their ambassadors from the king. These oaths
+were not witnessed by Alcibiades, who was now in the neighbourhood of
+Selybria. Having taken that place, he presently appeared before the
+walls of Byzantium at the head of the men of Chersonese, who came out
+with their whole force; he was aided further by troops from Thrace and
+more than three hundred horse. Accordingly Pharnabazus, insisting that
+he too must take the oath, decided to remain in Chalcedon, and to await
+his arrival from Byzantium. Alcibiades came, but was not prepared to
+bind himself by any oaths, unless Pharnabazus would, on his side, take
+oaths to himself. After this, oaths were exchanged between them by
+proxy. Alcibiades took them at Chrysopolis in the presence of two
+representatives sent by Pharnabazus--namely, Mitrobates and Arnapes.
+Pharnabazus took them at Chalcedon in the presence of Euryptolemus and
+Diotimus, who represented Alcibiades. Both parties bound themselves not
+only by the general oath, but also interchanged personal pledges of good
+faith.
+
+ (1) The MSS. here give the words, "in the ephorate of Pantacles and
+    the archonship of Antigenes, two-and-twenty years from the
+    beginning of the war," but the twenty-second year of the war =
+    B.C. 410; Antigenes archon, B.C. 407 = Ol. 93, 2; the passage must
+    be regarded as a note mis-inserted by some editor or copyist (vide
+    supra, I. 11.)
+
+ (2) I.e. sacred place or temple of Heracles.
+
+ (3) Twenty talents = 4800 pounds; or, more exactly, 4875 pounds.
+
+This done, Pharnabazus left Chalcedon at once, with injunctions that
+those who were going up to the king as ambassadors should meet him
+at Cyzicus. The representatives of Athens were Dorotheus, Philodices,
+Theogenes, Euryptolemus, and Mantitheus; with them were two Argives,
+Cleostratus and Pyrrholochus. An embassy of the Lacedaemonians was also
+about to make the journey. This consisted of Pasippidas and his fellows,
+with whom were Hermocrates, now an exile from Syracuse, and his brother
+Proxenus. So Pharnabazus put himself at their head. Meanwhile the
+Athenians prosecuted the siege of Byzantium; lines of circumvallation
+were drawn; and they diversified the blockade by sharpshooting at
+long range and occasional assaults upon the walls. Inside the city lay
+Clearchus, the Lacedaemonian governor, and a body of Perioci with a
+small detachment of Neodamodes. (4) There was also a body of Megarians
+under their general Helixus, a Megarian, and another body of Boeotians,
+with their general Coeratadas. The Athenians, finding presently that
+they could effect nothing by force, worked upon some of the inhabitants
+to betray the place. Clearchus, meanwhile, never dreaming that any one
+would be capable of such an act, had crossed over to the opposite
+coast to visit Pharnabazus; he had left everything in perfect order,
+entrusting the government of the city to Coeratadas and Helixus. His
+mission was to obtain pay for the soldiers from the Persian satrap,
+and to collect vessels from various quarters. Some were already in the
+Hellespont, where they had been left as guardships by Pasippidas, or
+else at Antandrus. Others formed the fleet which Agesandridas, who had
+formerly served as a marine (5) under Mindarus, now commanded on the
+Thracian coast. Others Clearchus purposed to have built, and with the
+whole united squadron to so injure the allies of the Athenians as to
+draw off the besieging army from Byzantium. But no sooner was he fairly
+gone than those who were minded to betray the city set to work. Their
+names were Cydon, Ariston, Anaxicrates, Lycurgus, and Anaxilaus. The
+last-named was afterwards impeached for treachery in Lacedaemon on the
+capital charge, and acquitted on the plea that, to begin with, he was
+not a Lacedaemonian, but a Byzantine, and, so far from having betrayed
+the city, he had saved it, when he saw women and children perishing of
+starvation; for Clearchus had given away all the corn in the city to the
+Lacedaemonian soldiers. It was for these reasons, as Anaxilaus himself
+admitted, he had introduced the enemy, and not for the sake of money,
+nor out of hatred to Lacedaemon.
+
+ (4) According to the constitution of Lacedaemon the whole government
+    was in Dorian hands. The subject population was divided into (1)
+    Helots, who were State serfs. The children of Helots were at times
+    brought up by Spartans and called "Mothakes"; Helots who had
+    received their liberty were called "Neodamodes" ({neodamodeis}).
+    After the conquest of Messenia this class was very numerous. (2)
+    Perioeci. These were the ancient Achaean inhabitants, living in
+    towns and villages, and managing their own affairs, paying
+    tribute, and serving in the army as heavy-armed soldiers. In 458
+    B.C. they were said to number thirty thousand. The Spartans
+    themselves were divided, like all Dorians, into three tribes,
+    Hylleis, Dymanes, and Pamphyli, each of which tribes was divided
+    into ten "obes," which were again divided into {oikoi} or families
+    possessed of landed properties. In 458 B.C. there were said to be
+    nine thousand such families; but in course of time, through
+    alienation of lands, deaths in war, and other causes, their
+    numbers were much diminished; and in many cases there was a loss
+    of status, so that in the time of Agis III., B.C. 244, we hear of
+    two orders of Spartans, the {omoioi} and the {upomeiones}
+    (inferiors); seven hundred Spartans (families) proper and one
+    hundred landed proprietors. See Mullers "Dorians," vol. ii. bk.
+    iii. ch. x. S. 3 (Eng. trans.); Arist. "Pol." ii. 9, 15; Plut.
+    ("Agis").
+
+ (5) The greek word is {epibates}, which some think was the title of an
+    inferior naval officer in the Spartan service, but there is no
+    proof of this. Cf. Thuc. viii. 61, and Prof. Jowett's note; also
+    Grote, "Hist. of Greece," viii. 27 (2d ed.)
+
+As soon as everything was ready, these people opened the gates leading
+to the Thracian Square, as it is called, and admitted the Athenian
+troops with Alcibiades at their head. Helixus and Coeratadas, in
+complete ignorance of the plot, hastened to the Agora with the whole
+of the garrison, ready to confront the danger; but finding the enemy in
+occupation, they had nothing for it but to give themselves up. They were
+sent off as prisoners to Athens, where Coeratadas, in the midst of the
+crowd and confusion of debarkation at Piraeus, gave his guards the slip,
+and made his way in safety to Decelia.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+B.C. 407. Pharnabazus and the ambassadors were passing the winter at
+Gordium in Phrygia, when they heard of the occurrences at Byzantium.
+Continuing their journey to the king's court in the commencement of
+spring, they were met by a former embassy, which was now on its return
+journey. These were the Lacedaemonian ambassadors, Boeotius and his
+party, with the other envoys; who told them that the Lacedaemonians had
+obtained from the king all they wanted. One of the company was Cyrus,
+the new governor of all the seaboard districts, who was prepared to
+co-operate with the Lacedaemonians in war. He was the bearer, moreover,
+of a letter with the royal seal attached. It was addressed to all the
+populations of Lower Asia, and contained the following words: "I send
+down Cyrus as 'Karanos'" (1)--that is to say, supreme lord--"over all
+those who muster at Castolus." The ambassadors of the Athenians, even
+while listening to this announcement, and indeed after they had seen
+Cyrus, were still desirous, if possible, to continue their journey to
+the king, or, failing that, to return home. Cyrus, however, urged upon
+Pharnabazus either to deliver them up to himself, or to defer sending
+them home at present; his object being to prevent the Athenians learning
+what was going on. Pharnabazus, wishing to escape all blame, for the
+time being detained them, telling them, at one time, that he would
+presently escort them up country to the king, and at another time that
+he would send them safe home. But when three years had elapsed, he
+prayed Cyrus to let them go, declaring that he had taken an oath to
+bring them back to the sea, in default of escorting them up to the king.
+Then at last they received safe conduct to Ariobarzanes, with orders for
+their further transportation. The latter conducted them a stage further,
+to Cius in Mysia; and from Cius they set sail to join their main
+armament.
+
+ (1) {Karanos.} Is this a Greek word, a Doric form, {karanos}, akin to
+    {kara} (cf. {karenon}) = chief? or is it not more likely a Persian
+    or native word, Karanos? and might not the title be akin
+    conceivably to the word {korano}, which occurs on many Indo-
+    Bactrian coins (see A. von Sallet, "Die Nachfolger Alexanders des
+    Grossen," p. 57, etc.)? or is {koiranos} the connecting link? The
+    words translated "that is to say, supreme lord," {to de karanon
+    esti kurion}, look very like a commentator's gloss.
+
+Alcibiades, whose chief desire was to return home to Athens with the
+troops, immediately set sail for Samos; and from that island, taking
+twenty of the ships, he sailed to the Ceramic Gulf of Caria, where he
+collected a hundred talents, and so returned to Samos.
+
+Thrasybulus had gone Thrace-wards with thirty ships. In this quarter he
+reduced various places which had revolted to Lacedaemon, including
+the island of Thasos, which was in a bad plight, the result of wars,
+revolutions, and famine.
+
+Thrasylus, with the rest of the army, sailed back straight to Athens.
+On his arrival he found that the Athenians had already chosen as their
+general Alcibiades, who was still in exile, and Thrasybulus, who was
+also absent, and as a third, from among those at home, Conon.
+
+Meanwhile Alcibiades, with the moneys lately collected and his fleet of
+twenty ships, left Samos and visited Paros. From Paros he stood out to
+sea across to Gytheum, (2) to keep an eye on the thirty ships of war
+which, as he was informed, the Lacedaemonians were equipping in that
+arsenal. Gytheum would also be a favourable point of observation
+from which to gauge the disposition of his fellow-countrymen and the
+prospects of his recall. When at length their good disposition seemed
+to him established, not only by his election as general, but by the
+messages of invitation which he received in private from his friends, he
+sailed home, and entered Piraeus on the very day of the festival of the
+Plunteria, (3) when the statue of Athena is veiled and screened from
+public gaze. This was a coincidence, as some thought, of evil omen,
+and unpropitious alike to himself and the State, for no Athenian would
+transact serious business on such a day.
+
+ (2) Gytheum, the port and arsenal of Sparta, situated near the head of
+    the Laconian Gulf (now Marathonisi).
+
+ (3) {ta Plunteria}, or feast of washings, held on the 25th of the
+    month Thargelion, when the image of the goddess Athena was
+    stripped in order that her clothes might be washed by the
+    Praxiergidae; neither assembly nor court was held on that day, and
+    the Temple was closed.
+
+As he sailed into the harbour, two great crowds--one from the Piraeus,
+the other from the city (4)--flocked to meet the vessels. Wonderment,
+mixed with a desire to see Alcibiades, was the prevailing sentiment of
+the multitude. Of him they spoke: some asserting that he was the best
+of citizens, and that in his sole instance banishment had been
+ill-deserved. He had been the victim of plots, hatched in the brains
+of people less able than himself, however much they might excel in
+pestilent speech; men whose one principle of statecraft was to look to
+their private gains; whereas this man's policy had ever been to uphold
+the common weal, as much by his private means as by all the power of the
+State. His own choice, eight years ago, when the charge of impiety in
+the matter of the mysteries was still fresh, would have been to submit
+to trial at once. It was his personal foes, who had succeeded in
+postponing that undeniably just procedure; who waited till his back was
+turned, and then robbed him of his fatherland. Then it was that, being
+made the very slave of circumstance, he was driven to court the men he
+hated most; and at a time when his own life was in daily peril, he must
+see his dearest friends and fellow-citizens, nay, the very State itself,
+bent on a suicidal course, and yet, in the exclusion of exile, be unable
+to lend a helping hand. "It is not men of this stamp," they averred,
+"who desire changes in affairs and revolution: had he not already
+guaranteed to him by the Democracy a position higher than that of his
+equals in age, and scarcely if at all inferior to his seniors? How
+different was the position of his enemies. It had been the fortune of
+these, though they were known to be the same men they had always been,
+to use their lately acquired power for the destruction in the first
+instance of the better classes; and then, being alone left surviving, to
+be accepted by their fellow-citizens in the absence of better men."
+
+ (4) Or, "collected to meet the vessels from curiosity and a desire to
+    see Alcibiades."
+
+Others, however, insisted that for all their past miseries and
+misfortunes Alcibiades alone was responsible: "If more trials were still
+in store for the State, here was the master mischief-maker ready at his
+post to precipitate them."
+
+When the vessels came to their moorings, close to the land, Alcibiades,
+from fear of his enemies, was unwilling to disembark at once. Mounting
+on the quarterdeck, he scanned the multitude, (5) anxious to make
+certain of the presence of his friends. Presently his eyes lit upon
+Euryptolemus, the son of Peisianax, who was his cousin, and then on the
+rest of his relations and other friends. Upon this he landed, and so,
+in the midst of an escort ready to put down any attempt upon his person,
+made his way to the city.
+
+ (5) Or, "he looked to see if his friends were there."
+
+In the Senate and Public Assembly (6) he made speeches, defending
+himself against the charge of impiety, and asserting that he had been
+the victim of injustice, with other like topics, which in the present
+temper of the assembly no one ventured to gainsay.
+
+ (6) Technically the "Boule" ({Boule}) or Senate, and "Ecclesia" or
+    Popular Assembly.
+
+He was then formally declared leader and chief of the State, with
+irresponsible powers, as being the sole individual capable of recovering
+the ancient power and prestige of Athens. Armed with this authority, his
+first act was to institute anew the processional march to Eleusis;
+for of late years, owing to the war, the Athenians had been forced to
+conduct the mysteries by sea. Now, at the head of the troops, he caused
+them to be conducted once again by land. This done, his next step was
+to muster an armament of one thousand five hundred heavy infantry, one
+hundred and fifty cavalry, and one hundred ships; and lastly, within
+three months of his return, he set sail for Andros, which had revolted
+from Athens.
+
+The generals chosen to co-operate with him on land were Aristocrates and
+Adeimantus, the son of Leucophilides. He disembarked his troops on the
+island of Andros at Gaurium, and routed the Andrian citizens who sallied
+out from the town to resist the invader; forcing them to return and keep
+close within their walls, though the number who fell was not large.
+This defeat was shared by some Lacedaemonians who were in the place.
+Alcibiades erected a trophy, and after a few days set sail himself for
+Samos, which became his base of operations in the future conduct of the
+war.
+
+
+
+V
+
+At a date not much earlier than that of the incidents just described,
+the Lacedaemonians had sent out Lysander as their admiral, in the place
+of Cratesippidas, whose period of office had expired. The new admiral
+first visited Rhodes, where he got some ships, and sailed to Cos and
+Miletus, and from the latter place to Ephesus. At Ephesus he waited with
+seventy sail, expecting the advent of Cyrus in Sardis, when he at once
+went up to pay the prince a visit with the ambassadors from Lacedaemon.
+And now an opportunity was given to denounce the proceedings of
+Tissaphernes, and at the same time to beg Cyrus himself to show as much
+zeal as possible in the prosecution of the war. Cyrus replied that not
+only had he received express injunction from his father to the same
+effect, but that his own views coincided with their wishes, which he was
+determined to carry out to the letter. He had, he informed them, brought
+with him five hundred talents; (1) and if that sum failed, he had still
+the private revenue, which his father allowed him, to fall back upon,
+and when this resource was in its turn exhausted, he would coin the gold
+and silver throne on which he sat, into money for their benefit. (2)
+
+ (1) About 120,000 pounds. One Euboic or Attic talent = sixty minae =
+    six thousand drachmae = 243 pounds 15 shillings of our money.
+
+ (2) Cf. the language of Tissaphernes, Thuc. viii. 81.
+
+His audience thanked him for what he said, and further begged him to
+fix the rate of payment for the seamen at one Attic drachma per man, (3)
+explaining that should this rate of payment be adopted, the sailors of
+the Athenians would desert, and in the end there would be a saving
+of expenditure. Cyrus complimented them on the soundness of their
+arguments, but said that it was not in his power to exceed the
+injunctions of the king. The terms of agreement were precise, thirty
+minae (4) a month per vessel to be given, whatever number of vessels the
+Lacedaemonians might choose to maintain.
+
+ (3) About 9 3/4 pence; a drachma (= six obols) would be very high pay
+    for a sailor--indeed, just double the usual amount. See Thuc. vi.
+    8 and viii. 29, and Prof. Jowett ad loc. Tissaphernes had, in the
+    winter of 412 B.C., distributed one month's pay among the
+    Peloponnesian ships at this high rate of a drachma a day, "as his
+    envoy had promised at Lacedaemon;" but this he proposed to reduce
+    to half a drachma, "until he had asked the king's leave, promising
+    that if he obtained it, he would pay the entire drachma. On the
+    remonstrance, however, of Hermocrates, the Syracusan general, he
+    promised to each man a payment of somewhat more than three obols."
+
+ (4) Nearly 122 pounds; and thirty minae a month to each ship (the crew
+    of each ship being taken at two hundred) = three obols a day to
+    each man. The terms of agreement to which Cyrus refers may have
+    been specified in the convention mentioned above in chap. iv,
+    which Boeotius and the rest were so proud to have obtained. But
+    see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 192 note (2d ed.)
+
+To this rejoinder Lysander at the moment said nothing. But after dinner,
+when Cyrus drank to his health, asking him "What he could do to gratify
+him most?" Lysander replied, "Add an obol (5) to the sailors' pay."
+After this the pay was raised to four instead of three obols, as it
+hitherto had been. Nor did the liberality of Cyrus end here; he not only
+paid up all arrears, but further gave a month's pay in advance, so that,
+if the enthusiasm of the army had been great before, it was greater than
+ever now. The Athenians when they heard the news were proportionately
+depressed, and by help of Tissaphernes despatched ambassadors to Cyrus.
+That prince, however, refused to receive them, nor were the prayers of
+Tissaphernes of any avail, however much he insisted that Cyrus should
+adopt the policy which he himself, on the advice of Alcibiades, had
+persistently acted on. This was simply not to suffer any single Hellenic
+state to grow strong at the expense of the rest, but to keep them all
+weak alike, distracted by internecine strife.
+
+ (5) An obol = one-sixth of a drachma; the Attic obol = rather more
+    than 1 1/2 pence.
+
+Lysander, now that the organisation of his navy was arranged to his
+satisfaction, beached his squadron of ninety vessels at Ephesus, and
+sat with hands folded, whilst the vessels dried and underwent repairs.
+Alcibiades, being informed that Thrasybulus had come south of the
+Hellespont and was fortifying Phocaea, sailed across to join him,
+leaving his own pilot Antiochus in command of the fleet, with orders
+not to attack Lysander's fleet. Antiochus, however, was tempted to leave
+Notium and sail into the harbour of Ephesus with a couple of ships, his
+own and another, past the prows of Lysander's squadron. The Spartan at
+first contented himself with launching a few of his ships, and started
+in pursuit of the intruder; but when the Athenians came out with other
+vessels to assist Antiochus, he formed his whole squadron into line of
+battle, and bore down upon them, whereupon the Athenians followed suit,
+and getting their remaining triremes under weigh at Notium, stood out to
+sea as fast as each vessel could clear the point. (6) Thus it befell in
+the engagement which ensued, that while the enemy was in due order, the
+Athenians came up in scattered detachments and without concert, and in
+the end were put to flight with the loss of fifteen ships of war. Of the
+crews, indeed, the majority escaped, though a certain number fell into
+the hands of the enemy. Then Lysander collected his vessels, and having
+erected a trophy on Cape Notium, sailed across to Ephesus, whilst the
+Athenians retired to Samos.
+
+ (6) {os ekastos enoixen}, for this nautical term see above.
+
+On his return to Samos a little later, Alcibiades put out to sea with
+the whole squadron in the direction of the harbour of Ephesus. At the
+mouth of the harbour he marshalled his fleet in battle order, and tried
+to tempt the enemy to an engagement; but as Lysander, conscious of his
+inferiority in numbers, refused to accept the challenge, he sailed
+back again to Samos. Shortly after this the Lacedaemonians captured
+Delphinium and Eion. (7)
+
+ (7) This should probably be Teos, in Ionia, in spite of the MSS.
+    {'Eiona}. The place referred to cannot at any rate be the well-
+    known Eion at the mouth of the Strymon in Thrace.
+
+But now the news of the late disaster at Notium had reached the
+Athenians at home, and in their indignation they turned upon Alcibiades,
+to whose negligence and lack of self-command they attributed
+the destruction of the ships. Accordingly they chose ten new
+generals--namely Conon, Diomedon, Leon, Pericles, Erasinides,
+Aristocrates, Archestratus, Protomachus, Thrasylus, and Aristogenes.
+Alcibiades, who was moreover in bad odour in the camp, sailed away with
+a single trireme to his private fortress in the Chersonese.
+
+After this Conon, in obedience to a decree of the Athenian people,
+set sail from Andros with the twenty vessels under his command in that
+island to Samos, and took command of the whole squadron. To fill the
+place thus vacated by Conon, Phanosthenes was sent to Andros with four
+ships. That captain was fortunate enough to intercept and capture
+two Thurian ships of war, crews and all, and these captives were all
+imprisoned by the Athenians, with the exception of their leader Dorieus.
+He was the Rhodian, who some while back had been banished from Athens
+and from his native city by the Athenians, when sentence of death was
+passed upon him and his family. This man, who had once enjoyed the
+right of citizenship among them, they now took pity on and released him
+without ransom.
+
+When Conon had reached Samos he found the armament in a state of great
+despondency. Accordingly his first measure was to man seventy ships with
+their full complement, instead of the former hundred and odd vessels.
+With this squadron he put to sea accompanied by the other generals,
+and confined himself to making descents first at one point and then at
+another of the enemy's territory, and to collecting plunder.
+
+And so the year drew to its close: a year signalled further by an
+invasion of Sicily by the Carthaginians, with one hundred and twenty
+ships of war and a land force of one hundred and twenty thousand men,
+which resulted in the capture of Agrigentum. The town was finally
+reduced to famine after a siege of seven months, the invaders having
+previously been worsted in battle and forced to sit down before its
+walls for so long a time.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+B.C. 406. In the following year--the year of the evening eclipse of the
+moon, and the burning of the old temple of Athena (1) at Athens (2)--the
+Lacedaemonians sent out Callicratidas to replace Lysander, whose period
+of office had now expired. (3) Lysander, when surrendering the squadron
+to his successor, spoke of himself as the winner of a sea fight, which
+had left him in undisputed mastery of the sea, and with this boast
+he handed over the ships to Callicratidas, who retorted, "If you will
+convey the fleet from Ephesus, keeping Samos (4) on your right" (that
+is, past where the Athenian navy lay), "and hand it over to me at
+Miletus, I will admit that you are master of the sea." But Lysander
+had no mind to interfere in the province of another officer. Thus
+Callicratidas assumed responsibility. He first manned, in addition
+to the squadron which he received from Lysander, fifty new vessels
+furnished by the allies from Chios and Rhodes and elsewhere. When all
+these contingents were assembled, they formed a total of one hundred and
+forty sail, and with these he began making preparations for engagement
+with the enemy. But it was impossible for him not to note the strong
+current of opposition which he encountered from the friends of Lysander.
+Not only was there lack of zeal in their service, but they openly
+disseminated an opinion in the States, that it was the greatest possible
+blunder on the part of the Lacedaemonians so to change their admirals.
+Of course, they must from time to time get officers altogether unfit for
+the post--men whose nautical knowledge dated from yesterday, and who,
+moreover, had no notion of dealing with human beings. It would be very
+odd if this practice of sending out people ignorant of the sea and
+unknown to the folk of the country did not lead to some catastrophe.
+Callicratidas at once summoned the Lacedaemonians there present, and
+addressed them in the following terms:--
+
+ (1) I.e. as some think, the Erechtheion, which was built partly on the
+    site of the old temple of Athena Polias, destroyed by the
+    Persians. According to Dr. Dorpfeld, a quite separate building of
+    the Doric order, the site of which (S. of the Erechtheion) has
+    lately been discovered.
+
+ (2) The MSS. here add "in the ephorate of Pityas and the archonship of
+    Callias at Athens;" but though the date is probably correct (cf.
+    Leake, "Topography of Athens," vol. i. p. 576 foll.), the words
+    are almost certainly a gloss.
+
+ (3) Here the MSS. add "with the twenty-fourth year of the war,"
+    probably an annotator's gloss; the correct date should be twenty-
+    fifth. Pel. war 26 = B.C. 406. Pel. war 25 ended B.C. 407.
+
+ (4) Lit. on the left (or east) of Samos, looking south from Ephesus.
+
+"For my part," he said, "I am content to stay at home: and if Lysander
+or any one else claim greater experience in nautical affairs than I
+possess, I have no desire to block his path. Only, being sent out by the
+State to take command of this fleet, I do not know what is left to
+me, save to carry out my instructions to the best of my ability. For
+yourselves, all I beg of you, in reference to my personal ambitions and
+the kind of charges brought against our common city, and of which you
+are as well aware as I am, is to state what you consider to be the best
+course: am I to stay where I am, or shall I sail back home, and explain
+the position of affairs out here?"
+
+No one ventured to suggest any other course than that he should obey the
+authorities, and do what he was sent to do. Callicratidas then went up
+to the court of Cyrus to ask for further pay for the sailors, but
+the answer he got from Cyrus was that he should wait for two days.
+Callicratidas was annoyed at the rebuff: to dance attendance at the
+palace gates was little to his taste. In a fit of anger he cried out
+at the sorry condition of the Hellenes, thus forced to flatter the
+barbarian for the sake of money. "If ever I get back home," he added,
+"I will do what in me lies to reconcile the Athenians and the
+Lacedaemonians." And so he turned and sailed back to Miletus. From
+Miletus he sent some triremes to Lacedaemon to get money, and convoking
+the public assembly of the Milesians, addressed them thus:--
+
+"Men of Miletus, necessity is laid upon me to obey the rulers at home;
+but for yourselves, whose neighbourhood to the barbarians has exposed
+you to many evils at their hands, I only ask you to let your zeal in the
+war bear some proportion to your former sufferings. You should set
+an example to the rest of the allies, and show us how to inflict the
+sharpest and swiftest injury on our enemy, whilst we await the return
+from Lacedaemon of my envoys with the necessary funds. Since one of the
+last acts of Lysander, before he left us, was to hand back to Cyrus the
+funds already on the spot, as though we could well dispense with them. I
+was thus forced to turn to Cyrus, but all I got from him was a series of
+rebuffs; he refused me an audience, and, for my part, I could not induce
+myself to hang about his gates like a mendicant. But I give you my word,
+men of Miletus, that in return for any assistance which you can render
+us while waiting for these aids, I will requite you richly. Only by
+God's help let us show these barbarians that we do not need to worship
+them, in order to punish our foes."
+
+The speech was effective; many members of the assembly arose, and not
+the least eagerly those who were accused of opposing him. These, in some
+terror, proposed a vote of money, backed by offers of further private
+contributions. Furnished with these sums, and having procured from Chios
+a further remittance of five drachmas (5) a piece as outfit for each
+seaman, he set sail to Methyma in Lesbos, which was in the hands of the
+enemy. But as the Methymnaeans were not disposed to come over to him
+(since there was an Athenian garrison in the place, and the men at the
+head of affairs were partisans of Athens), he assaulted and took the
+place by storm. All the property within accordingly became the spoil of
+the soldiers. The prisoners were collected for sale by Callicratidas
+in the market-place, where, in answer to the demand of the allies, who
+called upon him to sell the Methymnaeans also, he made answer, that as
+long as he was in command, not a single Hellene should be enslaved if
+he could help it. The next day he set at liberty the free-born captives;
+the Athenian garrison with the captured slaves he sold. (6) To Conon
+he sent word:--He would put a stop to his strumpeting the sea. (7) And
+catching sight of him, as he put out to sea, at break of day, he gave
+chase, hoping to cut him off from his passage to Samos, and prevent his
+taking refuge there.
+
+ (5) About 4d.
+
+ (6) Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 224 (2d ed.), thinks that
+    Callicratidas did not even sell the Athenian garrison, as if the
+    sense of the passage were: "The next day he set at liberty the
+    free-born captives with the Athenian garrison, contenting himself
+    with selling the captive slaves." But I am afraid that no
+    ingenuity of stopping will extract that meaning from the Greek
+    words, which are, {te d' usteraia tous men eleutherous apheke tous
+    de ton 'Athenaion phrourous kai ta andrapoda ta doula panta
+    apedoto}. To spare the Athenian garrison would have been too
+    extraordinary a proceeding even for Callicratidas. The idea
+    probably never entered his head. It was sufficiently noble for him
+    to refuse to sell the Methymnaeans. See the remarks of Mr. W. L.
+    Newman, "The Pol. of Aristotle," vol. i. p. 142.
+
+ (7) I.e. the sea was Sparta's bride.
+
+But Conon, aided by the sailing qualities of his fleet, the rowers of
+which were the pick of several ships' companies, concentrated in a few
+vessels, made good his escape, seeking shelter within the harbour of
+Mitylene in Lesbos, and with him two of the ten generals, Leon and
+Erasinides. Callicratidas, pursuing him with one hundred and seventy
+sail, entered the harbour simultaneously; and Conon thus hindered from
+further or final escape by the too rapid movements of the enemy, was
+forced to engage inside the harbour, and lost thirty of his ships,
+though the crews escaped to land. The remaining, forty in number, he
+hauled up under the walls of the town. Callicratidas, on his side, came
+to moorings in the harbour; and, having command of the exit, blocked the
+Athenian within. His next step was to send for the Methymnaeans in force
+by land, and to transport his army across from Chios. Money also came to
+him from Cyrus.
+
+Conon, finding himself besieged by land and sea, without means of
+providing himself with corn from any quarter, the city crowded with
+inhabitants, and aid from Athens, whither no news of the late events
+could be conveyed, impossible, launched two of the fastest sailing
+vessels of his squadron. These he manned, before daybreak, with the best
+rowers whom he could pick out of the fleet, stowing away the marines at
+the same time in the hold of the ships and closing the port shutters.
+Every day for four days they held out in this fashion, but at evening as
+soon as it was dark he disembarked his men, so that the enemy might not
+suspect what they were after. On the fifth day, having got in a small
+stock of provisions, when it was already mid-day and the blockaders were
+paying little or no attention, and some of them even were taking their
+siesta, the two ships sailed out of the harbour: the one directing her
+course towards the Hellespont, whilst her companion made for the open
+sea. Then, on the part of the blockaders, there was a rush to the scene
+of action, as fast as the several crews could get clear of land, in
+bustle and confusion, cutting away the anchors, and rousing themselves
+from sleep, for, as chance would have it, they had been breakfasting on
+shore. Once on board, however, they were soon in hot pursuit of the
+ship which had started for the open sea, and ere the sun dipped they
+overhauled her, and after a successful engagement attached her by cables
+and towed her back into harbour, crew and all. Her comrade, making for
+the Hellespont, escaped, and eventually reached Athens with news of
+the blockade. The first relief was brought to the blockaded fleet by
+Diomedon, who anchored with twelve vessels in the Mitylenaean Narrows.
+(8) But a sudden attack of Callicratidas, who bore down upon him without
+warning, cost him ten of his vessels, Diomedon himself escaping with his
+own ship and one other.
+
+ (8) Or, "Euripus."
+
+Now that the position of affairs, including the blockade, was fully
+known at Athens, a vote was passed to send out a reinforcement of one
+hundred and ten ships. Every man of ripe age, (9) whether slave or free,
+was impressed for this service, so that within thirty days the whole one
+hundred and ten vessels were fully manned and weighed anchor. Amongst
+those who served in this fleet were also many of the knights. (10)
+The fleet at once stood out across to Samos, and picked up the Samian
+vessels in that island. The muster-roll was swelled by the addition of
+more than thirty others from the rest of the allies, to whom the same
+principle of conscription applied, as also it did to the ships already
+engaged on foreign service. The actual total, therefore, when all the
+contingents were collected, was over one hundred and fifty vessels.
+
+ (9) I.e. from eighteen to sixty years.
+
+ (10) See Boeckh. "P. E. A." Bk. II. chap. xxi. p. 263 (Eng. trans.)
+
+Callicratidas, hearing that the relief squadron had already reached
+Samos, left fifty ships, under command of Eteonicus, in the harbour of
+Mitylene, and setting sail with the other one hundred and twenty, hove
+to for the evening meal off Cape Malea in Lesbos, opposite Mitylene. It
+so happened that the Athenians on this day were supping on the islands
+of Arginusae, which lie opposite Lesbos. In the night the Spartan not
+only saw their watch-fires, but received positive information that
+"these were the Athenians;" and about midnight he got under weigh,
+intending to fall upon them suddenly. But a violent downpour of rain
+with thunder and lightning prevented him putting out to sea. By daybreak
+it had cleared, and he sailed towards Arginusae. On their side, the
+Athenian squadron stood out to meet him, with their left wing
+facing towards the open sea, and drawn up in the following
+order:--Aristocrates, in command of the left wing, with fifteen ships,
+led the van; next came Diomedon with fifteen others, and immediately in
+rear of Aristocrates and Diomedon respectively, as their supports, came
+Pericles and Erasinides. Parallel with Diomedon were the Samians, with
+their ten ships drawn up in single line, under the command of a Samian
+officer named Hippeus. Next to these came the ten vessels of the
+taxiarchs, also in single line, and supporting them, the three ships of
+the navarchs, with any other allied vessels in the squadron. The right
+wing was entrusted to Protomachus with fifteen ships, and next to him
+(on the extreme right) was Thrasylus with another division of fifteen.
+Protomachus was supported by Lysias with an equal number of ships, and
+Thrasylus by Aristogenes. The object of this formation was to prevent
+the enemy from manouvring so as to break their line by striking them
+amidships, (11) since they were inferior in sailing power.
+
+ (11) Lit. "by the diekplous." Cf. Thuc. i. 49, and Arnold's note, who
+    says: "The 'diecplus' was a breaking through the enemy's line in
+    order by a rapid turning of the vessel to strike the enemy's ship
+    on the side or stern, where it was most defenceless, and so to
+    sink it." So, it seems, "the superiority of nautical skill has
+    passed," as Grote (viii. p. 234) says, "to the Peloponnesians and
+    their allies." Well may the historian add, "How astonished would
+    the Athenian Admiral Phormion have been, if he could have
+    witnessed the fleets and the order of battle at Arginusae!" See
+    Thuc. iv. 11.
+
+The Lacedaemonians, on the contrary, trusting to their superior
+seamanship, were formed opposite with their ships all in single line,
+with the special object of manouvring so as either to break the enemy's
+line or to wheel round them. Callicratidas commanded the right wing
+in person. Before the battle the officer who acted as his pilot, the
+Megarian Hermon, suggested that it might be well to withdraw the fleet
+as the Athenian ships were far more numerous. But Callicratidas replied
+that Sparta would be no worse off even if he personally should perish,
+but to flee would be disgraceful. (12) And now the fleets approached,
+and for a long space the battle endured. At first the vessels were
+engaged in crowded masses, and later on in scattered groups. At length
+Callicratidas, as his vessel dashed her beak into her antagonist,
+was hurled off into the sea and disappeared. At the same instant
+Protomachus, with his division on the right, had defeated the enemy's
+left, and then the flight of the Peloponnesians began towards Chios,
+though a very considerable body of them made for Phocaea, whilst the
+Athenians sailed back again to Arginusae. The losses on the side of the
+Athenians were twenty-five ships, crews and all, with the exception of
+the few who contrived to reach dry land. On the Peloponnesian side, nine
+out of the ten Lacedaemonian ships, and more than sixty belonging to the
+rest of the allied squadron, were lost.
+
+ (12) For the common reading, {oikeitai}, which is ungrammatical,
+    various conjectures have been made, e.g.
+
+      {oikieitai} = "would be none the worse off for citizens,"
+      {oikesetai} = "would be just as well administered without him,"
+
+    but as the readings and their renderings are alike doubtful, I
+    have preferred to leave the matter vague. Cf. Cicero, "De Offic."
+    i. 24; Plutarch, "Lac. Apophth." p. 832.
+
+After consultation the Athenian generals agreed that two captains
+of triremes, Theramenes and Thrasybulus, accompanied by some of the
+taxiarchs, should take forty-seven ships and sail to the assistance
+of the disabled fleet and of the men on board, whilst the rest of the
+squadron proceeded to attack the enemy's blockading squadron under
+Eteonicus at Mitylene. In spite of their desire to carry out this
+resolution, the wind and a violent storm which arose prevented them. So
+they set up a trophy, and took up their quarters for the night. As to
+Etenoicus, the details of the engagement were faithfully reported to
+him by the express despatch-boat in attendance. On receipt of the news,
+however, he sent the despatch-boat out again the way she came, with
+an injunction to those on board of her to sail off quickly without
+exchanging a word with any one. Then on a sudden they were to return
+garlanded with wreaths of victory and shouting "Callicratidas has won
+a great sea fight, and the whole Athenian squadron is destroyed." This
+they did, and Eteonicus, on his side, as soon as the despatch-boat came
+sailing in, proceeded to offer sacrifice of thanksgiving in honour of
+the good news. Meanwhile he gave orders that the troops were to take
+their evening meal, and that the masters of the trading ships were
+silently to stow away their goods on board the merchant ships and make
+sail as fast as the favourable breeze could speed them to Chios. The
+ships of war were to follow suit with what speed they might. This done,
+he set fire to his camp, and led off the land forces to Methymna. Conon,
+finding the enemy had made off, and the wind had grown comparatively
+mild, (13) got his ships afloat, and so fell in with the Athenian
+squadron, which had by this time set out from Arginusae. To these he
+explained the proceedings of Eteonicus. The squadron put into Mitylene,
+and from Mitylene stood across to Chios, and thence, without effecting
+anything further, sailed back to Samos.
+
+ (13) Or, "had changed to a finer quarter."
+
+
+
+VII
+
+All the above-named generals, with the exception of Conon, were
+presently deposed by the home authorities. In addition to Conon two new
+generals were chosen, Adeimantus and Philocles. Of those concerned in
+the late victory two never returned to Athens: these were Protomachus
+and Aristogenes. The other six sailed home. Their names were Pericles,
+Diomedon, Lysias, Aristocrates, Thrasylus, and Erasinides. On their
+arrival Archidemus, the leader of the democracy at that date, who had
+charge of the two obol fund, (1) inflicted a fine on Erasinides, and
+accused him before the Dicastery (2) of having appropriated money
+derived from the Hellespont, which belonged to the people. He brought
+a further charge against him of misconduct while acting as general, and
+the court sentenced him to imprisonment.
+
+ (1) Reading {tes diobelais}, a happy conjecture for the MSS. {tes
+    diokelias}, which is inexplicable. See Grote, "Hist. of Greece,"
+    vol. viii. p. 244 note (2d ed.)
+
+ (2) I.e. a legal tribunal or court of law. At Athens the free citizens
+    constitutionally sworn and impannelled sat as "dicasts"
+    ("jurymen," or rather as a bench of judges) to hear cases
+    ({dikai}). Any particular board of dicasts formed a "dicastery."
+
+These proceedings in the law court were followed by the statement of
+the generals before the senate (3) touching the late victory and the
+magnitude of the storm. Timocrates then proposed that the other
+five generals should be put in custody and handed over to the public
+assembly. (4) Whereupon the senate committed them all to prison. Then
+came the meeting of the public assembly, in which others, and more
+particularly Theramenes, formally accused the generals. He insisted
+that they ought to show cause why they had not picked up the shipwrecked
+crews. To prove that there had been no attempt on their part to attach
+blame to others, he might point, as conclusive testimony, to the
+despatch sent by the generals themselves to the senate and the people,
+in which they attributed the whole disaster to the storm, and nothing
+else. After this the generals each in turn made a defence, which was
+necessarily limited to a few words, since no right of addressing
+the assembly at length was allowed by law. Their explanation of the
+occurrences was that, in order to be free to sail against the enemy
+themselves, they had devolved the duty of picking up the shipwrecked
+crews upon certain competent captains of men-of-war, who had themselves
+been generals in their time, to wit Theramenes and Tharysbulus, and
+others of like stamp. If blame could attach to any one at all with
+regard to the duty in question, those to whom their orders had been
+given were the sole persons they could hold responsible. "But," they
+went on to say, "we will not, because these very persons have denounced
+us, invent a lie, and say that Theramenes and Thrasybulus are to blame,
+when the truth of the matter is that the magnitude of the storm alone
+prevented the burial of the dead and the rescue of the living." In
+proof of their contention, they produced the pilots and numerous other
+witnesses from among those present at the engagement. By these arguments
+they were in a fair way to persuade the people of their innocence.
+Indeed many private citizens rose wishing to become bail for the
+accused, but it was resolved to defer decision till another meeting
+of the assembly. It was indeed already so late that it would have been
+impossible to see to count the show of hands. It was further resolved
+that the senate meanwhile should prepare a measure, to be introduced at
+the next assembly, as to the mode in which the accused should take their
+trial.
+
+ (3) This is the Senate or Council of Five Hundred. One of its chief
+    duties was to prepare measures for discussion in the assembly. It
+    had also a certain amount of judicial power, hearing complaints
+    and inflicting fines up to fifty drachmas. It sat daily, a
+    "prytany" of fifty members of each of the ten tribes in rotation
+    holding office for a month in turn.
+
+ (4) This is the great Public Assembly (the Ecclesia), consisting of
+    all genuine Athenian citizens of more than twenty years of age.
+
+Then came the festival of the Aparturia, (5) with its family gatherings
+of fathers and kinsfolk. Accordingly the party of Theramenes procured
+numbers of people clad in black apparel, and close-shaven, (6) who were
+to go in and present themselves before the public assembly in the middle
+of the festival, as relatives, presumably, of the men who had perished;
+and they persuaded Callixenus to accuse the generals in the senate. The
+next step was to convoke the assembly, when the senate laid before it
+the proposal just passed by their body, at the instance of Callixenus,
+which ran as follows: "Seeing that both the parties to this case, to
+wit, the prosecutors of the generals on the one hand, and the accused
+themselves in their defence on the other, have been heard in the late
+meeting of the assembly; we propose that the people of Athens now record
+their votes, one and all, by their tribes; that a couple of voting urns
+be placed for the convenience of each several tribe; and the public
+crier in the hearing of each several tribe proclaim the mode of voting
+as follows: 'Let every one who finds the generals guilty of not rescuing
+the heroes of the late sea fight deposit his vote in urn No. 1. Let him
+who is of the contrary opinion deposit his vote in urn No. 2. Further,
+in the event of the aforesaid generals being found guilty, let death be
+the penalty. Let the guilty persons be delivered over to the eleven. Let
+their property be confiscated to the State, with the exception of one
+tithe, which falls to the goddess.'"
+
+ (5) An important festival held in October at Athens, and in nearly all
+    Ionic cities. Its objects were (1) the recognition of a common
+    descent from Ion, the son of Apollo Patrous; and (2) the
+    maintenance of the ties of clanship. See Grote, "Hist. of Greece,"
+    vol. viii. p. 260 foll. (2d ed.); Jebb, "Theophr." xviii. 5.
+
+ (6) I.e. in sign of mourning.
+
+Now there came forward in the assembly a man, who said that he had
+escaped drowning by clinging to a meal tub. The poor fellows perishing
+around him had commissioned him, if he succeeded in saving himself,
+to tell the people of Athens how bravely they had fought for their
+fatherland, and how the generals had left them there to drown.
+
+Presently Euryptolemus, the son of Peisianax, and others served a
+notice of indictment on Callixenus, insisting that his proposal was
+unconstitutional, and this view of the case was applauded by some
+members of the assembly. But the majority kept crying out that it was
+monstrous if the people were to be hindered by any stray individual from
+doing what seemed to them right. And when Lysicus, embodying the spirit
+of those cries, formally proposed that if these persons would not
+abandon their action, they should be tried by the same vote along with
+the generals: a proposition to which the mob gave vociferous assent; and
+so these were compelled to abandon their summonses. Again, when some of
+the Prytanes (7) objected to put a resolution to the vote which was in
+itself unconstitutional, Callixenus again got up and accused them in the
+same terms, and the shouting began again. "Yes, summons all who refuse,"
+until the Prytanes, in alarm, all agreed with one exception to permit
+the voting. This obstinate dissentient was Socrates, the son of
+Sophroniscus, who insisted that he would do nothing except in accordance
+with the law. (8) After this Euryptolemus rose and spoke in behalf of
+the generals. He said:--
+
+ (7) Prytanes--the technical term for the senators of the presiding
+    tribe, who acted as presidents of the assembly. Their chairman for
+    the day was called Epistates.
+
+ (8) For the part played by Socrates see further Xenophon's
+    "Memorabilia," I. i. 18; IV. iv. 2.
+
+"I stand here, men of Athens, partly to accuse Pericles, though he is a
+close and intimate connection of my own, and Diomedon, who is my friend,
+and partly to urge certain considerations on their behalf, but chiefly
+to press upon you what seems to me the best course for the State
+collectively. I hold them to blame in that they dissuaded their
+colleagues from their intention to send a despatch to the senate and
+this assembly, which should have informed you of the orders given to
+Theramenes and Thrasybulus to take forty-seven ships of war and pick up
+the shipwrecked crews, and of the neglect of the two officers to carry
+out those orders. And it follows that though the offence was committed
+by one or two, the responsibility must be shared by all; and in return
+for kindness in the past, they are in danger at present of sacrificing
+their lives to the machinations of these very men, and others whom I
+could mention. In danger, do I say, of losing their lives? No, not so,
+if you will suffer me to persuade you to do what is just and right; if
+you will only adopt such a course as shall enable you best to discover
+the truth and shall save you from too late repentance, when you find you
+have transgressed irremediably against heaven and your own selves. In
+what I urge there is no trap nor plot whereby you can be deceived by me
+or any other man; it is a straightforward course which will enable
+you to discover and punish the offender by whatever process you like,
+collectively or individually. Let them have, if not more, at any rate
+one whole day to make what defence they can for themselves; and trust to
+your own unbiased judgment to guide you to the right conclusion.
+
+"You know, men of Athens, the exceeding stringency of the decree of
+Cannonus, (9) which orders that man, whosoever he be, who is guilty of
+treason against the people of Athens, to be put in irons, and so to meet
+the charge against him before the people. If he be convicted, he is to
+be thrown into the Barathron and perish, and the property of such an one
+is to be confiscated, with the exception of the tithe which falls to the
+goddess. I call upon you to try these generals in accordance with this
+decree. Yes, and so help me God--if it please you, begin with my own
+kinsman Pericles for base would it be on my part to make him of more
+account than the whole of the State. Or, if you prefer, try them by that
+other law, which is directed against robbers of temples and betrayers
+of their country, which says: if a man betray his city or rob a sacred
+temple of the gods, he shall be tried before a law court, and if he be
+convicted, his body shall not be buried in Attica, and his goods shall
+be confiscated to the State. Take your choice as between these two laws,
+men of Athens, and let the prisoners be tried by one or other. Let three
+portions of a day be assigned to each respectively, one portion wherein
+they shall listen to their accusation, a second wherein they shall make
+their defence, and a third wherein you shall meet and give your votes in
+due order on the question of their guilt or innocence. By this procedure
+the malefactors will receive the desert of their misdeeds in full, and
+those who are innocent will owe you, men of Athens, the recovery of
+their liberty, in place of unmerited destruction. (10)
+
+ (9) "There was a rule in Attic judicial procedure, called the psephism
+    of Kannonus (originally adopted, we do not know when, on the
+    proposition of a citizen of that name, as a psephism or decree for
+    some particular case, but since generalised into common practice,
+    and grown into great prescriptive reverence), which peremptorily
+    forbade any such collective trial or sentence, and directed that a
+    separate judicial vote should in all cases be taken for or against
+    each accused party." Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 266
+    (2d ed.)
+
+ (10) Reading {adikos apolountai}.
+
+"On your side, in trying the accused by recognised legal procedure, you
+will show that you obey the dictates of pious feeling, and can regard
+the sanctity of an oath, instead of joining hands with our enemies the
+Lacedaemonians and fighting their battles. For is it not to fight their
+battles, if you take their conquerors, the men who deprived them of
+seventy vessels, and at the moment of victory sent them to perdition
+untried and in the teeth of the law? What are you afraid of, that you
+press forward with such hot haste? Do you imagine that you may be
+robbed of the power of life and death over whom you please, should you
+condescend to a legal trial? but that you are safe if you take shelter
+behind an illegality, like the illegality of Callixenus, when he worked
+upon the senate to propose to this assembly to deal with the accused by
+a single vote? But consider, you may actually put to death an innocent
+man, and then repentance will one day visit you too late. Bethink you
+how painful and unavailing remorse will then be, and more particularly
+if your error has cost a fellow-creature his life. What a travesty of
+justice it would be if in the case of a man like Aristarchus, (11) who
+first tried to destroy the democracy and then betrayed Oenoe to our
+enemy the Thebans, you granted him a day for his defence, consulting his
+wishes, and conceded to him all the other benefits of the law; whereas
+now you are proposing to deprive of these same privileges your own
+generals, who in every way conformed to your views and defeated your
+enemies. Do not you, of all men, I implore you, men of Athens, act thus.
+Why, these laws are your own, to them, beyond all else you owe your
+greatness. Guard them jealously; in nothing, I implore you, act without
+their sanction.
+
+ (11) See below, II. iii; also cf. Thuc. viii. 90, 98.
+
+"But now, turn for a moment and consider with me the actual occurrences
+which have created the suspicion of misconduct on the part of our late
+generals. The sea-fight had been fought and won, and the ships had
+returned to land, when Diomedon urged that the whole squadron should
+sail out in line and pick up the wrecks and floating crews. Erasinides
+was in favour of all the vessels sailing as fast as possible to deal
+with the enemy's forces at Mitylene. And Thrasylus represented that both
+objects could be effected, by leaving one division of the fleet there,
+and with the rest sailing against the enemy; and if this resolution were
+agreed to, he advised that each of the eight generals should leave three
+ships of his own division with the ten vessels of the taxiarchs, the
+ten Samian vessels, and the three belonging to the navarchs. These added
+together make forty-seven, four for each of the lost vessels, twelve
+in number. Among the taxiarchs left behind, two were Thrasybulus and
+Theramenes, the men who in the late meeting of this assembly undertook
+to accuse the generals. With the remainder of the fleet they were to
+sail to attack the enemy's fleet. Everything, you must admit, was duly
+and admirably planned. It was only common justice, therefore, that those
+whose duty it was to attack the enemy should render an account for
+all miscarriages of operations against the enemy; while those who were
+commissioned to pick up the dead and dying should, if they failed to
+carry out the instructions of the generals, be put on trial to explain
+the reasons of the failure. This indeed I may say in behalf of both
+parites. It was really the storm which, in spite of what the generals
+had planned, prevented anything being done. There are witnesses ready to
+attest the truth of this: the men who escaped as by a miracle, and among
+these one of these very generals, who was on a sinking ship and was
+saved. And this man, who needed picking up as much as anybody at that
+moment, is, they insist, to be tried by one and the same vote as those
+who neglected to perform their orders! Once more, I beg you, men
+of Athens, to accept your victory and your good fortune, instead of
+behaving like the desperate victims of misfortune and defeat.
+Recognise the finger of divine necessity; do not incur the reproach
+of stony-heartedness by discovering treason where there was merely
+powerlessness, and condemning as guilty those who were prevented by the
+storm from carrying out their instructions. Nay! you will better satisfy
+the demands of justice by crowning these conquerors with wreaths of
+victory than by punishing them with death at the instigation of wicked
+men."
+
+At the conclusion of his speech Euryptolemus proposed, as an amendment,
+that the prisoners should, in accordance with the decree of Cannonus, be
+tried each separately, as against the proposal of the senate to try them
+all by a single vote.
+
+At the show of hands the tellers gave the majority in favour of
+Euryptolemus's amendment, but upon the application of Menecles, who
+took formal exception (12) to this decision, the show of hands was gone
+through again, and now the verdict was in favour of the resolution of
+the senate. At a later date the balloting was made, and by the votes
+recorded the eight generals were condemned, and the six who were in
+Athens were put to death.
+
+ (12) For this matter cf. Schomann, "De Comitiis Athen." p. 161 foll.;
+    also Grote, "Hist. of Grece," vol. viii. p. 276 note (2d ed.)
+
+Not long after, repentance seized the Athenians, and they passed a
+decree authorising the public prosecution of those who had deceived the
+people, and the appointment of proper securities for their persons until
+the trial was over. Callixenus was one of those committed for trail.
+There were, besides Callixenus, four others against whom true bills were
+declared, and they were all five imprisoned by their sureties. But all
+subsequently effected their escape before the trial, at the time of the
+sedition in which Cleophon (13) was killed. Callixenus eventually came
+back when the party in Piraeus returned to the city, at the date of
+the amnesty, (14) but only to die of hunger, an object of universal
+detestation.
+
+ (13) Cleophon, the well-known demagogue. For the occasion of his death
+    see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. pp. 166, 310 (2d ed.);
+    Prof. Jebb, "Attic Orators," i. 266, ii. 288. For his character,
+    as popularly conceived, cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 677.
+
+ (14) B.C. 403.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK II
+
+
+I
+
+To return to Eteonicus and his troops in Chios. During summer they
+were well able to support themselves on the fruits of the season, or
+by labouring for hire in different parts of the island, but with the
+approach of winter these means of subsistence began to fail. Ill-clad at
+the same time, and ill-shod, they fell to caballing and arranging plans
+to attack the city of Chios. It was agreed amongst them, that in order
+to gauge their numbers, every member of the conspiracy should carry a
+reed. Eteonicus got wind of the design, but was at a loss how to deal
+with it, considering the number of these reed-bearers. To make an open
+attack upon them seemed dangerous. It would probably lead to a rush
+to arms, in which the conspirators would seize the city and commence
+hostilities, and, in the event of their success, everything hitherto
+achieved would be lost. Or again, the destruction on his part of many
+fellow-creatures and allies was a terrible alternative, which would
+place the Spartans in an unenviable light with regard to the rest of
+Hellas, and render the soldiers ill-disposed to the cause in hand.
+Accordingly he took with him fifteen men, armed with daggers, and
+marched through the city. Falling in with one of the reed-bearers, a man
+suffering from ophthalmia, who was returning from the surgeon's house,
+he put him to death. This led to some uproar, and people asked why the
+man was thus slain. By Eteonicus's orders the answer was set afloat,
+"because he carried a reed." As the explanation circulated, one
+reed-bearer after another threw away the symbol, each one saying to
+himself, as he heard the reason given, "I have better not be seen with
+this." After a while Eteonicus called a meeting of the Chians, and
+imposed upon them a contribution of money, on the ground that with pay
+in their pockets the sailors would have no temptation to revolutionary
+projects. The Chians acquiesced. Whereupon Eteonicus promptly ordered
+his crews to get on board their vessels. He then rowed alongside
+each ship in turn, and addressed the men at some length in terms of
+encouragement and cheery admonition, just as though he knew nothing of
+what had taken place, and so distributed a month's pay to every man on
+board.
+
+After this the Chians and the other allies held a meeting in Ephesus,
+and, considering the present posture of affairs, determined to send
+ambassadors to Lacedaemon with a statement of the facts, and a request
+that Lysander might be sent out to take command of the fleet. Lysander's
+high reputation among the allies dated back to his former period of
+office, when as admiral he had won the naval victory of Notium. The
+ambassadors accordingly were despatched, accompanied by envoys also from
+Cyrus, charged with the same message. The Lacedaemonians responded by
+sending them Lysander as second in command, (1) with Aracus as admiral,
+since it was contrary to their custom that the same man should be
+admiral twice. At the same time the fleet was entrusted to Lysander. (2)
+
+ (1) Epistoleus. See above.
+
+ (2) "At this date the war had lasted five-and-twenty years." So the
+    MSS. read. The words are probably an interpolation.
+
+It was in this year (3) that Cyrus put Autoboesaces and Mitraeus to
+death. These were sons of the sister of Dariaeus (4) (the daughter of
+Xerxes, the father of Darius). (5) He put them to death for neglecting,
+when they met him, to thrust their hands into the sleeve (or "kore")
+which is a tribute of respect paid to the king alone. This "kore" is
+longer than the ordinary sleeve, so long in fact that a man with his
+hand inside is rendered helpless. In consequence of this act on the part
+of Cyrus, Hieramenes (6) and his wife urged upon Dariaeus the danger of
+overlooking such excessive insolence on the part of the young prince,
+and Dariaeus, on the plea of sickness, sent a special embassy to summon
+Cyrus to his bedside.
+
+ (3) B.C. 406.
+
+ (4) Dariaeus, i.e. Darius, but the spelling of the name is correct,
+    and occurs in Ctesias, though in the "Anabasis" we have the
+    spelling Darius.
+
+ (5) These words look like the note of a foolish and ignorant scribe.
+    He ought to have written, "The daughter of Artaxerxes and own
+    sister of Darius, commonly so called."
+
+ (6) For Hieramenes cf. Thuc. viii. 95, and Prof. Jowett ad loc.
+
+B.C. 405. In the following year (7) Lysander arrived at Ephesus, and
+sent for Eteonicus with his ships from Chios, and collected all other
+vessels elsewhere to be found. His time was now devoted to refitting the
+old ships and having new ones built in Antandrus. He also made a journey
+to the court of Cyrus with a request for money. All Cyrus could say
+was, that not only the money sent by the king was spent, but much more
+besides; and he pointed out the various sums which each of the admirals
+had received, but at the same time he gave him what he asked for.
+Furnished with this money, Lysander appointed captains to the different
+men-of-war, and remitted to the sailors their arrears of pay. Meanwhile
+the Athenian generals, on their side, were devoting their energies to
+the improvements of their navy at Samos.
+
+ (7) The MSS. add "during the ephorate of Archytas and the archonship
+    at Athens of Alexias," which, though correct enough, is probably
+    an interpolation.
+
+It was now Cyrus's turn to send for Lysander. It was the moment at which
+the envoy from his father had arrived with the message: "Your father is
+on his sick-bed and desires your presence." The king lay at Thamneria,
+in Media, near the territory of the Cadusians, against whom he had
+marched to put down a revolt. When Lysander presented himself, Cyrus was
+urgent with him not to engage the Athenians at sea unless he had many
+more ships than they. "The king," he added, "and I have plenty of
+wealth, so that, as far as money goes, you can man plenty of vessels."
+He then consigned to him all the tributes from the several cities which
+belonged to him personally, and gave him the ready money which he had
+as a gift; and finally, reminding him of the sincere friendship he
+entertained towards the state of Lacedaemon, as well as to himself
+personally, he set out up country to visit his father. Lysander, finding
+himself thus left with the complete control of the property of Cyrus
+(during the absence of that prince, so summoned to the bedside of his
+father), was able to distribute pay to his troops, after which he set
+sail for the Ceramic Gulf of Caria. Here he stormed a city in alliance
+with the Athenians named Cedreae, and on the following day's assault
+took it, and reduced the inhabitants to slavery. These were of a mixed
+Hellene and barbaric stock. From Cedreae he continued his voyage
+to Rhodes. The Athenians meanwhile, using Samos as their base of
+operations, were employed in devastating the king's territory, or in
+swooping down upon Chios and Ephesus, and in general were preparing for
+a naval battle, having but lately chosen three new generals in addition
+to those already in office, whose names were Menander, Tydeus, and
+Cephisodotus. Now Lysander, leaving Rhodes, and coasting along Ionia,
+made his way to the Hellespont, having an eye to the passage of vessels
+through the Straits, and, in a more hostile sense, on the cities which
+had revolted from Sparta. The Athenians also set sail from Chios, but
+stood out to open sea, since the seaboard of Asia was hostile to them.
+
+Lysander was again on the move; leaving Abydos, he passed up channel to
+Lampsacus, which town was allied with Athens; the men of Abydos and
+the rest of the troops advancing by land, under the command of the
+Lacedaemonian Thorax. They then attacked and took by storm the town,
+which was wealthy, and with its stores of wine and wheat and other
+commodities was pillaged by the soldiery. All free-born persons,
+however, were without exception released by Lysander. And now the
+Athenian fleet, following close on his heels, came to moorings at
+Elaeus, in the Chersonesus, one hundred and eighty sail in all. It was
+not until they had reached this place, and were getting their early
+meal, that the news of what had happened at Lampsacus reached them. Then
+they instantly set sail again to Sestos, and, having halted long enough
+merely to take in stores, sailed on further to Aegospotami, a point
+facing Lampsacus, where the Hellespont is not quite two miles (8) broad.
+Here they took their evening meal.
+
+ (8) Lit. fifteen stades.
+
+The night following, or rather early next morning, with the first streak
+of dawn, Lysander gave the signal for the men to take their breakfasts
+and get on board their vessels; and so, having got all ready for a naval
+engagement, with his ports closed and movable bulwarks attached, he
+issued the order that no one was to stir from his post or put out to
+sea. As the sun rose the Athenians drew up their vessels facing the
+harbour, in line of battle ready for action; but Lysander declining
+to come out to meet them, as the day advanced they retired again to
+Aegospotami. Then Lysander ordered the swiftest of his ships to follow
+the Athenians, and as soon as the crews had disembarked, to watch what
+they did, sail back, and report to him. Until these look-outs returned
+he would permit no disembarkation from his ships. This performance he
+repeated for four successive days, and each day the Athenians put out to
+sea and challenged an engagement.
+
+But now Alcibiades, from one of his fortresses, could espy the position
+of his fellow-countrymen, moored on an open beach beyond reach of any
+city, and forced to send for supplies to Sestos, which was nearly two
+miles distant, while their enemies were safely lodged in a harbour, with
+a city adjoining, and everything within reach. The situation did not
+please him, and he advised them to shift their anchorage to Sestos,
+where they would have the advantage of a harbour and a city. "Once
+there," he concluded, "you can engage the enemy whenever it suits you."
+But the generals, and more particularly Tydeus and Menander, bade him go
+about his business. "We are generals now--not you," they said; and so he
+went away. And now for five days in succession the Athenians had sailed
+out to offer battle, and for the fifth time retired, followed by the
+same swift sailors of the enemy. But this time Lysander's orders to the
+vessels so sent in pursuit were, that as soon as they saw the
+enemy's crew fairly disembarked and dispersed along the shores of the
+Chersonesus (a practice, it should be mentioned, which had grown upon
+them from day to day owing to the distance at which eatables had to be
+purchased, and out of sheer contempt, no doubt, of Lysander, who refused
+to accept battle), they were to begin their return voyage, and when in
+mid-channel to hoist a shield. The orders were punctually carried out,
+and Lysander at once signalled to his whole squadron to put across with
+all speed, while Thorax, with the land forces, was to march parallel
+with the fleet along the coast. Aware of the enemy's fleet, which he
+could see bearing down upon him, Conon had only time to signal to the
+crews to join their ships and rally to the rescue with all their might.
+But the men were scattered far and wide, and some of the vessels had
+only two out of their three banks of rowers, some only a single one,
+while others again were completely empty. Conon's own ship, with seven
+others in attendance on him and the "Paralus," (9) put out to sea, a
+little cluster of nine vessels, with their full complement of men; but
+every one of the remaining one hundred and seventy-one vessels were
+captured by Lysander on the beach. As to the men themselves, the
+large majority of them were easily made prisoners on shore, a few only
+escaping to the small fortresses of the neighbourhood. Meanwhile Conon
+and his nine vessels made good their escape. For himself, knowing that
+the fortune of Athens was ruined, he put into Abarnis, the promontory of
+Lampsacus, and there picked up the great sails of Lysander's ships, and
+then with eight ships set sail himself to seek refuge with Evagoras in
+Cyprus, while the "Paralus" started for Athens with tidings of what had
+taken place.
+
+ (9) The "Paralus"--the Athenian sacred vessel; cf. Thuc. iii. 33 et
+    passim.
+
+Lysander, on his side, conveyed the ships and prisoners and all other
+spoil back to Lampsacus, having on board some of the Athenian generals,
+notably Philocles and Adeimantus. On the very day of these achievements
+he despatched Theopompus, a Milesian privateersman, to Lacedaemon to
+report what had taken place. This envoy arrived within three days and
+delivered his message. Lysander's next step was to convene the allies
+and bid them deliberate as to the treatment of the prisoners. Many were
+the accusations here levied against the Athenians. There was talk of
+crimes committed against the law of Hellas, and of cruelties sanctioned
+by popular decrees; which, had they conquered in the late sea-fight,
+would have been carried out; such as the proposal to cut off the right
+hand of every prisoner taken alive, and lastly the ill-treatment of two
+captured men-of-war, a Corinthian and an Andrian vessel, when every man
+on board had been hurled headlong down the cliff. Philocles was the very
+general of the Athenians who had so ruthlessly destroyed those men. Many
+other tales were told; and at length a resolution was passed to put all
+the Athenian prisoners, with the exception of Adeimantus, to death. He
+alone, it was pleaded, had taken exception to the proposal to cut off
+the prisoners' hands. On the other hand, he was himself accused by some
+people of having betrayed the fleet. As to Philocles, Lysander put to
+him one question, as the officer who had thrown (10) the Corinthians and
+Andrians down the cliff: What fate did the man deserve to suffer who
+had embarked on so cruel a course of illegality against Hellenes? and so
+delivered him to the executioner.
+
+ (10) Reading {os... katekremnise}.
+
+
+
+II
+
+When he had set the affairs of Lampsacus in order, Lysander sailed to
+Byzantium and Chalcedon, where the inhabitants, having first dismissed
+the Athenian garrison under a flag of truce, admitted him within their
+walls. Those citizens of Byzantium, who had betrayed Byzantium into
+the hands of Alcibiades, fled as exiles into Pontus, but subsequently
+betaking themselves to Athens, became Athenian citizens. In dealing with
+the Athenian garrisons, and indeed with all Athenians wheresoever found,
+Lysander made it a rule to give them safe conduct to Athens, and to
+Athens only, in the certainty that the larger the number collected
+within the city and Piraeus, the more quickly the want of necessaries of
+life would make itself felt. And now, leaving Sthenelaus, a Laconian, as
+governor-general of Byzantium and Chalcedon, he sailed back himself to
+Lampsacus and devoted himself to refitting his ships.
+
+It was night when the "Paralus" reached Athens with her evil tidings,
+on receipt of which a bitter wail of woe broke forth. From Piraeus,
+following the line of the long walls up to the heart of the city, it
+swept and swelled, as each man to his neighbour passed on the news. On
+that night no man slept. There was mourning and sorrow for those that
+were lost, but the lamentation for the dead was merged in even deeper
+sorrow for themselves, as they pictured the evils they were about to
+suffer, the like of which they themselves had inflicted upon the men of
+Melos, who were colonists of the Lacedaemonians, when they mastered
+them by siege. Or on the men of Histiaea; on Scione and Torone; on the
+Aeginetans, and many another Hellene city. (1) On the following day the
+public assembly met, and, after debate, it was resolved to block up all
+the harbours save one, to put the walls in a state of defence, to post
+guards at various points, and to make all other necessary preparations
+for a siege. Such were the concerns of the men of Athens.
+
+ (1) With regard to these painful recollections, see (1) for the siege
+    and surrender of Melos (in B.C. 416), Thuc. v. 114, 116; and cf.
+    Aristoph. "Birds," 186; Plut. ("Lysander," 14); (2) for the
+    ejection of the Histiaeans, an incident of the recovery of Euboea
+    in 445 B.C., see Thuc. i. 14; Plut. ("Pericles," 23); (3) for the
+    matter of Scione, which revolted in 423 B.C., and was for a long
+    time a source of disagreement between the Athenians and
+    Lacedaemonians, until finally captured by the former in 421 B.C.,
+    when the citizens were slain and the city given to the Plataeans,
+    see Thuc. iv. 120-122, 129-133; v. 18, 32; (4) for Torone see
+    Thuc. ib., and also v. 3; (5) for the expulsion of the Aeginetans
+    in 431 B.C. see Thuc. ii. 27.
+
+Lysander presently left the Hellespont with two hundred sail and arrived
+at Lesbos, where he established a new order of things in Mitylene and
+the other cities of the island. Meanwhile he despatched Eteonicus with
+a squadron of ten ships to the northern coasts, (2) where that officer
+brought about a revolution of affairs which placed the whole region
+in the hands of Lacedaemon. Indeed, in a moment of time, after the
+sea-fight, the whole of Hellas had revolted from Athens, with the
+solitary exception of the men of Samos. These, having massacred the
+notables, (3) held the state under their control. After a while Lysander
+sent messages to Agis at Deceleia, and to Lacedaemon, announcing his
+approach with a squadron of two hundred sail.
+
+ (2) Lit. "the Thraceward districts." See above, p. 16.
+
+ (3) Or, "since they had slain their notables, held the state under
+    popular control." See Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 303
+    note 3 (2d ed.), who thinks that the incident referred to is the
+    violent democratic revolution in Samos described in Thuc. viii.
+    21, B.C. 412.
+
+In obedience to a general order of Pausanias, the other king of
+Lacedaemon, a levy in force of the Lacedaemonians and all the rest of
+Peloponnesus, except the Argives, was set in motion for a campaign. As
+soon as the several contingents had arrived, the king put himself at
+their head and marched against Athens, encamping in the gymnasium of the
+Academy, (4) as it is called. Lysander had now reached Aegina, where,
+having got together as many of the former inhabitants as possible, he
+formally reinstated them in their city; and what he did in behalf of the
+Aeginetans, he did also in behalf of the Melians, and of the rest who
+had been deprived of their countries. He then pillaged the island of
+Salamis, and finally came to moorings off Piraeus with one hundred and
+fifty ships of the line, and established a strict blockade against all
+merchant ships entering that harbour.
+
+ (4) For this most illustrious of Athenian gymnasia, which still
+    retains its name, see Leake, "Topography of Athens," i. 195 foll.
+
+The Athenians, finding themselves besieged by land and sea, were in
+sore perplexity what to do. Without ships, without allies, without
+provisions, the belief gained hold upon them that there was no way of
+escape. They must now, in their turn, suffer what they had themselves
+inflincted upon others; not in retaliation, indeed, for ills received,
+but out of sheer insolence, overriding the citizens of petty states, and
+for no better reason than that these were allies of the very men now at
+their gates. In this frame of mind they enfranchised those who at any
+time had lost their civil rights, and schooled themselves to endurance;
+and, albeit many succumbed to starvation, no thought of truce or
+reconciliation with their foes was breathed. (5) But when the stock
+of corn was absolutely insufficient, they sent an embassage to Agis,
+proposing to become allies of the Lacedaemonians on the sole condition
+of keeping their fortification walls and Piraeus; and to draw up
+articles of treaty on these terms. Agis bade them betake themselves to
+Lacedaemon, seeing that he had no authority to act himself. With this
+answer the ambassadors returned to Athens, and were forthwith sent on to
+Lacedaemon. On reaching Sellasia, (6) a town in (7) Laconian territory,
+they waited till they got their answer from the ephors, who, having
+learnt their terms (which were identical to those already proposed
+to Agis), bade them instantly to be gone, and, if they really desired
+peace, to come with other proposals, the fruit of happier reflection.
+Thus the ambassadors returned home, and reported the result of their
+embassage, whereupon despondency fell upon all. It was a painful
+reflection that in the end they would be sold into slavery; and
+meanwhile, pending the return of a second embassy, many must needs fall
+victims to starvation. The razing of their fortifications was not a
+solution which any one cared to recommend. A senator, Archestratus, had
+indeed put the question in the senate, whether it were not best to make
+peace with the Lacedaemonians on such terms as they were willing to
+propose; but he was thrown into prison. The Laconian proposals referred
+to involved the destruction of both long walls for a space of more than
+a mile. And a decree had been passed, making it illegal to submit any
+such proposition about the walls. Things having reached this pass,
+Theramenes made a proposal in the public assembly as follows: If they
+chose to send him as an ambassador to Lysander, he would go and find out
+why the Lacedaemonians were so unyielding about the walls; whether it
+was they really intended to enslave the city, or merely that they wanted
+a guarantee of good faith. Despatched accordingly, he lingered on with
+Lysander for three whole months and more, watching for the time when the
+Athenians, at the last pinch of starvation, would be willing to accede
+to any terms that might be offered. At last, in the fourth month, he
+returned and reported to the public assembly that Lysander had detained
+him all this while, and had ended by bidding him betake himself to
+Lacedaemon, since he had no authority himself to answer his questions,
+which must be addressed directly to the ephors. After this Theramenes
+was chosen with nine others to go to Lacedaemon as ambassadors with
+full powers. Meanwhile Lysander had sent an Athenian exile, named
+Aristoteles, in company of certain Lacedaemonians, to Sparta to report
+to the board of ephors how he had answered Theramenes, that they, and
+they alone, had supreme authority in matters of peace and war.
+
+ (5) Or, "they refused to treat for peace."
+
+ (6) Sellasia, the bulwark of Sparta in the valley of the Oenus.
+
+ (7) The MSS. have "in the neighbourhood of," which words are
+    inappropriate at this date, though they may well have been added
+    by some annotator after the Cleomenic war and the battle of
+    Sellasia, B.C. 222, when Antigonus of Macedon destroyed the place
+    in the interests of the Achaean League.
+
+Theramenes and his companions presently reached Sellasia, and being
+there questioned as to the reason of their visit, replied that they had
+full powers to treat of peace. After which the ephors ordered them to
+be summoned to their presence. On their arrival a general assembly was
+convened, in which the Corinthians and Thebans more particularly, though
+their views were shared by many other Hellenes also, urged the meeting
+not to come to terms with the Athenians, but to destroy them. The
+Lacedaemonians replied that they would never reduce to slavery a city
+which was itself an integral portion of Hellas, and had performed a
+great and noble service to Hellas in the most perilous of emergencies.
+On the contrary, they were willing to offer peace on the terms now
+specified--namely, "That the long walls and the fortifications of
+Piraeus should be destroyed; that the Athenian fleet, with the exception
+of twelve vessels, should be surrendered; that the exiles should be
+restored; and lastly, that the Athenians should acknowledge the headship
+of Sparta in peace and war, leaving to her the choice of friends and
+foes, and following her lead by land and sea." Such were the terms which
+Theramenes and the rest who acted with him were able to report on their
+return to Athens. As they entered the city, a vast crowd met them,
+trembling lest their mission have proved fruitless. For indeed delay
+was no longer possible, so long already was the list of victims daily
+perishing from starvation. On the day following, the ambassadors
+delivered their report, stating the terms upon which the Lacedaemonians
+were willing to make peace. Theramenes acted as spokesman, insisting
+that they ought to obey the Lacedaemonians and pull down the walls. A
+small minority raised their voice in opposition, but the majority were
+strongly in favour of the proposition, and the resolution was passed to
+accept the peace. After that, Lysander sailed into the Piraeus, and the
+exiles were readmitted. And so they fell to levelling the fortifications
+and walls with much enthusiasm, to the accompaniment of female
+flute-players, deeming that day the beginning of liberty to Greece.
+
+Thus the year drew to its close (8)--during its middle months took place
+the accession of Dionysius, the son of Hermocrates the Syracusan, to
+the tyranny of Syracuse; an incident itself preceded by a victory gained
+over the Carthaginians by the Syracusans; the reduction of Agrigentum
+through famine by the Carthaginians themselves; and the exodus of the
+Sicilian Greeks from that city.
+
+ (8) For the puzzling chronology of this paragraph see Grote, "Hist. of
+    Greece," vol. x. p 619 (2d ed.) If genuine, the words may perhaps
+    have slipt out of their natural place in chapter i. above, in
+    front of the words "in the following year Lysander arrived," etc.
+    L. Dindorf brackets them as spurious. Xen., "Hist. Gr." ed.
+    tertia, Lipsiae, MDCCCLXXII. For the incidents referred to see
+    above; Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. x. pp. 582, 598 (2d ed.)
+
+
+
+III
+
+B.C. 404. In the following year (1) the people passed a resolution
+to choose thirty men who were to draft a constitution based on the
+ancestral laws of the State. The following were chosen to act on this
+committee:--Polychares, Critias, Melobius, Hippolochus, Eucleides,
+Hiero, Mnesilochus, Chremo, Theramenes, Aresias, Diocles, Phaedrias,
+Chaereleos, Anaetius, Piso, Sophocles, Erastosthenes, Charicles,
+Onomacles, Theognis, Aeschines, Theogones, Cleomedes, Erasistratus,
+Pheido, Dracontides, Eumathes, Aristoteles, Hippomachus, Mnesitheides.
+After these transactions, Lysander set sail for Samos; and Agis withdrew
+the land force from Deceleia and disbanded the troops, dismissing the
+contingents to their several cities.
+
+ (1) The MSS. here add "it was that year of the Olympiad cycle in which
+    Crocinas, a Thessalian, won the Stadium; when Endius was ephor at
+    Sparta, and Pythodorus archon at Athens, though the Athenians
+    indeed do not call the year by that archon's name, since he was
+    elected during the oligarchy, but prefer to speak of the year of
+    'anarchy'; the aforesaid oligarchy originated thus,"--which,
+    though correct, probably was not written by Xenophon. The year of
+    anarchy might perhaps be better rendered "the year without
+    archons."
+
+In was at this date, about the time of the solar eclipse, (2) that
+Lycophron of Pherae, who was ambitious of ruling over the whole of
+Thessaly, defeated those sections of the Thessalians who opposed him,
+such as the men of Larissa and others, and slew many of them. It
+was also about this date that Dionysius, now tyrant of Syracuse, was
+defeated by the Carthaginians and lost Gela and Camarina. And again, a
+little later, the men of Leontini, who previously had been amalgamated
+with the Syracusans, separated themselves from Syracuse and Dionysius,
+and asserted their independence, and returned to their native city.
+Another incident of this period was the sudden despatch and introduction
+of Syracusan horse into Catana by Dionysius.
+
+ (2) This took place on 2d September B.C. 404.
+
+Now the Samians, though besieged by Lysander on all sides, were at first
+unwilling to come to terms. But at the last moment, when Lysander was on
+the point of assaulting the town, they accepted the terms, which allowed
+every free man to leave the island, but not to carry away any part of
+his property, except the clothes on his back. On these conditions they
+marched out. The city and all it contained was then delivered over to
+its ancient citizens by Lysander, who finally appointed ten governors
+to garrison the island. (3) After which, he disbanded the allied fleet,
+dismissing them to their respective cities, while he himself, with the
+Lacedaemonian squadron, set sail for Laconia, bringing with him the
+prows of the conquered vessels and the whole navy of Piraeus, with
+the exception of twelve ships. He also brought the crowns which he had
+received from the cities as private gifts, and a sum of four hundred and
+seventy talents (4) in silver (the surplus of the tribute money which
+Cyrus had assigned to him for the prosecution of the war), besides other
+property, the fruit of his military exploits. All these things Lysander
+delivered to the Lacedaemonians in the latter end of summer. (5)
+
+ (3) A council of ten, or "decarchy." See Grote, "H. G." viii. 323 (1st
+    ed.)
+
+ (4) About 112,800 pounds.
+
+ (5) The MSS. add "a summer, the close of which coincided with the
+    termination of a war which had lasted twenty-eight and a half
+    years, as the list of annual ephors, appended in order, serves to
+    show. Aenesias is the first name. The war began during his
+    ephorate, in the fifteenth year of the thirty years' truce after
+    the capture of Euboea. His successors were Brasidas, Isanor,
+    Sostratidas, Exarchus, Agesistratus, Angenidas, Onomacles,
+    Zeuxippus, Pityas, Pleistolas, Cleinomachus, Harchus, Leon,
+    Chaerilas, Patesiadas, Cleosthenes, Lycarius, Eperatus,
+    Onomantius, Alexippidas, Misgolaidas, Isias, Aracus, Euarchippus,
+    Pantacles, Pityas, Archytas, and lastly, Endius, during whose year
+    of office Lysander sailed home in triumph, after performing the
+    exploits above recorded,"--the interpolation, probably, of some
+    editor or copyist, the words "twenty-eight and a half" being
+    probably a mistake on his part for "twenty-seven and a half." Cf.
+    Thuc. v. 26; also Buchsenschutz, Einleitung, p. 8 of his school
+    edition of the "Hellenica."
+
+The Thirty had been chosen almost immediately after the long walls and
+the fortifications round Piraeus had been razed. They were chosen
+for the express purpose of compiling a code of laws for the future
+constitution of the State. The laws were always on the point of being
+published, yet they were never forthcoming; and the thirty compilers
+contented themselves meanwhile with appointing a senate and the other
+magistracies as suited their fancy best. That done, they turned their
+attention, in the first instance, to such persons as were well known to
+have made their living as informers (6) under the democracy, and to be
+thorns in the side of all respectable people. These they laid hold on
+and prosecuted on the capital charge. The new senate gladly recorded its
+vote of condemnation against them; and the rest of the world, conscious
+of bearing no resemblance to them, seemed scarcely vexed. But the Thirty
+did not stop there. Presently they began to deliberate by what means
+they could get the city under their absolute control, in order that they
+might work their will upon it. Here again they proceeded tentatively;
+in the first instance, they sent (two of their number), Aeschines and
+Aristoteles, to Lacedaemon, and persuaded Lysander to support them in
+getting a Lacedaemonian garrison despatched to Athens. They only
+needed it until they had got the "malignants" out of the way, and had
+established the constitution; and they would undertake to maintain these
+troops at their own cost. Lysander was not deaf to their persuasions,
+and by his co-operation their request was granted. A bodyguard, with
+Callibius as governor, was sent.
+
+ (6) Lit. "by sycophancy," i.e. calumnious accusation--the sycophant's
+    trade. For a description of this pest of Athenian life cf. "Dem."
+    in Arist. 1, S. 52; quoted in Jebb, "Attic Orators," chap. xxix.
+    14; cf. Aristoph. "Ach." 904; Xen. "Mem." II. ix. 1.
+
+And now that they had got the garrison, they fell to flattering
+Callibius with all servile flattery, in order that he might give
+countenance to their doings. Thus they prevailed on him to allow some of
+the guards, whom they selected, to accompany them, while they proceeded
+to lay hands on whom they would; no longer confining themselves to base
+folk and people of no account, but boldly laying hands on those who they
+felt sure would least easily brook being thrust aside, or, if a
+spirit of opposition seized them, could command the largest number of
+partisans.
+
+These were early days; as yet Critias was of one mind with Theramenes,
+and the two were friends. But the time came when, in proportion as
+Critias was ready to rush headlong into wholesale carnage, like one
+who thirsted for the blood of the democracy, which had banished him,
+Theramenes balked and thwarted him. It was barely reasonable, he argued,
+to put people to death, who had never done a thing wrong to respectable
+people in their lives, simply because they had enjoyed influence and
+honour under the democracy. "Why, you and I, Critias," he would add,
+"have said and done many things ere now for the sake of popularity."
+To which the other (for the terms of friendly intimacy still subsisted)
+would retort, "There is no choice left to us, since we intend to take
+the lion's share, but to get rid of those who are best able to hinder
+us. If you imagine, because we are thirty instead of one, our government
+requires one whit the less careful guarding than an actual tyranny, you
+must be very innocent."
+
+So things went on. Day after day the list of persons put to death for no
+just reason grew longer. Day after day the signs of resentment were more
+significant in the groups of citizens banding together and forecasting
+the character of this future constitution; till at length Theramenes
+spoke again, protesting:--There was no help for it but to associate with
+themselves a sufficient number of persons in the conduct of affairs, or
+the oligarchy would certainly come to an end. Critias and the rest
+of the Thirty, whose fears had already converted Theramenes into a
+dangerous popular idol, proceeded at once to draw up a list of three
+thousand citizens; fit and proper persons to have a share in the conduct
+of affairs. But Theramenes was not wholly satisfied, "indeed he must
+say, for himself, he regarded it as ridiculous, that in their effort to
+associate the better classes with themselves in power, they should fix
+on just that particular number, three thousand, as if that figure had
+some necessary connection with the exact number of gentlemen in the
+State, making it impossible to discover any respectability outside
+or rascality within the magic number. And in the second place," he
+continued, "I see we are trying to do two things, diametrically opposed;
+we are manufacturing a government, which is based on force, and at the
+same time inferior in strength to those whom we propose to govern."
+That was what he said, but what his colleagues did, was to institute a
+military inspection or review. The Three Thousand were drawn up in the
+Agora, and the rest of the citizens, who were not included in the list,
+elsewhere in various quarters of the city. The order to take arms was
+given; (7) but while the men's backs were turned, at the bidding of the
+Thirty, the Laconian guards, with those of the citizens who shared their
+views, appeared on the scene and took away the arms of all except the
+Three Thousand, carried them up to the Acropolis, and safely deposited
+them in the temple.
+
+ (7) Or, "a summons to the 'place d'armes' was given; but." Or, "the
+    order to seize the arms was given, and." It is clear from
+    Aristoph. "Acharn." 1050, that the citizens kept their weapons at
+    home. On the other hand, it was a custom not to come to any
+    meeting in arms. See Thuc. vi. 58. It seems probable that while
+    the men were being reviewed in the market-place and elsewhere, the
+    ruling party gave orders to seize their weapons (which they had
+    left at home), and this was done except in the case of the Three
+    Thousand. Cf. Arnold, "Thuc." II. 2. 5; and IV. 91.
+
+The ground being thus cleared, as it were, and feeling that they had
+it in their power to do what they pleased, they embarked on a course of
+wholesale butchery, to which many were sacrificed to the merest hatred,
+many to the accident of possessing riches. Presently the question
+rose, How they were to get money to pay their guards? and to meet this
+difficulty a resolution was passed empowering each of the committee to
+seize on one of the resident aliens apiece, to put his victim to death,
+and to confiscate his property. Theramenes was invited, or rather told
+to seize some one or other. "Choose whom you will, only let it be done."
+To which he made answer, it hardly seemed to him a noble or worthy
+course on the part of those who claimed to be the elite of society to go
+beyond the informers (8) in injustice. "Yesterday they, to-day we; with
+this difference, the victim of the informer must live as a source of
+income; our innocents must die that we may get their wealth. Surely
+their method was innocent in comparison with ours."
+
+ (8) See above.
+
+The rest of the Thirty, who had come to regard Theramenes as an obstacle
+to any course they might wish to adopt, proceeded to plot against him.
+They addressed themselves to the members of the senate in private,
+here a man and there a man, and denounced him as the marplot of the
+constitution. Then they issued an order to the young men, picking out
+the most audacious characters they could find, to be present, each with
+a dagger hidden in the hollow of the armpit; and so called a meeting
+of the senate. When Theramenes had taken his place, Critias got up and
+addressed the meeting:
+
+"If," said he, "any member of this council, here seated, imagines that
+an undue amount of blood has been shed, let me remind him that with
+changes of constitution such things can not be avoided. It is the rule
+everywhere, but more particularly at Athens it was inevitable there
+should be found a specially large number of persons sworn foes to any
+constitutional change in the direction of oligarchy, and this for two
+reasons. First, because the population of this city, compared with other
+Hellenic cities, is enormously large; and again, owing to the length of
+time during which the people has battened upon liberty. Now, as to two
+points we are clear. The first is that democracy is a form of government
+detestable to persons like ourselves--to us and to you; the next is that
+the people of Athens could never be got to be friendly to our friends
+and saviours, the Lacedaemonians. But on the loyalty of the better
+classes the Lacedaemonians can count. And that is our reason for
+establishing an oligarchical constitution with their concurrence. That
+is why we do our best to rid us of every one whom we perceive to be
+opposed to the oligarchy; and, in our opinion, if one of ourselves
+should elect to undermine this constitution of ours, he would deserve
+punishment. Do you not agree? And the case," he continued, "is no
+imaginary one. The offender is here present--Theramenes. And what we say
+of him is, that he is bent upon destroying yourselves and us by every
+means in his power. These are not baseless charges; but if you will
+consider it, you will find them amply established in this unmeasured
+censure of the present posture of affairs, and his persistent opposition
+to us, his colleagues, if ever we seek to get rid of any of these
+demagogues. Had this been his guiding principle of action from the
+beginning, in spite of hostility, at least he would have escaped all
+imputation of villainy. Why, this is the very man who originated our
+friendly and confidential relations with Lacedaemon. This is the very
+man who authorised the abolition of the democracy, who urged us on to
+inflict punishment on the earliest batch of prisoners brought before
+us. But to-day all is changed; now you and we are out of odour with
+the people, and he accordingly has ceased to be pleased with our
+proceedings. The explanation is obvious. In case of a catastrophe, how
+much pleasanter for him once again to light upon his legs, and leave us
+to render account for our past performances.
+
+"I contend that this man is fairly entitled to render his account also,
+not only as an ordinary enemy, but as a traitor to yourselves and us.
+And let us add, not only is treason more formidable than open war, in
+proportion as it is harder to guard against a hidden assassin than
+an open foe, but it bears the impress of a more enduring hostility,
+inasmuch as men fight their enemies and come to terms with them again
+and are fast friends; but whoever heard of reconciliation with a
+traitor? There he stands unmasked; he has forfeited our confidence for
+evermore. But to show you that these are no new tactics of his, to prove
+to you that he is a traitor in grain, I will recall to your memories
+some points in his past history.
+
+"He began by being held in high honour by the democracy; but taking a
+leaf out of his father's, Hagnon's, book, he next showed a most headlong
+anxiety to transform the democracy into the Four Hundred, and, in fact,
+for a time held the first place in that body. But presently, detecting
+the formation of rival power to the oligarchs, round he shifted; and we
+find him next a ringleader of the popular party in assailing them. It
+must be admitted, he has well earned his nickname 'Buskin.' (9) Yes,
+Theramenes! clever you may be, but the man who deserves to live should
+not show his cleverness in leading on his associates into trouble, and
+when some obstacle presents itself, at once veer round; but like a pilot
+on shipboard, he ought then to redouble his efforts, until the wind is
+fair. Else, how in the name of wonderment are those mariners to reach
+the haven where they would be, if at the first contrary wind or
+tide they turn about and sail in the opposite direction? Death and
+destruction are concomitants of constitutional changes and revolution,
+no doubt; but you are such an impersonation of change, that, as you
+twist and turn and double, you deal destruction on all sides. At one
+swoop you are the ruin of a thousand oligarchs at the hands of the
+people, and at another of a thousand democrats at the hands of the
+better classes. Why, sirs, this is the man to whom the orders were given
+by the generals, in the sea-fight off Lesbos, to pick up the crews of
+the disabled vessels; and who, neglecting to obey orders, turned round
+and accused the generals; and to save himself murdered them! What, I ask
+you, of a man who so openly studied the art of self-seeking, deaf
+alike to the pleas of honour and to the claims of friendship? Would not
+leniency towards such a creature be misplaced? Can it be our duty at
+all to spare him? Ought we not rather, when we know the doublings of his
+nature, to guard against them, lest we enable him presently to practise
+on ourselves? The case is clear. We therefore hereby cite this man
+before you, as a conspirator and traitor against yourselves and us. The
+reasonableness of our conduct, one further reflection may make clear.
+No one, I take it, will dispute the splendour, the perfection of the
+Laconian constitution. Imagine one of the ephors there in Sparta, in
+lieu of devoted obedience to the majority, taking on himself to find
+fault with the government and to oppose all measures. Do you not think
+that the ephors themselves, and the whole commonwealth besides, would
+hold this renegade worthy of condign punishment? So, too, by the same
+token, if you are wise, do you spare yourselves, not him. For what does
+the alternative mean? I will tell you. His preservation will cause
+the courage of many who hold opposite views to your own to rise; his
+destruction will cut off the last hopes of all your enemies, whether
+within or without the city."
+
+ (9) An annotator seems to have added here the words, occurring in the
+    MSS., "the buskin which seems to fit both legs equally, but is
+    constant to neither," unless, indeed, they are an original
+    "marginal note" of the author. For the character of Theramenes, as
+    popularly conceived, cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 538, 968 foll., and
+    Thuc. viii. 92; and Prof. Jowett, "Thuc." vol. ii. pp. 523, 524.
+
+With these words he sat down, but Theramenes rose and said: "Sirs, with
+your permission I will first touch upon the charge against me which
+Critias has mentioned last. The assertion is that as the accuser of the
+generals I was their murderer. Now I presume it was not I who began
+the attack upon them, but it was they who asserted that in spite of
+the orders given me I had neglected to pick up the unfortunates in the
+sea-fight off Lesbos. All I did was to defend myself. My defence was
+that the storm was too violent to permit any vessel to ride at sea, much
+more therefore to pick up the men, and this defence was accepted by my
+fellow-citizens as highly reasonable, while the generals seemed to be
+condemned out of their own mouths. For while they kept on asserting
+that it was possible to save the men, the fact still remained that they
+abandoned them to their fate, set sail, and were gone.
+
+"However, I am not surprised, I confess, at this grave misconception
+(10) on the part of Critias, for at the date of these occurrences he
+was not in Athens. He was away in Thessaly, laying the foundations of
+a democracy with Prometheus, and arming the Penestae (11) against their
+masters. Heaven forbid that any of his transactions there should be
+re-enacted here. However, I must say, I do heartily concur with him on
+one point. Whoever desires to exclude you from the government, or to
+strength the hands of your secret foes, deserves and ought to meet with
+condign punishment; but who is most capable of so doing? That you will
+best discover, I think, by looking a little more closely into the past
+and the present conduct of each of us. Well, then! up to the moment at
+which you were formed into a senatorial body, when the magistracies were
+appointed, and certain notorious 'informers' were brought to trial, we
+all held the same views. But later on, when our friends yonder began
+to hale respectable honest folk to prison and to death, I, on my side,
+began to differ from them. From the moment when Leon of Salamis, (12)
+a man of high and well-deserved reputation, was put to death, though he
+had not committed the shadow of a crime, I knew that all his equals must
+tremble for themselves, and, so trembling, be driven into opposition to
+the new constitution. In the same way, when Niceratus, (13) the son of
+Nicias, was arrested; a wealthy man, who, no more than his father, had
+never done anything that could be called popular or democratic in his
+life; it did not require much insight to discover that his compeers
+would be converted into our foes. But to go a step further: when it
+came to Antiphon (14) falling at our hands--Antiphon, who during the war
+contributed two fast-sailing men-of-war out of his own resources, it was
+then plain to me, that all who had ever been zealous and patriotic
+must eye us with suspicion. Once more I could not help speaking out in
+opposition to my colleagues when they suggested that each of us ought to
+seize some one resident alien. (15) For what could be more certain
+than that their death-warrant would turn the whole resident foreign
+population into enemies of the constitution. I spoke out again when they
+insisted on depriving the populace of their arms; it being no part of my
+creed that we ought to take the strength out of the city; nor, indeed,
+so far as I could see, had the Lacedaemonians stept between us and
+destruction merely that we might become a handful of people, powerless
+to aid them in the day of need. Had that been their object, they might
+have swept us away to the last man. A few more weeks, or even days,
+would have sufficed to extinguish us quietly by famine. Nor, again, can
+I say that the importation of mercenary foreign guards was altogether to
+my taste, when it would have been so easy for us to add to our own
+body a sufficient number of fellow-citizens to ensure our supremacy as
+governors over those we essayed to govern. But when I saw what an army
+of malcontents this government had raised up within the city walls,
+besides another daily increasing host of exiles without, I could not
+but regard the banishment of people like Thrasybulus and Anytus and
+Alcibiades (16) as impolitic. Had our object been to strengthen the
+rival power, we could hardly have set about it better than by providing
+the populace with the competent leaders whom they needed, and the
+would-be leaders themselves with an army of willing adherents.
+
+ (10) Reading with Cobet {paranenomikenai}.
+
+ (11) I.e. serfs--Penestae being the local name in Thessaly for the
+    villein class. Like the {Eilotes} in Laconia, they were originally
+    a conquered tribe, afterwards increased by prisoners of war, and
+    formed a link between the freemen and born slaves.
+
+ (12) Cf. "Mem." IV. iv. 3; Plat. "Apol." 8. 32.
+
+ (13) Cf. Lysias, "Or." 18. 6.
+
+ (14) Probably the son of Lysidonides. See Thirlwall, "Hist. of
+    Greece," vol. iv. p. 179 (ed. 1847); also Lysias, "Or." 12. contra
+    Eratosth. According to Lysias, Theramenes, when a member of the
+    first Oligarchy, betrayed his own closest friends, Antiphon and
+    Archeptolemus. See Prof. Jebb, "Attic Orators," I. x. p. 266.
+
+ (15) The resident aliens, or {metoikoi}, "metics," so technically
+    called.
+
+ (16) Isocr. "De Bigis," 355; and Prof. Jebb's "Attic Orators," ii.
+    230. In the defence of his father's career, which the younger
+    Alcibiades, the defendant in this case (B.C. 397 probably) has
+    occasion to make, he reminds the court, that under the Thirty,
+    others were banished from Athens, but his father was driven out of
+    the civilised world of Hellas itself, and finally murdered. See
+    Plutarch, "Alcibiades," ad fin.
+
+"I ask then is the man who tenders such advice in the full light of
+day justly to be regarded as a traitor, and not as a benefactor? Surely
+Critias, the peacemaker, the man who hinders the creation of many
+enemies, whose counsels tend to the acquistion of yet more friends, (17)
+cannot be accused of strengthening the hands of the enemy. Much more
+truly may the imputation be retorted on those who wrongfully appropriate
+their neighbours' goods and put to death those who have done no wrong.
+These are they who cause our adversaries to grow and multiply, and
+who in very truth are traitors, not to their friends only, but to
+themselves, spurred on by sordid love of gain.
+
+ (17) Or, "the peacemaker, the healer of differences, the cementer of
+    new alliances, cannot," etc.
+
+"I might prove the truth of what I say in many ways, but I beg you to
+look at the matter thus. With which condition of affairs here in Athens
+do you think will Thrasybulus and Anytus and the other exiles be the
+better pleased? That which I have pictured as desirable, or that which
+my colleagues yonder are producing? For my part I cannot doubt but that,
+as things now are, they are saying to themselves, 'Our allies muster
+thick and fast.' But were the real strength, the pith and fibre of this
+city, kindly disposed to us, they would find it an uphill task even to
+get a foothold anywhere in the country.
+
+"Then, with regard to what he said of me and my propensity to be for
+ever changing sides, let me draw your attention to the following facts.
+Was it not the people itself, the democracy, who voted the constitution
+of the Four Hundred? This they did, because they had learned to think
+that the Lacedaemonians would trust any other form of government rather
+than a democracy. But when the efforts of Lacedaemon were not a whit
+relaxed, when Aristoteles, Melanthius, and Aristarchus, (18) and the
+rest of them acting as generals, were plainly minded to construct an
+intrenched fortress on the mole for the purpose of admitting the
+enemy, and so getting the city under the power of themselves and their
+associates; (19) because I got wind of these schemes, and nipped them in
+the bud, is that to be a traitor to one's friends?
+
+ (18) Cf. Thuc. viii. 90-92, for the behaviour of the Lacedaemonian
+    party at Athens and the fortification of Eetioneia in B.C. 411.
+
+ (19) I.e. of the political clubs.
+
+"Then he threw in my teeth the nickname 'Buskin,' as descriptive of
+an endeavour on my part to fit both parties. But what of the man
+who pleases neither? What in heaven's name are we to call him? Yes!
+you--Critias? Under the democracy you were looked upon as the most
+arrant hater of the people, and under the aristocracy you have proved
+yourself the bitterest foe of everything respectable. Yes! Critias, I
+am, and ever have been, a foe of those who think that a democracy cannot
+reach perfection until slaves and those who, from poverty, would sell
+the city for a drachma, can get their drachma a day. (20) But not less
+am I, and ever have been, a pronounced opponent of those who do not
+think there can possibly exist a perfect oligarchy until the State is
+subjected to the despotism of a few. On the contrary, my own ambition
+has been to combine with those who are rich enough to possess a horse
+and shield, and to use them for the benefit of the State. (21) That was
+my ideal in the old days, and I hold to it without a shadow of turning
+still. If you can imagine when and where, in conjunction with despots or
+demagogues, I have set to my hand to deprive honest gentlefolk of
+their citizenship, pray speak. If you can convict me of such crimes at
+present, or can prove my perpetration of them in the past, I admit that
+I deserve to die, and by the worst of deaths."
+
+ (20) I.e. may enjoy the senatorial stipend of a drachma a day = 9 3/4
+    pence.
+
+ (21) See Thuc. viii. 97, for a momentary realisation of that "duly
+    attempered compound of Oligarchy and Democracy" which Thucydides
+    praises, and which Theramenes here refers to. It threw the power
+    into the hands of the wealthier upper classes to the exclusion of
+    the {nautikos okhlos}. See Prof. Jowett, vol. ii. note, ad loc.
+    cit.
+
+With these words he ceased, and the loud murmur of the applause which
+followed marked the favourable impression produced upon the senate.
+It was plain to Critias, that if he allowed his adversary's fate to be
+decided by formal voting, Theramenes would escape, and life to himself
+would become intolerable. Accordingly he stepped forward and spoke a
+word or two in the ears of the Thirty. This done, he went out and gave
+an order to the attendants with the daggers to stand close to the bar
+in full view of the senators. Again he entered and addressed the senate
+thus: "I hold it to be the duty of a good president, when he sees the
+friends about him being made the dupes of some delusion, to intervene.
+That at any rate is what I propose to do. Indeed our friends here
+standing by the bar say that if we propose to acquit a man so openly
+bent upon the ruin of the oligarchy, they do not mean to let us do
+so. Now there is a clause in the new code forbidding any of the Three
+Thousand to be put to death without your vote; but the Thirty have
+power of life and death over all outside that list. Accordingly," he
+proceeded, "I herewith strike this man, Theramenes, off the list; and
+this with the concurrence of my colleagues. And now," he continued, "we
+condemn him to death."
+
+Hearing these words Theramenes sprang upon the altar of Hestia,
+exclaiming: "And I, sirs, supplicate you for the barest forms of law and
+justice. Let it not be in the power of Critias to strike off either
+me, or any one of you whom he will. But in my case, in what may be your
+case, if we are tried, let our trial be in accordance with the law they
+have made concerning those on the list. I know," he added, "but too
+well, that this altar will not protect me; but I will make it plain that
+these men are as impious towards the gods as they are nefarious towards
+men. Yet I do marvel, good sirs and honest gentlemen, for so you are,
+that you will not help yourselves, and that too when you must see that
+the name of every one of you is as easily erased as mine."
+
+But when he had got so far, the voice of the herald was heard giving the
+order to the Eleven to seize Theramenes. They at that instant entered
+with their satellites--at their head Satyrus, the boldest and most
+shameless of the body--and Critias exclaimed, addressing the Eleven, "We
+deliver over to you Theramenes yonder, who has been condemned according
+to the law. Do you take him and lead him away to the proper place, and
+do there with him what remains to do." As Critias uttered the words,
+Satyrus laid hold upon Theramenes to drag him from the altar, and the
+attendants lent their aid. But he, as was natural, called upon gods and
+men to witness what was happening. The senators the while kept silence,
+seeing the companions of Satyrus at the bar, and the whole front of the
+senate house crowded with the foreign guards, nor did they need to be
+told that there were daggers in reserve among those present.
+
+And so Theramenes was dragged through the Agora, in vehement and loud
+tones proclaiming the wrongs that he was suffering. One word, which is
+said to have fallen from his lips, I cite. It is this: Satyrus, bade him
+"Be silent, or he would rue the day;" to which he made answer, "And if I
+be silent, shall I not rue it?" Also, when they brought him the hemlock,
+and the time was come to drink the fatal draught, they tell how he
+playfully jerked out the dregs from the bottom of the cup, like one who
+plays "Cottabos," (22) with the words, "This to the lovely Critias."
+These are but "apophthegms" (23) too trivial, it may be thought, to find
+a place in history. Yet I must deem it an admirable trait in this man's
+character, if at such a moment, when death confronted him, neither his
+wits forsook him, nor could the childlike sportiveness vanish from his
+soul.
+
+ (22) "A Sicilian game much in vogue at the drinking parties of young
+    men at Athens. The simplest mode was when each threw the wine left
+    in his cup so as to strike smartly in a metal basin, at the same
+    time invoking his mistress's name; if all fell into the basin and
+    the sound was clear, it was a sign he stood well with her."--
+    Liddell and Scott, sub. v. For the origin of the game compare
+    curiously enough the first line of the first Elegy of Critias
+    himself, who was a poet and political philosopher, as well as a
+    politician:--
+
+"{Kottabos ek Sikeles esti khthonos, euprepes ergon on skopon es latagon
+toxa kathistametha.}" Bergk. "Poetae Lyr. Graec." Pars II. xxx.
+
+
+ (23) Or, "these are sayings too slight, perhaps, to deserve record;
+    yet," etc. By an "apophthegm" was meant originally a terse
+    (sententious) remark, but the word has somewhat altered in
+    meaning.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+So Theramenes met his death; and, now that this obstacle was removed,
+the Thirty, feeling that they had it in their power to play the tyrant
+without fear, issued an order forbidding all, whose names were not
+on the list, to set foot within the city. Retirement in the country
+districts was no protection, thither the prosecutor followed them, and
+thence dragged them, that their farms and properties might fall to the
+possession of the Thirty and their friends. Even Piraeus was not safe;
+of those who sought refuge there, many were driven forth in similar
+fashion, until Megara and Thebes overflowed with the crowd of refugees.
+
+Presently Thrasybulus, with about seventy followers, sallied out from
+Thebes, and made himself master of the fortress of Phyle. (1) The
+weather was brilliant, and the Thirty marched out of the city to repel
+the invader; with them were the Three Thousand and the Knights. When
+they reached the place, some of the young men, in the foolhardiness of
+youth, made a dash at the fortress, but without effect; all they got was
+wounds, and so retired. The intention of the Thirty now was to blockade
+the place; by shutting off all the avenues of supplies, they thought to
+force the garrison to capitulate. But this project was interrupted by
+a steady downfall of snow that night and the following day. Baffled
+by this all-pervading enemy they beat a retreat to the city, but not
+without the sacrifice of many of their camp-followers, who fell a prey
+to the men in Phyle. The next anxiety of the government in Athens was to
+secure the farms and country houses against the plunderings and forays
+to which they would be exposed, if there were no armed force to
+protect them. With this object a protecting force was despatched to
+the "boundary estates," (2) about two miles south of Phyle. This corps
+consisted of the Lacedaemonian guards, or nearly all of them, and two
+divisions of horse. (3) They encamped in a wild and broken district, and
+the round of their duties commenced.
+
+ (1) "A strong fortress (the remains of which still exist) commanding
+    the narrow pass across Mount Parnes, through which runs the direct
+    road from Thebes to Athens, past Acharnae. The precipitous rock on
+    which it stands can only be approached by a ridge on the eastern
+    side. The height commands a magnificent view of the whole Athenian
+    plain, of the city itself, of Mount Hymettus, and the Saronic
+    Gulf,"--"Dict. of Geog., The demi of the Diacria and Mount
+    Parnes."
+
+ (2) Cf. Boeckh, "P. E. A." p. 63, Eng. ed.
+
+ (3) Lit. tribes, each of the ten tribes furnishing about one hundred
+    horse.
+
+But by this time the small garrison above them had increased tenfold,
+until there were now something like seven hundred men collected in
+Phyle; and with these Thrasybulus one night descended. When he was not
+quite half a mile from the enemy's encampment he grounded arms, and a
+deep silence was maintained until it drew towards day. In a little while
+the men opposite, one by one, were getting to their legs or leaving the
+camp for necessary purposes, while a suppressed din and murmur arose,
+caused by the grooms currying and combing their horses. This was the
+moment for Thrasybulus and his men to snatch up their arms and make a
+dash at the enemy's position. Some they felled on the spot; and routing
+the whole body, pursued them six or seven furlongs, killing one
+hundred and twenty hoplites and more. Of the cavalry, Nicostratus, "the
+beautiful," as men called him, and two others besides were slain; they
+were caught while still in their beds. Returning from the pursuit,
+the victors set up a trophy, got together all the arms they had taken,
+besides baggage, and retired again to Phyle. A reinforcement of horse
+sent from the city could not discover the vestige of a foe; but waited
+on the scene of battle until the bodies of the slain had been picked up
+by their relatives, when they withdrew again to the city.
+
+After this the Thirty, who had begun to realise the insecurity of their
+position, were anxious to appropriate Eleusis, so that an asylum might
+be ready for them against the day of need. With this view an order was
+issued to the Knights; and Critias, with the rest of the Thirty, visited
+Eleusis. There they held a review of the Eleusians in the presence of
+the Knights; (4) and, on the pretext of wishing to discover how many
+they were, and how large a garrison they would further require, they
+ordered the townsfolk to enter their names. As each man did so he had to
+retire by a postern leading to the sea. But on the sea-beach this
+side there were lines of cavalry drawn up in waiting, and as each man
+appeared he was handcuffed by the satellites of the Thirty. When all
+had so been seized and secured, they gave orders to Lysimachus, the
+commander of the cavalry, to take them off to the city and deliver them
+over to the Eleven. Next day they summoned the heavy armed who were on
+the list, and the rest of the Knights (5) to the Odeum, and Critias rose
+and addressed them. He said: "Sirs, the constitution, the lines of which
+we are laying down, is a work undertaken in your interests no less than
+ours; it is incumbent on you therefore to participate in its dangers,
+even as you will partake of its honours. We expect you therefore, in
+reference to these Eleusians here, who have been seized and secured, to
+vote their condemnation, so that our hopes and fears may be identical."
+Then, pointing to a particular spot, he said peremptorily, "You will
+please deposit your votes there within sight of all." It must be
+understood that the Laconian guards were present at the time, and armed
+to the teeth, and filling one-half of the Odeum. As to the proceedings
+themselves, they found acceptance with those members of the State,
+besides the Thirty, who could be satisfied with a simple policy of
+self-aggrandisement.
+
+ (4) Or, "in the cavalry quarters," cf. {en tois ikhthusin} = in the
+    fish market. Or, "at the review of the horse."
+
+ (5) For the various Odeums at Athens vide Prof. Jebb, "Theophr."
+    xviii. 235, 236. The one here named was near the fountain
+    Callirhoe by the Ilissus.
+
+But now Thrasybulus at the head of his followers, by this time about one
+thousand strong, descended from Phyle and reached Piraeus in the night.
+The Thirty, on their side, informed of this new move, were not slow to
+rally to the rescue, with the Laconian guards, supported by their own
+cavalry and hoplites. And so they advanced, marching down along the
+broad carriage road which leads into Piraeus. The men from Phyle seemed
+at first inclined to dispute their passage, but as the wide circuit
+of the walls needed a defence beyond the reach of their still scanty
+numbers, they fell back in a compact body upon Munychia. (6) Then the
+troops from the city poured into the Agora of Hippodmus. (7) Here they
+formed in line, stretching along and filling the street which leads to
+the temple of Artemis and the Bendideum. (8) This line must have been
+at least fifty shields deep; and in this formation they at once began
+to march up. As to the men of Phyle, they too blocked the street at the
+opposite end, and facing the foe. They presented only a thin line, not
+more than ten deep, though behind these, certainly, were ranged a body
+of targeteers and light-armed javelin men, who were again supported by
+an artillery of stone-throwers--a tolerably numerous division drawn from
+the population of the port and district itself. While his antagonists
+were still advancing, Thrasybulus gave the order to ground their heavy
+shields, and having done so himself, whilst retaining the rest of
+his arms, he stood in the midst, and thus addressed them: "Men and
+fellow-citizens, I wish to inform some, and to remind others of you,
+that of the men you see advancing beneath us there, the right division
+are the very men we routed and pursued only five days ago; while on the
+extreme left there you see the Thirty. These are the men who have not
+spared to rob us of our city, though we did no wrong; who have hounded
+us from our homes; who have set the seal of proscription on our dearest
+friends. But to-day the wheel of fortune has revolved; that has come
+about which least of all they looked for, which most of all we prayed
+for. Here we stand with our good swords in our hands, face to face
+with our foes; and the gods themselves are with us, seeing that we were
+arrested in the midst of our peaceful pursuits; at any moment, whilst
+we supped, or slept, or marketed, sentence of banishment was passed upon
+us: we had done no wrong--nay, many of us were not even resident in the
+country. To-day, therefore, I repeat, the gods do visibly fight upon our
+side; the great gods, who raise a tempest even in the midst of calm for
+our benefit, and when we lay to our hand to fight, enable our little
+company to set up the trophy of victory over the multitude of our foes.
+On this day they have brought us hither to a place where the steep
+ascent must needs hinder our foes from reaching with lance or arrow
+further than our foremost ranks; but we with our volley of spears and
+arrows and stones cannot fail to reach them with terrible effect. Had we
+been forced to meet them vanguard to vanguard, on an equal footing, who
+could have been surprised? But as it is, all I say to you is, let fly
+your missiles with a will in right brave style. No one can miss his mark
+when the road is full of them. To avoid our darts they must be for ever
+ducking and skulking beneath their shields; but we will rain blows upon
+them in their blindness; we will leap upon them and lay them low. But,
+O sirs! let me call upon you so to bear yourselves that each shall
+be conscious to himself that victory was won by him and him alone.
+Victory--which, God willing, shall this day restore to us the land of
+our fathers, our homes, our freedom, and the rewards of civic life, our
+children, if children we have, our darlings, and our wives! Thrice happy
+those among us who as conquerors shall look upon this gladdest of all
+days. Nor less fortunate the man who falls to-day. Not all the wealth
+in the world shall purchase him a monument so glorious. At the right
+instant I will strike the keynote of the paean; then, with an invocation
+to the God of battle, (9) and in return for the wanton insults they put
+upon us, let us with one accord wreak vengeance on yonder men."
+
+ (6) The citadel quarter of Piraeus.
+
+ (7) Named after the famous architect Hippodamus, who built the town.
+    It was situated near where the two long walls joined the wall of
+    Piraeus; a broad street led from it up to the citadel of Munychia.
+
+ (8) I.e. the temple of Bendis (the Thracian Artemis). Cf. Plat. "Rep."
+    327, 354; and Prof. Jowett, "Plato," vol. iii. pp. 193, 226.
+
+ (9) Lit. "Enyalius," in Homer an epithet of Ares; at another date (cf.
+    Aristoph. "Peace," 456) looked upon as a distinct divinity.
+
+Having so spoken, he turned round, facing the foemen, and kept quiet,
+for the order passed by the soothsayer enjoined on them, not to
+charge before one of their side was slain or wounded. "As soon as that
+happens," said the seer, "we will lead you onwards, and the victory
+shall be yours; but for myself, if I err not, death is waiting." And
+herein he spoke truly, for they had barely resumed their arms when he
+himself as though he were driven by some fatal hand, leapt out in front
+of the ranks, and so springing into the midst of the foe, was slain,
+and lies now buried at the passage of the Cephisus. But the rest were
+victorious, and pursued the routed enemy down to the level ground.
+There fell in this engagement, out of the number of the Thirty, Critias
+himself and Hippomachus, and with them Charmides, (10) the son of
+Glaucon, one of the ten archons in Piraeus, and of the rest about
+seventy men. The arms of the slain were taken; but, as fellow-citizens,
+the conquerors forebore to despoil them of their coats. This being done,
+they proceeded to give back the dead under cover of a truce, when the
+men, on either side, in numbers stept forward and conversed with one
+another. Then Cleocritus (he was the Herald of the Initiated, (11) a
+truly "sweet-voiced herald," if ever there was), caused a deep
+silence to reign, and addressed their late combatants as follows:
+"Fellow-citizens--Why do you drive us forth? why would you slay us?
+what evil have we wrought you at any time? or is it a crime that we
+have shared with you in the most solemn rites and sacrifices, and in
+festivals of the fairest: we have been companions in the chorus, the
+school, the army. We have braved a thousand dangers with you by land and
+sea in behalf of our common safety, our common liberty. By the gods
+of our fathers, by the gods of our mothers, by the hallowed names of
+kinship, intermarriage, comradeship, those three bonds which knit the
+hearts of so many of us, bow in reverence before God and man, and
+cease to sin against the land of our fathers: cease to obey these most
+unhallowed Thirty, who for the sake of private gain have in eight months
+slain almost more men than the Peloponnesians together in ten years of
+warfare. See, we have it in our power to live as citizens in peace; it
+is only these men, who lay upon us this most foul burthen, this hideous
+horror of fratricidal war, loathed of God and man. Ah! be well assured,
+for these men slain by our hands this day, ye are not the sole mourners.
+There are among them some whose deaths have wrung from us also many a
+bitter tear."
+
+ (10) He was cousin to Critias, and uncle by the mother's side to
+    Plato, who introduces him in the dialogue, which bears his name
+    (and treats of Temperance), as a very young man at the beginning
+    of the Peloponnesian War. We hear more of him also from Xenophon
+    himself in the "Memorabilia," iii. 6. 7; and as one of the
+    interlocutors in the "Symposium."
+
+ (11) I.e. of the Eleusinian mysteries. He had not only a loud voice,
+    but a big body. Cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 1237.
+
+So he spoke, but the officers and leaders of the defeated army who were
+left, unwilling that their troops should listen to such topics at that
+moment, led them back to the city. But the next day the Thirty, in deep
+down-heartedness and desolation, sat in the council chamber. The Three
+Thousand, wherever their several divisions were posted, were everywhere
+a prey to discord. Those who were implicated in deeds of violence, and
+whose fears could not sleep, protested hotly that to yield to the party
+in Piraeus were preposterous. Those on the other hand who had faith in
+their own innocence, argued in their own minds, and tried to convince
+their neighbours that they could well dispense with most of their
+present evils. "Why yield obedience to these Thirty?" they asked, "Why
+assign to them the privilege of destroying the State?" In the end they
+voted a resolution to depose the government, and to elect another. This
+was a board of ten, elected one from each tribe.
+
+B.C. 403. As to the Thirty, they retired to Eleusis; but the Ten,
+assisted by the cavalry officers, had enough to do to keep watch over
+the men in the city, whose anarchy and mutual distrust were rampant. The
+Knights did not return to quarters at night, but slept out in the Odeum,
+keeping their horses and shields close beside them; indeed the distrust
+was so great that from evening onwards they patrolled the walls on foot
+with their shields, and at break of day mounted their horses, at every
+moment fearing some sudden attack upon them by the men in Piraeus. These
+latter were now so numerous, and of so mixed a company, that it was
+difficult to find arms for all. Some had to be content with shields of
+wood, others of wicker-work, which they spent their time in coating with
+whitening. Before ten days had elapsed guarantees were given, securing
+full citizenship, with equality of taxation and tribute to all,
+even foreigners, who would take part in the fighting. Thus they were
+presently able to take the field, with large detachments both of heavy
+infantry and light-armed troops, besides a division of cavalry, about
+seventy in number. Their system was to push forward foraging parties in
+quest of wood and fruits, returning at nightfall to Piraeus. Of the city
+party no one ventured to take the field under arms; only, from time to
+time, the cavalry would capture stray pillagers from Piraeus or inflict
+some damage on the main body of their opponents. Once they fell in with
+a party belonging to the deme Aexone, (12) marching to their own farms
+in search of provisions. These, in spite of many prayers for mercy
+and the strong disapprobation of many of the knights, were ruthlessly
+slaughtered by Lysimachus, the general of cavalry. The men of Piraeus
+retaliated by putting to death a horseman, named Callistratus, of the
+tribe Leontis, whom they captured in the country. Indeed their courage
+ran so high at present that they even meditated an assault upon the city
+walls. And here perhaps the reader will pardon the record of a somewhat
+ingenious device on the part of the city engineer, who, aware of the
+enemy's intention to advance his batteries along the racecourse, which
+slopes from the Lyceum, had all the carts and waggons which were to be
+found laden with blocks of stone, each one a cartload in itself, and
+so sent them to deposit their freights "pele-mele" on the course in
+question. The annoyance created by these separate blocks of stone
+was enormous, and quite out of proportion to the simplicity of the
+contrivance.
+
+ (12) On the coast south of Phalerum, celebrated for its fisheries. Cf.
+    "Athen." vii. 325.
+
+But it was to Lacedaemon that men's eyes now turned. The Thirty
+despatched one set of ambassadors from Eleusis, while another set
+representing the government of the city, that is to say the men on the
+list, was despatched to summon the Lacedaemonians to their aid, on the
+plea that the people had revolted from Sparta. At Sparta, Lysander,
+taking into account the possibility of speedily reducing the party in
+Piraeus by blockading them by land and sea, and so cutting them off from
+all supplies, supported the application, and negotiated the loan of
+one hundred talents (13) to his clients, backed by the appointment of
+himself as harmost on land, and of his brother, Libys, as admiral of
+the fleet. And so proceeding to the scene of action at Eleusis, he got
+together a large body of Peloponnesian hoplites, whilst his brother,
+the admiral, kept watch and ward by sea to prevent the importation of
+supplies into Piraeus by water. Thus the men in Piraeus were soon again
+reduced to their former helplessness, while the ardour of the city folk
+rose to a proportionally high pitch under the auspices of Lysander.
+
+ (13) 24,375 pounds, reckoning one tal. = 243 pounds 15 shillings.
+
+Things were progressing after this sort when King Pausanias intervened.
+Touched by a certain envy of Lysander--(who seemed, by a final stroke of
+achievement, about to reach the pinnacle of popularity, with Athens laid
+like a pocket dependency at his feet)--the king persuaded three of
+the ephors to support him, and forthwith called out the ban. With him
+marched contingents of all the allied States, except the Boeotians and
+Corinthians. These maintained, that to undertake such an expedition
+against the Athenians, in whose conduct they saw nothing contrary to the
+treaty, was inconsistent with their oaths. But if that was the language
+held by them, the secret of their behaviour lay deeper; they seemed to
+be aware of a desire on the part of the Lacedaemonians to annex the
+soil of the Athenians and to reduce the state to vassalage. Pausanias
+encamped on the Halipedon, (14) as the sandy flat is called, with his
+right wing resting on Piraeus, and Lysander and his mercenaries forming
+the left. His first act was to send an embassage to the party in
+Piraeus, calling upon them to retire peacably to their homes; when they
+refused to obey, he made, as far as mere noise went, the semblance of an
+attack, with sufficient show of fight to prevent his kindly disposition
+being too apparent. But gaining nothing by the feint, he was forced to
+retire. Next day he took two Laconian regiments, with three tribes of
+Athenian horse, and crossed over to the Mute (15) Harbour, examining the
+lie of the ground to discover how and where it would be easiest to draw
+lines of circumvallation round Piraeus. As he turned his back to retire,
+a party of the enemy sallied out and caused him annoyance. Nettled at
+the liberty, he ordered the cavalry to charge at the gallop, supported
+by the ten-year-service (16) infantry, whilst he himself, with the rest
+of the troops, followed close, holding quietly back in reserve. They cut
+down about thirty of the enemy's light troops and pursued the rest hotly
+to the theatre in Piraeus. Here, as chance would have it, the whole
+light and heavy infantry of the Piraeus men were getting under arms;
+and in an instant their light troops rushed out and dashed at the
+assailants; thick and fast flew missiles of all sorts--javelins, arrows
+and sling stones. The Lacedaemonians finding the number of their wounded
+increasing every minute, and sorely called, slowly fell back step by
+step, eyeing their opponents. These meanwhile resolutely pressed on.
+Here fell Chaeron and Thibrachus, both polemarchs, here also Lacrates,
+an Olympic victor, and other Lacedaemonians, all of whom now lie
+entombed before the city gates in the Ceramicus. (17)
+
+ (14) The Halipedon is the long stretch of flat sandy land between
+    Piraeus Phalerum and the city.
+
+ (15) Perhaps the landlocked creek just round the promontory of
+    Eetioneia, as Leake conjectures, "Topog. of Athens," p. 389. See
+    also Prof. Jowett's note, "Thuc." v. 2; vol. ii. p. 286.
+
+ (16) I.e. who had already seen ten years of service, i.e. over twenty-
+    eight, as the Spartan was eligible to serve at eighteen. Cf. Xen.
+    "Hell." III. iv. 23; VI. iv. 176.
+
+ (17) The outer Ceramicus, "the most beautiful spot outside the walls."
+    Cf. Thuc. ii. 34; through it passes the street of the tombs on the
+    sacred road; and here was the place of burial for all persons
+    honoured with a public funeral. Cf. Arist. "Birds," 395.
+
+Watching how matters went, Thrasybulus began his advance with the whole
+of his heavy infantry to support his light troops and quickly fell
+into line eight deep, acting as a screen to the rest of his troops.
+Pausanias, on his side, had retired, sorely pressed, about half a
+mile towards a bit of rising ground, where he sent orders to the
+Lacedaemonians and the other allied troops to bring up reinforcements.
+Here, on this slope, he reformed his troops, giving his phalanx the
+full depth, and advanced against the Athenians, who did not hesitate
+to receive him at close quarters, but presently had to give way; one
+portion being forced into the mud and clay at Halae, (18) while the
+others wavered and broke their line; one hundred and fifty of them were
+left dead on the field, whereupon Pausanias set up a trophy and retired.
+Not even so, were his feelings embittered against his adversary. On the
+contrary he sent secretly and instructed the men of Piraeus, what sort
+of terms they should propose to himself and the ephors in attendance.
+To this advice they listened. He also fostered a division in the party
+within the city. A deputation, acting on his orders, sought an audience
+of him and the ephors. It had all the appearance of a mass meeting. In
+approaching the Spartan authorities, they had no desire or occasion,
+they stated, to look upon the men of Piraeus as enemies, they would
+prefer a general reconciliation and the friendship of both sides with
+Lacedaemon. The propositions were favourably received, and by no less a
+person than Nauclidas. He was present as ephor, in accordance with the
+custom which obliges two members of that board to serve on all military
+expeditions with the king, and with his colleague shared the political
+views represented by Pausanias, rather than those of Lysander and his
+party. Thus the authorities were quite ready to despatch to Lacedaemon
+the representatives of Piraeus, carrying their terms of truce with the
+Lacedaemonians, as also two private individuals belonging to the city
+party, whose names were Cephisophon and Meletus. This double deputation,
+however, had no sooner set out to Lacedaemon than the "de facto"
+government of the city followed suit, by sending a third set of
+representatives to state on their behalf: that they were prepared to
+deliver up themselves and the fortifications in their possession to
+the Lacedaemonians, to do with them what they liked. "Are the men of
+Piraeus," they asked, "prepared to surrender Piraeus and Munychia in
+the same way? If they are sincere in their profession of friendship to
+Lacedaemon, they ought to do so." The ephors and the members of assembly
+at Sparta (19) gave audience to these several parties, and sent
+out fifteen commissioners to Athens empowered, in conjunction with
+Pausanias, to discover the best settlement possible. The terms (20)
+arrived at were that a general peace between the rival parties should be
+established, liberty to return to their own homes being granted to all,
+with the exception of the Thirty, the Eleven, and the Ten who had been
+governors in Piraeus; but a proviso was added, enabling any of the city
+party who feared to remain at Athens to find a home in Eleusis.
+
+ (18) Halae, the salt marshy ground immediately behind the great
+    harbour of Piraeus, but outside the fortification lines.
+
+ (19) Cf. "Hell." VI. iii. 3, {oi ekkletoi}.
+
+ (20) Cf. Prof. Jebb, "Orators," i. 262, note 2.
+
+And now that everything was happily concluded, Pausanias disbanded his
+army, and the men from Piraeus marched up under arms into the acropolis
+and offered sacrifice to Athena. When they were come down, the generals
+called a meeting of the Ecclesia, (21) and Thrasybulus made a speech in
+which, addressing the city party, he said: "Men of the city! I have one
+piece of advice I would tender to you; it is that you should learn to
+know yourselves, and towards the attainment of that self-knowledge I
+would have you make a careful computation of your good qualities and
+satisfy yourselves on the strength of which of these it is that you
+claim to rule over us. Is it that you are more just than ourselves? Yet
+the people, who are poorer--have never wronged you for the purposes of
+plunder; but you, whose wealth would outweight the whole of ours, have
+wrought many a shameful deed for the sake of gain. If, then, you have
+no monopoly of justice, can it be on the score of courage that you are
+warranted to hold your heads so high? If so, what fairer test of courage
+will you propose than the arbitrament of war--the war just ended? Or do
+you claim superiority of intelligence?--you, who with all your wealth of
+arms and walls, money and Peloponnesian allies, have been paralysed by
+men who had none of these things to aid them! Or is it on these Laconian
+friends of yours that you pride yourselves? What! when these same
+friends have dealt by you as men deal by vicious dogs. You know how that
+is. They put a heavy collar round the neck of the brutes and hand them
+over muzzled to their masters. So too have the Lacedaemonians handed you
+over to the people, this very people whom you have injured; and now they
+have turned their backs and are gone. But" (turning to the mass) "do
+not misconceive me. It is not for me, sirs, coldly to beg of you, in no
+respect to violate your solemn undertakings. I go further; I beg you,
+to crown your list of exploits by one final display of virtue. Show
+the world that you can be faithful to your oaths, and flawless in your
+conduct." By these and other kindred arguments he impressed upon them
+that there was no need for anarchy or disorder, seeing that there were
+the ancient laws ready for use. And so he broke up (22) the assembly.
+
+ (21) I.e. the Public Assembly, see above; and reading with Sauppe
+    after Cobet {ekklesian epoiesan}, which words are supposed to have
+    dropt out of the MSS. Or, keeping to the MSS., translate "When the
+    generals were come down, Thrasybulus," etc. See next note.
+
+ (22) The Greek words are {antestese ten ekklesian} (an odd phrase for
+    the more technical {eluse} or {dieluse ten ekklesian}). Or,
+    accepting the MSS. reading above (see last note), translate "he
+    set up (i.e. restored) the Assembly." So Mr. J. G. Philpotts, Mr.
+    Herbert Hailstone, and others.
+
+At this auspicious moment, then, they reappointed the several
+magistrates; the constitution began to work afresh, and civic life was
+recommenced. At a subsequent period, on receiving information that the
+party at Eleusis were collecting a body of mercenaries, they marched out
+with their whole force against them, and put to death their generals,
+who came out to parley. These removed, they introduced to the others
+their friends and connections, and so persuaded them to come to terms
+and be reconciled. The oath they bound themselves by consisted of a
+simple asseveration: "We will remember past offences no more;" and to
+this day (23) the two parties live amicably together as good citizens,
+and the democracy is steadfast to its oaths.
+
+ (23) It would be interesting to know the date at which the author
+    penned these words. Was this portion of the "Hellenica" written
+    before the expedition of Cyrus? i.e. in the interval between the
+    formal restoration of the Democracy, September B.C. 403, and March
+    B.C. 401. The remaining books of the "Hellenica" were clearly
+    written after that expedition, since reference is made to it quite
+    early in Bk. III. i. 2. Practically, then, the first volume of
+    Xenophon's "History of Hellenic Affairs" ends here. This history
+    is resumed in Bk. III. i. 3. after the Cyreian expedition  (of
+    which episode we have a detailed account in the "Anabasis" from
+    March B.C. 401 down to March B.C. 399, when the remnant of the Ten
+    Thousand was handed over to the Spartan general Thibron in Asia).
+    Some incidents belonging to B.C. 402 are referred to in the
+    opening paragraphs of "Hellenica," III. i. 1, 2, but only as an
+    introduction to the new matter; and with regard to the historian
+    himself, it is clear that "a change has come o'er the spirit of
+    his dream." This change of view is marked by a change of style in
+    writing. I have thought it legitimate, under the circumstances, to
+    follow the chronological order of events, and instead of
+    continuing the "Hellenica," at this point to insert the
+    "Anabasis." My next volume will contain the remaining books of the
+    "Hellenica" and the rest of Xenophon's "historical" writings.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK III
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 403-402. Thus the civil strife at Athens had an end. At a
+subsequent date Cyrus sent messengers to Lacedaemon, claiming requital
+in kind for the service which he had lately rendered in the war with
+Athens. (1) The demand seemed to the ephorate just and reasonable.
+Accordingly they ordered Samius, (2) who was admiral at the time, to
+put himself at the disposition of Cyrus for any service which he might
+require. Samius himself needed no persuasion to carry out the wishes of
+Cyrus. With his own fleet, accompanied by that of Cyrus, he sailed round
+to Cilicia, and so made it impossible for Syennesis, the ruler of that
+province, to oppose Cyrus by land in his advance against the king his
+brother.
+
+ (1) Lit. "what Cyrus himself had been to the Lacedaemonians let the
+    Lacedaemonians in their turn be to Cyrus."
+
+ (2) Samius (Diod. Sic. xiv. 19). But see "Anab." I. iv. 2, where
+    Pythagoras is named as admiral. Possibly the one officer succeeded
+    the other.
+
+B.C. 401. The particulars of the expedition are to be found in the pages
+of the Syracusan Themistogenes, (3) who describes the mustering of the
+armament, and the advance of Cyrus at the head of his troops; and then
+the battle, and death of Cyrus himself, and the consequent retreat of
+the Hellenes while effecting their escape to the sea. (4)
+
+ (3) Lit. "as to how then Cyrus collected an army and with it went up
+    against his brother, and how the battle was fought and how he
+    died, and how in the sequel the Hellenes escaped to the sea (all
+    this), is written by (or 'for,' or 'in honour of') Themistogenes
+    the Syracusan." My impression is that Xenophon's "Anabasis," or a
+    portion of the work so named, was edited originally by
+    Themistogenes. See "Philol. Museum," vol. i. p. 489; L. Dindorf,
+    {Xen. Ell.}, Ox. MDCCCLIII., node ad loc. {Themistogenei}. Cf.
+    Diod. Sic. xiv. 19-31, 37, after Ephorus and Theopompus probably.
+
+ (4) At Trapezus, March 10, B.C. 400.
+
+B.C. 400. It was in recognition of the service which he had rendered in
+this affair, that Tissaphernes was despatched to Lower Asia by the king
+his master. He came as satrap, not only of his own provinces, but of
+those which had belonged to Cyrus; and he at once demanded the absolute
+submission of the Ionic cities, without exception, to his authority.
+These communities, partly from a desire to maintain their freedom, and
+partly from fear of Tissaphernes himself, whom they had rejected in
+favour of Cyrus during the lifetime of that prince, were loth to admit
+the satrap within their gates. They thought it better to send an embassy
+to the Lacedaemonians, calling upon them as representatives and leaders
+(5) of the Hellenic world to look to the interests of their petitioners,
+who were Hellenes also, albeit they lived in Asia, and not to suffer
+their country to be ravaged and themselves enslaved.
+
+ (5) {Prostatai}, "patrons and protectors."
+
+In answer to this appeal, the Lacedaemonians sent out Thibron (6)
+as governor, providing him with a body of troops, consisting of one
+thousand neodamodes (7) (i.e. enfranchised helots) and four thousand
+Peloponnesians. In addition to these, Thibron himself applied to
+the Athenians for a detachment of three hundred horse, for whose
+service-money he would hold himself responsible. The Athenians in
+answer sent him some of the knights who had served under the Thirty,
+(8) thinking that the people of Athens would be well rid of them if they
+went abroad and perished there.
+
+ (6) "As harmost." See "Anab." ad fin.
+
+ (7) See "Hell." I. iii. 15; Thuc. vii. 58.
+
+ (8) See "Hell." II. iv. 2.
+
+B.C. 400-399. On their arrival in Asia, Thibron further collected
+contingents from the Hellenic cities on the continent; for at this time
+the word of a Lacedaemonian was law. He had only to command, and every
+city must needs obey. (9) But although he had this armament, Thibron,
+when he saw the cavalry, had no mind to descend into the plain. If he
+succeeded in protecting from pillage the particular district in which
+he chanced to be, he was quite content. It was only when the troops (10)
+who had taken part in the expedition of Cyrus had joined him on their
+safe return, that he assumed a bolder attitude. He was now ready to
+confront Tissaphernes, army against army, on the level ground, and won
+over a number of cities. Pergamum came in of her own accord. So did
+Teuthrania and Halisarna. These were under the government of Eurysthenes
+and Procles, (11) the descendants of Demaratus the Lacedaemonian, who
+in days of old had received this territory as a gift from the Persian
+monarch in return for his share in the campaign against Hellas. Gorgion
+and Gongylus, two brothers, also gave in their adhesion; they were
+lords, the one of Gambreum and Palae-Gambreum, the other of Myrina and
+Gryneum, four cities which, like those above named, had originally
+been gifts from the king to an earlier Gongylus--the sole Eretrian who
+"joined the Mede," and in consequence was banished. Other cities which
+were too weak to resist, Thibron took by force of arms. In the case of
+one he was not so successful. This was the Egyptian (12) Larisa, as it
+is called, which refused to capitulate, and was forthwith invested and
+subjected to a regular siege. When all other attempts to take it failed,
+he set about digging a tank or reservoir, and in connection with the
+tank an underground channel, by means of which he proposed to draw off
+the water supply of the inhabitants. In this he was baffled by frequent
+sallies of the besieged, and a continual discharge of timber and stones
+into the cutting. He retaliated by the construction of a wooden tortoise
+which he erected over the tank; but once more the tortoise was burnt to
+a cinder in a successful night attack on the part of the men of Larisa.
+These ineffectual efforts induced the ephors to send a despatch bidding
+Thibron give up Larisa and march upon Caria.
+
+ (9) See "Anab." VI. vi. 12.
+
+ (10) March B.C. 399. See the final sentence of the "Anabasis."
+
+ (11) See "Anab." VII. viii. 8-16.
+
+ (12) Seventy stades S.E. of Cyme in the Aeolid. See Strabo, xiii. 621.
+    For the origin of the name cf. "Cyrop." VII. i. 45.
+
+He had already reached Ephesus, and was on the point of marching into
+Caria, when Dercylidas arrived to take command of his army. The new
+general was a man whose genius for invention had won him the nickname of
+Sisyphus. Thus it was that Thibron returned home, where on his arrival
+he was fined and banished, the allies accusing him of allowing his
+troops to plunder their friends.
+
+Dercylidas was not slow to perceive and turn to account the jealousy
+which subsisted between Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus. Coming to
+terms with the former, he marched into the territory of the latter,
+preferring, as he said, to be at war with one of the pair at a time,
+rather than the two together. His hostility, indeed, to Pharnabazus was
+an old story, dating back to a period during the naval command (13)
+of Lysander, when he was himself governor in Abydos; where, thanks to
+Pharnabazus, he had got into trouble with his superior officer, and had
+been made to stand "with his shield on his arm"--a stigma on his honour
+which no true Lacedaemonian would forgive, since this is the punishment
+of insubordination. (14) For this reason, doubtless, Dercylidas had the
+greater satisfaction in marching against Pharnabazus. From the moment he
+assumed command there was a marked difference for the better between his
+methods and those of his predecessor. Thus he contrived to conduct his
+troops into that portion of the Aeolid which belonged to Pharnabazus,
+through the heart of friendly territory without injury to the allies.
+
+ (13) Technically "navarchy," in B.C. 408-407. "Hell." I. v. 1.
+
+ (14) See Plut. "Aristid." 23 (Clough, ii. p. 309).
+
+This district of Aeolis belonged to Pharnabazus, (15) but had been held
+as a satrapy under him by a Dardanian named Zenis whilst he was alive;
+but when Zenis fell sick and died, Pharnabazus made preparation to give
+the satrapy to another. Then Mania the wife of Zenis, herself also a
+Dardanian, fitted out an expedition, and taking with her gifts wherewith
+to make a present to Pharnabazus himself, and to gratify his concubines
+and those whose power was greatest with Pharnabazus, set forth on her
+journey. When she had obtained audience with him she spoke as follows:
+"O Pharnabazus, thou knowest that thy servant my husband was in all
+respects friendly to thee; moreover, he paid my lord the tributes which
+were thy due, so that thou didst praise and honour him. Now therefore,
+if I do thee service as faithfully as my husband, why needest thou to
+appoint another satrap?--nay but, if in any matter I please thee not, is
+it not in thy power to take from me the government on that day, and to
+give it to another?" When he had heard her words, Pharnabazus decided
+that the woman ought to be satrap. She, as soon as she was mistress of
+the territory, never ceased to render the tribute in due season, even
+as her husband before her had done. Moreover, whenever she came to the
+court of Pharnabazus she brought him gifts continually, and whenever
+Pharnabazus went down to visit her provinces she welcomed him with all
+fair and courteous entertainment beyond what his other viceroys were
+wont to do. The cities also which had been left to her by her husband,
+she guarded safely for him; while of those cities that owed her no
+allegiance, she acquired, on the seaboard, Larisa and Hamaxitus and
+Colonae--attacking their walls by aid of Hellenic mercenaries, whilst
+she herself sat in her carriage and watched the spectacle. Nor was
+she sparing of her gifts to those who won her admiration; and thus she
+furnished herself with a mercenary force of exceptional splendour. She
+also went with Pharnabazus on his campaigns, even when, on pretext of
+some injury done to the king's territory, Mysians or Pisidians were the
+object of attack. In requital, Pharnabazus paid her magnificent honour,
+and at times invited her to assist him with her counsel. (16)
+
+ (15) I.e. as suzerain.
+
+ (16) Grote, "H. G." ix. 292; cf. Herod. viii. 69.
+
+Now when Mania was more than forty years old, the husband of her own
+daughter, Meidias--flustered by the suggestions of certain people who
+said that it was monstrous a woman should rule and he remain a private
+person (17)--found his way into her presence, as the story goes, and
+strangled her. For Mania, albeit she carefully guarded herself against
+all ordinary comers, as behoved her in the exercise of her "tyranny,"
+trusted in Meidias, and, as a woman might her own son-in-law, was ready
+to greet him at all times with open arms. He also murdered her son, a
+youth of marvellous beauty, who was about seventeen years of age. He
+next seized upon the strong cities of Scepsis and Gergithes, in which
+lay for the most part the property and wealth of Mania. As for the
+other cities of the satrapy, they would not receive the usurper, their
+garrisons keeping them safely for Pharnabazus. Thereupon Meidias sent
+gifts to Pharnabazus, and claimed to hold the district even as Mania
+had held it; to whom the other answered, "Keep your gifts and guard them
+safely until that day when I shall come in person and take both you
+and them together"; adding, "What care I to live longer if I avenge not
+myself for the murder of Mania!"
+
+ (17) Or, "his brains whimsied with insinuations."
+
+Just at the critical moment Dercylidas arrived, and in a single day
+received the adhesion of the three seaboard cities Larisa, Hamaxitus,
+and Colonae--which threw open their gates to him. Then he sent
+messengers to the cities of the Aeolid also, offering them freedom if
+they would receive him within their walls and become allies. Accordingly
+the men of Neandria and Ilium and Cocylium lent willing ears; for since
+the death of Mania their Hellenic garrisons had been treated but ill.
+But the commander of the garrison in Cebrene, a place of some strength,
+bethinking him that if he should succeed in guarding that city for
+Pharnabazus, he would receive honour at his hands, refused to admit
+Dercylidas. Whereupon the latter, in a rage, prepared to take the place
+by force; but when he came to sacrifice, on the first day the victims
+would not yield good omens; on the second, and again upon the third day,
+it was the same story. Thus for as many as four days he persevered in
+sacrificing, cherishing wrath the while--for he was in haste to become
+master of the whole Aeolid before Pharnabazus came to the succour of the
+district.
+
+Meanwhile a certain Sicyonian captain, Athenadas by name, said to
+himself: "Dercylidas does but trifle to waste his time here, whilst
+I with my own hand can draw off their water from the men of Cybrene";
+wherewith he ran forward with his division and essayed to choke up the
+spring which supplied the city. But the garrison sallied out and covered
+the Sicyonian himself with wounds, besides killing two of his men.
+Indeed, they plied their swords and missiles with such good effect that
+the whole company was forced to beat a retreat. Dercylidas was not a
+little annoyed, thinking that now the spirit of the besiegers would
+certainly die away; but whilst he was in this mood, behold! there
+arrived from the beleaguered fortress emissaries of the Hellenes, who
+stated that the action taken by the commandant was not to their taste;
+for themselves, they would far rather be joined in bonds of fellowship
+with Hellenes than with barbarians. While the matter was still under
+discussion there came a messenger also from the commandant, to say that
+whatever the former deputation had proposed he, on his side, was ready
+to endorse. Accordingly Dercylidas, who, it so happened, had at length
+obtained favourable omens on that day, marched his force without more
+ado up to the gates of the city, which were flung open by those
+within; and so he entered. (18) Here, then, he was content to appoint a
+garrison, and without further stay advanced upon Scepsis and Gergithes.
+
+ (18) Grote ("H. G." ix. 294) says: "The reader will remark how
+    Xenophon shapes the narrative in such a manner as to inculcate the
+    pious duty in a general of obeying the warnings furnished by the
+    sacrifice--either for action or for inaction.... Such an
+    inference is never (I believe) to be found suggested in
+    Thucydides." See Brietenbach, "Xen. Hell." I et II, praef. in
+    alteram ed. p. xvii.
+
+And now Meidias, partly expecting the hostile advance of Pharnabazus,
+and partly mistrusting the citizens--for to such a pass things had
+come--sent to Dercylidas, proposing to meet him in conference provided
+he might take security of hostages. In answer to this suggestion the
+other sent him one man from each of the cities of the allies, and bade
+him take his pick of these, whichsoever and how many soever he chose, as
+hostages for his own security. Meidias selected ten, and so went out. In
+conversation with Dercylidas, he asked him on what terms he would accept
+his alliance. The other answered: "The terms are that you grant the
+citizens freedom and self-government." The words were scarcely out of
+his mouth before he began marching upon Scepsis. Whereupon Meidias,
+perceiving it was vain to hinder him in the teeth of the citizens,
+suffered him to enter. That done, Dercylidas offered sacrifice to Athena
+in the citadel of the Scepsians, turned out the bodyguards of Meidias,
+and handed over the city to the citizens. And so, having admonished them
+to regulate their civic life as Hellenes and free men ought, he left the
+place and continued his advance against Gergithes. On this last march
+he was escorted by many of the Scepsians themselves; such was the honour
+they paid him and so great their satisfaction at his exploits. Meidias
+also followed close at his side, petitioning that he would hand over the
+city of Gergithians to himself. To whom Dercylidas only made reply,
+that he should not fail to obtain any of his just rights. And whilst the
+words were yet upon his lips, he was drawing close to the gates, with
+Meidias at his side. Behind him followed the troops, marching two
+and two in peaceful fashion. The defenders of Gergithes from their
+towers--which were extraordinarily high--espied Meidias in company of
+the Spartan, and abstained from shooting. And Dercylidas said: "Bid them
+open the gates, Meidias, when you shall lead the way, and I will enter
+the temple along with you and do sacrifice to Athena." And Meidias,
+though he shrank from opening the gates, yet in terror of finding
+himself on a sudden seized, reluctantly gave the order to open the
+gates. As soon as he was entered in, the Spartan, still taking Meidias
+with him, marched up to the citadel and there ordered the main body of
+his soldiers to take up their position round the walls, whilst he with
+those about him did sacrifice to Athena. When the sacrifice was ended he
+ordered Meidias's bodyguard to pile arms (19) in the van of his troops.
+Here for the future they would serve as mercenaries, since Meidias their
+former master stood no longer in need of their protection. The latter,
+being at his wits' end what to do, exclaimed: "Look you, I will now
+leave you; I go to make preparation for my guest." But the other
+replied: "Heaven forbid! Ill were it that I who have offered sacrifice
+should be treated as a guest by you. I rather should be the entertainer
+and you the guest. Pray stay with us, and while the supper is preparing,
+you and I can consider our obligations, and perform them."
+
+ (19) I.e. take up a position, or "to order arms," whilst he addressed
+    them; not probably "to ground arms," as if likely to be mutinous.
+
+When they were seated Dercylidas put certain questions: "Tell me,
+Meidias, did your father leave you heir to his estates?" "Certainly he
+did," answered the other. "And how many dwelling-houses have you? what
+landed estates? how much pasturage?" The other began running off
+an inventory, whilst some of the Scepsians who were present kept
+interposing, "He is lying to you, Dercylidas." "Nay, you take too minute
+a view of matters," replied the Spartan. When the inventory of the
+paternal property was completed, he proceeded: "Tell me, Meidias, to
+whom did Mania belong?" A chorus of voices rejoined, "To Pharnabazus."
+"Then must her property have belonged to Pharnabazus too." "Certainly,"
+they answered. "Then it must now be ours," he remarked, "by right of
+conquest, since Pharnabazus is at war with us. Will some one of you
+escort me to the place where the property of Mania and Pharnabazus
+lies?" So the rest led the way to the dwelling-place of Mania which
+Meidias had taken from her, and Meidias followed too. When he was
+entered, Dercylidas summoned the stewards, and bidding his attendants
+seize them, gave them to understand that, if detected stealing anything
+which belonged to Mania, they would lose their heads on the spot. The
+stewards proceeded to point out the treasures, and he, when he had
+looked through the whole store, bolted and barred the doors, affixing
+his seal, and setting a watch. As he went out he found at the doors
+certain of the generals (20) and captains, and said to them: "Here,
+sirs, we have pay ready made for the army--a year's pay nearly for eight
+thousand men--and if we can win anything besides, there will be so much
+the more." This he said, knowing that those who heard it would be all
+the more amenable to discipline, and would yield him a more flattering
+obedience. Then Meidias asked, "And where am I to live, Dercylidas?"
+"Where you have the very best right to live," replied the other, "in
+your native town of Scepsis, and in your father's house."
+
+ (20) Lit. "of the taxiarchs and lochagoi."
+
+
+
+II
+
+Such were the exploits of Dercylidas: nine cities taken in eight days.
+Two considerations now began to occupy his mind: how was he to avoid
+falling into the fatal error of Thibron and becoming a burthen to his
+allies, whilst wintering in a friendly country? how, again, was he to
+prevent Pharnabazus from overriding the Hellenic states in pure contempt
+with his cavalry? Accordingly he sent to Pharnabazus and put it to him
+point-blank: Which will you have, peace or war? Whereupon Pharnabazus,
+who could not but perceive that the whole Aeolid had now been converted
+practically into a fortified base of operations, which threatened his
+own homestead of Phrygia, chose peace.
+
+B.C. 399-398. This being so, Dercylidas advanced into Bithynian Thrace,
+and there spent the winter; nor did Pharnabazus exhibit a shadow of
+annoyance, since the Bithynians were perpetually at war with himself.
+For the most part, Dercylidas continued to harry (1) Bithynia in perfect
+security, and found provisions without stint. Presently he was joined
+from the other side of the straits by some Odrysian allies sent by
+Seuthes; (2) they numbered two hundred horse and three hundred peltasts.
+These fellows pitched upon a site a little more than a couple of miles
+(3) from the Hellenic force, where they entrenched themselves; then
+having got from Dercylidas some heavy infantry soldiers to act as
+guards of their encampment, they devoted themselves to plundering,
+and succeeded in capturing an ample store of slaves and other wealth.
+Presently their camp was full of prisoners, when one morning the
+Bithynians, having ascertained the actual numbers of the marauding
+parties as well as of the Hellenes left as guards behind, collected in
+large masses of light troops and cavalry, and attacked the garrison,
+who were not more than two hundred strong. As soon as they came close
+enough, they began discharging spears and other missiles on the little
+body, who on their side continued to be wounded and shot down, but were
+quite unable to retaliate, cooped up as they were within a palisading
+barely six feet high, until in desperation they tore down their defences
+with their own hands, and dashed at the enemy. These had nothing to do
+but to draw back from the point of egress, and being light troops easily
+escaped beyond the grasp of heavy-armed men, while ever and again, from
+one point of vantage or another, they poured their shower of javelins,
+and at every sally laid many a brave man low, till at length, like
+sheep penned in a fold, the defenders were shot down almost to a man. A
+remnant, it is true, did escape, consisting of some fifteen who, seeing
+the turn affairs were taking, had already made off in the middle of the
+fighting. Slipping through their assailants' fingers, (4) to the small
+concern of the Bithynians, they reached the main Hellenic camp in
+safety. The Bithynians, satisfied with their achievement, part of which
+consisted in cutting down the tent guards of the Odrysian Thracians and
+recovering all their prisoners, made off without delay; so that by the
+time the Hellenes got wind of the affair and rallied to the rescue, they
+found nothing left in the camp save only the stripped corpses of the
+slain. When the Odrysians themselves returned, they fell to burying
+their own dead, quaffing copious draughts of wine in their honour and
+holding horse-races; but for the future they deemed it advisable to
+camp along with the Hellenes. Thus they harried and burned Bithynia the
+winter through.
+
+ (1) {Pheson kai agon}, i.e. "there was plenty of live stock to lift
+    and chattels to make away with."
+
+ (2) For Seuthes see "Anab." VII. i. 5; and below, IV. viii. 26.
+
+ (3) Lit. "twenty stades."
+
+ (4) Or, "slipping through the enemy's fingers, who took no heed of
+    them, they," etc.
+
+B.C. 398. With the commencement of spring Dercylidas turned his back
+upon the Bithynians and came to Lampsacus. Whilst at this place envoys
+reached him from the home authorities. These were Aracus, Naubates, and
+Antisthenes. They were sent to inquire generally into the condition of
+affairs in Asia, and to inform Dercylidas of the extension of his office
+for another year. They had been further commissioned by the ephors to
+summon a meeting of the soldiers and inform them that the ephors
+held them to blame for their former doings, though for their present
+avoidance of evil conduct they must needs praise them; and for the
+future they must understand that while no repetition of misdoing would
+be tolerated, all just and upright dealing by the allies would receive
+its meed of praise. The soldiers were therefore summoned, and the envoys
+delivered their message, to which the leader of the Cyreians answered:
+"Nay, men of Lacedaemon, listen; we are the same to-day as we were last
+year; only our general of to-day is different from our general in the
+past. If to-day we have avoided our offence of yesterday, the cause is
+not far to seek; you may discover it for yourselves."
+
+Aracus and the other envoys shared the hospitality of Dercylidas's tent,
+and one of the party chanced to mention how they had left an embassy
+from the men of Chersonese in Lacedaemon. According to their statement,
+he added, it was impossible for them to till their land nowadays, so
+perpetually were they robbed and plundered by the Thracians; whereas
+the peninsula needed only to be walled across from sea to sea, and there
+would be abundance of good land to cultivate--enough for themselves and
+as many others from Lacedaemon as cared to come. "So that it would not
+surprise us," continued the envoys, "if a Lacedaemonian were actually
+sent out from Sparta with a force to carry out the project." Dercylidas
+kept his ears open but his counsel close, and so sent forward the
+commissioners to Ephesus. (5) It pleased him to picture their progress
+through the Hellenic cities, and the spectacle of peace and prosperity
+which would everywhere greet their eyes. When he knew that his stay was
+to be prolonged, he sent again to Pharnabazus and offered him once more
+as an alternative either the prolongation of the winter truce or war.
+And once again Pharnabazus chose truce. It was thus that Dercylidas was
+able to leave the cities in the neighbourhood of the satrap (6) in peace
+and friendship. Crossing the Hellespont himself he brought his army
+into Europe, and marching through Thrace, which was also friendly, was
+entertained by Seuthes, (7) and so reached the Chersonese.
+
+ (5) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 301.
+
+ (6) Or, reading after Cobet, {tas peri ekeina poleis}--"the cities of
+    that neighbourhood."
+
+ (7) See "Anab." VII. vii. 51.
+
+This district, he soon discovered, not only contained something like a
+dozen cities, (8) but was singularly fertile. The soil was of the best,
+but ruined by the ravages of the Thracians, precisely as he had been
+told. Accordingly, having measured and found the breadth of the isthmus
+barely four miles, (9) he no longer hesitated. Having offered sacrifice,
+he commenced his line of wall, distributing the area to the soldiers in
+detachments, and promising to award them prizes for their industry--a
+first prize for the section first completed, and the rest as each
+detachment of workers might deserve. By this means the whole wall begun
+in spring was finished before autumn. Within these lines he established
+eleven cities, with numerous harbours, abundance of good arable land,
+and plenty of land under plantation, besides magnificent grazing grounds
+for sheep and cattle of every kind.
+
+ (8) Lit. "eleven or twelve cities." For the natural productivity, see
+    "Anab." V. vi. 25.
+
+ (9) Lit. "thirty-seven stades." Mod. Gallipoli. See Herod. vi. 36;
+    Plut. "Pericl." xix.
+
+Having finished the work, he crossed back again into Asia, and on a
+tour of inspection, found the cities for the most part in a thriving
+condition; but when he came to Atarneus he discovered that certain
+exiles from Chios had got possession of the stronghold, which served
+them as a convenient base for pillaging and plundering Ionia; and this,
+in fact, was their means of livelihood. Being further informed of the
+large supplies of grain which they had inside, he proceeded to draw
+entrenchments around the place with a view to a regular investment, and
+by this means he reduced it in eight months. Then having appointed Draco
+of Pellene (10) commandant, he stocked the fortress with an abundance of
+provisions of all sorts, to serve him as a halting-place when he chanced
+to pass that way, and so withdrew to Ephesus, which is three days'
+journey from Sardis.
+
+ (10) Cf. Isocr. "Panegyr." 70; Jebb. "Att. Or." ii. p. 161. Of Pellene
+    (or Pellana) in Laconia, not Pellene in Achaia? though that is the
+    opinion of Grote and Thirlwall.
+
+B.C. 397. Up to this date peace had been maintained between Tissaphernes
+and Dercylidas, as also between the Hellenes and the barbarians in those
+parts. But the time came when an embassy arrived at Lacedaemon from the
+Ionic cities, protesting that Tissaphernes might, if he chose, leave the
+Hellenic cities independent. "Our idea," they added, "is, that if Caria,
+the home of Tissaphernes, felt the pinch of war, the satrap would very
+soon agree to grant us independence." The ephors, on hearing this, sent
+a despatch to Dercylidas, and bade him cross the frontier with his army
+into Caria, whilst Pharax the admiral coasted round with the fleet.
+These orders were carried out. Meanwhile a visitor had reached
+Tissaphernes. This was not less a person than Pharnabazus. His coming
+was partly owing to the fact that Tissaphernes had been appointed
+general-in-chief, and party in order to testify his readiness to make
+common cause with his brother satrap in fighting and expelling the
+Hellenes from the king's territory; for if his heart was stirred by
+jealousy on account of the generalship bestowed upon his rival, he
+was not the less aggrieved at finding himself robbed of the Aeolid.
+Tissaphernes, lending willing ears to the proposal, had answered: "First
+cross over with me in Caria, and then we will take counsel on these
+matters." But being arrived in Caria, they determined to establish
+garrisons of some strength in the various fortresses, and so crossed
+back again into Ionia.
+
+Hearing that the satraps had recrossed the Maeander, Dercylidas
+grew apprehensive for the district which lay there unprotected. "If
+Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus," he said to Pharax, "chose to make a
+descent, they could harry the country right and left." In this mind he
+followed suit, and recrossed the frontier too. And now as they marched
+on, preserving no sort of battle order--on the supposition that the
+enemy had got far ahead of them into the district of Ephesus--suddenly
+they caught sight of his scouts perched on some monumental structures
+facing them. To send up scouts into similar edifices and towers on their
+own side was the work of a few moments, and before them lay revealed the
+long lines of troops drawn up just where their road lay. These were the
+Carians, with their white shields, and the whole Persian troops there
+present, with all the Hellenic contingents belonging to either satrap.
+Besides these there was a great cloud of cavalry: on the right wing the
+squadrons of Tissaphernes, and on the left those of Pharnabazus.
+
+Seeing how matters lay, Dercylidas ordered the generals of brigade and
+captains to form into line as quickly as possible, eight deep, placing
+the light infantry on the fringe of battle, with the cavalry--such
+cavalry, that is, and of such numerical strength, as he chanced to have.
+Meanwhile, as general, he sacrificed. (11) During this interval the
+troops from Peloponnese kept quiet in preparation as for battle. Not
+so the troops from Priene and Achilleum, from the islands and the Ionic
+cities, some of whom left their arms in the corn, which stood thick and
+deep in the plain of the Maeander, and took to their heels; while those
+who remained at their posts gave evident signs that their steadiness
+would not last. Pharnabazus, it was reported, had given orders to
+engage; but Tissaphernes, who recalled his experience of his own
+exploits with the Cyreian army, and assumed that all other Hellenes
+were of similar mettle, had no desire to engage, but sent to Dercylidas
+saying, he should be glad to meet him in conference. So Dercylidas,
+attended by the pick of his troops, horse and foot, in personal
+attendance on himself, (12) went forward to meet the envoys. He told
+them that for his own part he had made his preparations to engage, as
+they themselves might see, but still, if the satraps were minded to meet
+in conference, he had nothing to say against it--"Only, in that case,
+there must be mutual exchange of hostages and other pledges."
+
+ (11) I.e. according to custom on the eve of battle. See "Pol. Lac."
+    xiii. 8.
+
+ (12) Lit. "they were splendid fellows to look at." See "Anab." II.
+    iii. 3.
+
+When this proposal had been agreed to and carried out, the two armies
+retired for the night--the Asiatics to Tralles in Caria, the Hellenes to
+Leucophrys, where was a temple (13) of Artemis of great sanctity, and
+a sandy-bottomed lake more than a furlong in extent, fed by a spring of
+ever-flowing water fit for drinking and warm. For the moment so much was
+effected. On the next day they met at the place appointed, and it was
+agreed that they should mutually ascertain the terms on which either
+party was willing to make peace. On his side, Dercylidas insisted
+that the king should grant independence to the Hellenic cities; while
+Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus demanded the evacuation of the country by
+the Hellenic army, and the withdrawal of the Lacedaemonian governors
+from the cities. After this interchange of ideas a truce was entered
+into, so as to allow time for the reports of the proceedings to be sent
+by Dercylidas to Lacedaemon, and by Tissaphernes to the king.
+
+ (13) Lately unearthed. See "Class. Rev." v. 8, p. 391.
+
+B.C. 401 (?). Whilst such was the conduct of affairs in Asia under the
+guidance of Dercylidas, the Lacedaemonians at home were at the same
+time no less busily employed with other matters. They cherished a
+long-standing embitterment against the Eleians, the grounds of which
+were that the Eleians had once (14) contracted an alliance with the
+Athenians, Argives, and Mantineans; moreover, on pretence of a sentence
+registered against the Lacedaemonians, they had excluded them from
+the horse-race and gymnastic contests. Nor was that the sum of their
+offending. They had taken and scourged Lichas, (15) under the following
+circumstances:--Being a Spartan, he had formally consigned his chariot
+to the Thebans, and when the Thebans were proclaimed victors he stepped
+forward to crown his charioteer; whereupon, in spite of his grey hairs,
+the Eleians put those indignities upon him and expelled him from the
+festival. Again, at a date subsequent to that occurrence, Agis being
+sent to offer sacrifice to Olympian Zeus in accordance with the bidding
+of an oracle, the Eleians would not suffer him to offer prayer for
+victory in war, asserting that the ancient law and custom (16) forbade
+Hellenes to consult the god for war with Hellenes; and Agis was forced
+to go away without offering the sacrifice.
+
+ (14) In 421 B.C. (see Thuc. v. 31); for the second charge, see Thuc.
+    v. 49 foll.
+
+ (15) See "Mem." I. ii. 61; Thuc. v. 50; and Jowett, note ad loc. vol.
+    ii. p. 314.
+
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 311 note.
+
+In consequence of all these annoyances the ephors and the Assembly
+determined "to bring the men of Elis to their senses." Thereupon they
+sent an embassy to that state, announcing that the authorities of
+Lacedaemon deemed it just and right that they should leave the country
+(17) townships in the territory of Elis free and independent. This the
+Eleians flatly refused to do. The cities in question were theirs by
+right of war. Thereupon the ephors called out the ban. The leader of the
+expedition was Agis. He invaded Elis through Achaia (18) by the Larisus;
+but the army had hardly set foot on the enemy's soil and the work of
+devastation begun, when an earthquake took place, and Agis, taking
+this as a sign from Heaven, marched back again out of the country and
+disbanded his army. Thereat the men of Elis were much more emboldened,
+and sent embassies to various cities which they knew to be hostile to
+the Lacedaemonians.
+
+ (17) Lit. "perioecid."
+
+ (18) From the north. The Larisus is the frontier stream between Achaia
+    and Elis. See Strabo, viii. 387.
+
+The year had not completed its revolution (19) ere the ephors again
+called out the ban against Elis, and the invading host of Agis was this
+time swelled by the rest of the allies, including the Athenians; the
+Boeotians and Corinthians alone excepted. The Spartan king now entered
+through Aulon, (20) and the men of Lepreum (21) at once revolted
+from the Eleians and gave in their adhesion to the Spartan, and
+simultaneously with these the Macistians and their next-door neighbours
+the Epitalians. As he crossed the river further adhesions followed, on
+the part of the Letrinians, the Amphidolians, and the Marganians.
+
+ (19) Al. "on the coming round of the next year." See Jowett (note to
+    Thuc. i. 31), vol. ii. p. 33.
+
+ (20) On the south. For the history, see Busolt, "Die Laked." pp.
+    146-200. "The river" is the Alpheus.
+
+ (21) See below, VI. v. 11; Paus. IV. xv. 8.
+
+B.C. 400 (?). Upon this he pushed on into Olympian territory and did
+sacrifice to Olympian Zeus. There was no attempt to stay his proceedings
+now. After sacrifice he marched against the capital, (22) devastating
+and burning the country as he went. Multitudes of cattle, multitudes
+of slaves, were the fruits of conquest yielded, insomuch that the fame
+thereof spread, and many more Arcadians and Achaeans flocked to join
+the standard of the invader and to share in the plunder. In fact, the
+expedition became one enormous foray. Here was the chance to fill all
+the granaries of Peloponnese with corn. When he had reached the capital,
+the beautiful suburbs and gymnasia became a spoil to the troops; but the
+city itself, though it lay open before him a defenceless and unwalled
+town, he kept aloof from. He would not, rather than could not, take
+it. Such was the explanation given. Thus the country was a prey to
+devastation, and the invaders massed round Cyllene.
+
+ (22) I.e. Elis, of which Cyllene is the port town. For the wealth of
+    the district, see Polyb. iv. 73; and below, VII. iv. 33.
+
+Then the friends of a certain Xenias--a man of whom it was said that
+he might measure the silver coin, inherited from his father, by the
+bushel--wishing to be the leading instrument in bringing over the state
+to Lacedaemon, rushed out of the house, sword in hand, and began a
+work of butchery. Amongst other victims they killed a man who strongly
+resembled the leader of the democratic party, Thrasydaeus. (23) Everyone
+believed it was really Thrasydaeus who was slain. The popular party were
+panic-stricken, and stirred neither hand nor foot. On their side,
+the cut-throats poured their armed bands into the market-place. But
+Thrasydaeus was laid asleep the while where the fumes of wine had
+overpowered him. When the people came to discover that their hero was
+not dead, they crowded round his house this side and that, (24) like a
+swarm of bees clinging to their leader; and as soon as Thrasydaeus
+had put himself in the van, with the people at his back, a battle was
+fought, and the people won. And those who had laid their hands to deeds
+of butchery went as exiles to the Lacedaemonians.
+
+ (23) See Paus. III. viii. 4. He was a friend of Lysias ("Vit. X. Orat.
+    835").
+
+ (24) The house was filled to overflowing by the clustering close-
+    packed crowd.
+
+After a while Agis himself retired, recrossing the Alpheus; but he was
+careful to leave a garrison in Epitalium near that river, with Lysippus
+as governor, and the exiles from Elis along with him. Having done so, he
+disbanded his army and returned home himself.
+
+B.C. 400-399 (?). (25) During the rest of the summer and the ensuing
+winter the territory of the Eleians was ravaged and ransacked by
+Lysippus and his troops, until Thrasydaeus, the following summer, sent
+to Lacedaemon and agreed to dismantle the walls of Phea and Cyllene, and
+to grant autonomy to the Triphylian townships (26)--together with Phrixa
+and Epitalium, the Letrinians, Amphidolians, and Marganians; and besides
+these to the Acroreians and to Lasion, a place claimed by the Arcadians.
+With regard to Epeium, a town midway between Heraea and Macistus,
+the Eleians claimed the right to keep it, on the plea that they had
+purchased the whole district from its then owners, for thirty talents,
+(27) which sum they had actually paid. But the Lacedaemonians, acting on
+the principle "that a purchase which forcibly deprives the weaker party
+of his possession is no more justifiable than a seizure by violence,"
+compelled them to emancipate Epeium also. From the presidency of the
+temple of Olympian Zeus, however, they did not oust them; not that it
+belonged to Elis of ancient right, but because the rival claimants,
+(28) it was felt, were "villagers," hardly equal to the exercise of
+the presidency. After these concessions, peace and alliance between the
+Eleians and the Lacedaemonians were established, and the war between
+Elis and Sparta ceased.
+
+ (25) Grote ("H. G." ix. 316) discusses the date of this war between
+    Elis and Sparta, which he thinks, reaches over three different
+    years, 402-400 B.C. But Curtius (vol. iv. Eng. tr. p. 196)
+    disagrees: "The Eleian war must have occurred in 401-400 B.C., and
+    Grote rightly conjectures that the Eleians were anxious to bring
+    it to a close before the celebration of the festival. But he errs
+    in extending its duration over three years." See Diod. xiv. 17.
+    24; Paus. III. viii. 2 foll.
+
+ (26) Grote remarks: "There is something perplexing in Xenophon's
+    description of the Triphylian townships which the Eleians
+    surrendered" ("H. G." ix. 315). I adopt Grote's emend. {kai
+    Phrixan}. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 176.
+
+ (27) = 7,312 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (28) I.e. the men of the Pisatid. See below, VII. iv. 28; Busolt, op.
+    cit. p 156.
+
+
+
+III
+
+After this Agis came to Delphi and offered as a sacrifice a tenth of the
+spoil. On his return journey he fell ill at Heraea--being by this time
+an old man--and was carried back to Lacedaemon. He survived the journey,
+but being there arrived, death speedily overtook him. He was buried with
+a sepulchre transcending in solemnity the lot of ordinary mortality. (1)
+
+ (1) See "Ages." xi. 16; "Pol. Lac." xv. 9.
+
+When the holy days of mourning were accomplished, and it was necessary
+to choose another king, there were rival claimants to the throne.
+Leotychides claimed it as the son, Agesilaus as the brother, of Agis.
+Then Leotychides protested: "Yet consider, Agesilaus, the law bids not
+'the king's brother,' but 'the king's son' to be king; only if there
+chance to be no son, in that case shall the brother of the king be
+king." Agesilaus: "Then must I needs be king." Leotychides: "How so,
+seeing that I am not dead?" Agesilaus: "Because he whom you call
+your father denied you, saying, 'Leotychides is no son of mine.'"
+Leotychides: "Nay, but my mother, who would know far better than
+he, said, and still to-day says, I am." Agesilaus: "Nay, but the god
+himself, Poteidan, laid his finger on thy falsity when by his earthquake
+he drove forth thy father from the bridal chamber into the light of day;
+and time, 'that tells no lies,' as the proverb has it, bare witness to
+the witness of the god; for just ten months from the moment at which he
+fled and was no more seen within that chamber, you were born." (2) So
+they reasoned together.
+
+ (2) I have followed Sauppe as usual, but see Hartman ("Anal. Xen." p.
+    327) for a discussion of the whole passage. He thinks Xenophon
+    wrote {ex ou gar toi ephugen} ({o sos pater}, i.e. adulterer) {ek
+    to thalamo dekato meni tu ephus}. The Doric {ek to thalamo} was
+    corrupted into {en to thalamo} and {kai ephane} inserted. This
+    corrupt reading Plutarch had before him, and hence his distorted
+    version of the story.
+
+Diopethes, (3) a great authority upon oracles, supported Leotychides.
+There was an oracle of Apollo, he urged, which said "Beware of the lame
+reign." But Diopethes was met by Lysander, who in behalf of Agesilaus
+demurred to this interpretation put upon the language of the god. If
+they were to beware of a lame reign, it meant not, beware lest a man
+stumble and halt, but rather, beware of him in whose veins flows not the
+blood of Heracles; most assuredly the kingdom would halt, and that would
+be a lame reign in very deed, whensoever the descendants of Heracles
+should cease to lead the state. Such were the arguments on either side,
+after hearing which the city chose Agesilaus to be king.
+
+ (3) See Plut. "Ages." ii. 4; "Lys." xxii. (Clough, iv. 3; iii. 129);
+    Paus. III. viii. 5.
+
+Now Agesilaus had not been seated on the throne one year when, as he
+sacrificed one of the appointed sacrifices in behalf of the city, (4)
+the soothsayer warned him, saying: "The gods reveal a conspiracy of the
+most fearful character"; and when the king sacrificed a second time,
+he said: "The aspect of the victims is now even yet more terrible"; but
+when he had sacrificed for the third time, the soothsayer exclaimed: "O
+Agesilaus, the sign is given to me, even as though we were in the very
+midst of the enemy." Thereupon they sacrificed to the deities who avert
+evil and work salvation, and so barely obtained good omens and ceased
+sacrificing. Nor had five days elapsed after the sacrifices were ended,
+ere one came bringing information to the ephors of a conspiracy, and
+named Cinadon as the ringleader; a young man robust of body as of soul,
+but not one of the peers. (5) Accordingly the ephors questioned their
+informant: "How say you the occurrence is to take place?" and he who
+gave the information answered: "Cinadon took me to the limit of the
+market-place, and bade me count how many Spartans there were in
+the market-place; and I counted--'king, ephors, and elders, and
+others--maybe forty. But tell me, Cinadon,' I said to him, 'why have you
+bidden me count them?' and he answered me: 'Those men, I would have
+you know, are your sworn foes; and all those others, more than four
+thousand, congregated there are your natural allies.' Then he took and
+showed me in the streets, here one and there two of 'our enemies,' as we
+chanced to come across them, and all the rest 'our natural allies'; and
+so again running through the list of Spartans to be found in the country
+districts, he still kept harping on that string: 'Look you, on each
+estate one foeman--the master--and all the rest allies.'" The ephors
+asked: "How many do you reckon are in the secret of this matter?" The
+informant answered: "On that point also he gave me to understand that
+there were by no means many in their secret who were prime movers of the
+affair, but those few to be depended on; 'and to make up,' said he,
+'we ourselves are in their secret, all the rest of them--helots,
+enfranchised, inferiors, provincials, one and all. (6) Note their
+demeanour when Spartans chance to be the topic of their talk. Not one of
+them can conceal the delight it would give him if he might eat up every
+Spartan raw.'" (7) Then, as the inquiry went on, the question came: "And
+where did they propose to find arms?" The answer followed: "He explained
+that those of us, of course, who are enrolled in regiments have arms of
+our own already, and as for the mass--he led the way to the war
+foundry, and showed me scores and scores of knives, of swords, of spits,
+hatchets, and axes, and reaping-hooks. 'Anything or everything,' he told
+me, 'which men use to delve in earth, cut timber, or quarry stone, would
+serve our purpose; nay, the instruments used for other arts would in
+nine cases out of ten furnish weapons enough and to spare, especially
+when dealing with unarmed antagonists.'" Once more being asked what time
+the affair was to come off, he replied his orders were "not to leave the
+city."
+
+ (4) "Pol. Lac." xv. 2.
+
+ (5) For the {omoioi}, see Muller, "Dorians," iii. 5, 7 (vol. ii. p.
+    84); Grote, "H. G." ix. 345, note 2.
+
+ (6) For the neodamodes, hypomeiones, perioeci, see Arnold, "Thuc." v.
+    34; Muller, "Dorians," ii. 43, 84, 18; Busolt, op. cit. p 16.
+
+ (7) See "Anab." IV. viii. 14; and Hom. "Il." iv. 34.
+
+As the result of their inquiry the ephors were persuaded that the man's
+statements were based upon things he had really seen, (8) and they were
+so alarmed that they did not even venture to summon the Little Assembly,
+(9) as it was named; but holding informal meetings among themselves--a
+few senators here and a few there--they determined to send Cinadon and
+others of the young men to Aulon, with instructions to apprehend certain
+of the inhabitants and helots, whose names were written on the scytale
+(or scroll). (10) He had further instructions to capture another
+resident in Aulon; this was a woman, the fashionable beauty of the
+place--supposed to be the arch-corruptress of all Lacedaemonians, young
+and old, who visited Aulon. It was not the first mission of the sort
+on which Cinadon had been employed by the ephors. It was natural,
+therefore, that the ephors should entrust him with the scytale on which
+the names of the suspects were inscribed; and in answer to his inquiry
+which of the young men he was to take with him, they said: "Go and order
+the eldest of the Hippagretae (11) (or commanders of horse) to let you
+have six or seven who chance to be there." But they had taken care to
+let the commander know whom he was to send, and that those sent should
+also know that their business was to capture Cinadon. Further, the
+authorities instructed Cinadon that they would send three waggons
+to save bringing back his captives on foot--concealing as deeply as
+possible the fact that he, and he alone, was the object of the mission.
+Their reason for not securing him in the city was that they did not
+really know the extent of the mischief; and they wished, in the first
+instance, to learn from Cinadon who his accomplices were before these
+latter could discover they were informed against and effect their
+escape. His captors were to secure him first, and having learnt from
+him the names of his confederates, to write them down and send them
+as quickly as possible to the ephors. The ephors, indeed, were so much
+concerned about the whole occurrence that they further sent a company of
+horse to assist their agents at Aulon. (12) As soon as the capture was
+effected, and one of the horsemen was back with the list of names taken
+down on the information of Cinadon, they lost no time in apprehending
+the soothsayer Tisamenus and the rest who were the principals in
+the conspiracy. When Cinadon (13) himself was brought back and
+cross-examined, and had made a full confession of the whole plot, his
+plans, and his accomplices, they put to him one final question: "What
+was your object in undertaking this business?" He answered: "I wished to
+be inferior to no man in Lacedaemon." Let that be as it might, his fate
+was to be taken out forthwith in irons, just as he was, and to be placed
+with his two hands and his neck in the collar, and so under scourge and
+goad to be driven, himself and his accomplices, round the city. Thus
+upon the heads of those was visited the penalty of their offences.
+
+ (8) "And pointed to a well-concerted plan."
+
+ (9) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 348.
+
+ (10) See Thuc. i. 131; Plut. "Lys." 19 (Clough, iii. p. 125).
+
+ (11) "The Hippagretes (or commander of the three hundred guards called
+    horsemen, though they were not really mounted)." Grote, "H. G."
+    vol. ix. p. 349; see "Pol. Lac." iv. 3.
+
+ (12) Or, "to those on the way to Aulon."
+
+ (13) See for Cinadon's case, Arist. "Pol." v. 7, 3.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+B.C. 397. (1) It was after the incidents just recorded that a Syracusan
+named Herodas brought news to Lacedaemon. He had chanced to be in
+Phoenicia with a certain shipowner, and was struck by the number of
+Phoenician triremes which he observed, some coming into harbour from
+other ports, others already there with their ships' companies complete,
+while others again were still completing their equipments. Nor was it
+only what he saw, but he had heard say further that there were to be
+three hundred of these vessels all told; whereupon he had taken passage
+on the first sailing ship bound for Hellas. He was in haste to lay this
+information before the Lacedaemonians, feeling sure that the king and
+Tissaphernes were concerned in these preparations--though where the
+fleet was to act, or against whom, he would not venture to predict.
+
+ (1) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 353, for chronology, etc.
+
+These reports threw the Lacedaemonians into a flutter of expectation and
+anxiety. They summoned a meeting of the allies, and began to deliberate
+as to what ought to be done. Lysander, convinced of the enormous
+superiority of the Hellenic navy, and with regard to land forces drawing
+an obvious inference from the exploits and final deliverance of the
+troops with Cyrus, persuaded Agesilaus, to undertake a campaign into
+Asia, provided the authorities would furnish him with thirty Spartans,
+two thousand of the enfranchised, (2) and contingents of the allies
+amounting to six thousand men. Apart from these calculations, Lysander
+had a personal object: he wished to accompany the king himself, and by
+his aid to re-establish the decarchies originally set up by himself in
+the different cities, but at a later date expelled through the action
+of the ephors, who had issued a fiat re-establishing the old order of
+constitution.
+
+ (2) Technically, "neodamodes."
+
+B.C. 396. To this offer on the part of Agesilaus to undertake such an
+expedition the Lacedaemonians responded by presenting him with all
+he asked for, and six months' provisions besides. When the hour of
+departure came he offered all such sacrifices as are necessary, and
+lastly those "before crossing the border," (3) and so set out. This
+done, he despatched to the several states (4) messengers with directions
+as to the numbers to be sent from each, and the points of rendezvous;
+but for himself he was minded to go and do sacrifice at Aulis, even as
+Agamemnon had offered sacrifice in that place ere he set sail for
+Troy. But when he had reached the place and had begun to sacrifice, the
+Boeotarchs (5) being apprised of his design, sent a body of cavalry and
+bade him desist from further sacrificing; (6) and lighting upon victims
+already offered, they hurled them from off the altars, scattering the
+fragments. Then Agesilaus, calling the gods to witness, got on board his
+trireme in bitter indignation, and sailed away. Arrived at Geraestus, he
+there collected as large a portion of his troops as possible, and with
+the armada made sail for Ephesus.
+
+ (3) "Pol. Lac." xiii. 2 foll.
+
+ (4) Or, "To the several cities he had already despatched messengers
+    with directions," etc.; see Paus. III. ix. 1-3.
+
+ (5) See Freeman, "Hist. of Federal Government," ch. iv. "Constitution
+    of the Boeotian League," pp. 162, 163. The Boeotarchs, as
+    representatives of the several Boeotian cities, were the supreme
+    military commanders of the League, and, as it would appear, the
+    general administrators of Federal affairs. "The Boeotarchs of
+    course command at Delion, but they also act as administrative
+    magistrates of the League by hindering Agesilaus from sacrificing
+    at Aulis."
+
+ (6) Plut. "Ages." vi.; "Pelop." xxi. See Breitenb. op. cit. Praef. p.
+    xvi.; and below, III. v. 5; VI. iv. 23.
+
+When he had reached that city the first move was made by Tissaphernes,
+who sent asking, "With what purpose he was come thither?" And the
+Spartan king made answer: "With the intention that the cities in Asia
+shall be independent even as are the cities in our quarter of Hellas."
+In answer to this Tissaphernes said: "If you on your part choose to
+make a truce whilst I send ambassadors to the king, I think you may well
+arrange the matter, and sail back home again, if so you will." "Willing
+enough should I be," replied Agesilaus, "were I not persuaded that you
+are cheating me." "Nay, but it is open to you," replied the satrap, "to
+exact a surety for the execution of the terms... 'Provided always that
+you, Tissaphernes, carry out what you say without deceit, we on our side
+will abstain from injuring your dominion in any respect whatever
+during the truce.'" (7) Accordingly in the presence of three
+commissioners--Herippidas, Dercylidas, and Megillus--Tissaphernes took
+an oath in the words prescribed: "Verily and indeed, I will effect peace
+honestly and without guile." To which the commissioners, on behalf
+of Agesilaus, swore a counter-oath: "Verily and indeed, provided
+Tissaphernes so acts, we on our side will observe the truce."
+
+ (7) For this corrupt passage, see Hartman, "Anal. Xen." p. 332; also
+    Otto Keller's critical edition of the "Hellenica" (Lips,
+    MDCCCLXXX.)
+
+Tissaphernes at once gave the lie to what he had sworn. Instead of
+adhering to peace he sent up to demand a large army from the king, in
+addition to what he already had. But Agesilaus, though he was fully
+alive to these proceedings, adhered as rigidly as ever to the truce.
+
+To keep quiet and enjoy leisure was his duty, in the exercise of which
+he wore away the time at Ephesus. But in reference to the organisation
+of the several states it was a season of vehement constitutional
+disturbance in the several cities; that is to say, there were neither
+democracies as in the old days of the Athenians, nor yet were there
+decarchies as in the days of Lysander. But here was Lysander back again.
+Every one recognised him, and flocked to him with petitions for one
+favour or another, which he was to obtain for them from Agesilaus.
+A crowd of suitors danced attendance on his heels, and formed so
+conspicuous a retinue that Agesilaus, any one would have supposed, was
+the private person and Lysander the king. All this was maddening
+to Agesilaus, as was presently plain. As to the rest of the Thirty,
+jealousy did not suffer them to keep silence, and they put it plainly to
+Agesilaus that the super-regal splendour in which Lysander lived was
+a violation of the constitution. So when Lysander took upon himself to
+introduce some of his petitioners to Agesilaus, the latter turned them
+a deaf ear. Their being aided and abetted by Lysander was sufficient; he
+sent them away discomfited. At length, as time after time things turned
+out contrary to his wishes, Lysander himself perceived the position of
+affairs. He now no longer suffered that crowd to follow him, and gave
+those who asked him help in anything plainly to understand that they
+would gain nothing, but rather be losers, by his intervention. But being
+bitterly annoyed at the degradation put upon him, he came to the king
+and said to him: "Ah, Agesilaus, how well you know the art of humbling
+your friends!" "Ay, indeed," the king replied; "those of them whose one
+idea it is to appear greater than myself; if I did not know how also to
+requite with honour those who work for my good, I should be ashamed."
+And Lysander said: "maybe there is more reason in your doings than ever
+guided my conduct;" adding, "Grant me for the rest one favour, so shall
+I cease to blush at the loss of my influence with you, and you will
+cease to be embarrassed by my presence. Send me off on a mission
+somewhere; wherever I am I will strive to be of service to you." Such
+was the proposal of Lysander. Agesilaus resolved to act upon it, and
+despatched Lysander to the Hellespont. And this is what befell.
+(8) Lysander, being made aware of a slight which had been put upon
+Spithridates the Persian by Pharnabazus, got into conversation with the
+injured man, and so worked upon him that he was persuaded to bring
+his children and his personal belongings, and with a couple of hundred
+troops to revolt. The next step was to deposit all the goods safely in
+Cyzicus, and the last to get on shipboard with Spithridates and his
+son, and so to present himself with his Persian friends to Agesilaus.
+Agesilaus, on his side, was delighted at the transaction, and set
+himself at once to get information about Pharnabazus, his territory and
+his government.
+
+ (8) See "Ages." iii. 3; "Anab." VI. v. 7.
+
+Meanwhile Tissaphernes had waxed bolder. A large body of troops had been
+sent down by the king. On the strength of that he declared war against
+Agesilaus, if he did not instantly withdraw his troops from Asia. The
+Lacedaemonians there (9) present, no less than the allies, received the
+news with profound vexation, persuaded as they were that Agesilaus had
+no force capable of competing with the king's grand armament. But a
+smile lit up the face of Agesilaus as he bade the ambassadors return to
+Tissaphernes and tell him that he was much in his debt for the perjury
+by which he had won the enmity of Heaven and made the very gods
+themselves allies of Hellas. He at once issued a general order to the
+troops to equip themselves for a forward movement. He warned the cities
+through which he must pass in an advance upon Caria, to have markets in
+readiness, and lastly, he despatched a message to the Ionian, Aeolian,
+and Hellespontine communities to send their contingents to join him at
+Ephesus.
+
+ (9) I.e. at Ephesus.
+
+Tissaphernes, putting together the facts that Agesilaus had no cavalry
+and that Caria was a region unadapted to that arm, and persuaded in
+his own mind also that the Spartan could not but cherish wrath against
+himself personally for his chicanery, felt convinced that he was really
+intending to invade Caria, and that the satrap's palace was his final
+goal. Accordingly he transferred the whole of his infantry to that
+province, and proceeded to lead his cavalry round into the plain of the
+Maeander. Here he conceived himself capable of trampling the Hellenes
+under foot with his horsemen before they could reach the craggy
+districts where no cavalry could operate.
+
+But, instead of marching straight into Caria, Agesilaus turned sharp
+off in the opposite direction towards Phrygia. Picking up various
+detachments of troops which met him on his march, he steadily advanced,
+laying cities prostrate before him, and by the unexpectedness of his
+attack reaping a golden harvest of spoil. As a rule the march was
+prosecuted safely; but not far from Dascylium his advanced guard of
+cavalry were pushing on towards a knoll to take a survey of the state
+of things in front, when, as chance would have it, a detachment of
+cavalry sent forward by Pharnabazus--the corps, in fact, of Rhathines
+and his natural brother Bagaeus--just about equal to the Hellenes in
+number, also came galloping up to the very knoll in question. The two
+bodies found themselves face to face not one hundred and fifty yards
+(10) apart, and for the first moment or two stood stock still. The
+Hellenic horse were drawn up like an ordinary phalanx four deep, the
+barbarians presenting a narrow front of twelve or thereabouts, and a
+very disproportionate depth. There was a moment's pause, and then the
+barbarians, taking the initiative, charged. There was a hand-to-hand
+tussle, in which any Hellene who succeeded in striking his man shivered
+his lance with the blow, while the Persian troopers, armed with
+cornel-wood javelins, speedily despatched a dozen men and a couple of
+horses. (11) At this point the Hellenic cavalry turned and fled. But as
+Agesilaus came up to the rescue with his heavy infantry, the Asiatics
+were forced in their turn to withdraw, with the loss of one man slain.
+This cavalry engagement gave them pause. Agesilaus on the day following
+it offered sacrifice. "Was he to continue his advance?" But the victims
+proved hopeless. (12) There was nothing for it after this manifestation
+but to turn and march towards the sea. It was clear enough to his mind
+that without a proper cavalry force it would be impossible to conduct
+a campaign in the flat country. Cavalry, therefore, he must get, or be
+driven to mere guerilla warfare. With this view he drew up a list of
+all the wealthiest inhabitants belonging to the several cities of
+those parts. Their duty would be to support a body of cavalry, with the
+proviso, however, that any one contributing a horse, arms, and rider, up
+to the standard, would be exempted from personal service. The effect
+was instantaneous. The zeal with which the recipients of these orders
+responded could hardly have been greater if they had been seeking
+substitutes to die for them.
+
+ (10) Lit. "four plethra."
+
+ (11) See Xenophon's treatise "On Horsemanship," xii. 12.
+
+ (12) Lit. "lobeless," i.e. with a lobe of the liver wanting--a bad
+    sign.
+
+B.C. 395. After this, at the first indication of spring, he collected
+the whole of his army at Ephesus. But the army needed training. With
+that object he proposed a series of prizes--prizes to the heavy infantry
+regiments, to be won by those who presented their men in the best
+condition; prizes for the cavalry regiments which could ride best;
+prizes for those divisions of peltasts and archers which proved most
+efficient in their respective duties. And now the gymnasiums were
+a sight to see, thronged as they were, one and all, with warriors
+stripping for exercise; or again, the hippodrome crowded with horses and
+riders performing their evolutions; or the javelin men and archers
+going through their peculiar drill. In fact, the whole city where he
+lay presented under his hands a spectacle not to be forgotten. The
+market-place literally teemed with horses, arms, and accoutrements of
+all sorts for sale. The bronze-worker, the carpenter, the smith, the
+leather-cutter, the painter and embosser, were all busily engaged in
+fabricating the implements of war; so that the city of Ephesus itself
+was fairly converted into a military workshop. (13) It would have done
+a man's heart good to see those long lines of soldiers with Agesilaus
+at their head, as they stepped gaily be-garlanded from the gymnasiums to
+dedicate their wreaths to the goddess Artemis. Nor can I well conceive
+of elements more fraught with hope than were here combined. Here were
+reverence and piety towards Heaven; here practice in war and military
+training; here discipline with habitual obedience to authority. But
+contempt for one's enemy will infuse a kind of strength in battle. So
+the Spartan leader argued; and with a view to its production he ordered
+the quartermasters to put up the prisoners who had been captured by
+his foraging bands for auction, stripped naked; so that his Hellenic
+soldiery, as they looked at the white skins which had never been bared
+to sun and wind, the soft limbs unused to toil through constant riding
+in carriages, came to the conclusion that war with such adversaries
+would differ little from a fight with women.
+
+ (13) See Plut. "Marc." (Clough, ii. 262); Polyb. "Hist." x. 20.
+
+By this date a full year had elapsed since the embarkation of Agesilaus,
+and the time had come for the Thirty with Lysander to sail back home,
+and for their successors, with Herippidas, to arrive. Among these
+Agesilaus appointed Xenocles and another to the command of the cavalry,
+Scythes to that of the heavy infantry of the enfranchised, (14)
+Herippidas to that of the Cyreians, and Migdon to that of the
+contingents from the states. Agesilaus gave them to understand that he
+intended to lead them forthwith by the most expeditious route against
+the stronghold of the country, (15) so that without further ceremony
+they might prepare their minds and bodies for the tug of battle.
+Tissaphernes, however, was firmly persuaded that this was only talk
+intended to deceive him; Agesilaus would this time certainly invade
+Caria. Accordingly he repeated his former tactics, transporting his
+infantry bodily into Caria and posting his cavalry in the valley of the
+Maeander. But Agesilaus was as good as his word, and at once invaded the
+district of Sardis. A three days' march through a region denuded of the
+enemy threw large supplies into his hands. On the fourth day the cavalry
+of the enemy approached. Their general ordered the officer in charge of
+his baggage-train to cross the Pactolus and encamp, while his troopers,
+catching sight of stragglers from the Hellenic force scattered in
+pursuit of booty, put several of them to the sword. Perceiving which,
+Agesilaus ordered his cavalry to the rescue; and the Persians on their
+side, seeing their advance, collected together in battle order to
+receive them, with dense squadrons of horse, troop upon troop. The
+Spartan, reflecting that the enemy had as yet no infantry to support
+him, whilst he had all branches of the service to depend upon, concluded
+that the critical moment had arrived at which to risk an engagement.
+In this mood he sacrificed, and began advancing his main line of battle
+against the serried lines of cavalry in front of him, at the same time
+ordering the flower of his heavy infantry--the ten-years-service men
+(16)--to close with them at a run, and the peltasts to bring up their
+supports at the double. The order passed to his cavalry was to charge
+in confidence that he and the whole body of his troops were close behind
+them. The cavalry charge was received by the Persians without flinching,
+but presently finding themselves environed by the full tide of war they
+swerved. Some found a speedy grave within the river, but the mass of
+them gradually made good their escape. The Hellenes followed close on
+the heels of the flying foe and captured his camp. here the peltasts not
+unnaturally fell to pillaging; whereupon Agesilaus planted his troops
+so as to form a cordon enclosing the property of friends and foes alike.
+The spoil taken was considerable; it fetched more than seventy talents,
+(17) not to mention the famous camels, subsequently brought over by
+Agesilaus into Hellas, which were captured here. At the moment of the
+battle Tissaphernes lay in Sardis. Hence the Persians argued that they
+had been betrayed by the satrap. And the king of Persia, coming to a
+like conclusion himself that Tissaphernes was to blame for the evil turn
+of his affairs, sent down Tithraustes and beheaded him. (18)
+
+ (14) The neodamodes.
+
+ (15) I.e. Lydia. See Plut. "Ages." x. (Clough, iv. 11).
+
+ (16) See note to "Hell." II. iv. 32.
+
+ (17) = 17,062 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (18) See Diod. xiv. 80.
+
+This done, Tithraustes sent an embassy to Agesilaus with a message as
+follows: "The author of all our trouble, yours and ours, Agesilaus, has
+paid the penalty of his misdoings; the king therefore asks of you first
+that you should sail back home in peace; secondly, that the cities in
+Asia secured in their autonomy should continue to render him the ancient
+tribute." To this proposition Agesilaus made answer that "without the
+authorities at home he could do nothing in the matter." "Then do you,
+at least," replied Tithraustes, "while awaiting advice from Lacedaemon,
+withdraw into the territory of Pharnabazus. Have I not avenged you of
+your enemy?" "While, then, I am on my way thither," rejoined Agesilaus,
+"will you support my army with provisions?" On this wise Tithraustes
+handed him thirty talents, (19) which the other took, and forthwith
+began his march into Phrygia (the Phrygia of Pharnabazus). He lay in the
+plain district above Cyme, (20) when a message reached him from the home
+authorities, giving him absolute disposal of the naval forces, (21)
+with the right to appoint the admiral of his choice. This course the
+Lacedaemonians were led to adopt by the following considerations: If,
+they argued, the same man were in command of both services, the land
+force would be greatly strengthened through the concentration of the
+double force at any point necessary; and the navy likewise would be far
+more useful through the immediate presence and co-operation of the land
+force where needed. Apprised of these measures, Agesilaus in the first
+instance sent an order to the cities on the islands and the seaboard to
+fit out as many ships of war as they severally might deem desirable.
+The result was a new navy, consisting of the vessels thus voluntarily
+furnished by the states, with others presented by private persons out
+of courtesy to their commander, and amounting in all to a fleet of one
+hundred and twenty sail. The admiral whom he selected was Peisander, his
+wife's brother, a man of genuine ambition and of a vigorous spirit, but
+not sufficiently expert in the details of equipment to achieve a great
+naval success. Thus while Peisander set off to attend to naval matters,
+Agesilaus continued his march whither he was bound to Phrygia.
+
+ (19) = 7,312 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (20) See "Cyrop." VII. i. 45.
+
+ (21) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 327, note 3; Arist. "Pol." ii. 9, 33.
+
+
+
+V
+
+But now Tithraustes seemed to have discovered in Agesilaus a disposition
+to despise the fortunes of the Persian monarch--he evidently had no
+intention to withdraw from Asia; on the contrary, he was cherishing
+hopes vast enough to include the capture of the king himself. Being at
+his wits' end how to manage matters, he resolved to send Timocrates the
+Rhodian to Hellas with a gift of gold worthy fifty silver talents, (1)
+and enjoined upon him to endeavour to exchange solemn pledges with
+the leading men in the several states, binding them to undertake a
+war against Lacedaemon. Timocrates arrived and began to dole out
+his presents. In Thebes he gave gifts to Androcleidas, Ismenias, and
+Galaxidorus; in Corinth to Timolaus and Polyanthes; in Argos to Cylon
+and his party. The Athenians, (2) though they took no share of the gold,
+were none the less eager for the war, being of opinion that empire
+was theirs by right. (3) The recipients of the moneys forthwith began
+covertly to attack the Lacedaemonians in their respective states, and,
+when they had brought these to a sufficient pitch of hatred, bound
+together the most important of them in a confederacy.
+
+ (1) = 12,187 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (2) See Paus. III. ix. 8; Plut. "Ages." xv.
+
+ (3) Reading {nomizontes auton to arkhein} with Sauppe; or if, as
+    Breitinbach suggests, {enomizon de oukh outon to arkhesthai},
+    translate "but thought it was not for them to take the
+    initiative."
+
+But it was clear to the leaders in Thebes that, unless some one struck
+the first blow, the Lacedaemonians would never be brought to break the
+truce with their allies. They therefore persuaded the Opuntian Locrians
+(4) to levy moneys on a debatable district, (5) jointly claimed by the
+Phocians and themselves, when the Phocians would be sure to retaliate
+by an attack on Locris. These expectations were fulfilled. The Phocians
+immediately invaded Locris and seized moneys on their side with ample
+interest. Then Androcleidas and his friends lost no time in persuading
+the Thebans to assist the Locrians, on the ground that it was no
+debatable district which had been entered by the Phocians, but
+the admittedly friendly and allied territory of Locris itself. The
+counter-invasion of Phocis and pillage of their country by the Thebans
+promptly induced the Phocians to send an embassy to Lacedaemon. In
+claiming assistance they explained that the war was not of their own
+seeking, but that they had attacked the Locrians in self-defence. On
+their side the Lacedaemonians were glad enough to seize a pretext for
+marching upon the Thebans, against whom they cherished a long-standing
+bitterness. They had not forgotten the claim which the Thebans had
+set up to a tithe for Apollo in Deceleia, (6) nor yet their refusal to
+support Lacedaemon in the attack on Piraeus; (7) and they accused them
+further of having persuaded the Corinthians not to join that expedition.
+Nor did they fail to call to mind some later proceedings of the
+Thebans--their refusal to allow Agesilaus to sacrifice in Aulis; (8)
+their snatching the victims already offered and hurling them from the
+altars; their refusal to join the same general in a campaign directed
+even against Asia. (9) The Lacedaemonians further reasoned that now,
+if ever, was the favourable moment to conduct an expedition against
+the Thebans, and once for all to put a stop to their insolent behaviour
+towards them. Affairs in Asia were prospering under the strong arm of
+Agesilaus, and in Hellas they had no other war on hand to trammel their
+movements. Such, therefore, being the general view of the situation
+adopted at Lacedaemon, the ephors proceeded to call out the ban.
+Meanwhile they despatched Lysander to Phocis with orders to put himself
+at the head of the Phocians along with the Oetaeans, Heracleotes,
+Melians, and Aenianians, and to march upon Haliartus; before the
+walls of which place Pausanias, the destined leader of the expedition,
+undertook to present himself at the head of the Lacedaemonians and other
+Peloponnesian forces by a specified date. Lysander not only carried
+out his instructions to the letter, but going a little beyond them,
+succeeded in detaching Orchomenus from Thebes. (10) Pausanias, on
+the other hand, after finding the sacrifice for crossing the frontier
+favourable, sat down at Tegea and set about despatching to and fro the
+commandants of allied troops whilst contentedly awaiting the soldiers
+from the provincial (11) districts of Laconia.
+
+ (4) For an alliance between Athens and the Locrians, B.C. 395, see
+    Hicks, 67; and below, IV. ii. 17.
+
+ (5) Lit. "the." See Paus. III. ix. 9.
+
+ (6) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 309, 403; viii. 355.
+
+ (7) "Hell." II. iv. 30, B.C. 403.
+
+ (8) See above, III. iv. 3; and below, VII. i. 34.
+
+ (9) See Paus. III. ix. 1-3.
+
+ (10) See Freeman, op. cit. p. 167, "Ill feeling between Thebes and
+    other towns."--"Against Thebes, backed by Sparta, resistance was
+    hopeless. It was not till long after that, at last  (in 395 B.C.),
+    on a favourable opportunity during the Corinthian war, Orchomenos
+    openly seceded." And for the prior "state of disaffection towards
+    Thebes on the part of the smaller cities," see "Mem." III. v. 2,
+    in reference to B.C. 407.
+
+ (11) Lit. "perioecid."
+
+And now that it was fully plain to the Thebans that the Lacedaemonians
+would invade their territory, they sent ambassadors to Athens, who spoke
+as follows:--
+
+"Men of Athens, it is a mistake on your part to blame us for certain
+harsh resolutions concerning Athens at the conclusion of the war.
+(12) That vote was not authorised by the state of Thebes. It was the
+utterance merely of one man, (13) who was at that time seated in
+the congress of the allies. A more important fact is that when the
+Lacedaemonians summoned us to attack Piraeus (14) the collective state
+of Thebes passed a resolution refusing to join in the campaign. As
+then you are to a large extent the cause of the resentment which the
+Lacedaemonians feel towards us, we consider it only fair that you in
+your turn should render us assistance. Still more do we demand of you,
+sirs, who were of the city party at that date, to enter heart and soul
+into war with the Lacedaemonians. For what were their services to you?
+They first deliberately converted you into an oligarchy and placed you
+in hostility to the democracy, and then they came with a great force
+under guise of being your allies, and delivered you over to the
+majority, so that, for any service they rendered you, you were all dead
+men; and you owe your lives to our friends here, the people of Athens.
+(15)
+
+ (12) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; and below, VI. v. 35.
+
+ (13) Plut. "Lys." xv. "Erianthus the Theban gave his vote to pull down
+    the city, and turn the country into sheep-pasture."--Clough, iii.
+    121.
+
+ (14) See "Hell." II. iv. 30.
+
+ (15) See "Hell." II. iv. 38, 40, 41.
+
+"But to pass on--we all know, men of Athens, that you would like to
+recover the empire which you formerly possessed; and how can you compass
+your object better than by coming to the aid yourselves of the victims
+of Lacedaemonian injustice? Is it their wide empire of which you are
+afraid? Let not that make cowards of you--much rather let it embolden
+you as you lay to heart and ponder your own case. When your empire was
+widest then the crop of your enemies was thickest. Only so long as they
+found no opportunity to revolt did they keep their hatred of you dark;
+but no sooner had they found a champion in Lacedaemon than they at once
+showed what they really felt towards you. So too to-day. Let us show
+plainly that we mean to stand shoulder to shoulder (16) embattled
+against the Lacedaemonians; and haters enough of them--whole
+armies--never fear, will be forthcoming. To prove the truth of this
+assertion you need only to count upon your fingers. How many friends
+have they left to them to-day? The Argives have been, are, and ever will
+be, hostile to them. Of course. But the Eleians? Why, the Eleians have
+quite lately (17) been robbed of so much territory and so many cities
+that their friendship is converted into hatred. And what shall we say
+of the Corinthians? the Arcadians? the Achaeans? In the war which Sparta
+waged against you, there was no toil, no danger, no expense, which those
+peoples did not share, in obedience to the dulcet coaxings (18) and
+persuasions of that power. The Lacedaemonians gained what they wanted,
+and then not one fractional portion of empire, honour, or wealth did
+these faithful followers come in for. That is not all. They have no
+scruple in appointing their helots (19) as governors, and on the free
+necks of their alies, in the day of their good fortune, they have
+planted the tyrant's heel.
+
+ (16) Lit. "shield to shield."
+
+ (17) Lit. "to-day," "nowadays."
+
+ (18) {mala liparoumenoi}. See Thuc. i. 66 foll.; vi. 88.
+
+ (19) See "Pol. Lac." xiv.
+
+"Then again take the case of those whom they have detached from
+yourselves. In the most patent way they have cajoled and cheated them;
+in place of freedom they have presented them with a twofold slavery. The
+allies are tyrannised over by the governor and tyrannised over by the
+ten commissioners set up by Lysander over every city. (20) And to come
+lastly to the great king. In spite of all the enormous contributions
+with which he aided them to gain a mastery over you, is the lord of Asia
+one whit better off to-day than if he had taken exactly the opposite
+course and joined you in reducing them?
+
+ (20) Grote ("H. G." ix. 323), referring to this passage, and to
+    "Hell." VI. iii. 8-11, notes the change in Spartan habits between
+    405 and 394 B.C. (i.e. between the victory of Aegospotami and the
+    defeat of Cnidos), when Sparta possessed a large public revenue
+    derived from the tribute of the dependent cities. For her earlier
+    condition, 432 B.C., cf. Thuc. i. 80. For her subsequent
+    condition, 334 B.C., cf. Arist. "Pol." ii. 6, 23.
+
+"Is it not clear that you have only to step forward once again as the
+champions of this crowd of sufferers from injustice, and you will attain
+to a pinnacle of power quite unprecedented? In the days of your old
+empire you were leaders of the maritime powers merely--that is clear;
+but your new empire to-day will be universal. You will have at
+your backs not only your former subjects, but ourselves, and the
+Peloponnesians, and the king himself, with all that mighty power
+which is his. We do not deny that we were serviceable allies enough to
+Lacedaemon, as you will bear us witness; but this we say:--If we helped
+the Lacedaemonians vigorously in the past, everything tends to show that
+we shall help you still more vigorously to-day; for our swords will be
+unsheathed, not in behalf of islanders, or Syracusans, or men of alien
+stock, as happened in the late war, but of ourselves, suffering under a
+sense of wrong. And there is another important fact which you ought to
+realise: this selfish system of organised greed which is Sparta's will
+fall more readily to pieces than your own late empire. Yours was the
+proud assertion of naval empire over subjects powerless by sea. Theirs
+is the selfish sway of a minority asserting dominion over states equally
+well armed with themselves, and many times more numerous. Here our
+remarks end. Do not forget, however, men of Athens, that as far as we
+can understand the matter, the field to which we invite you is destined
+to prove far richer in blessings to your own state of Athens than to
+ours, Thebes."
+
+With these words the speaker ended. Among the Athenians, speaker after
+speaker spoke in favour of the proposition, (21) and finally a unanimous
+resolution was passed voting assistance to the Thebans. Thrasybulus, in
+an answer communicating the resolution, pointed out with pride that in
+spite of the unfortified condition of Piraeus, Athens would not shrink
+from repaying her former debt of gratitude to Thebes with interest.
+"You," he added, "refused to join in a campaign against us; we are
+prepared to fight your battles with you against the enemy, if he attacks
+you." Thus the Thebans returned home and made preparations to defend
+themselves, whilst the Athenians made ready to assist them.
+
+ (21) For the alliance between Boeotia and Athens, B.C. 395, see
+    Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 6; Hicks, op. cit. 65; Lys. "pro Man." S.
+    13; Jebb, "Att. Or." i. p. 247; and the two speeches of the same
+    orator Lysias against Alcibiades (son of the famous Alcibiades),
+    on a Charge of Desertion ("Or." xiv.), and on a Charge of Failure
+    to Serve ("Or." xv.)--Jebb, op. cit. i. p. 256 foll.
+
+And now the Lacedaemonians no longer hesitated. Pausanias the
+king advanced into Boeotia with the home army and the whole of the
+Peloponnesian contingents, saving only the Corinthians, who declined
+to serve. Lysander, at the head of the army supplied by Phocis and
+Orchomenus and the other strong places in those parts, had already
+reached Haliartus, in front of Pausanias. Being arrived, he refused to
+sit down quietly and await the arrival of the army from Lacedaemon, but
+at once marched with what troops he had against the walls of Haliartus;
+and in the first instance he tried to persuade the citizens to detach
+themselves from Thebes and to assume autonomy, but the intention was
+cut short by certain Thebans within the fortress. Whereupon Lysander
+attacked the place. The Thebans were made aware, (22) and hurried to the
+rescue with heavy infantry and cavalry. Then, whether it was that the
+army of relief fell upon Lysander unawares, or that with clear knowledge
+of his approach he preferred to await the enemy, with intent to crush
+him, is uncertain. This only is clear: a battle was fought beside the
+walls, and a trophy still exists to mark the victory of the townsfolk
+before the gates of Haliartus. Lysander was slain, and the rest fled to
+the mountains, the Thebans hotly pursuing. But when the pursuit had led
+them to some considerable height, and they were fairly environed and
+hemmed in by difficult ground and narrow space, then the heavy infantry
+turned to bay, and greeted them with a shower of darts and missiles.
+First two or three men dropped who had been foremost of the pursuers,
+and then upon the rest they poured volleys of stones down the
+precipitous incline, and pressed on their late pursuers with much zeal,
+until the Thebans turned tail and quitted the deadly slope, leaving
+behind them more than a couple of hundred corpses.
+
+ (22) See Plut. "Lys." xxviii. (Clough, iii. 137).
+
+On this day, thereafter, the hearts of the Thebans failed them as they
+counted their losses and found them equal to their gains; but the next
+day they discovered that during the night the Phocians and the rest of
+them had made off to their several homes, whereupon they fell to pluming
+themselves highly on their achievement. But presently Pausanias appeared
+at the head of the Lacedaemonian army, and once more their dangers
+seemed to thicken round them. Deep, we are told, was the silence and
+abasement which reigned in their host. It was not until the third day,
+when the Athenians arrived (23) and were duely drawn up beside them,
+whilst Pausanias neither attacked nor offered battle, that at length the
+confidence of the Thebans took a larger range. Pausanias, on his side,
+having summoned his generals and commanders of fifties, (24) deliberated
+whether to give battle or to content himself with picking up the bodies
+of Lysander and those who fell with him, under cover of a truce.
+
+ (23) See Dem. "On the Crown," 258.
+
+ (24) Lit. "polemarchs and penteconters"--"colonels and lieutenants."
+    See "Pol. Lac." xi.
+
+The considerations which weighed upon the minds of Pausanias and
+the other high officers of the Lacedaemonians seem to have been that
+Lysander was dead and his defeated army in retreat; while, as far as
+they themselves were concerned, the Corinthian contingent was absolutely
+wanting, and the zeal of the troops there present at the lowest ebb.
+They further reasoned that the enemy's cavalry was numerous and theirs
+the reverse; whilst, weightiest of all, there lay the dead right under
+the walls, so that if they had been ever so much stronger it would have
+been no easy task to pick up the bodies within range of the towers of
+Haliartus. On all these grounds they determined to ask for a flag of
+truce, in order to pick up the bodies of the slain. These, however, the
+Thebans were not disposed to give back unless they agreed to retire from
+their territory. The terms were gladly accepted by the Lacedaemonians,
+who at once picked up the corpses of the slain, and prepared to quit the
+territory of Boeotia. The preliminaries were transacted, and the retreat
+commenced. Despondent indeed was the demeanour of the Lacedaemonians,
+in contrast with the insolent bearing of the Thebans, who visited the
+slightest attempt to trespass on their private estates with blows and
+chased the offenders back on to the high roads unflinchingly. Such was
+the conclusion of the campaign of the Lacedaemonians.
+
+As for Pausanias, on his arrival at home he was tried on the capital
+charge. The heads of indictment set forth that he had failed to reach
+Haliartus as soon as Lysander, in spite of his undertaking to be there
+on the same day: that, instead of using any endeavour to pick up the
+bodies of the slain by force of arms, he had asked for a flag of truce:
+that at an earlier date, when he had got the popular government of
+Athens fairly in his grip at Piraeus, he had suffered it to slip through
+his fingers and escape. Besides this, (25) he failed to present himself
+at the trial, and a sentence of death was passed upon him. He escaped
+to Tegea and there died of an illness whilst still in exile. Thus closes
+the chapter of events enacted on the soil of Hellas. To return to Asia
+and Agesilaus.
+
+ (25) Or, add, "as a further gravamen."
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IV
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 395. With the fall of the year Agesilaus reached Phrygia--the
+Phrygia of Pharnabazus--and proceeded to burn and harry the district.
+City after city was taken, some by force and some by voluntary
+surrender. To a proposal of Spithridates to lead him into Paphlagonia,
+(1) where he would introduce the king of the country to him in
+conference and obtain his alliance, he readily acceded. It was a
+long-cherished ambition of Agesilaus to alienate some one of the subject
+nations from the Persian monarch, and he pushed forward eagerly.
+
+ (1) See Hartman ("An. Xen." p. 339), who suggests {Otun auto} for {sun
+    auto}.
+
+On his arrival in Paphlagonia, King Otys (2) came, and an alliance was
+made. (The fact was, he had been summoned by the king to Susa and had
+not gone up.) More than that, through the persuasion of Spithridates he
+left behind as a parting gift to Agesilaus one thousand cavalry and a
+couple of thousand peltasts. Agesilaus was anxious in some way to
+show his gratitude to Spithridates for such help, and spoke as
+follows:--"Tell me," he said to Spithridates, "would you not like to
+give your daughter to King Otys?" "Much more would I like to give her,"
+he answered, "than he to take her--I an outcast wanderer, and he lord
+of a vast territory and forces." Nothing more was said at the time about
+the marriage; but when Otys was on the point of departure and came to
+bid farewell, Agesilaus, having taken care that Spithridates should be
+out of the way, in the presence of the Thirty broached the subject: (3)
+"Can you tell me, Otys, to what sort of family Spithridates belongs?"
+"To one of the noblest in Persia," replied the king. Agesilaus: "Have
+you observed how beautiful his son is?" Otys: "To be sure; last evening
+I was supping with him." Agesilaus: "And they tell me his daughter
+is yet more beautiful." Otys: "That may well be; beautiful she is."
+Agesilaus: "For my part, as you have proved so good a friend to us, I
+should like to advise you to take this girl to wife. Not only is she
+very beautiful--and what more should a husband ask for?--but her
+father is of noble family, and has a force at his back large enough to
+retaliate on Pharnabazus for an injury. He has made the satrap, as you
+see, a fugitive and a vagabond in his own vast territory. I need not
+tell you," he added, "that a man who can so chastise an enemy is well
+able to benefit a friend; and of this be assured: by such an alliance
+you will gain not the connection of Spithridates alone, but of myself
+and the Lacedaemonians, and, as we are the leaders of Hellas, of
+the rest of Hellas also. And what a wedding yours will be! Were ever
+nuptials celebrated on so grand a scale before? Was ever bride led home
+by such an escort of cavalry and light-armed troops and heavy infantry,
+as shall escort your wife home to your palace?" Otys asked: "Is
+Spithridates of one mind with you in this proposal?" and Agesilaus
+answered: "In good sooth he did not bid me make it for him. And for
+my own part in the matter, though it is, I admit, a rare pleasure to
+requite an enemy, yet I had far rather at any time discover some good
+fortune for my friends." Otys: "Why not ask if your project pleases
+Spithridates too?" Then Agesilaus, turning to Herippidas and the rest
+of the Thirty, bade them go to Spithridates; "and give him such good
+instruction," he added, "that he shall wish what we wish." The Thirty
+rose and retired to administer their lesson. But they seemed to tarry
+a long time, and Agesilaus asked: "What say you, King Otys--shall we
+summon him hither ourselves? You, I feel certain, are better able to
+persuade him than the whole Thirty put together." Thereupon Agesilaus
+summoned Spithridates and the others. As they came forward, Herippidas
+promptly delivered himself thus: "I spare you the details, Agesilaus.
+To make a long story short, Spithridates says, 'He will be glad to do
+whatever pleases you.'" Then Agesilaus, turning first to one and then
+to the other: "What pleases me," said he, "is that you should wed a
+daughter--and you a wife--so happily. (4) But," he added, "I do not see
+how we can well bring home the bride by land till spring." "No, not by
+land," the suitor answered, "but you might, if you chose, conduct her
+home at once by sea." Thereupon they exchanged pledges to ratify the
+compact; and so sent Otys rejoicing on his way.
+
+ (2) See "Ages." iii. 4, where he is called Cotys.
+
+ (3) I.e. "Spartan counsellors."
+
+ (4) Or, "and may the wedding be blest!"
+
+Agesilaus, who had not failed to note the king's impatience, at once
+fitted out a ship of war and gave orders to Callias, a Lacedaemonian,
+to escort the maiden to her new home; after which he himself began his
+march on Dascylium. Here was the palace of Pharnabazus. It lay in the
+midst of abundant supplies. Here, too, were most fair hunting grounds,
+offering the hunter choice between enclosed parks (5) and a wide expanse
+of field and fell; and all around there flowed a river full of fish
+of every sort; and for the sportsman versed in fowling, winged game in
+abundance.
+
+ (5) Lit. "paradises." See "Anab." I. ii. 7; "Cyrop." I. iv. 11.
+
+In these quarters the Spartan king passed the winter, collecting
+supplies for the army either on the spot or by a system of forage. On
+one of these occasions the troops, who had grown reckless and scornful
+of the enemy through long immunity from attack, whilst engaged
+in collecting supplies were scattered over the flat country, when
+Pharnabazus fell upon them with two scythe-chariots and about four
+hundred horse. Seeing him thus advancing, the Hellenes ran together,
+mustering possibly seven hundred men. The Persian did not hesitate, but
+placing his chariots in front, supported by himself and the cavalry, he
+gave the command to charge. The scythe-chariots charged and scattered
+the compact mass, and speedily the cavalry had laid low in the dust
+about a hundred men, while the rest retreated hastily, under cover of
+Agesilaus and his hoplites, who were fortunately near.
+
+It was the third or fourth day after this that Spithridates made a
+discovery: Pharnabazus lay encamped in Caue, a large village not more
+than eighteen miles (6) away. This news he lost no time in reporting
+to Herippidas. The latter, who was longing for some brilliant exploit,
+begged Agesilaus to furnish him with two thousand hoplites, an equal
+number of peltasts, and some cavalry--the latter to consist of the
+horsemen of Spithridates, the Paphlagonians, and as many Hellene
+troopers as he might perchance persuade to follow him. Having got the
+promise of them from Agesilaus, he proceeded to take the auspices.
+Towards late afternoon he obtained favourable omens and broke off the
+sacrifice. Thereupon he ordered the troops to get their evening meal,
+after which they were to present themselves in front of the camp. But by
+the time darkness had closed in, not one half of them had come out. To
+abandon the project was to call down the ridicule of the rest of the
+Thirty. So he set out with the force to hand, and about daylight,
+falling on the camp of Pharnabazus, put many of his advanced guard
+of Mysians to the sword. The men themselves made good their escape in
+different directions, but the camp was taken, and with it divers goblets
+and other gear such as a man like Pharnabazus would have, not to speak
+of much baggage and many baggage animals. It was the dread of being
+surrounded and besieged, if he should establish himself for long at any
+one spot, which induced Pharnabazus to flee in gipsy fashion from point
+to point over the country, carefully obliterating his encampments.
+Now as the Paphlagonians and Spithridates brought back the captured
+property, they were met by Herippidas with his brigadiers and captains,
+who stopped them and (7) relieved them of all they had; the object being
+to have as large a list as possible of captures to deliver over to the
+officers who superintended the sale of booty. (8) This treatment the
+Asiatics found intolerable. They deemed themselves at once injured
+and insulted, got their kit together in the night, and made off in the
+direction of Sardis to join Ariaeus without mistrust, seeing that he
+too had revolted and gone to war with the king. On Agesilaus himself
+no heavier blow fell during the whole campaign than the desertion of
+Spithridates and Megabates and the Paphlagonians.
+
+ (6) Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
+
+ (7) Or, "captains posted to intercept them, who relieved..." See
+    "Anab." IV. i. 14.
+
+ (8) See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 11, for these officers.
+
+Now there was a certain man of Cyzicus, Apollophanes by name; he was an
+old friend of Pharnabazus, and at this time had become a friend also
+of Agesilaus. (9) This man informed Agesilaus that he thought he could
+bring about a meeting between him and Pharnabazus, which might tend to
+friendship; and having so got ear of him, he obtained pledges of good
+faith between his two friends, and presented himself with Pharnabazus at
+the trysting-place, where Agesilaus with the Thirty around him awaited
+their coming, reclined upon a grassy sward. Pharnabazus presently
+arrived clad in costliest apparel; but just as his attendants were about
+to spread at his feet the carpets on which the Persians delicately seat
+themselves, he was touched with a sense of shame at his own luxury
+in sight of the simplicity of Agesilaus, and he also without further
+ceremony seated himself on the bare ground. And first the two bade one
+another hail, and then Pharnabazus stretched out his right hand and
+Agesilaus his to meet him, and the conversation began. Pharnabazus, as
+the elder of the two, spoke first. "Agesilaus," he said, "and all you
+Lacedaemonians here present, while you were at war with the Athenians
+I was your friend and ally; it was I who furnished the wealth that made
+your navy strong on sea; on land I fought on horseback by your side,
+and pursued your enemies into the sea. (10) As to duplicity like that of
+Tissaphernes, I challenge you to accuse me of having played you false by
+word or deed. Such have I ever been; and in return how am I treated
+by yourselves to-day?--in such sort that I cannot even sup in my own
+country unless, like the wild animals, I pick up the scraps you chance
+to leave. The beautiful palaces which my father left me as an heirloom,
+the parks (11) full of trees and beasts of the chase in which my heart
+rejoiced, lie before my eyes hacked to pieces, burnt to ashes. Maybe I
+do not comprehend the first principles of justice and holiness; do you
+then explain to me how all this resembles the conduct of men who know
+how to repay a simple debt of gratitude." He ceased, and the Thirty were
+ashamed before him and kept silence. (12)
+
+ (9) "Ages." v. 4; Plut. "Ages." xi. (Clough, iv. p. 14).
+
+ (10) See "Hell." I. i. 6.
+
+ (11) Lit. "paradises."
+
+ (12) Theopompus of Chios, the historian (b. B.C. 378, fl. B.C. 333),
+    "in the eleventh book  (of his {Suntazis Ellenikon}) borrowed
+    Xenophon's lively account of the interview between Agesilaus and
+    Pharnabazus (Apollonius apud Euseb. B, "Praep. Evang." p. 465)."
+    See "Hist. Lit. of Anc. Gr.," Muller and Donaldson, ii. p. 380.
+
+At length, after some pause, Agesilaus spoke. "I think you are aware,"
+he said, "Pharnabazus, that within the states of Hellas the folk of
+one community contract relations of friendship and hospitality with one
+another; (13) but if these states should go to war, then each man will
+side with his fatherland, and friend will find himself pitted against
+friend in the field of battle, and, if it so betide, the one may even
+deal the other his death-blow. So too we to-day, being at war with your
+sovereign lord the king, must needs regard as our enemy all that he
+calls his; not but that with yourself personally we should esteem it
+our high fortune to be friends. If indeed it were merely an exchange of
+service--were you asked to give up your lord the king and to take us as
+your masters in his stead, I could not so advise you; but the fact is,
+by joining with us it is in your power to-day to bow your head to no
+man, to call no man master, to reap the produce of your own domain in
+freedom--freedom, which to my mind is more precious than all riches. Not
+that we bid you to become a beggar for the sake of freedom, but rather
+to use our friendship to increase not the king's authority, but your
+own, by subduing those who are your fellow-slaves to-day, and who
+to-morrow shall be your willing subjects. Well, then, freedom given and
+wealth added--what more would you desire to fill the cup of happiness to
+overflowing?" Pharnabazus replied: "Shall I tell you plainly what I will
+do?" "That were but kind and courteous on your part," he answered. "Thus
+it stands with me, then," said Pharnabazus. "If the king should send
+another general, and if he should wish to rank me under this new
+man's orders, I, for my part, am willing to accept your friendship and
+alliance; but if he offers me the supreme command--why, then, I plainly
+tell you, there is a certain something in the very name ambition which
+whispers me that I shall war against you to the best of my ability."
+(14) When he heard that, Agesilaus seized the satrap's hand, exclaiming:
+"Ah, best of mortals, may the day arrive which sends us such a friend!
+Of one thing rest assured. This instant I leave your territory with what
+haste I may, and for the future--even in case of war--as long as we can
+find foes elsewhere our hands shall hold aloof from you and yours."
+
+ (13) Or, add, "we call them guest friends."
+
+ (14) Or, "so subtle a force, it seems, is the love of honour that."
+    Grote, "H. G." ix. 386; cf. Herod. iii. 57 for "ambition,"
+    {philotimia}.
+
+And with these words he broke up the meeting. Pharnabazus mounted his
+horse and rode away, but his son by Parapita, who was still in the bloom
+of youth, lingered behind; then, running up to Agesilaus, he exclaimed:
+"See, I choose you as my friend." "And I accept you," replied the king.
+"Remember, then," the lad answered, and with the word presented the
+beautiful javelin in his hand to Agesilaus, who received it, and
+unclasping a splendid trapping (15) which his secretary, Idaeus, had
+round the neck of his charger, he gave it in return to the youth;
+whereupon the boy leapt on his horse's back and galloped after his
+father. (16) At a later date, during the absence of Pharnabazus abroad,
+this same youth, the son of Parapita, was deprived of the government by
+his brother and driven into exile. Then Agesilaus took great interest
+in him, and as he had a strong attachment to the son of Eualces, an
+Athenian, Agesilaus did all he could to have this friend of his, who
+was the tallest of the boys, admitted to the two hundred yards race at
+Olympia.
+
+ (15) {phalara}, bosses of gold, silver, or other metals, cast or
+    chased, with some appropriate device in relief, which were worn as
+    an ornamental trapping for horses, affixed to the head-stall or to
+    a throat-collar, or to a martingale over the chest.--Rich's
+    "Companion to Lat. Dict. and Greek Lex.," s.v.
+
+ (16) See Grote, ix. 387; Plut. "Ages." xiv. (Clough, iv. 15); "Ages."
+    iii. 5. The incident is idealised in the "Cyrop." I. iv. 26 foll.
+    See "Lyra Heroica": CXXV. A Ballad of East and West--the incident
+    of the "turquoise-studded rein."
+
+B.C. 394. But to return to the actual moment. Agesilaus was as good as
+his word, and at once marched out of the territory of Pharnabazus. The
+season verged on spring. Reaching the plain of Thebe, (17) he encamped
+in the neighbourhood of the temple of Artemis of Astyra, (18) and there
+employed himself in collecting troops from every side, in addition to
+those which he already had, so as to form a complete armament. These
+preparations were pressed forward with a view to penetrating as far as
+possible into the interior. He was persuaded that every tribe or nation
+placed in his rear might be considered as alienated from the king.
+
+ (17) "Anab." VII. viii. 7.
+
+ (18) Vide Strab. xiii. 606, 613. Seventy stades from Thebe.
+
+
+
+II
+
+Such were the concerns and projects of Agesilaus. Meanwhile the
+Lacedaemonians at home were quite alive to the fact that moneys had been
+sent into Hellas, and that the bigger states were leagued together
+to declare war against them. It was hard to avoid the conclusion that
+Sparta herself was in actual danger, and that a campaign was inevitable.
+While busy, therefore, with preparations themselves, they lost no time
+in despatching Epicydidas to fetch Agesilaus. That officer, on his
+arrival, explained the position of affairs, and concluded by delivering
+a peremptory summons of the state recalling him to the assistance of
+the fatherland without delay. The announcement could not but come as a
+grievous blow to Agesilaus, as he reflected on the vanished hopes, and
+the honours plucked from his grasp. Still, he summoned the allies and
+announced to them the contents of the despatch from home. "To aid our
+fatherland," he added, "is an imperative duty. If, however, matters turn
+out well on the other side, rely upon it, friends and allies, I will
+not forget you, but I shall be back anon to carry out your wishes." When
+they heard the announcement many wept, and they passed a resolution, one
+and all, to assist Agesilaus in assisting Lacedaemon; if matters turned
+out well there, they undertook to take him as their leader and come back
+again to Asia; and so they fell to making preparations to follow him.
+
+Agesilaus, on his side, determined to leave behind him in Asia Euxenus
+as governor, and with him a garrison numbering no less than four
+thousand troops, which would enable him to protect the states in Asia.
+But for himself, as on the one hand he could see that the majority of
+the soldiers would far rather stay behind than undertake service against
+fellow-Hellenes, and on the other hand he wished to take as fine and
+large an army with him as he could, he offered prizes first to that
+state or city which should continue the best corps of troops, and
+secondly to that captain of mercenaries who should join the expedition
+with the best equipped battalion of heavy infantry, archers, and light
+infantry. On the same principle he informed the chief cavalry officers
+that the general who succeeded in presenting the best accoutred and best
+mounted regiment would receive from himself some victorious distinction.
+"The final adjudication," he said, "would not be made until they had
+crossed from Asia into Europe and had reached the Chersonese; and this
+with a view to impress upon them that the prizes were not for show but
+for real campaigners." (1) These consisted for the most part of infantry
+or cavalry arms and accoutrements tastefully furnished, besides which
+there were chaplets of gold. The whole, useful and ornamental alike,
+must have cost nearly a thousand pounds, (2) but as the result of this
+outlay, no doubt, arms of great value were procured for the expedition.
+(3) When the Hellespont was crossed the judges were appointed. The
+Lacedaemonians were represented by Menascus, Herippidas, and
+Orsippus, and the allies by one member from each state. As soon as the
+adjudication was complete, the army commenced its march with Agesilaus
+at its head, following the very route taken by the great king when he
+invaded Hellas.
+
+ (1) Or, "that the perfection of equipment was regarded as anticipative
+    of actual service in the field." Cobet suggests for {eukrinein}
+    {dieukrinein}; cf. "Oecon." viii. 6.
+
+ (2) Lit. "at least four talents" = 975 pounds.
+
+ (3) Or, "beyond which, the arms and material to equip the expedition
+    were no doubt highly costly."
+
+Meanwhile the ephors had called out the ban, and as Agesipolis was still
+a boy, the state called upon Aristodemus, who was of the royal family
+and guardian of the young king, to lead the expedition; and now that
+the Lacedaemonians were ready to take the field and the forces of their
+opponents were duly mustered, the latter met (4) to consider the most
+advantageous method of doing battle.
+
+ (4) At Corinth. See above, III. iv. 11; below, V. iv. 61, where the
+    victory of Nixos is described but not localised.
+
+Timolaus of Corinth spoke: "Soldiers of the allied forces," he said,
+"the growth of Lacedaemon seems to me just like that of some mighty
+river--at its sources small and easily crossed, but as it farther and
+farther advances, other rivers discharge themselves into its channel, and
+its stream grows ever more formidable. So is it with the Lacedaemonians.
+Take them at the starting-point and they are but a single community, but
+as they advance and attach city after city they grow more numerous
+and more resistless. I observe that when people wish to take wasps'
+nests--if they try to capture the creatures on the wing, they are liable
+to be attacked by half the hive; whereas, if they apply fire to them ere
+they leave their homes, they will master them without scathe themselves.
+On this principle I think it best to bring about the battle within the
+hive itself, or, short of that, as close to Lacedaemon as possible." (5)
+
+ (5) Or, "if not actually at Lacedaemon, then at least as near as
+    possible to the hornet's nest."
+
+The arguments of the speaker were deemed sound, and a resolution was
+passed in that sense; but before it could be carried out there were
+various arrangements to be made. There was the question of headship.
+Then, again, what was the proper depth of line to be given to the
+different army corps? for if any particular state or states gave too
+great a depth to their battle line they would enable the enemy to turn
+their flank. Whilst they were debating these points, the Lacedaemonians
+had incorporated the men of Tegea and the men of Mantinea, and were
+ready to debouch into the bimarine region. (6) And as the two armies
+advanced almost at the same time, the Corinthians and the rest reached
+the Nemea, (7) and the Lacedaemonians and their allies occupied Sicyon.
+The Lacedaemonians entered by Epieiceia, and at first were severely
+handled by the light-armed troops of the enemy, who discharged stones
+and arrows from the vantage-ground on their right; but as they dropped
+down upon the Gulf of Corinth they advanced steadily onwards through the
+flat country, felling timber and burning the fair land. Their rivals, on
+their side, after a certain forward movement, (8) paused and encamped,
+placing the ravine in front of them; but still the Lacedaemonians
+advanced, and it was only when they were within ten furlongs (9) of the
+hostile position that they followed suit and encamped, and then they
+remained quiet.
+
+ (6) I.e. "the shores of the Corinthian Gulf." Or, "upon the strand or
+    coast road or coast land of Achaia"  (aliter {ten aigialon}(?) the
+    Strand of the Corinthian Gulf, the old name of this part of
+    Achaia).
+
+ (7) Or, "the district of Nemea."
+
+ (8) {epelthontes}, but see Grote ("H. G." ix. 425 note), who prefers
+    {apelthontes} = retreated and encamped.
+
+ (9) Lit. "ten stades." For the numbers below, see Grote, "H. G." ix.
+    422, note 1.
+
+And here I may state the numbers on either side. The Lacedaemonian
+heavy-armed infantry levies amounted to six thousand men. Of Eleians,
+Triphylians, Acroreians, and Lasionians, there must have been nearly
+three thousand, with fifteen hundred Sicyonians, while Epidaurus,
+Troezen, Hermione, and Halieis (10) contributed at least another three
+thousand. To these heavy infantry troops must be added six hundred
+Lacedaemonian cavalry, a body of Cretan archers about three hundred
+strong, besides another force of slingers, at least four hundred in
+all, consisting of Marganians, Letrinians, and Amphidolians. The men
+of Phlius were not represented. Their plea was they were keeping "holy
+truce." That was the total of the forces on the Lacedaemonian side.
+There was collected on the enemy's side six thousand Athenian heavy
+infantry, with about, as was stated, seven thousand Argives, and in the
+absence of the men of Orchomenus something like five thousand Boeotians.
+There were besides three thousand Corinthians, and again from the whole
+of Euboea at least three thousand. These formed the heavy infantry.
+Of cavalry the Boeotians, again in the absence of the Orchomenians,
+furnished eight hundred, the Athenians (11) six hundred, the Chalcidians
+of Euboea one hundred, the Opuntian Locrians (12) fifty. Their light
+troops, including those of the Corinthians, were more numerous, as the
+Ozolian Locrians, the Melians, and Arcarnanians (13) helped to swell
+their numbers.
+
+ (10) Halieis, a seafaring people (Strabo, viii. 373) and town on the
+    coast of Hermionis; Herod. vii. 137; Thuc. i. 105, ii. 56, iv. 45;
+    Diod. xi. 78; "Hell." VI. ii. 3.
+
+ (11) For a treaty between Athens and Eretria, B.C. 395, see Hicks, 66;
+    and below, "Hell." IV. iii. 15; Hicks, 68, 69; Diod. xiv. 82.
+
+ (12) See above, "Hell." III. v. 3.
+
+ (13) See below, "Hell." IV. vi. 1; ib. vii. 1; VI. v. 23.
+
+Such was the strength of the two armies. The Boeotians, as long as they
+occupied the left wing, showed no anxiety to join battle, but after a
+rearrangement which gave them the right, placing the Athenians opposite
+the Lacedaemonians, and themselves opposite the Achaeans, at once, we
+are told, (14) the victims proved favourable, and the order was passed
+along the lines to prepare for immediate action. The Boeotians, in the
+first place, abandoning the rule of sixteen deep, chose to give their
+division the fullest possible depth, and, moreover, kept veering
+more and more to their right, with the intention of overlapping their
+opponent's flank. The consequence was that the Athenians, to avoid being
+absolutely severed, were forced to follow suit, and edged towards the
+right, though they recognised the risk they ran of having their flank
+turned. For a while the Lacedaemonians had no idea of the advance of the
+enemy, owing to the rough nature of the ground, (15) but the notes of
+the paean at length announced to them the fact, and without an instant's
+delay the answering order "prepare for battle" ran along the different
+sections of their army. As soon as their troops were drawn up, according
+to the tactical disposition of the various generals of foreign brigades,
+the order was passed to "follow the lead," and then the Lacedaemonians
+on their side also began edging to their right, and eventually stretched
+out their wing so far that only six out of the ten regimental divisions
+of the Athenians confronted the Lacedaemonians, the other four finding
+themselves face to face with the men of Tegea. And now when they
+were less than a furlong (16) apart, the Lacedaemonians sacrificed in
+customary fashion a kid to the huntress goddess, (17) and advanced upon
+their opponents, wheeling round their overlapping columns to outflank
+his left. As the two armies closed, the allies of Lacedaemon were as
+a rule fairly borne down by their opponents. The men of Pellene alone,
+steadily confronting the Thespiaeans, held their ground, and the dead
+of either side strewed the position. (18) As to the Lacedaemonians
+themselves: crushing that portion of the Athenian troops which lay
+immediately in front of them, and at the same time encircling them
+with their overlapping right, they slew man after man of them; and,
+absolutely unscathed themselves, their unbroken columns continued their
+march, and so passed behind the four remaining divisions (19) of the
+Athenians before these latter had returned from their own victorious
+pursuit. Whereby the four divisions in question also emerged from battle
+intact, except for the casualties inflicted by the Tegeans in the
+first clash of the engagement. The troops next encountered by the
+Lacedaemonians were the Argives retiring. These they fell foul of, and
+the senior polemarch was just on the point of closing with them "breast
+to breast" when some one, it is said, shouted, "Let their front ranks
+pass." This was done, and as the Argives raced past, their enemies
+thrust at their unprotected (20) sides and killed many of them. The
+Corinthians were caught in the same way as they retired, and when their
+turn had passed, once more the Lacedaemonians lit upon a portion of the
+Theban division retiring from the pursuit, and strewed the field with
+their dead. The end of it all was that the defeated troops in the first
+instance made for safety to the walls of their city, but the Corinthians
+within closed the gates, whereupon the troops took up quarters once
+again in their old encampment. The Lacedaemonians on their side withdrew
+to the point at which they first closed with the enemy, and there set up
+a trophy of victory. So the battle ended.
+
+ (14) Or, "then they lost no time in discovering that the victims
+    proved favourable."
+
+ (15) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 428; cf. Lys. "pro Mant." 20.
+
+ (16) Lit. "a stade."
+
+ (17) Lit. "our Lady of the Chase." See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 8.
+
+ (18) Lit. "men on either side kept dropping at their post."
+
+ (19) Lit. "tribes."
+
+ (20) I.e. "right."
+
+
+
+III
+
+Meanwhile Agesilaus was rapidly hastening with his reinforcements from
+Asia. He had reached Amphipolis when Dercylidas brought the news of this
+fresh victory of the Lacedaemonians; their own loss had been eight men,
+that of the enemy considerable. It was his business at the same time to
+explain that not a few of the allies had fallen also. Agesilaus
+asked, "Would it not be opportune, Dercylidas, if the cities that have
+furnished us with contingents could hear of this victory as soon as
+possible?" And Dercylidas replied: "The news at any rate is likely
+to put them in better heart." Then said the king: "As you were an
+eye-witness there could hardly be a better bearer of the news than
+yourself." To this proposal Dercylidas lent a willing ear--to travel
+abroad (1) was his special delight--and he replied, "Yes, under your
+orders." "Then you have my orders," the king said. "And you may further
+inform the states from myself that we have not forgotten our promise;
+if all goes well over here we shall be with them again ere long."
+So Dercylidas set off on his travels, in the first instance to the
+Hellespont; (2) while Agesilaus crossed Macedonia, and arrived in
+Thessaly. And now the men of Larissa, Crannon, Scotussa, and Pharsalus,
+who were allies of the Boeotians--and in fact all the Thessalians except
+the exiles for the time being--hung on his heels (3) and did him damage.
+
+ (1) See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 4.
+
+ (2) See below, "Hell." IV. viii. 3.
+
+ (3) See "Ages." ii. 2; Grote, "H. G." ix. 420, note 2.
+
+For some while he marched his troops in a hollow square, (4) posting
+half his cavalry in front and half on his rear; but finding that the
+Thessalians checked his passage by repeated charges from behind, he
+strengthened his rearguard by sending round the cavalry from his van,
+with the exception of his own personal escort. (5) The two armies stood
+confronted in battle order; but the Thessalians, not liking the notion
+of a cavalry engagement with heavy infantry, turned, and step by step
+retreated, while the others followed them with considerable caution.
+Agesilaus, perceiving the error under which both alike laboured, now
+sent his own personal guard of stalwart troopers with orders that both
+they and the rest of the horsemen should charge at full gallop, (6)
+and not give the enemy the chance to recoil. The Thessalians were taken
+aback by this unexpected onslaught, and half of them never thought of
+wheeling about, whilst those who did essay to do so presented the
+flanks of their horses to the charge, (7) and were made prisoners.
+Still Polymarchus of Pharsalus, the general in command of their cavalry,
+rallied his men for an instant, and fell, sword in hand, with his
+immediate followers. This was the signal for a flight so precipitate on
+the part of the Thessalians, that their dead and dying lined the road,
+and prisoners were taken; nor was any halt made until they reached Mount
+Narthacius. Here, then, midway between Pras and Narthacius, Agesilaus
+set up a trophy, halting for the moment, in unfeigned satisfaction at
+the exploit. It was from antagonists who prided themselves on their
+cavalry beyond everything that he had wrested victory, with a body
+of cavalry of his own mustering. Next day he crossed the mountains
+of Achaea Phthiotis, and for the future continued his march through
+friendly territory until he reached the confines of Boeotia.
+
+ (4) See Rustow and Kochly, S. 187 foll.
+
+ (5) See Thuc. v. 72; Herod. vi. 56, viii. 124.
+
+ (6) Lit. "and bids them pass the order to the others and themselves to
+    charge," etc.
+
+ (7) See "Horsemanship," vii. 16; Polyb. iv. 8.
+
+Here, at the entrance of that territory, the sun (in partial eclipse)
+(8) seemed to appear in a crescent shape, and the news reached him of
+the defeat of the Lacedaemonians in a naval engagement, and the death
+of the admiral Peisander. Details of the disaster were not wanting. The
+engagement of the hostile fleets took place off Cnidus. Pharnabazus, the
+Persian admiral, was present with the Phoenician fleet, and in front
+of him were ranged the ships of the Hellenic squadron under Conon.
+Peisander had ventured to draw out his squadron to meet the combined
+fleets, though the numerical inferiority of his fleet to that of the
+Hellenic navy under Conon was conspicuous, and he had the mortification
+of seeing the allies who formed his left wing take to flight
+immediately. He himself came to close quarters with the enemy, and was
+driven on shore, on board his trireme, under pressure of the hostile
+rams. The rest, as many as were driven to shore, deserted their ships
+and sought safety as best they could in the territory of Cnidus. The
+admiral alone stuck to his ship, and fell sword in hand.
+
+ (8) B.C. 394, August 14.
+
+It was impossible for Agesilaus not to feel depressed by those tidings
+at first; on further reflection, however, it seemed to him that the
+moral quality of more than half his troops well entitled them to share
+in the sunshine of success, but in the day of trouble, when things
+looked black, he was not bound to take them into his confidence.
+Accordingly he turned round and gave out that he had received news that
+Peisander was dead, but that he had fallen in the arms of victory in
+a sea-fight; and suiting his action to the word, he proceeded to offer
+sacrifice in return for good tidings, (9) distributing portions of the
+victims to a large number of recipients. So it befell that in the first
+skirmish with the enemy the troops of Agesilaus gained the upper hand,
+in consequence of the report that the Lacedaemonians had won a victory
+by sea.
+
+ (9) "Splendide mendax." For the ethics of the matter, see "Mem." IV.
+    ii. 17; "Cyrop." I. vi. 31.
+
+To confront Agesilaus stood an army composed of the Boeotians,
+Athenians, Argives, Corinthians, Aenianians, Euboeans, and both
+divisions of the Locrians. Agesilaus on his side had with him a division
+(10) of Lacedaemonians, which had crossed from Corinth, also half the
+division from Orchomenus; besides which there were the neodamodes (11)
+from Lacedaemon, on service with him already; and in addition to these
+the foreign contingent under Herippidas; (12) and again the quota
+furnished by the Hellenic cities in Asia, with others from the cities in
+Europe which he had brought over during his progress; and lastly, there
+were additional levies from the spot--Orchomenian and Phocian heavy
+infantry. In light-armed troops, it must be admitted, the numbers told
+heavily in favour of Agesilaus, but the cavalry (13) on both sides were
+fairly balanced.
+
+ (10) Lit. "a mora"; for the numbers, see "Ages." ii. 6; Plut. "Ages."
+    17; Grote, "H. G." ix. 433.
+
+ (11) I.e. "enfranchised helots."
+
+ (12) See "Ages." ii. 10, 11; and above, "Hell." III. iv. 20.
+
+ (13) See Hicks, op. cit. 68.
+
+Such were the forces of either party. I will describe the battle itself,
+if only on account of certain features which distinguish it from the
+battles of our time. The two armies met on the plain of Coronea--the
+troops of Agesilaus advancing from the Cephisus, the Thebans and their
+allies from the slopes of Helicon. Agesilaus commanded his own right
+in person, with the men of Orchomenus on his extreme left. The Thebans
+formed their own right, while the Argives held their left. As they drew
+together, for a while deep silence reigned on either side; but when they
+were not more than a furlong (14) apart, with the loud hurrah (15) the
+Thebans, quickening to a run, rushed furiously (16) to close quarters;
+and now there was barely a hundred yards (17) breadth between the two
+armies, when Herippidas with his foreign brigade, and with them the
+Ionians, Aeolians, and Hellespontines, darted out from the Spartans'
+battle-lines to greet their onset. One and all of the above played their
+part in the first rush forward; in another instant they were (18) within
+spear-thrust of the enemy, and had routed the section immediately before
+them. As to the Argives, they actually declined to receive the attack
+of Agesilaus, and betook themselves in flight to Helicon. At this
+moment some of the foreign division were already in the act of crowning
+Agesilaus with the wreath of victory, when some one brought him word
+that the Thebans had cut through the Orchomenians and were in among the
+baggage train. At this the Spartan general immediately turned his army
+right about and advanced against them. The Thebans, on their side,
+catching sight of their allies withdrawn in flight to the base of the
+Helicon, and anxious to get across to their own friends, formed in close
+order and tramped forward stoutly.
+
+ (14) Lit. "a stade."
+
+ (15) Lit. "Alalah."
+
+ (16) Like a tornado.
+
+ (17) Lit. "about three plethra."
+
+ (18) Or, "All these made up the attacking columns... and coming
+    within... routed..."
+
+At this point no one will dispute the valour of Agesilaus, but he
+certainly did not choose the safest course. It was open to him to make
+way for the enemy to pass, which done, he might have hung upon his heels
+and mastered his rear. This, however, he refused to do, preferring to
+crash full front against the Thebans. Thereupon, with close interlock
+of shield wedged in with shield, they shoved, they fought, they dealt
+death, (19) they breathed out life, till at last a portion of the
+Thebans broke their way through towards Helicon, but paid for that
+departure by the loss of many lives. And now the victory of Agesilaus
+was fairly won, and he himself, wounded, had been carried back to the
+main line, when a party of horse came galloping up to tell him that
+something like eighty of the enemy, under arms, were sheltering under
+the temple, and they asked what they ought to do. Agesilaus, though he
+was covered with wounds, did not, for all that, forget his duty to God.
+He gave orders to let them retire unscathed, and would not suffer any
+injury to be done to them. And now, seeing it was already late, they
+took their suppers and retired to rest.
+
+ (19) Or, "they slew, they were slain." In illustration of this famous
+    passage, twice again worked up in "Ages." ii. 12, and "Cyrop."
+    VII. i. 38, commented on by Longinus, {peri upsous}, 19, and
+    copied by Dio Cassius, 47, 45, I venture to quote a passage from
+    Mr. Rudyard Kipling, "With the Main Guard," p. 57, Mulvaney
+    loquitur: "The Tyrone was pushin' an' pushin' in, an' our men was
+    sweerin' at thim, an' Crook was workin' away in front av us all,
+    his sword-arm swingin' like a pump-handle an' his revolver
+    spittin' like a cat. But the strange thing av ut was the quiet
+    that lay upon. 'Twas like a fight in a dhrame--excipt for thim
+    that wus dead."
+
+But with the morning Gylis the polemarch received orders to draw up the
+troops in battle order, and to set up a trophy, every man crowned with a
+wreath in honour of the god, and all the pipers piping. Thus they busied
+themselves in the Spartan camp. On their side the Thebans sent heralds
+asking to bury their dead, under a truce; and in this wise a truce was
+made. Agesilaus withdrew to Delphi, where on arrival he offered to
+the god a tithe of the produce of his spoils--no less than a hundred
+talents. (20) Gylis the polemarch meanwhile withdrew into Phocis at the
+head of his troops, and from that district made a hostile advance into
+Locris. Here nearly a whole day was spent by the men in freely helping
+themselves to goods and chattels out of the villages and pillaging the
+corn; (21) but as it drew towards evening the troops began to retire,
+with the Lacedaemonians in the rear. The Locrians hung upon their heels
+with a heavy pelt of stones and javelins. Thereupon the Lacedaemonians
+turned short round and gave chase, laying some of their assailants low.
+Then the Locrians ceased clinging to their rear, but continued their
+volleys from the vantage-ground above. The Lacedaemonians again made
+efforts to pursue their persistent foes even up the slope. At last
+darkness descended on them, and as they retired man after man dropped,
+succumbing to the sheer difficulty of the ground; some in their
+inability to see what lay in front, or else shot down by the enemy's
+missiles. It was then that Gylis the polemarch met his end, as also
+Pelles, who was on his personal staff, and the whole of the Spartans
+present without exception--eighteen or thereabouts--perished, either
+crushed by stones or succumbing to other wounds. Indeed, except for
+timely aid brought from the camp where the men were supping, the chances
+are that not a man would have escaped to tell the tale.
+
+ (20) = 25,000 pounds nearly.
+
+ (21) Or, "not to speak of provisions."
+
+
+
+IV
+
+This incident ended the campaign. The army as a whole was disbanded, the
+contingents retiring to their several cities, and Agesilaus home across
+the Gulf by sea.
+
+B.C. 393. Subsequently (1) the war between the two parties recommenced.
+The Athenians, Boeotians, Argives, and the other allies made Corinth
+the base of their operations; the Lacedaemonians and their allies held
+Sicyon as theirs. As to the Corinthians, they had to face the fact that,
+owing to their proximity to the seat of war, it was their territory
+which was ravaged and their people who perished, while the rest of
+the allies abode in peace and reaped the fruits of their lands in due
+season. Hence the majority of them, including the better class, desired
+peace, and gathering into knots they indoctrinated one another with
+these views.
+
+ (1) B.C. 393. See Grote, ix. p. 455, note 2 foll.; "Hell." IV. viii.
+    7.
+
+B.C. 392. (2) On the other hand, it could hardly escape the notice of
+the allied powers, the Argives, Athenians, and Boeotians, as also those
+of the Corinthians themselves who had received a share of the king's
+moneys, or for whatever reason were most directly interested in the war,
+that if they did not promptly put the peace party out of the way, ten
+chances to one the old laconising policy would again hold the field. It
+seemed there was nothing for it but the remedy of the knife. There was a
+refinement of wickedness in the plan adopted. With most people the life
+even of a legally condemned criminal is held sacred during a solemn
+season, but these men deliberately selected the last day of the Eucleia,
+(3) when they might reckon on capturing more victims in the crowded
+market-place, for their murderous purposes. Their agents were supplied
+with the names of those to be gotten rid of, the signal was given, and
+then, drawing their daggers, they fell to work. Here a man was struck
+down standing in the centre of a group of talkers, and there another
+seated; a third while peacably enjoying himself at the play; a fourth
+actually whilst officiating as a judge at some dramatic contest. (4)
+When what was taking place became known, there was a general flight on
+the part of the better classes. Some fled to the images of the gods
+in the market-place, others to the altars; and here these unhallowed
+miscreants, ringleaders and followers alike, utterly regardless of
+duty and law, fell to butchering their victims even within the sacred
+precincts of the gods; so that even some of those against whom no hand
+was lifted--honest, law-abiding folk--were filled with sore amazement
+at sight of such impiety. In this way many of the elder citizens, as
+mustering more thickly in the market-place, were done to death. The
+younger men, acting on a suspicion conceived by one of their number,
+Pasimelus, as to what was going to take place, kept quiet in the
+Kraneion; (5) but hearing screams and shouting and being joined anon by
+some who had escaped from the affair, they took the hint, and, running
+up along the slope of the Acrocorinthus, succeeded in repelling an
+attack of the Argives and the rest. While they were still deliberating
+what they ought to do, down fell a capital from its column--without
+assignable cause, whether of earthquake or wind. Also, when they
+sacrificed, the aspect of the victims was such that the soothsayers said
+it was better to descend from that position.
+
+ (2) Others assign the incidents of this whole chapter iv. to B.C. 393.
+
+ (3) The festival of Artemis Eucleia.
+
+ (4) See Diod. xiv. 86.
+
+ (5) See Paus. II. ii. 4.
+
+So they retired, in the first instance prepared to go into exile beyond
+the territory of Corinth. It was only upon the persuasion of their
+friends and the earnest entreaties of their mothers and sisters who
+came out to them, supported by the solemn assurance of the men in power
+themselves, who swore to guarantee them against evil consequences, that
+some of them finally consented to return home. Presented to their eyes
+was the spectacle of a tyranny in full exercise, and to their minds the
+consciousness of the obliteration of their city, seeing that boundaries
+were plucked up and the land of their fathers had come to be re-entitled
+by the name of Argos instead of Corinth; and furthermore, compulsion was
+put upon them to share in the constitution in vogue at Argos, for which
+they had little appetite, while in their own city they wielded less
+power than the resident aliens. So that a party sprang up among them
+whose creed was, that life was not worth living on such terms: their
+endeavour must be to make their fatherland once more the Corinth of old
+days--to restore freedom to their city, purified from the murderer and
+his pollution and fairly rooted in good order and legality. (6) It was
+a design worth the venture: if they succeeded they would become the
+saviours of their country; if not--why, in the effort to grasp the
+fairest flower of happiness, they would but overreach, and find instead
+a glorious termination to existence.
+
+ (6) {eunomia}. See "Pol. Ath." i. 8; Arist. "Pol." iv. 8, 6; iii. 9,
+    8; v. 7, 4.
+
+It was in furtherance of this design that two men--Pasimelus and
+Alcimenes--undertook to creep through a watercourse and effect a meeting
+with Praxitas the polemarch of the Lacedaemonians, who was on garrison
+duty with his own division in Sicyon. They told him they could give
+him ingress at a point in the long walls leading to Lechaeum. Praxitas,
+knowing from previous experience that the two men might be relied upon,
+believed their statement; and having arranged for the further detention
+in Sicyon of the division which was on the point of departure, he busied
+himself with plans for the enterprise. When the two men, partly by
+chance and partly by contrivance, came to be on guard at the gate where
+the tophy now stands, without further ado Praxitas presented himself
+with his division, taking with him also the men of Sicyon and the whole
+of the Corinthian exiles. (7) Having reached the gate, he had a qualm of
+misgiving, and hesitated to step inside until he had first sent in a
+man on whom he could rely to take a look at things within. The two
+Corinthians introduced him, and made so simple and straightforward
+a representation (8) that the visitor was convinced, and reported
+everything as free of pitfalls as the two had asserted. Then the
+polemarch entered, but owing to the wide space between the double
+walls, as soon as they came to form in line within, the intruders were
+impressed by the paucity of their numbers. They therefore erected a
+stockade, and dug as good a trench as they could in front of them,
+pending the arrival of reinforcements from the allies. In their rear,
+moreover, lay the guard of the Boeotians in the harbour. Thus they
+passed the whole day which followed the night of ingress without
+striking a blow.
+
+ (8) Or, "showed him the place in so straightforward a manner."
+
+On the next day, however, the Argive troops arrived in all haste,
+hurrying to the rescue, and found the enemy duly drawn up. The
+Lacedaemonians were on their own right, the men of Sicyon next, and
+leaning against the eastern wall the Corinthian exiles, one hundred and
+fifty strong. (9) Their opponents marshalled their lines face to face in
+correspondence: Iphicrates with his mercenaries abutting on the eastern
+wall; next to them the Argives, whilst the Corinthians of the city held
+their left. In the pride inspired by numbers they began advancing at
+once. They overpowered the Sicyonians, and tearing asunder the stockade,
+pursued them to the sea and here slew numbers of them. At that instant
+Pasimachus, the cavalry general, at the head of a handful of troopers,
+seeing the Sicyonians sore presed, made fast the horses of his troops to
+the trees, and relieving the Sicyonians of their heavy infantry shields,
+advanced with his volunteers against the Argives. The latter, seeing the
+Sigmas on the shields and taking them to be "Sicyonians," had not the
+slightest fear. Whereupon, as the story goes, Pasimachus, exclaiming
+in his broad Doric, "By the twin gods! these Sigmas will cheat you,
+you Argives," came to close quarters, and in that battle of a handful
+against a host, was slain himself with all his followers. In another
+quarter of the field, however, the Corinthian exiles had got the better
+of their opponents and worked their way up, so that they were now
+touching the city circumvallation walls.
+
+ (9) See Grote, ix. p. 333 foll.
+
+The Lacedaemonians, on their side, perceiving the discomfiture of the
+Sicyonians, sprang out with timely aid, keeping the palisade-work on
+their left. But the Argives, discovering that the Lacedaemonians were
+behind them, wheeled round and came racing back, pouring out of the
+palisade at full speed. Their extreme right, with unprotected flanks
+exposed, fell victims to the Lacedaemonians; the rest, hugging the wall,
+made good their retreat in dense masses towards the city. Here they
+encountered the Corinthian exiles, and discovering that they had fallen
+upon foes, swerved aside in the reverse direction. In this predicament
+some mounted by the ladders of the city wall, and, leaping down from
+its summit, were destroyed; (10) others yielded up their lives, thrust
+through, as they jostled at the foot of the steps; others again were
+literally trampled under one another's feet and suffocated.
+
+ (10) Or, "plunged from its summit into perdition." See Thuc. ii. 4.
+
+The Lacedaemonians had no difficulty in the choice of victims; for at
+that instant a work was assigned to them to do, (11) such as they could
+hardly have hoped or prayed for. To find delivered into their hands
+a mob of helpless enemies, in an ecstasy of terror, presenting their
+unarmed sides in such sort that none turned to defend himself, but
+each victim rather seemed to contribute what he could towards his own
+destruction--if that was not divine interposition, I know now what to
+call it. Miracle or not, in that little space so many fell, and the
+corpses lay piled so thick, that eyes familiar with the stacking of corn
+or wood or piles of stones were called upon to gaze at layers of human
+bodies. Nor did the guard of the Boeotians in the port itself (12)
+escape death; some were slain upon the ramparts, others on the roofs of
+the dock-houses, which they had scaled for refuge. Nothing remained but
+for the Corinthians and Argives to carry away their dead under cover of
+a truce; whilst the allies of Lacedaemon poured in their reinforcements.
+When these were collected, Praxitas decided in the first place to raze
+enough of the walls to allow a free broadway for an army on march. This
+done, he put himself at the head of his troops and advanced on the road
+to Megara, taking by assault, first Sidus and next Crommyon. Leaving
+garrisons in these two fortresses, he retraced his steps, and finally
+fortifying Epieiceia as a garrison outpost to protect the territory
+of the allies, he at once disbanded his troops and himself withdrew to
+Lacedaemon.
+
+ (11) Or, "Heaven assigned to them a work..." Lit. "The God..."
+
+ (12) I.e. "of Lechaeum."
+
+B.C. 392-391. (13) After this the great armaments of both belligerents
+had ceased to exist. The states merely furnished garrisons--the one
+set at Corinth, the other set at Sicyon--and were content to guard the
+walls. Though even so, a vigorous war was carried on by dint of the
+mercenary troops with which both sides were furnished.
+
+ (13) So Grote and Curtius; al. B.C. 393.
+
+A signal incident in the period was the invasion of Phlius by
+Iphicrates. He laid an ambuscade, and with a small body of troops
+adopting a system of guerilla war, took occasion of an unguarded sally
+of the citizens of Phlius to inflict such losses on them, that though
+they had never previously received the Lacedaemonians within their
+walls, they received them now. They had hitherto feared to do so lest
+it might lead to the restoration of the banished members of
+their community, who gave out that they owed their exile to their
+Lacedaemonian sympathies; (14) but they were now in such abject fear
+of the Corinthian party that they sent to fetch the Lacedaemonians,
+and delivered the city and citadel to their safe keeping. These latter,
+however, well disposed to the exiles of Phlius, did not, at the time
+they held the city, so much as breathe the thought of bringing back the
+exiles; on the contrary, as soon as the city seemed to have recovered
+its confidence, they took their departure, leaving city and laws
+precisely as they had found them on their entry.
+
+ (14) Lit. "laconism."
+
+To return to Iphicrates and his men: they frequently extended their
+incursions even into Arcadia in many directions, (15) following their
+usual guerilla tactics, but also making assaults on fortified posts. The
+heavy infantry of the Arcadians positively refused to face them in the
+field, so profound was the terror in which they held these light troops.
+In compensation, the light troops themselves entertained a wholesome
+dread of the Lacedaemonians, and did not venture to approach even within
+javelin-range of their heavy infantry. They had been taught a lesson
+when, within that distance, some of the younger hoplites had made a dash
+at them, catching and putting some of them to the sword. But however
+profound the contempt of the Lacedaemonians for these light troops,
+their contempt for their own allies was deeper. (On one occasion (16) a
+reinforcement of Mantineans had sallied from the walls between Corinth
+and Lechaeum to engage the peltasts, and had no sooner come under attack
+than they swerved, losing some of their men as they made good their
+retreat. The Lacedaemonians were unkind enough to poke fun at these
+unfortunates. "Our allies," they said, "stand in as much awe of these
+peltasts as children of the bogies and hobgoblins of their nurses." For
+themselves, starting from Lechaeum, they found no difficulty in marching
+right round the city of Corinth with a single Lacedaemonian division and
+the Corinthian exiles.) (17)
+
+ (15) See Thuc. ii. 4.
+
+ (16) See Grote, ix. 472 note. Lechaeum was not taken by the
+    Lacedaemonians until the Corinthian long walls had been rebuilt by
+    the Athenians. Possibly the incidents in this section (S. 17)
+    occurred after the capture of Lechaeum. The historian introduces
+    them parenthetically, as it were, in illustration of his main
+    topic--the success of the peltasts.
+
+ (17) Or, adopting Schneider's conjecture, {estratopedeuonto}, add "and
+    encamping."
+
+The Athenians, on their side, who felt the power of the Lacedaemonians
+to be dangerously close, now that the walls of Corinth had been laid
+open, and even apprehended a direct attack upon themselves, determined
+to rebuild the portion of the wall severed by Praxitas. Accordingly
+they set out with their whole force, including a suite of stonelayers,
+masons, and carpenters, and within a few days erected a quite splendid
+wall on the side facing Sicyon towards the west, (18) and then proceeded
+with more leisure to the completion of the eastern portion.
+
+ (18) See Thuc. vi. 98.
+
+To turn once more to the other side: the Lacedaemonians, indignant at
+the notion that the Argives should be gathering the produce of their
+lands in peace at home, as if war were a pastime, marched against them.
+Agesilaus commanded the expedition, and after ravaging their territory
+from one end to the other, crossed their frontier at Tenea (19) and
+swooped down upon Corinth, taking the walls which had been lately
+rebuilt by the Athenians. He was supported on the sea side by his
+brother Teleutias (20) with a naval force of about twelve triremes, and
+the mother of both was able to congratulate herself on the joint success
+of both her sons; one having captured the enemy's walls by land and
+the other his ships and naval arsenal by sea, on the same day. These
+achievements sufficed Agesilaus for the present; he disbanded the army
+of the allies and led the state troops home.
+
+ (19) Reading {Tenean}, Koppen's emendation for {tegean}. In the
+    parallel passage ("Ages." ii. 17) the text has {kata ta stena}.
+    See Grote, "H. G." ix. 471.
+
+ (20) See below, IV. viii. 11.
+
+
+
+V
+
+B.C. 390. (1) Subsequently the Lacedaemonians made a second expedition
+against Corinth. They heard from the exiles that the citizens contrived
+to preserve all their cattle in Peiraeum; indeed, large numbers derived
+their subsistence from the place. Agesilaus was again in command of the
+expedition. In the first instance he advanced upon the Isthmus. It
+was the month of the Isthmian games, (2) and here he found the Argives
+engaged in conducting the sacrifice to Poseidon, as if Corinth were
+Argos. So when they perceived the approach of Agesilaus, the Argives and
+their friends left the offerings as they lay, including the preparations
+for the breakfast, and retired with undisguised alarm into the city
+by the Cenchrean road. (3) Agesilaus, though he observed the movement,
+refrained from giving chase, but taking up his quarters in the temple,
+there proceeded to offer victims to the god himself, and waited until
+the Corinthian exiles had celebrated the sacrifice to Poseidon, along
+with the games. But no sooner had Agesilaus turned his back and retired,
+than the Argives returned and celebrated the Isthmian games afresh;
+so that in this particular year there were cases in which the same
+competitors were twice defeated in this or that contest, or conversely,
+the same man was proclaimed victor twice over.
+
+ (1) Al. B.C. 392. The historian omits the overtures for peace, B.C.
+    391 (or 391-390) referred to in Andoc. "De Pace." See Jebb, "Att.
+    Or." i. 83, 108; Grote, "H. G." ix. 474; Curtius, "H. G." Eng. tr.
+    iv. 261.
+
+ (2) Grote and Curtius believe these to be the Isthmian games of 390
+    B.C., not of 392 B.C., as Sauppe and others suppose. See Peter,
+    "Chron. Table," p. 89, note 183; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 468, note on
+    VIII. 9, 1.
+
+ (3) Lit. "road to Cenchreae."
+
+On the fourth day Agesilaus led his troops against Peiraeum, but finding
+it strongly defended, he made a sudden retrograde march after the
+morning meal in the direction of the capital, as though he calculated on
+the betrayal of the city. The Corinthians, in apprehension of some such
+possible catastrophe, sent to summon Iphicrates with the larger
+portion of his light infantry. These passed by duly in the night, not
+unobserved, however, by Agesilaus, who at once turned round at break of
+day and advanced on Piraeum. He himself kept to the low ground by the
+hot springs, (4) sending a division to scale the top of the pass. That
+night he encamped at the hot springs, while the division bivouacked
+in the open, in possession of the pass. Here Agesilaus distinguished
+himself by an invention as seasonable as it was simple. Among those
+who carried provisions for the division not one had thought of bringing
+fire. The altitude was considerable; there had been a fall of rain and
+hail towards evening and the temperature was low; besides which, the
+scaling party were clad in thin garments suited to the summer season.
+There they sat shivering in the dark, with scarcely heart to attack
+their suppers, when Agesilaus sent up to them as many as ten porters
+carrying fire in earthen pots. One found his way up one way, one
+another, and presently there were many bonfires blazing--magnificently
+enough, since there was plenty of wood to hand; so that all fell to
+oiling themselves and many supped over again. The same night the sky was
+lit up by the blaze of the temple of Poseidon--set on fire no one knows
+how.
+
+ (4) Near mod. Lutraki.
+
+When the men in Piraeum perceived that the pass was occupied, they at
+once abandoned all thought of self-defence and fled for refuge to the
+Heraion (5)--men and women, slaves and free-born, with the greater part
+of their flocks and herds. Agesilaus, with the main body, meanwhile
+pursued his march by the sea-shore, and the division, simultaneously
+descending from the heights, captured the fortified position of Oenoe,
+appropriating its contents. Indeed, all the troops on that day reaped
+a rich harvest in the supplies they brought in from various farmsteads.
+Presently those who had escaped into the Heraion came out, offering to
+leave it to Agesilaus to decide what he would do with them. He decided
+to deliver up to the exiles all those concerned with the late butchery,
+and that all else should be sold. And so from the Heraion streamed out
+a long line of prisoners, whilst from other sides embassies arrived in
+numbers; and amongst these a deputation from the Boeotians, anxious to
+learn what they should do to obtain peace. These latter Agesilaus,
+with a certain loftiness of manner, affected not even to see, although
+Pharax, (6) their proxenus, stood by their side to introduce them.
+Seated in a circular edifice on the margin of the lake, (7) he surveyed
+the host of captives and valuables as they were brought out. Beside the
+prisoners, to guard them, stepped the Lacedaemonian warriors from the
+camp, carrying their spears--and themselves plucked all gaze their way,
+so readily will success and the transient fortune of the moment rivet
+attention. But even while Agesilaus was still thus seated, wearing a
+look betokening satisfaction at some great achievement, a horseman came
+galloping up; the flanks of his charger streamed with sweat. To the many
+inquiries what news he brought, the rider responded never a word; but
+being now close beside Agesilaus, he leaped from his horse, and running
+up to him with lowering visage narrated the disaster of the Spartan
+division (8) at Lechaeum. At these tidings the king sprang instantly
+from his seat, clutching his spear, and bade his herald summon to a
+meeting the generals, captains of fifties, and commanders of foreign
+brigades. (9) When these had rapidly assembled he bade them, seeing that
+the morning meal had not yet been tasted, to swallow hastily what they
+could, and with all possible speed to overtake him. But for himself,
+he, with the officers of the royal staff, (10) set off at once without
+breakfast. His bodyguard, with their heavy arms, accompanied him with
+all speed--himself in advance, the officers following behind. In this
+fashion he had already passed beyond the warm springs, and was well
+within the plateau of Lechaeum, when three horsemen rode up with further
+news: the dead bodies had been picked up. On receipt of these tidings
+he commanded the troops to order arms, and having rested them a little
+space, led them back again to the Heraion. The next day he spent in
+disposing of the captured property. (11)
+
+ (5) Or, "Heraeum," i.e. sanctuary of Hera, on a promontory so called.
+    See Leake, "Morea," iii. 317.
+
+ (6) See "Hell." III. ii. 12, if the same.
+
+ (7) Or, "on the round pavilion by the lake" (mod. Vuliasmeni).
+
+ (8) Technically "mora."
+
+ (9) Lit. the polemarchs, penteconters, and xenagoi.
+
+ (10) See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 1.
+
+ (11) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 480, in reference to "Ages." vii. 6.
+
+The ambassadors of the Boeotians were then summoned, and, being asked to
+explain the object of their coming, made no further mention of the
+word "peace," but replied that, if there was nothing to hinder it, they
+wished to have a pass to their own soldiers within the capital. The king
+answered with a smile: "I know your desire is not so much to see your
+soldiers as to feast your eyes on the good fortune of your friends, and
+to measure its magnitude. Wait then, I will conduct you myself; with
+me you will be better able to discover the true value of what has taken
+place." And he was as good as his word. Next day he sacrificed, and led
+his army up to the gates of Corinth. The trophy he respected, but not
+one tree did he leave standing--chopping and burning, as proof positive
+that no one dared to face him in the field. And having so done, he
+encamped about Lechaeum; and as to the Theban ambassadors, in lieu
+of letting them pass into the city, he sent them off by sea across to
+Creusis.
+
+But in proportion to the unwontedness of such a calamity befalling
+Lacedaemonians, a widespread mourning fell upon the whole Laconian army,
+those alone excepted whose sons or fathers or brothers had died at their
+post. The bearing of these resembled that of conquerors, (12) as with
+bright faces they moved freely to and fro, glorying in their domestic
+sorrow. Now the tragic fate which befell the division was on this wise:
+It was the unvaried custom of the men of Amyclae to return home at
+the Hyacinthia, (13) to join in the sacred paean, a custom not to be
+interrupted by active service or absence from home or for any other
+reason. So, too, on this occasion, Agesilaus had left behind all the
+Amyclaeans serving in any part of his army at Lechaeum. At the right
+moment the general in command of the garrison at that place had posted
+the garrison troops of the allies to guard the walls during his absence,
+and put himself at the head of his division of heavy infantry with that
+of the cavalry, (14) and led the Amyclaeans past the walls of Corinth.
+Arrived at a point within three miles or so (15) of Sicyon, the
+polemarch turned back himself in the direction of Lechaeum with his
+heavy infantry regiment, six hundred strong, giving orders to the
+cavalry commandant to escort the Amyclaeans with his division as far as
+they required, and then to turn and overtake him. It cannot be said that
+the Lacedaemonians were ignorant of the large number of light troops and
+heavy infantry inside Corinth, but owing to their former successes they
+arrogantly presumed that no one would attack them. Within the capital
+of the Corinthians, however, their scant numbers--a thin line of heavy
+infantry unsupported by light infantry or cavalry--had been noted; and
+Callias, the son of Hipponicus, (16) who was in command of the Athenian
+hoplites, and Iphicrates at the head of his peltasts, saw no risk in
+attacking with the light brigade. Since if the enemy continued his
+march by the high road, he would be cut up by showers of javelins on his
+exposed right flank; or if he were tempted to take the offensive, they
+with their peltasts, the nimblest of all light troops, would easily slip
+out of the grasp of his hoplites.
+
+ (12) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 488.
+
+ (13) Observed on three days of the month Hecatombaeus (= July). See
+    Muller's "Dorians," ii. 360. For Amyclae, see Leake, "Morea," i.
+    ch. iv. p. 145 foll.; Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279.
+
+ (14) See below, "Hell." VI. iv. 12; and "Pol. Lac." xi. 4, xiii. 4.
+
+ (15) Lit. "twenty or thirty stades."
+
+ (16) See Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.
+
+With this clearly-conceived idea they led out their troops; and while
+Callias drew up his heavy infantry in line at no great distance from the
+city, Iphicrates and his peltasts made a dash at the returning division.
+
+The Lacedaemonians were presently within range of the javelins. (17)
+Here a man was wounded, and there another dropped, not to rise again.
+Each time orders were given to the attendant shield-bearers (18) to pick
+up the men and bear them into Lechaeum; and these indeed were the
+only members of the mora who were, strictly speaking, saved. Then the
+polemarch ordered the ten-years-service men (19) to charge and drive off
+their assailants. Charge, however, as they might, they took nothing by
+their pains--not a man could they come at within javelin range. Being
+heavy infantry opposed to light troops, before they could get to close
+quarters the enemy's word of command sounded "Retire!" whilst as soon
+as their own ranks fell back, scattered as they were in consequence of
+a charge where each man's individual speed had told, Iphicrates and his
+men turned right about and renewed the javelin attack, while others,
+running alongside, harassed their exposed flank. At the very first
+charge the assailants had shot down nine or ten, and, encouraged by
+this success, pressed on with increasing audacity. These attacks told so
+severely that the polemarch a second time gave the order (and this time
+for the fifteen-years-service men) to charge. The order was promptly
+obeyed, but on retiring they lost more men than on the first occasion,
+and it was not until the pick and flower of the division had succumbed
+that they were joined by their returning cavalry, in whose company they
+once again attempted a charge. The light infantry gave way, but the
+attack of the cavalry was feebly enforced. Instead of pressing home the
+charge until at least they had sabred some of the enemy, they kept their
+horses abreast of their infantry skirmishers, (20) charging and wheeling
+side by side.
+
+ (17) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 467, note on the improvements of
+    Iphicrates.
+
+ (18) Grote, "H. G." ix. 484; cf. "Hell." IV. viii. 39; "Anab." IV. ii.
+    20; Herod. ix. 10-29.
+
+ (19) Youngest rank and file, between eighteen and twenty-eight years
+    of age, who formed the first line. The Spartan was liable to
+    service at the age of eighteen. From twenty-eight to thirty-three
+    he would belong to the fifteen-years-service division (the second
+    line); and so on. See below, IV. vi. 10.
+
+ (20) See Thuc. iv. 125.
+
+Again and again the monotonous tale of doing and suffering repeated
+itself, except that as their own ranks grew thinner and their courage
+ebbed, the courage of their assailants grew bolder and their numbers
+increased. In desperation they massed compactly upon the narrow slope of
+a hillock, distant a couple of furlongs (21) or so from the sea, and a
+couple of miles (22) perhaps from Lechaeum. Their friends in Lechaeum,
+perceiving them, embarked in boats and sailed round until they were
+immediately under the hillock. And now, in the very slough of despair,
+being so sorely troubled as man after man dropped dead, and unable
+to strike a blow, to crown their distress they saw the enemy's heavy
+infantry advancing. Then they took to flight; some of them threw
+themselves into the sea; others--a mere handful--escaped with the
+cavalry into Lechaeum. The death-roll, including those who fell in the
+second fight and the final flight, must have numbered two hundred and
+fifty slain, or thereabouts. (23) Such is the tale of the destruction of
+the Lacedaemonian mora.
+
+ (21) Lit. "two stades."
+
+ (22) Lit. "sixteen or seventeen stades."
+
+ (23) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 486.
+
+Subsequently, with the mutilated fragment of the division, Agesilaus
+turned his back upon Lechaeum, leaving another division behind to
+garrison that port. On his passage homewards, as he wound his way
+through the various cities, he made a point of arriving at each as late
+in the day as possible, renewing his march as early as possible next
+morning. Leaving Orchomenus at the first streak of dawn, he passed
+Mantinea still under cover of darkness. The spectacle of the Mantineans
+rejoicing at their misfortune would have been too severe an ordeal for
+his soldiers.
+
+But Iphicrates had not yet reached the summit of his good fortune.
+Success followed upon success. Lacedaemonian garrisons had been placed
+in Sidus and Crommyon by Praxitas when he took these fortresses, and
+again in Oenoe, when Peiraeum was taken quite lately by Agesilaus. One
+and all of these now fell into the hands of Iphicrates. Lechaeum still
+held out, garrisoned as it was by the Lacedaemonians and their allies;
+while the Corinthian exiles, unable since (24) the disaster of the mora
+any longer to pass freely by land from Sicyon, had the sea passage still
+open to them, and using Lechaeum as their base, (25) kept up a game of
+mutual annoyance with the party in the capital.
+
+ (24) Lit. "owing to."
+
+ (25) The illustrative incidents narrated in chapter iv. 17 may belong
+    to this period.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+B.C. 390-389. (1) At a later date the Achaeans, being in possession of
+Calydon, a town from old times belonging to Aetolia, and having further
+incorporated the Calydonians as citizens, (2) were under the necessity
+of garrisoning their new possession. The reason was, that the
+Arcarnanians were threatening the place with an army, and were aided
+by contingents from Athens and Boeotia, who were anxious to help their
+allies. (3) Under the strain of this combined attack the Achaeans
+despatched ambassadors to Lacedaemon, who on arrival complained of the
+unfair conduct of Lacedaemon towards themselves. "We, sirs," they said,
+"are ever ready to serve in your armies, in obedience to whatever orders
+you choose to issue; we follow you whithersoever you think fit to lead;
+but when it comes to our being beleaguered by the Acarnanians, with
+their allies the Athenians and Boeotians, you show not the slightest
+concern. Understand, then, that if things go on thus we cannot hold out;
+but either we must give up all part in the war in Peloponnesus and cross
+over in full force to engage the Arcarnanians, or we must make peace
+with them on whatever terms we can." This language was a tacit threat
+that if they failed to obtain the assistance they felt entitled to from
+Lacedaemon they would quit the alliance.
+
+ (1) According to others (who suppose that the Isthmia and the events
+    recorded in chapter v. 1-19 above belong to B.C. 392), we have now
+    reached B.C. 391.
+
+ (2) Or, "having conferred a city organisation on the Calydonians."
+
+ (3) See Thuc. ii. 68.
+
+The ephors and the assembly concluded that there was no alternative
+but to assist the Achaeans in their campaign against the Acarnanians.
+Accordingly they sent out Agesilaus with two divisions and the proper
+complement of allies. The Achaeans none the less marched out in full
+force themselves. No sooner had Agesilaus crossed the gulf than there
+was a general flight of the population from the country districts into
+the towns, whilst the flocks and herds were driven into remote districts
+that they might not be captured by the troops. Being now arrived on
+the frontier of the enemy's territory, Agesilaus sent to the general
+assembly of the Acarnanians at Stratus, (4) warning them that unless
+they chose to give up their alliance with the Boeotians and Athenians,
+and to take instead themselves and their allies, he would ravage their
+territory through its length and breadth, and not spare a single thing.
+When they turned a deaf ear to this summons, the other proceeded to do
+what he threatened, systematically laying the district waste, felling
+the timber and cutting down the fruit-trees, while slowly moving on at
+the rate of ten or twelve furlongs a day. The Acarnanians, owing to the
+snail-like progress of the enemy, were lulled into a sense of security.
+They even began bringing down their cattle from their alps, and devoted
+themselves to the tillage of far the greater portion of their fields.
+But Agesilaus only waited till their rash confidence reached its climax;
+then on the fifteenth or sixteenth day after he had first entered the
+country he sacrificed at early dawn, and before evening had traversed
+eighteen miles (5) or so of country to the lake (6) round which were
+collected nearly all the flocks and herds of the Acarnanians, and so
+captured a vast quantity of cattle, horses, and grazing stock of all
+kinds, besides numerous slaves.
+
+ (4) "The Akarnanians had, in early times, occupied the hill of Olpai
+    as a place for judicial proceedings common to the whole nation"
+    (see Thuc. iii. 105). "But in Thucydides' own time Stratos had
+    attained its position as the greatest city of Akarnania, and
+    probably the Federal Assemblies were already held there" (Thuc.
+    ii. 80). "In the days of Agesilaos we find Stratos still more
+    distinctly marked as the place of Federal meeting."--Freeman,
+    "Hist. Fed. Gov." ch. iv. p. 148 foll., "On the constitution of
+    the League."
+
+ (5) Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
+
+ (6) See Thuc. ii. 80; vi. 106.
+
+Having secured this prize, he stayed on the spot the whole of the
+following day, and devoted himself to disposing of the captured property
+by public sale. While he was thus engaged, a large body of Arcarnanian
+light infantry appeared, and availing themselves of the position in
+which Agesilaus was encamped against the mountain side, assailed him
+with volleys of sling-stones and rocks from the razor-edge of the
+mountain, without suffering any scathe themselves. By this means they
+succeeded in dislodging and forcing his troops down into the level
+plain, and that too at an hour when the whole camp was engaged in
+preparations for the evening meal. As night drew on, the Acarnanians
+retired; sentinels were posted, and the troops slept in peace.
+
+Next day Agesilaus led off his army. The exit from the plain and
+meadow-land round the lake was a narrow aperture through a close
+encircling range of hills. In occupation of this mountain barrier the
+Acarnanians, from the vantage-ground above, poured down a continuous
+pelt of stones and other missiles, or, creeping down to the fringes,
+dogged and annoyed them so much that the army was no longer able to
+proceed. If the heavy infantry or cavalry made sallies from the main
+line they did no harm to their assailants, for the Acarnanians had only
+to retire and they had quickly gained their strongholds. It was too
+severe a task, Agesilaus thought, to force his way through the narrow
+pass so sorely beset. He made up his mind, therefore, to charge that
+portion of the enemy who dogged his left, though these were pretty
+numerous. The range of hills on this side was more accessible to heavy
+infantry and horse alike. During the interval needed for the inspection
+of victims, the Acarnanians kept plying them with javelins and bullets,
+and, coming into close proximity, wounded man after man. But presently
+came the word of command, "Advance!" and the fifteen-years-service men
+of the heavy infantry (7) ran forward, accompanied by the cavalry, at a
+round pace, the general himself steadily following with the rest of the
+column. Those of the Acarnanians who had crept down the mountain side at
+that instant in the midst of their sharpshooting turned and fled, and as
+they climbed the steep, man after man was slain. When, however, the top
+of the pass was reached, there stood the hoplites of the Acarnanians
+drawn up in battle line, and supported by the mass of their light
+infantry. There they steadily waited, keeping up a continuous discharge
+of missiles the while, or launching their long spears; whereby they
+dealt wounds to the cavalry troopers and death in some cases to the
+horses. But when they were all but within the clutches of the advancing
+heavy infantry (8) of the Lacedaemonians their firmness forsook them;
+they swerved and fled, and there died of them on that day about three
+hundred. So ended the affair.
+
+ (7) I.e. "the first two ranks." See above, IV. v. 14.
+
+ (8) See "Ages." ii. 20, for an extraordinary discrepancy.
+
+Agesilaus set up a trophy of victory, and afterwards making a tour of
+the country, he visited it with fire and sword. (9) Occasionally, in
+obedience to pressure put upon him by the Achaeans, he would assault
+some city, but did not capture a single one. And now, as the season of
+autumn rapidly approached, he prepared to leave the country; whereupon
+the Achaeans, who looked upon his exploits as abortive, seeing that not
+a single city, willingly or unwillingly, had as yet been detached from
+their opponents, begged him, as the smallest service he could render
+them, at any rate to stay long enough in the country to prevent the
+Acarnanians from sowing their corn. He answered that the course they
+suggested ran counter to expediency. "You forget," he said, "that I mean
+to invade your enemies again next summer; and therefore the larger their
+sowing now, the stronger will be their appetite for peace hereafter."
+With this retort he withdrew overland through Aetolia, and by roads,
+moreover, which no army, small or great, could possibly have traversed
+without the consent of the inhabitants. The Aetolians, however, were
+only too glad to yield the Spartan king a free passage, cherishing hopes
+as they did that he would aid them to recover Naupactus. On reaching
+Rhium (10) he crossed the gulf at that point and returned homewards,
+the more direct passage from Calydon to Peloponnesus being effectually
+barred by an Athenian squadron stationed at Oeniadae.
+
+ (9) Or lit. "burning and felling."
+
+ (10) Or Antirrhium (as more commonly called).
+
+
+
+VII
+
+B.C. 389-388. (1) On the expiration of winter, and in fulfilment of his
+promise to the Achaeans, Agesilaus called out the ban once more with
+early spring to invade the Acarnanians. The latter were apprised of his
+intention, and, being persuaded that owing to the midland situation of
+their cities they would just as truly be blockaded by an enemy who chose
+to destroy their corn as they would be if besieged with entrenchments in
+regular form, they sent ambassadors to Lacedaemon, and made peace with
+the Achaeans and alliance with the Lacedaemonians. Thus closes this page
+of history concerning the affairs of Arcarnania.
+
+ (1) According to others, B.C. 390.
+
+To turn to the next. There was a feeling on the part of the
+Lacedaemonians (2) that no expedition against Athens or Boeotia would be
+safe so long as a state so important and so close to their own frontier
+as Argos remained in open hostility behind them. Accordingly they called
+out the ban against Argos. Now when Agesipolis learnt that the duty of
+leadership devolved on him, and, moreover, that the sacrifices before
+crossing the frontier were favourable, he went to Olympia and consulted
+the will of the god. "Would it be lawful to him," he inquired, "not to
+accept the holy truce, on the ground that the Argives made the season
+for it (3) depend not on a fixed date, but on the prospect of a
+Lacedaemonian invasion?" The god indicated to the inquirer that he might
+lawfully repudiate any holy truce which was fraudulently antedated. (4)
+Not content with this, the young king, on leaving Olympia, went at once
+to Delphi, and at that shrine put the same question to Apollo: "Were his
+views in accordance with his Father's as touching the holy truce?"--to
+which the son of Zeus made answer: "Yea, altogether in accordance." (5)
+
+ (2) Or, "It was agreed by the Lacedaemonians."
+
+ (3) I.e. "the season of the Carneia."
+
+ (4) Or, "wrongfully put forward." See below, V. i. 29; iii. 28; Paus.
+    III. v. 8; Jebb. "Att. Or." i. p. 131; Grote, "H. G." ix. 494
+    foll.; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 315; note to Thuc. V. liv. 3.
+
+ (5) Grote; cf. Aristot. "Rhet." ii. 33.
+
+Then without further hesitation, picking up his army at Phlius
+(where, during his absence to visit the temples, the troops had been
+collecting), he advanced by Nemea into the enemy's territory. The
+Argives, on their side, perceiving that they would be unable to hinder
+his advance, in accordance with their custom sent a couple of heralds,
+garlanded, and presented their usual plea of a holy truce. Agesipolis
+answered them curtly that the gods were not satisfied with the justice
+of their plea, and, refusing to accept the truce, pushed forward,
+causing thereby great perplexity and consternation throughout the rural
+districts and the capital itself.
+
+But while he was getting his evening meal that first evening in the
+Argive territory--just at the moment when the after-dinner libation had
+been poured out--the god sent an earthquake; and with one consent the
+Lacedaemonians, beginning with the officers of the royal quarters,
+sang the sacred hymn of Poseidon. The soldiers, in general, expected to
+retreat, arguing that, on the occurrence of an earthquake once before,
+Agis had retired from Elis. But Agesipolis held another view: if the god
+had sent his earthquake at the moment when he was meditating invasion,
+he should have understood that the god forbade his entrance; but now,
+when the invasion was a thing effected, he must needs take it as a
+signal of his approval. (6) Accordingly next morning he sacrificed to
+Poseidon, and advanced a short distance further into the country.
+
+ (6) Or, "interpret the signal as a summons to advance."
+
+The late expedition of Agesilaus into Argos (7) was still fresh in men's
+minds, and Agesipolis was eager to ascertain from the soldiers how close
+his predecessor had advanced to the fortification walls; or again, how
+far he had gone in ravaging the open country--not unlike a competitor
+in the pentathlon, (8) eager to cap the performance of his rival in each
+event. On one occasion it was only the discharge of missiles from the
+towers which forced him to recross the trenches round the walls; on
+another, profiting by the absence of the majority of the Argives in
+Laconian territory, he came so close to the gates that their officers
+actually shut out their own Boeotian cavalry on the point of entering,
+in terror lest the Lacedaemonians might pour into the town in company,
+and these Boeotian troopers were forced to cling, like bats to a wall,
+under each coign of vantage beneath the battlements. Had it not been for
+the accidental absence of the Cretans, (9) who had gone off on a raid to
+Nauplia, without a doubt numbers of men and horses would have been
+shot down. At a later date, while encamping in the neighbourhood of the
+Enclosures, (10) a thunder-bolt fell into his camp. One or two men were
+struck, while others died from the effect of the concussion on their
+brains. At a still later period he was anxious to fortify some sort of
+garrison outpost in the pass of Celusa, (11) but upon offering sacrifice
+the victims proved lobeless, (12) and he was constrained to lead back
+and disband his army--not without serious injury inflicted on the
+Argives, as the result of an invasion which had taken them wholly by
+surprise.
+
+ (7) See above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
+
+ (8) The pentathlon of Olympia and the other great games consisted of
+    five contests, in the following order--(1) leaping, (2) discus-
+    throwing, (3) javelin-throwing, (4) running, (5) wrestling. Cf.
+    Simonides, {alma podokeien diskon akonta palen}, where, "metri
+    gratia," the order is inverted. The competitors were drawn in
+    pairs. The odd man who drew a bye in any particular round or heat
+    was called the "ephedros." The successful athletes of the pairs,
+    that is, those who had won any three events out of five, would
+    then again be drawn against each other, and so on until only two
+    were left, between whom the final heat took place. See, for an
+    exhaustive discussion of the subject, Prof. Percy Gardner, "The
+    Pentathlon of the Greeks" ("Journal of Hellenic Studies," vol. i.
+    9, p. 210 foll. pl. viii.), from whom this note is taken.
+
+ (9) See Thuc. vii. 57.
+
+ (10) {peri tas eirktas}--what these were no one knows, possibly a
+    stone quarry used as a prison. Cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 19; "Mem." II.
+    i. 5; see Grote, "H. G." ix. 497; Paus. III. v.. 8.
+
+ (11) Or Celossa. See Strabo, viii. 382.
+
+ (12) I.e. "hopeless." See above, III. iv. 15.
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+394 B.C. Such were the land operations in the war. Meanwhile another
+series of events was being enacted on the sea and within the seaboard
+cities; and these I will now narrate in detail. But I shall confine my
+pen to the more memorable incidents, and others of less account I shall
+pass over.
+
+In the first place, then, Pharnabazus and Conon, after defeating the
+Lacedaemonians in the naval engagement of Cnidus, commenced a tour of
+inspection round the islands and the maritime states, expelling from
+them, as they visited them, one after another the Spartan governors. (1)
+Everywhere they gave consolatory assurances to the citizens that they
+had no intention of establishing fortress citadels within their walls,
+or in any way interfering with their self-government. (2) Such words
+fell soothingly upon the ears of those to whom they were addressed;
+the proposals were courteously accepted; all were eager to present
+Pharnabazus with gifts of friendship and hospitality. The satrap,
+indeed, was only applying the instructions of his master Conon on these
+matters--who had taught him that if he acted thus all the states would
+be friendly to him, whereas, if he showed any intention to enslave them,
+the smallest of them would, as Conon insisted, be capable of causing
+a world of trouble, and the chances were, if apprehensions were once
+excited, he would find himself face to face with a coalition of united
+Hellas. To these admonitions Pharnabazus lent a willing ear.
+
+ (1) Lit. "the Laconian harmosts."
+
+ (2) See Hicks, 70, "Honours to Konon," Inscript. found at Erythrae in
+    Ionia. Cf. Diod. xiv. 84.
+
+Accordingly, when disembarking at Ephesus, he presented Conon with a
+fleet of forty sail, (3) and having further instructed him to meet him
+at Sestos, (4) set off himself by land along the coast to visit his own
+provinces. For here it should be mentioned that his old enemy Dercylidas
+happened to be in Abydos at the time of the sea-fight; (5) nor had he at
+a later date suffered eclipse with the other governors, (6) but on
+the contrary, had kept tight hold of Abydos and still preserved it in
+attachment to Lacedaemon. The course he had adopted was to summon a
+meeting of the Abydenians, when he made them a speech as follows: "Sirs,
+to-day it is possible for you, who have before been friends to my city,
+to appear as benefactors of the Lacedaemonians. For a man to prove
+faithful to his friends in the heyday of their good fortune is no great
+marvel; but to prove steadfast when his friends are in misfortune--that
+is a service monumental for all time. But do not mistake me. It does not
+follow that, because we have been defeated in a great sea-fight, we are
+therefore annihilated. (7) Certainly not. Even in old days, you will
+admit, when Athens was mistress of the sea, our state was not powerless
+to benefit friends or chastise enemies. Moreover, in proportion as the
+rest of the cities have joined hands with fortune to turn their backs
+upon us, so much the more certainly will the grandeur of your fidelity
+shine forth. Or, is any one haunted by the fear that we may find
+ourselves blockaded by land and sea?--let him consider that at present
+there is no Hellenic navy whatever on the seas, and if the barbarian
+attempts to clutch the empire of the sea, Hellas will not sit by and
+suffer it; so that, if only in self-defence, she must inevitably take
+your side."
+
+ (3) See Diod. xiv. 83.
+
+ (4) See above, "Hell." II. i. 27 foll.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." IV. iii. 3.
+
+ (6) Lit. "harmosts."
+
+ (7) Or, "we are beaten, ergo, it is all over with us."
+
+To this the Abydenians lent no deaf ears, but rather responded with
+willingness approaching enthusiasm--extending the hand of fellowship
+to the ex-governors, some of whom were already flocking to Abydos as a
+harbour of refuge, whilst others they sent to summon from a distance.
+
+So when a number of efficient and serviceable men had been collected,
+Dercylidas ventured to cross over to Sestos--lying, as it does, not more
+than a mile (8) distant, directly facing Abydos. There he not only
+set about collecting those who held lands in the Chersonese through
+Lacedaemonian influence, but extended his welcome also to the governors
+(9) who had been driven out of European states. (10) He insisted
+that, if they came to think of it, not even was their case desperate,
+reminding them that even in Asia, which originally belonged to the
+Persian monarch, places were to be found--such as the little state of
+Temnos, or Aegae, and others, capable of administering their affairs,
+unsubjected to the king of Persia. "But," he added, "if you want a
+strong impregnable position, I cannot conceive what better you can find
+than Sestos. Why, it would need a combined naval and military force to
+invest that port." By these and such like arguments he rescued them from
+the lethargy of despair.
+
+ (8) Lit. "eight stades."
+
+ (9) Lit. "harmosts."
+
+ (10) See Demos. "de Cor." 96.
+
+Now when Pharnabazus found Abydos and Sestos so conditioned, he gave
+them to understand that unless they chose to eject the Lacedaemonians,
+he would bring war to bear upon them; and when they refused to obey,
+having first assigned to Conon as his business to keep the sea closed
+against them, he proceeded in person to ravage the territory of the men
+of Abydos. Presently, finding himself no nearer the fulfilment of his
+object--which was their reduction--he set off home himself and left it
+to Conon the while so to conciliate the Hellespontine states that as
+large a naval power as possible might be mustered against the coming
+spring. In his wrath against the Lacedaemonians, in return for the
+treatment he had received from them, his paramount object was to invade
+their territory and exact what vengeance he could.
+
+B.C. 393. The winter was thus fully taken up with preparations; but with
+the approach of spring, Pharnabazus and Conon, with a large fleet fully
+manned, and a foreign mercenary brigade to boot, threaded their way
+through the islands to Melos. (11) This island was to serve as a base of
+operations against Lacedaemon. And in the first instance he sailed down
+to Pherae (12) and ravaged that district, after which he made successive
+descents at various other points on the seaboard, and did what injury
+he could. But in apprehension of the harbourless character of the coast,
+coupled with the enemy's facility of reinforcement and his own scarcity
+of supplies, he very soon turned back and sailed away, until finally he
+came to moorings in the harbour of Phoenicus in Cythera. The occupants
+of the city of the Cytherians, in terror of being taken by storm,
+evacuated the walls. To dismiss these under a flag of truce across to
+Laconia was his first step; his second was to repair the fortress
+in question and to leave a garrison in the island under an Athenian
+governor--Nicophemus. After this he set sail to the Isthmus of Corinth,
+where he delivered an exhortation to the allies begging them to
+prosecute the war vigorously, and to show themselves faithful to the
+Great King; and so, having left them all the moneys he had with him, set
+off on his voyage home.
+
+ (11) See Lys. xix. "de bon. Arist." 19 foll.; and Hicks, 71, "Honours
+    to Dionysios I. and his court"; Grote, "H. G." ix. 453.
+
+ (12) Mod. Kalamata.
+
+But Conon had a proposal to make:--If Pharnabazus would allow him to
+keep the fleet, he would undertake, in the first place, to support it
+free of expense from the islands; besides which, he would sail to his
+own country and help his fellow-citizens the Athenians to rebuild their
+long walls and the fortifications round Piraeus. No heavier blow, he
+insisted, could well be inflicted on Lacedaemon. "In this way, I can
+assure you," he added, "you will win the eternal gratitude of the
+Athenians and wreak consummate vengeance on the Lacedaemonians, since
+at one stroke you will render null and void that on which they have
+bestowed their utmost labour." These arguments so far weighed with
+Pharnabazus that he despatched Conon to Athens with alacrity, and
+further supplied him with funds for the restoration of the walls. Thus
+it was that Conon, on his arrival at Athens, was able to rebuild a large
+portion of the walls--partly by lending his own crews, and partly by
+giving pay to carpenters and stone-masons, and meeting all the necessary
+expenses. There were other portions of the walls which the Athenians and
+Boeotians and other states raised as a joint voluntary undertaking.
+
+Nor must it be forgotten that the Corinthians, with the funds left them
+by Pharnabazus, manned a fleet--the command of which they entrusted
+to their admiral Agathinus--and so were undisputed masters of the sea
+within the gulf round Achaia and Lechaeum.
+
+B.C. 393-391. The Lacedaemonians, in opposition, fitted out a fleet
+under the command of Podanemus. That officer, in an attack of no great
+moment, lost his life, and Pollis, (13) his second in command, was
+presently in his turn obliged to retire, being wounded, whereupon
+Herippidas took command of the vessels. On the other hand, Proaenus
+the Corinthian, who had relieved Agathinus, evacuated Rhium, and the
+Lacedaemonians recovered that post. Subsequently Teleutias succeeded to
+Herippidas's fleet, and it was then the turn of that admiral to dominate
+the gulf. (14)
+
+ (13) See "Hell." I. i. 23.
+
+ (14) According to Grote ("H. G." ix. 471, note 2), this section
+    summarises the Lacedaemonian maritime operations in the Corinthian
+    Gulf from the late autumn of 393 B.C. till the appointment of
+    Teleutias in the spring or early summer of 391 B.C., the year of
+    the expedition of Agesilaus recounted above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
+
+B.C. 392. The Lacedaemonians were well informed of the proceedings of
+Conon. They knew that he was not only restoring the fortifications
+of Athens by help of the king's gold, but maintaining a fleet at his
+expense besides, and conciliating the islands and seaboard cities
+towards Athens. If, therefore, they could indoctrinate Tiribazus--who
+was a general of the king--with their sentiments, they believed they
+could not fail either to draw him aside to their own interests, or, at
+any rate, to put a stop to his feeding Conon's navy. With this intention
+they sent Antalcidas to Tiribazus: (15) his orders were to carry out
+this policy and, if possible, to arrange a peace between Lacedaemon and
+the king. The Athenians, getting wind of this, sent a counter-embassy,
+consisting of Hermogenes, Dion, Callisthenes, and Callimedon, with Conon
+himself. They at the same time invited the attendance of ambassadors
+from the allies, and there were also present representatives of the
+Boeotians, of Corinth, and of Argos. When they had arrived at their
+destination, Antalcidas explained to Tiribazus the object of his
+visit: he wished, if possible, to cement a peace between the state
+he represented and the king--a peace, moreover, exactly suited to the
+aspirations of the king himself; in other words, the Lacedaemonians gave
+up all claim to the Hellenic cities in Asia as against the king, while
+for their own part they were content that all the islands and other
+cities should be independent. "Such being our unbiased wishes," he
+continued, "for what earthly reason should (the Hellenes or) the king
+go to war with us? or why should he expend his money? The king is
+guaranteed against attack on the part of Hellas, since the Athenians are
+powerless apart from our hegemony, and we are powerless so long as the
+separate states are independent." The proposals of Antalcidas sounded
+very pleasantly in the ears of Tiribazus, but to the opponents of
+Sparta they were the merest talk. The Athenians were apprehensive of
+an agreement which provided for the independence of the cities in the
+islands, whereby they might be deprived of Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros.
+The Thebans, again, were afraid of being compelled to let the Boeotian
+states go free. The Argives did not see how such treaty contracts
+and covenants were compatible with the realisation of their own great
+object--the absorption of Corinth by Argos. And so it came to pass that
+this peace (16) proved abortive, and the representatives departed each
+to his own home.
+
+ (15) See Plut. "Ages." xxiii. (Clough, iv. p. 27); and for the date
+    B.C. 392 (al. B.C. 393) see Grote, "H. G." ix. 498.
+
+ (16) See Andoc. "de Pace"; Jebb, "Attic Or." i. 83, 128 foll. Prof.
+    Jebb assigns this speech to B.C. 390 rather than B.C. 391. See
+    also Grote, "H. G." ix. 499; Diod. xiv. 110.
+
+Tiribazus, on his side, thought it hardly consistent with his own safety
+to adopt the cause of the Lacedaemonians without the concurrence of
+the king--a scruple which did not prevent him from privately presenting
+Antalcidas with a sum of money, in hopes that when the Athenians and
+their allies discovered that the Lacedaemonians had the wherewithal to
+furnish a fleet, they might perhaps be more disposed to desire peace.
+Further, accepting the statements of the Lacedaemonians as true, he
+took on himself to secure the person of Conon, as guilty of wrongdoing
+towards the king, and shut him up. (17) That done, he set off up
+country to the king to recount the proposals of Lacedaemon, with his own
+subsequent capture of Conon as a mischievous man, and to ask for further
+guidance on all these matters.
+
+ (17) See Diod. xiv. 85; and Corn. Nep. 5.
+
+On the arrival of Tiribazus at the palace, the king sent down Struthas
+to take charge of the seaboard district. The latter, however, was a
+strong partisan of Athens and her allies, since he found it impossible
+to forget the long list of evils which the king's country had suffered
+at the hands of Agesilaus; so that the Lacedaemonians, contrasting
+the hostile disposition of the new satrap towards themselves with his
+friendliness to the Athenians, sent Thibron to deal with him by force of
+arms.
+
+B.C. 391. (18) That general crossed over and established his base
+of operations in Ephesus and the towns in the plain of the
+Maeander--Priene, Leucophrys, and Achilleum--and proceeded to harry the
+king's territory, sparing neither live nor dead chattels. But as time
+went on, Struthas, who could not but note the disorderly, and indeed
+recklessly scornful manner in which the Lacedaemonian brought up his
+supports on each occasion, despatched a body of cavalry into the plain.
+Their orders were to gallop down and scour the plain, making a clean
+sweep (19) of all they could lay their hands on. Thibron, as it
+befell, had just finished breakfast, and was returning to the mess
+with Thersander the flute-player. The latter was not only a good
+flute-player, but, as affecting Lacedaemonian manners, laid claim to
+personal prowess. Struthas, then, seeing the disorderly advance of the
+supports and the paucity of the vanguard, appeared suddenly at the head
+of a large body of cavalry, all in orderly array. Thibron and Thersander
+were the first to be cut down, and when these had fallen the rest of the
+troops were easily turned. A mere chase ensued, in which man after
+man was felled to earth, though a remnant contrived to escape into the
+friendly cities; still larger numbers owed their safety to their late
+discovery of the business on hand. Nor, indeed, was this the first time
+the Spartan commander had rushed to the field, without even issuing a
+general order. So ends the history of these events.
+
+ (18) Al. B.C. 392, al. B.C. 390.
+
+ (19) See "Hell." VII. i. 40; "Cyrop." I. iv. 17; III. iii. 23; "Anab."
+    VI. iii. 3.
+
+B.C. 390. (20) We pass on to the arrival at Lacedaemon of a party of
+Rhodian exiles expelled by the popular party. They insisted that it was
+not equitable to allow the Athenians to subjugate Rhodes and thus build
+up so vast a power. The Lacedaemonians were alive to the fact that the
+fate of Rhodes depended on which party in the state prevailed: if the
+democracy were to dominate, the whole island must fall into the hands of
+Athens; if the wealthier classes, (21) into their own. Accordingly they
+fitted out for them a fleet of eight vessels, and put Ecdicus in command
+of it as admiral.
+
+ (20) Grote, "H. G." ix. 504; al. B.C. 391.
+
+ (21) Or, "the Lacedaemonians were not slow to perceive that the whole
+    island of Rhodes was destined to fall either into the hands of
+    Athens or of themselves, according as the democracy or the
+    wealthier classes respectively dominated."
+
+At the same time they despatched another officer on board these vessels
+named Diphridas, on a separate mission. His orders were to cross over
+into Asia and to secure the states which had received Thibron. He was
+also to pick up the survivors of Thibron's army, and with these troops,
+aided by a second army which he would collect from any other quarter
+open to him, he was to prosecute the war against Struthas. Diphridas
+followed out his instructions, and amongst other achievements was
+fortunate enough to capture Tigranes, (22) the son-in-law of Struthas,
+with his wife, on their road to Sardis. The sum paid for their ransom
+was so large that he at once had the wherewithal to pay his mercenaries.
+Diphridas was no less attractive than his predecessor Thibron; but
+he was of a more orderly temperament, steadier, and incomparably more
+enterprising as a general; the secret of this superiority being that
+he was a man over whom the pleasures of the body exercised no sway. He
+became readily absorbed in the business before him--whatever he had to
+do he did it with a will.
+
+ (22) See "Anab." VII. viii. 9 for a similar exploit.
+
+Ecdicus having reached Cnidus, there learned that the democracy in
+Rhones were entirely masters of the situation. They were dominant by
+land and sea; indeed they possessed a fleet twice the size of his
+own. He was therefore content to keep quiet in Cnidus until the
+Lacedaemonians, perceiving that his force was too small to allow him to
+benefit their friends, determined to relieve him. With this view they
+ordered Teleutias to take the twelve ships which formed his squadron (at
+present in the gulf adjoining Achaia and Lechaeum), (23) and to feel his
+way round to Ecdicus: that officer he was to send home. For himself, he
+was to undertake personally to protect the interests of all who cared to
+be their friends, whilst injuring the enemy by every possible means.
+
+ (23) See above, IV. viii. 11.
+
+So then Teleutias, having reached Samos, where he added some vessels to
+his fleet, set sail to Cnidus. At this point Ecdicus returned home, and
+Teleutias, continuing his voyage, reached Rhodes, at the head now of
+seven-and-twenty vessels. It was during this portion of the voyage that
+he fell in with Philocrates, the son of Ephialtes, who was sailing from
+Athens to Cyprus with ten triremes, in aid of their ally Evagoras. (24)
+The whole flotilla fell into the Spartan's hands--a curious instance, it
+may be added, of cross purposes on the part of both belligerents. Here
+were the Athenians, supposed to be on friendly terms with the king,
+engaged in sending an allied force to support Evagoras, who was at open
+war with him; and here again was Teleutias, the representative of a
+people at war with Persia, engaged in crippling a fleet which had been
+despatched on a mission hostile to their adversary. Teleutias put
+back into Cnidus to dispose of his captives, and so eventually reached
+Rhodes, where his arrival brought timely aid to the party in favour of
+Lacedaemon.
+
+ (24) See Diod. xiv. 98; Hicks, 72; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p. 397;
+    Isoc. "Evag." 54-57; Paus. I. iii. 1; Lys. "de bon. Ar." 20; Dem.
+    p. 161.
+
+B.C. 389. (25) And now the Athenians, fully impressed with the belief
+that their rivals were laying the basis of a new naval supremacy,
+despatched Thrasybulus the Steirian to check them, with a fleet of forty
+sail. That officer set sail, but abstained from bringing aid to Rhodes,
+and for good reasons. In Rhodes the Lacedaemonian party had hold of
+the fortress, and would be out of reach of his attack, especially as
+Teleutias was close at hand to aid them with his fleet. On the other
+hand, his own friends ran no danger of succumbing to the enemy, as
+they held the cities and were numerically much stronger, and they had
+established their superiority in the field. Consequently he made for
+the Hellespont, where, in the absence of any rival power, he hoped to
+achieve some stroke of good fortune for his city. Thus, in the first
+place, having detected the rivalries existing between Medocus, (26)
+the king of the Odrysians, and Seuthes, (27) the rival ruler of the
+seaboard, he reconciled them to each other, and made them friends and
+allies of Athens; in the belief that if he secured their friendship the
+Hellenic cities on the Thracian coast would show greater proclivity to
+Athens. Such being the happy state of affairs not only in Europe but as
+regards the states in Asia also, thanks to the friendly attitude of
+the king to his fellow-citizens, he sailed into Byzantium and sold the
+tithe-duty levied on vessels arriving from the Euxine. By another stroke
+he converted the oligarchy of Byzantium into a democracy. The result of
+this was that the Byzantine demos (28) were no longer sorry to see as
+vast a concourse of Athenians in their city as possible. Having so done,
+and having further won the friendship of the men of Calchedon, he set
+sail south of the Hellespont. Arrived at Lesbos, he found all the cities
+devoted to Lacedaemon with the exception of Mytilene. He was therefore
+loth to attack any of the former until he had organised a force within
+the latter. This force consisted of four hundred hoplites, furnished
+from his own vessels, and a corps of exiles from the different
+cities who had sought shelter in Mytilene; to which he added a stout
+contingent, the pick of the Mytileneian citizens themselves. He stirred
+the ardour of the several contingents by suitable appeals: representing
+to the men of Mytilene that by their capture of the cities they would at
+once become the chiefs and patrons of Lesbos; to the exiles he made it
+appear that if they would but unite to attack each several city in turn,
+they might all reckon on their particular restoration; while he needed
+only to remind his own warriors that the acquisition of Lesbos meant not
+only the attachment of a friendly city, but the discovery of a mine
+of wealth. The exhortations ended and the contingents organised, he
+advanced against Methymna.
+
+ (25) Grote, "H. G." ix. 507.
+
+ (26) Al. Amedocus.
+
+ (27) For Seuthes, see above, "Hell." III. ii. 2, if the same.
+
+ (28) For the varying fortunes of the democrats at Byzantium in 408
+    B.C. and 405 B.C., see above, ("Hell." I. iii. 18; II. ii. 2); for
+    the present moment, 390-389 B.C., see Demosth. "c. Lept." 475; for
+    the admission of Byzantium into the new naval confederacy in 378
+    B.C., see Hicks, 68; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 19; and for B.C. 363,
+    Isocr. "Phil." 53; Diod. xv. 79; and for its commercial
+    prosperity, Polyb. iv. 38-47.
+
+Therimachus, who chanced to be the Lacedaemonian governor at the time,
+on hearing of the meditated attack of Thrasybulus, had taken a body
+of marines from his vessels, and, aided by the citizens of Methymna
+themselves, along with all the Mytileneian exiles to be found in that
+place, advanced to meet the enemy on their borders. A battle was fought
+and Therimachus was slain, a fate shared by several of the exiles of his
+party.
+
+As a result (29) of his victory the Athenian general succeeded in
+winning the adhesion of some of the states; or, where adhesion
+was refused, he could at least raise supplies for his soldiers by
+freebooting expeditions, and so hastened to reach his goal, which was
+the island of Rhodes. His chief concern was to support as powerful an
+army as possible in those parts, and with this object he proceeded
+to levy money aids, visiting various cities, until he finally reached
+Aspendus, and came to moorings in the river Eurymedon. The money was
+safely collected from the Aspendians, and the work completed, when,
+taking occasion of some depredations (30) of the soldiers on the
+farmsteads, the people of the place in a fit of irritation burst into
+the general's quarters at night and butchered him in his tent.
+
+ (29) According to some critics, B.C. 389 is only now reached.
+
+ (30) See Diod. xiv. 94.
+
+So perished Thrasybulus, (31) a good and great man by all admission. In
+room of him the Athenians chose Agyrrhius, (32) who was despatched to
+take command of the fleet. And now the Lacedaemonians--alive to the fact
+that the sale of the Euxine tithe-dues had been negotiated in Byzantium
+by Athens; aware also that as long as the Athenians kept hold on
+Calchedon the loyalty of the other Hellespontine cities was secured to
+them (at any rate while Pharnabazus remained their friend)--felt that
+the state of affairs demanded their serious attention. They attached no
+blame indeed to Dercylidas. Anaxibius, however, through the friendship
+of the ephors, contrived to get himself appointed as governor, on a
+mission to Abydos. With the requisite funds and ships, he promised to
+exert such hostile pressure upon Athens that at least her prospects
+in the Hellespont would cease to be so sunny. His friends the ephors
+granted him in return for these promises three ships of war and funds
+to support a thousand mercenaries, and so they despatched him on his
+mission. Reaching Abydos, he set about improving his naval and military
+position. First he collected a foreign brigade, by help of which he drew
+off some of the Aeolid cities from Pharnabazus. Next he set on foot
+a series of retaliatory expeditions against the states which attacked
+Abydos, marching upon them and ravaging their territories; and lastly,
+manning three vessels besides those which he already held in the harbour
+of Abydos, he intercepted and brought into port all the merchant ships
+of Athens or of her allies which he could lay hands on.
+
+ (31) "Thus perished the citizen to whom, more than any one else,
+    Athens owed not only her renovated democracy, but its wise,
+    generous, and harmonious working, after renovation."--Grote, "H.
+    G." ix. 509.
+
+ (32) For this statesman, see Demosth. "c. Timocr." 742; Andoc. "de
+    Myst." 133; Aristot. "Ath. Pol." 41, and Mr. Kenyon's notes ad
+    loc.; Aristoph. "Eccles." 102, and the Schol. ad loc.; Diod. xiv.
+    99; Curtius, "H. G." Eng tr. iv. 280.
+
+Getting wind of these proceedings, the Athenians, fearing lest the fair
+foundation laid for them by Thrasybulus in the Hellespont should be
+ruined, sent out Iphicrates with eight vessels and twelve hundred
+peltasts. The majority of them (33) consisted of troops which he had
+commanded at Corinth. In explanation it may be stated that the Argives,
+when once they had appropriated Corinth and incorporated it with Argos,
+gave out they had no further need of Iphicrates and his troops; the real
+fact being that he had put to death some of the partisans of Argos. (34)
+And so it was he turned his back on Corinth and found himself at home in
+Athens at the present crisis.
+
+ (33) Or, "The mass of them."
+
+ (34) See Grote, "H. G." ix. p. 491 note. The "Argolising" or philo-
+    Argeian party, as opposed to the philo-Laconian party. See above,
+    "Hell." IV. iv. 6.
+
+B.C. 389-388. When Iphicrates first reached the Chersonese he and
+Anaxibius carried on war against each other by the despatch of guerilla
+or piratic bands across the straits. But as time wore on, information
+reached him of the departure of Anaxibius to Antandrus, accompanied
+by his mercenaries and his own bodyguard of Laconians and two hundred
+Abydenian hoplites. Hearing further that Anaxibius had won the friendly
+adhesion of Antandrus, Iphicrates conjectured that after establishing a
+garrison in that place he would make the best of his way back, if only
+to bring the Abydenians home again. He therefore crossed in the night,
+selecting a desert point on the Abydene coast, from which he scaled
+the hills above the town and planted himself in ambuscade within their
+folds. The triremes which brought him across had orders at break of day
+to coast up northwards along the Chersonese, which would suggest the
+notion that he was only out on one of his customary voyages to collect
+money. The sequel more than fulfilled his expectations. Anaxibius began
+his return march, and if report speaks truly, he did so notwithstanding
+that the victims were against his marching that day; contemptuously
+disregarding the warning, and satisfied that his march lay all along
+through a friendly country and was directed to a friendly city. Besides
+which, those whom he met assured him that Iphicrates was off on a voyage
+to Proconnesus: hence the unusual absence of precaution on the march.
+On his side Iphicrates saw the chance, but, so long as the troops of
+Anaxibius lingered on the level bottoms, refused to spring from his
+lair, waiting for the moment when the Abydenian division in the van
+was safely landed in the plain of Cremaste, at the point where the
+gold mines stand; the main column following on the downward slope, and
+Anaxibius with his Laconians just beginning the descent. At that instant
+Iphicrates set his ambuscade in motion, and dashed against the Spartan
+at full speed. The latter quickly discerned that there was no hope of
+escape as he scanned the long straggling line of his attenuated column.
+The troops in advance, he was persuaded, would never be able to come
+back to his aid up the face of that acclivity; besides which, he
+observed the utter bewilderment of the whole body at sight of the
+ambuscade. He therefore turned to those next him, and spoke as follows:
+"Sirs, it is good for me to die on this spot, where honour bids me; but
+for you, sirs, yonder your path lies, haste and save yourselves (35)
+before the enemy can close with us." As the words died on his lips he
+took from the hands of his attendant shield-bearer his heavy shield, and
+there, at his post, unflinchingly fought and fell; not quite alone,
+for by his side faithfully lingered a favourite youth, and of the
+Lacedaemonian governors who had rallied to Abydos from their several
+cities yet other twelve fought and fell beside the pair. The rest fled,
+dropping down one by one as the army pursued them to the walls of the
+city. The death-roll amounted to something like fifty hoplites of the
+Abydenians, and of the rest two hundred. After this exploit Iphicrates
+returned to the Chersonese. (36)
+
+ (35) Or, "sauve qui peut."
+
+ (36) See Hicks, 76; and below, "Hell." V. i. 31.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK V
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 388. Such was the state of affairs in the Hellespont, so far at
+least as Athens and Sparta are concerned. Eteonicus was once more in
+Aegina; and notwithstanding that the Aeginetans and Athenians had up to
+this time held commercial intercourse, yet now that the war was plainly
+to be fought out on the sea, that officer, with the concurrence of the
+ephorate, gave permission to any one who liked to plunder Attica. (1)
+The Athenians retaliated by despatching a body of hoplites under their
+general Pamphilus, who constructed a fort against the Aeginetans,
+(2) and proceeded to blockade them by land and sea with ten warships.
+Teleutias, however, while threading his way among the islands in
+question of contributions, had chanced to reach a point where he
+received information of the turn in affairs with regard to the
+construction of the fortress, whereupon he came to the rescue of the
+beleaguered Aeginetans, and so far succeeded that he drove off the
+enemy's blockading squadron. But Pamphilus kept a firm hold on the
+offensive fortress, and was not to be dislodged.
+
+ (1) Or, "determined to let slip the hounds of war;" or, more
+    prosaically, "issued letters of marque." See Grote, "H. G." ix.
+    517.
+
+ (2) I.e. in Aegina as an {epiteikhisma}.
+
+After this the new admiral Hierax arrived from Lacedaemon. The naval
+force was transferred into his successor's hands, and under the happiest
+auspices Teleutias set sail for home. As he descended to the seashore
+to start on his homeward voyage there was not one among his soldiers
+who had not a warm shake of the hand for their old admiral. Here one
+presented him with a crown, and there another with a victor's wreath;
+and those who arrived too late, still, as the ship weighed anchor, threw
+garlands into the sea and wafted him many a blessing with prayerful
+lips. I am well aware that in the above incident I have no memorable
+story of munificence, peril, or invention to narrate, but in all
+sincerity I protest that a man may find food for reflection in the
+inquiry what Teleutias had done to create such a disposition in his
+subordinates. Here we are brought face to face with a true man's work
+more worthy of account than multitudes of riches or adventure. (3)
+
+ (3) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 518: "The ideal of government as it
+    presented itself to Xenophon was the paternal despotism or
+    something like it," {to ethelonton arkhein}. Cf. "Cyrop." passim,
+    "Heiro," and his various other compositions.
+
+The new admiral Hierax, taking with him the larger portion of the fleet,
+set sail once more for Rhodes. He left behind him twelve vessels
+in Aegina under his vice-admiral Gorgopas, who was now installed as
+governor of that island. In consequence of this chance the Athenian
+troops inside the fortres were more blockaded than the Aeginetans
+themselves, so much so that a vote was passed by the Athenian assembly,
+in obedience to which a large fleet was manned, and the garrison, after
+four months' sojourn in Aegina, were brought back. But this was
+no sooner done than they began to be harassed by Gorgopas and the
+privateers again. To operate against these they fitted out thirteen
+vessels, choosing Eunomus as admiral in command. Hierax was still in
+Rhodes when the Lacedaemonians sent out a new admiral, Antalcidas; they
+believed that they could not find a better mode of gratifying Tiribazus.
+Accordingly Antalcidas, after visiting Aegina in order to pick up the
+vessels under Gorgopas, set sail for Ephesus. At this point he sent back
+Gorgopas with his twelve ships to Aegina, and appointed his vice-admiral
+Nicolochus to command the remainder of the fleet.
+
+Nicolochus was to relieve Abydos, and thither set sail; but in the
+course of the voyage turned aside to Tenedos, where he ravaged the
+territory, and, with the money so secured, sailed on to Abydos. The
+Athenian generals (4) on their side, collecting from Samothrace, Thasos,
+and the fortresses in that quarter, hastened to the relief of Tenedos;
+but, finding that Nicolochus had continued his voyage to Abydos, they
+selected the Chersonese as their base, and proceeded to blockade him
+and his fleet of five-and-twenty vessels with the two-and-thirty vessels
+under their joint command.
+
+ (4) And among the rest Iphicrates and Diotimus. See below, S. 25;
+    above, IV. viii. 39.
+
+Meanwhile Gorgopas, returning from Ephesus, fell in with the Athenian
+admiral Eunomus, and, shunning an encounter at the moment, sought
+shelter in Aegina, which he reached a little before sunset; and at
+once disembarking his men, set them down to their evening meal; whilst
+Eunomus on his side, after hanging back for a little while, sailed away.
+Night fell, and the Athenian, showing the customary signal light to
+prevent his squadron straggling, led the way in the darkness. Gorgopas
+instantly got his men on board again, and, taking the lantern for his
+guide, followed the Athenians, craftily lagging behind a little space,
+so as not to show himself or raise any suspicion of his presence. In
+place of the usual cry the boatswains timed the rowers by a clink of
+stones, and silently the oars slid, feathering through the waves (5);
+and just when the squadron of Eunomus was touching the coast, off Cape
+Zoster (6) in Attica, the Spartan sounded the bugle-note for the charge.
+Some of Eunomus's vessels were in the act of discharging their crews,
+others were still getting to their moorings, whilst others were as yet
+only bearing down to land. The engagement was fought by the light of the
+moon, and Gorgopas captured four triremes, which he tied astern, and so
+set sail with his prizes in tow towards Aegina. The rest of the Athenian
+squadron made their escape into the harbour of Piraeus.
+
+ (5) Lit. "the boatswains employing a clink of stones and a sliding
+    motion of the oars."
+
+ (6) I.e. "Cape Girdle," mod. Cape Karvura. See Tozer, "Geog. of
+    Greece," pp. 78, 372.
+
+It was after these events that Chabrias (7) commenced his voyage to
+Cyprus, bringing relief to Evagoras. His force consisted at first of
+eight hundred light troops and ten triremes, but was further increased
+by other vessels from Athens and a body of heavy infantry. Thus
+reinforced, the admiral chose a night and landed in Aegina; and secreted
+himself in ambuscade with his light troops in hollow ground some way
+beyond the temple of Heracles. At break of day, as prearranged, the
+Athenian hoplites made their appearance under command of Demaenetus, and
+began mounting up between two and three miles (8) beyond the Kerakleion
+at Tripurgia, as it is called. The news soon reached Gorgopas, who
+sallied out to the rescue with the Aeginetans and the marines of his
+vessels, being further accompanied by eight Spartans who happened to be
+with him. Not content with these he issued orders inviting any of the
+ships' crews, who were free men, to join the relief party. A large
+number of these sailors responded. They armed themselves as best they
+could, and the advance commenced. When the vanguard were well past the
+ambuscade, Chabrias and his men sprang up from their hiding-place,
+and poured a volley of javelins and stones upon the enemy. At the same
+moment the hoplites, who had disembarked, (9) were advancing, so that
+the Spartan vanguard, in the absence of anything like collective
+action, were speedily cut down, and among them fell Gorgopas with the
+Lacedaemonians. At their fall the rest of course turned and fled. One
+hundred and fifty Aeginetans were numbered among the slain, while the
+loss incurred by the foreigners, metics, and sailors who had joined the
+relief party, reached a total of two hundred. After this the Athenians
+sailed the sea as freely as in the times of actual peace. Nor would
+anything induce the sailors to row a single stroke for Eteonicus--even
+under pressure--since he had no pay to give.
+
+ (7) According to Diod. xiv. 92, Chabrias had been for some time in
+    Corinth. See also above, IV. viii. 24.
+
+ (8) Lit. "about sixteen stades."
+
+ (9) Or, reading {oi anabebekotes}, "who had scaled the height." See
+    Hartman, "Anal. Xen." p. 364.
+
+Subsequently the Lacedaemonians despatched Teleutias once again to take
+command of the squadron, and when the sailors saw it was he who had
+come, they were overjoyed. He summoned a meeting and addressed them
+thus: "Soldiers, I am back again, but I bring with me no money. Yet if
+God be willing, and your zeal flag not, I will endeavour to supply
+you with provisions without stint. Be well assured, as often as I find
+myself in command of you, I have but one prayer--that your lives may
+be spared no less than mine; and as for the necessaries of existence,
+perhaps it would astonish you if I said I would rather you should
+have them than I. Yet by the gods I swear I would welcome two days'
+starvation in order to spare you one. Was not my door open in old days
+to every comer? Open again it shall stand now; and so it shall be; where
+your own board overflows, you shall look in and mark the luxury of your
+general; but if at other times you see him bearing up against cold and
+heat and sleepless nights, you must apply the lesson to yourselves
+and study to endure those evils. I do not bid you do aught of this for
+self-mortification's sake, but that you may derive some after-blessing
+from it. Soldiers, let Lacedaemon, our own mother-city, be to you an
+example. Her good fortune is reputed to stand high. That you know; and
+you know too, that she purchased her glory and her greatness not by
+faint-heartedness, but by choosing to suffer pain and incur dangers in
+the day of need. 'Like city,' I say, 'like citizens.' You, too, as I
+can bear you witness, have been in times past brave; but to-day must we
+strive to be better than ourselves. So shall we share our pains without
+repining, and when fortune smiles, mingle our joys; for indeed the
+sweetest thing of all surely is to flatter no man, Hellene or Barbarian,
+for the sake of hire; we will suffice to ourselves, and from a source
+to which honour pre-eminently invites us; since, I need not remind you,
+abundance won from the enemy in war furnishes forth not bodily nutrition
+only, but a feast of glory the wide world over."
+
+So he spoke, and with one voice they all shouted to him to issue what
+orders he thought fit; they would not fail him in willing service. The
+general's sacrifice was just concluded, and he answered: "Good, then, my
+men; go now, as doubtless you were minded, and take your evening meal,
+and next provide yourselves, please, with one day's food. After that
+repair to your ships without delay, for we have a voyage on hand,
+whither God wills, and must arrive in time." So then, when the men
+returned, he embarked them on their ships, and sailed under cover of
+night for the great harbour of Piraeus: at one time he gave the rowers
+rest, passing the order to take a snatch of sleep; at another he pushed
+forward towards his goal with rise and fall of oars. If any one supposes
+that there was a touch of madness in such an expedition--with but
+twelve triremes to attack an enemy possessed of a large fleet--he should
+consider the calculations of Teleutias. He was under the firm persuasion
+that the Athenians were more careless than ever about their navy in the
+harbour since the death of Gorgopas; and in case of finding warships
+riding at anchor--even so, there was less danger, he conjectured, in
+attacking twenty ships in the port of Athens than ten elsewhere; for,
+whereas, anywhere outside the harbour the sailors would certainly be
+quartered on board, at Athens it was easy to divine that the captains
+and officers would be sleeping at their homes, and the crews located
+here and there in different quarters.
+
+This minded he set sail, and when he was five or six furlongs (10)
+distant from the harbour he lay on his oars and rested. But with the
+first streak of dawn he led the way, the rest following. The admiral's
+orders to the crews were explicit. They were on no account to sink any
+merchant vessel; they were equally to avoid damaging (11) their own
+vessels, but if at any point they espied a warship at her moorings they
+must try and cripple her. The trading vessels, provided they had got
+their cargoes on board, they must seize and tow out of the harbour;
+those of larger tonnage they were to board wherever they could and
+capture the crews. Some of his men actually jumped on to the Deigma
+quay, (12) where they seized hold of various traders and pilots and
+deposited them bodily on board ship. So the Spartan admiral carried out
+his programme.
+
+ (10) Lit. "five or six stades."
+
+ (11) See Hartman, "Anal. Xen." pp. 365, 366.
+
+ (12) See Grote ("H. G." ix. 523): cf. Thuc. ii. 94, the attempt of
+    Brasidas on the port of Megara. For the wealth of Piraeus, Grote
+    "H. G." ix. 351. See below, "Pol. Ath." i. 17; "Rev." iii. 13.
+
+As to the Athenians, meanwhile, some of them who got wind of what was
+happening rushed from indoors outside to see what the commotion meant,
+others from the streets home to get their arms, and others again were
+off to the city with the news. The whole of Athens rallied to the rescue
+at that instant, heavy infantry and cavalry alike, the apprehension
+being that Piraeus was taken. But the Spartan sent off the captured
+vessels to Aegina, telling off three or four of his triremes to convoy
+them thither; with the rest he followed along the coast of Attica, and
+emerging in seemingly innocent fashion from the harbour, captured
+a number of fishing smacks, and passage boats laden with passengers
+crossing to Piraeus from the islands; and finally, on reaching Sunium
+he captured some merchantmen laden with corn or other merchandise. After
+these performances he sailed back to Aegina, where he sold his prizes,
+and with the proceeds was able to provide his troops with a month's
+pay, and for the future was free to cruise about and make what reprisals
+chance cast in his way. By such a procedure he was able to support a
+full quota of mariners on board his squadron, and procured to himself
+the prompt and enthusiastic service of his troops.
+
+B.C. 388-387. Antalcidas had now returned from the Persian court with
+Tiribazus. The negotiations had been successful. He had secured the
+alliance of the Persian king and his military co-operation in case the
+Athenians and their allies refused to abide by the peace which the king
+dictated. But learning that his second in command, Nicolochus, was being
+blockaded with his fleet by Iphicrates and Diotimus (13) in Abydos, he
+set off at once by land for that city. Being come thither he took the
+fleet one night and put out to sea, having first spread a story that he
+had invitations from a party in Calchedon; but as a matter of fact
+he came to anchorage in Percote and there kept quiet. Meanwhile the
+Athenian forces under Demaenetus and Dionysius and Leontichus and
+Phanias had got wind of his movement, and were in hot pursuit towards
+Proconnesus. As soon as they were well past, the Spartan veered round
+and returned to Abydos, trusting to information brought him of the
+approach of Polyxenus with the Syracusan (14) and Italian squadron of
+twenty ships, which he wished to pick up and incorporate with his own.
+
+ (13) See above; Lysias, "de bon. Arist." (Jebb, "Att. Or." i. p. 327).
+
+ (14) See below, VI. ii. 4 foll; Hicks, 71, 84, 88.
+
+A little later the Athenian Thrasybulus (15) (of Collytus) was making
+his way up with eight ships from Thrace, his object being to effect
+a junction with the main Athenian squadron. The scouts signalled the
+approach of eight triremes, whereupon Antalcidas, embarking his marines
+on board twelve of the fastest sailers of his fleet, ordered them to
+make up their full complements, where defective, from the remaining
+vessels; and so lay to, skulking in his lair with all possible secrecy.
+As soon as the enemy's vessels came sailing past he gave chase; and
+they catching sight of him took to flight. With his swiftest sailors
+he speedily overhauled their laggards, and ordering his vanguard to let
+these alone, he followed hard on those ahead. But when the foremost
+had fallen into his clutches, the enemy's hinder vessels, seeing their
+leaders taken one by one, out of sheer despondency fell an easy prey
+to the slower sailers of the foe, so that not one of the eight vessels
+escaped.
+
+ (15) His name occurs on the famous stele of the new Athenian
+    confederacy, B.C. 378. See Hicks, 81; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 17;
+    Demos. "de. Cor." p. 301; Arist. "Rhet." ii. 23; Demos. "c.
+    Timocr." 742.
+
+Presently the Syracusan squadron of twenty vessels joined him, and again
+another squadron from Ionia, or rather so much of that district as lay
+under the control of Tiribazus. The full quota of the contingent
+was further made up from the territory of Ariobarzanes (which whom
+Antalcidas kept up a friendship of long standing), in the absence of
+Pharnabazus, who by this date had already been summoned up country on
+the occasion of his marriage with the king's daughter. With this fleet,
+which, from whatever sources derived, amounted to more than eighty sail,
+Antalcidas ruled the seas, and was in a position not only to cut off the
+passage of vessels bound to Athens from the Euxine, but to convoy them
+into the harbours of Sparta's allies.
+
+The Athenians could not but watch with alarm the growth of the enemy's
+fleet, and began to fear a repetition of their former discomfiture.
+To be trampled under foot by the hostile power seemed indeed no remote
+possibility, now that the Lacedaemonians had procured an ally in the
+person of the Persian monarch, and they were in little less than a state
+of siege themselves, pestered as they were by privateers from Aegina. On
+all these grounds the Athenians became passionately desirous of peace.
+(16) The Lacedaemonians were equally out of humour with the war for
+various reasons--what with their garrison duties, one mora at Lechaeum
+and another at Orchomenus, and the necessity of keeping watch and ward
+on the states, if loyal not to lose them, if disaffected to prevent
+their revolt; not to mention that reciprocity of annoyance (17) of which
+Corinth was the centre. So again the Argives had a strong appetite for
+peace; they knew that the ban had been called out against them, and,
+it was plain, that no fictitious alteration of the calendar would any
+longer stand them in good stead. Hence, when Tiribazus issued a summons
+calling on all who were willing to listen to the terms of peace sent
+down by the king (18) to present themselves, the invitation was promptly
+accepted. At the opening of the conclave (19) Tiribazus pointed to
+the king's seal attached to the document, and proceeded to read the
+contents, which ran as follows:
+
+ (16) See, at this point, Grote on the financial condition of Athens
+    and the "Theorikon," "H. G." ix. 525.
+
+ (17) Or, "that give-and-take of hard knocks."
+
+ (18) See Hicks, 76.
+
+ (19) At Sardis, doubtless.
+
+"The king, Artaxerxes, deems it just that the cities in Asia, with the
+islands of Clazomenae and Cyprus, should belong to himself; the rest of
+the Hellenic cities he thinks it just to leave independent, both small
+and great, with the exception of Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros, which three
+are to belong to Athens as of yore. Should any of the parties concerned
+not accept this peace, I, Artaxerxes, will war against him or them with
+those who share my views. This will I do by land and by sea, with ships
+and with money."
+
+After listening to the above declaration the ambassadors from the
+several states proceeded to report the same to their respective
+governments. One and all of these took the oaths (20) to ratify and
+confirm the terms unreservedly, with the exception of the Thebans,
+who claimed to take the oaths in behalf of all Boeotians. This claim
+Agesilaus repudiated: unless they chose to take the oaths in precise
+conformity with the words of the king's edict, which insisted on "the
+future autonomy of each state, small or great," he would not admit them.
+To this the Theban ambassadors made no other reply, except that
+the instructions they had received were different. "Pray go, then,"
+Agesilaus retorted, "and ask the question; and you may inform your
+countrymen that if they will not comply, they will be excluded from the
+treaty." The Theban ambassadors departed, but Agesilaus, out of hatred
+to the Thebans, took active measures at once. Having got the consent of
+the ephors he forthwith offered sacrifice. The offerings for crossing
+the frontier were propitious, and he pushed on to Tegea. From Tegea he
+despatched some of the knights right and left to visit the perioeci
+and hasten their mobilisation, and at the same time sent commanders of
+foreign brigades to the allied cities on a similar errand. But before
+he had started from Tegea the answer from Thebes arrived; the point was
+yielded, they would suffer the states to be independent. Under these
+circumstances the Lacedaemonians returned home, and the Thebans were
+forced to accept the truce unconditionally, and to recognise the
+autonomy of the Boeotian cities. (21) But now the Corinthians were by
+no means disposed to part with the garrison of the Argives. Accordingly
+Agesilaus had a word of warning for both. To the former he said, "if
+they did not forthwith dismiss the Argives," and to the latter, "if
+they did not instantly quit Corinth," he would march an army into their
+territories. The terror of both was so great that the Argives marched
+out of Corinth, and Corinth was once again left to herself; (22)
+whereupon the "butchers" (23) and their accomplices in the deed of blood
+determined to retire from Corinth, and the rest of the citizens welcomed
+back their late exiles voluntarily.
+
+ (20) At Sparta, doubtless.
+
+ (21) See Freeman, op. cit. pp. 168, 169.
+
+ (22) See "Ages." ii. 21; Grote, "H. G." ix. 537.
+
+ (23) {oi sphageis}, a party catchword (in reference to the incidents
+    narrated above, "Hell." IV. iv. 2). See below, {ton bareon
+    demagogon}, "Hell." V. ii. 7; {oi kedomenoi tes Peloponnesou},
+    "Hell." VII. v. 1; above, {oi sphageis}, "Hell." III. ii. 27, of
+    the philo-Laconian oligarchs in Elis. See Dem. "c. Lept." 473.
+
+Now that the transactions were complete, and the states were bound by
+their oaths to abide by the peace sent down to them by the king, the
+immediate result was a general disarmament, military and naval forces
+being alike disbanded; and so it was that the Lacedaemonians and
+Athenians, with their allies, found themselves in the enjoyment of peace
+for the first time since the period of hostilities subsequent to the
+demolition of the walls of Athens. From a condition which, during
+the war, can only be described as a sort of even balance with their
+antagonists, the Lacedaemonians now emerged; and reached a pinnacle
+of glory consequent upon the Peace of Antalcidas, (24) so called.
+As guarantors of the peace presented by Hellas to the king, and as
+administrators personally of the autonomy of the states, they had added
+Corinth to their alliance; they had obtained the independence of
+the states of Boeotia at the expense of Thebes, (25) which meant the
+gratification of an old ambition; and lastly, by calling out the ban in
+case the Argives refused to evacuate Corinth, they had put a stop to the
+appropriation of that city by the Argives.
+
+ (24) Or, more correctly, the peace "under," or "at the date of," {ep
+    'Antalkidou}. See Grote, "H. G." x. 1, note 1.
+
+ (25) Or, "they had made the states of Boeotia independent of Thebes."
+    See Grote, "H. G." x. 44.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 386. Indeed the late events had so entirely shaped themselves in
+conformity with the wishes of the Lacedaemonians, that they determined
+to go a step farther and chastise those of their allies who either had
+borne hard on them during the war, or otherwise had shown themselves
+less favourable to Lacedaemon than to her enemies. (1) Chastisement was
+not all; they must lay down such secure foundations for the future as
+should render the like disloyalty impossible again. (2) As the first
+step towards this policy they sent a dictatorial message to the
+Mantinaeans, and bade them raze their fortifications, on the sole ground
+that they could not otherwise trust them not to side with their enemies.
+Many things in their conduct, they alleged, from time to time, had not
+escaped their notice: their frequent despatches of corn to the Argives
+while at war with Lacedaemon; at other times their refusal to furnish
+contingents during a campaign, on the pretext of some holy truce or
+other; (3) or if they did reluctantly take the field--the miserable
+inefficiency of their service. "But, more than that," they added, "we
+note the jealousy with which you eye any good fortune which may betide
+our state; the extravagant pleasure (4) you exhibit at the sudden
+descent of some disaster."
+
+ (1) See Hartman, "An. Xen." p. 367 foll.; Busolt, "Die Lak." p. 129
+    foll.
+
+ (2) Or, "they determined to chastise... and reduce to such order
+    that disloyalty should be impossible."
+
+ (3) See above, "Hell." IV. ii. 16.
+
+ (4) Ib. IV. v. 18.
+
+This very year, moreover, it was commonly said, (5) saw the expiration,
+as far as the Mantineans were concerned, of the thirty years' truce,
+consequent upon the battle of Mantinea. On their refusal, therefore,
+to raze their fortification walls the ban was called out against them.
+Agesilaus begged the state to absolve him from the conduct of this war
+on the plea that the city of Mantinea had done frequent service to
+his father (6) in his Messenian wars. Accordingly Agesipolis led the
+expedition--in spite of the cordial relations of his father Pausanias
+(7) with the leaders of the popular party in Mantinea.
+
+ (5) As to this point, see Curtius, "H. G." V. v. (iv. 305 note, Eng.
+    trans.) There appears to be some confusion. According to Thuc. v.
+    81, "When the Argives deserted the alliance  (with Mantinea,
+    Athens, and Elis, making a new treaty of alliance with Lacedaemon
+    for fifty years) the Mantineans held out for a time, but without
+    the Argives they were helpless, and so they came to terms with the
+    Lacedaemonians, and gave up their claims to supremacy over the
+    cities in Arcadia, which had been subject to them.... These
+    changes were effected at the close of winter  (418 B.C.) towards
+    the approach of spring  (417 B.C.), and so ended the fourteenth
+    year of the war." Jowett. According to Diod. xv. 5, the
+    Lacedaemonians attacked Mantinea within two years after the Peace
+    of Antalcidas, apparently in 386 B.C. According to Thuc. v. 82,
+    and "C. I. A. 50, in B.C. 417 Argos had reverted to her alliance
+    with Athens, and an attempt to connect the city with the sea by
+    long walls was made, certain other states in Peloponnese being
+    privy to the project" (Thuc. v. 83)--an attempt frustrated by
+    Lacedaemon early in B.C. 416. Is it possible that a treaty of
+    alliance between Mantinea and Lacedaemon for thirty years was
+    formally signed in B.C. 416?
+
+ (6) I.e. Archidamus.
+
+ (7) See above, "Hell." III. v. 25.
+
+B.C. 385. The first move of the invader was to subject the enemy's
+territory to devastation; but failing by such means to induce them to
+raze their walls, he proceeded to draw lines of circumvallation round
+the city, keeping half his troops under arms to screen the entrenching
+parties whilst the other half pushed on the work with the spade. As soon
+as the trench was completed, he experienced no further difficulty in
+building a wall round the city. Aware, however, of the existence of a
+huge supply of corn inside the town, the result of the bountiful harvest
+of the preceding year, and averse to the notion of wearing out the city
+of Lacedaemon and her allies by tedious campaigning, he hit upon the
+expedient of damming up the river which flowed through the town.
+
+It was a stream of no inconsiderable size. (8) By erecting a barrier at
+its exit from the town he caused the water to rise above the basements
+of the private dwellings and the foundations of the fortification walls.
+Then, as the lower layers of bricks became saturated and refused their
+support to the rows above, the wall began to crack and soon to totter
+to its fall. The citizens for some time tried to prop it with pieces
+of timber, and used other devices to avert the imminent ruin of their
+tower; but finding themselves overmatched by the water, and in dread
+lest the fall at some point or other of the circular wall (9) might
+deliver them captive to the spear of the enemy, they signified their
+consent to raze their walls. But the Lacedaemonians now steadily refused
+any form of truce, except on the further condition that the Mantineans
+would suffer themselves to be broken up and distributed into villages.
+They, looking the necessity in the face, consented to do even that. The
+sympathisers with Argos among them, and the leaders of their democracy,
+thought their fate was sealed. Then the father treated with the son,
+Pausanias with Agesipolis, on their behalf, and obtained immunity for
+them--sixty in number--on condition that they should quit the city. The
+Lacedaemonian troops stood lining the road on both sides, beginning
+from the gates, and watched the outgoers; and with their spears in
+their hands, in spite of bitter hatred, kept aloof from them with less
+difficulty than the Mantineans of the better classes themselves--a
+weighty testimony to the power of Spartan discipline, be it said. In
+conclusion, the wall was razed, and Mantinea split up into four parts,
+(10) assuming once again its primitive condition as regards inhabitants.
+The first feeling was one of annoyance at the necessity of pulling down
+their present houses and erecting others, yet when the owners (11)
+found themselves located so much nearer their estates round about the
+villages, in the full enjoyment of aristocracy, and rid for ever of
+"those troublesome demagogues," they were delighted with the turn which
+affairs had taken. It became the custom for Sparta to send them, not one
+commander of contingents, (12) but four, one for each village; and the
+zeal displayed, now that the quotas for military service were furnished
+from the several village centres, was far greater than it had been under
+the democratic system. So the transactions in connection with Mantinea
+were brought to a conclusion, and thereby one lesson of wisdom was
+taught mankind--not to conduct a river through a fortress town.
+
+ (8) I.e. the Ophis. See Leake, "Morea," III. xxiv. p. 71; Pausan.
+    "Arcad." 8; Grote, "H. G." x. 48, note 2.
+
+ (9) Or, "in the circuit of the wall."
+
+ (10) See Diod. xv. 5; Strab. viii. 337; Ephor. fr. 138, ed. Did.; and
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 51.
+
+ (11) Or, "holders of properties." The historian is referring not to
+    the population at large, I think, but to the rich landowners, i.e.
+    the {Beltistoi}, and is not so partial as Grote supposes ("H. G."
+    x. 51 foll.)
+
+ (12) Technically {zenagoi}, Lacedaemonian officers who commanded the
+    contingents of the several allies. See above, "Hell." III. v. 7;
+    Thuc. ii. 76; and Arnold's note ad loc.; also C. R. Kennedy, "ap.
+    Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities," s.v.; Muller, "Dorians,"
+    ii. 250, Eng. tr.; Busolt, "Die Lak." p. 125.
+
+B.C. 384-383. To pass on. The party in exile from Phlius, seeing the
+severe scrutiny to which the behaviour of the allies of Lacedaemon
+during the late war was being subjected, felt that their opportunity had
+come. They repaired to Lacedaemon, and laid great emphasis on the fact
+that, so long as they had been in power themselves at home, "their
+city used to welcome Lacedaemonians within her walls, and her citizens
+flocked to the campaign under their leadership; but no sooner had they
+been driven into exile than a change had come. The men of Phlius now
+flatly refused to follow Lacedaemon anywhere; the Lacedaemonians, alone
+of all men living, must not be admitted within their gates." After
+listening to their story, the ephors agreed that the matter demanded
+attention. Then they sent to the state of Phlius a message to this
+effect; the Phliasian exiles were friends of Lacedaemon; nor did
+it appear that they owed their exile to any misdoing. Under the
+circumstances, Lacedaemon claimed their recall from banishment, not by
+force, but as a concession voluntarily granted. When the matter was thus
+stated, the Phliasians were not without alarm that an army might march
+upon Phlius, and a party inside the town might admit the enemy within
+the walls; for within the walls of Phlius were to be found many who,
+either as blood relations or for other reasons, were partisans of the
+exiles, and as so often happens, at any rate in the majority of states,
+there was a revolutionary party who, in their ardour to reform, would
+welcome gladly their restoration. Owing to fears of this character, a
+formal decree was passed: to welcome home the exiles, and to restore
+to them all undisputed property, the purchasers of the same being
+indemnified from the treasury of the state; and in the event of any
+ambiguity or question arising between the parties, the same to be
+determined before a court of justice. Such was the position of affairs
+in connection with the Phliasian exiles at the date in question.
+
+B.C. 383. (13) And now from yet another quarter ambassadors arrived at
+Lacedaemon: that is to say, from Acanthus and Apollonia, the two largest
+and most important states of the Olynthian confederacy. The ephorate,
+after learning from them the object of their visit, presented them to
+the assembly and the allies, in presence of whom Cleigenes of Acanthus
+made a speech to this effect:
+
+ (13) Al. B.C. 382.
+
+"Men of Lacedaemon and of the allied states," he said, "are you aware of
+a silent but portentous growth within the bosom of Hellas? (14) Few here
+need to be told that for size and importance Olynthus now stands at
+the head of the Thracian cities. But are you aware that the citizens of
+Olynthus had already brought over several states by the bribe of joint
+citizenship and common laws; that they have forcibly annexed some of the
+larger states; and that, so encouraged, they have taken in hand
+further to free the cities of Macedonia from Amyntas the king of the
+Macedonians; that, as soon as their immediate neighbours had shown
+compliance, they at once proceeded to attack larger and more distant
+communities; so much so, that when we started to come hither, we left
+them masters not only of many other places, but of Pella itself, the
+capital of Macedonia. Amyntas, (15) we saw plainly, must ere long
+withdraw from his cities, and was in fact already all but in name an
+outcast from Macedonia.
+
+ (14) Or, "are you aware of a new power growing up in Hellas?"
+
+ (15) For Amyntas's reign, see Diod. xiv. 89, 92; xv. 19; Isocr.
+    "Panegyr." 126, "Archid." 46.
+
+"The Olynthians have actually sent to ourselves and to the men of
+Apollonia a joint embassy, warning us of their intention to attack us if
+we refuse to present ourselves at Olynthus with a military contingent.
+Now, for our parts, men of Lacedaemon, we desire nothing better than to
+abide by our ancestral laws and institutions, to be free and independent
+citizens; but if aid from without is going to fail us, we too must
+follow the rest and coalesce with the Olynthians. Why, even now they
+muster no less than eight hundred (16) heavy infantry and a considerably
+larger body of light infantry, while their cavalry, when we have joined
+them, will exceed one thousand men. At the date of our departure we left
+embassies from Athens and Boeotia in Olynthus, and we were told that
+the Olynthians themselves had passed a formal resolution to return the
+compliment. They were to send an embassy on their side to the aforesaid
+states to treat of an alliance. And yet, if the power of the Athenians
+and the Thebans is to be further increased by such an accession of
+strength, look to it," the speaker added, "whether hereafter you will
+find things so easy to manage in that quarter.
+
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." x. 72; Thirlwall, "H. G." v. 12 (ch. xxxvii).
+
+"They hold Potidaea, the key to the isthmus of Pallene, and therefore,
+you can well believe, they can command the states within that peninsula.
+If you want any further proof of the abject terror of those states, you
+have it in the fact that notwithstanding the bitter hatred which they
+bear to Olynthus, not one of them has dared to send ambassadors along
+with us to apprise you of these matters.
+
+"Reflect, how you can reconcile your anxiety to prevent the unification
+of Boeotia with your neglect to hinder the solidifying of a far larger
+power--a power destined, moreover, to become formidable not on land
+only, but by sea? For what is to stop it, when the soil itself supplies
+timber for shipbuilding, (17) and there are rich revenues derived
+from numerous harbours and commercial centres?--it cannot but be that
+abundance of food and abundance of population will go hand in hand. Nor
+have we yet reached the limits of Olynthian expansion; there are their
+neighbours to be thought of--the kingless or independent Thracians.
+These are already to-day the devoted servants of Olynthus, and when it
+comes to their being actually under her, that means at once another vast
+accession of strength to her. With the Thracians in her train, the gold
+mines of Pangaeus would stretch out to her the hand of welcome.
+
+ (17) See Hicks, 74, for a treaty between Amyntas and the Chalcidians,
+    B.C. 390-389: "The article of the treaty between Amyntas III.,
+    father of Philip, and the Chalcidians, about timber, etc., reminds
+    us that South Macedonia, the Chalcidic peninsula, and Amphipolis
+    were the chief sources whence Athens derived timber for her
+    dockyards." Thuc. iv. 108; Diod. xx. 46; Boeckh, "P. E. A." p.
+    250; and for a treaty between Athens and Amyntas, B.C. 382, see
+    Hicks, 77; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 397, 423.
+
+"In making these assertions, we are but uttering remarks ten thousand
+times repeated in the democracy of Olynthus. And as to their confident
+spirit, who shall attempt to describe it? It is God, for aught I know,
+who, with the growth of a new capacity, gives increase also to the proud
+thoughts and vast designs of humanity. For ourselves, men of Lacedaemon
+and of the allied states, our task is completed. We have played our
+parts in announcing to you how things stand there. To you it is left to
+determine whether what we have described is worthy of your concern. One
+only thing further you ought to recognise: the power we have spoken
+of as great is not as yet invincible, for those states which are
+involuntary participants in the citizenship of Olynthus will, in
+prospect of any rival power appearing in the field, speedily fall away.
+On the contrary, let them be once closely knit and welded together
+by the privileges of intermarriage and reciprocal rights of holding
+property in land--which have already become enactments; let them
+discover that it is a gain to them to follow in the wake of conquerors
+(just as the Arcadians, (18) for instance, find it profitable to march
+in your ranks, whereby they save their own property and pillage their
+neighbours'); let these things come to pass, and perhaps you may find
+the knot no longer so easy to unloose."
+
+ (18) For the point of the comparison, see Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov."
+    ch. iv. "Real nature of the Olynthian scheme," pp. 190 foll., and
+    note 2, p. 197; also Grote, "H. G." x. 67 foll., 278 foll.
+
+At the conclusion of this address, the Lacedaemonians requested the
+allies to speak, bidding them give their joint advice as to the best
+course to be pursued in the interests of Peloponnese and the allies.
+Thereupon many members, and especially those who wished to gratify
+the Lacedaemonians, agreed in counselling active measures; and it was
+resolved that the states should severally send contingents to form a
+total of ten thousand men. Proposals were also made to allow any state,
+so wishing, to give money instead of men, at the rate of three Aeginetan
+obols (19) a day per man; or where the contingent consisted of cavalry,
+the pay given for one horseman was to be the equivalent to that of
+four hoplites; while, in the event of any defaulting in service, the
+Lacedaemonians should be allowed to mulct the said state of a stater
+per man per diem. These resolutions were passed, and the deputies
+from Acanthus rose again. They argued that, though excellent, these
+resolutions were not of a nature to be rapidly carried into effect.
+Would it not be better, they asked, pending the mobilisation of the
+troops, to despatch an officer at once in command of a force from
+Lacedaemon and the other states, not too large to start immediately. The
+effect would be instantaneous, for the states which had not yet given in
+their adhesion to Olynthus would be brought to a standstill, and those
+already forcibly enrolled would be shaken in their alliance. These
+further resolutions being also passed, the Lacedaemonians despatched
+Eudamidas, accompanied by a body of neodamodes, with perioeci and
+Sciritae, (20) to the number of two thousand odd. Eudamidas lost no time
+in setting out, having obtained leave from the ephors for his brother
+Phoebidas to follow later with the remainder of the troops assigned
+to him. Pushing on himself to the Thracian territory, he set about
+despatching garrisons to various cities at their request. He also
+secured the voluntary adhesion of Potidaea, although already a member
+of the Olynthian alliance; and this town now served as his base of
+operations for carrying on war on a scale adapted to his somewhat
+limited armament.
+
+ (19) I.e. "rather more than sixpence a day for a hoplite, and two
+    shillings for a horseman." "The Aeginetan stater weighed about 196
+    grains, rather more than two of our shillings, and was divided
+    into two drachms of 98 grains, each of which contained six obols
+    of about 16 grains each." See Percy Gardner, "Types of Greek
+    Coins," "Hist. Int." p. 8; Jowett, note to Thuc. III. lxx. 4, vol.
+    i. pp. 201, 202.
+
+ (20) Or, "new citizens, provincials, and Sciritae."
+
+Phoebidas, when the remaining portion of his brother's forces was duly
+mustered, put himself at their head and commenced his march. On reaching
+Thebes the troops encamped outside the city, round the gymnasium.
+Faction was rife within the city. The two polemarchs in office, Ismenias
+and Leontiades, were diametrically opposed, (21) being the respective
+heads of antagonistic political clubs. Hence it was that, while
+Ismenias, ever inspired by hatred to the Lacedaemonians, would not come
+anywhere near the Spartan general, Leontiades, on the other hand,
+was assiduous in courting him; and when a sufficient intimacy was
+established between them, he made a proposal as follows: "You have it
+in your power," he said, addressing Phoebidas, "this very day to confer
+supreme benefit on your country. Follow me with your hoplites, and I
+will introduce you into the citadel. That done, you may rest assured
+Thebes will be completely under the thumb of Lacedaemon and of us, your
+friends. At present, as you see, there is a proclamation forbidding any
+Theban to take service with you against Olynthus, but we will change all
+that. You have only to act with us as we suggest, and we shall at once
+be able to furnish you with large supplies of infantry and cavalry, so
+that you will join your brother with a magnificent reinforcement, and
+pending his proposed reduction of Olynthus, you will have accomplished
+the reduction of a far larger state than that--to wit, this city of
+Thebes."
+
+ (21) See Grote, "H. G." vol. x. p. 80: "We have little or no
+    information respecting the government of Thebes," etc. The "locus
+    classicus" seems to be Plut. "de Genio Socratis." See Freeman, op.
+    cit. ch. iv. S. 2, "Of the Boeotian League," pp. 154-184; and, in
+    reference to the seizure of the Kadmeia, p. 170.
+
+The imagination of Phoebidas was kindled as he listened to the tempting
+proposal. To do a brilliant deed was far dearer to him than life; (22)
+on the other hand, he had no reasoning capacity, and would seem to have
+been deficient altogether in sound sense. The consent of the Spartan
+secured, Leontiades bade him set his troops in motion, as if everything
+were ready for his departure. "And anon, when the hour is come," added
+the Theban, "I will be with you, and show you the way myself."
+
+ (22) Or, "Renown was his mistress." See Grote, "H. G." x. 84.
+
+The senate was seated in the arcade or stoa in the market-place, since
+the Cadmeia was in possession of the women who were celebrating the
+Thesmophoria. (23) It was noon of a hot summer's day; scarcely a soul
+was stirring in the streets. This was the moment for Leontiades. He
+mounted on horseback and galloped off to overtake Phoebidas. He turned
+him back, and led him without further delay into the acropolis. Having
+posted Phoebidas and his soldiers inside, he handed him the key of the
+gates, and warning him not to suffer any one to enter into the citadel
+without a pass from himself, he straightway betook himself to
+the senate. Arrived there, he delivered himself thus: "Sirs, the
+Lacedaemonians are in possession of the citadel; but that is no
+cause for despondency, since, as they assure us, they have no hostile
+intention, except, indeed, towards any one who has an appetite for
+war. For myself, and acting in obedience to the law, which empowers the
+polemarch to apprehend all persons suspected of capital crimes, I hereby
+seize the person of Ismenias as an arch-fomenter of war. I call upon
+you, sirs, who are captains of companies, and you who are ranked with
+them, to do your duty. Arise and secure the prisoner, and lead him away
+to the place appointed."
+
+ (23) An ancient festival held by women in honour of Demeter and
+    Persephone ({to Thesmophoro}), who gave the first impulse to civil
+    society, lawful marriage, etc. See Herod. ii. 171; Diod. v. 5.
+
+Those who were privy to the affair, it will be understood, presented
+themselves, and the orders were promptly carried out. Of those not in
+the secret, but opposed to the party of Leontiades, some sought refuge
+at once outside the city in terror for their lives; whilst the rest,
+albeit they retired to their houses at first, yet when they found
+that Ismenias was imprisoned in the Cadmeia, and further delay seemed
+dangerous, retreated to Athens. These were the men who shared the views
+of Androcleidas and Ismenias, and they must have numbered about three
+hundred.
+
+Now that the transactions were concluded, another polemarch was chosen
+in place of Ismenias, and Leontiades at once set out to Lacedaemon.
+There he found the ephors and the mass of the community highly incensed
+against Phoebidas, "who had failed to execute the orders assigned to
+him by the state." Against this general indignation, however, Agesilaus
+protested. (24) If mischief had been wrought to Lacedaemon by this deed,
+it was just that the doer of it should be punished; but, if good, it was
+a time-honoured custom to allow full scope for impromptu acts of this
+character. "The sole point you have to look to," he urged, "is whether
+what has been done is good or evil." After this, however, Leontiades
+presented himself to the assembly (25) and addressed the members as
+follows: "Sirs, Lacedaemonians, the hostile attitude of Thebes towards
+you, before the occurrence of late events, was a topic constantly on
+your lips, since time upon time your eyes were called upon to witness
+her friendly bearing to your foes in contrast with her hatred of your
+friends. Can it be denied that Thebes refused to take part with you in
+the campaign against your direst enemy, the democracy in Piraeus; and
+balanced that lukewarmness by on onslaught on the Phocians, whose
+sole crime was cordiality to yourselves? (26) Nor is that all. In full
+knowledge that you were likely to be engaged in war with Olynthus, she
+proceeded at once to make an alliance with that city. So that up to the
+last moment you were in constant expectation of hearing that the whole
+of Boeotia was laid at the feet of Thebes. With the late incidents all
+is changed. You need fear Thebes no longer. One brief despatch (27) in
+cipher will suffice to procure a dutiful subservience to your every wish
+in that quarter, provided only you will take as kindly an interest in us
+as we in you."
+
+ (24) See "Ages." vii.
+
+ (25) "Select Committee." See "Hell." II. iv. 38; and below, VI. iii.
+    3.
+
+ (26) See above, "Hell." III. v. 4.
+
+ (27) Lit. "scytale."
+
+This appeal told upon the meeting, and the Lacedaemonians (28) resolved
+formally, now that the citadel had been taken, to keep it, and to put
+Ismenias on his trial. In consequence of this resolution a body of
+commissioners (29) was despatched, three Lacedaemonians and one for each
+of the allied states, great and small alike. The court of inquiry thus
+constituted, the sittings commenced, and an indictment was preferred
+against Ismenias. He was accused of playing into the hands of the
+barbarian; of seeking amity with the Persians to the detriment of
+Hellas; of accepting sums of money as bribes from the king; and,
+finally, of being, along with Androcleidas, the prime cause of the whole
+intestine trouble to which Hellas was a prey. Each of these charges was
+met by the defendant, but to no purpose, since he failed to disabuse
+the court of their conviction that the grandeur of his designs was only
+equalled by their wickedness. (30) The verdict was given against him,
+and he was put to death. The party of Leontiades thus possessed
+the city; and went beyond the injunctions given them in the eager
+performance of their services.
+
+ (28) See Grote, "H. G." vol. x. p. 85; Diod. xv. 20; Plut. "Pelop."
+    vi.; ib. "de Genio Socratis," V. vii. 6 A; Cor. Nep. "Pelop." 1.
+
+ (29) Lit. "Dicasts."
+
+ (30) Or, "that he was a magnificent malefactor." See Grote, "H. G."
+    vol. ix. p. 420, "the great wicked man" (Clarendon's epithets for
+    Cromwell); Plato, "Meno." 90 B; "Republic," 336 A, "a rich and
+    mighty man." See also Plut. "Ages." xxxii. 2, Agesilaus's
+    exclamation at sight of Epaminondas, {o tou megalopragmonos
+    anthropou}.
+
+B.C. 382. As a result of these transactions the Lacedaemonians pressed
+on the combined campaign against Olynthus with still greater enthusiasm.
+They not only set out Teleutias as governor, but by their united efforts
+furnished him with an aggregate army of ten thousand men. (31) They
+also sent despatches to the allied states, calling upon them to support
+Teleutias in accordance with the resolution of the allies. All the
+states were ready to display devotion to Teleutias, and to do him
+service, since he was a man who never forgot a service rendered him.
+Nor was Thebes an exception; for was not the governor a brother
+of Agesilaus? Thebes, therefore, was enthusiastic in sending her
+contribution of heavy infantry and cavalry. The Spartan conducted his
+march slowly and surely, taking the utmost pains to avoid injuring his
+friends, and to collect as large a force as possible. He also sent a
+message in advance to Amyntas, begging him, if he were truly desirous of
+recovering his empire, to raise a body of mercenaries, and to distribute
+sums of money among the neighbouring kings with a view to their
+alliance. Nor was that all. He sent also to Derdas, the ruler of Elimia,
+pointing out to him that the Olynthians, having laid at their feet the
+great power of Macedonia, would certainly not suffer his lesser power
+to escape unless they were stayed up by force in arms in their career of
+insolence. Proceeding thus, by the time he had reached the territory
+of the allied powers he was at the head of a very considerable army. At
+Potidaea he halted to make the necessary disposition of his troops, and
+thence advanced into the territory of the enemy. As he approached
+the hostile city, he abstained from felling and firing alike, being
+persuaded that to do so was only to create difficulties in his own
+path, whether advancing or retreating; it would be time enough, when he
+retired from Olynthus, to fell the trees and lay them as a barrier in
+the path of any assailant in the rear.
+
+ (31) Lit. "sent out along with him the combined force of ten thousand
+    men," in ref to S. 20 above.
+
+Being now within a mile or so (32) of the city he came to a halt. The
+left division was under his personal command, for it suited him to
+advance in a line opposite the gate from which the enemy sallied; the
+other division of the allies stretched away to the right. The cavalry
+were thus distributed: the Laconians, Thebans, and all the Macedonians
+present were posted on the right. With his own division he kept Derdas
+and his troopers, four hundred strong. This he did partly out of genuine
+admiration for this body of horse, and partly as a mark of courtesy to
+Derdas, which should make him not regret his coming.
+
+ (32) Lit. "ten stades."
+
+Presently the enemy issued forth and formed in line opposite, under
+cover of their walls. Then their cavalry formed in close order and
+commenced the attack. Dashing down upon the Laconians and Boeotians they
+dismounted Polycharmus, the Lacedaemonian cavalry general, inflicting a
+hundred wounds on him as he lay on the ground, and cut down others, and
+finally put to flight the cavalry on the right wing. The flight of these
+troopers infected the infantry in close proximity to them, who in turn
+swerved; and it looked as if the whole army was about to be worsted,
+when Derdas at the head of his cavalry dashed straight at the gates of
+Olynthus, Teleutias supporting him with the troops of his division.
+The Olynthian cavalry, seeing how matters were going, and in dread
+of finding the gates closed upon them, wheeled round and retired with
+alacrity. Thus it was that Derdas had his chance to cut down man after
+man as their cavalry ran the gauntlet past him. In the same way, too,
+the infantry of the Olynthians retreated within their city, though,
+owing to the closeness of the walls in their case, their loss was
+trifling. Teleutias claimed the victory, and a trophy was duly erected,
+after which he turned his back on Olynthus and devoted himself to
+felling the fruit-trees. This was the campaign of the summer. He
+now dismissed both the Macedonians and the cavalry force of Derdas.
+Incursions, however, on the part of the Olynthians themselves against
+the states allied to Lacedaemon were frequent; lands were pillaged, and
+people put to the sword.
+
+
+
+III
+
+B.C. 381. With the first symptoms of approaching spring the Olynthian
+cavalry, six hundred strong, had swooped into the territory of
+Apollonia--about the middle of the day--and dispersing over the
+district, were employed in pillaging; but as luck would have it,
+Derdas had arrived that day with his troopers, and was breakfasting in
+Apollonia. He noted the enemy's incursion, but kept quiet, biding his
+time; his horses were ready saddled, and his troopers armed cap-a-pied.
+As the Olynthians came galloping up contemptuously, not only into the
+suburbs, but to the very gates of the city, he seized his opportunity,
+and with his compact and well-ordered squadron dashed out; whereupon the
+invaders took to flight. Having once turned them, Derdas gave them no
+respite, pursuing and slaughtering them for ten miles or more, (1) until
+he had driven them for shelter within the very ramparts of Olynthus.
+Report said that Derdas slew something like eighty men in this affair.
+After this the Olynthians were more disposed to keep to their walls,
+contenting themselves with tilling the merest corner of their territory.
+
+ (1) Lit. "ninety stades."
+
+Time advanced, and Teleutias was in conduct of another expedition
+against the city of Olynthus. His object was to destroy any timber
+(2) still left standing, or fields still cultivated in the hostile
+territory. This brought out the Olynthian cavalry, who, stealthily
+advancing, crossed the river which washes the walls of the town, and
+again continued their silent march right up to the adversary's camp.
+At sight of an audacity which nettled him, Teleutias at once ordered
+Tlemonidas, the officer commanding his light infantry division, to
+charge the assailants at the run. On their side the men of Olynthus,
+seeing the rapid approach of the light infantry, wheeled and quietly
+retired until they had recrossed the river, drawing the enemy on,
+who followed with conspicuous hardihood. Arrogating to themselves the
+position of pursuers towards fugitives, they did not hesitate to cross
+the river which stood between them and their prey. Then the Olynthian
+cavalry, choosing a favourable moment, when those who had crossed seemed
+easy to deal with, wheeled and attacked them, putting Tlemonidas himself
+to the sword with more than a hundred others of his company. Teleutias,
+when he saw what was happening, snatched up his arms in a fit of anger
+and began leading his hoplites swiftly forward, ordering at the same
+time his peltasts and cavalry to give chase and not to slacken. Their
+fate was the fate of many before and since, who, in the ardour of
+pursuit, have come too close to the enemy's walls and found it hard to
+get back again. Under a hail of missiles from the walls they were forced
+to retire in disorder and with the necessity of guarding themselves
+against the missiles. At this juncture the Olynthians sent out their
+cavalry at full gallop, backed by supports of light infantry; and
+finally their heavy infantry reserves poured out and fell upon the
+enemy's lines, now in thorough confusion. Here Teleutias fell fighting,
+and when that happened, without further pause the troops immediately
+about him swerved. Not one soul longer cared to make a stand, but the
+flight became general, some fleeing towards Spartolus, others in the
+direction of Acanthus, a third set seeking refuge within the walls of
+Apollonia, and the majority within those of Potidaea. As the tide of
+fugitives broke into several streams, so also the pursuers divided
+the work between them; this way and that they poured, dealing death
+wholesale. So perished the pith and kernel of the armament.
+
+ (2) I.e. fruit-trees.
+
+Such calamities are not indeed without a moral. The lesson they are
+meant to teach mankind, I think, is plain. If in a general sense one
+ought not to punish any one, even one's own slave, in anger--since
+the master in his wrath may easily incur worse evil himself than he
+inflicts--so, in the case of antagonists in war, to attack an enemy
+under the influence of passion rather than of judgment is an absolute
+error. For wrath is but a blind impulse devoid of foresight, whereas to
+the penetrating eye of reason a blow parried may be better than a wound
+inflicted. (3)
+
+ (3) See, for the same sentiment, "Horsemanship," vi. 13. See also
+    Plut. "Pel." and "Marc." (Clough, ii. p. 278).
+
+When the news of what had happened reached Lacedaemon it was agreed,
+after due deliberation, that a force should be sent, and of no trifling
+description, if only to quench the victors' pride, and to prevent their
+own achievements from becoming null and void. In this determination they
+sent out King Agesipolis, as general, attended, like Agesilaus (4) on
+his Asiatic campaign, by thirty Spartans. (5) Volunteers flocked to his
+standard. They were partly the pick and flower of the provincials, (6)
+partly foreigners of the class called Trophimoi, (7) or lastly, bastard
+sons of Spartans, comely and beautiful of limb, and well versed in the
+lore of Spartan chivalry. The ranks of this invading force were further
+swelled by volunteers from the allied states, the Thessalians notably
+contributing a corps of cavalry. All were animated by the desire of
+becoming known to Agesipolis, so that even Amyntas and Derdas in zeal
+of service outdid themselves. With this promise of success Agesipolis
+marched forward against Olynthus.
+
+ (4) See above, "Hell." III. iv. 2.
+
+ (5) Lit. "Spartiates." The new army was sent out B.C. 380, according
+    to Grote.
+
+ (6) Lit. "beautiful and brave of the Perioeci."
+
+ (7) Xenophon's own sons educated at Sparta would belong to this class.
+    See Grote, "H. G." x. 91.
+
+Meanwhile the state of Phlius, complimented by Agesipolis on the amount
+of the funds contributed by them to his expedition and the celerity with
+which the money had been raised, and in full belief that while one king
+was in the field they were secure against the hostile attack of the
+other (since it was hardly to be expected that both kings should be
+absent from Sparta at one moment), boldly desisted from doing justice
+by her lately reinstated citizens. On the one hand, these exiles claimed
+that points in dispute should be determined before an impartial court
+of justice; the citizens, on the other, insisted on the claimants
+submitting the cases for trial in the city itself. And when the latter
+demurred to that solution, asking "What sort of trial that would be
+where the offenders were also the judges?" they appealed to deaf
+ears. Consequently the restored party appealed at Sparta, to prefer a
+complaint against their city. They were accompanied by other members of
+the community, who stated that many of the Phliasians themselves besides
+the appellants recognised the injustice of their treatment. The state of
+Phlius was indignant at this manouvre, and retaliated by imposing a fine
+on all who had betaken themselves to Lacedaemon without a mandate from
+the state. Those who incurred the fine hesitated to return home; they
+preferred to stay where they were and enforce their views: "It is quite
+plain now who were the perpetrators of all the violence--the very
+people who originally drove us into exile, and shut their gates upon
+Lacedaemon; the confiscators of our property one day, the ruthless
+opponents of its restoration the next. Who else but they have now
+brought it about that we should be fined for appearing at Lacedaemon?
+and for what purpose but to deter any one else for the future from
+venturing to expose the proceedings at Phlius?" Thus far the appellants.
+And in good sooth the conduct of the men of Phlius did seem to savour of
+insolence; so much so that the ephors called out the ban against them.
+
+B.C. 380. Nor was Agesilaus otherwise than well satisfied with
+this decision, not only on the ground of old relations of friendly
+hospitality between his father Archidamus and the party of Podanemus,
+who were numbered among the restored exiles at this time, but because
+personally he was bound by similar ties himself towards the adherents
+of Procles, son of Hipponicus. The border sacrifices proving favourable,
+the march commenced at once. As he advanced, embassy after embassy met
+him, and would fain by presents of money avert invasion. But the king
+answered that the purpose of his march was not to commit wrongdoing, but
+to protect the victims of injustice. Then the petitioners offered to do
+anything, only they begged him to forgo invasion. Again he replied--How
+could he trust to their words when they had lied to him already? He
+must have the warrant of acts, not promises. And being asked, "What act
+(would satisfy him)?" he answered once more, saying, "The same which
+you performed aforetime, and suffered no wrong at our hands"--in other
+words, the surrender of the acropolis. (8) But to this they could not
+bring themselves. Whereupon he invaded the territory of Phlius, and
+promptly drawing lines of circumvallation, commenced the siege. Many of
+the Lacedaemonians objected, for the sake of a mere handful of wretched
+people, so to embroil themselves with a state of over five thousand men.
+(9) For, indeed, to leave no doubt on this score, the men of Phlius met
+regularly in assembly in full view of those outside. But Agesilaus was
+not to be beaten by this move. Whenever any of the townsmen came out,
+drawn by friendship or kinship with the exiles, in every case the king's
+instructions were to place the public messes (10) at the service of
+the visitors, and, if they were willing to go through the course of
+gymnastic training, to give them enough to procure necessaries. All
+members of these classes were, by the general's strict injunctions,
+further to be provided with arms, and loans were to be raised for the
+purpose without delay. Presently the superintendents of this branch of
+the service were able to turn out a detachment of over a thousand men,
+in the prime of bodily perfection, well disciplined and splendidly
+armed, so that in the end the Lacedaemonians affirmed: "Fellow-soldiers
+of this stamp are too good to lose." Such were the concerns of
+Agesilaus.
+
+ (8) See above, IV. iv. 15.
+
+ (9) See Grote, "H. G." x. 45, note 4; and below, V. iv. 13.
+
+ (10) See "Pol. Lac." v.
+
+Meanwhile Agesipolis on leaving Macedonia advanced straight upon
+Olynthus and took up a strategical position in front of the town.
+Finding that no one came out to oppose him, he occupied himself for the
+present with pillaging any remnant of the district still intact, and with
+marching into the territory allied with the enemy, where he destroyed
+the corn. The town of Torone he attacked and took by storm. But while he
+was so engaged, in the height of mid-summer he was attacked by a burning
+fever. In this condition his mind reverted to a scene once visited, the
+temple of Dionysus at Aphytis, and a longing for its cool and sparkling
+waters and embowered shades (11) seized him. To this spot accordingly
+he was carried, still living, but only to breathe his last outside the
+sacred shrine, within a week of the day on which he sickened. His body
+was laid in honey and conveyed home to Sparta, where he obtained royal
+sepulchre.
+
+ (11) Lit. "shady tabernacles."
+
+When the news reached Agesilaus he displayed none of the satisfaction
+which might possibly have been expected at the removal of an antagonist.
+On the contrary, he wept and pined for the companionship so severed, it
+being the fashion at Sparta for the kings when at home to mess together
+and to share the same quarters. Moreover, Agesipolis was admirably
+suited to Agesilaus, sharing with the merriment of youth in tales of the
+chase and horsemanship and boyish loves; (12) while, to crown all, the
+touch of reverence due from younger to elder was not wanting in their
+common life. In place of Agesipolis, the Lacedaemonians despatched
+Polybiades as governor to Olynthus.
+
+ (12) See "Ages." viii. 2.
+
+B.C. 379. Agesilaus had already exceeded the time during which the
+supplies of food in Phlius were expected to last. The difference, in
+fact, between self-command and mere appetite is so great that the men of
+Phlius had only to pass a resolution to cut down the food expenditure by
+one half, and by doing so were able to prolong the siege for twice
+the calculated period. But if the contrast between self-restraint and
+appetite is so great, no less startling is that between boldness and
+faint-heartedness. A Phliasian named Delphion, a real hero, it would
+seem, took to himself three hundred Phliasians, and not only succeeded
+in preventing the peace-party from carrying out their wishes, but was
+equal to the task of incarcerating and keeping safely under lock and key
+those whom he mistrusted. Nor did his ability end there. He succeeded
+in forcing the mob of citizens to perform garrison duty, and by
+vigorous patrolling kept them constant to the work. Over and over again,
+accompanied by his personal attendants, he would dash out of the walls
+and drive in the enemy's outposts, first at one point and then at
+another of the beleaguering circle. But the time eventually came when,
+search as they might by every means, these picked defenders (13) could
+find no further store of food within the walls, and they were forced to
+send to Agesilaus, requesting a truce for an embassy to visit Sparta,
+adding that they were resolved to leave it to the discretion of the
+authorities at Lacedaemon to do with their city what they liked.
+Agesilaus granted a pass to the embassy, but, at the same time, he was
+so angry at their setting his personal authority aside, that he sent to
+his friends at home and arranged that the fate of Phlius should be
+left to his discretion. Meanwhile he proceeded to tighten the cordon of
+investment, so as to render it impossible that a single soul inside
+the city should escape. In spite of this, however, Delphion, with
+one comrade, a branded dare-devil, who had shown great dexterity
+in relieving the besieging parties of their arms, escaped by night.
+Presently the deputation returned with the answer from Lacedaemon that
+the state simply left it entirely to the discretion of Agesilaus
+to decide the fate of Phlius as seemed to him best. Then Agesilaus
+announced his verdict. A board of one hundred--fifty taken from the
+restored exiles, fifty from those within the city--were in the first
+place to make inquisition as to who deserved to live and who to
+die, after which they were to lay down laws as the basis of a new
+constitution. Pending the carrying out of these transactions, he left a
+detachment of troops to garrison the place for six months, with pay
+for that period. After this he dismissed the allied forces, and led the
+state (14) division home. Thus the transactions concerning Phlius were
+brought to a conclusion, having occupied altogether one year and eight
+months.
+
+ (13) See below, "Hell." VII. i. 19.
+
+ (14) {to politokon}, the citizen army. See above, IV. iv. 19; "Pol.
+    Lac." xi.
+
+Meanwhile Polybiades had reduced the citizens of Olynthus to the last
+stage of misery through famine. Unable to supply themselves with corn
+from their own land, or to import it by sea, they were forced to send an
+embassy to Lacedaemon to sue for peace. The plenipotentiaries on their
+arrival accepted articles of agreement by which they bound themselves
+to have the same friends and the same foes as Lacedaemon, to follow her
+lead, and to be enrolled among her allies; and so, having taken an oath
+to abide by these terms, they returned home.
+
+On every side the affairs of Lacedaemon had signally prospered: Thebes
+and the rest of the Boeotian states lay absolutely at her feet; Corinth
+had become her most faithful ally; Argos, unable longer to avail herself
+of the subterfuge of a movable calendar, was humbled to the dust; Athens
+was isolated; and, lastly, those of her own allies who displayed a
+hostile feeling towards her had been punished; so that, to all outward
+appearance, the foundations of her empire were at length absolutely well
+and firmly laid.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+Abundant examples might be found, alike in Hellenic and in foreign
+history, to prove that the Divine powers mark what is done amiss,
+winking neither at impiety nor at the commission of unhallowed acts;
+but at present I confine myself to the facts before me. (1) The
+Lacedaemonians, who had pledged themselves by oath to leave the states
+independent, had laid violent hands on the acropolis of Thebes, and were
+eventually punished by the victims of that iniquity single-handed--the
+Lacedaemonians, be it noted, who had never before been mastered by
+living man; and not they alone, but those citizens of Thebes who
+introduced them to their acropolis, and who wished to enslave their city
+to Lacedaemon, that they might play the tyrant themselves--how fared
+it with them? A bare score of the fugitives were sufficient to destroy
+their government. How this happened I will now narrate in detail.
+
+ (1) Or, "it is of my own subject that I must now speak." For the
+    "peripety," or sudden reversal of circumstances, on which the plot
+    of the "Hellenica" hinges, see Grote, "H. G." x. 100-108. Cf.
+    Soph. "Oed. Tyr." 450; "Antig." 1066; Thuc. v. 116; "Hellenica
+    Essays," "Xenophon," p. 382 foll. This passage is perhaps the key
+    to the historian's position.
+
+There was a man named Phyllidas--he was secretary to Archias, that is,
+to the polemarchs. (2) Beyond his official duties, he had rendered his
+chief other services, and all apparently in an exemplary fashion. A
+visit to Athens in pursuance of some business brought this man into
+contact with a former acquaintance of his, Melon, one of the exiles
+who had fled for safety to Athens. Melon had various questions to ask
+touching the sort of tyranny practised by Archias in the exercise of the
+polemarchy, and by Philip. He soon discovered that affairs at home were
+still more detestable to Phyllidas than to himself. It only remained
+to exchange pledges, and to arrange the details of what was to be done.
+After a certain interval Melon, accompanied by six of the trustiest
+comrades he could find among his fellow-exiles, set off for Thebes. They
+were armed with nothing but daggers, and first of all crept into the
+neighbourhood under cover of night. The whole of the next day they lay
+concealed in a desert place, and drew near to the city gates in the
+guise of labourers returning home with the latest comers from the
+fields. Having got safely within the city, they spent the whole of that
+night at the house of a man named Charon, and again the next day in the
+same fashion. Phyllidas meanwhile was busily taken up with the concerns
+of the polemarchs, who were to celebrate a feast of Aphrodite on going
+out of office. Amongst other things, the secretary was to take this
+opportunity of fulfilling an old undertaking, which was the introduction
+of certain women to the polemarchs. They were to be the most majestic
+and the most beautiful to be found in Thebes. The polemarchs, on their
+side (and the character of the men is sufficiently marked), were looking
+forward to the pleasures of the night with joyful anticipation. Supper
+was over, and thanks to the zeal with which the master of the ceremonies
+responded to their mood, they were speedily intoxicated. To their
+oft-repeated orders to introduce their mistresses, he went out and
+fetched Melon and the rest, three of them dressed up as ladies and the
+rest as their attendant maidens. Having brought them into the treasury
+of the polemarchs' residence, (3) he returned himself and announced to
+Archias and his friends that the women would not present themselves
+as long as any of the attendants remained in the room; whereupon they
+promptly bade all withdraw, and Phyllidas, furnishing the servants with
+a stoup of wine, sent them off to the house of one of them. And now at
+last he introduced the mistresses, and led them to their seats beside
+their respective lords. It was preconcerted that as soon as they were
+seated they were to throw aside their veils and strike home. That is one
+version of the death of the polemarchs. (4) According to another, Melon
+and his friends came in as revellers, and so despatched their victims.
+
+ (2) Lit. "to Archias and his (polemarchs)"; but the Greek phrase does
+    not, as the English would, imply that there were actually more
+    than two polemarchs, viz. Archias and Philippus. Hypates and
+    Leontiades belonged to the faction, but were neither of them
+    polemarchs.
+
+ (3) Lit. "Polemarcheion."
+
+ (4) Or, "and so, according to the prevalent version of the matter, the
+    polemarchs were slain. But some say that..."
+
+That over, Phyllidas, with three of the band, set off to the house of
+Leontiades. Arrived there, he knocked on the door, and sent in word that
+he had a message from the polemarchs. Leontiades, as chance befell, was
+still reclining in privacy after dinner, and his wife was seated beside
+him working wools. The fidelity of Phyllidas was well known to him, and
+he gave orders to admit him at once. They entered, slew Leontiades, and
+with threats silenced his wife. As they went out they ordered the door
+to be shut, threatening that if they found it open they would kill every
+one in the house. And now that this deed was done, Phyllidas, with two
+of the band, presented himself at the prison, telling the gaoler he had
+brought a man from the polemarchs to be locked up. The gaoler opened the
+door, and was at once despatched, and the prisoners were released. These
+they speedily supplied with arms taken from the armoury in the stoa,
+and then led them to the Ampheion, (5) and bade them take up a position
+there, after which they at once made a proclamation calling on all
+Thebans to come out, horse and foot, seeing that the tyrants were dead.
+The citizens, indeed, as long as it was night, not knowing whom or
+what to trust, kept quiet, but when day dawned and revealed what had
+occurred, the summons was responded to with alacrity, heavy infantry and
+cavalry under arms alike sallying forth. Horsemen were also despatched
+by the now restored exiles to the two Athenian generals on the frontier;
+and they, being aware of the object of the message (promptly responded).
+(6)
+
+ (5) See plan of Thebes, "Dict. Geog."; Arrian, "Anab." i. 8; Aesch.
+    "Sept. c. Theb." 528.
+
+ (6) Supply {epeboethoun}. There is a lacuna in the MSS. at this point.
+
+On the other hand, the Lacedaemonian governor in the citadel, as soon
+as that night's proclamation reached his ears, was not slow to send
+to Plataeae (7) and Thespiae for reinforcements. The approach of the
+Plataeans was perceived by the Theban cavalry, who met them and killed a
+score of them and more, and after that achievement returned to the
+city, to find the Athenians from the frontier already arrived. Then they
+assaulted the acropolis. The troops within recognised the paucity of
+their own numbers, whilst the zeal of their opponents (one and all
+advancing to the attack) was plainly visible, and loud were the
+proclamations, promising rewards to those who should be first to scale
+the walls. All this so worked upon their fears that they agreed to
+evacuate the place if the citizens would allow them a safe-conduct to
+retire with their arms. To this request the others gladly yielded, and
+they made a truce. Oaths were taken on the terms aforesaid, and the
+citizens dismissed their adversaries. For all that, as the garrison
+retired, those of them who were recognised as personal foes were seized
+and put to death. Some were rescued through the good offices of the
+Athenian reinforcements from the frontier, who smuggled them across and
+saved them. The Thebans were not content with putting the men to
+death; if any of them had children, these also were sacrificed to their
+vengeance.
+
+ (7) This city had been refounded in B.C. 386 (Isocr. "Plat." 20, 21).
+    See Freeman, op. cit. ch. iv. p. 170: "Its restoration implied not
+    only a loss of Theban supremacy, but the actual loss of that
+    portion of the existing Theban territory which had formerly formed
+    the Plataian district."
+
+B.C. 378. When the news of these proceedings reached Sparta the first
+thing the Lacedaemonians did was to put to death the governor, who had
+abandoned the Cadmeia instead of awaiting reinforcements, and the next
+was to call out the ban against Thebes. Agesilaus had little taste to
+head the expedition; he pointed out that he had seen more than forty
+years' service, (8) and that the exemption from foreign duty applicable
+to others at that age was applicable on the same principle to the king.
+Such were the ostensible grounds on which he excused himself from the
+present expedition, but his real objections lay deeper. He felt certain
+that if he led the expedition his fellow-citizens would say: "Agesilaus
+caused all this trouble to the state in order to aid and abet tyrants."
+Therefore he preferred to leave his countrymen to settle the matter
+themselves as they liked. Accordingly the ephors, instructed by
+the Theban exiles who had escaped the late massacres, despatched
+Cleombrotus. He had not commanded before, and it was the depth of
+winter.
+
+ (8) And was therefore more than fifty-eight years old at this date.
+    See "Ages." i. 6.
+
+Now while Chabrias, with a body of Athenian peltasts, kept watch and
+ward over the road through Eleutherae, Cleombrotus made his way up by
+the direct route to Plataeae. His column of light infantry, pushing
+forward in advance, fell upon the men who had been released from the
+Theban prison, guarding the summit, to the number of about one hundred
+and fifty. These, with the exception of one or two who escaped, were cut
+down by the peltasts, and Cleombrotus descended in person upon Plataeae,
+which was still friendly to Sparta. Presently he reached Thespiae, and
+that was the base for an advance upon Cynoscephalae, where he encamped
+on Theban territory. Here he halted sixteen days, and then again fell
+back upon Thespiae. At this latter place he now left Sphodrias as
+governor, with a third portion of each of the contingents of the allies,
+handing over to him all the moneys he had brought with him from
+home, with directions to supplement his force with a contingent of
+mercenaries.
+
+While Sphodrias was so employed, Cleombrotus himself commenced his
+homeward march, following the road through Creusis at the head of his
+own moiety of the troops, who indeed were in considerable perplexity to
+discover whether they were at war with the Thebans or at peace, seeing
+that the general had led his army into Theban territory, had inflicted
+the minimum of mischief, and again retired. No sooner, however, was his
+back turned than a violent wind storm assailed him in his rear, which
+some construed as an omen clearly significant of what was about to take
+place. Many a blow this assailant dealt them, and as the general and his
+army, crossing from Creusis, scaled that face of the mountain (9) which
+stretches seaward, the blast hurled headlong from the precipices a
+string of asses, baggage and all: countless arms were wrested from the
+bearers' grasp and whirled into the sea; finally, numbers of the men,
+unable to march with their arms, deposited them at different points of
+the pass, first filling the hollow of their shields with stones. For the
+moment, then, they halted at Aegosthena, on Megarian soil, and supped as
+best they could. Next day they returned and recovered their arms.
+After this adventure the contingents lost no time in returning to their
+several homes, as Cleombrotus disbanded them.
+
+ (9) I.e. "Cithaeron."
+
+Meanwhile at Athens and Thebes alike fear reigned. To the Athenians the
+strength of the Lacedaemonians was unmistakable: the war was plainly
+no longer confined to Corinth; on the contrary, the Lacedaemonians had
+ventured to skirt Athenian territory and to invade Thebes. They were so
+worked upon by their alarm that the two generals who had been privy
+to the insurrection of Melon against Leontiades and his party had to
+suffer: the one was formally tried and put to death; the other, refusing
+to abide his trial, was banished.
+
+The apprehensions of the Thebans were of a different sort: their fear
+was rather lest they should find themselves in single-handed war with
+Lacedaemon. To prevent this they hit upon the following expedient. They
+worked upon Sphodrias, (10) the Spartan governor left in Thespiae, by
+offering him, as at least was suspected, a substantial sum, in return
+for which he was to make an incursion into Attica; their great object
+being to involve Athens and Lacedaemon in hostilities. Sphodrias lent a
+willing ear, and, pretending that he could easily capture Piraeus in its
+present gateless condition, gave his troops an early evening meal and
+marched out of Thespiae, saying that he would reach Piraeus before
+daybreak. As a matter of fact day overtook him at Thria, nor did he
+take any pains even to draw a veil over his intentions; on the contrary,
+being forced to turn aside, he amused himself by recklessly lifting
+cattle and sacking houses. Meanwhile some who chanced upon him in the
+night had fled to the city and brought news to the men of Athens that a
+large body of troops was approaching. It needs no saying with what speed
+the cavalry and heavy infantry armed themselves and stood on guard
+to protect the city. As chance befell, there were some Lacedaemonian
+ambassadors in Athens at the moment, at the house of Callias their
+proxenos; their names were Etymocles, Aristolochus, and Ocyllus.
+Immediately on receipt of the news the Athenians seized these three and
+imprisoned them, as not improbably concerned in the plot. Utterly taken
+aback by the affair themselves, the ambassadors pleaded that, had they
+been aware of an attempt to seize Piraeus, they would hardly have been
+so foolish as to put themselves into the power of the Athenians, or have
+selected the house of their proxenos for protection, where they were so
+easily to be found. It would, they further urged, soon be plain to the
+Athenians themselves that the state of Lacedaemon was quite as
+little cognisant of these proceedings as they. "You will hear before
+long"--such was their confident prediction--"that Sphodrias has paid for
+his behaviour by his life." On this wise the ambassadors were acquitted
+of all concern in the matter and dismissed. Sphodrias himself was
+recalled and indicted by the ephors on the capital charge, and, in spite
+of his refusal to face the trial, he was acquitted. This miscarriage
+of justice, as it seemed to many, who described it as unprecedented in
+Lacedaemon, has an explanation.
+
+ (10) See Plut. "Pel." xiv. (Clough, ii. p. 214).
+
+Sphodrias had a son named Cleonymus. He was just at the age when
+youth emerges from boyhood, very handsome and of high repute among
+his fellows. To this youth Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, was
+passionately attached. Now the friends of Cleombrotus, as comrades of
+Sphodrias, were disposed to acquit him; but they feared Agesilaus and
+his friends, not to mention the intermediate party, for the enormity of
+his proceeding was clear. So when Sphodrias addressed his son Cleonymus:
+"You have it in your power, my son, to save your father, if you will, by
+begging Archidamus to dispose Agesilaus favourably to me at my trial."
+Thus instructed, the youth did not shrink from visiting Archidamus, and
+implored him for his sake to save his father. Now when Archidamus saw
+how Cleonymus wept, he too was melted to tears as he stood beside him,
+but to his petition he made answer thus: "Nay, Cleonymus, it is the bare
+truth I tell you, I cannot so much as look my father in the face;
+(11) if I wished anything transacted for me in the city I would beg
+assistance from the whole world sooner than from my father. Still, since
+it is you who bid me, rest assured I will do my best to bring this about
+for you as you desire." He then left the common hall (12) and retired
+home to rest, but with dawn he arose and kept watch that his father
+might not go out without his knowledge. Presently, when he saw him
+ready to go forth, first some citizen was present, and then another and
+another; and in each case he stepped aside, while they held his father
+in conversation. By and by a stranger would come, and then another; and
+so it went on until he even found himself making way for a string of
+petitioning attendants. At last, when his father had turned his back on
+the Eurotas, and was entering his house again, he was fain to turn his
+back also and be gone without so much as accosting him. The next day
+he fared no better: all happened as on the previous day. Now Agesilaus,
+although he had his suspicions why his son went to and fro in this way,
+asked no questions, but left him to take his own course. Archidamus, on
+his side, was longing, as was natural, to see his friend Cleonymus; but
+how he was to visit him, without having held the desired conversation
+with his father, he knew not. The friends of Sphodrias, observing that
+he who was once so frequent a visitor had ceased coming, were in agony;
+he must surely have been deterred by the reproaches of his father. At
+last, however, Archidamus dared to go to his father, and said, "Father,
+Cleonymus bids me ask you to save his father; grant me this boon, if
+possible, I beg you." He answered: "For yourself, my son, I can make
+excuse, but how shall my city make excuse for me if I fail to condemn
+that man who, for his own base purpose, traffics to the injury of the
+state?" For the moment the other made no reply, but retired crestfallen
+before the verdict of justice. Afterwards, whether the thought was his
+own or that he was prompted by some other, he came and said, "Father,
+if Sphodrias had done no wrong you would have released him, that I know;
+but now, if he has done something wrong, may he not be excused by you
+for our sakes?" And the father answered: "If it can be done without loss
+of honour on our parts, so shall it be." At that word the young man, in
+deep despondency, turned and went. Now one of the friends of Sphodrias,
+conversing with Etymocles, remarked to him: "You are all bent on putting
+Sphodrias to death, I take it, you friends of Agesilaus?" And Etymocles
+replied: "If that be so, we all are bent on one thing, and Agesilaus on
+another, since in all his conversations he still harps upon one string:
+that Sphodrias has done a wrong there is no denying, yet Sphodrias is
+a man who, from boyhood to ripe manhood, (13) was ever constant to the
+call of honour. To put such a man as that to death is hard; nay, Sparta
+needs such soldiers." The other accordingly went off and reported what
+he had just heard to Cleonymus; and he in the joy of his heart went
+straightway to Archidamus and said: "Now we know that you care for us;
+rest assured, Archidamus, that we in turn will take great pains that you
+shall never have cause to blush for our friendship." Nor did his acts
+belie his words; but so long as he lived he was ever faithful to the
+code of Spartan chivalry; and at Leuctra, fighting in front of the king
+side by side with Deinon the polemarch, thrice fell or ever he yielded
+up his breath--foremost of the citizens amidst the foe. And so, albeit
+he caused his friend the bitterest sorrow, yet to that which he had
+promised he was faithful, seeing he wrought Archidamus no shame, but
+contrariwise shed lustre on him. (14) In this way Sphodrias obtained his
+acquittal.
+
+ (11) See "Cyrop." I. iv. 12.
+
+ (12) Lit. "the Philition." See "Pol. Lac." iii. 6.
+
+ (13) Lit. "who, whether as child, boy, or young man"; and for the
+    three stages of growth, see "Pol. Lac." ii. iii. iv.
+
+ (14) I.e. both in life and in death.
+
+At Athens the friends of Boeotia were not slow to instruct the people
+that his countrymen, so far from punishing Sphodrias, had even applauded
+him for his designs on Athens; and in consequence of this the Athenians
+not only furnished Piraeus with gates, but set to work to build a fleet,
+and displayed great zeal in sending aid to the Boeotians. (15) The
+Lacedaemonians, on their side, called out the ban against the Thebans;
+and being persuaded that in Agesilaus they would find a more prudent
+general than Cleombrotus had proved, they begged the former to undertake
+the expedition. (16) He, replying that the wish of the state was for him
+law, began making preparations to take the field.
+
+ (15) For the new Athenian confederacy of Delos of this year, B.C. 378,
+    see "Pol. Lac." xiv. 6; "Rev." v. 6; Diod. xv. 28-30; Plut.
+    "Pelop." xv.; Hicks, 78, 81; and for an alliance between Athens
+    and Chalcis in Euboea, see Hicks, 79; and for a treaty with Chios,
+    Hicks, 80.
+
+ (16) See "Ages." ii. 22.
+
+Now he had come to the conclusion that without the occupation of Mount
+Cithaeron any attack on Thebes would be difficult. Learning then that
+the men of Cleitor were just now at war with the men of Orchomenus, (17)
+and were maintaining a foreign brigade, he came to an understanding with
+the Cleitorians that in the event of his needing it, this force would be
+at his service; and as soon as the sacrifices for crossing the
+frontier proved favourable, he sent to the commander of the Cleitorian
+mercenaries, and handing him a month's pay, ordered him to occupy
+Cithaeron with his men. This was before he himself reached Tegea.
+Meanwhile he sent a message to the men of Orchomenus that so long as
+the campaign lasted they must cease from war. If any city during his
+campaign abroad took on itself to march against another city, his first
+duty, he declared, would be to march against such offending city in
+accordance with a decree of the allies.
+
+ (17) In Arcadia. See Busolt, "Die Lak." 120 foll.
+
+Thus crossing Cithaeron he reached Thespiae, (18) and from that base
+made the territory of Thebes his objective. Finding the great plain
+fenced round with ditch and palisade, as also the most valuable portions
+of the country, he adopted the plan of shifting his encampment from one
+place to another. Regularly each day, after the morning meal, he marched
+out his troops and ravaged the territory, confining himself to his own
+side of the palisadings and trench. The appearance of Agesilaus at any
+point whatever was a signal to the enemy, who within the circuit of his
+entrenchment kept moving in parallel line to the invader, and was ever
+ready to defend the threatened point. On one occasion, the Spartan
+king having retired and being well on the road back to camp, the Theban
+cavalry, hitherto invisible, suddenly dashed out, following one of the
+regularly constructed roads out of the entrenchment. Taking advantage of
+the enemy's position--his light troops breaking off to supper or busily
+preparing the meal, and the cavalry, some of them on their legs just
+(19) dismounted, and others in the act of mounting--on they rode,
+pressing the charge home. Man after man of the light troops was cut
+down; and three cavalry troopers besides--two Spartans, Cleas and
+Epicydidas by name, and the third a provincial (20) named Eudicus, who
+had not had time to mount their horses, and whose fate was shared by
+some Theban (21) exiles. But presently Agesilaus wheeled about and
+advanced with his heavy infantry to the succour; his cavalry dashed
+at the enemy's cavalry, and the flower of the heavy infantry, the
+ten-years-service men, charged by their side. The Theban cavalry at that
+instant looked like men who had been imbibing too freely in the noontide
+heat--that is to say, they awaited the charge long enough to hurl their
+spears; but the volley sped without effect, and wheeling about within
+that distance they left twelve of their number dead upon the field.
+
+ (18) By Cynoscephalae. See "Ages." ii. 22.
+
+ (19) Read, after Courier, {arti} for the vulg. {eti}; or, better
+    still, adopt Hartman's emendation (op. cit. p. 379), {ton men ede
+    katabebekoton ton de katabainonton}, and translate "some--already
+    dismounted, and others dismounting."
+
+ (20) Lit. "one of the perioeci."
+
+ (21) Reading {Thebaion} after Dind. for {'Athenaion}.
+
+Agesilaus had not failed to note with what regularity the enemy
+presented himself after the morning meal. Turning the observation to
+account, he offered sacrifice with day's dawn, and marched with all
+possible speed, and so crossed within the palisadings, through what
+might have been a desert, as far as defence or sign of living being
+went. Once well inside, he proceeded to cut down and set on fire
+everything up to the city gates. After this exploit he beat a retreat,
+retiring into Thespiae, where he fortified their citadel for them. Here
+he left Phoebidas as governor, while he himself crossed the passes back
+into Megara. Arrived here he disbanded the allies, and led the city
+troops homewards.
+
+After the departure of Agesilaus, Phoebidas devoted himself to harrying
+the Thebans by sending out robber bands, and laid waste their land by
+a system of regular incursions. The Thebans, on their side, desiring
+to retaliate, marched out with their whole force into the territory
+of Thespiae. But once well inside the district they found themselves
+closely beset by Phoebidas and his light troops, who would not give
+them the slightest chance to scatter from their main body, so that
+the Thebans, heartily vexed at the turn their foray had taken, beat a
+retreat quicker than they had come. The muleteers threw away with their
+own hands the fruits they had captured, in their anxiety to get home as
+quickly as possible; so dire a dread had fallen upon the invading army.
+This was the chance for the Spartan to press home his attack boldly,
+keeping his light division in close attendance on himself, and leaving
+the heavy infantry under orders to follow him in battle order. He was
+in hopes even that he might put the enemy to complete rout, so valiantly
+did he lead the advance, encouraging the light troops to "come to a
+close grip with the invadors," or summoning the heavy infantry of the
+Thespiaeans to "bring up their supports." Presently the Theban cavalry
+as they retired found themselves face to face with an impassable glen
+or ravine, where in the first instance they collected in a mob, and next
+wheeled right-about-face in sheer resourcelessness where to cross. The
+handful of light troops who formed the Spartan vanguard took fright
+at the Thebans and fled, and the Theban horsemen seeing this put in
+practice the lesson of attack which the fugitives taught them. As for
+Phoebidas himself, he and two or three with him fell sword in hand,
+whereupon his mercenary troops all took to their heels.
+
+When the stream of fugitives reached the Thespiaean heavy infantry
+reserves, they too, in spite of much boasting beforehand that they would
+never yield to Thebans, took to flight, though there was now absolutely
+no pursuit whatever, for it was now late. The number slain was not
+large, but, for all that, the men of Thespiae did not come to a
+standstill until they found themselves safe inside their walls. As a
+sequel, the hopes and spirits of the Thebans were again kindled into new
+life, and they made campaigns against Thespiae and the other provincial
+cities of Boeotia. (22) It must be admitted that in each case the
+democratical party retired from these cities to Thebes; since absolute
+governments had been established in all of them on the pattern
+previously adopted at Thebes; and the result was that the friends of
+Lacedaemon in these cities also needed her assistance. (23) After the
+death of Phoebidas the Lacedaemonians despatched a polemarch with a
+division by sea to form the garrison of Thespiae.
+
+ (22) Lit. "their other perioecid cities." For the significance of this
+    title as applied by the Thebans (and perhaps commonly) to the
+    other cities of Boeotia, see Freeman, op. cit. ch. iv. pp. 157,
+    173 foll.
+
+ (23) See Grote, "H. G." x. 174; Freeman, op. cit. iv. 171, 172.
+
+B.C. 377. With the advent of spring (24) the ephors again called out the
+ban against Thebes, and requested Agesilaus to lead the expedition, as
+on the former campaign. He, holding to his former theory with regard to
+the invasion, even before sacrificing the customary frontier sacrifice,
+sent a despatch to the polemarch at Thespiae, with orders to seize the
+pass which commands the road over Cithaeron, and to guard it against his
+arrival. Then, having once more crossed the pass and reached Plataeae,
+he again made a feint of marching first into Thespiae, and so sent a
+despatch ordering supplies to be in readiness, and all embassies to
+be waiting his arrival there; so that the Thebans concentrated their
+attention on the approaches from Thespiae, which they strongly guarded.
+Next morning, however, Agesilaus sacrificed at daybreak and set out on
+the road to Erythrae, (25) and completing in one day what was a good two
+days' march for an army, gave the Thebans the slip, and crossed
+their palisade-work at Scolus before the enemy had arrived from the
+closely-guarded point at which he had effected his entrance formerly.
+This done he proceeded to ravage the eastward-facing districts of the
+city of Thebes as far as the territory of Tanagra, for at that date
+Tanagra was still in the hands of Hypatodorus and his party, who were
+friends of the Lacedaemonians. After that he turned to retire, keeping
+the walls of Thebes on his left. But the Thebans, who had stolen, as
+it were, upon the scene, drew up at the spot called "The Old Wife's
+Breast," (26) keeping the trench and palisading in their rear: they were
+persuaded that here, if anywhere, lay their chance to risk a decisive
+engagement, the ground at this point being somewhat narrow and difficult
+to traverse. Agesilaus, however, in view of the situation, refused to
+accept the challenge. Instead of marching upon them he turned sharp off
+in the direction of the city; and the Thebans, in alarm for the city in
+its undefended state, abandoned the favourable ground on which they
+were drawn up in battle line, and retired at the double towards the city
+along the road to Potniae, which seemed the safer route. This last
+move of Agesilaus may be described as a stroke of genius: (27) while it
+allowed him to retire to a distance, it forced the enemy themselves
+to retreat at the double. In spite of this, however, one or two of the
+polemarchs, with their divisions, charged the foe as he raced past.
+But again the Thebans, from the vantage-ground of their heights, sent
+volleys of spears upon the assailants, which cost one of the polemarchs,
+Alypetus, his life. He fell pierced by a spear. But again from this
+particular crest the Thebans on their side were forced to turn in
+flight; so much so that the Sciritae, with some of the cavalry, scaled
+up and speedily cut down the rearmost ranks of the Thebans as they
+galloped past into the city. When, however, they were close under
+cover of their walls the Thebans turned, and the Sciritae seeing them
+retreated at more than a steady walking pace. No one, it is true, was
+slain; but the Thebans all the same set up a trophy in record of
+the incident at the point where the scaling party had been forced to
+retreat.
+
+ (24) See for affairs of Delos, never actually named by Xenophon,
+    between B.C. 377 and 374, the Sandwich Marble in Trinity College,
+    Cambridge; Boeckh, "C. I. G" 158, and "P. E. A." ii. p. 78 foll.;
+    Hicks, 82.
+
+ (25) Erythrae (Redlands) stands between Hysiae and Scolus, east of
+    Katzula.--Leake, "N. Gr." ii. 329. See Herod. ix. 15, 25; Thuc.
+    iii. 24; Paus. IX. ii. 1; Strab. IX. ii.
+
+ (26) Lit. "Graos Stethos."
+
+ (27) Or, "and this move of Agesilaus was regarded as a very pretty
+    one."
+
+And now, since the hour was come, Agesilaus fell back and encamped on
+the very site on which he had seen the enemy drawn up in battle array.
+Next day he retired by the road to Thespiae. The light troops, who
+formed a free corps in the pay of the Thebans, hung audaciously at his
+heels. Their shouts could be heard calling out to Chabrias (28) for not
+bringing up his supports; when the cavalry of the Olynthians (who now
+contributed a contingent in accordance with their oaths) (29) wheeled
+round on them, caught the pursuers in the heat of their pursuit, and
+drove them uphill, putting large numbers of them to the sword--so
+quickly are infantry overhauled by cavalry on steep ground which can be
+ridden over. Being arrived within the walls of Thespiae, Agesilaus
+found the citizens in a state of party feud, the men of Lacedaemonian
+proclivities desiring to put their political opponents, one of whom was
+Menon, to death (30)--a proceeding which Agesilaus would not sanction.
+After having healed their differences and bound them over by solemn oath
+to keep the peace with one another, he at once retired, taking his
+old route across Cithaeron to Megara. Here once more he disbanded the
+allies, and at the head of the city troops himself marched back to
+Sparta.
+
+ (28) For the exploits of Chabrias, who commanded a division of mixed
+    Athenians and mercenaries (see above, S. 14), see Dem. "c. Lept."
+    479; Polyaen. ii. 1, 2; Diod. xv. 32, 33, who gives interesting
+    details; Grote, "H. G." x. 172 foll.
+
+ (29) See above, "Hell." V. iii. 26.
+
+ (30) Or, "under the pretext of furthering Laconian interests there was
+    a desire to put political opponents to death." For "Menon," Diod.
+    conj. "Melon."
+
+The Thebans had not gathered in the fruits of their soil for two years
+now, and began to be sorely pinched for want of corn; they therefore
+sent a body of men on board a couple of triremes to Pagasae, with
+ten talents (31) in hand for the purchase of corn. But while these
+commissioners were engaged in effecting their purchases, Alcetas, the
+Lacedaemonian who was garrisoning Oreus, (32) fitted out three triremes,
+taking precautions that no rumour of his proceedings should leak out.
+As soon as the corn was shipped and the vessels under weigh, he captured
+not only the corn but the triremes, escort and all, numbering no less
+than three hundred men. This done he locked up his prisoners in the
+citadel, where he himself was also quartered. Now there was a youth, the
+son of a native of Oreus, fair of mien and of gentle breeding, (33) who
+danced attendance on the commandant: and the latter must needs leave the
+citadel and go down to busy himself with this youth. This was a piece of
+carelessness which the prisoners did not fail to observe, and turned to
+good account by seizing the citadel, whereupon the town revolted,
+and the Thebans experienced no further difficulty in obtaining corn
+supplies.
+
+ (31) = 2,437 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (32) Oreus, formerly called Histiaea, in the north of Euboea. See
+    Thuc. vii. 57, viii. 95; Diod. xv. 30; Grote, "H. G." ix. 263. For
+    Pagasae at the north extremity of the Pagasaean Gulf, "the cradle
+    of Greek navigation," see Tozer, "Geog. Gr." vi. p. 124; Strab.
+    IX. v. 15.
+
+ (33) Or, "beautiful and brave if ever youth was."
+
+B.C. 376. At the return of spring Agesilaus lay sick--a bedridden
+invalid. The history of the case is this: During the withdrawal of his
+army from Thebes the year before, when at Megara, while mounting from
+the Aphrodision (34) to the Government house he ruptured a vein or other
+vessel of the body. This was followed by a rush of blood to his sound
+leg. The knee was much swelled, and the pain intolerable, until a
+Syracusan surgeon made an incision in the vein near the ankle. The blood
+thus let flowed night and day; do what they could to stop the discharge,
+all failed, till the patient fainted away; then it ceased. In this
+plight Agesilaus was conveyed home on a litter to Lacedaemon, and
+remained an invalid the rest of that summer and throughout the winter.
+
+ (34) Pausanius (I. xi. 6) mentions a temple of Aphrodite
+    {'Epistrophoa} (Verticordia), on the way up to the Carian
+    Acropolis of Megara.
+
+But to resume: at the first burst of spring the Lacedaemonians
+again called out the ban, and gave orders to Cleombrotus to lead the
+expedition. The king found himself presently with his troops at the foot
+of Cithaeron, and his light infantry advanced to occupy the pass which
+commands the road. But here they found a detachment of Thebans and
+Athenians already in occupation of the desired height, who for a while
+suffered them to approach; but when they were close upon them, sprang
+from their position and charged, putting about forty to the sword. This
+incident was sufficient to convince Cleombrotus that to invade Thebes by
+this mountain passage was out of the question, and in this faith he led
+back and disbanded his troops.
+
+The allies met in Lacedaemon, and arguments were adduced on the part of
+the allies to show that faintheartedness would very soon lead to their
+being absolutely worn out by the war. They had got it in their power,
+it was urged, to fit out a fleet far outnumbering that of Athens, and
+to reduce that city by starvation; it was open to them, in the self-same
+ships, to carry an army across into Theban territory, and they had
+a choice of routes--the road into Phocis, or, if they preferred, by
+Creusis. After thus carefully considering the matter they manned a fleet
+of sixty triremes, and Pollis was appointed admiral in command. Nor
+indeed were their expectations altogether belied. The Athenians were
+soon so closely blockaded that their corn vessels could get no farther
+than Geraestus; (35) there was no inducing them to coast down father
+south, with a Lacedaemonian navy hovering about Aegina and Ceos and
+Andros. The Athenians, making a virtue of necessity, manned their ships
+in person, gave battle to Pollis under the leadership of Chabrias, and
+came out of the sea-fight (36) victorious.
+
+ (35) The promontory at the southern extremity of Euboea.
+
+ (36) Battle of Naxos, B.C. 376. For interesting details, see Diod. xv.
+    35, 35.
+
+B.C. 375. Then the corn supplies flowed freely into Athens. The
+Lacedaemonians, on their side, were preparing to transport an army
+across the water into Boeotia, when the Thebans sent a request to the
+Athenians urging them to despatch an armament round Peloponnesus, under
+the persuasion that if this were done the Lacedaemonians would find it
+impossible at once to guard their own or the allied territory in that
+part of the world, and at the same time to convery an army of any size
+to operate against Thebes. The proposals fell in with the present temper
+of the Athenians, irritated with Lacedaemon on account of the exploit
+of Sphodrias. Accordingly they eagerly manned a fleet of sixty vessels,
+appointing Timotheus as admiral in command, and despatched it on a
+cruise round Peloponnesus.
+
+The Thebans, seeing that there had been no hostile invasion of their
+territory for so long (neither during the campaign of Cleombrotus
+nor now, (37) whilst Timotheus prosecuted his coasting voyage), felt
+emboldened to carry out a campaign on their own account against the
+provincial cities; (38) and one by one they again recovered them.
+
+ (37) Lit. "nor at the date of Timotherus's periplus." To the historian
+    writing of the events of this period several years later, the
+    coasting voyage of Timotheus is a single incident ({periepleuse}),
+    and as Grote ("H. G." x. 185, note 3) observes, the words may
+    "include not simply the time which Timotheus took in actually
+    circumnavigating Peloponnesos, but the year which he spent
+    afterwards in the Ionian sea, and the time which he occupied in
+    performing his exploits near Korkyra, Leukas, and the
+    neighbourhood generally." For the character and exploits of
+    Timotheus, son of Conon, see Isocr. "Or." xv. "On the Antidosis,"
+    SS. 101-139; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii. p. 140 foll.; Rehdantz, "Vit.
+    Iphicr. Chabr. Timoth. Atheniensium."
+
+ (38) Or, "the cities round about their territory," lit. "the perioecid
+    cities." For the import of the epithet, see V. iv. 46; Freeman,
+    op. cit. iv. 173, note 1, in reference to Grote, "H. G." x. 183,
+    note 4. For the battle of Tegyra see Grote, ib. 182; Plut.
+    "Pelop." 17; Diod. xv. 57 ("evidently this battle," Grote);
+    Callisthenes, fr. 3, ed. Did. Cf. Steph. Byz., {Tegura}.
+
+Timotheus in his cruise reached Corcyra, and reduced it at a blow. That
+done, he neither enslaved the inhabitants nor drove them into exile,
+nor changed their laws. And of this conduct he reaped the benefit of
+the increased cordiality (39) of all the cities of those parts. The
+Lacedaemonians thereupon fitted out and despatched a counter fleet, with
+Nicolochus in command, an officer of consummate boldness. This admiral
+no sooner caught sight of Timotheus's fleet than without hesitation, and
+in spite of the absence of six Ambraciot vessels which formed part
+of his squadron, he gave battle, with fifty-five ships to the enemy's
+sixty. The result was a defeat at the moment, and Timotheus set up a
+trophy at Alyzia. But as soon as the six missing Ambraciot vessels
+had reinforced him--the ships of Timotheus meanwhile being docked and
+undergoing repairs--he bore down upon Alyzia in search of the Athenian,
+and as Timotheus refused to put out to meet him, the Lacedaemonian in
+turn set up a trophy on the nearest group of islands.
+
+ (39) The Corcyraeans, Acarnanians, and Cephallenians join the alliance
+    B.C. 375; see Hicks, 83. "This decree dates from the autumn of
+    B.C. 375, immediately after Timotheos's visit to Korkyra (Xen.
+    'Hell.' V. iv. 64). The result was that the names of Korkyra,
+    Kephallenia, and Akarnania were inscribed upon the list (No. 81),
+    and an alliance was made with them." (See "C. I. A." ii. p. 399
+    foll.; Hicks, loc. cit.; "Hell." VI. v. 23); "C. I. A." ii. 14.
+    The tablet is in the Asclepeian collection at the entrance of the
+    Acropolis at Athens. See Milchofer, "Die Museum Athens," 1881, p.
+    45.
+
+B.C. 374. Timotheus, after repairing his original squadron and manning
+more vessels from Corcyra, found himself at the head of more than
+seventy ships. His naval superiority was undisputed, but he was forced
+to send to Athens for moneys, seeing his fleet was large and his wants
+not trifling.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VI
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 374. The Athenians and Lacedaemonians were thus engaged. But to
+return to the Thebans. After the subjugation of the cities in Boeotia,
+they extended the area of aggression and marched into Phocis. The
+Phocians, on their side, sent an embassy to Lacedaemon, and pleaded that
+without assistance from that power they must inevitably yield to Thebes.
+The Lacedaemonians in response conveyed by sea into the territory of
+Phocis their king Cleombrotus, at the head of four regiments and the
+contingents of the allies.
+
+About the same time Polydamus of Pharsalus arrived from Thessaly to
+address the general assembly (1) of Lacedaemon. He was a man of high
+repute throughout the whole of Thessaly, while in his native city he was
+regarded as so true a gentleman that the faction-ridden Pharsalians
+were content to entrust the citadel to his keeping, and to allow their
+revenues to pass through his hands. It was his privilege to disburse the
+money needed for sacred rites or other expenditure, within the limits
+of their written law and constitution. Out of these moneys this faithful
+steward of the state was able to garrison and guard in safety for
+the citizens their capital. Every year he rendered an account of his
+administration in general. If there was a deficit he made it up out of
+his own pocket, and when the revenues expanded he paid himself back. For
+the rest, his hospitality to foreigners and his magnificence were on a
+true Thessalian scale. Such was the style and character of the man who
+now arrived in Lacedaemon and spoke as follows:
+
+ (1) {pros to koinon}, "h.e. vel ad ad senatum vel ad ephoros vel ad
+    concionem."--Sturz, "Lex. Xen." s.v.
+
+"Men of Lacedaemon, it is in my capacity as 'proxenos' and 'benefactor'
+(titles borne by my ancestry from time immemorial) that I claim, or
+rather am bound, in case of any difficulty to come to you, and, in case
+of any complication dangerous to your interests in Thessaly, to give you
+warning. The name of Jason, I feel sure, is not unknown to Lacedaemonian
+ears. His power as a prince is sufficiently large, and his fame
+widespread. It is of Jason I have to speak. Under cover of a treaty of
+peace he has lately conferred with me, and this is the substance of what
+he urged: 'Polydamas,' he said, 'if I chose I could lay your city at my
+feet, even against its will, as the following considerations will prove
+to you. See,' he went on, 'the majority and the most important of the
+states of Thessaly are my allies. I subdued them in campaigns in which
+you took their side in opposition to myself. Again, you do not need
+to be told that I have six thousand mercenaries who are a match in
+themselves, I take it, for any single state. It is not the mere numbers
+on which I insist. No doubt as large an army could be raised in other
+quarters; but these citizen armies have this defect--they include men
+who are already advanced in years, with others whose beards are scarcely
+grown. Again, it is only a fraction of the citizens who attend to bodily
+training in a state, whereas with me no one takes mercenary service who
+is not as capable of endurance as myself.'
+
+"And here, Lacedaemonians, I must tell you what is the bare truth. This
+Jason is a man stout of limb and robust of body, with an insatiable
+appetite for toil. Equally true is it that he tests the mettle of those
+with him day by day. He is always at their head, whether on a field-day
+under arms, or in the gymnasium, or on some military expedition. The
+weak members of the corps he weeds out, but those whom he sees bear
+themselves stout-heartedly in the face of war, like true lovers of
+danger and of toil, he honours with double, treble, and quadruple
+pay, or with other gifts. On the bed of sickness they will not lack
+attendance, nor honour in their graves. Thus every foreigner in his
+service knows that his valour in war may obtain for him a livelihood--a
+life replete at once with honour and abundance. (2)
+
+ (2) Or, "a life satisfying at once to soul and body."
+
+"Then with some parade he pointed out to me what I knew before, that
+the Maracians, and the Dolopians, and Alcetas the hyparch (3) in
+Epirus, were already subject to his sway; 'so that I may fairly ask you,
+Polydamas,' he proceeded, 'what I have to apprehend that I should not
+look on your future subjugation as mere child's play. Perhaps some one
+who did not know me, and what manner of man I am, might put it to me:
+"Well! Jason, if all you say be true, why do you hesitate? why do you
+not march at once against Pharsalia?" For the good reason, I reply, that
+it suits me better to win you voluntarily than to annex you against your
+wills. Since, if you are forced, you will always be planning all the
+mischief you can against me, and I on my side shall be striving
+to diminish your power; whereas if you throw in your lot with mine
+trustfully and willingly, it is certain we shall do what we can to help
+each other. I see and know, Polydamas, that your country fixes her eyes
+on one man only, and that is yourself: what I guarantee you, therefore,
+is that, if you will dispose her lovingly to myself, I on my side will
+raise you up to be the greatest man in Hellas next to me. Listen, while
+I tell you what it is in which I offer you the second prize. Listen,
+and accept nothing which does not approve itself as true to your own
+reasoning. First, is it not plain to us both, that with the adhesion
+of Pharsalus and the swarm of pettier states dependent on yourselves,
+I shall with infinite ease become Tagos (4) of all the Thessalians; and
+then the corollary--Thessaly so united--sixteen thousand cavalry and
+more than ten thousand heavy infantry leap into life. Indeed, when I
+contemplate the physique and proud carriage of these men, I cannot but
+persuade myself that, with proper handling, there is not a nation or
+tribe of men to which Thessalians would deign to yield submission. Look
+at the broad expanse of Thessaly and consider: when once a Tagos is
+established here, all the tribes in a circle round will lie stilled in
+subjection; and almost every member of each of these tribes is an archer
+born, so that in the light infantry division of the service our power
+must needs excel. Furthermore, the Boeotians and all the rest of the
+world in arms against Lacedaemon are my allies; they clamour to follow
+my banner, if only I will free them from Sparta's yoke. So again the
+Athenians, I make sure, will do all they can to gain our alliance; but
+with them I do not think we will make friends, for my persuasion is that
+empire by sea will be even easier to acquire than empire by land; and
+to show you the justice of this reasoning I would have you weigh the
+following considerations. With Macedonia, which is the timber-yard (5)
+of the Athenian navy, in our hands we shall be able to construct a far
+larger fleet than theirs. That stands to reason. And as to men, which
+will be the better able to man vessels, think you--Athens, or ourselves
+with our stalwart and numerous Penestae? (6) Which will better support
+mariners--a nation which, like our own, out of her abundance exports her
+corn to foreign parts, or Athens, which, but for foreign purchases, has
+not enough to support herself? And so as to wealth in general it is
+only natural, is it not, that we, who do not look to a string of little
+islands for supplies, but gather the fruits of continental peoples,
+should find our resources more copious? As soon as the scattered powers
+of Thessaly are gathered into a principality, all the tribes around, I
+repeat, will become our tributaries. I need not tell you that the king
+of Persia reaps the fruits, not of islands, but of a continent, and he
+is the wealthiest of men! But the reduction of Persia will be still more
+practicable, I imagine, than that of Hellas, for there the men, save
+one, are better versed in slavery than in prowess. Nor have I forgotten,
+during the advance of Cyrus, and afterwards under Agesilaus, how scant
+the force was before which the Persian quailed.'
+
+ (3) Or, "his underlord in Epirus." By hyparch, I suppose, is implied
+    that Alcetas regarded Jason as his suzerain. Diodorus (xv. 13, 36)
+    speaks of him as "king" of the Molossians.
+
+ (4) Or, "Prince," and below, "Thessaly so converted into a
+    Principality." "The Tagos of Thessaly was not a King, because his
+    office was not hereditary or even permanent; neither was he
+    exactly a Tyrant, because his office had some sort of legal
+    sanction. But he came much nearer to the character either of a
+    King or of a Tyrant than to that of a Federal President like the
+    General of the Achaians.... Jason of Pherai acts throughout
+    like a King, and his will seems at least as uncontrolled as that
+    of his brother sovereign beyond the Kambunian hills. Even Jason
+    seems to have been looked upon as a Tyrant (see below, 'Hell.' VI.
+    iv. 32); possibly, like the Athenian Demos, he himself did not
+    refuse the name" (cf. Arist. "Pol." iii. 4, 9).--Freeman, "Hist.
+    Fed. Gov." "No True Federation in Thessaly," iv. pp. 152 foll.
+
+ (5) See above, and Hicks, 74.
+
+ (6) Or, "peasantry."
+
+"Such, Lacedaemonians, were the glowing arguments of Jason. In answer
+I told him that what he urged was well worth weighing, but that we, the
+friends of Lacedaemon, should so, without a quarrel, desert her and rush
+into the arms of her opponents, seemed to me sheer madness. Whereat he
+praised me, and said that now must he needs cling all the closer to me
+if that were my disposition, and so charged me to come to you and
+tell you the plain truth, which is, that he is minded to march against
+Pharsalus if we will not hearken to him. Accordingly he bade me demand
+assistance from you; 'and if they suffer you,' (7) he added, 'so to work
+upon them that they will send you a force sufficient to do battle with
+me, it is well: we will abide by war's arbitrament, nor quarrel with
+the consequence; but if in your eyes that aid is insufficient, look to
+yourself. How shall you longer be held blameless before that fatherland
+which honours you and in which you fare so well?' (8)
+
+ (7) Or, reading {theoi}, after Cobet; translate "if providentially
+    they should send you."
+
+ (8) Reading {kai e su pratteis}, after Cobet. The chief MSS. give {ouk
+    ede anegkletos an dikaios eies en te patridi e se tima kai su
+    prattois ta kratista}, which might be rendered either, "and how be
+    doing best for yourself?"  (lit. "and you would not be doing best
+    for yourself," {ouk an} carried on from previous clause), or
+    (taking {prattois} as pure optative), "may you be guided to adopt
+    the course best for yourself!" "may the best fortune attend you!
+    Farewell." See Otto Keller, op. cit. ad loc. for various
+    emendations.
+
+"These are the matters," Polydamas continued, "which have brought me to
+Lacedaemon. I have told you the whole story; it is based partly on what
+I see to be the case, and partly on what I have heard from yonder man.
+My firm belief is, men of Lacedaemon, that if you are likely to despatch
+a force sufficient, not in my eyes only, but in the eyes of all the rest
+of Thessaly, to cope with Jason in war, the states will revolt from
+him, for they are all in alarm as to the future development of the man's
+power; but if you think a company of newly-enfranchised slaves and any
+amateur general will suffice, I advise you to rest in peace. You may
+take my word for it, you will have a great power to contend against, and
+a man who is so prudent a general that, in all he essays to do, be it an
+affair of secrecy, or speed, or force, he is wont to hit the mark of his
+endeavours: one who is skilled, should occasion serve, to make the night
+of equal service to him with the day; (9) or, if speed be needful,
+will labour on while breakfasting or taking an evening meal. And as for
+repose, he thinks that the time for it has come when the goal is reached
+or the business on hand accomplished. And to this same practice he
+has habituated those about him. Right well he knows how to reward the
+expectations of his soldiers, when by the extra toil which makes the
+difference they have achieved success; so that in his school all have
+laid to heart that maxim, 'Pain first and pleasure after.' (10) And
+in regard to pleasure of the senses, of all men I know, he is the most
+continent; so that these also are powerless to make him idle at the
+expense of duty. You must consider the matter then and tell me, as
+befits you, what you can and will do."
+
+ (9) See "Cyrop." III. i. 19.
+
+ (10) For this sentiment, see "Mem." II. i. 20 et passim.
+
+Such were the representations of Polydamas. The Lacedaemonians, for the
+time being, deferred their answer; but after calculating the next
+day and the day following how many divisions (11) they had on foreign
+service, and how many ships on the coast of Laconia to deal with the
+foreign squadron of the Athenians, and taking also into account the war
+with their neighbours, they gave their answer to Polydamas: "For the
+present they would not be able to send him sufficient aid: under the
+circumstances they advised him to go back and make the best settlement
+he could of his own affairs and those of his city." He, thanking the
+Lacedaemonians for their straightforwardness, withdrew.
+
+ (11) Lit. "morai."
+
+The citadel of Pharsalus he begged Jason not to force him to give up:
+his desire was to preserve it for those who had entrusted it to his safe
+keeping; his own sons Jason was free to take as hostages, and he would
+do his best to procure for him the voluntary adhesion of his city by
+persuasion, and in every way to further his appointment as Tagos of
+Thessaly. Accordingly, after interchange of solemn assurances between
+the pair, the Pharsalians were let alone and in peace, and ere long
+Jason was, by general consent, appointed Tagos of all the Thessalians.
+Once fairly vested with that authority, he drew up a list of the cavalry
+and heavy infantry which the several states were capable of furnishing
+as their quota, with the result that his cavalry, inclusive of allies,
+numbered more than eight thousand, while his infantry force was computed
+at not less than twenty thousand; and his light troops would have been a
+match for those of the whole world--the mere enumeration of their cities
+would be a labour in itself. (12) His next act was a summons to all the
+dwellers round (13) to pay tribute exactly the amount imposed in the
+days of Scopas. (14) And here in this state of accomplishment we may
+leave these matters. I return to the point reached when this digression
+into the affairs of Jason began.
+
+ (12) See "Cyrop." I. i. 5.
+
+ (13) Lit. perioeci.
+
+ (14) It is conjectured that the Scopadae ruled at Pherae and Cranusa
+    in the earlier half of the fifth century B.C.; see, for the change
+    of dynasty, what is said of Lycophron of Pherae in "Hell." II.
+    iii. 4. There was a famous Scopas, son of Creon, to whom Simonides
+    addressed his poem--
+
+{Andr' agathon men alatheos genesthai khalepon khersin te kai posi kai
+noo tetragonon, aneu psogou tetugmenon.}
+
+a sentiment criticised by Plato, "Protag." 359 A. "Now Simonides says to
+Scopas, the son of Creon, the Thessalian:
+
+'Hardly on the one hand can a man become truly good; built four-square
+in hands and feet and mind, a work without a flaw.'
+
+Do you know the poem?"--Jowett, "Plat." i. 153. But whether this Scopas
+is the Scopas of our text and a hero of Jason's is not clear.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 374. The Lacedaemonians and their allies were collecting in
+Phocia, and the Thebans, after retreating into their own territory,
+were guarding the approaches. At this juncture the Athenians, seeing the
+Thebans growing strong at their expense without contributing a single
+penny to the maintenance of the fleet, while they themselves, what
+with money contributions, and piratical attacks from Aegina, and the
+garrisoning of their territory, were being pared to the bone, conceived
+a desire to cease from war. In this mood they sent an embassy to
+Lacedaemon and concluded peace. (1)
+
+ (1) See Curtius, "H. G." vol. iv. p. 376 (Eng. trans.)
+
+B.C. 374-373. This done, two of the ambassadors, in obedience to a
+decree of the state, set sail at once from Laconian territory, bearing
+orders to Timotheus to sail home, since peace was established. That
+officer, while obeying his orders, availed himself of the homeward
+voyage to land certain Zacynthian exiles (2) on their native soil,
+whereupon the Zacynthian city party sent to Lacedaemon and complained of
+the treatment they had received from Timotheus; and the Lacedaemonians,
+without further consideration, decided that the Athenians were in the
+wrong, and proceeded to equip another navy, and at length collected from
+Laconia itself, from Corinth, Leucas, (3) Ambracia, Elis, Zacynthus,
+Achaia, Epidaurus, Troezen, Hermione, and Halieis, a force amounting
+to sixty sail. In command of this squadron they appointed Mnasippus
+admiral, with orders to attack Corcyra, and in general to look after
+their interests in those seas. They, moreover, sent an embassy to
+Dionysius, instructing him that his interests would be advanced by the
+withdrawal of Corcyra from Athenian hands.
+
+ (2) See Hicks, 81, p. 142.
+
+ (3) Ibid. 81, 86.
+
+B.C. 373. Accordingly Mnasippus set sail, as soon as his squadron was
+ready, direct to Corcyra; he took with him, besides his troops from
+Lacedaemon, a body of mercenaries, making a total in all of no less
+than fifteen hundred men. His disembarked, and soon became master of the
+island, the country district falling a prey to the spoiler. It was in
+a high state of cultivation, and rich with fruit-trees, not to speak of
+magnificent dwelling-houses and wine-cellars fitted up on the farms: so
+that, it was said, the soldiers reached such a pitch of luxury that they
+refused to drink wine which had not a fine bouquet. A crowd of slaves,
+too, and fat beasts were captured on the estates.
+
+The general's next move was to encamp with his land forces about
+three-quarters of a mile (4) from the city district, so that any
+Corcyraean who attempted to leave the city to go into the country would
+certainly be cut off on that side. The fleet he stationed on the other
+side of the city, at a point where he calculated on detecting and
+preventing the approach of convoys. Besides which he established a
+blockade in front of the harbour when the weather permitted. In this way
+the city was completely invested.
+
+ (4) Lit. "five stades."
+
+The Corcyraeans, on their side, were in the sorest straits. They could
+get nothing from their soil owing to the vice in which they were gripped
+by land, whilst owing to the predominance of the enemy at sea nothing
+could be imported. Accordingly they sent to the Athenians and begged for
+their assistance. They urged upon them that it would be a great mistake
+if they suffered themselves to be robbed of Corcyra. If they did so,
+they would not only throw away a great advantage to themselves, but add
+a considerable strength to their enemy; since, with the exception of
+Athens, no state was capable of furnishing a larger fleet or revenue.
+Moreover, Corcyra lay favourably (5) for commanding the Corinthian gulf
+and the cities which line its shores; it was splendidly situated for
+injuring the rural districts of Laconia, and still more splendidly in
+relation to the opposite shores of the continent of Epirus, and the
+passage between Peloponnesus and Sicily.
+
+ (5) See Thuc. i. 36.
+
+This appeal did not fall on deaf ears. The Athenians were persuaded
+that the matter demanded their most serious attention, and they at once
+despatched Stesicles as general, (6) with about six hundred peltasts.
+They also requested Alcetas to help them in getting their troops across.
+Thus under cover of night the whole body were conveyed across to a point
+in the open country, and found their way into the city. Nor was that
+all. The Athenians passed a decree to man sixty ships of war, and
+elected (7) Timotheus admiral. The latter, being unable to man the fleet
+on the spot, set sail on a cruise to the islands and tried to make up
+the complements of his crews from those quarters. He evidently looked
+upon it as no light matter to sail round Peloponnesus as if on a voyage
+of pleasure, and to attack a fleet in the perfection of training. (8) To
+the Athenians, however, it seemed that he was wasting the precious time
+seasonable for the coastal voyage, and they were not disposed to condone
+such an error, but deposed him, appointing Iphicrates in his stead.
+The new general was no sooner appointed than he set about getting
+his vessels manned with the utmost activity, putting pressure on the
+trierarchs. He further procured from the Athenians for his use not
+only any vessels cruising on the coast of Attica, but the Paralus and
+Salaminia (9) also, remarking that, if things turned out well yonder,
+he would soon send them back plenty of ships. Thus his numbers grew to
+something like seventy sail.
+
+ (6) The name of the general was Ctesicles, according to Diod. xv. 47.
+    Read {strategon} for {tagon}, with Breitenbach, Cobet, etc. For
+    Alcetas, see above, "Hell." VI. i. 7.
+
+ (7) I.e. by show of hands, {ekheirotonoun}.
+
+ (8) See Jowett, note to Thuc. VIII. xcv. 2, ii. p. 525.
+
+ (9) The two sacred galleys. See Thuc. iii. 33; Aristoph. "Birds," 147
+    foll.
+
+Meanwhile the Corcyraeans were sore beset with famine: desertion became
+every day more frequent, so much so that Mnasippus caused proclamation
+to be made by herald that all deserters would be sold there and then;
+(10) and when that had no effect in lessening the stream of runaways,
+he ended by driving them back with the lash. Those within the walls,
+however, were not disposed to receive these miserable slaves within
+the lines, and numbers died outside. Mnasippus, not blind to what was
+happening, soon persuaded himself that he had as good as got the city
+into his possession: and he began to try experiments on his mercenaries.
+Some of them he had already paid off; (11) others still in his service
+had as much as two months' pay owing to them by the general, who, if
+report spoke true, had no lack of money, since the majority of the
+states, not caring for a campaign across the seas, sent him hard cash
+instead of men. But now the beleaguered citizens, who could espy
+from their towers that the outposts were less carefully guarded than
+formerly, and the men scattered about the rural districts, made a
+sortie, capturing some and cutting down others. Mnasippus, perceiving
+the attack, donned his armour, and, with all the heavy troops he had,
+rushed to the rescue, giving orders to the captains and brigadiers (12)
+to lead out the mercenaries. Some of the captains answered that it
+was not so easy to command obedience when the necessaries of life were
+lacking; whereat the Spartan struck one man with his staff, and another
+with the butt of his spear. Without spirit and full of resentment
+against their general, the men mustered--a condition very unfavourable
+to success in battle. Having drawn up the troops, the general in person
+repulsed the division of the enemy which was opposite the gates, and
+pursued them closely; but these, rallying close under their walls,
+turned right about, and from under cover of the tombs kept up a
+continuous discharge of darts and other missiles; other detachments,
+dashing out at other gates, meanwhile fell heavily on the flanks of the
+enemy. The Lacedaemonians, being drawn up eight deep, and thinking that
+the wing of their phalanx was of inadequate strength, essayed to wheel
+around; but as soon as they began the movement the Corcyraeans attacked
+them as if they were fleeing, and they were then unable to recover
+themselves, (13) while the troops next in position abandoned themselves
+to flight. Mnasippus, unable to succour those who were being pressed
+owing to the attack of the enemy immediately in front, found himself
+left from moment to moment with decreasing numbers. At last the
+Corcyraeans collected, and with one united effort made a final rush upon
+Mnasippus and his men, whose numbers were now considerably reduced.
+At the same instant the townsmen, (14) eagerly noticing the posture of
+affairs, rushed out to play their part. First Mnasippus was slain, and
+then the pursuit became general; nor could the pursuers well have failed
+to capture the camp, barricade and all, had they not caught sight of
+the mob of traffickers with a long array of attendants and slaves, and
+thinking that here was a prize indeed, desisted from further chase.
+
+ (10) Or, "he would knock them all down to the hammer."
+
+ (11) Or, "cut off from their pay."
+
+ (12) Lit. "lochagoi and taxiarchs."
+
+ (13) Or, "to retaliate"; or, "to complete the movement."
+
+ (14) Reading, after Dindorf, {oi politai}, or, if with the MSS., {oi
+    oplitai}; translate "the heavy-armed among the assailants saw
+    their advantage and pressed on."
+
+The Corcyraeans were well content for the moment to set up a trophy
+and to give back the enemy's dead under a flag of truce; but the
+after-consequences were even more important to them in the revival of
+strength and spirits which were sunk in despondency. The rumour spread
+that Iphicrates would soon be there--he was even at the doors; and in
+fact the Corcyraeans themselves were manning a fleet. So Hypermenes,
+who was second in command to Mnasippus and the bearer of his despatches,
+manned every vessel of the fleet as full as it would hold, and then
+sailing round to the entrenched camp, filled all the transports with
+prisoners and valuables and other stock, and sent them off. He himself,
+with his marines and the survivors of his troops, kept watch over the
+entrenchments; but at last even this remnant in the excess of panic and
+confusion got on board the men-of-war and sailed off, leaving behind
+them vast quantities of corn and wine, with numerous prisoners and
+invalided soldiers. The fact was, they were sorely afraid of being
+caught by the Athenians in the island, and so they made safely off to
+Leucas.
+
+Meanwhile Iphicrates had commenced his voyage of circumnavigation,
+partly voyaging and partly making every preparation for an engagement.
+He at once left his large sails behind him, as the voyage was only to
+be the prelude of a battle; his flying jibs, even if there was a good
+breeze, were but little used, since by making his progress depend on
+sheer rowing, he hoped at once to improve the physique of his men and
+the speed of his attack. Often when the squadron was about to put into
+shore for the purpose of breakfast or supper, he would seize the moment,
+and draw back the leading wing of the column from the land off the point
+in question; and then facing round again with the triremes posted well
+in line, prow for prow, at a given signal let loose the whole fleet in a
+stoutly contested race for the shore. Great was the triumph in being the
+first to take in water or whatever else they might need, or the first to
+breakfast; just as it was a heavy penalty on the late-comers, not only
+to come short in all these objects of desire, but to have to put out
+to sea with the rest as soon as the signal was given; since the
+first-comers had altogether a quiet time of it, whilst the hindmost must
+get through the whole business in hot haste. So again, in the matter
+of outposts, if he chanced to be getting the morning meal on hostile
+territory, pickets would be posted, as was right and proper, on the
+land; but, apart from these, he would raise his masts and keep look-out
+men on the maintops. These commanded of course a far wider prospect from
+their lofty perches than the outposts on the level ground. So too, when
+he dined or slept he had no fires burning in the camp at night, but
+only a beacon kindled in front of the encampment to prevent any unseen
+approach; and frequently in fine weather he put out to sea immediately
+after the evening meal, when, if the breeze favoured, they ran along and
+took their rest simultaneously, or if they depended on oars he gave his
+mariners repose by turns. During the voyage in daytime he would at
+one time signal to "sail in column," and at another signal "abreast in
+line." So that whilst they prosecuted the voyage they at the same time
+became (both as to theory and practice) well versed in all the details
+of an engagement before they reached the open sea--a sea, as they
+imagined, occupied by their foes. For the most part they breakfasted
+and dined on hostile territory; but as he confined himself to bare
+necessaries he was always too quick for the enemy. Before the hostile
+reinforcement would come up he had finished his business and was out to
+sea again.
+
+At the date of Mnasippus's death he chanced to be off Sphagiae in
+Laconian territory. Reaching Elis, and coasting past the mouth of the
+Alpheus, he came to moorings under Cape Ichthus, (15) as it is called.
+The next day he put out from that port for Cephallenia, so drawing up
+his line and conducting the voyage that he might be prepared in every
+detail to engage if necessary. The tale about Mnasippus and his demise
+had reached him, but he had not heard it from an eye-witness, and
+suspected that it might have been invented to deceive him and throw him
+off his guard. He was therefore on the look-out. It was, in fact, only
+on arrival in Cephallenia that he learned the news in an explicit form,
+and gave his troops rest.
+
+ (15) Cape Fish, mod. Cape Katakolon, protecting harbour of Pyrgos in
+    Elis.
+
+I am well aware that all these details of practice and manouvring are
+customary in anticipation of a sea-fight, but what I single out for
+praise in the case before us is the skill with which the Athenian
+admiral attained a twofold object. Bearing in mind that it was his duty
+to reach a certain point at which he expected to fight a naval battle
+without delay, it was a happy discovery on his part not to allow
+tactical skill, on the one hand, to be sacrificed to the pace of
+sailing, (16) nor, on the other, the need of training to interfere with
+the date of arrival.
+
+ (16) Lit. "the voyage."
+
+After reducing the towns of Cephallenia, Iphicrates sailed to Corcyra.
+There the first news he heard was that the triremes sent by Dionysius
+were expected to relieve the Lacedaemonians. On receipt of this
+information he set off in person and surveyed the country, in order
+to find a spot from which it would be possible to see the vessels
+approaching and to signal to the city. Here he stationed his look-out
+men. A code of signals was agreed upon to signify "vessels in sight,"
+"mooring," etc.; which done he gave his orders to twenty of his captains
+of men-of-war who were to follow him at a given word of command. Any one
+who failed to follow him must not grumble at the penalty; that he warned
+them. Presently the vessels were signalled approaching; the word of
+command was given, and then the enthusiasm was a sight to see--every
+man of the crews told off for the expedition racing to join his ship and
+embark. Sailing to the point where the enemy's vessels lay, he had no
+difficulty in capturing the crews, who had disembarked from all the
+ships with one exception. The exception was that of Melanippus the
+Rhodian, who had advised the other captains not to stop at this point,
+and had then manned his own vessel and sailed off. Thus he encountered
+the ships of Iphicrates, but contrived to slip through his fingers,
+while the whole of the Syracusan vessels were captured, crews and all.
+
+Having cut the beaks off the prows, Iphicrates bore down into the
+harbour of Corcyra with the captured triremes in tow. With the captive
+crews themselves he came to an agreement that each should pay a fixed
+sum as ransom, with one exception, that of Crinippus, their commander.
+Him he kept under guard, with the intention apparently of exacting a
+handsome sum in his case or else of selling him. The prisoner, however,
+from vexation of spirit, put an end to his own life. The rest were sent
+about their business by Iphicrates, who accepted the Corcyraeans as
+sureties for the money. His own sailors he supported for the most part
+as labourers on the lands of the Corcyraeans, while at the head of his
+light infantry and the hoplites of the contingent he crossed over into
+Acarnania, and there lent his aid to any friendly state that needed his
+services; besides which he went to war with the Thyrians, (17) a sturdy
+race of warriors in possession of a strong fortress.
+
+ (17) Thyreum (or Thyrium), in Acarnania, a chief city at the time of
+    the Roman wars in Greece; and according to Polybius (xxxviii. 5),
+    a meeting-place of the League on one occasion. See "Dict. Anct.
+    Geog." s.v.; Freeman, op. cit. iv. 148; cf. Paus. IV. xxvi. 3, in
+    reference to the Messenians and Naupactus; Grote, "H. G." x. 212.
+
+B.C. 372. Having attached to his squadron the navy also of Corcyra,
+with a fleet numbering now about ninety ships he set sail, in the first
+instance to Cephallenia, where he exacted money--which was in some cases
+voluntarily paid, in others forcibly extorted. In the next place
+he began making preparations partly to harass the territory of the
+Lacedaemonians, and partly to win over voluntarily the other states in
+that quarter which were hostile to Athens; or in case of refusal to go
+to war with them.
+
+The whole conduct of the campaign reflects, I think, the highest credit
+on Iphicrates. If his strategy was admirable, so too was the instinct
+which led him to advise the association with himself of two such
+colleagues as Callistratus and Chabrias--the former a popular orator
+but no great friend of himself politically, (18) the other a man of
+high military reputation. Either he looked upon them as men of unusual
+sagacity, and wished to profit by their advice, in which case I
+commend the good sense of the arrangement, or they were, in his belief,
+antagonists, in which case the determination to approve himself a
+consummate general, neither indolent nor incautious, was bold, I admit,
+but indicative of a laudable self-confidence. Here, however, we must
+part with Iphicrates and his achievements to return to Athens.
+
+ (18) Reading with the MSS. {ou mala epitedeion onta}. See Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 206. Boeckh ("P. E. A.," trans. Cornewall Lewis, p. 419)
+    wished to read {eu mala} for {ou mala k.t.l.}, in which case
+    translate "the former a popular orator, and a man of singular
+    capacity"; and for {epitedeion} in that sense, see "Hipparch." i.
+    8; for {eu mala}, see "Hipparch." i. 25. For details concerning
+    Callistratus, see Dindorf, op. cit. note ad. loc.; Curtius, "H.
+    G." iv. 367, 381 foll., v. 90. For Chabrias, Rehdantz, op. cit. In
+    the next sentence I have again adhered to the reading of the MSS.,
+    but the passage is commonly regarded as corrupt; see Otto Keller,
+    op. cit. p. 215 for various emendations.
+
+
+
+III
+
+The Athenians, forced to witness the expatriation from Boeotia of their
+friends the Plataeans (who had sought an asylum with themselves), forced
+also to listen to the supplications of the Thespiaeans (who begged them
+not to suffer them to be robbed of their city), could no longer
+regard the Thebans with favour; (1) though, when it came to a direct
+declaration of war, they were checked in part by a feeling of shame, and
+partly by considerations of expediency. Still, to go hand in hand with
+them, to be a party to their proceedings, this they absolutely refused,
+now that they saw them marching against time-honoured friends of the
+city like the Phocians, and blotting out states whose loyalty in the
+great Persian war was conspicuous no less than their friendship to
+Athens. Accordingly the People passed a decree to make peace; but in the
+first instance they sent an embassy to Thebes, inviting that state to
+join them if it pleased them on an embassy which they proposed to send
+to Lacedaemon to treat of peace. In the next place they despatched such
+an embassy on their own account. Among the commissioners appointed
+were Callias the son of Hipponicus, Autocles the son of Strombichides,
+Demostratus the son of Aristophon, Aristocles, Cephisodotus, (2)
+Melanopus, and Lycaethus.
+
+ (1) Plataea destroyed in B.C. 373. See Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 397.
+
+ (2) See below, "Hell." VII. i. 12; Hicks, 87.
+
+B.C. 371. (These were formally introduced to the Deputies of the
+Lacedaemonians and the allies. (3)) Nor ought the name of Callistratus
+to be omitted. That statesman and orator was present. He had obtained
+furlough from Iphicrates on an undertaking either to send money for
+the fleet or to arrange a peace. Hence his arrival in Athens and
+transactions in behalf of peace. After being introduced to the assembly
+(4) of the Lacedaemonians and to the allies, Callias, (5) who was the
+dadouchos (or torch-holder) in the mysteries, made the first speech.
+He was a man just as well pleased to praise himself as to hear himself
+praised by others. He opened the proceedings as follows:
+
+ (3) The bracketed words read like an annotator's comment, or possibly
+    they are a note by the author.
+
+ (4) See above, "Hell." II. iv. 38.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." IV. v. 13; Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.;
+    Xen. "Symp."; Plat. "Protag."; Andoc. "de Myst." If this is one
+    and the same person he must have been an elderly man at this date,
+    371 B.C.
+
+"Lacedaemonians, the duty of representing you as proxenos at Athens is
+a privilege which I am not the first member of my family to enjoy; my
+father's father held it as an heirloom of our family and handed it down
+as a heritage to his descendants. If you will permit me, I should like
+to show you the disposition of my fatherland towards yourselves. If in
+times of war she chooses us as her generals, so when her heart is set
+upon quiet she sends us out as her messengers of peace. I myself have
+twice already (6) stood here to treat for conclusion of war, and on both
+embassies succeeded in arranging a mutually agreeable peace. Now for
+the third time I am come, and I flatter myself that to-day again I shall
+obtain a reconciliation, and on grounds exceptionally just. My eyes bear
+witness that our hearts are in accord; you and we alike are pained at
+the effacement of Plataeae and Thespiae. Is it not then reasonable that
+out of agreement should spring concord rather than discord? It is never
+the part, I take it, of wise men to raise the standard of war for the
+sake of petty differences; but where there is nothing but unanimity they
+must be marvellous folk who refuse the bond of peace. But I go further.
+It were just and right on our parts even to refuse to bear arms against
+each other; since, as the story runs, the first strangers to whom our
+forefather Triptolemus showed the unspeakable mystic rites of Demeter
+and Core, the mother and the maiden, were your ancestors;--I speak of
+Heracles, the first founder of your state, and of your two citizens, the
+great twin sons of Zeus--and to Peloponnesus first he gave as a gift the
+seed of Demeter's corn-fruits. How, then, can it be just or right either
+that you should come and ravage the corn crops of those from whom you
+got the sacred seed of corn, or that we should not desire that they to
+whom the gift was given should share abundantly of this boon? But if, as
+it would seem, it is a fixed decree of heaven that war shall never cease
+among men, yet ought we--your people and our people--to be as slow as
+possible to begin it, and being in it, as swift as possible to bring it
+to an end."
+
+ (6) B.C. 387 and 374; see Curtius, "H. G." vol. iv. p. 376 (Eng. ed.)
+
+After him Autocles (7) spoke: he was of repute as a versatile lawyer and
+orator, and addressed the meeting as follows: "Lacedaemonians, I do not
+conceal from myself that what I am about to say is not calculated to
+please you, but it seems to me that, if you wish the friendship which
+we are cementing to last as long as possible, we are wise to show each
+other the underlying causes of our wars. Now, you are perpetually saying
+that the states ought to be independent; but it is you yourselves
+who most of all stand in the way of independence--your first and last
+stipulation with the allied states being that they should follow you
+whithersoever you choose to lead; and yet what has this principle of
+follow-my-leader got to do with independent action? (8) Again, you pick
+quarrels without consulting your allies, and lead them against those
+whom you account enemies; so that in many cases, with all their vaunted
+independence, they are forced to march against their greatest friends;
+and, what is still more opposed to independence than all else, you
+are for ever setting up here your decarchies and there your thirty
+commissioners, and your chief aim in appointing these officers and
+governors seems to be, not that they should fulfil their office and
+govern legally, but that they should be able to keep the cities under
+their heels by sheer force. So that it looks as if you delighted in
+despotisms rather than free constitutions. Let us go back to the date
+(9) at which the Persian king enjoined the independence of the states.
+At that time you made no secret of your conviction that the Thebans, if
+they did not suffer each state to govern itself and to use the laws
+of its own choice, would be failing to act in the spirit of the king's
+rescript. But no sooner had you got hold of Cadmeia than you would not
+suffer the Thebans themselves to be independent. Now, if the maintenance
+of friendship be an object, it is no use for people to claim justice
+from others while they themselves are doing all they can to prove the
+selfishness of their aims."
+
+ (7) For the political views of Autocles, see Curtius, "H. G." iv. 387,
+    v. 94 (Eng. tr.); see also Grote, "H. G." x. 225.
+
+ (8) Or, "what consistency is there between these precepts of yours and
+    political independence?"
+
+ (9) Sixteen years before--B.C. 387. See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 5.
+
+These remarks were received in absolute silence, yet in the hearts of
+those who were annoyed with Lacedaemon they stirred pleasure. After
+Autocles spoke Callistratus: "Trespasses, men of Lacedaemon, have been
+committed on both sides, yours and ours, I am free to confess; but still
+it is not my view that because a man has done wrong we can never again
+have dealings with him. Experience tells me that no man can go very far
+without a slip, and it seems to me that sometimes the transgressor by
+reason of his transgression becomes more tractable, especially if he be
+chastened through the error he has committed, as has been the case with
+us. And so on your own case I see that ungenerous acts have sometimes
+reaped their own proper reward: blow has been met by counter-blow; and
+as a specimen I take the seizure of the Cadmeia in Thebes. To-day, at
+any rate, the very cities whose independence you strove for have, since
+your unrighteous treatment of Thebes, fallen one and all of them again
+into her power. (10) We are schooled now, both of us, to know that
+grasping brings not gain. We are prepared, I hope, to be once more
+moderate under the influence of a mutual friendship. Some, I know, in
+their desire to render our peace (11) abortive accuse us falsely, as
+though we were come hither, not seeking friendship, but because we
+dread the arrival of some (12) Antalcidas with moneys from the king. But
+consider, what arrant nonsense they talk! Was it not, pray, the great
+king who demanded that all the states in Hellas should be independent?
+and what have we Athenians, who are in full agreement with the king,
+both in word and deed, to fear from him? Or is it conceivable that he
+prefers spending money in making others great to finding his favourite
+projects realised without expense?
+
+ (10) Reading, with Breitenbach and Hartman, {as} instead of {os
+    espoudasate k.t.l.}
+
+ (11) Or, more lit. "to avert the peace" as an ill-omened thing.
+
+ (12) Without inserting {tis}, as Hartman proposes ("An. Xen." p. 387),
+    that, I think, is the sense. Antalcidas is the arch-diplomat--a
+    name to conjure with, like that of Bismarck in modern European
+    politics. But see Grote, "H. G." x. 213, note 2.
+
+"Well! what is it really that has brought us here? No especial need
+or difficulty in our affairs. That you may discover by a glance at our
+maritime condition, or, if you prefer, at the present posture of our
+affairs on land. Well, then, how does the matter stand? It is obvious
+that some of our allies please us no better than they please you; (13)
+and, possibly, in return for your former preservation of us, we may be
+credited with a desire to point out to you the soundness of our policy.
+
+ (13) See, for this corrupt passage, Otto Keller, op. cit. p. 219;
+    Hartman, op. cit. p. 387; and Breitenbach, n. ad loc. In the next
+    sentence I should like to adopt Hartman's emendation (ib.) {on
+    orthos egnote} for the MSS. {a orthos egnomen}, and translate "we
+    may like to prove to you the soundness of your policy at the
+    time." For the "preservation" referred to, see below, VI. v. 35,
+    and above, II. ii. 20.
+
+"But, to revert once more to the topic of expediency and common
+interests. It is admitted, I presume, that, looking at the states
+collectively, half support your views, half ours; and in every single
+state one party is for Sparta and another for Athens. Suppose, then,
+we were to shake hands, from what quarter can we reasonably anticipate
+danger and trouble? To put the case in so many words, so long as you
+are our friends no one can vex us by land; no one, whilst we are your
+supports, can injure you by sea. Wars like tempests gather and grow to a
+head from time to time, and again they are dispelled. That we all know.
+Some future day, if not to-day, we shall crave, both of us, for peace.
+Why, then, need we wait for that moment, holding on until we expire
+under the multitude of our ills, rather than take time by the forelock
+and, before some irremediable mischief betide, make peace? I cannot
+admire the man who, because he has entered the lists and has scored many
+a victory and obtained to himself renown, is so eaten up with the spirit
+of rivalry that he must needs go on until he is beaten and all his
+training is made futile. Nor again do I praise the gambler who, if he
+makes one good stroke of luck, insists on doubling the stakes. Such
+conduct in the majority of cases must end in absolute collapse. Let us
+lay the lesson of these to heart, and forbear to enter into any such
+lists as theirs for life or death; but, while we are yet in the heyday
+of our strength and fortune, shake hands in mutual amity. So assuredly
+shall we through you and you through us attain to an unprecedented
+pinnacle of glory throughout Hellas."
+
+The arguments of the speakers were approved, and the Lacedaemonians
+passed a resolution to accept peace on a threefold basis: the withdrawal
+of the governors from the cities, (14) the disbanding of armaments naval
+and military, and the guarantee of independence to the states. "If any
+state transgressed these stipulations, it lay at the option of any power
+whatsoever to aid the states so injured, while, conversely, to bring
+such aid was not compulsory on any power against its will." On these
+terms the oaths were administered and accepted by the Lacedaemonians on
+behalf of themselves and their allies, and by the Athenians and
+their allies separately state by state. The Thebans had entered their
+individual name among the states which accepted the oaths, but their
+ambassadors came the next day with instructions to alter the name of
+the signatories, substituting for Thebans Boeotians. (15) But Agesilaus
+answered to this demand that he would alter nothing of what they had in
+the first instance sworn to and subscribed. If they did not wish to
+be included in the treaty, he was willing to erase their name at their
+bidding. So it came to pass that the rest of the world made peace, the
+sole point of dispute being confined to the Thebans; and the Athenians
+came to the conclusion that there was a fair prospect of the Thebans
+being now literally decimated. (16) As to the Thebans themselves, they
+retired from Sparta in utter despondency.
+
+ (14) Grote ("H. G." x. 236) thinks that Diod. xv. 38 ({exagogeis})
+    belongs to this time, not to the peace between Athens and Sparta
+    in 374 B.C.
+
+ (15) See, for a clear explanation of the matter, Freeman, "Hist. Red.
+    Gov." iv. p. 175, note 3, in reference to Grote, ib. x. 231 note,
+    and Paus. IX. xiii. 2; Plut. "Ages." 28; Thirlwall, "H. G." v. p
+    69 note.
+
+ (16) Or, "as the saying is, taken and tithed." See below, VI. v. 35,
+    and for the origin of the saying, Herod. vii. 132.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+In consequence of the peace the Athenians proceeded to withdraw their
+garrisons from the different sates, and sent to recall Iphicrates with
+his fleet; besides which they forced him to restore everything captured
+subsequently to the late solemn undertaking at Lacedaemon. The
+Lacedaemonians acted differently. Although they withdrew their governors
+and garrisons from the other states, in Phocis they did not do so. Here
+Cleombrotus was quartered with his army, and had sent to ask directions
+from the home authorities. A speaker, Prothous, maintained that their
+business was to disband the army in accordance with their oaths, and
+then to send round invitations to the states to contribute what each
+felt individually disposed, and lay such sum in the temple of Apollo;
+after which, if any attempt to hinder the independence of the states on
+any side were manifested, it would be time enough then again to invite
+all who cared to protect the principle of autonomy to march against its
+opponents. "In this way," he added, "I think the goodwill of heaven
+will be secured, and the states will suffer least annoyance." But the
+Assembly, on hearing these views, agreed that this man was talking
+nonsense. Puppets in the hands of fate! (1) An unseen power, it would
+seem, was already driving them onwards; so they sent instructions to
+Cleombrotus not to disband the army, but to march straight against
+the Thebans if they refused to recognise the autonomy of the states.
+(Cleombrotus, it is understood, had, on hearing the news of the
+establishment of peace, sent to the ephorate to ask for guidance;
+and then they sent him the above instructions, bidding him under the
+circumstances named to march upon Thebes. (2))
+
+ (1) See Grote, "H. G." x. 237: "The miso-Theban impulse now drove them
+    on with a fury which overcame all other thoughts... a
+    misguiding inspiration sent by the gods--like that of the Homeric
+    Ate."
+
+ (2) This passage reads like an earlier version for which the above was
+    substituted by the author.
+
+The Spartan king soon perceived that, so far from leaving the Boeotian
+states their autonomy, the Thebans were not even preparing to disband
+their army, clearly in view of a general engagement; he therefore felt
+justified in marching his troops into Boeotia. The point of ingress
+which he adopted was not that which the Thebans anticipated from Phocis,
+and where they were keeping guard at a defile; but, marching through
+Thisbae by a mountainous and unsuspected route, he arrived before
+Creusis, taking that fortress and capturing twelve Theban war-vessels
+besides. After this achievement he advanced from the seaboard and
+encamped in Leuctra on Thespian territory. The Thebans encamped in
+a rising ground immediately opposite at no great distance, and were
+supported by no allies except the Boeotians.
+
+At this juncture the friends of Cleombrotus came to him and urged upon
+him strong reasons for delivering battle. "If you let the Thebans escape
+without a battle," they said, "you will run great risks of suffering
+the extreme penalty at the hands of the state. People will call to mind
+against you the time when you reached Cynoscephelae and did not ravage a
+square foot of Theban territory; and again, a subsequent expedition when
+you were driven back foiled in your attempt to make an entry into the
+enemy's country--while Agesilaus on each occasion found his entry
+by Mount Cithaeron. If then you have any care for yourself, or any
+attachment to your fatherland, march you against the enemy." That was
+what his friends urged. As to his opponents, what they said was, "Now
+our fine friend will show whether he really is so concerned on behalf of
+the Thebans as he is said to be."
+
+Cleombrotus, with these words ringing in his ears, felt driven (3) to
+join battle. On their side the leaders of Thebes calculated that, if
+they did not fight, their provincial cities (4) would hold aloof from
+them and Thebes itself would be besieged; while, if the commonalty of
+Thebes failed to get supplies, there was every prospect that the city
+itself would turn against them; and, seeing that many of them had
+already tasted the bitterness of exile, they came to the conclusion that
+it was better for them to die on the field of battle than to renew that
+experience. Besides this they were somewhat encouraged by the recital of
+an oracle which predicted that the Lacedaemonians would be defeated
+on the spot where the monument of the maidens stood, who, as the story
+goes, being violated by certain Lacedaemonians, had slain themselves.
+(5) This sepulchral monument the Thebans decked with ornaments before
+the battle. Furthermore, tidings were brought them from the city that
+all the temples had opened of their own accord; and the priestesses
+asserted that the gods revealed victory. Again, from the Heracleion
+men said that the arms had disappeared, as though Heracles himself had
+sallied forth to battle. It is true that another interpretation (6)
+of these marvels made them out to be one and all the artifices of the
+leaders of Thebes. However this may be, everything in the battle turned
+out adverse to the Lacedaemonians; while fortune herself lent aid to
+the Thebans and crowned their efforts with success. Cleombrotus held his
+last council "whether to fight or not," after the morning meal. In the
+heat of noon a little goes a long way; and the people said that it took
+a somewhat provocative effect on their spirits. (7)
+
+ (3) Or, "was provoked."
+
+ (4) Lit. "perioecid." See Thuc. iv. 76, Arnold's note, and "Hell." V.
+    iv. 46, 63.
+
+ (5) See Diod. xv. 54; Paus. IX. xiii. 3; Plut. "Pelop." xx.
+
+ (6) Or, "it is true that some people made out these marvels."
+
+ (7) Or, "they were somewhat excited by it."
+
+Both sides were now arming, and there was the unmistakeable signs of
+approaching battle, when, as the first incident, there issued from the
+Boeotian lines a long train bent on departure--these were the furnishers
+of the market, a detachment of baggage bearers, and in general such
+people as had no inclination to join in the fight. These were met on
+their retreat and attacked by the mercenary troops under Hiero, who got
+round them by a circular movement. (8) The mercenaries were supported by
+the Phocian light infantry and some squadrons of Heracleot and Phliasian
+cavalry, who fell upon the retiring train and turned them back, pursuing
+them and driving them into the camp of the Boeotians. The immediate
+effect was to make the Boeotian portion of the army more numerous and
+closer packed than before. The next feature of the combat was that in
+consequence of the flat space of plain (9) between the opposing armies,
+the Lacedaemonians posted their cavalry in front of their squares
+of infantry, and the Thebans followed suit. Only there was this
+difference--the Theban cavalry was in a high state of training and
+efficiency, owing to their war with the Orchomenians and again their war
+with Thespiae, whilst the cavalry of the Lacedaemonians was at its worst
+at this period. (10) The horses were reared and kept by the wealthiest
+members of the state; but whenever the ban was called out, an appointed
+trooper appeared who took the horse with any sort of arms which might
+be presented to him, and set off on the expedition at a moment's notice.
+Moreover, these troopers were the least able-bodied of the men: raw
+recruits set simply astride their horses, and devoid of soldierly
+ambition. Such was the cavalry of either antagonist.
+
+ (8) Or, "surrounded them."
+
+ (9) See Rustow and Kochly, op. cit. p. 173.
+
+ (10) See "Hipparch." ix. 4; also "Cyrop." VIII. viii.
+
+The heavy infantry of the Lacedaemonians, it is said, advanced by
+sections three files abreast, (11) allowing a total depth to the whole
+line of not more than twelve. The Thebans were formed in close order of
+not less than fifty shields deep, calculating that victory gained over
+the king's division of the army implied the easy conquest of the rest.
+
+ (11) It would appear that the "enomoty" (section) numbered thirty-six
+    files. See "Pol. Lac." xi. 4; xiii. 4. For further details as to
+    the tactical order of the Thebans, see Diod. xv. 55; Plut.
+    "Pelop." xxiii.
+
+Cleombrotus had hardly begun to lead his division against the foe
+when, before in fact the troops with him were aware of his advance, the
+cavalry had already come into collision, and that of the Lacedaemonians
+was speedily worsted. In their flight they became involved with their
+own heavy infantry; and to make matters worse, the Theban regiments were
+already attacking vigorously. Still strong evidence exists for
+supposing that Cleombrotus and his division were, in the first instance,
+victorious in the battle, if we consider the fact that they could never
+have picked him up and brought him back alive unless his vanguard had
+been masters of the situation for the moment.
+
+When, however, Deinon the polemarch and Sphodrias, a member of the
+king's council, with his son Cleonymus, (12) had fallen, then it was
+that the cavalry and the polemarch's adjutants, (13) as they are
+called, with the rest, under pressure of the mass against them, began
+retreating; and the left wing of the Lacedaemonians, seeing the right
+borne down in this way, also swerved. Still, in spite of the numbers
+slain, and broken as they were, as soon as they had crossed the trench
+which protected their camp in front, they grounded arms on the spot (14)
+whence they had rushed to battle. This camp, it must be borne in mind,
+did not lie at all on the level, but was pitched on a somewhat steep
+incline. At this juncture there were some of the Lacedaemonians who,
+looking upon such a disaster as intolerable, maintained that they ought
+to prevent the enemy from erecting a trophy, and try to recover the
+dead not under a flag of truce but by another battle. The polemarchs,
+however, seeing that nearly a thousand men of the total Lacedaemonian
+troops were slain; seeing also that of the seven hundred Spartans
+themselves who were on the field something like four hundred lay dead;
+(15) aware, further, of the despondency which reigned among the allies,
+and the general disinclination on their parts to fight longer (a frame
+of mind not far removed in some instances from positive satisfaction at
+what had taken place)--under the circumstances, I say, the polemarchs
+called a council of the ablest representatives of the shattered army
+(16) and deliberated as to what should be done. Finally the unanimous
+opinion was to pick up the dead under a flag of truce, and they sent a
+herald to treat for terms. The Thebans after that set up a trophy and
+gave back the bodies under a truce.
+
+ (12) See above, V. iv. 33.
+
+ (13) {sumphoreis}. For the readings of this corrupt passage see Otto
+    Keller.
+
+ (14) Or, "in orderly way." See Curt. "H. G." iv. 400.
+
+ (15) See "Ages." ii. 24.
+
+ (16) {tous epikairiotatous}. See above, III. iii. 10; "Cyrop." VII.
+    iv. 4; VIII. iv. 32, vi. 2.
+
+After these events, a messenger was despatched to Lacedaemon with news
+of the calamity. He reached his destination on the last day of the
+gymnopaediae, (17) just when the chorus of grown men had entered the
+theatre. The ephors heard the mournful tidings not without grief and
+pain, as needs they must, I take it; but for all that they did not
+dismiss the chorus, but allowed the contest to run out its natural
+course. What they did was to deliver the names of those who had fallen
+to their friends and families, with a word of warning to the women not
+to make any loud lamentations but to bear their sorrow in silence; and
+the next day it was a striking spectacle to see those who had relations
+among the slain moving to and fro in public with bright and radiant
+looks, whilst of those whose friends were reported to be living barely a
+man was to be seen, and these flitted by with lowered heads and scowling
+brows, as if in humiliation.
+
+ (17) The festival was celebrated annually about midsummer. See Herod.
+    vi. 67; Thuc. v. 82, and Arnold's note; Pollux. iv. 105; Athen.
+    xiv. 30, xv. 22; Muller, "Dorians," ii. 389.
+
+After this the ephors proceeded to call out the ban, including the
+forty-years-service men of the two remaining regiments; (18) and they
+proceeded further to despatch the reserves of the same age belonging
+to the six regiments already on foreign service. Hitherto the Phocian
+campaign had only drawn upon the thirty-five-years-service list. Besides
+these they now ordered out on active service the troops retained at
+the beginning of the campaign in attendance on the magistrates at the
+government offices. Agesilaus being still disabled by his infirmity,
+the city imposed the duty of command upon his son Archidamus. The new
+general found eager co-operators in the men of Tegea. The friends of
+Stasippus at this date were still living, (19) and they were stanch
+in their Lacedaemonian proclivities, and wielded considerable power in
+their state. Not less stoutly did the Mantineans from their villages
+under their aristocratic form of government flock to the Spartan
+standard. Besides Tegea and Mantinea, the Corinthians and Sicyonians,
+the Phliasians and Achaeans were equally enthusiastic to joining the
+campaign, whilst other states sent out soldiers. Then came the fitting
+out and manning of ships of war on the part of the Lacedaemonians
+themselves and of the Corinthians, whilst the Sicyonians were requested
+to furnish a supply of vessels on board of which it was proposed to
+transport the army across the gulf. And so, finally, Archidamus was able
+to offer the sacrifices usual at the moment of crossing the frontier.
+But to return to Thebes.
+
+ (18) I.e. every one up to fifty-eight years of age.
+
+ (19) See below, VI. v. 9.
+
+Immediately after the battle the Thebans sent a messenger to Athens
+wearing a chaplet. Whilst insisting on the magnitude of the victory they
+at the same time called upon the Athenians to send them aid, for now the
+opportunity had come to wreak vengeance on the Lacedaemonians for all
+the evil they had done to Athens. As it chanced, the senate of the
+Athenians was holding a session on the Acropolis. As soon as the
+news was reported, the annoyance caused by its announcement was
+unmistakeable. They neither invited the herald to accept of hospitality
+nor sent back one word in reply to the request for assistance. And so
+the herald turned his back on Athens and departed.
+
+But there was Jason still to look to, and he was their ally. To him then
+the Thebans sent, and earnestly besought his aid, their thoughts running
+on the possible turn which events might take. Jason on his side at
+once proceeded to man a fleet, with the apparent intention of sending
+assistance by sea, besides which he got together his foreign brigade
+and his own cavalry; and although the Phocians and he were implacable
+enemies, (20) he marched through their territory to Boeotia. Appearing
+like a vision to many of the states before his approach was even
+announced--at any rate before levies could be mustered from a dozen
+different points--he had stolen a march upon them and was a long way
+ahead, giving proof that expedition is sometimes a better tool to work
+with than sheer force.
+
+ (20) Or, "though the Phocians maintained a war 'a outrance' with him."
+
+When he arrived in Boeotia the Thebans urged upon him that now was the
+right moment to attack the Lacedaemonians: he with his foreign brigade
+from the upper ground, they face to face in front; but Jason dissuaded
+them from their intention. He reminded them that after a noble
+achievement won it was not worth their while to play for so high a
+stake, involving a still greater achievement or else the loss of victory
+already gained. "Do you not see," he urged, "that your success followed
+close on the heels of necessity? You ought then to reflect that the
+Lacedaemonians in their distress, with a choice between life and death,
+will fight it out with reckless desperation. Providence, as it seems,
+ofttimes delights to make the little ones great and the great ones
+small." (21)
+
+ (21) Cf. "Anab." III. ii. 10.
+
+By such arguments he diverted the Thebans from the desperate adventure.
+But for the Lacedaemonians also he had words of advice, insisting on the
+difference between an army defeated and an army flushed with victory.
+"If you are minded," he said, "to forget this disaster, my advice to you
+is to take time to recover breath and recruit your energies. When you
+have grown stronger then give battle to these unconquered veterans. (22)
+At present," he continued, "you know without my telling you that among
+your own allies there are some who are already discussing terms of
+friendship with your foes. My advice is this: by all means endeavour
+to obtain a truce. This," he added, "is my own ambition: I want to save
+you, on the ground of my father's friendship with yourselves, and
+as being myself your representative." (23) Such was the tenor of his
+speech, but the secret of action was perhaps to be found in a desire
+to make these mutual antagonists put their dependence on himself
+alone. Whatever his motive, the Lacedaemonians took his advice, and
+commissioned him to procure a truce.
+
+ (22) Or, "the invincibles."
+
+ (23) Lit. "your proxenos."
+
+As soon as the news arrived that the terms were arranged, the polemarchs
+passed an order round: the troops were to take their evening meal, get
+their kit together, and be ready to set off that night, so as to scale
+the passes of Cithaeron by next morning. After supper, before the hour
+of sleep, the order to march was given, and with the generals at their
+head the troops advanced as the shades of evening fell, along the road
+to Creusis, trusting rather to the chance of their escaping notice, than
+to the truce itself. It was weary marching in the dead of night, making
+their retreat in fear, and along a difficult road, until they fell in
+with Archidamus's army of relief. At this point, then, Archidamus waited
+till all the allies had arrived, and so led the whole of the united
+armies back to Corinth, from which point he dismissed the allies and led
+his fellow-citizens home.
+
+Jason took his departure from Boeotia through Phocis, where he captured
+the suburbs of Hyampolis (24) and ravaged the country districts, putting
+many to the sword. Content with this, he traversed the rest of Phocis
+without meddling or making. Arrived at Heraclea, (25) he knocked down
+the fortress of the Heracleots, showing that he was not troubled by any
+apprehension lest when the pass was thrown open somebody or other might
+march against his own power at some future date. Rather was he haunted
+by the notion that some one or other might one day seize Heraclea, which
+commanded the pass, and bar his passage into Hellas--should Hellas ever
+be his goal. (26) At the moment of his return to Thessaly he had reached
+the zenith of his greatness. He was the lawfully constituted Prince (27)
+of Thessaly, and he had under him a large mercenary force of infantry
+and cavalry, and all in the highest perfection of training. For this
+twofold reason he might claim the title great. But he was still greater
+as the head of a vast alliance. Those who were prepared to fight his
+battles were numerous, and he might still count upon the help of many
+more eager to do so; but I call Jason greatest among his contemporaries,
+because not one among them could afford to look down upon him. (28)
+
+ (24) An ancient town in Phocis (see Hom. "Il." ii. 521) on the road
+    leading from Orchomenus to Opus, and commanding a pass from Locris
+    into Phocis and Boeotia. See Herod. viii. 28; Paus. ix. 35, S. 5;
+    Strab. ix. 424; "Dict. of Geog." s.v.
+
+ (25) Or, "Heracleia Trachinia," a fortress city founded (as a colony)
+    by the Lacedaemonians in B.C. 426, to command the approach to
+    Thermopylae from Thessaly, and to protect the Trachinians and the
+    neighbouring Dorians from the Oetean mountaineers. See "Dict. of
+    Geog." "Trachis"; Thuc. iii. 92, 93, v. 51, 52; Diod. xii. 59.
+
+ (26) B.C. 370. The following sections 28-37 form an episode concerning
+    Thessalian affairs between B.C. 370 and B.C. 359.
+
+ (27) Lit. "Tagos."
+
+ (28) For a similar verbal climax see below, VI. v. 47.
+
+B.C. 370. The Pythian games were now approaching, and an order went
+round the cities from Jason to make preparation for the solemn sacrifice
+of oxen, sheep and goats, and swine. It was reported that although the
+requisitions upon the several cities were moderate, the number of beeves
+did not fall short of a thousand, while the rest of the sacrificial
+beasts exceeded ten times that number. He issued a proclamation also
+to this effect: a golden wreath of victory should be given to whichever
+city could produce the best-bred bull to head the procession in honour
+of the god. And lastly there was an order issued to all the Thessalians
+to be ready for a campaign at the date of the Pythian games. His
+intention, as people said, was to act as manager of the solemn assembly
+and games in person. What the thought was that passed through his mind
+with reference to the sacred money, remains to this day uncertain;
+only, a tale is rife to the effect that in answer to the inquiry of the
+Delphians, "What ought we to do, if he takes any of the treasures of the
+god?" the god made answer, "He would see to that himself." This great
+man, his brain teeming with vast designs of this high sort, came now
+to his end. He had ordered a military inspection. The cavalry of
+the Pheraeans were to pass muster before him. He was already seated,
+delivering answers to all petitioners, when seven striplings approached,
+quarrelling, as it seemed, about some matter. Suddenly by these seven
+the Prince was despatched; his throat gashed, his body gored with
+wounds. Stoutly his guard rushed to the rescue with their long spears,
+and one of the seven, while still in the act of aiming a blow at Jason,
+was thrust through with a lance and died; a second, in the act of
+mounting his horse, was caught, and dropped dead, the recipient of many
+wounds. The rest leaped on the horses which they had ready waiting
+and escaped. To whatever city of Hellas they came honours were almost
+universally accorded them. The whole incident proves clearly that the
+Hellenes stood in much alarm of Jason. They looked upon him as a tyrant
+in embryo.
+
+So Jason was dead; and his brothers Polydorus and Polyphron were
+appointed princes (29) in his place. But of these twain, as they
+journeyed together to Larissa, Polydorus was slain in the night, as
+he slept, by his brother Polyphron, it was thought; since a death so
+sudden, without obvious cause, could hardly be otherwise accounted for.
+
+ (29) Lit. "Tagoi."
+
+Polyphron governed for a year, and by the year's end he had refashioned
+his princedom into the likeness of a tyranny. In Pharsalus he put to
+death Polydamas (30) and eight other of the best citizens; and from
+Larissa he drove many into exile. But while he was thus employed, he,
+in his turn, was done to death by Alexander, who slew him to avenge
+Polydorus and to destroy the tyranny. This man now assumed the reins of
+office, and had no sooner done so than he showed himself a harsh prince
+to the Thessalians: harsh too and hostile to the Thebans and Athenians,
+(31) and an unprincipled freebooter everywhere by land and by sea. But
+if that was his character, he too was doomed to perish shortly. The
+perpetrators of the deed were his wife's brothers. (32) The counsellor
+of it and the inspiring soul was the wife herself. She it was who
+reported to them that Alexander had designs against them; who hid them
+within the house a whole day; who welcomed home her husband deep in his
+cups and laid him to rest, and then while the lamp still burned brought
+out the prince's sword. It was she also who, perceiving her brothers
+shrank bank, fearing to go in and attack Alexander, said to them, "If
+you do not be quick and do the deed, I will wake him up!" After they had
+gone in, she, too, it was who caught and pulled to the door, clinging
+fast to the knocker till the breath was out of her husband's body. (33)
+Her fierce hatred against the man is variously explained. By some it
+was said to date from the day when Alexander, having imprisoned his own
+favourite--who was a fair young stripling--when his wife supplicated
+him to release the boy, brought him forth and stabbed him in the throat.
+Others say it originated through his sending to Thebes and seeking the
+hand of the wife of Jason in marriage, because his own wife bore him no
+children. These are the various causes assigned to explain the treason
+of his wife against him. Of the brothers who executed it, the eldest,
+Tisiphonus, in virtue of his seniority accepted, and up to the date of
+this history (34) succeeded in holding, the government.
+
+ (30) See above, VI. i. 2 foll.
+
+ (31) See Dem. "c. Aristocr." 120; Diod. xv. 60 foll.
+
+ (32) B.C. 359 or 358.
+
+ (33) The woman's name was Thebe. See Diod. xvi. 14; Cicero, "de
+    Inven." II. xlix. 144; "de Div." I. xxv. 52; "de Off." II. vii.
+    25; Ovid, "Ibis," iii. 21 foll.
+
+ (34) Or, "portion of my work;" lit. "argument," {logos}. See
+    {Kuprianos, Peri ton 'Ell}: p. 111.
+
+
+
+V
+
+The above is a sketch of Thessalian affairs, including the incidents
+connected with Jason, and those subsequent to his death, down to
+the government of Tisiphonus. I now return to the point at which we
+digressed.
+
+B.C. 371. Archidamus, after the relief of the army defeated at Leuctra,
+had led back the united forces. When he was gone, the Athenians,
+impressed by the fact that the Peloponessians still felt under an
+obligation to follow the Lacedaemonians to the field, whilst Sparta
+herself was by no means as yet reduced to a condition resembling that
+to which she had reduced Athens, sent invitations to those states which
+cared to participate in the peace authorised by the great king. (1) A
+congress met, and they passed a resolution in conjunction with those
+who wished to make common cause with them to bind themselves by oath
+as follows: "I will abide by the treaty terms as conveyed in the king's
+rescript, as also by the decrees of the Athenians and the allies. If any
+one marches against any city among those which have accepted this oath,
+I will render assistance to that city with all my strength." The oath
+gave general satisfaction, the Eleians alone gainsaying its terms and
+protesting that it was not right to make either the Marganians or the
+Scilluntians or the Triphylians independent, since these cities belonged
+to them, and were a part of Elis. (2) The Athenians, however, and the
+others passed the decree in the precise language of the king's rescript:
+that all states--great and small alike--were to be independent; and
+they sent out administrators of the oath, and enjoined upon them to
+administer it to the highest authorities in each state. This oath they
+all, with the exception of the Eleians, swore to.
+
+ (1) I.e. in B.C. 387, the peace "of" Antalcidas. See Grote, "H. G." x.
+    274.
+
+ (2) See Busolt, op. cit. p. 186.
+
+B.C. 371-370. As an immediate consequence of this agreement, the
+Mantineans, on the assumption that they were now absolutely independent,
+met in a body and passed a decree to make Mantinea into a single state
+and to fortify the town. (3) The proceeding was not overlooked by the
+Lacedaemonians, who thought it would be hard if this were done without
+their consent. Accordingly they despatched Agesilaus as ambassador to
+the Mantineans, choosing him as the recognised ancestral friend of that
+people. When the ambassador arrived, however, the chief magistrates had
+no inclination to summon a meeting of the commons to listen to him, but
+urged him to make a statement of his wishes to themselves. He, on his
+side, was ready to undertake for himself and in their interests that,
+if they would at present desist from their fortification work, he
+would bring it about that the defensive walls should be built with the
+sanction of Lacedaemon and without cost. Their answer was, that it was
+impossible to hold back, since a decree had been passed by the whole
+state of Mantinea to build at once. Whereupon Agesilaus went off in high
+dudgeon; though as to sending troops to stop them, (4) the idea seemed
+impracticable, as the peace was based upon the principle of autonomy.
+Meanwhile the Mantineans received help from several of the Arcadian
+states in the building of their walls; and the Eleians contributed
+actually three talents (5) of silver to cover the expense of their
+construction. And here leaving the Mantineans thus engaged, we will turn
+to the men of Tegea.
+
+ (3) For the restoration of Mantinea, see Freeman, "Fed. Gov." iv. p.
+    198; Grote, "H. G." x. 283 foll.
+
+ (4) See above, V. ii. 1, sub anno B.C. 386.
+
+ (5) = 731 pounds: 5 shillings. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 199.
+
+There were in Tegea two political parties. The one was the party of
+Callibius and Proxenus, who were for drawing together the whole Arcadian
+population in a confederacy, (6) in which all measures carried in
+the common assembly should be held valid for the individual component
+states. The programme of the other (Stasippus's) party was to leave
+Tegea undisturbed and in the enjoyment of the old national laws.
+Perpetually defeated in the Sacred College, (7) the party of Callibius
+and Proxenus were persuaded that if only the commons met they would gain
+an easy victory by an appeal to the multitude; and in this faith they
+proceeded to march out the citizen soldiers. (8) At sight of this
+Stasippus and his friends on their side armed in opposition, and proved
+not inferior in numbers. The result was a collision and battle, in which
+Proxenus and some few others with him were slain and the rest put to
+flight; though the conquerors did not pursue, for Stasippus was a
+man who did not care to stain his hands with the blood of his
+fellow-citizens. (9)
+
+ (6) Although the historian does not recount the foundation of
+    Megalopolis (see Pausanias and Diodorus), the mention of the
+    common assembly of the League {en to koino} in this passage and,
+    still more, of the Ten Thousand (below, "Hell." VII. i. 38),
+    implies it. See Freeman, op. cit. iv. 197 foll.; Grote, "H. G." x.
+    306 foll., ii. 599; "Dict. of Geog." "Megalopolis." As to the date
+    of its foundation Pausanias (VIII. xxvii. 8) says "a few months
+    after the battle of Leuctra," before midsummer B.C. 370; Diodorus
+    (xv. 72) says B.C. 368. The great city was not built in a day.
+    Messene, according to Paus. IV. xxvii. 5, was founded between the
+    midsummers of B.C. 370 and B.C. 369.
+
+ (7) Lit. "in the Thearoi." For the Theari, see Thuc. v. 47, Arnold's
+    note; and "C. I. G." 1756 foll.; and for the revolution at Tegea
+    here recounted, see Grote, "H. G." x. 285 foll.
+
+ (8) Or, "they mustered under arms."
+
+ (9) Or, "opposed to a wholesale slaughter of the citizens."
+
+Callibius and his friends had retired under the fortification walls and
+gates facing Mantinea; but, as their opponents made no further attempts
+against them, they here collected together and remained quiet. Some
+while ago they had sent messages to the Mantineans demanding assistance,
+but now they were ready to discuss terms of reconciliation with the
+party of Stasippus. Presently they saw the Mantineans advancing;
+whereupon some of them sprang to the walls, and began calling to them to
+bring succour with all speed. With shouts they urged upon them to make
+haste, whilst others threw open wide the gates to them. Stasippus
+and his party, perceiving what was happening, poured out by the gates
+leading to Pallantium, (10) and, outspeeding their pursuers, succeeded
+in reaching the temple of Artemis, where they found shelter, and,
+shutting to the doors, kept quiet. Following close upon their heels,
+however, their foes scaled the temple, tore off the roof, and began
+striking them down with the tiles. They, recognising that there was no
+choice, called upon their assailants to desist, and undertook to come
+forth. Then their opponents, capturing them like birds in a fowler's
+hand, bound them with chains, threw them on to the prisoner's van, (11)
+and led them off to Tegea. Here with the Mantineans they sentenced and
+put them to death.
+
+ (10) Pallantium, one of the most ancient towns of Arcadia, in the
+    Maenalia (Paus. VIII. xliv. 5; Livy, i. 5), situated somewhat
+    south of the modern Tripolitza (see "Dict. of Anc. Geog."); like
+    Asea and Eutaea it helped to found Megalopolis (Paus. VIII. xxvii.
+    3, where for {'Iasaia} read {'Asea}); below, VII. v. 5; Busolt,
+    op. cit. p. 125.
+
+ (11) For the sequel of the matter, see above, "Hell." VI. iv. 18;
+    Busolt, op. cit. p. 134.
+
+The outcome of these proceedings was the banishment to Lacedaemon of the
+Tegeans who formed the party of Stasippus, numbering eight hundred; but
+as a sequel to what had taken place, the Lacedaemonians determined that
+they were bound by their oaths to aid the banished Tegeans and to avenge
+the slain. With this purpose they marched against the Mantineans, on the
+ground that they had violated their oaths in marching against Tegea with
+an armed force. The ephors called out the ban and the state commanded
+Agesilaus to head the expedition.
+
+Meanwhile most of the Arcadian contingents were mustering at Asea. (12)
+The Orchomenians not only refused to take part in the Arcadian league,
+on account of their personal hatred to Mantinea, but had actually
+welcomed within their city a mercenary force under Polytropus, which had
+been collected at Corinth. The Mantineans themselves were forced to
+stay at home to keep an eye on these. The men of Heraea and Lepreum made
+common cause with the Lacedaemonians in a campaign against Mantinea.
+
+ (12) Asea is placed by Leake ("Travels in Morea," i. 84; iii. 34) near
+    Frangovrysi, a little south of Pallantium.
+
+    Heraea, the most important town of Arcadia in the Cynuria, near
+    Elis, on the high road to Olympia, and commanding other main
+    roads. See Leake, "Peloponnesiaca," p. 1 foll.; "Morea," ii. 91.
+
+    Lepreum, chief town of the Triphylia (Herod. iv. 148, ix. 28;
+    Thuc. v. 31; above, III. ii. 25; Paus. V. v. 3; Polyb. iv. 77
+    foll.; Strab. viii. 345), near modern Strovitzi; Leake, "Morea,"
+    i. 56; Dodwell, "Tour," ii. 347.
+
+    Eutaea is placed by Leake between Asea and Pallantium at Barbitza
+    ("Morea," iii. 31); but see Grote, "H. G." x. 288.
+
+Finding the frontier sacrifices favourable, Agesilaus began his march
+at once upon Arcadia. He began by occupying the border city of Eutaea,
+where he found the old men, women, and children dwelling in their
+houses, while the rest of the population of a military age were off
+to join the Arcadian league. In spite of this he did not stir a finger
+unjustly against the city, but suffered the inhabitants to continue in
+their homes undisturbed. The troops took all they needed, and paid for
+it in return; if any pillage had occurred on his first entrance into
+the town, the property was hunted up and restored by the Spartan king.
+Whilst awaiting the arrival of Polytropus's mercenaries, he amused
+himself by repairing such portions of their walls as necessity demanded.
+
+Meanwhile the Mantineans had taken the field against Orchomenus;
+but from the walls of that city the invaders had some difficulty in
+retiring, and lost some of their men. On their retreat they found
+themselves in Elymia; (13) here the heavy infantry of the Orchomenians
+ceased to follow them; but Polytropus and his troops continued to assail
+their rear with much audacity. At this conjuncture, seeing at a glance
+that either they must beat back the foe or suffer their own men to be
+shot down, the Mantineans turned right about and met the assailant in
+a hand-to-hand encounter. Polytropus fell fighting on that battlefield;
+and of the rest who took to flight, many would have shared his fate, but
+for the opportune arrival of the Phliasian cavalry, who swooped round to
+the conqueror's rear and checked him in his pursuit. (14)
+
+ (13) Elymia, mentioned only by Xenophon, must have been on the
+    confines of the Mantinice and Orchomenus, probably at Levidhi.--
+    Leake, "Morea," iii. 75; "Peloponn." p. 229.
+
+ (14) See "Cyrop." VII. i. 36.
+
+Content with this achievement, the Mantineans retired homewards; while
+Agesilaus, to whom the news was brought, no longer expecting that the
+Orchomenian mercenaries could effect a junction with himself, determined
+to advance without further delay. (15) On the first day he encamped for
+the evening meal in the open country of Tegea, and the day following
+crossed into Mantinean territory. Here he encamped under the
+westward-facing (16) mountains of Mantinea, and employed himself in
+ravaging the country district and sacking the farmsteads; while the
+troops of the Arcadians who were mustered in Asea stole by night into
+Tegea. The next day Agesilaus shifted his position, encamping about
+two miles' (17) distance from Mantinea; and the Arcadians, issuing from
+Tegea and clinging to the mountains between Mantinea and that city,
+appeared with large bodies of heavy infantry, wishing to effect a
+junction with the Mantineans. The Argives, it is true, supported them,
+but they were not in full force. And here counsellors were to be found
+who urged on Agesilaus to attack these troops separately; but fearing
+lest, in proportion as he pressed on to engage them, the Mantineans
+might issue from the city behind and attack him on flank and rear, he
+decided it was best to let the two bodies coalesce, and then, if they
+would accept battle, to engage them on an open and fair field.
+
+ (15) See "Ages." ii. 23.
+
+ (16) See Leake, "Morea," iii. 73.
+
+ (17) Lit. "twenty stades."
+
+And so ere long the Arcadians had effected their object and were united
+with the Mantineans. The next incident was the sudden apparition at
+break of day, as Agesilaus was sacrificing in front of the camp, of a
+body of troops. These proved to be the light infantry from Orchomenus,
+who in company with the Phliasian cavalry had during the night made
+their way across past the town of Mantinea; and so caused the mass of
+the army to rush to their ranks, and Agesilaus himself to retire within
+the lines. Presently, however, the newcomers were recognised as friends;
+and as the sacrifices were favourable, Agesilaus led his army forward
+a stage farther after breakfast. As the shades of evening descended he
+encamped unobserved within the fold of the hills behind the Mantinean
+territory, with mountains in close proximity all round. (18)
+
+ (18) Lit. "within the hindmost bosom of the Mantinice." In reference
+    to the position, Leake ("Morea," iii. 75) says: "The northern bay
+     (of the Mantinic plain between Mantinea and the Argon) corresponds
+    better by its proximity to Mantinea; by Mount Alesium it was
+    equally hidden from the city, while its small dimensions, and the
+    nearness of the incumbent mountains, rendered it a more hazardous
+    position to an army under the circumstances of that of Agesilaus"
+     (than had he encamped in the Argon itself). For the Argon (or
+    Inert Plain), see Leake, ib. 54 foll.
+
+On the next morning, as day broke, he sacrificed in front of the army;
+and observing a mustering of men from the city of Mantinea on the hills
+which overhung the rear of his army, he decided that he must lead his
+troops out of the hollow by the quickest route. But he feared lest, if
+he himself led off, the enemy might fall upon his rear. In this dilemma
+he kept quiet; presenting a hostile front to the enemy, he sent orders
+to his rear to face about to the right, (19) and so getting into line
+behind his main body, to move forward upon him; and in this way he
+at once extricated his troops from their cramped position and kept
+continually adding to the weight and solidity of his line. As soon as
+the phalanx was doubled in depth he emerged upon the level ground, with
+his heavy infantry battalions in this order, and then again extended his
+line until his troops were once more nine or ten shields deep. But the
+Mantineans were no longer so ready to come out. The arguments of the
+Eleians who had lent them their co-operation had prevailed: that it was
+better not to engage until the arrival of the Thebans. The Thebans,
+it was certain, would soon be with them; for had they not borrowed ten
+talents (20) from Elis in order to be able to send aid? The Arcadians
+with this information before them kept quiet inside Mantinea. On
+his side Agesilaus was anxious to lead off his troops, seeing it was
+midwinter; but, to avoid seeming to hurry his departure out of fear,
+he preferred to remain three days longer and no great distance from
+Mantinea. On the fourth day, after an early morning meal, the retreat
+commenced. His intention was to encamp on the same ground which he had
+made his starting-point on leaving Eutaea. But as none of the Arcadians
+appeared, he marched with all speed and reached Eutaea itself, although
+very late, that day; being anxious to lead off his troops without
+catching a glimpse of the enemy's watch-fires, so as to silence the
+tongues of any one pretending that he withdrew in flight. His main
+object was in fact achieved. To some extent he had recovered the state
+from its late despondency, since he had invaded Arcadia and ravaged the
+country without any one caring to offer him battle. But, once arrived
+on Laconian soil, he dismissed the Spartan troops to their homes and
+disbanded the provincials (21) to their several cities.
+
+ (19) See "Anab." IV. iii. 29; "Pol. Lac." xi. 10.
+
+ (20) 2,437 pounds: 10 shillings. See Busult, op. cit. p. 199.
+
+ (21) Lit. "perioeci"; and below, SS. 25, 32.
+
+B.C. 370-369. The Arcadians, now that Agesilaus had retired, realising
+that he had disbanded his troops, while they themselves were fully
+mustered, marched upon Heraea, the citizens of which town had not only
+refused to join the Arcadian league, but had joined the Lacedaemonians
+in their invasion of Arcadia. For this reason they entered the country,
+burning the homesteads and cutting down the fruit-trees.
+
+Meanwhile news came of the arrival of the Theban reinforcements at
+Mantinea, on the strength of which they left Heraea and hastened to
+fraternise (22) with their Theban friends. When they were met together,
+the Thebans, on their side, were well content with the posture of
+affairs: they had duly brought their succour, and no enemy was any
+longer to be discovered in the country; so they made preparations to
+return home. But the Arcadians, Argives and Eleians were eager in
+urging them to lead the united forces forthwith into Laconia: they dwelt
+proudly on their own numbers, extolling above measure the armament of
+Thebes. And, indeed, the Boeotians one and all were resolute in their
+military manouvres and devotion to arms, (23) exulting in the victory of
+Leuctra. In the wake of Thebes followed the Phocians, who were now their
+subjects, Euboeans from all the townships of the island, both sections
+of the Locrians, the Acarnanians, (24) and the men of Heraclea and of
+Melis; while their force was further swelled by Thessalian cavalry and
+light infantry. With the full consciousness of facts like these, and
+further justifying their appeal by dwelling on the desolate condition of
+Lacedaemon, deserted by her troops, they entreated them not to turn back
+without invading the territory of Laconia. But the Thebans, albeit they
+listened to their prayers, urged arguments on the other side. In the
+first place, Laconia was by all accounts most difficult to invade;
+and their belief was that garrisons were posted at all the points most
+easily approached. (As a matter of fact, Ischolaus was posted at Oeum
+in the Sciritid, with a garrison of neodamodes and about four hundred
+of the youngest of the Tegean exiles; and there was a second outpost on
+Leuctrum above the Maleatid. (25)) Again it occurred to the Thebans
+that the Lacedaemonian forces, though disbanded, would not take long to
+muster, and once collected they would fight nowhere better than on their
+own native soil. Putting all these considerations together, they
+were not by any means impatient to march upon Lacedaemon. A strong
+counter-impulse, however, was presently given by the arrival of
+messengers from Caryae, giving positive information as to the
+defenceless condition of the country, and offering to act as guides
+themselves; they were ready to lose their lives if they were convicted
+of perfidy. A further impulse in the same direction was given by the
+presence of some of the provincials, (26) with invitations and promises
+of revolt, if only they would appear in the country. These people
+further stated that even at the present moment, on a summons of the
+Spartans proper, the provincials did not care to render them assistance.
+With all these arguments and persuasions echoing from all sides, the
+Thebans at last yielded, and invaded. They chose the Caryan route
+themselves, while the Arcadians entered by Oeum in the Sciritid. (27)
+
+ (22) Or, "effect a junction with."
+
+ (23) Or, "in practising gymnastics about the place of arms." See "Pol.
+    Lac." xii. 5.
+
+ (24) See "Hell." IV. vii. 1; "Ages." ii. 20. For a sketch of the
+    relations of Acarnania to Athens and Sparta, see Hicks, No. 83, p.
+    150; and above, "Hell." V. iv. 64.
+
+ (25) Leuctrum, a fortress of the district Aegytis on the confines of
+    Arcadia and Laconia ("in the direction of Mount Lycaeum," Thuc. v.
+    54). See Leake, "Morea," ii. 322; also "Peloponn." p. 248, in
+    which place he corrects his former view as to the situation of
+    Leuctrum and the Maleatid.
+
+    Oeum or Ium, the chief town of the Sciritis, probably stood in the
+    Klisura or series of narrow passes through the watershed of the
+    mountains forming the natural boundary between Laconia and Arcadia
+    (in the direct line north from Sparta to Tegea), "Dict. of Anc.
+    Geog." s.v. Leake says ("Morea," iii. 19, 30 foll.) near the
+    modern village of Kolina; Baedeker ("Greece," p. 269) says perhaps
+    at Palaeogoulas.
+
+    Caryae. This frontier town was apparently (near Arachova) on the
+    road from Thyrea (in the direction of the Argolid) to Sparta
+    (Thuc. v. 55; Paus. III. x. 7; Livy, xxxiv. 26, but see Leake,
+    "Morea," iii. 30; "Peloponn." p. 342).
+
+    Sellasia, probably rightly placed "half an hour above Vourlia"
+    (Baedeker, "Greece," p. 269). The famous battle of Sellasia, in
+    the spring of B.C. 221, in which the united Macedonians under
+    Antigonus and the Achaeans finally broke the power of Sparta, was
+    fought in the little valley where the stream Gorgylus joins the
+    river Oenus and the Khan of Krevatas now stands. For a plan, see
+    "Dict. of Anc. Geog." s.v.
+
+ (26) "Perioeci."
+
+ (27) Diodorus (xv. 64) gives more details; he makes the invaders
+    converge upon Sellasia by four separate routes. See Leake,
+    "Morea," iii. 29 foll.
+
+By all accounts Ischolaus made a mistake in not advancing to meet them
+on the difficult ground above Oeum. Had he done so, not a man, it is
+believed, would have scaled the passes there. But for the present,
+wishing to turn the help of the men of Oeum to good account, he waited
+down in the village; and so the invading Arcadians scaled the heights
+in a body. At this crisis Ischolaus and his men, as long as they fought
+face to face with their foes, held the superiority; but, presently, when
+the enemy, from rear and flank, and even from the dwelling-houses up
+which they scaled, rained blows and missiles upon them, then and there
+Ischolaus met his end, and every man besides, save only one or two who,
+failing to be recognised, effected their escape.
+
+After these achievements the Arcadians marched to join the Thebans
+at Caryae, and the Thebans, hearing what wonders the Arcadians had
+performed, commenced their descent with far greater confidence. Their
+first exploit was to burn and ravage the district of Sellasia, but
+finding themselves ere long in the flat land within the sacred enclosure
+of Apollo, they encamped for the night, and the next day continued
+their march along the Eurotas. When they came to the bridge they made
+no attempt to cross it to attack the city, for they caught sight of
+the heavy infantry in the temple of Alea (28) ready to meet them. So,
+keeping the Eurotas on their right, they tramped along, burning and
+pillaging homesteads stocked with numerous stores. The feelings of the
+citizens may well be imagined. The women who had never set eyes upon a
+foe (29) could scarcely contain themselves as they beheld the cloud of
+smoke. The Spartan warriors, inhabiting a city without fortifications,
+posted at intervals, here one and there another, were in truth what they
+appeared to be--the veriest handful. And these kept watch and ward. The
+authorities passed a resolution to announce to the helots that whosoever
+among them chose to take arms and join a regiment should have his
+freedom guaranteed to him by solemn pledges in return for assistance in
+the common war. (30) More than six thousand helots, it is said, enrolled
+themselves, so that a new terror was excited by the very incorporation
+of these men, whose numbers seemed to be excessive. But when it was
+found that the mercenaries from Orchomenus remained faithful, and
+reinforcements came to Lacedaemon from Phlius, Corinth, Epidaurus,
+and Pellene, and some other states, the dread of these new levies was
+speedily diminished.
+
+ (28) See Pausanias, III. xix. 7.
+
+ (29) See Plutarch, "Ages." xxxi. 3 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 38); Aristot.
+    "Pol." ii. 9-10.
+
+ (30) See below, VII. ii. 2.
+
+The enemy in his advance came to Amyclae. (31) Here he crossed the
+Eurotas. The Thebans wherever they encamped at once formed a stockade
+of the fruit-trees they had felled, as thickly piled as possible, and
+so kept ever on their guard. The Arcadians did nothing of the sort.
+They left their camping-ground and took themselves off to attack the
+homesteads and loot. On the third or fourth day after their arrival the
+cavalry advanced, squadron by squadron, as far as the racecourse, (32)
+within the sacred enclosure of Gaiaochos. These consisted of the
+entire Theban cavalry and the Eleians, with as many of the Phocian
+or Thessalian or Locrian cavalry as were present. The cavalry of the
+Lacedaemonians, looking a mere handful, were drawn up to meet them. They
+had posted an ambuscade chosen from their heavy infantry, the younger
+men, about three hundred in number, in the house of the Tyndarids (33);
+and while the cavalry charged, out rushed the three hundred at the
+same instant at full pace. The enemy did not wait to receive the double
+charge, but swerved, and at sight of that many also of the infantry took
+to headlong flight. But the pursuers presently paused; the Theban army
+remained motionless; and both parties returned to their camps. And
+now the hope, the confidence strengthened that an attack upon the city
+itself would never come; nor did it. The invading army broke up from
+their ground, and marched off on the road to Helos and Gytheum. (34)
+The unwalled cities were consigned to the flames, but Gytheum, where
+the Lacedaemonians had their naval arsenal, was subjected to assault for
+three days. Certain of the provincials (35) also joined in this attack,
+and shared the campaign with the Thebans and their friends.
+
+ (31) For this ancient (Achaean) town, see Paus. III. ii. 6; Polyb. v.
+    19. It lay only twenty stades (a little more than two miles) from
+    the city of Sparta.
+
+ (32) Or, "hippodrome." See Paus. III. ii. 6.
+
+ (33) Paus. III. xvi. 2.
+
+ (34) See Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279. Was Gytheum taken? See Grote,
+    "H. G." x. 305; Curt. "H. G." Eng. trans. iv. 431.
+
+ (35) "Perioeci." See above, III. iii. 6; VI. v. 25; below, VII. ii. 2;
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 301. It is a pity that the historian should
+    hurry us off to Athens just at this point. The style here is
+    suggestive of notes ({upomnemata}) unexpanded.
+
+The news of these proceedings set the Athenians deeply pondering
+what they ought to do concerning the Lacedaemonians, and they held an
+assembly in accordance with a resolution of the senate. It chanced that
+the ambassadors of the Lacedaemonians and the allies still faithful
+to Lacedaemon were present. The Lacedaemonian ambassadors were Aracus,
+Ocyllus, Pharax, Etymocles, and Olontheus, and from the nature of the
+case they all used, roughly speaking, similar arguments. They reminded
+the Athenians how they had often in old days stood happily together,
+shoulder to shoulder, in more than one great crisis. They (the
+Lacedaemonians), on their side, had helped to expel the tyrant
+from Athens, and the Athenians, when Lacedaemon was besieged by the
+Messenians, had heartily leant her a helping hand. (36) Then they fell to
+enumerating all the blessings that marked the season when the two states
+shared a common policy, hinting how in common they had warred against
+the barbarians, and more boldly recalling how the Athenians with the
+full consent and advice of the Lacedaemonians were chosen by united
+Hellas leaders of the common navy (37) and guardians of all the common
+treasure, while they themselves were selected by all the Hellenes as
+confessedly the rightful leaders on land; and this also not without the
+full consent and concurrence of the Athenians.
+
+ (36) In reference (1) to the expulsion of the Peisistratidae (Herod.
+    v. 64); (2) the "third" Messenian war (Thuc. i. 102).
+
+ (37) See "Revenues," v. 6.
+
+One of the speakers ventured on a remark somewhat to this strain: "If
+you and we, sirs, can only agree, there is hope to-day that the old
+saying may be fulfilled, and Thebes be 'taken and tithed.'" (38) The
+Athenians, however, were not in the humour to listen to that style of
+argument. A sort of suppressed murmur ran through the assembly which
+seemed to say, "That language may be well enough now; but when they
+were well off they pressed hard enough on us." But of all the pleas put
+forward by the Lacedaemonians, the weightiest appeared to be this: that
+when they had reduced the Athenians by war, and the Thebans wished
+to wipe Athens off the face of the earth, they (the Lacedaemonians)
+themselves had opposed the measure. (39) If that was the argument of
+most weight, the reasoning which was the most commonly urged was to the
+effect that "the solemn oaths necessitated the aid demanded. Sparta had
+done no wrong to justify this invasion on the part of the Arcadians and
+their allies. All she had done was to assist the men of Tegea when
+(40) the Mantineans had marched against that township contrary to
+their solemn oaths." Again, for the second time, at these expressions
+a confused din ran through the assembly, half the audience maintaining
+that the Mantineans were justified in supporting Proxenus and his
+friends, who were put to death by the party with Stasippus; the other
+half that they were wrong in bringing an armed force against the men of
+Tegea.
+
+ (38) Or, "the Thebans be decimated"; for the phrase see above, "Hell."
+    VI. iii. 20.
+
+ (39) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; and "Hell." III. v. 8.
+
+ (40) Lit. "because," {oti}.
+
+Whilst these distinctions were being drawn by the assembly itself,
+Cleiteles the Corinthian got up and spoke as follows: "I daresay, men
+of Athens, there is a double answer to the question, Who began the
+wrongdoing? But take the case of ourselves. Since peace began, no one
+can accuse us either of wantonly attacking any city, or of seizing the
+wealth of any, or of ravaging a foreign territory. In spite of which the
+Thebans have come into our country and cut down our fruit-trees, burnt
+to the ground our houses, filched and torn to pieces our cattle and our
+goods. How then, I put it to you, will you not be acting contrary to
+your solemn oaths if you refuse your aid to us, who are so manifestly
+the victims of wrongdoings? Yes; and when I say solemn oaths, I speak
+of oaths and undertakings which you yourselves took great pains to exact
+from all of us." At that point a murmur of applause greeted Cleiteles,
+the Athenians feeling the truth and justice of the speaker's language.
+
+He sat down, and then Procles of Phlius got up and spoke as follows:
+"What would happen, men of Athens, if the Lacedaemonians were well out
+of the way? The answer to that question is obvious. You would be the
+first object of Theban invasion. Clearly; for they must feel that you
+and you alone stand in the path between them and empire over Hellas. If
+this be so, I do not consider that you are more supporting Lacedaemon
+by a campaign in her behalf than you are helping yourselves. For imagine
+the Thebans, your own sworn foes and next-door neighbours, masters of
+Hellas! You will find it a painful and onerous exchange indeed for the
+distant antagonism of Sparta. As a mere matter of self-interest, now
+is the time to help yourselves, while you may still reckon upon allies,
+instead of waiting until they are lost, and you are forced to fight
+a life-and-death battle with the Thebans single-handed. But the fear
+suggests itself, that should the Lacedaemonians escape now, they will
+live to cause you trouble at some future date. Lay this maxim to heart,
+then, that it is not the potential greatness of those we benefit, but of
+those we injure, which causes apprehension. And this other also, that
+it behoves individuals and states alike so to better their position (41)
+while yet in the zenith of their strength that, in the day of weakness,
+when it comes, they may find some succour and support in what their
+former labours have achieved. (42) To you now, at this time, a
+heaven-sent opportunity is presented. In return for assistance to the
+Lacedaemonians in their need, you may win their sincere, unhesitating
+friendship for all time. Yes, I say it deliberately, for the acceptance
+of these benefits at your hands will not be in the presence of one or
+two chance witnesses. The all-seeing gods, in whose sight to-morrow is
+even as to-day, will be cognisant of these things. The knowledge of them
+will be jointly attested by allies and enemies; nay, by Hellenes and
+barbarians alike, since to not one of them is what we are doing a
+matter of unconcern. If, then, in the presence of these witnesses, the
+Lacedaemonians should prove base towards you, no one will ever again
+be eager in their cause. But our hope, our expectation should rather be
+that they will prove themselves good men and not base; since they beyond
+all others would seem persistently to have cherished a high endeavour,
+reaching forth after true praise, and holding aloof from ugly deeds.
+
+ (41) Lit. "to acquire some good."
+
+ (42) Or, "for what," etc.
+
+"But there are further considerations which it were well you should lay
+to heart. If danger were ever again to visit Hellas from the barbarian
+world outside, in whom would you place your confidence if not in the
+Lacedaemonians? Whom would you choose to stand at your right hand in
+battle if not these, whose soldiers at Thermopylae to a man preferred to
+fall at their posts rather than save their lives by giving the barbarian
+free passage into Hellas? Is it not right, then, considering for
+what thing's sake they displayed that bravery in your companionship,
+considering also the good hope there is that they will prove the like
+again--is it not just that you and we should lend them all countenance
+and goodwill? Nay, even for us their allies' sake, who are present, it
+would be worth your while to manifest this goodwill. Need you be assured
+that precisely those who continue faithful to them in their misfortunes
+would in like manner be ashamed not to requite you with gratitude?
+And if we seem to be but small states, who are willing to share their
+dangers with them, lay to heart that there is a speedy cure for this
+defect: with the accession of your city the reproach that, in spite of
+all our assistance, we are but small cities, will cease to be.
+
+"For my part, men of Athens, I have hitherto on hearsay admired and
+envied this great state, whither, I was told, every one who was wronged
+or stood in terror of aught needed only to betake himself and he would
+obtain assistance. To-day I no longer hear, I am present myself and
+see these famous citizens of Lacedaemon here, and by their side their
+trustiest friends, who have come to you, and ask you in their day of
+need to give them help. I see Thebans also, the same who in days bygone
+failed to persuade the Lacedaemonians to reduce you to absolute slavery,
+(43) to-day asking you to suffer those who saved you to be destroyed.
+
+ (43) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; III. v. 8, in reference to B.C. 405.
+
+"That was a great deed and of fair renown, attributed in old story to
+your ancestors, that they did not suffer those Argives who died on the
+Cadmeia (44) to lie unburied; but a fairer wreath of glory would
+you weave for your own brows if you suffer not these still living
+Lacedaemonians to be trampled under the heel of insolence and destroyed.
+Fair, also, was that achievement when you stayed the insolence of
+Eurystheus and saved the sons of Heracles; (45) but fairer still than
+that will your deed be if you rescue from destruction, not the primal
+authors (46) merely, but the whole city which they founded; fairest of
+all, if because yesterday the Lacedaemonians won you your preservation
+by a vote which cost them nothing, you to-day shall bring them help with
+arms, and at the price of peril. It is a proud day for some of us to
+stand here and give what aid we can in pleading for assistance to brave
+men. What, then, must you feel, who in very deed are able to render
+that assistance! How generous on your parts, who have been so often the
+friends and foes of Lacedaemon, to forget the injury and remember only
+the good they have done! How noble of you to repay, not for yourselves
+only, but for the sake of Hellas, the debt due to those who proved
+themselves good men and true in her behalf!"
+
+ (44) In reference to the Seven against Thebes, see Herod. IX. xxvii.
+    4; Isoc. "Paneg." 55.
+
+ (45) Herod. IX. xxvii. 3; see Isoc. "Paneg." 56. "The greatness of
+    Sparta was founded by the succour which Athens lent to the
+    Heraklid invaders of the Peloponnese--a recollection which ought
+    to restrain Sparta from injuring or claiming to rule Athens.
+    Argos, Thebes, Sparta were in early times, as they are now, the
+    foremost cities of Hellas; but Athens was the greatest of them all
+    --the avenger of Argos, the chastiser of Thebes, the patron of
+    those who founded Sparta."--Jebb, "Att. Or." ii. 154.
+
+ (46) Plut. "Lyc." vi.
+
+After these speeches the Athenians deliberated, and though there was
+opposition, the arguments of gainsayers (47) fell upon deaf ears. The
+assembly finally passed a decree to send assistance to Lacedaemon in
+force, and they chose Iphicrates general. Then followed the preliminary
+sacrifices, and then the general's order to his troops to take the
+evening meal in the grove of the Academy. (48) But the general himself,
+it is said, was in no hurry to leave the city; many were found at their
+posts before him. Presently, however, he put himself at the head of his
+troops, and the men followed cheerily, in firm persuasion that he was
+about to lead them to some noble exploit. On arrival at Corinth
+he frittered away some days, and there was a momentary outburst of
+discontent at so much waste of precious time; but as soon as he led the
+troops out of Corinth there was an obvious rebound. The men responded to
+all orders with enthusiasm, heartily following their general's lead, and
+attacking whatever fortified place he might confront them with.
+
+ (47) As to the anti-Laconian or Boeotian party at Athens, see Curtius,
+    "H. G." vol. v. ch. ii. (Eng. tr.)
+
+ (48) See Baedeker, "Greece," p. 103.
+
+And now reverting to the hostile forces on Laconian territory, we find
+that the Arcadians, Argives, and Eleians had retired in large numbers.
+They had every inducement so to do since their homes bordered on
+Laconia; and off they went, driving or carrying whatever they had
+looted. The Thebans and the rest were no less anxious to get out of the
+country, though for other reasons, partly because the army was melting
+away under their eyes day by day, partly because the necessities of life
+were growing daily scantier, so much had been either fairly eaten up
+and pillaged or else recklessly squandered and reduced to ashes. Besides
+this, it was winter; so that on every ground there was a general desire
+by this time to get away home.
+
+As soon as the enemy began his retreat from Laconian soil, Iphicrates
+imitated his movement, and began leading back his troops out of Arcadia
+into Corinthia. Iphicrates exhibited much good generalship, no doubt,
+with which I have no sort of fault to find. But it is not so with that
+final feature of the campaign to which we are now come. Here I find his
+strategy either meaningless in intent or inadequate in execution.
+He made an attempt to keep guard at Oneion, in order to prevent the
+Boeotians making their way out homewards; but left meanwhile far the
+best passage through Cenchreae unguarded. Again, when he wished to
+discover whether or not the Thebans had passed Oneion, he sent out on
+a reconnaissance the whole of the Athenian and Corinthian cavalry;
+whereas, for the object in view, the eyes of a small detachment would
+have been as useful as a whole regiment; (49) and when it came to
+falling back, clearly the smaller number had a better chance of hitting
+on a traversable road, and so effecting the desired movement quietly.
+But the height of folly seems to have been reached when he threw into
+the path of the enemy a large body of troops which were still too weak
+to cope with him. As a matter of fact, this body of cavalry, owing to
+their very numbers, could not help covering a large space of ground;
+and when it became necessary to retire, had to cling to a series of
+difficult positions in succession, so that they lost not fewer than
+twenty horsemen. (50) It was thus the Thebans effected their object and
+retired from Peloponnese.
+
+ (49) See "Hipparch." viii. 10 foll.
+
+ (50) See Diod. xv. 63; Plut. "Pelop." 24.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VII
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 369. In the following year (1) plenipotentiary ambassadors (2) from
+the Lacedaemonians and their allies arrived at Athens to consider and
+take counsel in what way the alliance between Athens and Lacedaemon
+might be best cemented. It was urged by many speakers, foreigners and
+Athenians also, that the alliance ought to be based on the principle of
+absolute equality, (3) "share and share alike," when Procles of Phlius
+put forward the following argument:
+
+ (1) I.e. the official year from spring to spring. See Peter, "Chron.
+    Table" 95, note 215; see Grote, "H. G." x. 346, note 1.
+
+ (2) See Hicks, 89.
+
+ (3) For the phrase {epi toi isois kai omoiois}, implying "share and
+    share alike," see Thuc. i. 145, etc.
+
+"Since you have already decided, men of Athens, that it is good to
+secure the friendship of Lacedaemon, the point, as it appears to me,
+which you ought now to consider is, by what means this friendship may be
+made to last as long as possible. The probability is, that we shall hold
+together best by making a treaty which shall suit the best interests of
+both parties. On most points we have, I believe, a tolerable unanimity,
+but there remains the question of leadership. The preliminary decree of
+your senate anticipates a division of the hegemony, crediting you with
+the chief maritime power, Lacedaemon with the chief power on land; and
+to me, personally, I confess, that seems a division not more established
+by human invention than preordained by some divine naturalness or happy
+fortune. For, in the first place, you have a geographical position
+pre-eminently adapted for naval supremacy; most of the states to whom
+the sea is important are massed round your own, and all of these are
+inferior to you in strength. Besides, you have harbours and roadsteads,
+without which it is not possible to turn a naval power to account.
+Again, you have many ships of war. To extend your naval empire is a
+traditional policy; all the arts and sciences connected with these
+matters you possess as home products, and, what is more, in skill and
+experience of nautical affairs you are far ahead of the rest of the
+world. The majority of you derive your livelihood from the sea, or
+things connected with it; so that in the very act of minding your own
+affairs you are training yourselves to enter the lists of naval combat.
+(4) Again, no other power in the world can send out a larger collective
+fleet, and that is no insignificant point in reference to the
+question of leadership. The nucleus of strength first gained becomes
+a rallying-point, round which the rest of the world will gladly
+congregate. Furthermore, your good fortune in this department must
+be looked upon as a definite gift of God: for, consider among the
+numberless great sea-fights which you have fought how few you have
+lost, how many you have won. It is only rational, then, that your allies
+should much prefer to share this particular risk with you. Indeed,
+to show you how natural and vital to you is this maritime study, the
+following reflection may serve. For several years the Lacedaemonians,
+when at war with you in old days, dominated your territory, but they
+made no progress towards destroying you. At last God granted them one
+day to push forward their dominion on the sea, and then in an instant
+you completely succumbed to them. (5) Is it not self-evident that
+your safety altogether depends upon the sea? The sea is your natural
+element--your birthright; it would be base indeed to entrust the
+hegemony of it to the Lacedaemonians, and the more so, since, as they
+themselves admit, they are far less acquainted with this business than
+yourselves; and, secondly, your risk in naval battles would not be for
+equal stakes--theirs involving only the loss of the men on board their
+ships, but yours, that of your children and your wives and the entire
+state.
+
+ (4) See "Pol. Ath." i. 19 foll.
+
+ (5) See "Hell." II. i.
+
+"And if this is a fair statement of your position, turn, now, and
+consider that of the Lacedaemonians. The first point to notice is, that
+they are an inland power; as long as they are dominant on land it does
+not matter how much they are cut off from the sea--they can carry
+on existence happily enough. This they so fully recognise, that from
+boyhood they devote themselves to training for a soldier's life. The
+keystone of this training is obedience to command, (6) and in this they
+hold the same pre-eminence on land which you hold on the sea. Just as
+you with your fleets, so they on land can, at a moment's notice, put
+the largest army in the field; and with the like consequence, that their
+allies, as is only rational, attach themselves to them with undying
+courage. (7) Further, God has granted them to enjoy on land a like good
+fortune to that vouchsafed to you on sea. Among all the many contests
+they have entered into, it is surprising in how few they have failed, in
+how many they have been successful. The same unflagging attention which
+you pay to maritime affairs is required from them on land, and, as the
+facts of history reveal, it is no less indispensable to them. Thus,
+although you were at war with them for several years and gained many a
+naval victory over them, you never advanced a step nearer to reducing
+them. But once worsted on land, in an instant they were confronted with
+a danger affecting the very lives of child and wife, and vital to the
+interests of the entire state. We may very well understand, then, the
+strangeness, not to say monstrosity, in their eyes, of surrendering to
+others the military leadership on land, in matters which they have made
+their special study for so long and with such eminent success. I end
+where I began. I agree absolutely with the preliminary decrees of your
+own senate, which I consider the solution most advantageous to both
+parties. My prayer (8) is that you may be guided in your deliberations
+to that conclusion which is best for each and all of us."
+
+ (6) Or, "the spirit of discipline." See "Mem." III. v. 16; IV. iv. 15;
+    Thuc. ii. 39; "Pol. Lac." viii.
+
+ (7) Or, "with unlimited confidence."
+
+ (8) See above, "Hell." VI. i. 13, {kai su prattois ta kratista}, "and
+    so may the best fortune attend you!"--if that reading and
+    rendering be adopted.
+
+Such were the words of the orator, and the sentiments of his speech were
+vehemently applauded by the Athenians no less than by the Lacedaemonians
+who were present. Then Cephisodotus (9) stepped forward and addressed
+the assembly. He said, "Men of Athens, do you not see how you are being
+deluded? Lend me your ears, and I will prove it to you in a moment.
+There is no doubt about your leadership by sea: it is already secured.
+But suppose the Lacedaemonians in alliance with you: it is plain they
+will send you admirals and captains, and possibly marines, of Laconian
+breed; but who will the sailors be? Helots obviously, or mercenaries
+of some sort. These are the folk over whom you will exercise your
+leadership. Reverse the case. The Lacedaemonians have issued a general
+order summoning you to join them in the field; it is plain again, you
+will be sending your heavy infantry and your cavalry. You see what
+follows. You have invented a pretty machine, by which they become leaders
+of your very selves, and you become the leaders either of their slaves
+or of the dregs of their state. I should like to put a question to the
+Lacedaemonian Timocrates seated yonder. Did you not say just now, Sir,
+that you came to make an alliance on terms of absolute equality, 'share
+and share alike'? Answer me." "I did say so." "Well, then, here is a
+plan by which you get the perfection of equality. I cannot conceive of
+anything more fair and impartial than that 'turn and turn about' each
+of us should command the navy, each the army; whereby whatever advantage
+there may be in maritime or military command we may each of us share."
+
+ (9) See above, "Hell." VI. iii. 2; Hicks, 87.
+
+These arguments were successful. The Athenians were converted, and
+passed a decree vesting the command in either state (10) for periods of
+five days alternately.
+
+ (10) See "Revenues," v. 7.
+
+B.C. 369. (11) The campaign was commenced by both Athenians and
+Lacedaemonians with their allies, marching upon Corinth, where it was
+resolved to keep watch and ward over Oneion jointly. On the advance of
+the Thebans and their allies the troops were drawn out to defend the
+pass. They were posted in detachments at different points, the most
+assailable of which was assigned to the Lacedaemonians and the men of
+Pellene. (12)
+
+ (11) See Grote, "H. G." x. 349 foll.; al. B.C. 368.
+
+ (12) "During the wars of Epameinondas Pellene adhered firmly to her
+    Spartan policy, at a time when other cities were, to say the
+    least, less strenuous in the Spartan cause."--Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
+    Gov." p. 241. Afterwards Pellene is found temporarily on the
+    Theban side ("Hell." VII. ii. 11).
+
+The Thebans and their allies, finding themselves within three or four
+miles (13) of the troops guarding the pass, encamped in the flat ground
+below; but presently, after a careful calculation of the time it would
+take to start and reach the goal in the gloaming, they advanced against
+the Lacedaemonian outposts. In spite of the difficulty they timed their
+movements to a nicety, and fell upon the Lacedaemonians and Pellenians
+just at the interval when the night pickets were turning in and the men
+were leaving their shakedowns and retiring for necessary purposes. (14)
+This was the instant for the Thebans to fling themselves upon them; they
+plied their weapons with good effect, blow upon blow. Order was pitted
+against disorder, preparation against disarray. When, however, those who
+escaped from the thick of the business had retired to the nearest rising
+ground, the Lacedaemonian polemarch, who might have taken as many heavy,
+or light, infantry of the allies as he wanted, and thus have held the
+position (no bad one, since it enabled him to get his supplies safely
+enough from Cenchreae), failed to do so. On the contrary, and in spite
+of the great perplexity of the Thebans as to how they were to get down
+from the high level facing Sicyon or else retire the way they came,
+the Spartan general made a truce, which in the opinion of the majority,
+seemed more in favour of the Thebans than himself, and so he withdrew
+his division and fell back.
+
+ (13) Lit. "thirty stades."
+
+ (14) Or, "intent on their personal concerns." See "Hell." II. iv. 6;
+    "Hipparch." vii. 12.
+
+The Thebans were now free to descend without hindrance, which they did;
+and, effecting a junction with their allies the Arcadians, Argives,
+and Eleians, at once attacked (15) Sicyon and Pellene, and, marching on
+Epidaurus, laid waste the whole territory of that people. Returning from
+that exploit with a consummate disdain for all their opponents, when
+they found themselves near the city of Corinth they advanced at the
+double against the gate facing towards Phlius; intending if they found
+it open to rush in. However, a body of light troops sallied out of the
+city to the rescue, and met the advance of the Theban picked corps (16)
+not one hundred and fifty yards (17) from the walls. Mounting on the
+monuments and commanding eminences, with volleys of sling stones and
+arrows they laid low a pretty large number in the van of the attack,
+and routing them, gave chase for three or four furlongs' (18) distance.
+After this incident the Corinthians dragged the corpses of the slain
+to the wall, and finally gave them up under a flag of truce, erecting a
+trophy to record the victory. As a result of this occurrence the allies
+of the Lacedaemonians took fresh heart.
+
+ (15) And took (apparently); see below; Diod. xv. 69.
+
+ (16) See "Anab." III. iv. 43; and above, "Hell." V. iii. 23.
+
+ (17) Lit. "four plethra."
+
+ (18) LIt. "three or four stades."
+
+At the date of the above transactions the Lacedeamonians were cheered by
+the arrival of a naval reinforcement from Dionysius, consisting of more
+than twenty warships, which conveyed a body of Celts and Iberians and
+about fifty cavalry. The day following, the Thebans and the rest of the
+allies, posted, at intervals, in battle order, and completely filling
+the flat land down to the sea on one side, and up to the knolls on
+the other which form the buttresses of the city, proceeded to destroy
+everything precious they could lay their hands on in the plain. The
+Athenian and Corinthian cavalry, eyeing the strength, physical and
+numerical, of their antagonists, kept at a safe distance from their
+armament. But the little body of cavalry lately arrived from Dionysius
+spread out in a long thin line, and one at one point and one at another
+galloped along the front, discharging their missiles as they dashed
+forward, and when the enemy rushed against them, retired, and again
+wheeling about, showered another volley. Even while so engaged they
+would dismount from their horses and take breath; and if their foemen
+galloped up while they were so dismounted, in an instant they had leapt
+on their horses' backs and were in full retreat. Or if, again, a party
+pursued them some distance from the main body, as soon as they turned to
+retire, they would press upon them, and discharging volleys of missiles,
+made terrible work, forcing the whole army to advance and retire, merely
+to keep pace with the movements of fifty horsemen.
+
+B.C. 369-368. After this the Thebans remained only a few more days
+and then turned back homewards; and the rest likewise to their several
+homes. Thereupon the troops sent by Dionysius attacked Sicyon. Engaging
+the Sicyonians in the flat country, they defeated them, killing about
+seventy men and capturing by assault the fortres of Derae. (19) After
+these achievements this first reinforcement from Dionysius re-embarked
+and set sail for Syracuse.
+
+ (19) "East of Sicyon was Epieiceia (see above, "Hell." IV. ii. 14, iv.
+    13) on the river Nemea. In the same direction was the fortress
+    Derae." ("Dict. Anct. Geog." "Topography of Sicyonia"), al. Gerae.
+    So Leake ("Morea," iii. 376), who conjectures that this fortress
+    was in the maritime plain.
+
+Up to this time the Thebans and all the states which had revolted from
+Lacedaemon had acted together in perfect harmony, and were content to
+campaign under the leadership of Thebes; but now a certain Lycomedes,
+(20) a Mantinean, broke the spell. Inferior in birth and position
+to none, while in wealth superior, he was for the rest a man of high
+ambition. This man was able to inspire the Arcadians with high thoughts
+by reminding them that to Arcadians alone the Peloponnese was in
+a literal sense a fatherland; since they and they alone were the
+indigenous inhabitants of its sacred soil, and the Arcadian stock
+the largest among the Hellenic tribes--a good stock, moreover, and of
+incomparable physique. And then he set himself to panegyrise them as the
+bravest of the brave, adducing as evidence, if evidence were needed,
+the patent fact, that every one in need of help invariably turned to
+the Arcadians. (21) Never in old days had the Lacedaemonians yet invaded
+Athens without the Arcadians. "If then," he added, "you are wise, you
+will be somewhat chary of following at the beck and call of anybody,
+or it will be the old story again. As when you marched in the train
+of Sparta you only enhanced her power, so to-day, if you follow Theban
+guidance without thought or purpose instead of claiming a division of
+the headship, you will speedily find, perhaps, in her only a second
+edition of Lacedaemon." (22)
+
+ (20) For the plan of an Arcadian Federation and the part played by
+    Lycomedes, its true author, "who certainly merits thereby a high
+    place among the statesmen of Greece," see Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
+    Gov." ch. iv. p. 199 foll.
+
+ (21) For this claim on the part of the Arcadians, see "Anab." VI. ii.
+    10 foll.
+
+ (22) Or, "Lacedaemonians under another name."
+
+These words uttered in the ears of the Arcadians were sufficient to puff
+them up with pride. They were lavish in their love of Lycomedes, and
+thought there was no one his equal. He became their hero; he had only
+to give his orders, and they appointed their magistrates (23) at his
+bidding. But, indeed, a series of brilliant exploits entitled the
+Arcadians to magnify themselves. The first of these arose out of an
+invasion of Epidaurus by the Argives, which seemed likely to end in
+their finding their escape barred by Chabrias and his foreign brigade
+with the Athenians and Corinthians. Only, at the critical moment the
+Arcadians came to the rescue and extricated the Argives, who were
+closely besieged, and this in spite not only of the enemy, but of the
+savage nature of the ground itself. Again they marched on Asine (24) in
+Laconian territory, and defeated the Lacedaemonian garrison, putting
+the polemarch Geranor, who was a Spartan, to the sword, and sacking the
+suburbs of the town. Indeed, whenever or wherever they had a mind to
+send an invading force, neither night nor wintry weather, nor length of
+road nor mountain barrier could stay their march. So that at this date
+they regarded their prowess as invincible. (25) The Thebans, it will be
+understood, could not but feel a touch of jealousy at these pretensions,
+and their former friendship to the Arcadians lost its ardour. With the
+Eleians, indeed, matters were worse. The revelation came to them when
+they demanded back from the Arcadians certain cities (26) of which the
+Lacedaemonians had deprived them. They discovered that their views
+were held of no account, but that the Triphylians and the rest who had
+revolted from them were to be made much of, because they claimed to
+be Arcadians. (27) Hence, as contrasted with the Thebans, the Eleians
+cherished feelings towards their late friends which were positively
+hostile.
+
+ (23) {arkhontas}, see below, "Hell." VII. iv. 33. The formal title of
+    these Federal magistrates may or may not have been {arkhontes};
+    Freeman, "H. F. G." 203, note 6.
+
+ (24) See Grote, "H. G." x. 356.
+
+ (25) Or, "regarded themselves as the very perfection of soldiery."
+
+ (26) In reference to "Hell." III. ii. 25 foll., see Freeman, op. cit.
+    p. 201, and below, "Hell." VII. iv. 12 (B.C. 365); Busolt, op.
+    cit. p. 186 foll., in reference to Lasion.
+
+ (27) Busolt, p. 150.
+
+B.C. 368. Self-esteem amounting to arrogance--such was the spirit which
+animated each section of the allies, when a new phase was introduced by
+the arrival of Philiscus (28) of Abydos on an embassy from Ariobarzanes
+(29) with large sums of money. This agent's first step was to assemble
+a congress of Thebans, allies, and Lacedaemonians at Delphi to treat
+of peace. On their arrival, without attempting to communicate or take
+counsel with the god as to how peace might be re-established, they fell
+to deliberating unassisted; and when the Thebans refused to acquiesce
+in the dependency of Messene (30) upon Lacedaemon, Philiscus set about
+collecting a large foreign brigade to side with Lacedaemon and to
+prosecute the war.
+
+ (28) See Hicks, 84, p. 152; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 51; Grote, "H. G."
+    x. 357; Curtius, "H. G." (Eng. tr.) iv. 458; Diod. xv. 90.
+
+ (29) See above, V. i. 28; "Ages." ii. 26.
+
+ (30) See Hicks, 86.
+
+Whilst these matters were still pending, the second reinforcements from
+Dionysius (31) arrived. There was a difference of opinion as to where
+the troops should be employed, the Athenians insisting that they ought
+to march into Thessaly to oppose the Thebans, the Lacedaemonians being
+in favour of Laconia; and among the allies this latter opinion carried
+the day. The reinforcement from Dionysius accordingly sailed round to
+Laconia, where Archidamus incorporated them with the state troops and
+opened the campaign. Caryae he took by storm, and put every one captured
+to the sword, and from this point marching straight upon the Parrhasians
+of Arcadia, he set about ravaging the country along with his Syracusan
+supporters.
+
+ (31) See above, SS. 20, 22, p. 191 foll. The date is B.C. 368
+    according to Grote, "H. G." x. 362 foll.; al. B.C. 367.
+
+Presently when the Arcadians and Argives arrived with succours, he
+retreated and encamped on the knolls above Medea. (32) While he was
+there, Cissidas, the officer in charge of the reinforcement from
+Dionysius, made the announcement that the period for his stay abroad had
+elapsed; and the words were no sooner out of his lips than off he set on
+the road to Sparta. The march itself, however, was not effected without
+delays, for he was met and cut off by a body of Messenians at a narrow
+pass, and was forced in these straits to send to Archidamus and beg for
+assistance, which the latter tendered. When they had got as far as the
+bend (33) on the road to Eutresia, there were the Arcadians and Argives
+advancing upon Laconia and apparently intending, like the Messenians, to
+shut the Spartan off from the homeward road.
+
+ (32) Or, "Melea," or "Malea." E. Curtius conjectures {Meleas} for
+    {Medeas} of the MSS., and probably the place referred to is the
+    township of Malea in the Aegytis (Pausan. VIII. xxvii. 4); see
+    above, "Hell." VI. v. 24, "the Maleatid." See Dind. "Hist. Gr.,"
+    Ox. MDCCCLIII., note ad loc.; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 459; Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 362.
+
+ (33) Or, "the resting-place"; cf. mod. "Khan." L. and S. cf. Arist.
+    "Frogs," 113. "Medea," below, is probably "Malea," (see last
+    note).
+
+Archidamus, debouching upon a flat space of ground where the roads to
+Eutresia and Medea converge, drew up his troops and offered battle. When
+happened then is thus told:--He passed in front of the regiments and
+addressed them in terms of encouragement thus: "Fellow-citizens, the day
+has come which calls upon us to prove ourselves brave men and look the
+world in the face with level eyes. (34) Now are we to deliver to those
+who come after us our fatherland intact as we received it from our
+fathers; now will we cease hanging our heads in shame before our
+children and wives, our old men and our foreign friends, in sight
+of whom in days of old we shone forth conspicuous beyond all other
+Hellenes."
+
+ (34) See Plut. "Ages." 53 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 41).
+
+The words were scarcely uttered (so runs the tale), when out of
+the clear sky came lightnings and thunderings, (35) with propitious
+manifestation to him; and it so happened that on his right wing there
+stood a sacred enclosure and a statue of Heracles, his great ancestor.
+As the result of all these things, so deep a strength and courage came
+into the hearts of his soldiers, as they tell, that the generals had
+hard work to restrain their men as they pushed forward to the front.
+Presently, when Archidamus led the advance, a few only of the enemy
+cared to await them at the spear's point, and were slain; the mass of
+them fled, and fleeing fell. Many were cut down by the cavalry, many
+by the Celts. When the battle ceased and a trophy had been erected, the
+Spartan at once despatched home Demoteles, the herald, with the news. He
+had to announce not only the greatness of the victory, but the startling
+fact that, while the enemy's dead were numerous, not one single
+Lacedaemonian had been slain. (36) Those in Sparta to whom the news was
+brought, as says the story, when they heard it, one and all, beginning
+with Agesilaus, and, after him, the elders and the ephors, wept for
+joy--so close akin are tears to joy and pain alike. There were others
+hardly less pleased than the Lacedaemonians themselves at the
+misfortune which had overtaken the Arcadians: these were the Thebans and
+Eleians--so offensive to them had the boastful behaviour of these men
+become.
+
+ (35) See Xen. "Apolog." 12; Homer, "Il." ii. 353; "Od." xx. 113 foll.
+
+ (36) According to Diod. xv. 72, ten thousand of the enemy fell.
+
+The problem perpetually working in the minds of the Thebans was how they
+were to compass the headship of Hellas; and they persuaded themselves
+that, if they sent an embassy to the King of Persia, they could not but
+gain some advantage by his help. Accordingly they did not delay, but
+called together the allies, on the plea that Euthycles the Lacedaemonian
+was already at the Persian court. The commissioners sent up were, on
+the part of the Thebans, Pelopidas; (37) on the part of the Arcadians,
+Antiochus, the pancratiast; and on that of the Eleians, Archidamus.
+There was also an Argive in attendance. The Athenians on their side,
+getting wind of the matter, sent up two commissioners, Timagoras and
+Leon.
+
+ (37) See Plut. "Pelop." 30 (Clough, vol. ii. p. 230). For the date see
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 365, 379; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 460.
+
+When they arrived at the Persian court the influence of Pelopidas was
+preponderant with the Persian. He could point out that, besides the fact
+that the Thebans alone among all the Hellenes had fought on the king's
+side at Plataeae, (38) they had never subsequently engaged in military
+service against the Persians; nay, the very ground of Lacedaemonian
+hostility to them was that they had refused to march against the Persian
+king with Agesilaus, (39) and would not even suffer him to sacrifice to
+Artemis at Aulis (where Agamemnon sacrificed before he set sail for Asia
+and captured Troy). In addition, there were two things which contributed
+to raise the prestige of Thebes, and redounded to the honour of
+Pelopidas. These were the victory of the Thebans at Leuctra, and the
+indisputable fact that they had invaded and laid waste the territory of
+Laconia. Pelopidas went on to point out that the Argives and Arcadians
+had lately been defeated in battle by the Lacedaemonians, when his own
+countrymen were not there to assist. The Athenian Timagoras supported
+all these statements of the Theban by independent testimony, and stood
+second in honour after Pelopidas.
+
+ (38) See Thuc. iii. 58, 59, 60.
+
+ (39) See above, "Hell." III. iv. 3; Lincke, "Zur. Xen. Krit." p. 315.
+
+At this point of the proceedings Pelopidas was asked by the king, what
+special clause he desired inserted in the royal rescript. He replied as
+follows: "Messene to be independent of Lacedaemon, and the Athenians
+to lay up their ships of war. Should either power refuse compliance in
+these respects, such refusal to be a casus belli; and any state refusing
+to take part in the military proceedings consequent, to be herself the
+first object of attack." These clauses were drawn up and read to the
+ambassadors, when Leon, in the hearing of the king, exclaimed: "Upon my
+word! Athenians, it strikes me it is high time you looked for some other
+friend than the great king." The secretary reported the comment of the
+Athenian envoy, and produced presently an altered copy of the document,
+with a clause inserted: "If the Athenians have any better and juster
+views to propound, let them come to the Persian court and explain them."
+(40)
+
+ (40) See Grote, "H. G." x. 402; and "Ages." viii. 3.
+
+Thus the ambassadors returned each to his own home and were variously
+received. Timagoras, on the indictment of Leon, who proved that his
+fellow-commissioner not only refused to lodge with him at the king's
+court, but in every way played into the hands of Pelopidas, was put to
+death. Of the other joint commissioners, the Eleian, Archidamus, was
+loud in his praises of the king and his policy, because he had shown
+a preference to Elis over the Arcadians; while for a converse reason,
+because the Arcadian league was slighted, Antiochus not only refused to
+accept any gift, but brought back as his report to the general assembly
+of the Ten Thousand, (41) that the king appeared to have a large army of
+confectioners and pastry-cooks, butlers and doorkeepers; but as for
+men capable of doing battle with Hellenes, he had looked carefully, and
+could not discover any. Besides all which, even the report of his wealth
+seemed to him, he said, bombastic nonsense. "Why, the golden plane-tree
+that is so belauded is not big enough to furnish shade to a single
+grasshopper." (42)
+
+ (41) See above, VI. v. 6; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." 202; Demosth. "F.
+    L." 220, etc.
+
+ (42) Or, "the golden plane-tree they romance about would not suffice
+    to," etc.
+
+At Thebes a conference of the states had been convened to listen to the
+great king's letter. The Persian who bore the missive merely pointed
+to the royal seal, and read the document; whereupon the Thebans invited
+all, who wished to be their friends, to take an oath to what they had
+just heard, as binding on the king and on themselves. To which the
+ambassadors from the states replied that they had been sent to listen to
+a report, not to take oaths; if oaths were wanted, they recommended
+the Thebans to send ambassadors to the several states. The Arcadian
+Lycomedes, moreover, added that the congress ought not to be held at
+Thebes at all, but at the seat of war, wherever that might be. This
+remark brought down the wrath of the Thebans on the speaker; they
+exclaimed that he was bent on breaking up the alliance. Whereupon the
+Arcadian refused to take a seat in the congress at all, and got up
+and betook himself off there and then, accompanied by all the Arcadian
+envoys. Since, therefore, the assembled representatives refused to take
+the oaths at Thebes, the Thebans sent to the different states, one by
+one in turn, urging each to undertake solemnly to act in accordance with
+the great king's rescript. They were persuaded that no individual state
+would venture to quarrel with themselves and the Persian monarch at
+once. As a matter of fact, however, when they arrived at Corinth--which
+was the first stated vist--the Corinthians stood out and gave as their
+answer, that they had no desire for any common oath or undertaking with
+the king. The rest of the states followed suit, giving answers of
+a similar tenor, so that this striving after empire on the part of
+Pelopidas and the Thebans melted like a cloud-castle into air.
+
+B.C. 367. (43) But Epaminondas was bent on one more effort. With a view
+to forcing the Arcadians and the rest of the allies to pay better heed
+to Thebes, he desired first to secure the adhesion of the Achaeans,
+and decided to march an army into Achaea. Accordingly, he persuaded the
+Argive Peisias, who was at the head of military affairs in Argos, to
+seize and occupy Oneion in advance. Persias, having ascertained that
+only a sorry guard was maintained over Oneion by Naucles, the general
+commanding the Lacedaemonian foreign brigade, and by Timomachus the
+Athenian, under cover of night seized and occupied with two thousand
+heavy infantry the rising ground above Cenchreae, taking with him
+provisions for seven days. Within the interval the Thebans arrived
+and surmounted the pass of Oneion; whereupon the allied troops with
+Epaminondas at their head, advanced into Achaea. The result of the
+campaign was that the better classes of Achaea gave in their adhesion
+to him; and on his personal authority Epaminondas insisted that there
+should be no driving of the aristocrats into exile, nor any modification
+of the constitution. He was content to take a pledge of fealty from the
+Achaeans to this effect: "Verily and indeed we will be your allies, and
+follow whithersoever the Thebans lead." (44)
+
+ (43) B.C. 367, according to Grote, "H. G." x. 365, note 1; al. B.C.
+    366.
+
+ (44) See Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 241: "We read of local
+    oligarchies (in the several cities of Achaia) which Epameinondas
+    found and left in possession, but which the home government of
+    Thebes thought good to expel, and to substitute democracies under
+    the protection of Theban harmosts. This policy did not answer, as
+    the large bodies of exiles thus formed contrived to recover the
+    cities, and to bring them to a far more decided Spartan
+    partisanship than before."
+
+So he departed home. The Arcadians, however, and the partisans of the
+opposite faction in Thebes were ready with an indictment against him:
+"Epaminondas," they said, "had merely swept and garnished Achaea for the
+Lacedaemonians, and then gone off." The Thebans accordingly resolved
+to send governors (45) into the states of Achaea; and those officers on
+arrival joined with the commonalty and drove out the better folk,
+and set up democracies throughout Achaea. On their side, these exiles
+coalesced, and, marching upon each separate state in turn, for they
+were pretty numerous, speedily won their restoration and dominated the
+states. As the party thus reinstated no longer steered a middle course,
+but went heart and soul into an alliance with Lacedaemon, the Arcadians
+found themselves between the upper and the nether millstone--that is to
+say, the Lacedaemonians and the Achaeans.
+
+ (45) Lit. "harmosts."
+
+At Sicyon, hitherto, (46) the constitution was based on the ancient
+laws; but at this date Euphron (who during the Lacedaemonian days had
+been the greatest man in Sicyon, and whose ambition it was to hold
+a like pre-eminence under their opponents) addressed himself to the
+Argives and Arcadians as follows: "If the wealthiest classes should ever
+come into power in Sicyon, without a doubt the city would take the first
+opportunity of readopting a Laconian policy; whereas, if a democracy be
+set up," he added, "you may rest assured Sicyon will hold fast by you.
+All I ask you is to stand by me; I will do the rest. It is I who will
+call a meeting of the people; and by that selfsame act I shall give
+you a pledge of my good faith and present you with a state firm in
+its alliance. All this, be assured," he added, "I do because, like
+yourselves, I have long ill brooked the pride of Lacedaemon, and shall
+be glad to escape the yoke of bondage."
+
+ (46) See Grote, "H. G." x. 379.
+
+These proposals found favour with the Arcadians and the Argives,
+who gladly gave the assistance demanded. Euphron straightway, in
+the market-place, in the presence of the two powers concerned,
+(47) proceeded to convene the Demos, as if there were to be a new
+constitution, based on the principle of equality. (48) When the
+convention met, he bade them appoint generals: they might choose
+whom they liked. Whereupon they elected Euphron himself, Hippodamus,
+Cleander, Acrisius, and Lysander. When these matters were arranged he
+appointed Adeas, his own son, over the foreign brigade, in place of the
+former commander, Lysimenes, whom he removed. His next step was promptly
+to secure the fidelity of the foreign mercenaries by various acts of
+kindness, and to attach others; and he spared neither the public nor the
+sacred moneys for this object. He had, to aid him, further, the property
+of all the citizens whom he exiled on the ground of Laconism, and
+of this without scruple he in every case availed himself. As for his
+colleagues in office, some he treacherously put to death, others he
+exiled, by which means he got everything under his own power, and was
+now a tyrant without disguise. The method by which he got the allies to
+connive at his doings was twofold. Partly he worked on them by pecuniary
+aid, partly by the readiness with which he lent the support of his
+foreign troops on any campaign to which they might invite him.
+
+ (47) Lit. "the Argives and the Arcadians."
+
+ (48) Lit. "on fair and equal terms." See Thuc. v. 79.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 366. Matters had so far progressed that the Argives had already
+fortified the Trikaranon above the Heraion as an outpost to threaten
+Phlius, while the Sicyonians were engaged in fortifying Thyamia (1)
+on their frontier; and between the two the Phliasians were severely
+pinched. They began to suffer from dearth of necessaries; but, in
+spite of all, remained unshaken in their alliance. It is the habit of
+historians, I know, to record with admiration each noble achievement of
+the larger powers, but to me it seems a still more worthy task to bring
+to light the great exploits of even a little state found faithful in the
+performance of fair deeds.
+
+ (1) "Thyamia is placed by Ross on the lofty hill of Spiria, the
+    northern prolongation of Tricaranum, between the villages Stimanga
+    and Skrapani."--"Dict. Anct. Geog." "Phlius."
+
+B.C. 370-369. Now these Phliasians were friends of Lacedaemon while at
+the zenith of her power. After her disaster on the field of Leuctra,
+when many of the Perioeci, and the helots to a man, revolted; when, more
+than that, the allies, save only quite a few, forsook her; (2) and
+when united Hellas, so to speak, was marching on her--these Phliasians
+remained stanch in their allegiance; and, in spite of the hostility of
+the most powerful states of the Peloponnese, to wit the Arcardians and
+the Argives, they insisted on coming to her aid. It fell to their lot
+to cross into Prasiae as the rearguard of the reinforcements, which
+consisted of the men of Corinth, of Epidaurus and of Troezen, of
+Hermione, Halieis, and Sicyon and Pellene, in the days before any of
+these had revolted. (3) Not even when the commander of the foreign
+brigade, picking up the divisions already across, left them behind and
+was gone--not even so did they flinch or turn back, but hired a guide
+from Prasiae, and though the enemy was massed round Amyclae, slipped
+through his ranks, as best they could, and so reached Sparta. It was
+then that the Lacedaemonians, besides other honours conferred upon them,
+sent them an ox as a gift of hospitality.
+
+ (2) See above, "VI." v. 29.
+
+ (3) See "Hell." VII. i. 18.
+
+B.C. 369. Later on, when the enemy had retired from Laconia, the
+Argives, ill brooking so much zeal for Lacedaemon on the part of Phlius,
+marched in full force against the little state, and fell to ravaging
+their territory. Even then they remained undaunted; and when the enemy
+turned to retire, destroying all that he could lay hands upon, out
+dashed the cavalry of the Phliasians and dogged his retreat. And
+notwithstanding that the Argive's rear consisted of the whole of his
+cavalry, with some companies of infantry to support them, they attacked
+him, sixty in number, and routed his whole rearguard. They slew, indeed,
+but a few of them; but, having so slain that handful, they paused and
+erected a trophy in full sight of the Argive army with as little concern
+as if they had cut down their enemies to a man.
+
+Once again the Lacedaemonians and their allies were guarding Oneion, (4)
+and the Thebans were threatening to scale the pass. The Arcadians and
+Eleians (5) were moving forwards through Nemea to effect a junction with
+the Thebans, when a hint was conveyed to them by some Phliasian exiles,
+"Only show yourselves before Phlius and the town is yours." An agreement
+was made, and in the dead of night a party consisting of the exiles
+themselves and others with them, about six hundred in number, planted
+themselves close under the walls with scaling-ladders. Presently the
+scouts from the Trikaranon signalled to the city that the enemy was
+advancing. The citizens were all attention; their eyes fixed upon their
+scouts. Meanwhile the traitors within were likewise signalling to those
+seated under lee of the walls "to scale"; and these, scaling up, seized
+the arms of the guards, which they found abandoned, and fell to pursuing
+the day sentinels, ten in number (one out of each squad of five being
+always left on day duty). (6) One of these was put to the sword as he
+lay asleep, and a second as he was escaping to the Heraion; but the
+other eight day-pickets leapt down the wall on the side towards the
+city, one after another. The scaling party now found themselves in
+undisputed possession of the citadel. But the shouting had reached the
+city below: the citizens rallied to the rescue; and the enemy began by
+sallying forth from the citadel, and did battle in the forefront of the
+gate leading down to the city. By and by, being strongly beleaguered
+by the ever-increasing reinforcements of the citizens, they retired,
+falling back upon the citadel; and the citizens along with the enemy
+forced their way in. The centre of the citadel was speedily deserted;
+for the enemy scaled the walls and towers, and showered blows and
+missiles upon the citizens below. These defended themselves from the
+ground, or pressed the encounter home by climbing the ladders which led
+to the walls. Once masters of certain towers on this side and the other
+of the invaders, the citizens came to close quarters with them with
+reckless desperation. The invaders, pushed and pommelled by dint of such
+audacity and hard hitting, were cooped up like sheep into narrower
+and narrower space. But at that critical moment the Arcadians and the
+Argives were circling round the city, and had begun to dig through the
+walls of the citadel from its upper side. (7) Of the citizens inside
+some were beating down their assailants on the wall; (8) others,
+those of them who were climbing up from outside and were still on the
+scaling-ladders, whilst a third set were delivering battle against
+those who had mounted the towers. These last had found fire in the
+men's quarters, and were engaged in setting the towers and all ablaze,
+bringing up sheaves of corn and grass--an ample harvesting, as luck
+would have it, garnered off the citadel itself. Thereupon the occupants
+of the towers, in terror of the flames, leapt down one by one, while
+those on the walls, under the blows of the defenders, tumbled off with
+similar expedition; and as soon as they had once begun to yield, the
+whole citadel, in almost less time than it takes to tell, was cleared of
+the enemy. In an instant out dashed the cavalry, and the enemy, seeing
+them, beat a hasty retreat, leaving behind scaling-ladders and dead,
+besides some comrades hopelessly maimed. In fact, the enemy, what
+between those who were slain inside and those who leapt from the walls,
+lost not less than eighty men. And now it was a goodly sight to see the
+brave men grasp one another by the hand and pledge each other on their
+preservation, whilst the women brought them drink and cried for joy. Not
+one there present but in very sooth was overcome by laughter mixed with
+tears. (9)
+
+ (4) B.C. 369? al. B.C. 368. See above, "Hell." VII. i. 15; Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 346.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." VII. i. 18, and below, S. 8.
+
+ (6) Or, "one member of both the squads of five was left behind"--i.e.
+    two out of the ten could not keep up with the rest in their
+    flight, and were taken and killed; one indeed had not started, but
+    was killed in sleep.
+
+ (7) Or, "downwards" (L. and S.); or, "in front," "von vorn" (Buchs).
+
+ (8) Reading, {tous eti toi teikhous}. See Otto Keller for various
+    emendations of the passage.
+
+ (9) In true Homeric fashion, as Pollux (ii. 64) observes. See Homer,
+    "Il." vi. 484. See above, VII. i. 32; "Cyrop." VII. v. 32;
+    "Hiero," iii. 5; "Sym." ii. 24; "Antony and Cleopatra," III. ii.
+    43.
+
+Next year also (10) Phlius was invaded by the Argives and all the
+Arcadians. The reason of this perpetually-renewed attack on Phlius is
+not far to seek: partly it was the result of spleen, partly the little
+township stood midway between them, and they cherished the hope that
+through want of the necessaries of life they would bring it over.
+During this invasion the cavalry and the picked troop of the Phliasians,
+assisted by some Athenian knights, made another famous charge at the
+crossing of the river. (11) They made it so hot for the enemy that for
+the rest of that day he was forced to retire under the mountain ridges,
+and to hold aloof as if afraid to trample down the corn-crops of a
+friendly people on the flat below.
+
+ (10) B.C. 368 (or 367).
+
+ (11) The Asopus.
+
+Again another time (12) the Theban commander in Sicyon marched out
+against Phlius, taking with him the garrison under his personal command,
+with the Sicyonians and Pellenians (for at the date of the incident
+these states followed in the wake of Thebes). Euphron was there also
+with his mercenaries, about two thousand in number, to share the
+fortunes of the field. The mass of the troops began their descent on the
+Heraion by the Trikaranon, intending to ravage the flat bottom below. At
+the gate leading to Corinth the Theban general left his Sicyonians and
+Pellenians on the height, to prevent the Phliasians getting behind him
+at this point and so over the heads of his troops as they lay at the
+Heraion beneath. (13) As soon as the citizens of Phlius found that
+hostile troops were advancing on their corn-land, out dashed the cavalry
+with the chosen band of the Phliasians and gave battle, not suffering
+the enemy to penetrate into the plain. The best part of the day was
+spent in taking long shots at one another on that field; Euphron pushing
+his attack down to the point where cavalry could operate, the citizens
+retaliating as far as the Heraion. Presently the time to withdraw
+had come, and the enemy began to retire, following the circle of the
+Trikaranon; the short cut to reach the Pellenians being barred by the
+ravine which runs in front of the walls. The Phliasians escorted their
+retreating foes a little way up the steep, and then turning off dashed
+along the road beside the walls, making for the Pellenians and those
+with them; whereupon the Theban, perceiving the haste of the Phliasians,
+began racing with his infantry to outspeed them and bring succour to the
+Pellenians. The cavalry, however, arrived first and fell to attacking
+the Pellenians, who received and withstood the shock, and the cavalry
+drew back. A second time they charged, and were supported by some
+infantry detachments, which had now come up. It ended in a hand-to-hand
+fight; and eventually the enemy gave way. On the field lay dead some
+Sicyonians, and of the Pellenians many a good man. In record of the feat
+the Phliasians began to raise a trophy, as well they might; and loud and
+clear the paean rang. As to the Theban and Euphron, they and all their
+men stood by and stared at the proceedings, like men who had raced to
+see a sight. After all was over the one party retired to Sicyon and the
+other withdrew into their city.
+
+ (12) B.C. 367 (or 366).
+
+ (13) Lit. "above the Heraion" (where his main body lay).
+
+That too was another noble exploit of the Phliasians, when they took the
+Pellenian Proxenus prisoner and, although suffering from scarcity at the
+time, sent him back without a ransom. "As generous as brave," such is
+their well-earned title who were capable of such performance.
+
+The heroic resolution with which these men maintained their loyalty to
+their friends is manifest. When excluded from the fruits of their own
+soil, they contrived to live, partly by helping themselves from the
+enemy's territory, partly by purchasing from Corinth, though to reach
+that market they must run the gauntlet of a thousand risks; and having
+reached it their troubles began afresh. There were difficulties
+in providing the requisite sum, difficulties in arranging with the
+purveyors, and it was barely possible to find sureties for the very
+beasts which should carry home their marketing. They had reached the
+depth of despair, and were absolutely at a loss what to do, when they
+arranged with Chares to escort their convoy. Once safe inside Phlius,
+they begged him to help them to convey their useless and sick folk to
+Pellene. (14) These they left at that place; and after making purchases
+and packing as many beasts of burthen as they could, they set off to
+return in the night, not in ignorance that they would be laid in wait
+for by the enemy, but persuaded that the want of provisions was a worse
+evil than mere fighting.
+
+ (14) What is the date of this incident? See above, "Hell." VII. ii. 3;
+    below VII. iv. 17.
+
+The men of Phlius pushed forward with Chares; presently they stumbled on
+the enemy and at once grappled to their work. Pressing hard on the foe,
+they called cheerily to one another, and shouted at the same time to
+Chares to bring up his aid. In short, the victory was theirs; and the
+enemy was driven off the road; and so they got themselves and their
+supplies safely home. The long night-watching superinduced sleep which
+lasted well into the next day. But Chares was no sooner out of bed then
+he was accosted by the cavalry and the pick of the heavy infantry with
+the following appeal: "Chares, to-day you have it in your power to
+perform the noblest deed of arms. The Sicyonians are fortifying an
+outpost on our borders, they have plenty of stone-masons but a mere
+handful of hoplites. We the knights of Phlius and we the flower of our
+infantry force will lead the way; and you shall follow after with your
+mercenaries. Perhaps when you appear on the scene you will find the
+whole thing finished, or perhaps your coming will send the enemy flying,
+as happened at Pellene. If you do not like the sound of these proposals,
+sacrifice and take counsel of the gods. Our belief is that the gods
+will bid you yet more emphatically than we to take this step. Only this,
+Chares, you must well consider, that if you do take it you will have
+established an outpost on the enemy's frontier; you will have saved
+from perdition a friendly city; you will win eternal glory in your own
+fatherland; and among friends and foes alike no name will be heralded
+with louder praise than that of Chares."
+
+Chares was persuaded, and proceeded to offer sacrifice. Meanwhile the
+Phliasian cavalry were donning their breastplates and bridling their
+horses, and the heavy infantry made every preparation for the march.
+Then they took their arms, fell into line, and tramped off to the place
+of sacrifice. Chares with the soothsayer stepped forward to meet them,
+announcing that the victims were favourable. "Only wait for us," they
+exclaimed; "we will sally forth with you at once." The heralds' cry
+"To arms!" was sounded, and with a zeal which was almost miraculous the
+mercenaries themselves rushed out. As soon as Chares began the march,
+the Phliasian cavalry and infantry got in front of him. At first they
+led off at a smart pace; presently they began to bowl (15) along more
+quickly, and finally the cavalry were tearing over the ground might and
+main, whilst the infantry, at the greatest pace compatible with keeping
+their ranks, tore after them; and behind them, again, came Chares
+zealously following up in their rear. There only remained a brief
+interval of daylight before the sun went down, and they came upon the
+enemy in the fortress, some washing, some cooking a savoury meal, others
+kneading their bread, others making their beds. These, when they saw
+the vehemence of the attack, at once, in utter panic, took to flight,
+leaving behind all their provisions for the brave fellows who took their
+place. They, as their reward, made a fine supper off these stores and
+others which had come from home, pouring out libations for their good
+fortune and chanting the battle-hymn; after which they posted pickets
+for the night and slumbered well. The messenger with the news of their
+success at Thyamia arrived at Corinth in the night. The citizens of that
+state with hearty friendship at once ordered out by herald all the
+oxen and beasts of burthen, which they loaded with food and brought to
+Phlius; and all the while the fortress was building day by day these
+convoys of food were duly despatched.
+
+ (15) See "Anab." VII. iii. 46.
+
+
+
+III
+
+But on this topic enough, perhaps, has been said to demonstrate the
+loyalty of the men of Phlius to their friends, their bravery in war,
+and, lastly, their steadfastness in maintaining their alliance in spite
+of famine.
+
+B.C. 367-366. It seems to have been somewhere about this date that
+Aeneas the Stymphalian, (1) who had become general of the Arcadians,
+finding that the state of affairs in Sicyon was intolerable, marched
+up with his army into the acropolis. Here he summoned a meeting of the
+Sicyonian aristocrats already within the walls, and sent to fetch
+those others who had been banished without a decree of the people. (2)
+Euphron, taking fright at these proceedings, fled for safety to the
+harbour-town of Sicyon. Hither he summoned Pasimelus from Corinth, and
+by his instrumentality handed over the harbour to the Lacedaemonians.
+Once more reappearing in his old character, he began to pose as an ally
+of Sparta. He asserted that his fidelity to Lacedaemon had never been
+interrupted; for when the votes were given in the city whether Sicyon
+should give up her allegiance to Lacedaemon, "I, with one or two
+others," said he, "voted against the measure; but afterwards these
+people betrayed me, and in my desire to avenge myself on them I set up
+a democracy. At present all traitors to yourselves are banished--I have
+seen to that. If only I could get the power into my own hands, I would
+go over to you, city and all, at once. All that I can do at present,
+I have done; I have surrendered to you this harbour." That was what
+Euphron said to his audience there, but of the many who heard his words,
+how many really believed his words is by no means evident. However,
+since I have begun the story of Euphron, I desire to bring it to its
+close.
+
+ (1) Is this man the famous writer {o taktikos}, a portion of whose
+    works, the "Treatise on Siege Operations," has been preserved
+     (recently re-edited by Arnold Hug--"Commentarius Poliorceticus,"
+    Lips. Trubner, 1884)? So Casaubon supposed. Cf. "Com. Pol." 27,
+    where the writer mentions {paneia} as the Arcadian term for
+    "panics." Readers of the "Anabasis" will recollect the tragic end
+    of another Aeneas, also of Stymphalus, an Arcadian officer. On the
+    official title {strategos} (general), Freeman ("Hist. Fed. Gov."
+    204) notes that "at the head of the whole League there seems to
+    have been, as in so many other cases, a single Federal general."
+    Cf. Diod. xv. 62.
+
+ (2) See above, VII. i. 46.
+
+Faction and party strife ran high in Sicyon between the better classes
+and the people, when Euphron, getting a body of foreign troops from
+Athens, once more obtained his restoration. The city, with the help of
+the commons, he was master of, but the Theban governor held the citadel.
+Euphron, perceiving that he would never be able to dominate the state
+whilst the Thebans held the acropolis, collected money and set off to
+Thebes, intending to persuade the Thebans to expel the aristocrats and
+once again to hand over the city to himself. But the former exiles,
+having got wind of this journey of his, and of the whole intrigue, set
+off themselves to Thebes in front of him. (3) When, however, they
+saw the terms of intimacy on which he associated with the Theban
+authorities, in terror of his succeeding in his mission some of them
+staked their lives on the attempt and stabbed Euphron in the Cadmeia,
+where the magistrates and senate were seated. The magistrates, indeed,
+could not but indict the perpetrators of the deed before the senate, and
+spoke as follows:
+
+ (3) Or, "on an opposition journey."
+
+"Fellow-citizens, it is our duty to arraign these murderers of Euphron,
+the men before you, on the capital charge. Mankind may be said to
+fall into two classes: there are the wise and temperate, (4) who are
+incapable of any wrong and unhallowed deed; and there are the base, the
+bad, who do indeed such things, but try to escape the notice of their
+fellows. The men before you are exceptional. They have so far exceeded
+all the rest of men in audacity and foul villainy that, in the very
+presence of the magistrates and of yourselves, who alone have the power
+of life and death, they have taken the law into their own hands, (5) and
+have slain this man. But they stand now before the bar of justice, and
+they must needs pay the extreme penalty; for, if you spare them, what
+visitor will have courage to approach the city? Nay, what will become
+of the city itself, if license is to be given to any one who chooses to
+murder those who come here, before they have even explained the
+object of their visit? It is our part, then, to prosecute these men as
+arch-villains and miscreants, whose contempt for law and justice is only
+matched by the supreme indifference with which they treat this city. It
+is your part, now that you have heard the charges, to impose upon them
+that penalty which seems to be the measure of their guilt."
+
+ (4) Lit. "the sound of soul."
+
+ (5) Or, "they have been judge and jury both, and executioners to
+    boot."
+
+Such were the words of the magistrates. Among the men thus accused, all
+save one denied immediate participation in the act. It was not their
+hands that had dealt the blow. This one not only confessed the deed, but
+made a defence in words somewhat as follows:
+
+"As to treating you with indifference, men of Thebes, that is not
+possible for a man who knows that with you lies the power to deal with
+him as you list. Ask rather on what I based my confidence when I slew
+the man; and be well assured that, in the first place, I based it on the
+conviction that I was doing right; next, that your verdict will also
+be right and just. I knew assuredly how you dealt with Archias (6) and
+Hypates and that company whom you detected in conduct similar to that
+of Euphron: you did not stay for formal voting, but at the first
+opportunity within your reach you guided the sword of vengeance,
+believing that by the verdict of mankind a sentence of death had already
+been passed against the conspicuously profane person, the manifest
+traitor, and him who lays to his hand to become a tyrant. See, then,
+what follows. Euphron was liable on each of these several counts: he was
+a conspicuously profane person, who took into his keeping temples rich
+in votive offerings of gold and silver, and swept them bare of their
+sacred treasures; he was an arrant traitor--for what treason could
+be more manifest than Euphron's? First he was the bosom friend of
+Lacedaemon, but presently chose you in their stead; and, after exchange
+of solemn pledges between yourselves and him, once more turned round and
+played the traitor to you, and delivered up the harbour to your enemies.
+Lastly, he was most undisguisedly a tyrant, who made not free men only,
+but free fellow-citizens his slaves; who put to death, or drove into
+exile, or robbed of their wealth and property, not malefactors, note
+you, but the mere victims of his whim and fancy; and these were ever
+the better folk. Once again restored by the help of your sworn foes
+and antagonists, the Athenians, to his native town of Sicyon, the first
+thing he did was to take up arms against the governor from Thebes; but,
+finding himself powerless to drive him from the acropolis, he collected
+money and betook himself hither. Now, if it were proved that he had
+mustered armed bands to attack you, I venture to say, you would have
+thanked me that I slew him. What then, when he came furnished with vile
+moneys, to corrupt you therewith, to bribe you to make him once more
+lord and master of the state? How shall I, who dealt justice upon him,
+justly suffer death at your hands? For to be worsted in arms implies
+injury certainly, but of the body only: the defeated man is not proved
+to be dishonest by his loss of victory. But he who is corrupted by
+filthy lucre, contrary to the standard of what is best, (7) is at once
+injured and involved in shame.
+
+ (6) See above, V. iv. 2.
+
+ (7) Or, as we should say, "in violation of conscience."
+
+"Now if he had been your friend, however much he was my national foe,
+I do confess it had been scarce honourable of me to have stabbed him to
+death in your presence: but why, I should like to ask, should the man
+who betrayed you be less your enemy than mine? 'Ah, but,' I hear some
+one retort, 'he came of his own accord.' I presume, sir, you mean that
+had he chanced to be slain by somebody at a distance from your state,
+that somebody would have won your praise; but now, on the ground that
+he came back here to work mischief on the top of mischief, 'he had the
+right to live'! (8) In what part of Hellas, tell me, sir, do Hellenes
+keep a truce with traitors, double-dyed deserters, and tyrants?
+Moreover, I must remind you that you passed a resolution--if I mistake
+not, it stands recorded in your parliamentary minutes--that 'renegades
+are liable to be apprehended (9) in any of the allied cities.' Now, here
+is a renegade restoring himself without any common decree of the allied
+states: will any one tell me on what ground this person did not deserve
+to die? What I maintain, sirs, is that if you put me to death, by so
+doing you will be aiding and abetting your bitterest foe; while, by
+a verdict sanctioning the justice of my conduct, you will prove your
+willingness to protect the interests not of yourselves only, but of the
+whole body of your allies."
+
+ (8) Or, "he was wrongfully slain."
+
+ (9) For this right of extradition see Plut. "Lys." xxvii.
+
+The Thebans on hearing these pleadings decided that Euphron had only
+suffered the fate which he deserved. His own countrymen, however,
+conveyed away the body with the honours due to a brave and good man, and
+buried him in the market-place, where they still pay pious reverence to
+his memory as "a founder of the state." So strictly, it would seem, do
+the mass of mankind confine the term brave and good to those who are the
+benefactors of themselves.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+B.C. 366. And so ends the history of Euphron. I return to the point
+reached at the commencement of this digression. (1) The Phliasians were
+still fortifying Thyamia, and Chares was still with them, when Oropus
+(2) was seized by the banished citizens of that place. The Athenians
+in consequence despatched an expedition in full force to the point of
+danger, and recalled Chares from Thyamia; whereupon the Sicyonians and
+the Arcadians seized the opportunity to recapture the harbour of Sicyon.
+Meanwhile the Athenians, forced to act single-handed, with none of their
+allies to assist them, retired from Oropus, leaving that town in the
+hands of the Thebans as a deposit till the case at issue could be
+formally adjudicated.
+
+ (1) See above, VII. ii. 23; iii. 3; Diod. xv. 76.
+
+ (2) See Thuc. viii. 60.
+
+Now Lycomedes (3) had discovered that the Athenians were harbouring a
+grievance against her allies, as follows:--They felt it hard that, while
+Athens was put to vast trouble on their account, yet in her need not a
+man among them stepped forward to render help. Accordingly he persuaded
+the assembly of Ten Thousand to open negotiations with Athens for the
+purpose of forming an alliance. (4) At first some of the Athenians were
+vexed that they, being friends of Lacedaemon, should become allied to
+her opponents; but on further reflection they discovered it was no less
+desirable for the Lacedaemonians than for themselves that the Arcadians
+should become independent of Thebes. That being so, they were quite
+ready to accept an Arcadian alliance. Lycomedes himself was still
+engaged on this transaction when, taking his departure from Athens, he
+died, in a manner which looked like divine intervention.
+
+ (3) See above, VII. i. 23.
+
+ (4) This proves that "the Ten Thousand made war and peace in the name
+    of all Arkadia"; cf. "Hell." VII. i. 38; Diod. xv. 59. "They
+    received and listened to the ambassadors of other Greek states";
+    Demosth. "F. L." 220. "They regulated and paid the standing army
+    of the Federation"; "Hell." VII. iv. 22, 23; Diod. xv. 62. "They
+    sat in judgment on political offenders against the collective
+    majority of the Arkadian League"; "Hell." VII. iv. 33; Freeman,
+    "Hist. Fed. Gov." 203, note 1.
+
+Out of the many vessels at his service he had chosen the one he liked
+best, and by the terms of contract was entitled to land at any point he
+might desire; but for some reason, selected the exact spot where a body
+of Mantinean exiles lay. Thus he died; but the alliance on which he had
+set his heart was already consummated.
+
+Now an argument was advanced by Demotion (5) in the Assembly of Athens,
+approving highly of the friendship with the Arcadians, which to his
+mind was an excellent thing, but arguing that the generals should be
+instructed to see that Corinth was kept safe for the Athenian people.
+The Corinthians, hearing this, lost no time in despatching garrisons of
+their own large enough to take the place of the Athenian garrisons at
+any point where they might have them, with orders to these latter to
+retire: "We have no further need of foreign garrisons," they said. The
+garrisons did as they were bid.
+
+ (5) Of Demotion nothing more, I think, is known. Grote ("H. G." x.
+    397) says: "The public debates of the Athenian assembly were not
+    favourable to the success of a scheme like that proposed by
+    Demotion, to which secrecy was indispensable. Compare another
+    scheme" (the attempted surprise of Mitylene, B.C. 428), "divulged
+    in like manner, in Thuc. iii. 3."
+
+As soon as the Athenian garrison troops were met together in the city
+of Corinth, the Corinthian authorities caused proclamation to be made
+inviting all Athenians who felt themselves wronged to enter their names
+and cases upon a list, and they would recover their dues. While things
+were in this state, Chares arrived at Cenchreae with a fleet. Learning
+what had been done, he told them that he had heard there were designs
+against the state of Corinth, and had come to render assistance. The
+authorities, while thanking him politely for his zeal, were not any
+the more ready to admit the vessels into the harbour, but bade him sail
+away; and after rendering justice to the infantry troops, they sent
+them away likewise. Thus the Athenians were quit of Corinth. To the
+Arcadians, to be sure, they were forced by the terms of their alliance
+to send an auxiliary force of cavalry, "in case of any foreign attack
+upon Arcadia." At the same time they were careful not to set foot on
+Laconian soil for the purposes of war.
+
+The Corinthians had begun to realise on how slender a thread their
+political existence hung. They were overmastered by land still as ever,
+with the further difficulty of Athenian hostility, or quasi-hostility,
+now added. They resolved to collect bodies of mercenary troops, both
+infantry and horse. At the head of these they were able at once to guard
+their state and to inflict much injury on their neighbouring foes. To
+Thebes, indeed, they sent ambassadors to ascertain whether they would
+have any prospect of peace if they came to seek it. The Thebans bade
+them come: "Peace they should have." Whereupon the Corinthians asked
+that they might be allowed to visit their allies; in making peace they
+would like to share it with those who cared for it, and would leave
+those who preferred war to war. This course also the Thebans sanctioned;
+and so the Corinthians came to Lacedaemon and said:
+
+"Men of Lacedaemon, we, your friends, are here to present a petition,
+and on this wise. If you can discover any safety for us whilst we
+persist in warlike courses, we beg that you will show it us; but if
+you recognise the hopelessness of our affairs, we would, in that case,
+proffer this alternative: if peace is alike conducive to your interests,
+we beg that you would join us in making peace, since there is no one
+with whom we would more gladly share our safety than with you; if, on
+the other hand, you are persuaded that war is more to your interest,
+permit us at any rate to make peace for ourselves. So saved to-day,
+perhaps we may live to help you in days to come; whereas, if to-day we
+be destroyed, plainly we shall never at any time be serviceable again."
+
+The Lacedaemonians, on hearing these proposals, counselled the
+Corinthians to arrange a peace on their own account; and as for the rest
+of their allies, they permitted any who did not care to continue the
+war along with them to take a respite and recruit themselves. "As for
+ourselves," they said, "we will go on fighting and accept whatever
+Heaven has in store for us,"--adding, "never will we submit to be
+deprived of our territory of Messene, which we received as an heirloom
+from our fathers." (6)
+
+ (6) See Isocr. "Or." vi. "Archidamos," S. 70; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii.
+    193.
+
+Satisfied with this answer, the Corinthians set off to Thebes in quest
+of peace. The Thebans, indeed, asked them to agree on oath, not to peace
+only but an alliance; to which they answered: "An alliance meant, not
+peace, but merely an exchange of war. If they liked, they were ready
+there and then," they repeated, "to establish a just and equitable
+peace." And the Thebans, admiring the manner in which, albeit in danger,
+they refused to undertake war against their benefactors, conceded to
+them and the Phliasians and the rest who came with them to Thebes, peace
+on the principle that each should hold their own territory. On these
+terms the oaths were taken.
+
+Thereupon the Phliasians, in obedience to the compact, at once retired
+from Thyamia; but the Argives, who had taken the oath of peace on
+precisely the same terms, finding that they were unable to procure the
+continuance of the Phliasian exiles in the Trikaranon as a point held
+within the limits of Argos, (7) took over and garrisoned the place,
+asserting now that this land was theirs--land which only a little while
+before they were ravaging as hostile territory. Further, they refused
+to submit the case to arbitration in answer to the challenge of the
+Phliasians.
+
+ (7) Or, "as a post held by them within the territory of the state."
+    The passage is perhaps corrupt.
+
+It was nearly at the same date that the son of Dionysius (8) (his
+father, Dionysius the first, being already dead) sent a reinforcement
+to Lacedaemon of twelve triremes under Timocrates, who on his arrival
+helped the Lacedaemonians to recover Sellasia, and after that exploit
+sailed away home.
+
+ (8) Concerning Dionysius the first, see above, VII. i. 20 foll. 28.
+
+B.C. 366-365. Not long after this the Eleians seized Lasion, (9) a
+place which in old days was theirs, but at present was attached to the
+Arcadian league. The Arcadians did not make light of the matter,
+but immediately summoned their troops and rallied to the rescue.
+Counter-reliefs came also on the side of Elis--their Three Hundred, and
+again their Four Hundred. (10) The Eleians lay encamped during the day
+face to face with the invader, but on a somewhat more level position.
+The Arcadians were thereby induced under cover of night to mount on to
+the summit of the hill overhanging the Eleians, and at day-dawn they
+began their descent upon the enemy. The Eleians soon caught sight of
+the enemy advancing from the vantage ground above them, many times
+their number; but a sense of shame forbade retreat at such a distance.
+Presently they came to close quarters; there was a hand-to-hand
+encounter; the Eleians turned and fled; and in retiring down the
+difficult ground lost many men and many arms.
+
+ (9) See above, VII. i. 26; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 201.
+
+ (10) From the sequel it would appear that the former were a picked
+    corps of infantry and the latter of cavalry. See Thuc. ii. 25;
+    Busolt, op. cit. p. 175 foll.
+
+Flushed with this achievement the Arcadians began marching on the cities
+of the Acroreia, (11) which, with the exception of Thraustus, they
+captured, and so reached Olympia. There they made an entrenched camp on
+the hill of Kronos, established a garrison, and held control over the
+Olympian hill-country. Margana also, by help of a party inside who gave
+it up, next fell into their hands.
+
+ (11) The mountainous district of Elis on the borders of Arcadia,  in
+    which the rivers Peneius and Ladon take their rise; see "Dict. of
+    Anct. Geog." s.v.; above, III. ii. 30, IV. ii. 16. Thraustus was
+    one of the four chief townships of the district. For Margana, see
+    above, III. ii. 25, 30, IV. ii. 16, VI. v. 2.
+
+These successive advantages gained by their opponents reacted on the
+Eleians, and threw them altogether into despair. Meanwhile the Arcadians
+were steadily advancing upon their capital. (12) At length they arrived,
+and penetrated into the market-place. Here, however, the cavalry and the
+rest of the Eleians made a stand, drove the enemy out with some loss,
+and set up a trophy.
+
+ (12) I.e. Elis.
+
+It should be mentioned that the city of Elis had previously been in a
+state of disruption. The party of Charopus, Thrasonidas and Argeius
+were for converting the state into a democracy; the party of Eualcas,
+Hippias, and Stratolas (13) were for oligarchy. When the Arcadians,
+backed by a large force, appeared as allies of those who favoured a
+democratic constitution, the party of Charopus were at once emboldened;
+and, having obtained the promise of assistance from the Arcadians,
+they seized the acropolis. The Knights and the Three Hundred did not
+hesitate, but at once marched up and dislodged them; with the result
+that about four hundred citizens, with Argeius and Charopus, were
+banished. Not long afterwards these exiles, with the help of some
+Arcadians, seized and occupied Pylus; (14) where many of the commons
+withdrew from the capital to join them, attracted not only by the beauty
+of the position, but by the great power of the Arcadians, in alliance
+with them.
+
+ (13) See below, VII. iv. 31; Busolt, op. cit. p. 175.
+
+ (14) Pylus, a town in "hollow" Elis, upon the mountain road from Elis
+    to Olympia, at the place where the Ladon flows into the Peneius
+    (Paus. VI. xxii. 5), near the modern village of Agrapidokhori.--
+    Baedeker, "Greece," p. 320. See Busolt, p. 179.
+
+There was subsequently another invasion of the territory of the Eleians
+on the part of the Arcadians, who were influenced by the representations
+of the exiles that the city would come over to them. But the attempt
+proved abortive. The Achaeans, who had now become friends with the
+Eleians, kept firm guard on the capital, so that the Arcadians had
+to retire without further exploit than that of ravaging the country.
+Immediately, however, on marching out of Eleian territory they were
+informed that the men of Pellene were in Elis; whereupon they executed
+a marvellously long night march and seized the Pellenian township of
+Olurus (15) (the Pellenians at the date in question having already
+reverted to their old alliance with Lacedaemon). And now the men of
+Pellene, in their turn getting wind of what had happened at Olurus,
+made their way round as best they could, and got into their own city of
+Pellene; after which there was nothing for it but to carry on war with
+the Arcadians in Olurus and the whole body of their own commons; and in
+spite of their small numbers they did not cease till they had reduced
+Olurus by siege.
+
+ (15) This fortress (placed by Leake at modern Xylokastro) lay at the
+    entrance of the gorge of the Sys, leading from the Aigialos or
+    coast-land into the territory of Pellene, which itself lay about
+    sixty stades from the sea at modern Zougra. For the part played by
+    Pellene as one of the twelve Achaean states at this period, see
+    above.
+
+B.C. 365. (16) The Arcadians were presently engaged on another campaign
+against Elis. While they were encamped between Cyllene (17) and the
+capital the Eleians attacked them, but the Arcadians made a stand
+and won the battle. Andromachus, the Eleian cavalry general, who was
+regarded as responsible for the engagement, made an end of himself;
+and the rest withdrew into the city. This battle cost the life also
+of another there present--the Spartan Socleides; since, it will be
+understood, the Lacedaemonians had by this time become allies of the
+Eleians. Consequently the Eleians, being sore pressed on their own
+territory, sent an embassy and begged the Lacedaemonians to organise an
+expedition against the Arcadians. They were persuaded that in this way
+they would best arrest the progress of the Arcadians, who would thus
+be placed between the two foes. In accordance with this suggestion
+Archidamus marched out with a body of the city troops and seized
+Cromnus. (18) Here he left a garrison--three out of the twelve regiments
+(19)--and so withdrew homewards. The Arcadians had just ended their
+Eleian campaign, and, without disbanding their levies, hastened to the
+rescue, surrounded Cromnus with a double line of trenches, and having
+so secured their position, proceeded to lay siege to those inside the
+place. The city of Lacedaemon, annoyed at the siege of their citizens,
+sent out an army, again under Archidamus, who, when he had come, set
+about ravaging Arcadia to the best of his power, as also the Sciritid,
+and did all he could to draw off, if possible, the besieging army. The
+Arcadians, for all that, were not one whit the more to be stirred: they
+seemed callous to all his proceedings.
+
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." x. 429 foll.; al. B.C. 364.
+
+ (17) The port town of Elis.
+
+ (18) Cromnus, a township near Megalopolis. See Callisthenes, ap.
+    Athen. 10, p. 452 A. See Schneider's note ad loc.
+
+ (19) Lit. "lochi." See Arnold's note to Thuc. v. 68; below, VII. v.
+    10.
+
+Presently espying a certain rising ground, across which the Arcadians
+had drawn their outer line of circumvallation, Archidamus proposed
+to himself to take it. If he were once in command of that knoll, the
+besiegers at its foot would be forced to retire. Accordingly he set
+about leading a body of troops round to the point in question, and
+during this movement the light infantry in advance of Archidamus,
+advancing at the double, caught sight of the Arcadian Eparitoi (20)
+outside the stockade and attacked them, while the cavalry made an
+attempt to enforce their attack simultaneously. The Arcadians did not
+swerve: in compact order they waited impassively. The Lacedaemonians
+charged a second time: a second time they swerved not, but on the
+contrary began advancing. Then, as the hoarse roar and shouting
+deepened, Archidamus himself advanced in support of his troops. To do
+so he turned aside along the carriage-road leading to Cromnus, and moved
+onward in column two abreast, (21) which was his natural order. When
+they came into close proximity to one another--Archidamus's troops in
+column, seeing they were marching along a road; the Arcadians in compact
+order with shields interlinked--at this conjuncture the Lacedaemonians
+were not able to hold out for any length of time against the numbers of
+the Arcadians. Before long Archidamus had received a wound which pierced
+through his thigh, whilst death was busy with those who fought in
+front of him, Polyaenidas and Chilon, who was wedded to the sister of
+Archidamus, included. The whole of these, numbering no less than thirty,
+perished in this action. Presently, falling back along the road,
+they emerged into the open ground, and now with a sense of relief the
+Lacedaemonians got themselves into battle order, facing the foe. The
+Arcadians, without altering their position, stood in compact line, and
+though falling short in actual numbers, were in far better heart--the
+moral result of an attack on a retreating enemy and the severe loss
+inflicted on him. The Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, were sorely
+down-hearted: Archidamus lay wounded before their eyes; in their ears
+rang the names of those who had died, the fallen being not only brave
+men, but, one may say, the flower of Spartan chivalry. The two armies
+were now close together, when one of the older men lifted up his voice
+and cried: "Why need we fight, sirs? Why not rather make truce and part
+friends?" Joyously the words fell on the ears of either host, and they
+made a truce. The Lacedaemonians picked up their dead and retired; the
+Arcadians withdrew to the point where their advance originally began,
+and set up a trophy of victory.
+
+ (20) So the troops of the Arcadian Federation were named. Diodorus
+    (xv. 62) calls them "the select troops," {tous kaloumenous
+    epilektous}.
+
+ (21) See above, III. i. 22.
+
+Now, as the Arcadians lay at Cromnus, the Eleians from the capital,
+advancing in the first instance upon Pylus, fell in with the men of that
+place, who had been beaten back from Thalamae. (22) Galloping along the
+road, the cavalry of the Eleians, when they caught sight of them, did
+not hesitate, but dashed at them at once, and put some to the sword,
+while others of them fled for safety to a rising knoll. Ere long the
+Eleian infantry arrived, and succeeded in dislodging this remnant on the
+hillock also; some they slew, and others, nearly two hundred in number,
+they took alive, all of whom where either sold, if foreigners, or, if
+Eleian exiles, put to death. After this the Eleians captured the men
+of Pylus and the place itself, as no one came to their rescue, and
+recovered the Marganians.
+
+ (22) A strong fortress in an unfrequented situation, defended by
+    narrow passes (Leake, "Morea," ii. 204); it lay probably in the
+    rocky recesses of Mount Scollis (modern Santameri), on the
+    frontier of Achaea, near the modern village of Santameri. See
+    Polyb. iv. 75. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 179.
+
+The Lacedaemonians presently made a second attempt on Cromnus by a night
+attack, got possession of the part of the palisading facing the Argives,
+and at once began summoning their besieged fellow-citizens to come out.
+Out accordingly came all who happened to be within easy distance, and
+who took time by the forelock. The rest were not quick enough; a strong
+Arcadian reinforcement cut them off, and they remained shut up inside,
+and were eventually taken prisoners and distributed. One portion of
+them fell to the lot of the Argives, one to the Thebans, (23) one to the
+Arcadians, and one to the Messenians. The whole number taken, whether
+true-born Spartans or Perioeci, amounted to more than one hundred.
+
+ (23) "The Thebans must have been soldiers in garrison at Tegea,
+    Megalopolis, or Messene."--Grote, "H. G." x. 433.
+
+B.C. 364. And now that the Arcadians had leisure on the side of Cromnus,
+they were again able to occupy themselves with the Eleians, and to
+keep Olympia still more strongly garrisoned. In anticipation of the
+approaching Olympic year, (24) they began preparations to celebrate the
+Olympian games in conjunction with the men of Pisa, who claim to be
+the original presidents of the Temple. (25) Now, when the month of the
+Olympic Festival--and not the month only, but the very days, during
+which the solemn assembly is wont to meet, were come, the Eleians, in
+pursuance of preparations and invitations to the Achaeans, of which they
+made no secret, at length proceeded to march along the road to Olympia.
+The Arcadians had never imagined that they would really attack them; and
+they were themselves just now engaged with the men of Pisa in carrying
+out the details of the solemn assembly. They had already completed the
+chariot-race, and the foot-race of the pentathlon. (26) The competitors
+entitled to enter for the wrestling match had left the racecourse, and
+were getting through their bouts in the space between the racecourse and
+the great altar.
+
+ (24) I.e. "Ol. 104. 1" (July B.C. 364).
+
+ (25) For this claim on the part of the Pisatans (as the old
+    inhabitants), see above, III. ii. 31; Paus. VI. xxii. 2; Diod. xv.
+    78; Busolt, op. cit. p. 154.
+
+ (26) As to the pentathlon, see above, IV. vii. 5. Whether the
+    preceding {ippodromia} was, at this date, a horse or chariot race,
+    or both, I am unable to say.
+
+It must be understood that the Eleians under arms were already close at
+hand within the sacred enclosure. (27) The Arcadians, without advancing
+farther to meet them, drew up their troops on the river Cladaus, which
+flows past the Altis and discharges itself into the Alpheus. Their
+allies, consisting of two hundred Argive hoplites and about four hundred
+Athenian cavalry, were there to support them. Presently the Eleians
+formed into line on the opposite side of the stream, and, having
+sacrificed, at once began advancing. Though heretofore in matters of
+war despised by Arcadians and Argives, by Achaeans and Athenians alike,
+still on this day they led the van of the allied force like the bravest
+of the brave. Coming into collision with the Arcadians first, they at
+once put them to flight, and next receiving the attack of the Argive
+supports, mastered these also. Then having pursued them into the space
+between the senate-house, the temple of Hestia, and the theatre thereto
+adjoining, they still kept up the fighting as fiercely as ever, pushing
+the retreating foe towards the great altar. But now being exposed to
+missiles from the porticoes and the senate-house and the great temple,
+(28) while battling with their opponents on the level, some of the
+Eleians were slain, and amongst others the commander of the Three
+Hundred himself, Stratolas. At this state of the proceedings they
+retired to their camp.
+
+ (27) "The {temenos} must here be distinguished from the Altis, as
+    meaning the entire breadth of consecrated ground at Olympia, of
+    which the Altis formed a smaller interior portion enclosed with a
+    wall. The Eleians entered into a {temenos} before they crossed the
+    river Kladeus, which flowed through the {temenos}, but alongside
+    the Altis. The tomb of Oenomaus, which was doubtless included in
+    the {temenos}, was on the right bank of the Kladeus (Paus. VI.
+    xxi. 3); while the Altis was on the left bank of the river."--
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 438, note 1. For the position of the Altis
+    (Paus. V. x. 1) and several of the buildings here mentioned, and
+    the topography of Olympia in general, see Baedeker's "Greece," p.
+    322 foll.; and Dorpfeld's Plan ("Olympia und Umgegend," Berlin,
+    1882), there reproduced.
+
+ (28) Or, "from the porticoes of the senate-house and the great
+    temple."
+
+The Arcadians and those with them were so terrified at the thought of
+the coming day that they gave themselves neither respite nor repose
+that night, but fell to chopping up the carefully-compacted booths and
+constructing them into palisades; so that when the Eleians did again
+advance the next day and saw the strength of the barriers and the number
+mounted on the temples, they withdrew to their city. They had proved
+themselves to be warriors of such mettle as a god indeed by the breath
+of his spirit may raise up and bring to perfection in a single day, but
+into which it were impossible for mortal men to convert a coward even in
+a lifetime.
+
+B.C. 363. The employment of the sacred treasures of the temple by the
+Arcadian magistrates (29) as a means of maintaining the Eparitoi (30)
+aroused protest. The Mantineans were the first to pass a resolution
+forbidding such use of the sacred property. They set the example
+themselves of providing the necessary quota for the Troop in question
+from their state exchequer, and this sum they sent to the federal
+government. The latter, affirming that the Mantineans were undermining
+the Arcadian league, retaliated by citing their leading statesmen to
+appear before the assembly of Ten Thousand; and on their refusal to
+obey the summons, passed sentence upon them, and sent the Eparitoi to
+apprehend them as convicted persons. The Mantineans, however, closed
+their gates, and would not admit the Troop within their walls. Their
+example was speedily followed: others among the Ten Thousand began to
+protest against the enormity of so applying the sacred treasures; it
+was doubly wrong to leave as a perpetual heirloom to their children the
+imputation of a crime so heinous against the gods. But no sooner was a
+resolution passed in the general assembly (31) forbidding the use of the
+sacred moneys for profane purposes than those (members of the league)
+who could not have afforded to serve as Eparitoi without pay began
+speedily to melt away; while those of more independent means, with
+mutual encouragement, began to enrol themselves in the ranks of the
+Eparitoi--the feeling being that they ought not to be a mere tool in
+the hands of the corps, but rather that the corps itself should be their
+instrument. Those members of the government who had manipulated the
+sacred money soon saw that when they came to render an account of
+their stewardship, in all likelihood they would lose their heads. They
+therefore sent an embassy to Thebes, with instructions to the Theban
+authorities warning them that, if they did not open a campaign, the
+Arcadians would in all probability again veer round to Lacedaemon.
+
+ (29) See above, VII. i. 24. "Were these magistrates, or merely popular
+    leaders?"--Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 203, note 3.
+
+ (30) Or, "Select Troop." See above.
+
+ (31) "The common formula for a Greek confederation, {to koinon ton
+    'Arkadon}, is used as an equivalent of {oi mupioi}" (here and
+    below, SS. 35, 38)--Freeman, op. cit. 202, note 4.
+
+The Thebans, therefore, began making preparations for opening a
+campaign, but the party who consulted the best interests of Peloponnese
+(32) persuaded the general assembly of the Arcadians to send an embassy
+and tell the Thebans not to advance with an army into Arcadia, unless
+they sent for them; and whilst this was the language they addressed to
+Thebes, they reasoned among themselves that they could dispense with war
+altogether. The presidency over the temple of Zeus, they were persuaded,
+they might easily dispense with; indeed, it would at once be a more
+upright and a holier proceeding on their parts to give it back, and with
+such conduct the god, they thought, might be better pleased. As these
+were also the views and wishes of the Eleians, both parties agreed to
+make peace, and a truce was established.
+
+ (32) See below, VII. v. 1, {oi kedouenoi tes Peloponnesou}. I regard
+    these phrases as self-laudatory political catchwords.
+
+B.C. 362. The oaths were ratified; and amongst those who swore to them
+were included not only the parties immediately concerned, but the men of
+Tegea, and the Theban general himself, who was inside Tegea with three
+hundred heavy infantry of the Boeotians. Under these circumstances the
+Arcadians in Tegea remained behind feasting and keeping holy day,
+with outpouring of libations and songs of victory, to celebrate the
+establishment of peace. Here was an opportunity for the Theban and
+those of the government who regarded the forthcoming inquiry with
+apprehension. Aided by the Boeotians and those of the Eparitoi who
+shared their sentiments, they first closed the gates of the fortress of
+Tegea, and then set about sending to the various quarters to apprehend
+those of the better class. But, inasmuch as there were Arcadians present
+from all the cities, and there was a general desire for peace, those
+apprehended must needs be many. So much so, that the prison-house was
+eventually full to overflowing, and the town-hall was full also. Besides
+the number lodged in prison, a number had escaped by leaping down the
+walls, and there were others who were suffered to pass through the
+gates (a laxity easily explained, since no one, excepting those who were
+anticipating their own downfall, cherished any wrathful feeling against
+anybody). But what was a source of still graver perplexity to the Theban
+commander and those acting with him--of the Mantineans, the very people
+whom they had set their hearts on catching, they had got but very few.
+Nearly all of them, owing to the proximity of their city, had, in fact,
+betaken themselves home. Now, when day came and the Mantineans learned
+what had happened, they immediately sent and forewarned the other
+Arcadian states to be ready in arms, and to guard the passes; and they
+set the example themselves by so doing. They sent at the same time to
+Tegea and demanded the release of all Mantineans there detained. With
+regard to the rest of the Arcadians they further claimed that no one
+should be imprisoned or put to death without trial. If any one had any
+accusation to bring against any, than by the mouth of their messengers
+there present they gave notice that the state of Mantinea was ready to
+offer bail, "Verily and indeed to produce before the general assembly
+of the Arcadians all who might be summoned into court." The Theban
+accordingly, on hearing this, was at a loss what to make of the affair,
+and released his prisoners. Next day, summoning a congress of all the
+Arcadians who chose to come, he explained, with some show of apology,
+that he had been altogether deceived; he had heard, he said, that "the
+Lacedaemonians were under arms on the frontier, and that some of the
+Arcadians were about to betray Tegea into their hands." His auditors
+acquitted him for the moment, albeit they knew that as touching
+themselves he was lying. They sent, however, an embassy to Thebes and
+there accused him as deserving of death. Epaminondas (who was at that
+time the general at the head of the war department) is reported to have
+maintained that the Theban commander had acted far more rightly when he
+seized than when he let go the prisoners. "Thanks to you," he argued,
+"we have been brought into a state of war, and then you, without our
+advice or opinion asked, make peace on your own account; would it not
+be reasonable to retort upon you the charge of treason in such conduct?
+Anyhow, be assured," he added, "we shall bring an army into Arcadia,
+and along with those who share our views carry on the war which we have
+undertaken."
+
+
+
+V
+
+B.C. 362. This answer was duly reported to the general assembly of the
+Arcadians, and throughout the several states of the league. Consequently
+the Mantineans, along with those of the Arcadians who had the interests
+of Peloponnesus at heart, as also the Eleians and the Achaeans, came
+to the conclusion that the policy of the Thebans was plain. They wished
+Peloponnesus to be reduced to such an extremity of weakness that it
+might fall an easy prey into their hands who were minded to enslave it.
+"Why else," they asked, "should they wish us to fight, except that we
+may tear each other to pieces, and both sides be driven to look to them
+for support? or why, when we tell them that we have no need of them at
+present, do they insist on preparing for a foreign campaign? Is it not
+plain that these preparations are for an expedition which will do us
+some mischief?"
+
+In this mood they sent to Athens, (1) calling on the Athenians for
+military aid. Ambassadors also went to Lacedaemon on behalf of the
+Eparitoi, summoning the Lacedaemonians, if they wished to give a helping
+hand, to put a stop to the proceedings of any power approaching
+to enslave Peloponnesus. As regards the headship, they came to an
+arrangement at once, on the principle that each of the allied states
+should exercise the generalship within its own territory.
+
+ (1) For a treaty of alliance between Athens, the Arkadians, Achaeans,
+    Eleians, and Phliasians, immediately before Mantinea, B.C. 362,
+    {epi Molonos arkhontos}, see Hicks, 94; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p.
+    405. It is preserved on a stele ("broken at bottom; but the top is
+    surmounted by a relief representing Zeus enthroned, with a
+    thunderbolt; a female figure  (= the {Summakhia}?) approaches
+    lifting her veil, while Athena stands by") now standing among the
+    sculptures from the Asklepieion on the Acropolis at Athens. See
+    Milchhofer, p. 47, no. 7, "Die Museum," Athens, 1881. For the
+    date, see Demosth. "c. Polycl." 1207.
+
+While these matters were in progress, Epaminondas was prosecuting his
+march at the head of all the Boeotians, with the Euboeans, and a
+large body of Thessalians, furnished both by Alexander (2) and by his
+opponents. The Phocians were not represented. Their special agreement
+only required them to render assistance in case of an attack on Thebes;
+to assist in a hostile expedition against others was not in the bond.
+Epaminondas, however, reflected that inside Peloponnesus itself they
+might count upon the Argives and the Messenians, with that section of
+the Arcadians which shared their views. These latter were the men of
+Tegea and Megalopolis, of Asea and Pallantium, with any townships which
+owing to their small size or their position in the midst of these larger
+cities were forced to follow their lead.
+
+ (2) For Alexander of Pherae, see above, VI. iv. 34. In B.C. 363 the
+    Thebans had sent an army under Pelopidas into Thessaly to assist
+    their allies among the Thessalians with the Phthiot Achaeans and
+    the Magnetes against Alexander. At Kynos Kephelae Alexander was
+    defeated, but Pelopidas was slain (see Grote, "H. G." x. 420
+    foll.). "His death, as it brought grief, so likewise it produced
+    advantage to the allies; for the Thebans, as soon as they heard of
+    his fall, delayed not their revenge, but presently sent seven
+    thousand foot and seven hundred horse, under the command of
+    Malcitas and Diogiton. And they, finding Alexander weak and
+    without forces, compelled him to restore the cities he had taken,
+    to withdraw his garrisons from the Magnesians and Achaeans of
+    Phthiotos and swear to assist the Thebans against whatsoever
+    enemies they should require."--Plut. "Pelop." 35 (Clough, ii.
+    236).
+
+Epaminondas advanced with rapid strides; but on reaching Nemea he
+slackened speed, hoping to catch the Athenians as they passed,
+and reflecting on the magnitude of such an achievement, whether in
+stimulating the courage of his own allies, or in plunging his foes into
+despondency; since, to state the matter concisely, any blow to Athens
+would be a gain to Thebes. But during his pause at Nemea those who
+shared the opposite policy had time to converge on Mantinea. Presently
+the news reached Epaminondas that the Athenians had abandoned the idea
+of marching by land, and were preparing to bring their supports to
+Arcadia by sea through Lacedaemon. This being so, he abandoned his base
+of Nemea and pushed on to Tegea.
+
+That the strategy of the Theban general was fortunate I will not pretend
+to assert, but in the particular combination of prudence and daring
+which stamps these exploits, I look upon him as consummate. In the first
+place, I cannot but admire the sagacity which led him to form his camp
+within the walls of Tegea, where he was in greater security that he
+would have been if entrenched outside, and where his future movements
+were more completely concealed from the enemy. Again, the means to
+collect material and furnish himself with other necessaries were readier
+to his hand inside the city; while, thirdly, he was able to keep an eye
+on the movements of his opponents marching outside, and to watch their
+successful dispositions as well as their mistakes. More than this: in
+spite of his sense of superiority to his antagonists, over and over
+again, when he saw them gaining some advantage in position, he refused
+to be drawn out to attack them. It was only when he saw plainly that no
+city was going to give him its adhesion, and that time was slipping by,
+that he made up his mind that a blow must be struck, failing which, he
+had nothing to expect save a vast ingloriousness, in place of his former
+fame. (3) He had ascertained that his antagonists held a strong position
+round Mantinea, and that they had sent to fetch Agesilaus and the whole
+Lacedaemonian army. He was further aware that Agesilaus had commenced
+his advance and was already at Pellene. (4) Accordingly he passed
+the word of command (5) to his troops to take their evening meal, put
+himself at their head and advanced straight upon Sparta. Had it not been
+for the arrival (by some providential chance) of a Cretan, who brought
+the news to Agesilaus of the enemy's advance, he would have captured
+the city of Sparta like a nest of young birds absolutely bereft of its
+natural defenders. As it was, Agesilaus, being forewarned, had time to
+return to the city before the Thebans came, and here the Spartans made
+distribution of their scanty force and maintained watch and ward, albeit
+few enough in numbers, since the whole of their cavalry were away in
+Arcadia, and so was their foreign brigade, and so were three out of
+their twelve regiments. (6)
+
+ (3) Or, "dull obscurity in place of renown."
+
+ (4) Pellene (or Pellana), a town of Laconia on the Eurotas, and on the
+    road from Sparta to Arcadia; in fact the frontier fortress on the
+    Eurotas, as Sellasia on the Oenus; "Dict. of Anct. Geog." s.v.;
+    see Paus. iii. 20, S. 2; Strab. viii. 386; Polyb. iv. 81, xvi. 37;
+    Plut. "Agis," 8; Leake, "Morea," iii. 14 foll.
+
+ (5) Cf. "Hipparch." iv. 9.
+
+ (6) Lit. "lochi." See above, VII. iv. 20; "Pol. Lac." xi. 4.
+
+Arrived within the city of Sparta, (7) Epaminondas abstained from
+gaining an entry at a point where his troops would have to fight on
+level ground and under attack from the houses above; where also their
+large numbers would give them no superiority over the small numbers of
+the foemen. But, singling out a position which he conceived would give
+him the advantage, he occupied it and began his advance against the city
+upon a downward instead of an upward incline.
+
+ (7) Grote ("H. G." x. 455) says: "Though he crossed the Eurotas and
+    actually entered into the city of Sparta," as the words {epei de
+    egeneto en te polei ton Spartiaton} certainly seem to me to imply.
+    Others interpret "in the close neighbourhood of."
+
+With regard to what subsequently took place, two possible explanations
+suggest themselves: either it was miraculous, or it may be maintained
+that there is no resisting the fury of desperation. Archidamus,
+advancing at the head of but a hundred men, and crossing the one thing
+which might have been expected to form an obstacle to the enemy, (8)
+began marching uphill against his antagonists. At this crisis these
+fire-breathing warriors, these victorious heroes of Leuctra, (9) with
+their superiority at every point, aided, moreover, by the advantage of
+their position, did not withstand the attack of Archidamus and those
+with him, but swerved in flight.
+
+ (8) Or, "to serve as his defence"; or, "the one obstacle to his
+    progress," i.e. Archidamus's. It was a miraculous thing that the
+    Thebans did not stop him.
+
+ (9) See Mahaffy, "Hist. Gk. Lit." vol. ii. p. 268, 1st ed. See above,
+    "Hell." VI. iv. 24; Diod. xv. 39, 56.
+
+The vanguard of Epaminondas's troops were cut down; when, however,
+flushed with the glory of their victory, the citizens followed up their
+pursuit beyond the right point, they in turn were cut down--so plainly
+was the demarking line of victory drawn by the finger of God. So then
+Archidamus set up a trophy to note the limit of his success, and gave
+back those who had there fallen of the enemy under a truce. Epaminondas,
+on his side, reflecting that the Arcadians must already be hastening
+to the relief of Lacedaemon, and being unwilling to engage them in
+conjunction with the whole of the Lacedaemonian force, especially now
+that the star of Sparta's fortune shone, whilst theirs had suffered some
+eclipse, turned and marched back the way he came with all speed possible
+into Tegea. There he gave his heavy infantry pause and refreshment, but
+his cavalry he sent on to Mantinea; he begged them to "have courage and
+hold on," instructing them that in all likelihood they would find the
+flocks and herds of the Mantineans and the entire population itself
+outside their walls, especially as it was the moment for carrying the
+corn. So they set off.
+
+The Athenian cavalry, started from Eleusis, had made their evening
+meal at the Isthmus, and passing through Cleonae, as chance befell, had
+arrived at Mantinea and had encamped within the walls in the houses. As
+soon as the enemy were seen galloping up with evidently hostile intent,
+the Mantineans fell to praying the Athenian knights to lend them all the
+succour they could, and they showed them all their cattle outside, and
+all their labourers, and among them were many children and graybeards
+who were free-born citizens. The Athenians were touched by this appeal,
+and, though they had not yet broken fast, neither the men themselves
+nor their horses, went out eagerly to the rescue. And here we must needs
+pause to admire the valour of these men also. The enemy whom they had
+to cope with far outnumbered them, as was plain to see, and the former
+misadventure of the cavalry in Corinth was not forgotten. (10) But none
+of these things entered into their calculations now--nor yet the fact
+that they were on the point of engaging Thebans and Thessalians, the
+finest cavalry in the world by all repute. The only thing they thought
+of was the shame and the dishonour, if, being there, they did not lend a
+helping hand to their allies. In this mood, so soon as they caught sight
+of the enemy, they fell with a crash upon him in passionate longing to
+recover the old ancestral glory. Nor did they fight in vain--the
+blows they struck enabled the Mantineans to recover all their property
+outside, but among those who dealt them died some brave heroes; (11)
+brave heroes also, it is evident, were those whom they slew, since on
+either side the weapons wielded were not so short but that they could
+lunge at one another with effect. The dead bodies of their own men they
+refused to abandon; and there were some of the enemy's slain whom they
+restored to him under a flag of truce.
+
+ (10) Or, "and in Corinth an untoward incident had been experienced by
+    the cavalry." See Grote, "H. G." x. 458, note 2. Possibly in
+    reference to "Hell." VI. v. 51, 52.
+
+ (11) Probably Xenophon's own son Gryllus was among them.
+
+The thoughts now working in the mind of Epaminondas were such as these:
+that within a few days he would be forced to retire, as the period of
+the campaign was drawing to a close; if it ended in his leaving in the
+lurch those allies whom he came out to assist, they would be besieged
+by their antagonists. What a blow would that be to his own fair fame,
+already somewhat tarnished! Had he not been defeated in Lacedaemon, with
+a large body of heavy infantry, by a handful of men? defeated again at
+Mantinea, in the cavalry engagement, and himself the main cause
+finally of a coalition between five great powers--that is to say,
+the Lacedaemonians, the Arcadians, the Achaeans, the Eleians, and the
+Athenians? On all grounds it seemed to him impossible to steal past
+without a battle. And the more so as he computed the alternatives of
+victory or death. If the former were his fortune, it would resolve all
+his perplexities; if death, his end would be noble. How glorious a thing
+to die in the endeavour to leave behind him, as his last legacy to his
+fatherland, the empire of Peloponnesus! That such thoughts should pass
+through his brain strikes me as by no means wonderful, as these are
+thoughts distinctive to all men of high ambition. Far more wonderful to
+my mind was the pitch of perfection to which he had brought his army.
+There was no labour which his troops would shrink from, either by night
+or by day; there was no danger they would flinch from; and, with the
+scantiest provisions, their discipline never failed them.
+
+And so, when he gave his last orders to them to prepare for impending
+battle, they obeyed with alacrity. He gave the word; the cavalry fell
+to whitening their helmets, the heavy infantry of the Arcadians began
+inscribing their clubs as the crest on their shields, (12) as though
+they were Thebans, and all were engaged in sharpening their lances and
+swords and polishing their heavy shields. When the preparations were
+complete and he had led them out, his next movement is worthy of
+attention. First, as was natural, he paid heed to their formation, and
+in so doing seemed to give clear evidence that he intended battle; but
+no sooner was the army drawn up in the formation which he preferred,
+than he advanced, not by the shortest route to meet the enemy, but
+towards the westward-lying mountains which face Tegea, and by this
+movement created in the enemy an expectation that he would not do battle
+on that day. In keeping with this expectation, as soon as he arrived at
+the mountain-region, he extended his phalanx in long line and piled arms
+under the high cliffs; and to all appearance he was there encamping.
+The effect of this manouvre on the enemy in general was to relax the
+prepared bent of their souls for battle, and to weaken their tactical
+arrangements. Presently, however, wheeling his regiments (which were
+marching in column) to the front, with the effect of strengthening the
+beak-like (13) attack which he proposed to lead himself, at the same
+instant he gave the order, "Shoulder arms, forward," and led the way,
+the troops following.
+
+ (12) Grote ("H. G." x. 463) has another interpretation.
+
+ (13) Or, "the wedge-like attack of his own division"; see Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 469 foll. I do not, however, think that the attacking
+    column was actually wedge-shaped like the "acies cuneata" of the
+    Romans. It was the unusual depth of the column which gave it the
+    force of an ironclad's ram. Cf. "Cyrop." II. iv. for {eis
+    metopon}.
+
+When the enemy saw them so unexpectedly approaching, not one of them
+was able to maintain tranquility: some began running to their divisions,
+some fell into line, some might be seen bitting and bridling their
+horses, some donning their cuirasses, and one and all were like men
+about to receive rather than to inflict a blow. He, the while, with
+steady impetus pushed forward his armament, like a ship-of-war prow
+forward. Wherever he brought his solid wedge to bear, he meant to cleave
+through the opposing mass, and crumble his adversary's host to pieces.
+With this design he prepared to throw the brunt of the fighting on the
+strongest half of his army, while he kept the weaker portion of it in
+the background, knowing certainly that if worsted it would only cause
+discouragement to his own division and add force to the foe. The cavalry
+on the side of his opponents were disposed like an ordinary phalanx
+of heavy infantry, regular in depth and unsupported by foot-soldiers
+interspersed among the horses. (14) Epaminondas again differed in
+strengthening the attacking point of his cavalry, besides which he
+interspersed footmen between their lines in the belief that, when he
+had once cut through the cavalry, he would have wrested victory from the
+antagonist along his whole line; so hard is it to find troops who will
+care to keep their own ground when once they see any of their own side
+flying. Lastly, to prevent any attempt on the part of the Athenians, who
+were on the enemy's left wing, to bring up their reliefs in support of
+the portion next them, he posted bodies of cavalry and heavy infantry on
+certain hillocks in front of them, intending to create in their minds an
+apprehension that, in case they offered such assistance, they would be
+attacked on their own rear by these detachments. Such was the plan of
+encounter which he formed and executed; nor was he cheated in his hopes.
+He had so much the mastery at his point of attack that he caused the
+whole of the enemy's troops to take flight.
+
+ (14) See Rustow and Kochly, p. 176; and for the {amippoi}
+    Harpocration, s.v.; Pollus, i. 131; "Hipparch." v. 13; Thuc. v.
+    58; Herod. vii. 158; Caes. "B. G." i. 48; "B. Civ." iii. 84.
+
+But after he himself had fallen, the rest of the Thebans were not able
+any longer to turn their victory rightly to account. Though the
+main battle line of their opponents had given way, not a single man
+afterwards did the victorious hoplites slay, not an inch forward did
+they advance from the ground on which the collision took place. Though
+the cavalry had fled before them, there was no pursuit; not a man,
+horseman or hoplite, did the conquering cavalry cut down; but, like men
+who have suffered a defeat, as if panic-stricken (15) they slipped
+back through the ranks of the fleeing foemen. Only the footmen fighting
+amongst the cavalry and the light infantry, who had together shared in
+the victory of the cavalry, found their way round to the left wing as
+masters of the field, but it cost them dear; here they encountered the
+Athenians, and most of them were cut down.
+
+ (15) Or, "they timorously slipped back."
+
+The effective result of these achievements was the very opposite of that
+which the world at large anticipated. Here, where well-nigh the whole
+of Hellas was met together in one field, and the combatants stood rank
+against rank confronted, there was no one doubted that, in the event
+of battle, the conquerors would this day rule; and that those who lost
+would be their subjects. But God so ordered it that both belligerents
+alike set up trophies as claiming victory, and neither interfered with
+the other in the act. Both parties alike gave back their enemy's dead
+under a truce, and in right of victory; both alike, in symbol of defeat,
+under a truce took back their dead. And though both claimed to have won
+the day, neither could show that he had thereby gained any accession of
+territory, or state, or empire, or was better situated than before the
+battle. Uncertainty and confusion, indeed, had gained ground, being
+tenfold greater throughout the length and breadth of Hellas after the
+battle than before.
+
+At this point I lay aside my pen: the sequel of the story may haply
+commend itself (16) to another.
+
+ (16) Or, "win the attention of some other writer."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hellenica, by Xenophon
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1174 ***
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>
+      Hellenica, by Xenophon
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+
+    body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify}
+    P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; }
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+    hr  { width: 50%; text-align: center;}
+    .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; }
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+    .mynote    {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;}
+    .toc       { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+    .toc2      { margin-left: 20%;}
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+               margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%;
+               text-align: right;}
+    pre        { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;}
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+  <body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1174 ***</div>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      HELLENICA
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      By Xenophon
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+           Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+           pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+           and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+           and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+           years before having to move once more, to settle
+           in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+      </pre>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+           The Hellenica is his chronicle of the history of
+           the Hellenes from 411 to 359 B.C., starting as a
+           continuation of Thucydides, and becoming his own
+           brand of work from Book III onwards.
+      </pre>
+    <p>
+      PREPARER'S NOTE
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a four-volume
+      set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though there is doubt about
+      some of these) is:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     Work                                   Number of books
+
+     The Anabasis                                         7
+     The Hellenica                                        7
+     The Cyropaedia                                       8
+     The Memorabilia                                      4
+     The Symposium                                        1
+     The Economist                                        1
+     On Horsemanship                                      1
+     The Sportsman                                        1
+     The Cavalry General                                  1
+     The Apology                                          1
+     On Revenues                                          1
+     The Hiero                                            1
+     The Agesilaus                                        1
+     The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into English
+      using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The diacritical marks
+      have been lost.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      Contents
+    </h2>
+    <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> <b>HELLENICA</b> </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> BOOK I </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> BOOK II </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> BOOK III </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> BOOK IV </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> BOOK V </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> BOOK VI </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> BOOK VII </a>
+          </p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      HELLENICA
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 411. To follow the order of events (1). A few days later Thymochares
+      arrived from Athens with a few ships, when another sea fight between the
+      Lacedaemonians and Athenians at once took place, in which the former,
+      under the command of Agesandridas, gained the victory.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "after these events"; but is hard to conjecture to what
+    events the author refers. For the order of events and the
+    connection between the closing chapter of Thuc. viii. 109, and the
+    opening words of the "Hellenica," see introductory remarks above.
+    The scene of this sea-fight is, I think, the Hellespont.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Another short interval brings us to a morning in early winter, when
+      Dorieus, the son of Diagoras, was entering the Hellespont with fourteen
+      ships from Rhodes at break of day. The Athenian day-watch descrying him,
+      signalled to the generals, and they, with twenty sail, put out to sea to
+      attack him. Dorieus made good his escape, and, as he shook himself free of
+      the narrows, (2) ran his triremes aground off Rhoeteum. When the Athenians
+      had come to close quarters, the fighting commenced, and was sustained at
+      once from ships and shore, until at length the Athenians retired to their
+      main camp at Madytus, having achieved nothing.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Lit. "as he opened" {os enoige}. This is still a mariner's phrase
+    in modern Greek, if I am rightly informed.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Mindarus, while sacrificing to Athena at Ilium, had observed the
+      battle. He at once hastened to the sea, and getting his own triremes
+      afloat, sailed out to pick up the ships with Dorieus. The Athenians on
+      their side put out to meet him, and engaged him off Abydos. From early
+      morning till the afternoon the fight was kept up close to the shore. (3)
+      Victory and defeat hung still in even balance, when Alcibiades came
+      sailing up with eighteen ships. Thereupon the Peloponnesians fled towards
+      Abydos, where, however, Pharnabazus brought them timely assistance. (4)
+      Mounted on horseback, he pushed forward into the sea as far as his horse
+      would let him, doing battle himself, and encouraging his troopers and the
+      infantry alike to play their parts. Then the Peloponnesians, ranging their
+      ships in close-packed order, and drawing up their battle line in proximity
+      to the land, kept up the fight. At length the Athenians, having captured
+      thirty of the enemy's vessels without their crews, and having recovered
+      those of their own which they had previously lost, set sail for Sestos.
+      Here the fleet, with the exception of forty vessels, dispersed in
+      different directions outside the Hellespont, to collect money; while
+      Thrasylus, one of the generals, sailed to Athens to report what had
+      happened, and to beg for a reinforcement of troops and ships. After the
+      above incidents, Tissaphernes arrived in the Hellespont, and received a
+      visit from Alcibiades, who presented him with a single ship, bringing with
+      him tokens of friendship and gifts, whereupon Tissaphernes seized him and
+      shut him up in Sardis, giving out that the king's orders were to go to war
+      with the Athenians. Thirty days later Alcibiades, accompanied by
+      Mantitheus, who had been captured in Caria, managed to procure horses and
+      escaped by night to Clazomenae.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) The original has a somewhat more poetical ring. The author uses
+    the old Attic or Ionic word {eona}. This is a mark of style, of
+    which we shall have many instances. One might perhaps produce
+    something of the effect here by translating: "the battle hugged
+    the strand."
+
+ (4) Or, "came to their aid along the shore."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 410. And now the Athenians at Sestos, hearing that Mindarus was
+      meditating an attack upon them with a squadron of sixty sail, gave him the
+      slip, and under cover of night escaped to Cardia. Hither also Alcibiades
+      repaired from Clazomenae, having with him five triremes and a light skiff;
+      but on learning that the Peloponnesian fleet had left Abydos and was in
+      full sail for Cyzicus, he set off himself by land to Sestos, giving orders
+      to the fleet to sail round and join him there. Presently the vessels
+      arrived, and he was on the point of putting out to sea with everything
+      ready for action, when Theramenes, with a fleet of twenty ships from
+      Macedonia, entered the port, and at the same instant Thrasybulus, with a
+      second fleet of twenty sail from Thasos, both squadrons having been
+      engaged in collecting money. Bidding these officers also follow him with
+      all speed, as soon as they had taken out their large sails and cleared for
+      action, Alcibiades set sail himself for Parium. During the following night
+      the united squadron, consisting now of eighty-six vessels, stood out to
+      sea from Parium, and reached Proconnesus next morning, about the hour of
+      breakfast. Here they learnt that Mindarus was in Cyzicus, and that
+      Pharnabazus, with a body of infantry, was with him. Accordingly they
+      waited the whole of this day at Proconnesus. On the following day
+      Alcibiades summoned an assembly, and addressing the men in terms of
+      encouragement, warned them that a threefold service was expected of them;
+      that they must be ready for a sea fight, a land fight, and a wall fight
+      all at once, "for look you," said he, "we have no money, but the enemy has
+      unlimited supplies from the king."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now, on the previous day, as soon as they were come to moorings, he had
+      collected all the sea-going craft of the island, big and little alike,
+      under his own control, that no one might report the number of his squadron
+      to the enemy, and he had further caused a proclamation to be made, that
+      any one caught sailing across to the opposite coast would be punished with
+      death. When the meeting was over, he got his ships ready for action, and
+      stood out to sea towards Cyzicus in torrents of rain. Off Cyzicus the sky
+      cleared, and the sun shone out and revealed to him the spectacle of
+      Mindarus's vessels, sixty in number, exercising at some distance from the
+      harbour, and, in fact, intercepted by himself. The Peloponnesians,
+      perceiving at a glance the greatly increased number of the Athenian
+      galleys, and noting their proximity to the port, made haste to reach the
+      land, where they brought their vessels to anchor in a body, and prepared
+      to engage the enemy as he sailed to the attack. But Alcibiades, sailing
+      round with twenty of his vessels, came to land and disembarked. Seeing
+      this, Mindarus also landed, and in the engagement which ensued he fell
+      fighting, whilst those who were with him took to flight. As for the
+      enemy's ships, the Athenians succeeded in capturing the whole of them
+      (with the exception of the Syracusan vessels, which were burnt by their
+      crews), and made off with their prizes to Proconnesus. From thence on the
+      following day they sailed to attack Cyzicus. The men of that place, seeing
+      that the Peloponnesians and Pharnabazus had evacuated the town, admitted
+      the Athenians. Here Alcibiades remained twenty days, obtaining large sums
+      of money from the Cyzicenes, but otherwise inflicting no sort of mischief
+      on the community. He then sailed back to Proconnesus, and from there to
+      Perinthus and Selybria. The inhabitants of the former place welcomed his
+      troops into their city, but the Selybrians preferred to give money, and so
+      escape the admission of the troops. Continuing the voyage the squadron
+      reached Chrysopolis in Chalcedonia, (5) where they built a fort, and
+      established a custom-house to collect the tithe dues which they levied on
+      all merchantmen passing through the Straits from the Black Sea. Besides
+      this, a detachment of thirty ships was left there under the two generals,
+      Theramenes and Eubulus, with instructions not only to keep a look-out on
+      the port itself and on all traders passing through the channel, but
+      generally to injure the enemy in any way which might present itself. This
+      done, the rest of the generals hastened back to the Hellespont.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) This is the common spelling, but the coins of Calchedon have the
+    letters {KALKH}, and so the name is written in the best MSS. of
+    Herodotus, Xenophon, and other writers, by whom the place is
+    named. See "Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog." "Chalcedon."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now a despatch from Hippocrates, Mindarus's vice-admiral, (6) had been
+      intercepted on its way to Lacedaemon, and taken to Athens. It ran as
+      follows (in broad Doric): (7) "Ships gone; Mindarus dead; the men
+      starving; at our wits' end what to do."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) "Epistoleus," i.e. secretary or despatch writer, is the Spartan
+    title of the officer second in command to the admiral.
+
+ (7) Reading {'Errei ta kala} (Bergk's conjecture for {kala}) =
+    "timbers," i.e. "ships" (a Doric word). Cf. Aristoph., "Lys."
+    1253, {potta kala}. The despatch continues: {Mindaros apessoua}
+    (al. {apessua}), which is much more racy than the simple word
+    "dead." "M. is gone off." I cannot find the right English or
+    "broad Scotch" equivalent. See Thirlwall, "Hist. Gr." IV. xxix. 88
+    note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Pharnabazus, however, was ready to meet with encouragement the despondency
+      which afflicted the whole Peloponnesian army and their allies. "As long as
+      their own bodies were safe and sound, why need they take to heart the loss
+      of a few wooden hulls? Was there not timber enough and to spare in the
+      king's territory?" And so he presented each man with a cloak and
+      maintenance for a couple of months, after which he armed the sailors and
+      formed them into a coastguard for the security of his own seaboard.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He next called a meeting of the generals and trierarchs of the different
+      States, and instructed them to build just as many new ships in the
+      dockyards of Antandrus as they had respectively lost. He himself was to
+      furnish the funds, and he gave them to understand that they might bring
+      down timber from Mount Ida. While the ships were building, the Syracusans
+      helped the men of Antandrus to finish a section of their walls, and were
+      particularly pleasant on garrison duty; and that is why the Syracusans to
+      this day enjoy the privilege of citizenship, with the title of
+      "benefactors," at Antandrus. Having so arranged these matters, Pharnabazus
+      proceeded at once to the rescue of Chalcedon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was at this date that the Syracusan generals received news from home of
+      their banishment by the democratic party. Accordingly they called a
+      meeting of their separate divisions, and putting forward Hermocrates (8)
+      as their spokesman, proceeded to deplore their misfortune, insisting upon
+      the injustice and the illegality of their banishment. "And now let us
+      admonish you," they added, "to be eager and willing in the future, even as
+      in the past: whatever the word of command may be, show yourselves good men
+      and true: let not the memory of those glorious sea fights fade. Think of
+      those victories you have won, those ships you have captured by your own
+      unaided efforts; forget not that long list of achievements shared by
+      yourselves with others, in all which you proved yourselves invincible
+      under our generalship. It was to a happy combination of our merit and your
+      enthusiasm, displayed alike on land and sea, that you owe the strength and
+      perfection of your discipline."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Hermocrates, the son of Hermon. We first hear of him in Thuc. iv.
+    58 foll. as the chief agent in bringing the Sicilian States
+    together in conference at Gela B.C. 424, with a view to healing
+    their differences and combining to frustrate the dangerous designs
+    of Athens. In 415 B.C., when the attack came, he was again the
+    master spirit in rendering it abortive (Thuc. vi. 72 foll.) In 412
+    B.C. it was he who urged the Sicilians to assist in completing the
+    overthrow of Athens, by sending a squadron to co-operate with the
+    Peloponnesian navy&mdash;for the relief of Miletus, etc. (Thuc. viii.
+    26, 27 foll.) At a later date, in 411 B.C., when the Peloponnesian
+    sailors were ready to mutiny, and "laid all their grievances to
+    the charge of Astyochus (the Spartan admiral), who humoured
+    Tissaphernes for his own gain" (Thuc. viii. 83), Hermocrates took
+    the men's part, and so incurred the hatred of Tissaphernes.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With these words they called upon the men to choose other commanders, who
+      should undertake the duties of their office, until the arrival of their
+      successors. Thereupon the whole assembly, and more particularly the
+      captains and masters of vessels and marines, insisted with loud cries on
+      their continuance in command. The generals replied, "It was not for them
+      to indulge in faction against the State, but rather it was their duty, in
+      case any charges were forthcoming against themselves, at once to render an
+      account." When, however, no one had any kind of accusation to prefer, they
+      yielded to the general demand, and were content to await the arrival of
+      their successors. The names of these were&mdash;Demarchus, the son of
+      Epidocus; Myscon, the son of Mencrates; and Potamis, the son of Gnosis.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The captains, for their part, swore to restore the exiled generals as soon
+      as they themselves should return to Syracuse. At present with a general
+      vote of thanks they despatched them to their several destinations. It
+      particular those who had enjoyed the society of Hermocrates recalled his
+      virtues with regret, his thoroughness and enthusiasm, his frankness and
+      affability, the care with which every morning and evening he was wont to
+      gather in his quarters a group of naval captains and mariners whose
+      ability he recognised. These were his confidants, to whom he communicated
+      what he intended to say or do: they were his pupils, to whom he gave
+      lessons in oratory, now calling upon them to speak extempore, and now
+      again after deliberation. By these means Hermocrates had gained a wide
+      reputation at the council board, where his mastery of language was no less
+      felt than the wisdom of his advice. Appearing at Lacedaemon as the accuser
+      of Tissaphernes, (9) he had carried his case, not only by the testimony of
+      Astyochus, but by the obvious sincerity of his statements, and on the
+      strength of this reputation he now betook himself to Pharnabazus. The
+      latter did not wait to be asked, but at once gave him money, which enabled
+      him to collect friends and triremes, with a view to his ultimate recall to
+      Syracuse. Meanwhile the successors of the Syracusans had arrived at
+      Miletus, where they took charge of the ships and the army.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) The matter referred to is fully explained Thuc. viii. 85.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was at this same season that a revolution occurred in Thasos, involving
+      the expulsion of the philo-Laconian party, with the Laconian governor
+      Eteonicus. The Laconian Pasippidas was charged with having brought the
+      business about in conjunction with Tissaphernes, and was banished from
+      Sparta in consequence. The naval force which he had been collecting from
+      the allies was handed over to Cratesippidas, who was sent out to take his
+      place in Chios.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About the same period, while Thrasylus was still in Athens, Agis (10) made
+      a foraging expedition up to the very walls of the city. But Thrasylus led
+      out the Athenians with the rest of the inhabitants of the city, and drew
+      them up by the side of the Lyceum Gymnasium, ready to engage the enemy if
+      they approached; seeing which, Agis beat a hasty retreat, not however
+      without the loss of some of his supports, a few of whom were cut down by
+      the Athenian light troops. This success disposed the citizens to take a
+      still more favourable view of the objects for which Thrasylus had come;
+      and they passed a decree empowering him to call out a thousand hoplites,
+      one hundred cavalry, and fifty triremes.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) The reader will recollect that we are giving in "the Deceleian"
+    period of the war, 413-404 B.C. The Spartan king was in command of
+    the fortress of Deceleia, only fourteen miles distant from Athens,
+    and erected on a spot within sight of the city. See Thuc. vii. 19,
+    27, 28.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Agis, as he looked out from Deceleia, and saw vessel after
+      vessel laden with corn running down to Piraeus, declared that it was
+      useless for his troops to go on week after week excluding the Athenians
+      from their own land, while no one stopped the source of their corn supply
+      by sea: the best plan would be to send Clearchus, (11) the son of
+      Rhamphius, who was proxenos (12) of the Byzantines, to Chalcedon and
+      Byzantium. The suggestion was approved, and with fifteen vessels duly
+      manned from Megara, or furnished by other allies, Clearchus set out. These
+      were troop-ships rather than swift-sailing men-of-war. Three of them, on
+      reaching the Hellespont, were destroyed by the Athenian ships employed to
+      keep a sharp look-out on all merchant craft in those waters. The other
+      twelve escaped to Sestos, and thence finally reached Byzantium in safety.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Of Clearchus we shall hear more in the sequel, and in the
+    "Anabasis."
+
+ (12) The Proxenus answered pretty nearly to our "Consul," "Agent,"
+    "Resident"; but he differed in this respect, that he was always a
+    member of the foreign State. An Athenian represented Sparta at
+    Athens; a Laconian represented Athens at Sparta, and so forth. See
+    Liddell and Scott.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So closed the year&mdash;a year notable also for the expedition against
+      Sicily of the Carthaginians under Hannibal with one hundred thousand men,
+      and the capture, within three months, of the two Hellenic cities of
+      Selinus and Himera.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 409. Next year (1)... the Athenians fortified Thoricus; and
+      Thrasylus, taking the vessels lately voted him and five thousand of his
+      seamen armed to serve as peltasts, (2) set sail for Samos at the beginning
+      of summer. At Samos he stayed three days, and then continued his voyage to
+      Pygela, where he proceeded to ravage the territory and attack the
+      fortress. Presently a detachment from Miletus came to the rescue of the
+      men of Pygela, and attacking the scattered bands of the Athenian light
+      troops, put them to flight. But to the aid of the light troops came the
+      naval brigade of peltasts, with two companies of heavy infantry, and all
+      but annihilated the whole detachment from Miletus. They captured about two
+      hundred shields, and set up a trophy. Next day they sailed to Notium, and
+      from Notium, after due preparation, marched upon Colophon. The
+      Colophonians capitulated without a blow. The following night they made an
+      incursion into Lydia, where the corn crops were ripe, and burnt several
+      villages, and captured money, slaves, and other booty in large quantity.
+      But Stages, the Persian, who was employed in this neighbourhood, fell in
+      with a reinforcement of cavalry sent to protect the scattered pillaging
+      parties from the Athenian camp, whilst occupied with their individual
+      plunder, and took one trooper prisoner, killing seven others. After this
+      Thrasylus led his troops back to the sea, intending to sail to Ephesus.
+      Meanwhile Tissaphernes, who had wind of this intention, began collecting a
+      large army and despatching cavalry with a summons to the inhabitants one
+      and all to rally to the defence of the goddess Artemis at Ephesus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. here give a suspected passage, which may be rendered
+    thus: "The first of Olympiad 93, celebrated as the year in which
+    the newly-added two-horse race was won by Evagorias the Eleian,
+    and the stadion (200 yards foot-race) by the Cyrenaean Eubotas,
+    when Evarchippus was ephor at Sparta and Euctemon archon at
+    Athens." But Ol. 93, to which these officers,and the addition of
+    the new race at Olympia belong, is the year 408. We must therefore
+    suppose either that this passage has been accidentally inserted in
+    the wrong place by some editor or copyist, or that the author was
+    confused in his dates. The "stadium" is the famous foot-race at
+    Olympia, 606 3/4 English feet in length, run on a course also
+    called the "Stadion," which was exactly a stade long.
+
+ (2) Peltasts, i.e. light infantry armed with the "pelta" or light
+    shield, instead of the heavy {aspis} of the hoplite or heavy
+    infantry soldiers.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the seventeenth day after the incursion above mentioned Thrasylus
+      sailed to Ephesus. He disembarked his troops in two divisions, his heavy
+      infantry in the neighbourhood of Mount Coressus; his cavalry, peltasts,
+      and marines, with the remainder of his force, near the marsh on the other
+      side of the city. At daybreak he pushed forward both divisions. The
+      citizens of Ephesus, on their side, were not slow to protect themselves.
+      They had to aid them the troops brought up by Tissaphernes, as well as two
+      detachments of Syracusans, consisting of the crews of their former twenty
+      vessels and those of five new vessels which had opportunely arrived quite
+      recently under Eucles, the son of Hippon, and Heracleides, the son of
+      Aristogenes, together with two Selinuntian vessels. All these several
+      forces first attacked the heavy infantry near Coressus; these they routed,
+      killing about one hundred of them, and driving the remainder down into the
+      sea. They then turned to deal with the second division on the marsh. Here,
+      too, the Athenians were put to flight, and as many as three hundred of
+      them perished. On this spot the Ephesians erected a trophy, and another at
+      Coressus. The valour of the Syracusans and Selinuntians had been so
+      conspicuous that the citizens presented many of them, both publicly and
+      privately, with prizes for distinction in the field, besides offering the
+      right of residence in their city with certain immunities to all who at any
+      time might wish to live there. To the Selinuntians, indeed, as their own
+      city had lately been destroyed, they offered full citizenship.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Athenians, after picking up their dead under a truce, set sail for
+      Notium, and having there buried the slain, continued their voyage towards
+      Lesbos and the Hellespont. Whilst lying at anchor in the harbour of
+      Methymna, in that island, they caught sight of the Syracusan vessels,
+      five-and-twenty in number, coasting along from Ephesus. They put out to
+      sea to attack them, and captured four ships with their crews, and chased
+      the remainder back to Ephesus. The prisoners were sent by Thrasylus to
+      Athens, with one exception. This was an Athenian, Alcibiades, who was a
+      cousin and fellow-exile of Alcibiades. Him Thrasylus released. (3) From
+      Methymna Thrasylus set sail to Sestos to join the main body of the army,
+      after which the united forces crossed to Lampsacus. And now winter was
+      approaching. It was the winter in which the Syracusan prisoners who had
+      been immured in the stone quarries of Piraeus dug through the rock and
+      escaped one night, some to Decelia and others to Megara. At Lampsacus
+      Alcibiades was anxious to marshal the whole military force there collected
+      in one body, but the old troops refused to be incorporated with those of
+      Thrasylus. "They, who had never yet been beaten, with these newcomers who
+      had just suffered a defeat." So they devoted the winter to fortifying
+      Lampsacus. They also made an expedition against Abydos, where Pharnabazus,
+      coming to the rescue of the place, encountered them with numerous cavalry,
+      but was defeated and forced to flee, Alcibiades pursuing hard with his
+      cavalry and one hundred and twenty infantry under the command of Menander,
+      till darkness intervened. After this battle the soldiers came together of
+      their own accord, and freely fraternised with the troops of Thrasylus.
+      This expedition was followed by other incursions during the winter into
+      the interior, where they found plenty to do ravaging the king's territory.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Reading {apelusen}. Wolf's conjecture for the MSS. {katelousen} =
+    stoned. See Thirlwall, "Hist. Gr." IV. xxix. 93 note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was at this period also that the Lacedaemonians allowed their revolted
+      helots from Malea, who had found an asylum at Coryphasium, to depart under
+      a flag of truce. It was also about the same period that the Achaeans
+      betrayed the colonists of Heracleia Trachinia, when they were all drawn up
+      in battle to meet the hostile Oetaeans, whereby as many as seven hundred
+      of them were lost, together with the governor (4) from Lacedaemon,
+      Labotas. Thus the year came to its close&mdash;a year marked further by a
+      revolt of the Medes from Darius, the king of Persia, followed by renewed
+      submission to his authority.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Technically {armostes} (harmost), i.e. administrator.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 408. The year following is the year in which the temple of Athena, in
+      Phocaea, was struck by lightning and set on fire. (1) With the cessation
+      of winter, in early spring, the Athenians set sail with the whole of their
+      force to Proconnesus, and thence advanced upon Chalcedon and Byzantium,
+      encamping near the former town. The men of Chalcedon, aware of their
+      approach, had taken the precaution to deposit all their pillageable
+      property with their neighbours, the Bithynian Thracians; whereupon
+      Alcibiades put himself at the head of a small body of heavy infantry with
+      the cavalry, and giving orders to the fleet to follow along the coast,
+      marched against the Bithynians and demanded back the property of the
+      Chalcedonians, threatening them with war in case of refusal. The
+      Bithynians delivered up the property. Returning to camp, not only thus
+      enriched, but with the further satisfaction of having secured pledges of
+      good behaviour from the Bithynians, Alcibiades set to work with the whole
+      of his troops to draw lines of circumvallation round Chalcedon from sea to
+      sea, so as to include as much of the river as possible within his wall,
+      which was made of timber. Thereupon the Lacedaemonian governor,
+      Hippocrates, let his troops out of the city and offered battle, and the
+      Athenians, on their side, drew up their forces opposite to receive him;
+      while Pharnabazus, from without the lines of circumvallation, was still
+      advancing with his army and large bodies of horse. Hippocrates and
+      Thrasylus engaged each other with their heavy infantry for a long while,
+      until Alcibiades, with a detachment of infantry and the cavalry,
+      intervened. Presently Hippocrates fell, and the troops under him fled into
+      the city; at the same instant Pharnabazus, unable to effect a junction
+      with the Lacedaemonian leader, owing to the circumscribed nature of the
+      ground and the close proximity of the river to the enemy's lines, retired
+      to the Heracleium, (2) belonging to the Chalcedonians, where his camp lay.
+      After this success Alcibiades set off to the Hellespont and the Chersonese
+      to raise money, and the remaining generals came to terms with Pharnabazus
+      in respect of Chalcedon; according to these, the Persian satrap agreed to
+      pay the Athenians twenty talents (3) in behalf of the town, and to grant
+      their ambassadors a safe conduct up country to the king. It was further
+      stipulated by mutual consent and under oaths provided, that the
+      Chalcedonians should continue the payment of their customary tribute to
+      Athens, being also bound to discharge all outstanding debts. The
+      Athenians, on their side, were bound to desist from all hostilities until
+      the return of their ambassadors from the king. These oaths were not
+      witnessed by Alcibiades, who was now in the neighbourhood of Selybria.
+      Having taken that place, he presently appeared before the walls of
+      Byzantium at the head of the men of Chersonese, who came out with their
+      whole force; he was aided further by troops from Thrace and more than
+      three hundred horse. Accordingly Pharnabazus, insisting that he too must
+      take the oath, decided to remain in Chalcedon, and to await his arrival
+      from Byzantium. Alcibiades came, but was not prepared to bind himself by
+      any oaths, unless Pharnabazus would, on his side, take oaths to himself.
+      After this, oaths were exchanged between them by proxy. Alcibiades took
+      them at Chrysopolis in the presence of two representatives sent by
+      Pharnabazus&mdash;namely, Mitrobates and Arnapes. Pharnabazus took them at
+      Chalcedon in the presence of Euryptolemus and Diotimus, who represented
+      Alcibiades. Both parties bound themselves not only by the general oath,
+      but also interchanged personal pledges of good faith.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. here give the words, "in the ephorate of Pantacles and
+    the archonship of Antigenes, two-and-twenty years from the
+    beginning of the war," but the twenty-second year of the war =
+    B.C. 410; Antigenes archon, B.C. 407 = Ol. 93, 2; the passage must
+    be regarded as a note mis-inserted by some editor or copyist (vide
+    supra, I. 11.)
+
+ (2) I.e. sacred place or temple of Heracles.
+
+ (3) Twenty talents = 4800 pounds; or, more exactly, 4875 pounds.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This done, Pharnabazus left Chalcedon at once, with injunctions that those
+      who were going up to the king as ambassadors should meet him at Cyzicus.
+      The representatives of Athens were Dorotheus, Philodices, Theogenes,
+      Euryptolemus, and Mantitheus; with them were two Argives, Cleostratus and
+      Pyrrholochus. An embassy of the Lacedaemonians was also about to make the
+      journey. This consisted of Pasippidas and his fellows, with whom were
+      Hermocrates, now an exile from Syracuse, and his brother Proxenus. So
+      Pharnabazus put himself at their head. Meanwhile the Athenians prosecuted
+      the siege of Byzantium; lines of circumvallation were drawn; and they
+      diversified the blockade by sharpshooting at long range and occasional
+      assaults upon the walls. Inside the city lay Clearchus, the Lacedaemonian
+      governor, and a body of Perioci with a small detachment of Neodamodes. (4)
+      There was also a body of Megarians under their general Helixus, a
+      Megarian, and another body of Boeotians, with their general Coeratadas.
+      The Athenians, finding presently that they could effect nothing by force,
+      worked upon some of the inhabitants to betray the place. Clearchus,
+      meanwhile, never dreaming that any one would be capable of such an act,
+      had crossed over to the opposite coast to visit Pharnabazus; he had left
+      everything in perfect order, entrusting the government of the city to
+      Coeratadas and Helixus. His mission was to obtain pay for the soldiers
+      from the Persian satrap, and to collect vessels from various quarters.
+      Some were already in the Hellespont, where they had been left as
+      guardships by Pasippidas, or else at Antandrus. Others formed the fleet
+      which Agesandridas, who had formerly served as a marine (5) under
+      Mindarus, now commanded on the Thracian coast. Others Clearchus purposed
+      to have built, and with the whole united squadron to so injure the allies
+      of the Athenians as to draw off the besieging army from Byzantium. But no
+      sooner was he fairly gone than those who were minded to betray the city
+      set to work. Their names were Cydon, Ariston, Anaxicrates, Lycurgus, and
+      Anaxilaus. The last-named was afterwards impeached for treachery in
+      Lacedaemon on the capital charge, and acquitted on the plea that, to begin
+      with, he was not a Lacedaemonian, but a Byzantine, and, so far from having
+      betrayed the city, he had saved it, when he saw women and children
+      perishing of starvation; for Clearchus had given away all the corn in the
+      city to the Lacedaemonian soldiers. It was for these reasons, as Anaxilaus
+      himself admitted, he had introduced the enemy, and not for the sake of
+      money, nor out of hatred to Lacedaemon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) According to the constitution of Lacedaemon the whole government
+    was in Dorian hands. The subject population was divided into (1)
+    Helots, who were State serfs. The children of Helots were at times
+    brought up by Spartans and called "Mothakes"; Helots who had
+    received their liberty were called "Neodamodes" ({neodamodeis}).
+    After the conquest of Messenia this class was very numerous. (2)
+    Perioeci. These were the ancient Achaean inhabitants, living in
+    towns and villages, and managing their own affairs, paying
+    tribute, and serving in the army as heavy-armed soldiers. In 458
+    B.C. they were said to number thirty thousand. The Spartans
+    themselves were divided, like all Dorians, into three tribes,
+    Hylleis, Dymanes, and Pamphyli, each of which tribes was divided
+    into ten "obes," which were again divided into {oikoi} or families
+    possessed of landed properties. In 458 B.C. there were said to be
+    nine thousand such families; but in course of time, through
+    alienation of lands, deaths in war, and other causes, their
+    numbers were much diminished; and in many cases there was a loss
+    of status, so that in the time of Agis III., B.C. 244, we hear of
+    two orders of Spartans, the {omoioi} and the {upomeiones}
+    (inferiors); seven hundred Spartans (families) proper and one
+    hundred landed proprietors. See Mullers "Dorians," vol. ii. bk.
+    iii. ch. x. S. 3 (Eng. trans.); Arist. "Pol." ii. 9, 15; Plut.
+    ("Agis").
+
+ (5) The greek word is {epibates}, which some think was the title of an
+    inferior naval officer in the Spartan service, but there is no
+    proof of this. Cf. Thuc. viii. 61, and Prof. Jowett's note; also
+    Grote, "Hist. of Greece," viii. 27 (2d ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as everything was ready, these people opened the gates leading to
+      the Thracian Square, as it is called, and admitted the Athenian troops
+      with Alcibiades at their head. Helixus and Coeratadas, in complete
+      ignorance of the plot, hastened to the Agora with the whole of the
+      garrison, ready to confront the danger; but finding the enemy in
+      occupation, they had nothing for it but to give themselves up. They were
+      sent off as prisoners to Athens, where Coeratadas, in the midst of the
+      crowd and confusion of debarkation at Piraeus, gave his guards the slip,
+      and made his way in safety to Decelia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 407. Pharnabazus and the ambassadors were passing the winter at
+      Gordium in Phrygia, when they heard of the occurrences at Byzantium.
+      Continuing their journey to the king's court in the commencement of
+      spring, they were met by a former embassy, which was now on its return
+      journey. These were the Lacedaemonian ambassadors, Boeotius and his party,
+      with the other envoys; who told them that the Lacedaemonians had obtained
+      from the king all they wanted. One of the company was Cyrus, the new
+      governor of all the seaboard districts, who was prepared to co-operate
+      with the Lacedaemonians in war. He was the bearer, moreover, of a letter
+      with the royal seal attached. It was addressed to all the populations of
+      Lower Asia, and contained the following words: "I send down Cyrus as
+      'Karanos'" (1)&mdash;that is to say, supreme lord&mdash;"over all those
+      who muster at Castolus." The ambassadors of the Athenians, even while
+      listening to this announcement, and indeed after they had seen Cyrus, were
+      still desirous, if possible, to continue their journey to the king, or,
+      failing that, to return home. Cyrus, however, urged upon Pharnabazus
+      either to deliver them up to himself, or to defer sending them home at
+      present; his object being to prevent the Athenians learning what was going
+      on. Pharnabazus, wishing to escape all blame, for the time being detained
+      them, telling them, at one time, that he would presently escort them up
+      country to the king, and at another time that he would send them safe
+      home. But when three years had elapsed, he prayed Cyrus to let them go,
+      declaring that he had taken an oath to bring them back to the sea, in
+      default of escorting them up to the king. Then at last they received safe
+      conduct to Ariobarzanes, with orders for their further transportation. The
+      latter conducted them a stage further, to Cius in Mysia; and from Cius
+      they set sail to join their main armament.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) {Karanos.} Is this a Greek word, a Doric form, {karanos}, akin to
+    {kara} (cf. {karenon}) = chief? or is it not more likely a Persian
+    or native word, Karanos? and might not the title be akin
+    conceivably to the word {korano}, which occurs on many Indo-
+    Bactrian coins (see A. von Sallet, "Die Nachfolger Alexanders des
+    Grossen," p. 57, etc.)? or is {koiranos} the connecting link? The
+    words translated "that is to say, supreme lord," {to de karanon
+    esti kurion}, look very like a commentator's gloss.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Alcibiades, whose chief desire was to return home to Athens with the
+      troops, immediately set sail for Samos; and from that island, taking
+      twenty of the ships, he sailed to the Ceramic Gulf of Caria, where he
+      collected a hundred talents, and so returned to Samos.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thrasybulus had gone Thrace-wards with thirty ships. In this quarter he
+      reduced various places which had revolted to Lacedaemon, including the
+      island of Thasos, which was in a bad plight, the result of wars,
+      revolutions, and famine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thrasylus, with the rest of the army, sailed back straight to Athens. On
+      his arrival he found that the Athenians had already chosen as their
+      general Alcibiades, who was still in exile, and Thrasybulus, who was also
+      absent, and as a third, from among those at home, Conon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Alcibiades, with the moneys lately collected and his fleet of
+      twenty ships, left Samos and visited Paros. From Paros he stood out to sea
+      across to Gytheum, (2) to keep an eye on the thirty ships of war which, as
+      he was informed, the Lacedaemonians were equipping in that arsenal.
+      Gytheum would also be a favourable point of observation from which to
+      gauge the disposition of his fellow-countrymen and the prospects of his
+      recall. When at length their good disposition seemed to him established,
+      not only by his election as general, but by the messages of invitation
+      which he received in private from his friends, he sailed home, and entered
+      Piraeus on the very day of the festival of the Plunteria, (3) when the
+      statue of Athena is veiled and screened from public gaze. This was a
+      coincidence, as some thought, of evil omen, and unpropitious alike to
+      himself and the State, for no Athenian would transact serious business on
+      such a day.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Gytheum, the port and arsenal of Sparta, situated near the head of
+    the Laconian Gulf (now Marathonisi).
+
+ (3) {ta Plunteria}, or feast of washings, held on the 25th of the
+    month Thargelion, when the image of the goddess Athena was
+    stripped in order that her clothes might be washed by the
+    Praxiergidae; neither assembly nor court was held on that day, and
+    the Temple was closed.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As he sailed into the harbour, two great crowds&mdash;one from the
+      Piraeus, the other from the city (4)&mdash;flocked to meet the vessels.
+      Wonderment, mixed with a desire to see Alcibiades, was the prevailing
+      sentiment of the multitude. Of him they spoke: some asserting that he was
+      the best of citizens, and that in his sole instance banishment had been
+      ill-deserved. He had been the victim of plots, hatched in the brains of
+      people less able than himself, however much they might excel in pestilent
+      speech; men whose one principle of statecraft was to look to their private
+      gains; whereas this man's policy had ever been to uphold the common weal,
+      as much by his private means as by all the power of the State. His own
+      choice, eight years ago, when the charge of impiety in the matter of the
+      mysteries was still fresh, would have been to submit to trial at once. It
+      was his personal foes, who had succeeded in postponing that undeniably
+      just procedure; who waited till his back was turned, and then robbed him
+      of his fatherland. Then it was that, being made the very slave of
+      circumstance, he was driven to court the men he hated most; and at a time
+      when his own life was in daily peril, he must see his dearest friends and
+      fellow-citizens, nay, the very State itself, bent on a suicidal course,
+      and yet, in the exclusion of exile, be unable to lend a helping hand. "It
+      is not men of this stamp," they averred, "who desire changes in affairs
+      and revolution: had he not already guaranteed to him by the Democracy a
+      position higher than that of his equals in age, and scarcely if at all
+      inferior to his seniors? How different was the position of his enemies. It
+      had been the fortune of these, though they were known to be the same men
+      they had always been, to use their lately acquired power for the
+      destruction in the first instance of the better classes; and then, being
+      alone left surviving, to be accepted by their fellow-citizens in the
+      absence of better men."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Or, "collected to meet the vessels from curiosity and a desire to
+    see Alcibiades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Others, however, insisted that for all their past miseries and misfortunes
+      Alcibiades alone was responsible: "If more trials were still in store for
+      the State, here was the master mischief-maker ready at his post to
+      precipitate them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the vessels came to their moorings, close to the land, Alcibiades,
+      from fear of his enemies, was unwilling to disembark at once. Mounting on
+      the quarterdeck, he scanned the multitude, (5) anxious to make certain of
+      the presence of his friends. Presently his eyes lit upon Euryptolemus, the
+      son of Peisianax, who was his cousin, and then on the rest of his
+      relations and other friends. Upon this he landed, and so, in the midst of
+      an escort ready to put down any attempt upon his person, made his way to
+      the city.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "he looked to see if his friends were there."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In the Senate and Public Assembly (6) he made speeches, defending himself
+      against the charge of impiety, and asserting that he had been the victim
+      of injustice, with other like topics, which in the present temper of the
+      assembly no one ventured to gainsay.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Technically the "Boule" ({Boule}) or Senate, and "Ecclesia" or
+    Popular Assembly.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      He was then formally declared leader and chief of the State, with
+      irresponsible powers, as being the sole individual capable of recovering
+      the ancient power and prestige of Athens. Armed with this authority, his
+      first act was to institute anew the processional march to Eleusis; for of
+      late years, owing to the war, the Athenians had been forced to conduct the
+      mysteries by sea. Now, at the head of the troops, he caused them to be
+      conducted once again by land. This done, his next step was to muster an
+      armament of one thousand five hundred heavy infantry, one hundred and
+      fifty cavalry, and one hundred ships; and lastly, within three months of
+      his return, he set sail for Andros, which had revolted from Athens.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The generals chosen to co-operate with him on land were Aristocrates and
+      Adeimantus, the son of Leucophilides. He disembarked his troops on the
+      island of Andros at Gaurium, and routed the Andrian citizens who sallied
+      out from the town to resist the invader; forcing them to return and keep
+      close within their walls, though the number who fell was not large. This
+      defeat was shared by some Lacedaemonians who were in the place. Alcibiades
+      erected a trophy, and after a few days set sail himself for Samos, which
+      became his base of operations in the future conduct of the war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At a date not much earlier than that of the incidents just described, the
+      Lacedaemonians had sent out Lysander as their admiral, in the place of
+      Cratesippidas, whose period of office had expired. The new admiral first
+      visited Rhodes, where he got some ships, and sailed to Cos and Miletus,
+      and from the latter place to Ephesus. At Ephesus he waited with seventy
+      sail, expecting the advent of Cyrus in Sardis, when he at once went up to
+      pay the prince a visit with the ambassadors from Lacedaemon. And now an
+      opportunity was given to denounce the proceedings of Tissaphernes, and at
+      the same time to beg Cyrus himself to show as much zeal as possible in the
+      prosecution of the war. Cyrus replied that not only had he received
+      express injunction from his father to the same effect, but that his own
+      views coincided with their wishes, which he was determined to carry out to
+      the letter. He had, he informed them, brought with him five hundred
+      talents; (1) and if that sum failed, he had still the private revenue,
+      which his father allowed him, to fall back upon, and when this resource
+      was in its turn exhausted, he would coin the gold and silver throne on
+      which he sat, into money for their benefit. (2)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) About 120,000 pounds. One Euboic or Attic talent = sixty minae =
+    six thousand drachmae = 243 pounds 15 shillings of our money.
+
+ (2) Cf. the language of Tissaphernes, Thuc. viii. 81.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      His audience thanked him for what he said, and further begged him to fix
+      the rate of payment for the seamen at one Attic drachma per man, (3)
+      explaining that should this rate of payment be adopted, the sailors of the
+      Athenians would desert, and in the end there would be a saving of
+      expenditure. Cyrus complimented them on the soundness of their arguments,
+      but said that it was not in his power to exceed the injunctions of the
+      king. The terms of agreement were precise, thirty minae (4) a month per
+      vessel to be given, whatever number of vessels the Lacedaemonians might
+      choose to maintain.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) About 9 3/4 pence; a drachma (= six obols) would be very high pay
+    for a sailor&mdash;indeed, just double the usual amount. See Thuc. vi.
+    8 and viii. 29, and Prof. Jowett ad loc. Tissaphernes had, in the
+    winter of 412 B.C., distributed one month's pay among the
+    Peloponnesian ships at this high rate of a drachma a day, "as his
+    envoy had promised at Lacedaemon;" but this he proposed to reduce
+    to half a drachma, "until he had asked the king's leave, promising
+    that if he obtained it, he would pay the entire drachma. On the
+    remonstrance, however, of Hermocrates, the Syracusan general, he
+    promised to each man a payment of somewhat more than three obols."
+
+ (4) Nearly 122 pounds; and thirty minae a month to each ship (the crew
+    of each ship being taken at two hundred) = three obols a day to
+    each man. The terms of agreement to which Cyrus refers may have
+    been specified in the convention mentioned above in chap. iv,
+    which Boeotius and the rest were so proud to have obtained. But
+    see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 192 note (2d ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To this rejoinder Lysander at the moment said nothing. But after dinner,
+      when Cyrus drank to his health, asking him "What he could do to gratify
+      him most?" Lysander replied, "Add an obol (5) to the sailors' pay." After
+      this the pay was raised to four instead of three obols, as it hitherto had
+      been. Nor did the liberality of Cyrus end here; he not only paid up all
+      arrears, but further gave a month's pay in advance, so that, if the
+      enthusiasm of the army had been great before, it was greater than ever
+      now. The Athenians when they heard the news were proportionately
+      depressed, and by help of Tissaphernes despatched ambassadors to Cyrus.
+      That prince, however, refused to receive them, nor were the prayers of
+      Tissaphernes of any avail, however much he insisted that Cyrus should
+      adopt the policy which he himself, on the advice of Alcibiades, had
+      persistently acted on. This was simply not to suffer any single Hellenic
+      state to grow strong at the expense of the rest, but to keep them all weak
+      alike, distracted by internecine strife.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) An obol = one-sixth of a drachma; the Attic obol = rather more
+    than 1 1/2 pence.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Lysander, now that the organisation of his navy was arranged to his
+      satisfaction, beached his squadron of ninety vessels at Ephesus, and sat
+      with hands folded, whilst the vessels dried and underwent repairs.
+      Alcibiades, being informed that Thrasybulus had come south of the
+      Hellespont and was fortifying Phocaea, sailed across to join him, leaving
+      his own pilot Antiochus in command of the fleet, with orders not to attack
+      Lysander's fleet. Antiochus, however, was tempted to leave Notium and sail
+      into the harbour of Ephesus with a couple of ships, his own and another,
+      past the prows of Lysander's squadron. The Spartan at first contented
+      himself with launching a few of his ships, and started in pursuit of the
+      intruder; but when the Athenians came out with other vessels to assist
+      Antiochus, he formed his whole squadron into line of battle, and bore down
+      upon them, whereupon the Athenians followed suit, and getting their
+      remaining triremes under weigh at Notium, stood out to sea as fast as each
+      vessel could clear the point. (6) Thus it befell in the engagement which
+      ensued, that while the enemy was in due order, the Athenians came up in
+      scattered detachments and without concert, and in the end were put to
+      flight with the loss of fifteen ships of war. Of the crews, indeed, the
+      majority escaped, though a certain number fell into the hands of the
+      enemy. Then Lysander collected his vessels, and having erected a trophy on
+      Cape Notium, sailed across to Ephesus, whilst the Athenians retired to
+      Samos.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) {os ekastos enoixen}, for this nautical term see above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On his return to Samos a little later, Alcibiades put out to sea with the
+      whole squadron in the direction of the harbour of Ephesus. At the mouth of
+      the harbour he marshalled his fleet in battle order, and tried to tempt
+      the enemy to an engagement; but as Lysander, conscious of his inferiority
+      in numbers, refused to accept the challenge, he sailed back again to
+      Samos. Shortly after this the Lacedaemonians captured Delphinium and Eion.
+      (7)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) This should probably be Teos, in Ionia, in spite of the MSS.
+    {'Eiona}. The place referred to cannot at any rate be the well-
+    known Eion at the mouth of the Strymon in Thrace.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But now the news of the late disaster at Notium had reached the Athenians
+      at home, and in their indignation they turned upon Alcibiades, to whose
+      negligence and lack of self-command they attributed the destruction of the
+      ships. Accordingly they chose ten new generals&mdash;namely Conon,
+      Diomedon, Leon, Pericles, Erasinides, Aristocrates, Archestratus,
+      Protomachus, Thrasylus, and Aristogenes. Alcibiades, who was moreover in
+      bad odour in the camp, sailed away with a single trireme to his private
+      fortress in the Chersonese.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this Conon, in obedience to a decree of the Athenian people, set
+      sail from Andros with the twenty vessels under his command in that island
+      to Samos, and took command of the whole squadron. To fill the place thus
+      vacated by Conon, Phanosthenes was sent to Andros with four ships. That
+      captain was fortunate enough to intercept and capture two Thurian ships of
+      war, crews and all, and these captives were all imprisoned by the
+      Athenians, with the exception of their leader Dorieus. He was the Rhodian,
+      who some while back had been banished from Athens and from his native city
+      by the Athenians, when sentence of death was passed upon him and his
+      family. This man, who had once enjoyed the right of citizenship among
+      them, they now took pity on and released him without ransom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When Conon had reached Samos he found the armament in a state of great
+      despondency. Accordingly his first measure was to man seventy ships with
+      their full complement, instead of the former hundred and odd vessels. With
+      this squadron he put to sea accompanied by the other generals, and
+      confined himself to making descents first at one point and then at another
+      of the enemy's territory, and to collecting plunder.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And so the year drew to its close: a year signalled further by an invasion
+      of Sicily by the Carthaginians, with one hundred and twenty ships of war
+      and a land force of one hundred and twenty thousand men, which resulted in
+      the capture of Agrigentum. The town was finally reduced to famine after a
+      siege of seven months, the invaders having previously been worsted in
+      battle and forced to sit down before its walls for so long a time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      VI
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 406. In the following year&mdash;the year of the evening eclipse of
+      the moon, and the burning of the old temple of Athena (1) at Athens (2)&mdash;the
+      Lacedaemonians sent out Callicratidas to replace Lysander, whose period of
+      office had now expired. (3) Lysander, when surrendering the squadron to
+      his successor, spoke of himself as the winner of a sea fight, which had
+      left him in undisputed mastery of the sea, and with this boast he handed
+      over the ships to Callicratidas, who retorted, "If you will convey the
+      fleet from Ephesus, keeping Samos (4) on your right" (that is, past where
+      the Athenian navy lay), "and hand it over to me at Miletus, I will admit
+      that you are master of the sea." But Lysander had no mind to interfere in
+      the province of another officer. Thus Callicratidas assumed
+      responsibility. He first manned, in addition to the squadron which he
+      received from Lysander, fifty new vessels furnished by the allies from
+      Chios and Rhodes and elsewhere. When all these contingents were assembled,
+      they formed a total of one hundred and forty sail, and with these he began
+      making preparations for engagement with the enemy. But it was impossible
+      for him not to note the strong current of opposition which he encountered
+      from the friends of Lysander. Not only was there lack of zeal in their
+      service, but they openly disseminated an opinion in the States, that it
+      was the greatest possible blunder on the part of the Lacedaemonians so to
+      change their admirals. Of course, they must from time to time get officers
+      altogether unfit for the post&mdash;men whose nautical knowledge dated
+      from yesterday, and who, moreover, had no notion of dealing with human
+      beings. It would be very odd if this practice of sending out people
+      ignorant of the sea and unknown to the folk of the country did not lead to
+      some catastrophe. Callicratidas at once summoned the Lacedaemonians there
+      present, and addressed them in the following terms:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. as some think, the Erechtheion, which was built partly on the
+    site of the old temple of Athena Polias, destroyed by the
+    Persians. According to Dr. Dorpfeld, a quite separate building of
+    the Doric order, the site of which (S. of the Erechtheion) has
+    lately been discovered.
+
+ (2) The MSS. here add "in the ephorate of Pityas and the archonship of
+    Callias at Athens;" but though the date is probably correct (cf.
+    Leake, "Topography of Athens," vol. i. p. 576 foll.), the words
+    are almost certainly a gloss.
+
+ (3) Here the MSS. add "with the twenty-fourth year of the war,"
+    probably an annotator's gloss; the correct date should be twenty-
+    fifth. Pel. war 26 = B.C. 406. Pel. war 25 ended B.C. 407.
+
+ (4) Lit. on the left (or east) of Samos, looking south from Ephesus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "For my part," he said, "I am content to stay at home: and if Lysander or
+      any one else claim greater experience in nautical affairs than I possess,
+      I have no desire to block his path. Only, being sent out by the State to
+      take command of this fleet, I do not know what is left to me, save to
+      carry out my instructions to the best of my ability. For yourselves, all I
+      beg of you, in reference to my personal ambitions and the kind of charges
+      brought against our common city, and of which you are as well aware as I
+      am, is to state what you consider to be the best course: am I to stay
+      where I am, or shall I sail back home, and explain the position of affairs
+      out here?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No one ventured to suggest any other course than that he should obey the
+      authorities, and do what he was sent to do. Callicratidas then went up to
+      the court of Cyrus to ask for further pay for the sailors, but the answer
+      he got from Cyrus was that he should wait for two days. Callicratidas was
+      annoyed at the rebuff: to dance attendance at the palace gates was little
+      to his taste. In a fit of anger he cried out at the sorry condition of the
+      Hellenes, thus forced to flatter the barbarian for the sake of money. "If
+      ever I get back home," he added, "I will do what in me lies to reconcile
+      the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians." And so he turned and sailed back to
+      Miletus. From Miletus he sent some triremes to Lacedaemon to get money,
+      and convoking the public assembly of the Milesians, addressed them thus:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Men of Miletus, necessity is laid upon me to obey the rulers at home; but
+      for yourselves, whose neighbourhood to the barbarians has exposed you to
+      many evils at their hands, I only ask you to let your zeal in the war bear
+      some proportion to your former sufferings. You should set an example to
+      the rest of the allies, and show us how to inflict the sharpest and
+      swiftest injury on our enemy, whilst we await the return from Lacedaemon
+      of my envoys with the necessary funds. Since one of the last acts of
+      Lysander, before he left us, was to hand back to Cyrus the funds already
+      on the spot, as though we could well dispense with them. I was thus forced
+      to turn to Cyrus, but all I got from him was a series of rebuffs; he
+      refused me an audience, and, for my part, I could not induce myself to
+      hang about his gates like a mendicant. But I give you my word, men of
+      Miletus, that in return for any assistance which you can render us while
+      waiting for these aids, I will requite you richly. Only by God's help let
+      us show these barbarians that we do not need to worship them, in order to
+      punish our foes."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The speech was effective; many members of the assembly arose, and not the
+      least eagerly those who were accused of opposing him. These, in some
+      terror, proposed a vote of money, backed by offers of further private
+      contributions. Furnished with these sums, and having procured from Chios a
+      further remittance of five drachmas (5) a piece as outfit for each seaman,
+      he set sail to Methyma in Lesbos, which was in the hands of the enemy. But
+      as the Methymnaeans were not disposed to come over to him (since there was
+      an Athenian garrison in the place, and the men at the head of affairs were
+      partisans of Athens), he assaulted and took the place by storm. All the
+      property within accordingly became the spoil of the soldiers. The
+      prisoners were collected for sale by Callicratidas in the market-place,
+      where, in answer to the demand of the allies, who called upon him to sell
+      the Methymnaeans also, he made answer, that as long as he was in command,
+      not a single Hellene should be enslaved if he could help it. The next day
+      he set at liberty the free-born captives; the Athenian garrison with the
+      captured slaves he sold. (6) To Conon he sent word:&mdash;He would put a
+      stop to his strumpeting the sea. (7) And catching sight of him, as he put
+      out to sea, at break of day, he gave chase, hoping to cut him off from his
+      passage to Samos, and prevent his taking refuge there.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) About 4d.
+
+ (6) Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 224 (2d ed.), thinks that
+    Callicratidas did not even sell the Athenian garrison, as if the
+    sense of the passage were: "The next day he set at liberty the
+    free-born captives with the Athenian garrison, contenting himself
+    with selling the captive slaves." But I am afraid that no
+    ingenuity of stopping will extract that meaning from the Greek
+    words, which are, {te d' usteraia tous men eleutherous apheke tous
+    de ton 'Athenaion phrourous kai ta andrapoda ta doula panta
+    apedoto}. To spare the Athenian garrison would have been too
+    extraordinary a proceeding even for Callicratidas. The idea
+    probably never entered his head. It was sufficiently noble for him
+    to refuse to sell the Methymnaeans. See the remarks of Mr. W. L.
+    Newman, "The Pol. of Aristotle," vol. i. p. 142.
+
+ (7) I.e. the sea was Sparta's bride.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But Conon, aided by the sailing qualities of his fleet, the rowers of
+      which were the pick of several ships' companies, concentrated in a few
+      vessels, made good his escape, seeking shelter within the harbour of
+      Mitylene in Lesbos, and with him two of the ten generals, Leon and
+      Erasinides. Callicratidas, pursuing him with one hundred and seventy sail,
+      entered the harbour simultaneously; and Conon thus hindered from further
+      or final escape by the too rapid movements of the enemy, was forced to
+      engage inside the harbour, and lost thirty of his ships, though the crews
+      escaped to land. The remaining, forty in number, he hauled up under the
+      walls of the town. Callicratidas, on his side, came to moorings in the
+      harbour; and, having command of the exit, blocked the Athenian within. His
+      next step was to send for the Methymnaeans in force by land, and to
+      transport his army across from Chios. Money also came to him from Cyrus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Conon, finding himself besieged by land and sea, without means of
+      providing himself with corn from any quarter, the city crowded with
+      inhabitants, and aid from Athens, whither no news of the late events could
+      be conveyed, impossible, launched two of the fastest sailing vessels of
+      his squadron. These he manned, before daybreak, with the best rowers whom
+      he could pick out of the fleet, stowing away the marines at the same time
+      in the hold of the ships and closing the port shutters. Every day for four
+      days they held out in this fashion, but at evening as soon as it was dark
+      he disembarked his men, so that the enemy might not suspect what they were
+      after. On the fifth day, having got in a small stock of provisions, when
+      it was already mid-day and the blockaders were paying little or no
+      attention, and some of them even were taking their siesta, the two ships
+      sailed out of the harbour: the one directing her course towards the
+      Hellespont, whilst her companion made for the open sea. Then, on the part
+      of the blockaders, there was a rush to the scene of action, as fast as the
+      several crews could get clear of land, in bustle and confusion, cutting
+      away the anchors, and rousing themselves from sleep, for, as chance would
+      have it, they had been breakfasting on shore. Once on board, however, they
+      were soon in hot pursuit of the ship which had started for the open sea,
+      and ere the sun dipped they overhauled her, and after a successful
+      engagement attached her by cables and towed her back into harbour, crew
+      and all. Her comrade, making for the Hellespont, escaped, and eventually
+      reached Athens with news of the blockade. The first relief was brought to
+      the blockaded fleet by Diomedon, who anchored with twelve vessels in the
+      Mitylenaean Narrows. (8) But a sudden attack of Callicratidas, who bore
+      down upon him without warning, cost him ten of his vessels, Diomedon
+      himself escaping with his own ship and one other.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Or, "Euripus."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now that the position of affairs, including the blockade, was fully known
+      at Athens, a vote was passed to send out a reinforcement of one hundred
+      and ten ships. Every man of ripe age, (9) whether slave or free, was
+      impressed for this service, so that within thirty days the whole one
+      hundred and ten vessels were fully manned and weighed anchor. Amongst
+      those who served in this fleet were also many of the knights. (10) The
+      fleet at once stood out across to Samos, and picked up the Samian vessels
+      in that island. The muster-roll was swelled by the addition of more than
+      thirty others from the rest of the allies, to whom the same principle of
+      conscription applied, as also it did to the ships already engaged on
+      foreign service. The actual total, therefore, when all the contingents
+      were collected, was over one hundred and fifty vessels.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) I.e. from eighteen to sixty years.
+
+ (10) See Boeckh. "P. E. A." Bk. II. chap. xxi. p. 263 (Eng. trans.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Callicratidas, hearing that the relief squadron had already reached Samos,
+      left fifty ships, under command of Eteonicus, in the harbour of Mitylene,
+      and setting sail with the other one hundred and twenty, hove to for the
+      evening meal off Cape Malea in Lesbos, opposite Mitylene. It so happened
+      that the Athenians on this day were supping on the islands of Arginusae,
+      which lie opposite Lesbos. In the night the Spartan not only saw their
+      watch-fires, but received positive information that "these were the
+      Athenians;" and about midnight he got under weigh, intending to fall upon
+      them suddenly. But a violent downpour of rain with thunder and lightning
+      prevented him putting out to sea. By daybreak it had cleared, and he
+      sailed towards Arginusae. On their side, the Athenian squadron stood out
+      to meet him, with their left wing facing towards the open sea, and drawn
+      up in the following order:&mdash;Aristocrates, in command of the left
+      wing, with fifteen ships, led the van; next came Diomedon with fifteen
+      others, and immediately in rear of Aristocrates and Diomedon respectively,
+      as their supports, came Pericles and Erasinides. Parallel with Diomedon
+      were the Samians, with their ten ships drawn up in single line, under the
+      command of a Samian officer named Hippeus. Next to these came the ten
+      vessels of the taxiarchs, also in single line, and supporting them, the
+      three ships of the navarchs, with any other allied vessels in the
+      squadron. The right wing was entrusted to Protomachus with fifteen ships,
+      and next to him (on the extreme right) was Thrasylus with another division
+      of fifteen. Protomachus was supported by Lysias with an equal number of
+      ships, and Thrasylus by Aristogenes. The object of this formation was to
+      prevent the enemy from manouvring so as to break their line by striking
+      them amidships, (11) since they were inferior in sailing power.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Lit. "by the diekplous." Cf. Thuc. i. 49, and Arnold's note, who
+    says: "The 'diecplus' was a breaking through the enemy's line in
+    order by a rapid turning of the vessel to strike the enemy's ship
+    on the side or stern, where it was most defenceless, and so to
+    sink it." So, it seems, "the superiority of nautical skill has
+    passed," as Grote (viii. p. 234) says, "to the Peloponnesians and
+    their allies." Well may the historian add, "How astonished would
+    the Athenian Admiral Phormion have been, if he could have
+    witnessed the fleets and the order of battle at Arginusae!" See
+    Thuc. iv. 11.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians, on the contrary, trusting to their superior
+      seamanship, were formed opposite with their ships all in single line, with
+      the special object of manouvring so as either to break the enemy's line or
+      to wheel round them. Callicratidas commanded the right wing in person.
+      Before the battle the officer who acted as his pilot, the Megarian Hermon,
+      suggested that it might be well to withdraw the fleet as the Athenian
+      ships were far more numerous. But Callicratidas replied that Sparta would
+      be no worse off even if he personally should perish, but to flee would be
+      disgraceful. (12) And now the fleets approached, and for a long space the
+      battle endured. At first the vessels were engaged in crowded masses, and
+      later on in scattered groups. At length Callicratidas, as his vessel
+      dashed her beak into her antagonist, was hurled off into the sea and
+      disappeared. At the same instant Protomachus, with his division on the
+      right, had defeated the enemy's left, and then the flight of the
+      Peloponnesians began towards Chios, though a very considerable body of
+      them made for Phocaea, whilst the Athenians sailed back again to
+      Arginusae. The losses on the side of the Athenians were twenty-five ships,
+      crews and all, with the exception of the few who contrived to reach dry
+      land. On the Peloponnesian side, nine out of the ten Lacedaemonian ships,
+      and more than sixty belonging to the rest of the allied squadron, were
+      lost.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) For the common reading, {oikeitai}, which is ungrammatical,
+    various conjectures have been made, e.g.
+
+      {oikieitai} = "would be none the worse off for citizens,"
+      {oikesetai} = "would be just as well administered without him,"
+
+    but as the readings and their renderings are alike doubtful, I
+    have preferred to leave the matter vague. Cf. Cicero, "De Offic."
+    i. 24; Plutarch, "Lac. Apophth." p. 832.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After consultation the Athenian generals agreed that two captains of
+      triremes, Theramenes and Thrasybulus, accompanied by some of the
+      taxiarchs, should take forty-seven ships and sail to the assistance of the
+      disabled fleet and of the men on board, whilst the rest of the squadron
+      proceeded to attack the enemy's blockading squadron under Eteonicus at
+      Mitylene. In spite of their desire to carry out this resolution, the wind
+      and a violent storm which arose prevented them. So they set up a trophy,
+      and took up their quarters for the night. As to Etenoicus, the details of
+      the engagement were faithfully reported to him by the express
+      despatch-boat in attendance. On receipt of the news, however, he sent the
+      despatch-boat out again the way she came, with an injunction to those on
+      board of her to sail off quickly without exchanging a word with any one.
+      Then on a sudden they were to return garlanded with wreaths of victory and
+      shouting "Callicratidas has won a great sea fight, and the whole Athenian
+      squadron is destroyed." This they did, and Eteonicus, on his side, as soon
+      as the despatch-boat came sailing in, proceeded to offer sacrifice of
+      thanksgiving in honour of the good news. Meanwhile he gave orders that the
+      troops were to take their evening meal, and that the masters of the
+      trading ships were silently to stow away their goods on board the merchant
+      ships and make sail as fast as the favourable breeze could speed them to
+      Chios. The ships of war were to follow suit with what speed they might.
+      This done, he set fire to his camp, and led off the land forces to
+      Methymna. Conon, finding the enemy had made off, and the wind had grown
+      comparatively mild, (13) got his ships afloat, and so fell in with the
+      Athenian squadron, which had by this time set out from Arginusae. To these
+      he explained the proceedings of Eteonicus. The squadron put into Mitylene,
+      and from Mitylene stood across to Chios, and thence, without effecting
+      anything further, sailed back to Samos.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Or, "had changed to a finer quarter."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      VII
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      All the above-named generals, with the exception of Conon, were presently
+      deposed by the home authorities. In addition to Conon two new generals
+      were chosen, Adeimantus and Philocles. Of those concerned in the late
+      victory two never returned to Athens: these were Protomachus and
+      Aristogenes. The other six sailed home. Their names were Pericles,
+      Diomedon, Lysias, Aristocrates, Thrasylus, and Erasinides. On their
+      arrival Archidemus, the leader of the democracy at that date, who had
+      charge of the two obol fund, (1) inflicted a fine on Erasinides, and
+      accused him before the Dicastery (2) of having appropriated money derived
+      from the Hellespont, which belonged to the people. He brought a further
+      charge against him of misconduct while acting as general, and the court
+      sentenced him to imprisonment.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Reading {tes diobelais}, a happy conjecture for the MSS. {tes
+    diokelias}, which is inexplicable. See Grote, "Hist. of Greece,"
+    vol. viii. p. 244 note (2d ed.)
+
+ (2) I.e. a legal tribunal or court of law. At Athens the free citizens
+    constitutionally sworn and impannelled sat as "dicasts"
+    ("jurymen," or rather as a bench of judges) to hear cases
+    ({dikai}). Any particular board of dicasts formed a "dicastery."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These proceedings in the law court were followed by the statement of the
+      generals before the senate (3) touching the late victory and the magnitude
+      of the storm. Timocrates then proposed that the other five generals should
+      be put in custody and handed over to the public assembly. (4) Whereupon
+      the senate committed them all to prison. Then came the meeting of the
+      public assembly, in which others, and more particularly Theramenes,
+      formally accused the generals. He insisted that they ought to show cause
+      why they had not picked up the shipwrecked crews. To prove that there had
+      been no attempt on their part to attach blame to others, he might point,
+      as conclusive testimony, to the despatch sent by the generals themselves
+      to the senate and the people, in which they attributed the whole disaster
+      to the storm, and nothing else. After this the generals each in turn made
+      a defence, which was necessarily limited to a few words, since no right of
+      addressing the assembly at length was allowed by law. Their explanation of
+      the occurrences was that, in order to be free to sail against the enemy
+      themselves, they had devolved the duty of picking up the shipwrecked crews
+      upon certain competent captains of men-of-war, who had themselves been
+      generals in their time, to wit Theramenes and Tharysbulus, and others of
+      like stamp. If blame could attach to any one at all with regard to the
+      duty in question, those to whom their orders had been given were the sole
+      persons they could hold responsible. "But," they went on to say, "we will
+      not, because these very persons have denounced us, invent a lie, and say
+      that Theramenes and Thrasybulus are to blame, when the truth of the matter
+      is that the magnitude of the storm alone prevented the burial of the dead
+      and the rescue of the living." In proof of their contention, they produced
+      the pilots and numerous other witnesses from among those present at the
+      engagement. By these arguments they were in a fair way to persuade the
+      people of their innocence. Indeed many private citizens rose wishing to
+      become bail for the accused, but it was resolved to defer decision till
+      another meeting of the assembly. It was indeed already so late that it
+      would have been impossible to see to count the show of hands. It was
+      further resolved that the senate meanwhile should prepare a measure, to be
+      introduced at the next assembly, as to the mode in which the accused
+      should take their trial.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) This is the Senate or Council of Five Hundred. One of its chief
+    duties was to prepare measures for discussion in the assembly. It
+    had also a certain amount of judicial power, hearing complaints
+    and inflicting fines up to fifty drachmas. It sat daily, a
+    "prytany" of fifty members of each of the ten tribes in rotation
+    holding office for a month in turn.
+
+ (4) This is the great Public Assembly (the Ecclesia), consisting of
+    all genuine Athenian citizens of more than twenty years of age.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Then came the festival of the Aparturia, (5) with its family gatherings of
+      fathers and kinsfolk. Accordingly the party of Theramenes procured numbers
+      of people clad in black apparel, and close-shaven, (6) who were to go in
+      and present themselves before the public assembly in the middle of the
+      festival, as relatives, presumably, of the men who had perished; and they
+      persuaded Callixenus to accuse the generals in the senate. The next step
+      was to convoke the assembly, when the senate laid before it the proposal
+      just passed by their body, at the instance of Callixenus, which ran as
+      follows: "Seeing that both the parties to this case, to wit, the
+      prosecutors of the generals on the one hand, and the accused themselves in
+      their defence on the other, have been heard in the late meeting of the
+      assembly; we propose that the people of Athens now record their votes, one
+      and all, by their tribes; that a couple of voting urns be placed for the
+      convenience of each several tribe; and the public crier in the hearing of
+      each several tribe proclaim the mode of voting as follows: 'Let every one
+      who finds the generals guilty of not rescuing the heroes of the late sea
+      fight deposit his vote in urn No. 1. Let him who is of the contrary
+      opinion deposit his vote in urn No. 2. Further, in the event of the
+      aforesaid generals being found guilty, let death be the penalty. Let the
+      guilty persons be delivered over to the eleven. Let their property be
+      confiscated to the State, with the exception of one tithe, which falls to
+      the goddess.'"
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) An important festival held in October at Athens, and in nearly all
+    Ionic cities. Its objects were (1) the recognition of a common
+    descent from Ion, the son of Apollo Patrous; and (2) the
+    maintenance of the ties of clanship. See Grote, "Hist. of Greece,"
+    vol. viii. p. 260 foll. (2d ed.); Jebb, "Theophr." xviii. 5.
+
+ (6) I.e. in sign of mourning.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now there came forward in the assembly a man, who said that he had escaped
+      drowning by clinging to a meal tub. The poor fellows perishing around him
+      had commissioned him, if he succeeded in saving himself, to tell the
+      people of Athens how bravely they had fought for their fatherland, and how
+      the generals had left them there to drown.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Presently Euryptolemus, the son of Peisianax, and others served a notice
+      of indictment on Callixenus, insisting that his proposal was
+      unconstitutional, and this view of the case was applauded by some members
+      of the assembly. But the majority kept crying out that it was monstrous if
+      the people were to be hindered by any stray individual from doing what
+      seemed to them right. And when Lysicus, embodying the spirit of those
+      cries, formally proposed that if these persons would not abandon their
+      action, they should be tried by the same vote along with the generals: a
+      proposition to which the mob gave vociferous assent; and so these were
+      compelled to abandon their summonses. Again, when some of the Prytanes (7)
+      objected to put a resolution to the vote which was in itself
+      unconstitutional, Callixenus again got up and accused them in the same
+      terms, and the shouting began again. "Yes, summons all who refuse," until
+      the Prytanes, in alarm, all agreed with one exception to permit the
+      voting. This obstinate dissentient was Socrates, the son of Sophroniscus,
+      who insisted that he would do nothing except in accordance with the law.
+      (8) After this Euryptolemus rose and spoke in behalf of the generals. He
+      said:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) Prytanes&mdash;the technical term for the senators of the presiding
+    tribe, who acted as presidents of the assembly. Their chairman for
+    the day was called Epistates.
+
+ (8) For the part played by Socrates see further Xenophon's
+    "Memorabilia," I. i. 18; IV. iv. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "I stand here, men of Athens, partly to accuse Pericles, though he is a
+      close and intimate connection of my own, and Diomedon, who is my friend,
+      and partly to urge certain considerations on their behalf, but chiefly to
+      press upon you what seems to me the best course for the State
+      collectively. I hold them to blame in that they dissuaded their colleagues
+      from their intention to send a despatch to the senate and this assembly,
+      which should have informed you of the orders given to Theramenes and
+      Thrasybulus to take forty-seven ships of war and pick up the shipwrecked
+      crews, and of the neglect of the two officers to carry out those orders.
+      And it follows that though the offence was committed by one or two, the
+      responsibility must be shared by all; and in return for kindness in the
+      past, they are in danger at present of sacrificing their lives to the
+      machinations of these very men, and others whom I could mention. In
+      danger, do I say, of losing their lives? No, not so, if you will suffer me
+      to persuade you to do what is just and right; if you will only adopt such
+      a course as shall enable you best to discover the truth and shall save you
+      from too late repentance, when you find you have transgressed irremediably
+      against heaven and your own selves. In what I urge there is no trap nor
+      plot whereby you can be deceived by me or any other man; it is a
+      straightforward course which will enable you to discover and punish the
+      offender by whatever process you like, collectively or individually. Let
+      them have, if not more, at any rate one whole day to make what defence
+      they can for themselves; and trust to your own unbiased judgment to guide
+      you to the right conclusion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You know, men of Athens, the exceeding stringency of the decree of
+      Cannonus, (9) which orders that man, whosoever he be, who is guilty of
+      treason against the people of Athens, to be put in irons, and so to meet
+      the charge against him before the people. If he be convicted, he is to be
+      thrown into the Barathron and perish, and the property of such an one is
+      to be confiscated, with the exception of the tithe which falls to the
+      goddess. I call upon you to try these generals in accordance with this
+      decree. Yes, and so help me God&mdash;if it please you, begin with my own
+      kinsman Pericles for base would it be on my part to make him of more
+      account than the whole of the State. Or, if you prefer, try them by that
+      other law, which is directed against robbers of temples and betrayers of
+      their country, which says: if a man betray his city or rob a sacred temple
+      of the gods, he shall be tried before a law court, and if he be convicted,
+      his body shall not be buried in Attica, and his goods shall be confiscated
+      to the State. Take your choice as between these two laws, men of Athens,
+      and let the prisoners be tried by one or other. Let three portions of a
+      day be assigned to each respectively, one portion wherein they shall
+      listen to their accusation, a second wherein they shall make their
+      defence, and a third wherein you shall meet and give your votes in due
+      order on the question of their guilt or innocence. By this procedure the
+      malefactors will receive the desert of their misdeeds in full, and those
+      who are innocent will owe you, men of Athens, the recovery of their
+      liberty, in place of unmerited destruction. (10)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) "There was a rule in Attic judicial procedure, called the psephism
+    of Kannonus (originally adopted, we do not know when, on the
+    proposition of a citizen of that name, as a psephism or decree for
+    some particular case, but since generalised into common practice,
+    and grown into great prescriptive reverence), which peremptorily
+    forbade any such collective trial or sentence, and directed that a
+    separate judicial vote should in all cases be taken for or against
+    each accused party." Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 266
+    (2d ed.)
+
+ (10) Reading {adikos apolountai}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "On your side, in trying the accused by recognised legal procedure, you
+      will show that you obey the dictates of pious feeling, and can regard the
+      sanctity of an oath, instead of joining hands with our enemies the
+      Lacedaemonians and fighting their battles. For is it not to fight their
+      battles, if you take their conquerors, the men who deprived them of
+      seventy vessels, and at the moment of victory sent them to perdition
+      untried and in the teeth of the law? What are you afraid of, that you
+      press forward with such hot haste? Do you imagine that you may be robbed
+      of the power of life and death over whom you please, should you condescend
+      to a legal trial? but that you are safe if you take shelter behind an
+      illegality, like the illegality of Callixenus, when he worked upon the
+      senate to propose to this assembly to deal with the accused by a single
+      vote? But consider, you may actually put to death an innocent man, and
+      then repentance will one day visit you too late. Bethink you how painful
+      and unavailing remorse will then be, and more particularly if your error
+      has cost a fellow-creature his life. What a travesty of justice it would
+      be if in the case of a man like Aristarchus, (11) who first tried to
+      destroy the democracy and then betrayed Oenoe to our enemy the Thebans,
+      you granted him a day for his defence, consulting his wishes, and conceded
+      to him all the other benefits of the law; whereas now you are proposing to
+      deprive of these same privileges your own generals, who in every way
+      conformed to your views and defeated your enemies. Do not you, of all men,
+      I implore you, men of Athens, act thus. Why, these laws are your own, to
+      them, beyond all else you owe your greatness. Guard them jealously; in
+      nothing, I implore you, act without their sanction.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) See below, II. iii; also cf. Thuc. viii. 90, 98.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But now, turn for a moment and consider with me the actual occurrences
+      which have created the suspicion of misconduct on the part of our late
+      generals. The sea-fight had been fought and won, and the ships had
+      returned to land, when Diomedon urged that the whole squadron should sail
+      out in line and pick up the wrecks and floating crews. Erasinides was in
+      favour of all the vessels sailing as fast as possible to deal with the
+      enemy's forces at Mitylene. And Thrasylus represented that both objects
+      could be effected, by leaving one division of the fleet there, and with
+      the rest sailing against the enemy; and if this resolution were agreed to,
+      he advised that each of the eight generals should leave three ships of his
+      own division with the ten vessels of the taxiarchs, the ten Samian
+      vessels, and the three belonging to the navarchs. These added together
+      make forty-seven, four for each of the lost vessels, twelve in number.
+      Among the taxiarchs left behind, two were Thrasybulus and Theramenes, the
+      men who in the late meeting of this assembly undertook to accuse the
+      generals. With the remainder of the fleet they were to sail to attack the
+      enemy's fleet. Everything, you must admit, was duly and admirably planned.
+      It was only common justice, therefore, that those whose duty it was to
+      attack the enemy should render an account for all miscarriages of
+      operations against the enemy; while those who were commissioned to pick up
+      the dead and dying should, if they failed to carry out the instructions of
+      the generals, be put on trial to explain the reasons of the failure. This
+      indeed I may say in behalf of both parites. It was really the storm which,
+      in spite of what the generals had planned, prevented anything being done.
+      There are witnesses ready to attest the truth of this: the men who escaped
+      as by a miracle, and among these one of these very generals, who was on a
+      sinking ship and was saved. And this man, who needed picking up as much as
+      anybody at that moment, is, they insist, to be tried by one and the same
+      vote as those who neglected to perform their orders! Once more, I beg you,
+      men of Athens, to accept your victory and your good fortune, instead of
+      behaving like the desperate victims of misfortune and defeat. Recognise
+      the finger of divine necessity; do not incur the reproach of
+      stony-heartedness by discovering treason where there was merely
+      powerlessness, and condemning as guilty those who were prevented by the
+      storm from carrying out their instructions. Nay! you will better satisfy
+      the demands of justice by crowning these conquerors with wreaths of
+      victory than by punishing them with death at the instigation of wicked
+      men."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the conclusion of his speech Euryptolemus proposed, as an amendment,
+      that the prisoners should, in accordance with the decree of Cannonus, be
+      tried each separately, as against the proposal of the senate to try them
+      all by a single vote.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the show of hands the tellers gave the majority in favour of
+      Euryptolemus's amendment, but upon the application of Menecles, who took
+      formal exception (12) to this decision, the show of hands was gone through
+      again, and now the verdict was in favour of the resolution of the senate.
+      At a later date the balloting was made, and by the votes recorded the
+      eight generals were condemned, and the six who were in Athens were put to
+      death.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) For this matter cf. Schomann, "De Comitiis Athen." p. 161 foll.;
+    also Grote, "Hist. of Grece," vol. viii. p. 276 note (2d ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Not long after, repentance seized the Athenians, and they passed a decree
+      authorising the public prosecution of those who had deceived the people,
+      and the appointment of proper securities for their persons until the trial
+      was over. Callixenus was one of those committed for trail. There were,
+      besides Callixenus, four others against whom true bills were declared, and
+      they were all five imprisoned by their sureties. But all subsequently
+      effected their escape before the trial, at the time of the sedition in
+      which Cleophon (13) was killed. Callixenus eventually came back when the
+      party in Piraeus returned to the city, at the date of the amnesty, (14)
+      but only to die of hunger, an object of universal detestation.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Cleophon, the well-known demagogue. For the occasion of his death
+    see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. pp. 166, 310 (2d ed.);
+    Prof. Jebb, "Attic Orators," i. 266, ii. 288. For his character,
+    as popularly conceived, cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 677.
+
+ (14) B.C. 403.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To return to Eteonicus and his troops in Chios. During summer they were
+      well able to support themselves on the fruits of the season, or by
+      labouring for hire in different parts of the island, but with the approach
+      of winter these means of subsistence began to fail. Ill-clad at the same
+      time, and ill-shod, they fell to caballing and arranging plans to attack
+      the city of Chios. It was agreed amongst them, that in order to gauge
+      their numbers, every member of the conspiracy should carry a reed.
+      Eteonicus got wind of the design, but was at a loss how to deal with it,
+      considering the number of these reed-bearers. To make an open attack upon
+      them seemed dangerous. It would probably lead to a rush to arms, in which
+      the conspirators would seize the city and commence hostilities, and, in
+      the event of their success, everything hitherto achieved would be lost. Or
+      again, the destruction on his part of many fellow-creatures and allies was
+      a terrible alternative, which would place the Spartans in an unenviable
+      light with regard to the rest of Hellas, and render the soldiers
+      ill-disposed to the cause in hand. Accordingly he took with him fifteen
+      men, armed with daggers, and marched through the city. Falling in with one
+      of the reed-bearers, a man suffering from ophthalmia, who was returning
+      from the surgeon's house, he put him to death. This led to some uproar,
+      and people asked why the man was thus slain. By Eteonicus's orders the
+      answer was set afloat, "because he carried a reed." As the explanation
+      circulated, one reed-bearer after another threw away the symbol, each one
+      saying to himself, as he heard the reason given, "I have better not be
+      seen with this." After a while Eteonicus called a meeting of the Chians,
+      and imposed upon them a contribution of money, on the ground that with pay
+      in their pockets the sailors would have no temptation to revolutionary
+      projects. The Chians acquiesced. Whereupon Eteonicus promptly ordered his
+      crews to get on board their vessels. He then rowed alongside each ship in
+      turn, and addressed the men at some length in terms of encouragement and
+      cheery admonition, just as though he knew nothing of what had taken place,
+      and so distributed a month's pay to every man on board.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this the Chians and the other allies held a meeting in Ephesus, and,
+      considering the present posture of affairs, determined to send ambassadors
+      to Lacedaemon with a statement of the facts, and a request that Lysander
+      might be sent out to take command of the fleet. Lysander's high reputation
+      among the allies dated back to his former period of office, when as
+      admiral he had won the naval victory of Notium. The ambassadors
+      accordingly were despatched, accompanied by envoys also from Cyrus,
+      charged with the same message. The Lacedaemonians responded by sending
+      them Lysander as second in command, (1) with Aracus as admiral, since it
+      was contrary to their custom that the same man should be admiral twice. At
+      the same time the fleet was entrusted to Lysander. (2)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Epistoleus. See above.
+
+ (2) "At this date the war had lasted five-and-twenty years." So the
+    MSS. read. The words are probably an interpolation.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was in this year (3) that Cyrus put Autoboesaces and Mitraeus to death.
+      These were sons of the sister of Dariaeus (4) (the daughter of Xerxes, the
+      father of Darius). (5) He put them to death for neglecting, when they met
+      him, to thrust their hands into the sleeve (or "kore") which is a tribute
+      of respect paid to the king alone. This "kore" is longer than the ordinary
+      sleeve, so long in fact that a man with his hand inside is rendered
+      helpless. In consequence of this act on the part of Cyrus, Hieramenes (6)
+      and his wife urged upon Dariaeus the danger of overlooking such excessive
+      insolence on the part of the young prince, and Dariaeus, on the plea of
+      sickness, sent a special embassy to summon Cyrus to his bedside.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) B.C. 406.
+
+ (4) Dariaeus, i.e. Darius, but the spelling of the name is correct,
+    and occurs in Ctesias, though in the "Anabasis" we have the
+    spelling Darius.
+
+ (5) These words look like the note of a foolish and ignorant scribe.
+    He ought to have written, "The daughter of Artaxerxes and own
+    sister of Darius, commonly so called."
+
+ (6) For Hieramenes cf. Thuc. viii. 95, and Prof. Jowett ad loc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 405. In the following year (7) Lysander arrived at Ephesus, and sent
+      for Eteonicus with his ships from Chios, and collected all other vessels
+      elsewhere to be found. His time was now devoted to refitting the old ships
+      and having new ones built in Antandrus. He also made a journey to the
+      court of Cyrus with a request for money. All Cyrus could say was, that not
+      only the money sent by the king was spent, but much more besides; and he
+      pointed out the various sums which each of the admirals had received, but
+      at the same time he gave him what he asked for. Furnished with this money,
+      Lysander appointed captains to the different men-of-war, and remitted to
+      the sailors their arrears of pay. Meanwhile the Athenian generals, on
+      their side, were devoting their energies to the improvements of their navy
+      at Samos.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) The MSS. add "during the ephorate of Archytas and the archonship
+    at Athens of Alexias," which, though correct enough, is probably
+    an interpolation.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was now Cyrus's turn to send for Lysander. It was the moment at which
+      the envoy from his father had arrived with the message: "Your father is on
+      his sick-bed and desires your presence." The king lay at Thamneria, in
+      Media, near the territory of the Cadusians, against whom he had marched to
+      put down a revolt. When Lysander presented himself, Cyrus was urgent with
+      him not to engage the Athenians at sea unless he had many more ships than
+      they. "The king," he added, "and I have plenty of wealth, so that, as far
+      as money goes, you can man plenty of vessels." He then consigned to him
+      all the tributes from the several cities which belonged to him personally,
+      and gave him the ready money which he had as a gift; and finally,
+      reminding him of the sincere friendship he entertained towards the state
+      of Lacedaemon, as well as to himself personally, he set out up country to
+      visit his father. Lysander, finding himself thus left with the complete
+      control of the property of Cyrus (during the absence of that prince, so
+      summoned to the bedside of his father), was able to distribute pay to his
+      troops, after which he set sail for the Ceramic Gulf of Caria. Here he
+      stormed a city in alliance with the Athenians named Cedreae, and on the
+      following day's assault took it, and reduced the inhabitants to slavery.
+      These were of a mixed Hellene and barbaric stock. From Cedreae he
+      continued his voyage to Rhodes. The Athenians meanwhile, using Samos as
+      their base of operations, were employed in devastating the king's
+      territory, or in swooping down upon Chios and Ephesus, and in general were
+      preparing for a naval battle, having but lately chosen three new generals
+      in addition to those already in office, whose names were Menander, Tydeus,
+      and Cephisodotus. Now Lysander, leaving Rhodes, and coasting along Ionia,
+      made his way to the Hellespont, having an eye to the passage of vessels
+      through the Straits, and, in a more hostile sense, on the cities which had
+      revolted from Sparta. The Athenians also set sail from Chios, but stood
+      out to open sea, since the seaboard of Asia was hostile to them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lysander was again on the move; leaving Abydos, he passed up channel to
+      Lampsacus, which town was allied with Athens; the men of Abydos and the
+      rest of the troops advancing by land, under the command of the
+      Lacedaemonian Thorax. They then attacked and took by storm the town, which
+      was wealthy, and with its stores of wine and wheat and other commodities
+      was pillaged by the soldiery. All free-born persons, however, were without
+      exception released by Lysander. And now the Athenian fleet, following
+      close on his heels, came to moorings at Elaeus, in the Chersonesus, one
+      hundred and eighty sail in all. It was not until they had reached this
+      place, and were getting their early meal, that the news of what had
+      happened at Lampsacus reached them. Then they instantly set sail again to
+      Sestos, and, having halted long enough merely to take in stores, sailed on
+      further to Aegospotami, a point facing Lampsacus, where the Hellespont is
+      not quite two miles (8) broad. Here they took their evening meal.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Lit. fifteen stades.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The night following, or rather early next morning, with the first streak
+      of dawn, Lysander gave the signal for the men to take their breakfasts and
+      get on board their vessels; and so, having got all ready for a naval
+      engagement, with his ports closed and movable bulwarks attached, he issued
+      the order that no one was to stir from his post or put out to sea. As the
+      sun rose the Athenians drew up their vessels facing the harbour, in line
+      of battle ready for action; but Lysander declining to come out to meet
+      them, as the day advanced they retired again to Aegospotami. Then Lysander
+      ordered the swiftest of his ships to follow the Athenians, and as soon as
+      the crews had disembarked, to watch what they did, sail back, and report
+      to him. Until these look-outs returned he would permit no disembarkation
+      from his ships. This performance he repeated for four successive days, and
+      each day the Athenians put out to sea and challenged an engagement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But now Alcibiades, from one of his fortresses, could espy the position of
+      his fellow-countrymen, moored on an open beach beyond reach of any city,
+      and forced to send for supplies to Sestos, which was nearly two miles
+      distant, while their enemies were safely lodged in a harbour, with a city
+      adjoining, and everything within reach. The situation did not please him,
+      and he advised them to shift their anchorage to Sestos, where they would
+      have the advantage of a harbour and a city. "Once there," he concluded,
+      "you can engage the enemy whenever it suits you." But the generals, and
+      more particularly Tydeus and Menander, bade him go about his business. "We
+      are generals now&mdash;not you," they said; and so he went away. And now
+      for five days in succession the Athenians had sailed out to offer battle,
+      and for the fifth time retired, followed by the same swift sailors of the
+      enemy. But this time Lysander's orders to the vessels so sent in pursuit
+      were, that as soon as they saw the enemy's crew fairly disembarked and
+      dispersed along the shores of the Chersonesus (a practice, it should be
+      mentioned, which had grown upon them from day to day owing to the distance
+      at which eatables had to be purchased, and out of sheer contempt, no
+      doubt, of Lysander, who refused to accept battle), they were to begin
+      their return voyage, and when in mid-channel to hoist a shield. The orders
+      were punctually carried out, and Lysander at once signalled to his whole
+      squadron to put across with all speed, while Thorax, with the land forces,
+      was to march parallel with the fleet along the coast. Aware of the enemy's
+      fleet, which he could see bearing down upon him, Conon had only time to
+      signal to the crews to join their ships and rally to the rescue with all
+      their might. But the men were scattered far and wide, and some of the
+      vessels had only two out of their three banks of rowers, some only a
+      single one, while others again were completely empty. Conon's own ship,
+      with seven others in attendance on him and the "Paralus," (9) put out to
+      sea, a little cluster of nine vessels, with their full complement of men;
+      but every one of the remaining one hundred and seventy-one vessels were
+      captured by Lysander on the beach. As to the men themselves, the large
+      majority of them were easily made prisoners on shore, a few only escaping
+      to the small fortresses of the neighbourhood. Meanwhile Conon and his nine
+      vessels made good their escape. For himself, knowing that the fortune of
+      Athens was ruined, he put into Abarnis, the promontory of Lampsacus, and
+      there picked up the great sails of Lysander's ships, and then with eight
+      ships set sail himself to seek refuge with Evagoras in Cyprus, while the
+      "Paralus" started for Athens with tidings of what had taken place.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) The "Paralus"&mdash;the Athenian sacred vessel; cf. Thuc. iii. 33 et
+    passim.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Lysander, on his side, conveyed the ships and prisoners and all other
+      spoil back to Lampsacus, having on board some of the Athenian generals,
+      notably Philocles and Adeimantus. On the very day of these achievements he
+      despatched Theopompus, a Milesian privateersman, to Lacedaemon to report
+      what had taken place. This envoy arrived within three days and delivered
+      his message. Lysander's next step was to convene the allies and bid them
+      deliberate as to the treatment of the prisoners. Many were the accusations
+      here levied against the Athenians. There was talk of crimes committed
+      against the law of Hellas, and of cruelties sanctioned by popular decrees;
+      which, had they conquered in the late sea-fight, would have been carried
+      out; such as the proposal to cut off the right hand of every prisoner
+      taken alive, and lastly the ill-treatment of two captured men-of-war, a
+      Corinthian and an Andrian vessel, when every man on board had been hurled
+      headlong down the cliff. Philocles was the very general of the Athenians
+      who had so ruthlessly destroyed those men. Many other tales were told; and
+      at length a resolution was passed to put all the Athenian prisoners, with
+      the exception of Adeimantus, to death. He alone, it was pleaded, had taken
+      exception to the proposal to cut off the prisoners' hands. On the other
+      hand, he was himself accused by some people of having betrayed the fleet.
+      As to Philocles, Lysander put to him one question, as the officer who had
+      thrown (10) the Corinthians and Andrians down the cliff: What fate did the
+      man deserve to suffer who had embarked on so cruel a course of illegality
+      against Hellenes? and so delivered him to the executioner.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Reading {os... katekremnise}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When he had set the affairs of Lampsacus in order, Lysander sailed to
+      Byzantium and Chalcedon, where the inhabitants, having first dismissed the
+      Athenian garrison under a flag of truce, admitted him within their walls.
+      Those citizens of Byzantium, who had betrayed Byzantium into the hands of
+      Alcibiades, fled as exiles into Pontus, but subsequently betaking
+      themselves to Athens, became Athenian citizens. In dealing with the
+      Athenian garrisons, and indeed with all Athenians wheresoever found,
+      Lysander made it a rule to give them safe conduct to Athens, and to Athens
+      only, in the certainty that the larger the number collected within the
+      city and Piraeus, the more quickly the want of necessaries of life would
+      make itself felt. And now, leaving Sthenelaus, a Laconian, as
+      governor-general of Byzantium and Chalcedon, he sailed back himself to
+      Lampsacus and devoted himself to refitting his ships.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was night when the "Paralus" reached Athens with her evil tidings, on
+      receipt of which a bitter wail of woe broke forth. From Piraeus, following
+      the line of the long walls up to the heart of the city, it swept and
+      swelled, as each man to his neighbour passed on the news. On that night no
+      man slept. There was mourning and sorrow for those that were lost, but the
+      lamentation for the dead was merged in even deeper sorrow for themselves,
+      as they pictured the evils they were about to suffer, the like of which
+      they themselves had inflicted upon the men of Melos, who were colonists of
+      the Lacedaemonians, when they mastered them by siege. Or on the men of
+      Histiaea; on Scione and Torone; on the Aeginetans, and many another
+      Hellene city. (1) On the following day the public assembly met, and, after
+      debate, it was resolved to block up all the harbours save one, to put the
+      walls in a state of defence, to post guards at various points, and to make
+      all other necessary preparations for a siege. Such were the concerns of
+      the men of Athens.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) With regard to these painful recollections, see (1) for the siege
+    and surrender of Melos (in B.C. 416), Thuc. v. 114, 116; and cf.
+    Aristoph. "Birds," 186; Plut. ("Lysander," 14); (2) for the
+    ejection of the Histiaeans, an incident of the recovery of Euboea
+    in 445 B.C., see Thuc. i. 14; Plut. ("Pericles," 23); (3) for the
+    matter of Scione, which revolted in 423 B.C., and was for a long
+    time a source of disagreement between the Athenians and
+    Lacedaemonians, until finally captured by the former in 421 B.C.,
+    when the citizens were slain and the city given to the Plataeans,
+    see Thuc. iv. 120-122, 129-133; v. 18, 32; (4) for Torone see
+    Thuc. ib., and also v. 3; (5) for the expulsion of the Aeginetans
+    in 431 B.C. see Thuc. ii. 27.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Lysander presently left the Hellespont with two hundred sail and arrived
+      at Lesbos, where he established a new order of things in Mitylene and the
+      other cities of the island. Meanwhile he despatched Eteonicus with a
+      squadron of ten ships to the northern coasts, (2) where that officer
+      brought about a revolution of affairs which placed the whole region in the
+      hands of Lacedaemon. Indeed, in a moment of time, after the sea-fight, the
+      whole of Hellas had revolted from Athens, with the solitary exception of
+      the men of Samos. These, having massacred the notables, (3) held the state
+      under their control. After a while Lysander sent messages to Agis at
+      Deceleia, and to Lacedaemon, announcing his approach with a squadron of
+      two hundred sail.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Lit. "the Thraceward districts." See above, p. 16.
+
+ (3) Or, "since they had slain their notables, held the state under
+    popular control." See Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 303
+    note 3 (2d ed.), who thinks that the incident referred to is the
+    violent democratic revolution in Samos described in Thuc. viii.
+    21, B.C. 412.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In obedience to a general order of Pausanias, the other king of
+      Lacedaemon, a levy in force of the Lacedaemonians and all the rest of
+      Peloponnesus, except the Argives, was set in motion for a campaign. As
+      soon as the several contingents had arrived, the king put himself at their
+      head and marched against Athens, encamping in the gymnasium of the
+      Academy, (4) as it is called. Lysander had now reached Aegina, where,
+      having got together as many of the former inhabitants as possible, he
+      formally reinstated them in their city; and what he did in behalf of the
+      Aeginetans, he did also in behalf of the Melians, and of the rest who had
+      been deprived of their countries. He then pillaged the island of Salamis,
+      and finally came to moorings off Piraeus with one hundred and fifty ships
+      of the line, and established a strict blockade against all merchant ships
+      entering that harbour.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) For this most illustrious of Athenian gymnasia, which still
+    retains its name, see Leake, "Topography of Athens," i. 195 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Athenians, finding themselves besieged by land and sea, were in sore
+      perplexity what to do. Without ships, without allies, without provisions,
+      the belief gained hold upon them that there was no way of escape. They
+      must now, in their turn, suffer what they had themselves inflincted upon
+      others; not in retaliation, indeed, for ills received, but out of sheer
+      insolence, overriding the citizens of petty states, and for no better
+      reason than that these were allies of the very men now at their gates. In
+      this frame of mind they enfranchised those who at any time had lost their
+      civil rights, and schooled themselves to endurance; and, albeit many
+      succumbed to starvation, no thought of truce or reconciliation with their
+      foes was breathed. (5) But when the stock of corn was absolutely
+      insufficient, they sent an embassage to Agis, proposing to become allies
+      of the Lacedaemonians on the sole condition of keeping their fortification
+      walls and Piraeus; and to draw up articles of treaty on these terms. Agis
+      bade them betake themselves to Lacedaemon, seeing that he had no authority
+      to act himself. With this answer the ambassadors returned to Athens, and
+      were forthwith sent on to Lacedaemon. On reaching Sellasia, (6) a town in
+      (7) Laconian territory, they waited till they got their answer from the
+      ephors, who, having learnt their terms (which were identical to those
+      already proposed to Agis), bade them instantly to be gone, and, if they
+      really desired peace, to come with other proposals, the fruit of happier
+      reflection. Thus the ambassadors returned home, and reported the result of
+      their embassage, whereupon despondency fell upon all. It was a painful
+      reflection that in the end they would be sold into slavery; and meanwhile,
+      pending the return of a second embassy, many must needs fall victims to
+      starvation. The razing of their fortifications was not a solution which
+      any one cared to recommend. A senator, Archestratus, had indeed put the
+      question in the senate, whether it were not best to make peace with the
+      Lacedaemonians on such terms as they were willing to propose; but he was
+      thrown into prison. The Laconian proposals referred to involved the
+      destruction of both long walls for a space of more than a mile. And a
+      decree had been passed, making it illegal to submit any such proposition
+      about the walls. Things having reached this pass, Theramenes made a
+      proposal in the public assembly as follows: If they chose to send him as
+      an ambassador to Lysander, he would go and find out why the Lacedaemonians
+      were so unyielding about the walls; whether it was they really intended to
+      enslave the city, or merely that they wanted a guarantee of good faith.
+      Despatched accordingly, he lingered on with Lysander for three whole
+      months and more, watching for the time when the Athenians, at the last
+      pinch of starvation, would be willing to accede to any terms that might be
+      offered. At last, in the fourth month, he returned and reported to the
+      public assembly that Lysander had detained him all this while, and had
+      ended by bidding him betake himself to Lacedaemon, since he had no
+      authority himself to answer his questions, which must be addressed
+      directly to the ephors. After this Theramenes was chosen with nine others
+      to go to Lacedaemon as ambassadors with full powers. Meanwhile Lysander
+      had sent an Athenian exile, named Aristoteles, in company of certain
+      Lacedaemonians, to Sparta to report to the board of ephors how he had
+      answered Theramenes, that they, and they alone, had supreme authority in
+      matters of peace and war.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "they refused to treat for peace."
+
+ (6) Sellasia, the bulwark of Sparta in the valley of the Oenus.
+
+ (7) The MSS. have "in the neighbourhood of," which words are
+    inappropriate at this date, though they may well have been added
+    by some annotator after the Cleomenic war and the battle of
+    Sellasia, B.C. 222, when Antigonus of Macedon destroyed the place
+    in the interests of the Achaean League.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Theramenes and his companions presently reached Sellasia, and being there
+      questioned as to the reason of their visit, replied that they had full
+      powers to treat of peace. After which the ephors ordered them to be
+      summoned to their presence. On their arrival a general assembly was
+      convened, in which the Corinthians and Thebans more particularly, though
+      their views were shared by many other Hellenes also, urged the meeting not
+      to come to terms with the Athenians, but to destroy them. The
+      Lacedaemonians replied that they would never reduce to slavery a city
+      which was itself an integral portion of Hellas, and had performed a great
+      and noble service to Hellas in the most perilous of emergencies. On the
+      contrary, they were willing to offer peace on the terms now specified&mdash;namely,
+      "That the long walls and the fortifications of Piraeus should be
+      destroyed; that the Athenian fleet, with the exception of twelve vessels,
+      should be surrendered; that the exiles should be restored; and lastly,
+      that the Athenians should acknowledge the headship of Sparta in peace and
+      war, leaving to her the choice of friends and foes, and following her lead
+      by land and sea." Such were the terms which Theramenes and the rest who
+      acted with him were able to report on their return to Athens. As they
+      entered the city, a vast crowd met them, trembling lest their mission have
+      proved fruitless. For indeed delay was no longer possible, so long already
+      was the list of victims daily perishing from starvation. On the day
+      following, the ambassadors delivered their report, stating the terms upon
+      which the Lacedaemonians were willing to make peace. Theramenes acted as
+      spokesman, insisting that they ought to obey the Lacedaemonians and pull
+      down the walls. A small minority raised their voice in opposition, but the
+      majority were strongly in favour of the proposition, and the resolution
+      was passed to accept the peace. After that, Lysander sailed into the
+      Piraeus, and the exiles were readmitted. And so they fell to levelling the
+      fortifications and walls with much enthusiasm, to the accompaniment of
+      female flute-players, deeming that day the beginning of liberty to Greece.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus the year drew to its close (8)&mdash;during its middle months took
+      place the accession of Dionysius, the son of Hermocrates the Syracusan, to
+      the tyranny of Syracuse; an incident itself preceded by a victory gained
+      over the Carthaginians by the Syracusans; the reduction of Agrigentum
+      through famine by the Carthaginians themselves; and the exodus of the
+      Sicilian Greeks from that city.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) For the puzzling chronology of this paragraph see Grote, "Hist. of
+    Greece," vol. x. p 619 (2d ed.) If genuine, the words may perhaps
+    have slipt out of their natural place in chapter i. above, in
+    front of the words "in the following year Lysander arrived," etc.
+    L. Dindorf brackets them as spurious. Xen., "Hist. Gr." ed.
+    tertia, Lipsiae, MDCCCLXXII. For the incidents referred to see
+    above; Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. x. pp. 582, 598 (2d ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 404. In the following year (1) the people passed a resolution to
+      choose thirty men who were to draft a constitution based on the ancestral
+      laws of the State. The following were chosen to act on this committee:&mdash;Polychares,
+      Critias, Melobius, Hippolochus, Eucleides, Hiero, Mnesilochus, Chremo,
+      Theramenes, Aresias, Diocles, Phaedrias, Chaereleos, Anaetius, Piso,
+      Sophocles, Erastosthenes, Charicles, Onomacles, Theognis, Aeschines,
+      Theogones, Cleomedes, Erasistratus, Pheido, Dracontides, Eumathes,
+      Aristoteles, Hippomachus, Mnesitheides. After these transactions, Lysander
+      set sail for Samos; and Agis withdrew the land force from Deceleia and
+      disbanded the troops, dismissing the contingents to their several cities.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. here add "it was that year of the Olympiad cycle in which
+    Crocinas, a Thessalian, won the Stadium; when Endius was ephor at
+    Sparta, and Pythodorus archon at Athens, though the Athenians
+    indeed do not call the year by that archon's name, since he was
+    elected during the oligarchy, but prefer to speak of the year of
+    'anarchy'; the aforesaid oligarchy originated thus,"&mdash;which,
+    though correct, probably was not written by Xenophon. The year of
+    anarchy might perhaps be better rendered "the year without
+    archons."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In was at this date, about the time of the solar eclipse, (2) that
+      Lycophron of Pherae, who was ambitious of ruling over the whole of
+      Thessaly, defeated those sections of the Thessalians who opposed him, such
+      as the men of Larissa and others, and slew many of them. It was also about
+      this date that Dionysius, now tyrant of Syracuse, was defeated by the
+      Carthaginians and lost Gela and Camarina. And again, a little later, the
+      men of Leontini, who previously had been amalgamated with the Syracusans,
+      separated themselves from Syracuse and Dionysius, and asserted their
+      independence, and returned to their native city. Another incident of this
+      period was the sudden despatch and introduction of Syracusan horse into
+      Catana by Dionysius.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) This took place on 2d September B.C. 404.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now the Samians, though besieged by Lysander on all sides, were at first
+      unwilling to come to terms. But at the last moment, when Lysander was on
+      the point of assaulting the town, they accepted the terms, which allowed
+      every free man to leave the island, but not to carry away any part of his
+      property, except the clothes on his back. On these conditions they marched
+      out. The city and all it contained was then delivered over to its ancient
+      citizens by Lysander, who finally appointed ten governors to garrison the
+      island. (3) After which, he disbanded the allied fleet, dismissing them to
+      their respective cities, while he himself, with the Lacedaemonian
+      squadron, set sail for Laconia, bringing with him the prows of the
+      conquered vessels and the whole navy of Piraeus, with the exception of
+      twelve ships. He also brought the crowns which he had received from the
+      cities as private gifts, and a sum of four hundred and seventy talents (4)
+      in silver (the surplus of the tribute money which Cyrus had assigned to
+      him for the prosecution of the war), besides other property, the fruit of
+      his military exploits. All these things Lysander delivered to the
+      Lacedaemonians in the latter end of summer. (5)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) A council of ten, or "decarchy." See Grote, "H. G." viii. 323 (1st
+    ed.)
+
+ (4) About 112,800 pounds.
+
+ (5) The MSS. add "a summer, the close of which coincided with the
+    termination of a war which had lasted twenty-eight and a half
+    years, as the list of annual ephors, appended in order, serves to
+    show. Aenesias is the first name. The war began during his
+    ephorate, in the fifteenth year of the thirty years' truce after
+    the capture of Euboea. His successors were Brasidas, Isanor,
+    Sostratidas, Exarchus, Agesistratus, Angenidas, Onomacles,
+    Zeuxippus, Pityas, Pleistolas, Cleinomachus, Harchus, Leon,
+    Chaerilas, Patesiadas, Cleosthenes, Lycarius, Eperatus,
+    Onomantius, Alexippidas, Misgolaidas, Isias, Aracus, Euarchippus,
+    Pantacles, Pityas, Archytas, and lastly, Endius, during whose year
+    of office Lysander sailed home in triumph, after performing the
+    exploits above recorded,"&mdash;the interpolation, probably, of some
+    editor or copyist, the words "twenty-eight and a half" being
+    probably a mistake on his part for "twenty-seven and a half." Cf.
+    Thuc. v. 26; also Buchsenschutz, Einleitung, p. 8 of his school
+    edition of the "Hellenica."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thirty had been chosen almost immediately after the long walls and the
+      fortifications round Piraeus had been razed. They were chosen for the
+      express purpose of compiling a code of laws for the future constitution of
+      the State. The laws were always on the point of being published, yet they
+      were never forthcoming; and the thirty compilers contented themselves
+      meanwhile with appointing a senate and the other magistracies as suited
+      their fancy best. That done, they turned their attention, in the first
+      instance, to such persons as were well known to have made their living as
+      informers (6) under the democracy, and to be thorns in the side of all
+      respectable people. These they laid hold on and prosecuted on the capital
+      charge. The new senate gladly recorded its vote of condemnation against
+      them; and the rest of the world, conscious of bearing no resemblance to
+      them, seemed scarcely vexed. But the Thirty did not stop there. Presently
+      they began to deliberate by what means they could get the city under their
+      absolute control, in order that they might work their will upon it. Here
+      again they proceeded tentatively; in the first instance, they sent (two of
+      their number), Aeschines and Aristoteles, to Lacedaemon, and persuaded
+      Lysander to support them in getting a Lacedaemonian garrison despatched to
+      Athens. They only needed it until they had got the "malignants" out of the
+      way, and had established the constitution; and they would undertake to
+      maintain these troops at their own cost. Lysander was not deaf to their
+      persuasions, and by his co-operation their request was granted. A
+      bodyguard, with Callibius as governor, was sent.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Lit. "by sycophancy," i.e. calumnious accusation&mdash;the sycophant's
+    trade. For a description of this pest of Athenian life cf. "Dem."
+    in Arist. 1, S. 52; quoted in Jebb, "Attic Orators," chap. xxix.
+    14; cf. Aristoph. "Ach." 904; Xen. "Mem." II. ix. 1.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now that they had got the garrison, they fell to flattering Callibius
+      with all servile flattery, in order that he might give countenance to
+      their doings. Thus they prevailed on him to allow some of the guards, whom
+      they selected, to accompany them, while they proceeded to lay hands on
+      whom they would; no longer confining themselves to base folk and people of
+      no account, but boldly laying hands on those who they felt sure would
+      least easily brook being thrust aside, or, if a spirit of opposition
+      seized them, could command the largest number of partisans.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These were early days; as yet Critias was of one mind with Theramenes, and
+      the two were friends. But the time came when, in proportion as Critias was
+      ready to rush headlong into wholesale carnage, like one who thirsted for
+      the blood of the democracy, which had banished him, Theramenes balked and
+      thwarted him. It was barely reasonable, he argued, to put people to death,
+      who had never done a thing wrong to respectable people in their lives,
+      simply because they had enjoyed influence and honour under the democracy.
+      "Why, you and I, Critias," he would add, "have said and done many things
+      ere now for the sake of popularity." To which the other (for the terms of
+      friendly intimacy still subsisted) would retort, "There is no choice left
+      to us, since we intend to take the lion's share, but to get rid of those
+      who are best able to hinder us. If you imagine, because we are thirty
+      instead of one, our government requires one whit the less careful guarding
+      than an actual tyranny, you must be very innocent."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So things went on. Day after day the list of persons put to death for no
+      just reason grew longer. Day after day the signs of resentment were more
+      significant in the groups of citizens banding together and forecasting the
+      character of this future constitution; till at length Theramenes spoke
+      again, protesting:&mdash;There was no help for it but to associate with
+      themselves a sufficient number of persons in the conduct of affairs, or
+      the oligarchy would certainly come to an end. Critias and the rest of the
+      Thirty, whose fears had already converted Theramenes into a dangerous
+      popular idol, proceeded at once to draw up a list of three thousand
+      citizens; fit and proper persons to have a share in the conduct of
+      affairs. But Theramenes was not wholly satisfied, "indeed he must say, for
+      himself, he regarded it as ridiculous, that in their effort to associate
+      the better classes with themselves in power, they should fix on just that
+      particular number, three thousand, as if that figure had some necessary
+      connection with the exact number of gentlemen in the State, making it
+      impossible to discover any respectability outside or rascality within the
+      magic number. And in the second place," he continued, "I see we are trying
+      to do two things, diametrically opposed; we are manufacturing a
+      government, which is based on force, and at the same time inferior in
+      strength to those whom we propose to govern." That was what he said, but
+      what his colleagues did, was to institute a military inspection or review.
+      The Three Thousand were drawn up in the Agora, and the rest of the
+      citizens, who were not included in the list, elsewhere in various quarters
+      of the city. The order to take arms was given; (7) but while the men's
+      backs were turned, at the bidding of the Thirty, the Laconian guards, with
+      those of the citizens who shared their views, appeared on the scene and
+      took away the arms of all except the Three Thousand, carried them up to
+      the Acropolis, and safely deposited them in the temple.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) Or, "a summons to the 'place d'armes' was given; but." Or, "the
+    order to seize the arms was given, and." It is clear from
+    Aristoph. "Acharn." 1050, that the citizens kept their weapons at
+    home. On the other hand, it was a custom not to come to any
+    meeting in arms. See Thuc. vi. 58. It seems probable that while
+    the men were being reviewed in the market-place and elsewhere, the
+    ruling party gave orders to seize their weapons (which they had
+    left at home), and this was done except in the case of the Three
+    Thousand. Cf. Arnold, "Thuc." II. 2. 5; and IV. 91.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The ground being thus cleared, as it were, and feeling that they had it in
+      their power to do what they pleased, they embarked on a course of
+      wholesale butchery, to which many were sacrificed to the merest hatred,
+      many to the accident of possessing riches. Presently the question rose,
+      How they were to get money to pay their guards? and to meet this
+      difficulty a resolution was passed empowering each of the committee to
+      seize on one of the resident aliens apiece, to put his victim to death,
+      and to confiscate his property. Theramenes was invited, or rather told to
+      seize some one or other. "Choose whom you will, only let it be done." To
+      which he made answer, it hardly seemed to him a noble or worthy course on
+      the part of those who claimed to be the elite of society to go beyond the
+      informers (8) in injustice. "Yesterday they, to-day we; with this
+      difference, the victim of the informer must live as a source of income;
+      our innocents must die that we may get their wealth. Surely their method
+      was innocent in comparison with ours."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) See above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The rest of the Thirty, who had come to regard Theramenes as an obstacle
+      to any course they might wish to adopt, proceeded to plot against him.
+      They addressed themselves to the members of the senate in private, here a
+      man and there a man, and denounced him as the marplot of the constitution.
+      Then they issued an order to the young men, picking out the most audacious
+      characters they could find, to be present, each with a dagger hidden in
+      the hollow of the armpit; and so called a meeting of the senate. When
+      Theramenes had taken his place, Critias got up and addressed the meeting:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If," said he, "any member of this council, here seated, imagines that an
+      undue amount of blood has been shed, let me remind him that with changes
+      of constitution such things can not be avoided. It is the rule everywhere,
+      but more particularly at Athens it was inevitable there should be found a
+      specially large number of persons sworn foes to any constitutional change
+      in the direction of oligarchy, and this for two reasons. First, because
+      the population of this city, compared with other Hellenic cities, is
+      enormously large; and again, owing to the length of time during which the
+      people has battened upon liberty. Now, as to two points we are clear. The
+      first is that democracy is a form of government detestable to persons like
+      ourselves&mdash;to us and to you; the next is that the people of Athens
+      could never be got to be friendly to our friends and saviours, the
+      Lacedaemonians. But on the loyalty of the better classes the
+      Lacedaemonians can count. And that is our reason for establishing an
+      oligarchical constitution with their concurrence. That is why we do our
+      best to rid us of every one whom we perceive to be opposed to the
+      oligarchy; and, in our opinion, if one of ourselves should elect to
+      undermine this constitution of ours, he would deserve punishment. Do you
+      not agree? And the case," he continued, "is no imaginary one. The offender
+      is here present&mdash;Theramenes. And what we say of him is, that he is
+      bent upon destroying yourselves and us by every means in his power. These
+      are not baseless charges; but if you will consider it, you will find them
+      amply established in this unmeasured censure of the present posture of
+      affairs, and his persistent opposition to us, his colleagues, if ever we
+      seek to get rid of any of these demagogues. Had this been his guiding
+      principle of action from the beginning, in spite of hostility, at least he
+      would have escaped all imputation of villainy. Why, this is the very man
+      who originated our friendly and confidential relations with Lacedaemon.
+      This is the very man who authorised the abolition of the democracy, who
+      urged us on to inflict punishment on the earliest batch of prisoners
+      brought before us. But to-day all is changed; now you and we are out of
+      odour with the people, and he accordingly has ceased to be pleased with
+      our proceedings. The explanation is obvious. In case of a catastrophe, how
+      much pleasanter for him once again to light upon his legs, and leave us to
+      render account for our past performances.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I contend that this man is fairly entitled to render his account also,
+      not only as an ordinary enemy, but as a traitor to yourselves and us. And
+      let us add, not only is treason more formidable than open war, in
+      proportion as it is harder to guard against a hidden assassin than an open
+      foe, but it bears the impress of a more enduring hostility, inasmuch as
+      men fight their enemies and come to terms with them again and are fast
+      friends; but whoever heard of reconciliation with a traitor? There he
+      stands unmasked; he has forfeited our confidence for evermore. But to show
+      you that these are no new tactics of his, to prove to you that he is a
+      traitor in grain, I will recall to your memories some points in his past
+      history.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "He began by being held in high honour by the democracy; but taking a leaf
+      out of his father's, Hagnon's, book, he next showed a most headlong
+      anxiety to transform the democracy into the Four Hundred, and, in fact,
+      for a time held the first place in that body. But presently, detecting the
+      formation of rival power to the oligarchs, round he shifted; and we find
+      him next a ringleader of the popular party in assailing them. It must be
+      admitted, he has well earned his nickname 'Buskin.' (9) Yes, Theramenes!
+      clever you may be, but the man who deserves to live should not show his
+      cleverness in leading on his associates into trouble, and when some
+      obstacle presents itself, at once veer round; but like a pilot on
+      shipboard, he ought then to redouble his efforts, until the wind is fair.
+      Else, how in the name of wonderment are those mariners to reach the haven
+      where they would be, if at the first contrary wind or tide they turn about
+      and sail in the opposite direction? Death and destruction are concomitants
+      of constitutional changes and revolution, no doubt; but you are such an
+      impersonation of change, that, as you twist and turn and double, you deal
+      destruction on all sides. At one swoop you are the ruin of a thousand
+      oligarchs at the hands of the people, and at another of a thousand
+      democrats at the hands of the better classes. Why, sirs, this is the man
+      to whom the orders were given by the generals, in the sea-fight off
+      Lesbos, to pick up the crews of the disabled vessels; and who, neglecting
+      to obey orders, turned round and accused the generals; and to save himself
+      murdered them! What, I ask you, of a man who so openly studied the art of
+      self-seeking, deaf alike to the pleas of honour and to the claims of
+      friendship? Would not leniency towards such a creature be misplaced? Can
+      it be our duty at all to spare him? Ought we not rather, when we know the
+      doublings of his nature, to guard against them, lest we enable him
+      presently to practise on ourselves? The case is clear. We therefore hereby
+      cite this man before you, as a conspirator and traitor against yourselves
+      and us. The reasonableness of our conduct, one further reflection may make
+      clear. No one, I take it, will dispute the splendour, the perfection of
+      the Laconian constitution. Imagine one of the ephors there in Sparta, in
+      lieu of devoted obedience to the majority, taking on himself to find fault
+      with the government and to oppose all measures. Do you not think that the
+      ephors themselves, and the whole commonwealth besides, would hold this
+      renegade worthy of condign punishment? So, too, by the same token, if you
+      are wise, do you spare yourselves, not him. For what does the alternative
+      mean? I will tell you. His preservation will cause the courage of many who
+      hold opposite views to your own to rise; his destruction will cut off the
+      last hopes of all your enemies, whether within or without the city."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) An annotator seems to have added here the words, occurring in the
+    MSS., "the buskin which seems to fit both legs equally, but is
+    constant to neither," unless, indeed, they are an original
+    "marginal note" of the author. For the character of Theramenes, as
+    popularly conceived, cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 538, 968 foll., and
+    Thuc. viii. 92; and Prof. Jowett, "Thuc." vol. ii. pp. 523, 524.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With these words he sat down, but Theramenes rose and said: "Sirs, with
+      your permission I will first touch upon the charge against me which
+      Critias has mentioned last. The assertion is that as the accuser of the
+      generals I was their murderer. Now I presume it was not I who began the
+      attack upon them, but it was they who asserted that in spite of the orders
+      given me I had neglected to pick up the unfortunates in the sea-fight off
+      Lesbos. All I did was to defend myself. My defence was that the storm was
+      too violent to permit any vessel to ride at sea, much more therefore to
+      pick up the men, and this defence was accepted by my fellow-citizens as
+      highly reasonable, while the generals seemed to be condemned out of their
+      own mouths. For while they kept on asserting that it was possible to save
+      the men, the fact still remained that they abandoned them to their fate,
+      set sail, and were gone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "However, I am not surprised, I confess, at this grave misconception (10)
+      on the part of Critias, for at the date of these occurrences he was not in
+      Athens. He was away in Thessaly, laying the foundations of a democracy
+      with Prometheus, and arming the Penestae (11) against their masters.
+      Heaven forbid that any of his transactions there should be re-enacted
+      here. However, I must say, I do heartily concur with him on one point.
+      Whoever desires to exclude you from the government, or to strength the
+      hands of your secret foes, deserves and ought to meet with condign
+      punishment; but who is most capable of so doing? That you will best
+      discover, I think, by looking a little more closely into the past and the
+      present conduct of each of us. Well, then! up to the moment at which you
+      were formed into a senatorial body, when the magistracies were appointed,
+      and certain notorious 'informers' were brought to trial, we all held the
+      same views. But later on, when our friends yonder began to hale
+      respectable honest folk to prison and to death, I, on my side, began to
+      differ from them. From the moment when Leon of Salamis, (12) a man of high
+      and well-deserved reputation, was put to death, though he had not
+      committed the shadow of a crime, I knew that all his equals must tremble
+      for themselves, and, so trembling, be driven into opposition to the new
+      constitution. In the same way, when Niceratus, (13) the son of Nicias, was
+      arrested; a wealthy man, who, no more than his father, had never done
+      anything that could be called popular or democratic in his life; it did
+      not require much insight to discover that his compeers would be converted
+      into our foes. But to go a step further: when it came to Antiphon (14)
+      falling at our hands&mdash;Antiphon, who during the war contributed two
+      fast-sailing men-of-war out of his own resources, it was then plain to me,
+      that all who had ever been zealous and patriotic must eye us with
+      suspicion. Once more I could not help speaking out in opposition to my
+      colleagues when they suggested that each of us ought to seize some one
+      resident alien. (15) For what could be more certain than that their
+      death-warrant would turn the whole resident foreign population into
+      enemies of the constitution. I spoke out again when they insisted on
+      depriving the populace of their arms; it being no part of my creed that we
+      ought to take the strength out of the city; nor, indeed, so far as I could
+      see, had the Lacedaemonians stept between us and destruction merely that
+      we might become a handful of people, powerless to aid them in the day of
+      need. Had that been their object, they might have swept us away to the
+      last man. A few more weeks, or even days, would have sufficed to
+      extinguish us quietly by famine. Nor, again, can I say that the
+      importation of mercenary foreign guards was altogether to my taste, when
+      it would have been so easy for us to add to our own body a sufficient
+      number of fellow-citizens to ensure our supremacy as governors over those
+      we essayed to govern. But when I saw what an army of malcontents this
+      government had raised up within the city walls, besides another daily
+      increasing host of exiles without, I could not but regard the banishment
+      of people like Thrasybulus and Anytus and Alcibiades (16) as impolitic.
+      Had our object been to strengthen the rival power, we could hardly have
+      set about it better than by providing the populace with the competent
+      leaders whom they needed, and the would-be leaders themselves with an army
+      of willing adherents.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Reading with Cobet {paranenomikenai}.
+
+ (11) I.e. serfs&mdash;Penestae being the local name in Thessaly for the
+    villein class. Like the {Eilotes} in Laconia, they were originally
+    a conquered tribe, afterwards increased by prisoners of war, and
+    formed a link between the freemen and born slaves.
+
+ (12) Cf. "Mem." IV. iv. 3; Plat. "Apol." 8. 32.
+
+ (13) Cf. Lysias, "Or." 18. 6.
+
+ (14) Probably the son of Lysidonides. See Thirlwall, "Hist. of
+    Greece," vol. iv. p. 179 (ed. 1847); also Lysias, "Or." 12. contra
+    Eratosth. According to Lysias, Theramenes, when a member of the
+    first Oligarchy, betrayed his own closest friends, Antiphon and
+    Archeptolemus. See Prof. Jebb, "Attic Orators," I. x. p. 266.
+
+ (15) The resident aliens, or {metoikoi}, "metics," so technically
+    called.
+
+ (16) Isocr. "De Bigis," 355; and Prof. Jebb's "Attic Orators," ii.
+    230. In the defence of his father's career, which the younger
+    Alcibiades, the defendant in this case (B.C. 397 probably) has
+    occasion to make, he reminds the court, that under the Thirty,
+    others were banished from Athens, but his father was driven out of
+    the civilised world of Hellas itself, and finally murdered. See
+    Plutarch, "Alcibiades," ad fin.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "I ask then is the man who tenders such advice in the full light of day
+      justly to be regarded as a traitor, and not as a benefactor? Surely
+      Critias, the peacemaker, the man who hinders the creation of many enemies,
+      whose counsels tend to the acquistion of yet more friends, (17) cannot be
+      accused of strengthening the hands of the enemy. Much more truly may the
+      imputation be retorted on those who wrongfully appropriate their
+      neighbours' goods and put to death those who have done no wrong. These are
+      they who cause our adversaries to grow and multiply, and who in very truth
+      are traitors, not to their friends only, but to themselves, spurred on by
+      sordid love of gain.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) Or, "the peacemaker, the healer of differences, the cementer of
+    new alliances, cannot," etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "I might prove the truth of what I say in many ways, but I beg you to look
+      at the matter thus. With which condition of affairs here in Athens do you
+      think will Thrasybulus and Anytus and the other exiles be the better
+      pleased? That which I have pictured as desirable, or that which my
+      colleagues yonder are producing? For my part I cannot doubt but that, as
+      things now are, they are saying to themselves, 'Our allies muster thick
+      and fast.' But were the real strength, the pith and fibre of this city,
+      kindly disposed to us, they would find it an uphill task even to get a
+      foothold anywhere in the country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Then, with regard to what he said of me and my propensity to be for ever
+      changing sides, let me draw your attention to the following facts. Was it
+      not the people itself, the democracy, who voted the constitution of the
+      Four Hundred? This they did, because they had learned to think that the
+      Lacedaemonians would trust any other form of government rather than a
+      democracy. But when the efforts of Lacedaemon were not a whit relaxed,
+      when Aristoteles, Melanthius, and Aristarchus, (18) and the rest of them
+      acting as generals, were plainly minded to construct an intrenched
+      fortress on the mole for the purpose of admitting the enemy, and so
+      getting the city under the power of themselves and their associates; (19)
+      because I got wind of these schemes, and nipped them in the bud, is that
+      to be a traitor to one's friends?
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Cf. Thuc. viii. 90-92, for the behaviour of the Lacedaemonian
+    party at Athens and the fortification of Eetioneia in B.C. 411.
+
+ (19) I.e. of the political clubs.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Then he threw in my teeth the nickname 'Buskin,' as descriptive of an
+      endeavour on my part to fit both parties. But what of the man who pleases
+      neither? What in heaven's name are we to call him? Yes! you&mdash;Critias?
+      Under the democracy you were looked upon as the most arrant hater of the
+      people, and under the aristocracy you have proved yourself the bitterest
+      foe of everything respectable. Yes! Critias, I am, and ever have been, a
+      foe of those who think that a democracy cannot reach perfection until
+      slaves and those who, from poverty, would sell the city for a drachma, can
+      get their drachma a day. (20) But not less am I, and ever have been, a
+      pronounced opponent of those who do not think there can possibly exist a
+      perfect oligarchy until the State is subjected to the despotism of a few.
+      On the contrary, my own ambition has been to combine with those who are
+      rich enough to possess a horse and shield, and to use them for the benefit
+      of the State. (21) That was my ideal in the old days, and I hold to it
+      without a shadow of turning still. If you can imagine when and where, in
+      conjunction with despots or demagogues, I have set to my hand to deprive
+      honest gentlefolk of their citizenship, pray speak. If you can convict me
+      of such crimes at present, or can prove my perpetration of them in the
+      past, I admit that I deserve to die, and by the worst of deaths."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) I.e. may enjoy the senatorial stipend of a drachma a day = 9 3/4
+    pence.
+
+ (21) See Thuc. viii. 97, for a momentary realisation of that "duly
+    attempered compound of Oligarchy and Democracy" which Thucydides
+    praises, and which Theramenes here refers to. It threw the power
+    into the hands of the wealthier upper classes to the exclusion of
+    the {nautikos okhlos}. See Prof. Jowett, vol. ii. note, ad loc.
+    cit.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With these words he ceased, and the loud murmur of the applause which
+      followed marked the favourable impression produced upon the senate. It was
+      plain to Critias, that if he allowed his adversary's fate to be decided by
+      formal voting, Theramenes would escape, and life to himself would become
+      intolerable. Accordingly he stepped forward and spoke a word or two in the
+      ears of the Thirty. This done, he went out and gave an order to the
+      attendants with the daggers to stand close to the bar in full view of the
+      senators. Again he entered and addressed the senate thus: "I hold it to be
+      the duty of a good president, when he sees the friends about him being
+      made the dupes of some delusion, to intervene. That at any rate is what I
+      propose to do. Indeed our friends here standing by the bar say that if we
+      propose to acquit a man so openly bent upon the ruin of the oligarchy,
+      they do not mean to let us do so. Now there is a clause in the new code
+      forbidding any of the Three Thousand to be put to death without your vote;
+      but the Thirty have power of life and death over all outside that list.
+      Accordingly," he proceeded, "I herewith strike this man, Theramenes, off
+      the list; and this with the concurrence of my colleagues. And now," he
+      continued, "we condemn him to death."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hearing these words Theramenes sprang upon the altar of Hestia,
+      exclaiming: "And I, sirs, supplicate you for the barest forms of law and
+      justice. Let it not be in the power of Critias to strike off either me, or
+      any one of you whom he will. But in my case, in what may be your case, if
+      we are tried, let our trial be in accordance with the law they have made
+      concerning those on the list. I know," he added, "but too well, that this
+      altar will not protect me; but I will make it plain that these men are as
+      impious towards the gods as they are nefarious towards men. Yet I do
+      marvel, good sirs and honest gentlemen, for so you are, that you will not
+      help yourselves, and that too when you must see that the name of every one
+      of you is as easily erased as mine."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when he had got so far, the voice of the herald was heard giving the
+      order to the Eleven to seize Theramenes. They at that instant entered with
+      their satellites&mdash;at their head Satyrus, the boldest and most
+      shameless of the body&mdash;and Critias exclaimed, addressing the Eleven,
+      "We deliver over to you Theramenes yonder, who has been condemned
+      according to the law. Do you take him and lead him away to the proper
+      place, and do there with him what remains to do." As Critias uttered the
+      words, Satyrus laid hold upon Theramenes to drag him from the altar, and
+      the attendants lent their aid. But he, as was natural, called upon gods
+      and men to witness what was happening. The senators the while kept
+      silence, seeing the companions of Satyrus at the bar, and the whole front
+      of the senate house crowded with the foreign guards, nor did they need to
+      be told that there were daggers in reserve among those present.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And so Theramenes was dragged through the Agora, in vehement and loud
+      tones proclaiming the wrongs that he was suffering. One word, which is
+      said to have fallen from his lips, I cite. It is this: Satyrus, bade him
+      "Be silent, or he would rue the day;" to which he made answer, "And if I
+      be silent, shall I not rue it?" Also, when they brought him the hemlock,
+      and the time was come to drink the fatal draught, they tell how he
+      playfully jerked out the dregs from the bottom of the cup, like one who
+      plays "Cottabos," (22) with the words, "This to the lovely Critias." These
+      are but "apophthegms" (23) too trivial, it may be thought, to find a place
+      in history. Yet I must deem it an admirable trait in this man's character,
+      if at such a moment, when death confronted him, neither his wits forsook
+      him, nor could the childlike sportiveness vanish from his soul.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) "A Sicilian game much in vogue at the drinking parties of young
+    men at Athens. The simplest mode was when each threw the wine left
+    in his cup so as to strike smartly in a metal basin, at the same
+    time invoking his mistress's name; if all fell into the basin and
+    the sound was clear, it was a sign he stood well with her."&mdash;
+    Liddell and Scott, sub. v. For the origin of the game compare
+    curiously enough the first line of the first Elegy of Critias
+    himself, who was a poet and political philosopher, as well as a
+    politician:&mdash;
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "{Kottabos ek Sikeles esti khthonos, euprepes ergon on skopon es latagon
+      toxa kathistametha.}" Bergk. "Poetae Lyr. Graec." Pars II. xxx.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) Or, "these are sayings too slight, perhaps, to deserve record;
+    yet," etc. By an "apophthegm" was meant originally a terse
+    (sententious) remark, but the word has somewhat altered in
+    meaning.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So Theramenes met his death; and, now that this obstacle was removed, the
+      Thirty, feeling that they had it in their power to play the tyrant without
+      fear, issued an order forbidding all, whose names were not on the list, to
+      set foot within the city. Retirement in the country districts was no
+      protection, thither the prosecutor followed them, and thence dragged them,
+      that their farms and properties might fall to the possession of the Thirty
+      and their friends. Even Piraeus was not safe; of those who sought refuge
+      there, many were driven forth in similar fashion, until Megara and Thebes
+      overflowed with the crowd of refugees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Presently Thrasybulus, with about seventy followers, sallied out from
+      Thebes, and made himself master of the fortress of Phyle. (1) The weather
+      was brilliant, and the Thirty marched out of the city to repel the
+      invader; with them were the Three Thousand and the Knights. When they
+      reached the place, some of the young men, in the foolhardiness of youth,
+      made a dash at the fortress, but without effect; all they got was wounds,
+      and so retired. The intention of the Thirty now was to blockade the place;
+      by shutting off all the avenues of supplies, they thought to force the
+      garrison to capitulate. But this project was interrupted by a steady
+      downfall of snow that night and the following day. Baffled by this
+      all-pervading enemy they beat a retreat to the city, but not without the
+      sacrifice of many of their camp-followers, who fell a prey to the men in
+      Phyle. The next anxiety of the government in Athens was to secure the
+      farms and country houses against the plunderings and forays to which they
+      would be exposed, if there were no armed force to protect them. With this
+      object a protecting force was despatched to the "boundary estates," (2)
+      about two miles south of Phyle. This corps consisted of the Lacedaemonian
+      guards, or nearly all of them, and two divisions of horse. (3) They
+      encamped in a wild and broken district, and the round of their duties
+      commenced.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) "A strong fortress (the remains of which still exist) commanding
+    the narrow pass across Mount Parnes, through which runs the direct
+    road from Thebes to Athens, past Acharnae. The precipitous rock on
+    which it stands can only be approached by a ridge on the eastern
+    side. The height commands a magnificent view of the whole Athenian
+    plain, of the city itself, of Mount Hymettus, and the Saronic
+    Gulf,"&mdash;"Dict. of Geog., The demi of the Diacria and Mount
+    Parnes."
+
+ (2) Cf. Boeckh, "P. E. A." p. 63, Eng. ed.
+
+ (3) Lit. tribes, each of the ten tribes furnishing about one hundred
+    horse.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But by this time the small garrison above them had increased tenfold,
+      until there were now something like seven hundred men collected in Phyle;
+      and with these Thrasybulus one night descended. When he was not quite half
+      a mile from the enemy's encampment he grounded arms, and a deep silence
+      was maintained until it drew towards day. In a little while the men
+      opposite, one by one, were getting to their legs or leaving the camp for
+      necessary purposes, while a suppressed din and murmur arose, caused by the
+      grooms currying and combing their horses. This was the moment for
+      Thrasybulus and his men to snatch up their arms and make a dash at the
+      enemy's position. Some they felled on the spot; and routing the whole
+      body, pursued them six or seven furlongs, killing one hundred and twenty
+      hoplites and more. Of the cavalry, Nicostratus, "the beautiful," as men
+      called him, and two others besides were slain; they were caught while
+      still in their beds. Returning from the pursuit, the victors set up a
+      trophy, got together all the arms they had taken, besides baggage, and
+      retired again to Phyle. A reinforcement of horse sent from the city could
+      not discover the vestige of a foe; but waited on the scene of battle until
+      the bodies of the slain had been picked up by their relatives, when they
+      withdrew again to the city.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this the Thirty, who had begun to realise the insecurity of their
+      position, were anxious to appropriate Eleusis, so that an asylum might be
+      ready for them against the day of need. With this view an order was issued
+      to the Knights; and Critias, with the rest of the Thirty, visited Eleusis.
+      There they held a review of the Eleusians in the presence of the Knights;
+      (4) and, on the pretext of wishing to discover how many they were, and how
+      large a garrison they would further require, they ordered the townsfolk to
+      enter their names. As each man did so he had to retire by a postern
+      leading to the sea. But on the sea-beach this side there were lines of
+      cavalry drawn up in waiting, and as each man appeared he was handcuffed by
+      the satellites of the Thirty. When all had so been seized and secured,
+      they gave orders to Lysimachus, the commander of the cavalry, to take them
+      off to the city and deliver them over to the Eleven. Next day they
+      summoned the heavy armed who were on the list, and the rest of the Knights
+      (5) to the Odeum, and Critias rose and addressed them. He said: "Sirs, the
+      constitution, the lines of which we are laying down, is a work undertaken
+      in your interests no less than ours; it is incumbent on you therefore to
+      participate in its dangers, even as you will partake of its honours. We
+      expect you therefore, in reference to these Eleusians here, who have been
+      seized and secured, to vote their condemnation, so that our hopes and
+      fears may be identical." Then, pointing to a particular spot, he said
+      peremptorily, "You will please deposit your votes there within sight of
+      all." It must be understood that the Laconian guards were present at the
+      time, and armed to the teeth, and filling one-half of the Odeum. As to the
+      proceedings themselves, they found acceptance with those members of the
+      State, besides the Thirty, who could be satisfied with a simple policy of
+      self-aggrandisement.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Or, "in the cavalry quarters," cf. {en tois ikhthusin} = in the
+    fish market. Or, "at the review of the horse."
+
+ (5) For the various Odeums at Athens vide Prof. Jebb, "Theophr."
+    xviii. 235, 236. The one here named was near the fountain
+    Callirhoe by the Ilissus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But now Thrasybulus at the head of his followers, by this time about one
+      thousand strong, descended from Phyle and reached Piraeus in the night.
+      The Thirty, on their side, informed of this new move, were not slow to
+      rally to the rescue, with the Laconian guards, supported by their own
+      cavalry and hoplites. And so they advanced, marching down along the broad
+      carriage road which leads into Piraeus. The men from Phyle seemed at first
+      inclined to dispute their passage, but as the wide circuit of the walls
+      needed a defence beyond the reach of their still scanty numbers, they fell
+      back in a compact body upon Munychia. (6) Then the troops from the city
+      poured into the Agora of Hippodmus. (7) Here they formed in line,
+      stretching along and filling the street which leads to the temple of
+      Artemis and the Bendideum. (8) This line must have been at least fifty
+      shields deep; and in this formation they at once began to march up. As to
+      the men of Phyle, they too blocked the street at the opposite end, and
+      facing the foe. They presented only a thin line, not more than ten deep,
+      though behind these, certainly, were ranged a body of targeteers and
+      light-armed javelin men, who were again supported by an artillery of
+      stone-throwers&mdash;a tolerably numerous division drawn from the
+      population of the port and district itself. While his antagonists were
+      still advancing, Thrasybulus gave the order to ground their heavy shields,
+      and having done so himself, whilst retaining the rest of his arms, he
+      stood in the midst, and thus addressed them: "Men and fellow-citizens, I
+      wish to inform some, and to remind others of you, that of the men you see
+      advancing beneath us there, the right division are the very men we routed
+      and pursued only five days ago; while on the extreme left there you see
+      the Thirty. These are the men who have not spared to rob us of our city,
+      though we did no wrong; who have hounded us from our homes; who have set
+      the seal of proscription on our dearest friends. But to-day the wheel of
+      fortune has revolved; that has come about which least of all they looked
+      for, which most of all we prayed for. Here we stand with our good swords
+      in our hands, face to face with our foes; and the gods themselves are with
+      us, seeing that we were arrested in the midst of our peaceful pursuits; at
+      any moment, whilst we supped, or slept, or marketed, sentence of
+      banishment was passed upon us: we had done no wrong&mdash;nay, many of us
+      were not even resident in the country. To-day, therefore, I repeat, the
+      gods do visibly fight upon our side; the great gods, who raise a tempest
+      even in the midst of calm for our benefit, and when we lay to our hand to
+      fight, enable our little company to set up the trophy of victory over the
+      multitude of our foes. On this day they have brought us hither to a place
+      where the steep ascent must needs hinder our foes from reaching with lance
+      or arrow further than our foremost ranks; but we with our volley of spears
+      and arrows and stones cannot fail to reach them with terrible effect. Had
+      we been forced to meet them vanguard to vanguard, on an equal footing, who
+      could have been surprised? But as it is, all I say to you is, let fly your
+      missiles with a will in right brave style. No one can miss his mark when
+      the road is full of them. To avoid our darts they must be for ever ducking
+      and skulking beneath their shields; but we will rain blows upon them in
+      their blindness; we will leap upon them and lay them low. But, O sirs! let
+      me call upon you so to bear yourselves that each shall be conscious to
+      himself that victory was won by him and him alone. Victory&mdash;which,
+      God willing, shall this day restore to us the land of our fathers, our
+      homes, our freedom, and the rewards of civic life, our children, if
+      children we have, our darlings, and our wives! Thrice happy those among us
+      who as conquerors shall look upon this gladdest of all days. Nor less
+      fortunate the man who falls to-day. Not all the wealth in the world shall
+      purchase him a monument so glorious. At the right instant I will strike
+      the keynote of the paean; then, with an invocation to the God of battle,
+      (9) and in return for the wanton insults they put upon us, let us with one
+      accord wreak vengeance on yonder men."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) The citadel quarter of Piraeus.
+
+ (7) Named after the famous architect Hippodamus, who built the town.
+    It was situated near where the two long walls joined the wall of
+    Piraeus; a broad street led from it up to the citadel of Munychia.
+
+ (8) I.e. the temple of Bendis (the Thracian Artemis). Cf. Plat. "Rep."
+    327, 354; and Prof. Jowett, "Plato," vol. iii. pp. 193, 226.
+
+ (9) Lit. "Enyalius," in Homer an epithet of Ares; at another date (cf.
+    Aristoph. "Peace," 456) looked upon as a distinct divinity.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Having so spoken, he turned round, facing the foemen, and kept quiet, for
+      the order passed by the soothsayer enjoined on them, not to charge before
+      one of their side was slain or wounded. "As soon as that happens," said
+      the seer, "we will lead you onwards, and the victory shall be yours; but
+      for myself, if I err not, death is waiting." And herein he spoke truly,
+      for they had barely resumed their arms when he himself as though he were
+      driven by some fatal hand, leapt out in front of the ranks, and so
+      springing into the midst of the foe, was slain, and lies now buried at the
+      passage of the Cephisus. But the rest were victorious, and pursued the
+      routed enemy down to the level ground. There fell in this engagement, out
+      of the number of the Thirty, Critias himself and Hippomachus, and with
+      them Charmides, (10) the son of Glaucon, one of the ten archons in
+      Piraeus, and of the rest about seventy men. The arms of the slain were
+      taken; but, as fellow-citizens, the conquerors forebore to despoil them of
+      their coats. This being done, they proceeded to give back the dead under
+      cover of a truce, when the men, on either side, in numbers stept forward
+      and conversed with one another. Then Cleocritus (he was the Herald of the
+      Initiated, (11) a truly "sweet-voiced herald," if ever there was), caused
+      a deep silence to reign, and addressed their late combatants as follows:
+      "Fellow-citizens&mdash;Why do you drive us forth? why would you slay us?
+      what evil have we wrought you at any time? or is it a crime that we have
+      shared with you in the most solemn rites and sacrifices, and in festivals
+      of the fairest: we have been companions in the chorus, the school, the
+      army. We have braved a thousand dangers with you by land and sea in behalf
+      of our common safety, our common liberty. By the gods of our fathers, by
+      the gods of our mothers, by the hallowed names of kinship, intermarriage,
+      comradeship, those three bonds which knit the hearts of so many of us, bow
+      in reverence before God and man, and cease to sin against the land of our
+      fathers: cease to obey these most unhallowed Thirty, who for the sake of
+      private gain have in eight months slain almost more men than the
+      Peloponnesians together in ten years of warfare. See, we have it in our
+      power to live as citizens in peace; it is only these men, who lay upon us
+      this most foul burthen, this hideous horror of fratricidal war, loathed of
+      God and man. Ah! be well assured, for these men slain by our hands this
+      day, ye are not the sole mourners. There are among them some whose deaths
+      have wrung from us also many a bitter tear."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) He was cousin to Critias, and uncle by the mother's side to
+    Plato, who introduces him in the dialogue, which bears his name
+    (and treats of Temperance), as a very young man at the beginning
+    of the Peloponnesian War. We hear more of him also from Xenophon
+    himself in the "Memorabilia," iii. 6. 7; and as one of the
+    interlocutors in the "Symposium."
+
+ (11) I.e. of the Eleusinian mysteries. He had not only a loud voice,
+    but a big body. Cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 1237.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So he spoke, but the officers and leaders of the defeated army who were
+      left, unwilling that their troops should listen to such topics at that
+      moment, led them back to the city. But the next day the Thirty, in deep
+      down-heartedness and desolation, sat in the council chamber. The Three
+      Thousand, wherever their several divisions were posted, were everywhere a
+      prey to discord. Those who were implicated in deeds of violence, and whose
+      fears could not sleep, protested hotly that to yield to the party in
+      Piraeus were preposterous. Those on the other hand who had faith in their
+      own innocence, argued in their own minds, and tried to convince their
+      neighbours that they could well dispense with most of their present evils.
+      "Why yield obedience to these Thirty?" they asked, "Why assign to them the
+      privilege of destroying the State?" In the end they voted a resolution to
+      depose the government, and to elect another. This was a board of ten,
+      elected one from each tribe.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 403. As to the Thirty, they retired to Eleusis; but the Ten, assisted
+      by the cavalry officers, had enough to do to keep watch over the men in
+      the city, whose anarchy and mutual distrust were rampant. The Knights did
+      not return to quarters at night, but slept out in the Odeum, keeping their
+      horses and shields close beside them; indeed the distrust was so great
+      that from evening onwards they patrolled the walls on foot with their
+      shields, and at break of day mounted their horses, at every moment fearing
+      some sudden attack upon them by the men in Piraeus. These latter were now
+      so numerous, and of so mixed a company, that it was difficult to find arms
+      for all. Some had to be content with shields of wood, others of
+      wicker-work, which they spent their time in coating with whitening. Before
+      ten days had elapsed guarantees were given, securing full citizenship,
+      with equality of taxation and tribute to all, even foreigners, who would
+      take part in the fighting. Thus they were presently able to take the
+      field, with large detachments both of heavy infantry and light-armed
+      troops, besides a division of cavalry, about seventy in number. Their
+      system was to push forward foraging parties in quest of wood and fruits,
+      returning at nightfall to Piraeus. Of the city party no one ventured to
+      take the field under arms; only, from time to time, the cavalry would
+      capture stray pillagers from Piraeus or inflict some damage on the main
+      body of their opponents. Once they fell in with a party belonging to the
+      deme Aexone, (12) marching to their own farms in search of provisions.
+      These, in spite of many prayers for mercy and the strong disapprobation of
+      many of the knights, were ruthlessly slaughtered by Lysimachus, the
+      general of cavalry. The men of Piraeus retaliated by putting to death a
+      horseman, named Callistratus, of the tribe Leontis, whom they captured in
+      the country. Indeed their courage ran so high at present that they even
+      meditated an assault upon the city walls. And here perhaps the reader will
+      pardon the record of a somewhat ingenious device on the part of the city
+      engineer, who, aware of the enemy's intention to advance his batteries
+      along the racecourse, which slopes from the Lyceum, had all the carts and
+      waggons which were to be found laden with blocks of stone, each one a
+      cartload in itself, and so sent them to deposit their freights "pele-mele"
+      on the course in question. The annoyance created by these separate blocks
+      of stone was enormous, and quite out of proportion to the simplicity of
+      the contrivance.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) On the coast south of Phalerum, celebrated for its fisheries. Cf.
+    "Athen." vii. 325.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But it was to Lacedaemon that men's eyes now turned. The Thirty despatched
+      one set of ambassadors from Eleusis, while another set representing the
+      government of the city, that is to say the men on the list, was despatched
+      to summon the Lacedaemonians to their aid, on the plea that the people had
+      revolted from Sparta. At Sparta, Lysander, taking into account the
+      possibility of speedily reducing the party in Piraeus by blockading them
+      by land and sea, and so cutting them off from all supplies, supported the
+      application, and negotiated the loan of one hundred talents (13) to his
+      clients, backed by the appointment of himself as harmost on land, and of
+      his brother, Libys, as admiral of the fleet. And so proceeding to the
+      scene of action at Eleusis, he got together a large body of Peloponnesian
+      hoplites, whilst his brother, the admiral, kept watch and ward by sea to
+      prevent the importation of supplies into Piraeus by water. Thus the men in
+      Piraeus were soon again reduced to their former helplessness, while the
+      ardour of the city folk rose to a proportionally high pitch under the
+      auspices of Lysander.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) 24,375 pounds, reckoning one tal. = 243 pounds 15 shillings.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Things were progressing after this sort when King Pausanias intervened.
+      Touched by a certain envy of Lysander&mdash;(who seemed, by a final stroke
+      of achievement, about to reach the pinnacle of popularity, with Athens
+      laid like a pocket dependency at his feet)&mdash;the king persuaded three
+      of the ephors to support him, and forthwith called out the ban. With him
+      marched contingents of all the allied States, except the Boeotians and
+      Corinthians. These maintained, that to undertake such an expedition
+      against the Athenians, in whose conduct they saw nothing contrary to the
+      treaty, was inconsistent with their oaths. But if that was the language
+      held by them, the secret of their behaviour lay deeper; they seemed to be
+      aware of a desire on the part of the Lacedaemonians to annex the soil of
+      the Athenians and to reduce the state to vassalage. Pausanias encamped on
+      the Halipedon, (14) as the sandy flat is called, with his right wing
+      resting on Piraeus, and Lysander and his mercenaries forming the left. His
+      first act was to send an embassage to the party in Piraeus, calling upon
+      them to retire peacably to their homes; when they refused to obey, he
+      made, as far as mere noise went, the semblance of an attack, with
+      sufficient show of fight to prevent his kindly disposition being too
+      apparent. But gaining nothing by the feint, he was forced to retire. Next
+      day he took two Laconian regiments, with three tribes of Athenian horse,
+      and crossed over to the Mute (15) Harbour, examining the lie of the ground
+      to discover how and where it would be easiest to draw lines of
+      circumvallation round Piraeus. As he turned his back to retire, a party of
+      the enemy sallied out and caused him annoyance. Nettled at the liberty, he
+      ordered the cavalry to charge at the gallop, supported by the
+      ten-year-service (16) infantry, whilst he himself, with the rest of the
+      troops, followed close, holding quietly back in reserve. They cut down
+      about thirty of the enemy's light troops and pursued the rest hotly to the
+      theatre in Piraeus. Here, as chance would have it, the whole light and
+      heavy infantry of the Piraeus men were getting under arms; and in an
+      instant their light troops rushed out and dashed at the assailants; thick
+      and fast flew missiles of all sorts&mdash;javelins, arrows and sling
+      stones. The Lacedaemonians finding the number of their wounded increasing
+      every minute, and sorely called, slowly fell back step by step, eyeing
+      their opponents. These meanwhile resolutely pressed on. Here fell Chaeron
+      and Thibrachus, both polemarchs, here also Lacrates, an Olympic victor,
+      and other Lacedaemonians, all of whom now lie entombed before the city
+      gates in the Ceramicus. (17)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) The Halipedon is the long stretch of flat sandy land between
+    Piraeus Phalerum and the city.
+
+ (15) Perhaps the landlocked creek just round the promontory of
+    Eetioneia, as Leake conjectures, "Topog. of Athens," p. 389. See
+    also Prof. Jowett's note, "Thuc." v. 2; vol. ii. p. 286.
+
+ (16) I.e. who had already seen ten years of service, i.e. over twenty-
+    eight, as the Spartan was eligible to serve at eighteen. Cf. Xen.
+    "Hell." III. iv. 23; VI. iv. 176.
+
+ (17) The outer Ceramicus, "the most beautiful spot outside the walls."
+    Cf. Thuc. ii. 34; through it passes the street of the tombs on the
+    sacred road; and here was the place of burial for all persons
+    honoured with a public funeral. Cf. Arist. "Birds," 395.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Watching how matters went, Thrasybulus began his advance with the whole of
+      his heavy infantry to support his light troops and quickly fell into line
+      eight deep, acting as a screen to the rest of his troops. Pausanias, on
+      his side, had retired, sorely pressed, about half a mile towards a bit of
+      rising ground, where he sent orders to the Lacedaemonians and the other
+      allied troops to bring up reinforcements. Here, on this slope, he reformed
+      his troops, giving his phalanx the full depth, and advanced against the
+      Athenians, who did not hesitate to receive him at close quarters, but
+      presently had to give way; one portion being forced into the mud and clay
+      at Halae, (18) while the others wavered and broke their line; one hundred
+      and fifty of them were left dead on the field, whereupon Pausanias set up
+      a trophy and retired. Not even so, were his feelings embittered against
+      his adversary. On the contrary he sent secretly and instructed the men of
+      Piraeus, what sort of terms they should propose to himself and the ephors
+      in attendance. To this advice they listened. He also fostered a division
+      in the party within the city. A deputation, acting on his orders, sought
+      an audience of him and the ephors. It had all the appearance of a mass
+      meeting. In approaching the Spartan authorities, they had no desire or
+      occasion, they stated, to look upon the men of Piraeus as enemies, they
+      would prefer a general reconciliation and the friendship of both sides
+      with Lacedaemon. The propositions were favourably received, and by no less
+      a person than Nauclidas. He was present as ephor, in accordance with the
+      custom which obliges two members of that board to serve on all military
+      expeditions with the king, and with his colleague shared the political
+      views represented by Pausanias, rather than those of Lysander and his
+      party. Thus the authorities were quite ready to despatch to Lacedaemon the
+      representatives of Piraeus, carrying their terms of truce with the
+      Lacedaemonians, as also two private individuals belonging to the city
+      party, whose names were Cephisophon and Meletus. This double deputation,
+      however, had no sooner set out to Lacedaemon than the "de facto"
+      government of the city followed suit, by sending a third set of
+      representatives to state on their behalf: that they were prepared to
+      deliver up themselves and the fortifications in their possession to the
+      Lacedaemonians, to do with them what they liked. "Are the men of Piraeus,"
+      they asked, "prepared to surrender Piraeus and Munychia in the same way?
+      If they are sincere in their profession of friendship to Lacedaemon, they
+      ought to do so." The ephors and the members of assembly at Sparta (19)
+      gave audience to these several parties, and sent out fifteen commissioners
+      to Athens empowered, in conjunction with Pausanias, to discover the best
+      settlement possible. The terms (20) arrived at were that a general peace
+      between the rival parties should be established, liberty to return to
+      their own homes being granted to all, with the exception of the Thirty,
+      the Eleven, and the Ten who had been governors in Piraeus; but a proviso
+      was added, enabling any of the city party who feared to remain at Athens
+      to find a home in Eleusis.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Halae, the salt marshy ground immediately behind the great
+    harbour of Piraeus, but outside the fortification lines.
+
+ (19) Cf. "Hell." VI. iii. 3, {oi ekkletoi}.
+
+ (20) Cf. Prof. Jebb, "Orators," i. 262, note 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now that everything was happily concluded, Pausanias disbanded his
+      army, and the men from Piraeus marched up under arms into the acropolis
+      and offered sacrifice to Athena. When they were come down, the generals
+      called a meeting of the Ecclesia, (21) and Thrasybulus made a speech in
+      which, addressing the city party, he said: "Men of the city! I have one
+      piece of advice I would tender to you; it is that you should learn to know
+      yourselves, and towards the attainment of that self-knowledge I would have
+      you make a careful computation of your good qualities and satisfy
+      yourselves on the strength of which of these it is that you claim to rule
+      over us. Is it that you are more just than ourselves? Yet the people, who
+      are poorer&mdash;have never wronged you for the purposes of plunder; but
+      you, whose wealth would outweight the whole of ours, have wrought many a
+      shameful deed for the sake of gain. If, then, you have no monopoly of
+      justice, can it be on the score of courage that you are warranted to hold
+      your heads so high? If so, what fairer test of courage will you propose
+      than the arbitrament of war&mdash;the war just ended? Or do you claim
+      superiority of intelligence?&mdash;you, who with all your wealth of arms
+      and walls, money and Peloponnesian allies, have been paralysed by men who
+      had none of these things to aid them! Or is it on these Laconian friends
+      of yours that you pride yourselves? What! when these same friends have
+      dealt by you as men deal by vicious dogs. You know how that is. They put a
+      heavy collar round the neck of the brutes and hand them over muzzled to
+      their masters. So too have the Lacedaemonians handed you over to the
+      people, this very people whom you have injured; and now they have turned
+      their backs and are gone. But" (turning to the mass) "do not misconceive
+      me. It is not for me, sirs, coldly to beg of you, in no respect to violate
+      your solemn undertakings. I go further; I beg you, to crown your list of
+      exploits by one final display of virtue. Show the world that you can be
+      faithful to your oaths, and flawless in your conduct." By these and other
+      kindred arguments he impressed upon them that there was no need for
+      anarchy or disorder, seeing that there were the ancient laws ready for
+      use. And so he broke up (22) the assembly.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) I.e. the Public Assembly, see above; and reading with Sauppe
+    after Cobet {ekklesian epoiesan}, which words are supposed to have
+    dropt out of the MSS. Or, keeping to the MSS., translate "When the
+    generals were come down, Thrasybulus," etc. See next note.
+
+ (22) The Greek words are {antestese ten ekklesian} (an odd phrase for
+    the more technical {eluse} or {dieluse ten ekklesian}). Or,
+    accepting the MSS. reading above (see last note), translate "he
+    set up (i.e. restored) the Assembly." So Mr. J. G. Philpotts, Mr.
+    Herbert Hailstone, and others.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At this auspicious moment, then, they reappointed the several magistrates;
+      the constitution began to work afresh, and civic life was recommenced. At
+      a subsequent period, on receiving information that the party at Eleusis
+      were collecting a body of mercenaries, they marched out with their whole
+      force against them, and put to death their generals, who came out to
+      parley. These removed, they introduced to the others their friends and
+      connections, and so persuaded them to come to terms and be reconciled. The
+      oath they bound themselves by consisted of a simple asseveration: "We will
+      remember past offences no more;" and to this day (23) the two parties live
+      amicably together as good citizens, and the democracy is steadfast to its
+      oaths.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) It would be interesting to know the date at which the author
+    penned these words. Was this portion of the "Hellenica" written
+    before the expedition of Cyrus? i.e. in the interval between the
+    formal restoration of the Democracy, September B.C. 403, and March
+    B.C. 401. The remaining books of the "Hellenica" were clearly
+    written after that expedition, since reference is made to it quite
+    early in Bk. III. i. 2. Practically, then, the first volume of
+    Xenophon's "History of Hellenic Affairs" ends here. This history
+    is resumed in Bk. III. i. 3. after the Cyreian expedition  (of
+    which episode we have a detailed account in the "Anabasis" from
+    March B.C. 401 down to March B.C. 399, when the remnant of the Ten
+    Thousand was handed over to the Spartan general Thibron in Asia).
+    Some incidents belonging to B.C. 402 are referred to in the
+    opening paragraphs of "Hellenica," III. i. 1, 2, but only as an
+    introduction to the new matter; and with regard to the historian
+    himself, it is clear that "a change has come o'er the spirit of
+    his dream." This change of view is marked by a change of style in
+    writing. I have thought it legitimate, under the circumstances, to
+    follow the chronological order of events, and instead of
+    continuing the "Hellenica," at this point to insert the
+    "Anabasis." My next volume will contain the remaining books of the
+    "Hellenica" and the rest of Xenophon's "historical" writings.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 403-402. Thus the civil strife at Athens had an end. At a subsequent
+      date Cyrus sent messengers to Lacedaemon, claiming requital in kind for
+      the service which he had lately rendered in the war with Athens. (1) The
+      demand seemed to the ephorate just and reasonable. Accordingly they
+      ordered Samius, (2) who was admiral at the time, to put himself at the
+      disposition of Cyrus for any service which he might require. Samius
+      himself needed no persuasion to carry out the wishes of Cyrus. With his
+      own fleet, accompanied by that of Cyrus, he sailed round to Cilicia, and
+      so made it impossible for Syennesis, the ruler of that province, to oppose
+      Cyrus by land in his advance against the king his brother.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "what Cyrus himself had been to the Lacedaemonians let the
+    Lacedaemonians in their turn be to Cyrus."
+
+ (2) Samius (Diod. Sic. xiv. 19). But see "Anab." I. iv. 2, where
+    Pythagoras is named as admiral. Possibly the one officer succeeded
+    the other.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 401. The particulars of the expedition are to be found in the pages
+      of the Syracusan Themistogenes, (3) who describes the mustering of the
+      armament, and the advance of Cyrus at the head of his troops; and then the
+      battle, and death of Cyrus himself, and the consequent retreat of the
+      Hellenes while effecting their escape to the sea. (4)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Lit. "as to how then Cyrus collected an army and with it went up
+    against his brother, and how the battle was fought and how he
+    died, and how in the sequel the Hellenes escaped to the sea (all
+    this), is written by (or 'for,' or 'in honour of') Themistogenes
+    the Syracusan." My impression is that Xenophon's "Anabasis," or a
+    portion of the work so named, was edited originally by
+    Themistogenes. See "Philol. Museum," vol. i. p. 489; L. Dindorf,
+    {Xen. Ell.}, Ox. MDCCCLIII., node ad loc. {Themistogenei}. Cf.
+    Diod. Sic. xiv. 19-31, 37, after Ephorus and Theopompus probably.
+
+ (4) At Trapezus, March 10, B.C. 400.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 400. It was in recognition of the service which he had rendered in
+      this affair, that Tissaphernes was despatched to Lower Asia by the king
+      his master. He came as satrap, not only of his own provinces, but of those
+      which had belonged to Cyrus; and he at once demanded the absolute
+      submission of the Ionic cities, without exception, to his authority. These
+      communities, partly from a desire to maintain their freedom, and partly
+      from fear of Tissaphernes himself, whom they had rejected in favour of
+      Cyrus during the lifetime of that prince, were loth to admit the satrap
+      within their gates. They thought it better to send an embassy to the
+      Lacedaemonians, calling upon them as representatives and leaders (5) of
+      the Hellenic world to look to the interests of their petitioners, who were
+      Hellenes also, albeit they lived in Asia, and not to suffer their country
+      to be ravaged and themselves enslaved.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) {Prostatai}, "patrons and protectors."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In answer to this appeal, the Lacedaemonians sent out Thibron (6) as
+      governor, providing him with a body of troops, consisting of one thousand
+      neodamodes (7) (i.e. enfranchised helots) and four thousand
+      Peloponnesians. In addition to these, Thibron himself applied to the
+      Athenians for a detachment of three hundred horse, for whose service-money
+      he would hold himself responsible. The Athenians in answer sent him some
+      of the knights who had served under the Thirty, (8) thinking that the
+      people of Athens would be well rid of them if they went abroad and
+      perished there.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) "As harmost." See "Anab." ad fin.
+
+ (7) See "Hell." I. iii. 15; Thuc. vii. 58.
+
+ (8) See "Hell." II. iv. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 400-399. On their arrival in Asia, Thibron further collected
+      contingents from the Hellenic cities on the continent; for at this time
+      the word of a Lacedaemonian was law. He had only to command, and every
+      city must needs obey. (9) But although he had this armament, Thibron, when
+      he saw the cavalry, had no mind to descend into the plain. If he succeeded
+      in protecting from pillage the particular district in which he chanced to
+      be, he was quite content. It was only when the troops (10) who had taken
+      part in the expedition of Cyrus had joined him on their safe return, that
+      he assumed a bolder attitude. He was now ready to confront Tissaphernes,
+      army against army, on the level ground, and won over a number of cities.
+      Pergamum came in of her own accord. So did Teuthrania and Halisarna. These
+      were under the government of Eurysthenes and Procles, (11) the descendants
+      of Demaratus the Lacedaemonian, who in days of old had received this
+      territory as a gift from the Persian monarch in return for his share in
+      the campaign against Hellas. Gorgion and Gongylus, two brothers, also gave
+      in their adhesion; they were lords, the one of Gambreum and
+      Palae-Gambreum, the other of Myrina and Gryneum, four cities which, like
+      those above named, had originally been gifts from the king to an earlier
+      Gongylus&mdash;the sole Eretrian who "joined the Mede," and in consequence
+      was banished. Other cities which were too weak to resist, Thibron took by
+      force of arms. In the case of one he was not so successful. This was the
+      Egyptian (12) Larisa, as it is called, which refused to capitulate, and
+      was forthwith invested and subjected to a regular siege. When all other
+      attempts to take it failed, he set about digging a tank or reservoir, and
+      in connection with the tank an underground channel, by means of which he
+      proposed to draw off the water supply of the inhabitants. In this he was
+      baffled by frequent sallies of the besieged, and a continual discharge of
+      timber and stones into the cutting. He retaliated by the construction of a
+      wooden tortoise which he erected over the tank; but once more the tortoise
+      was burnt to a cinder in a successful night attack on the part of the men
+      of Larisa. These ineffectual efforts induced the ephors to send a despatch
+      bidding Thibron give up Larisa and march upon Caria.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) See "Anab." VI. vi. 12.
+
+ (10) March B.C. 399. See the final sentence of the "Anabasis."
+
+ (11) See "Anab." VII. viii. 8-16.
+
+ (12) Seventy stades S.E. of Cyme in the Aeolid. See Strabo, xiii. 621.
+    For the origin of the name cf. "Cyrop." VII. i. 45.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      He had already reached Ephesus, and was on the point of marching into
+      Caria, when Dercylidas arrived to take command of his army. The new
+      general was a man whose genius for invention had won him the nickname of
+      Sisyphus. Thus it was that Thibron returned home, where on his arrival he
+      was fined and banished, the allies accusing him of allowing his troops to
+      plunder their friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dercylidas was not slow to perceive and turn to account the jealousy which
+      subsisted between Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus. Coming to terms with the
+      former, he marched into the territory of the latter, preferring, as he
+      said, to be at war with one of the pair at a time, rather than the two
+      together. His hostility, indeed, to Pharnabazus was an old story, dating
+      back to a period during the naval command (13) of Lysander, when he was
+      himself governor in Abydos; where, thanks to Pharnabazus, he had got into
+      trouble with his superior officer, and had been made to stand "with his
+      shield on his arm"&mdash;a stigma on his honour which no true
+      Lacedaemonian would forgive, since this is the punishment of
+      insubordination. (14) For this reason, doubtless, Dercylidas had the
+      greater satisfaction in marching against Pharnabazus. From the moment he
+      assumed command there was a marked difference for the better between his
+      methods and those of his predecessor. Thus he contrived to conduct his
+      troops into that portion of the Aeolid which belonged to Pharnabazus,
+      through the heart of friendly territory without injury to the allies.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Technically "navarchy," in B.C. 408-407. "Hell." I. v. 1.
+
+ (14) See Plut. "Aristid." 23 (Clough, ii. p. 309).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This district of Aeolis belonged to Pharnabazus, (15) but had been held as
+      a satrapy under him by a Dardanian named Zenis whilst he was alive; but
+      when Zenis fell sick and died, Pharnabazus made preparation to give the
+      satrapy to another. Then Mania the wife of Zenis, herself also a
+      Dardanian, fitted out an expedition, and taking with her gifts wherewith
+      to make a present to Pharnabazus himself, and to gratify his concubines
+      and those whose power was greatest with Pharnabazus, set forth on her
+      journey. When she had obtained audience with him she spoke as follows: "O
+      Pharnabazus, thou knowest that thy servant my husband was in all respects
+      friendly to thee; moreover, he paid my lord the tributes which were thy
+      due, so that thou didst praise and honour him. Now therefore, if I do thee
+      service as faithfully as my husband, why needest thou to appoint another
+      satrap?&mdash;nay but, if in any matter I please thee not, is it not in
+      thy power to take from me the government on that day, and to give it to
+      another?" When he had heard her words, Pharnabazus decided that the woman
+      ought to be satrap. She, as soon as she was mistress of the territory,
+      never ceased to render the tribute in due season, even as her husband
+      before her had done. Moreover, whenever she came to the court of
+      Pharnabazus she brought him gifts continually, and whenever Pharnabazus
+      went down to visit her provinces she welcomed him with all fair and
+      courteous entertainment beyond what his other viceroys were wont to do.
+      The cities also which had been left to her by her husband, she guarded
+      safely for him; while of those cities that owed her no allegiance, she
+      acquired, on the seaboard, Larisa and Hamaxitus and Colonae&mdash;attacking
+      their walls by aid of Hellenic mercenaries, whilst she herself sat in her
+      carriage and watched the spectacle. Nor was she sparing of her gifts to
+      those who won her admiration; and thus she furnished herself with a
+      mercenary force of exceptional splendour. She also went with Pharnabazus
+      on his campaigns, even when, on pretext of some injury done to the king's
+      territory, Mysians or Pisidians were the object of attack. In requital,
+      Pharnabazus paid her magnificent honour, and at times invited her to
+      assist him with her counsel. (16)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) I.e. as suzerain.
+
+ (16) Grote, "H. G." ix. 292; cf. Herod. viii. 69.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now when Mania was more than forty years old, the husband of her own
+      daughter, Meidias&mdash;flustered by the suggestions of certain people who
+      said that it was monstrous a woman should rule and he remain a private
+      person (17)&mdash;found his way into her presence, as the story goes, and
+      strangled her. For Mania, albeit she carefully guarded herself against all
+      ordinary comers, as behoved her in the exercise of her "tyranny," trusted
+      in Meidias, and, as a woman might her own son-in-law, was ready to greet
+      him at all times with open arms. He also murdered her son, a youth of
+      marvellous beauty, who was about seventeen years of age. He next seized
+      upon the strong cities of Scepsis and Gergithes, in which lay for the most
+      part the property and wealth of Mania. As for the other cities of the
+      satrapy, they would not receive the usurper, their garrisons keeping them
+      safely for Pharnabazus. Thereupon Meidias sent gifts to Pharnabazus, and
+      claimed to hold the district even as Mania had held it; to whom the other
+      answered, "Keep your gifts and guard them safely until that day when I
+      shall come in person and take both you and them together"; adding, "What
+      care I to live longer if I avenge not myself for the murder of Mania!"
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) Or, "his brains whimsied with insinuations."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Just at the critical moment Dercylidas arrived, and in a single day
+      received the adhesion of the three seaboard cities Larisa, Hamaxitus, and
+      Colonae&mdash;which threw open their gates to him. Then he sent messengers
+      to the cities of the Aeolid also, offering them freedom if they would
+      receive him within their walls and become allies. Accordingly the men of
+      Neandria and Ilium and Cocylium lent willing ears; for since the death of
+      Mania their Hellenic garrisons had been treated but ill. But the commander
+      of the garrison in Cebrene, a place of some strength, bethinking him that
+      if he should succeed in guarding that city for Pharnabazus, he would
+      receive honour at his hands, refused to admit Dercylidas. Whereupon the
+      latter, in a rage, prepared to take the place by force; but when he came
+      to sacrifice, on the first day the victims would not yield good omens; on
+      the second, and again upon the third day, it was the same story. Thus for
+      as many as four days he persevered in sacrificing, cherishing wrath the
+      while&mdash;for he was in haste to become master of the whole Aeolid
+      before Pharnabazus came to the succour of the district.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile a certain Sicyonian captain, Athenadas by name, said to himself:
+      "Dercylidas does but trifle to waste his time here, whilst I with my own
+      hand can draw off their water from the men of Cybrene"; wherewith he ran
+      forward with his division and essayed to choke up the spring which
+      supplied the city. But the garrison sallied out and covered the Sicyonian
+      himself with wounds, besides killing two of his men. Indeed, they plied
+      their swords and missiles with such good effect that the whole company was
+      forced to beat a retreat. Dercylidas was not a little annoyed, thinking
+      that now the spirit of the besiegers would certainly die away; but whilst
+      he was in this mood, behold! there arrived from the beleaguered fortress
+      emissaries of the Hellenes, who stated that the action taken by the
+      commandant was not to their taste; for themselves, they would far rather
+      be joined in bonds of fellowship with Hellenes than with barbarians. While
+      the matter was still under discussion there came a messenger also from the
+      commandant, to say that whatever the former deputation had proposed he, on
+      his side, was ready to endorse. Accordingly Dercylidas, who, it so
+      happened, had at length obtained favourable omens on that day, marched his
+      force without more ado up to the gates of the city, which were flung open
+      by those within; and so he entered. (18) Here, then, he was content to
+      appoint a garrison, and without further stay advanced upon Scepsis and
+      Gergithes.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Grote ("H. G." ix. 294) says: "The reader will remark how
+    Xenophon shapes the narrative in such a manner as to inculcate the
+    pious duty in a general of obeying the warnings furnished by the
+    sacrifice&mdash;either for action or for inaction.... Such an
+    inference is never (I believe) to be found suggested in
+    Thucydides." See Brietenbach, "Xen. Hell." I et II, praef. in
+    alteram ed. p. xvii.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now Meidias, partly expecting the hostile advance of Pharnabazus, and
+      partly mistrusting the citizens&mdash;for to such a pass things had come&mdash;sent
+      to Dercylidas, proposing to meet him in conference provided he might take
+      security of hostages. In answer to this suggestion the other sent him one
+      man from each of the cities of the allies, and bade him take his pick of
+      these, whichsoever and how many soever he chose, as hostages for his own
+      security. Meidias selected ten, and so went out. In conversation with
+      Dercylidas, he asked him on what terms he would accept his alliance. The
+      other answered: "The terms are that you grant the citizens freedom and
+      self-government." The words were scarcely out of his mouth before he began
+      marching upon Scepsis. Whereupon Meidias, perceiving it was vain to hinder
+      him in the teeth of the citizens, suffered him to enter. That done,
+      Dercylidas offered sacrifice to Athena in the citadel of the Scepsians,
+      turned out the bodyguards of Meidias, and handed over the city to the
+      citizens. And so, having admonished them to regulate their civic life as
+      Hellenes and free men ought, he left the place and continued his advance
+      against Gergithes. On this last march he was escorted by many of the
+      Scepsians themselves; such was the honour they paid him and so great their
+      satisfaction at his exploits. Meidias also followed close at his side,
+      petitioning that he would hand over the city of Gergithians to himself. To
+      whom Dercylidas only made reply, that he should not fail to obtain any of
+      his just rights. And whilst the words were yet upon his lips, he was
+      drawing close to the gates, with Meidias at his side. Behind him followed
+      the troops, marching two and two in peaceful fashion. The defenders of
+      Gergithes from their towers&mdash;which were extraordinarily high&mdash;espied
+      Meidias in company of the Spartan, and abstained from shooting. And
+      Dercylidas said: "Bid them open the gates, Meidias, when you shall lead
+      the way, and I will enter the temple along with you and do sacrifice to
+      Athena." And Meidias, though he shrank from opening the gates, yet in
+      terror of finding himself on a sudden seized, reluctantly gave the order
+      to open the gates. As soon as he was entered in, the Spartan, still taking
+      Meidias with him, marched up to the citadel and there ordered the main
+      body of his soldiers to take up their position round the walls, whilst he
+      with those about him did sacrifice to Athena. When the sacrifice was ended
+      he ordered Meidias's bodyguard to pile arms (19) in the van of his troops.
+      Here for the future they would serve as mercenaries, since Meidias their
+      former master stood no longer in need of their protection. The latter,
+      being at his wits' end what to do, exclaimed: "Look you, I will now leave
+      you; I go to make preparation for my guest." But the other replied:
+      "Heaven forbid! Ill were it that I who have offered sacrifice should be
+      treated as a guest by you. I rather should be the entertainer and you the
+      guest. Pray stay with us, and while the supper is preparing, you and I can
+      consider our obligations, and perform them."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) I.e. take up a position, or "to order arms," whilst he addressed
+    them; not probably "to ground arms," as if likely to be mutinous.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When they were seated Dercylidas put certain questions: "Tell me, Meidias,
+      did your father leave you heir to his estates?" "Certainly he did,"
+      answered the other. "And how many dwelling-houses have you? what landed
+      estates? how much pasturage?" The other began running off an inventory,
+      whilst some of the Scepsians who were present kept interposing, "He is
+      lying to you, Dercylidas." "Nay, you take too minute a view of matters,"
+      replied the Spartan. When the inventory of the paternal property was
+      completed, he proceeded: "Tell me, Meidias, to whom did Mania belong?" A
+      chorus of voices rejoined, "To Pharnabazus." "Then must her property have
+      belonged to Pharnabazus too." "Certainly," they answered. "Then it must
+      now be ours," he remarked, "by right of conquest, since Pharnabazus is at
+      war with us. Will some one of you escort me to the place where the
+      property of Mania and Pharnabazus lies?" So the rest led the way to the
+      dwelling-place of Mania which Meidias had taken from her, and Meidias
+      followed too. When he was entered, Dercylidas summoned the stewards, and
+      bidding his attendants seize them, gave them to understand that, if
+      detected stealing anything which belonged to Mania, they would lose their
+      heads on the spot. The stewards proceeded to point out the treasures, and
+      he, when he had looked through the whole store, bolted and barred the
+      doors, affixing his seal, and setting a watch. As he went out he found at
+      the doors certain of the generals (20) and captains, and said to them:
+      "Here, sirs, we have pay ready made for the army&mdash;a year's pay nearly
+      for eight thousand men&mdash;and if we can win anything besides, there
+      will be so much the more." This he said, knowing that those who heard it
+      would be all the more amenable to discipline, and would yield him a more
+      flattering obedience. Then Meidias asked, "And where am I to live,
+      Dercylidas?" "Where you have the very best right to live," replied the
+      other, "in your native town of Scepsis, and in your father's house."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) Lit. "of the taxiarchs and lochagoi."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Such were the exploits of Dercylidas: nine cities taken in eight days. Two
+      considerations now began to occupy his mind: how was he to avoid falling
+      into the fatal error of Thibron and becoming a burthen to his allies,
+      whilst wintering in a friendly country? how, again, was he to prevent
+      Pharnabazus from overriding the Hellenic states in pure contempt with his
+      cavalry? Accordingly he sent to Pharnabazus and put it to him point-blank:
+      Which will you have, peace or war? Whereupon Pharnabazus, who could not
+      but perceive that the whole Aeolid had now been converted practically into
+      a fortified base of operations, which threatened his own homestead of
+      Phrygia, chose peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 399-398. This being so, Dercylidas advanced into Bithynian Thrace,
+      and there spent the winter; nor did Pharnabazus exhibit a shadow of
+      annoyance, since the Bithynians were perpetually at war with himself. For
+      the most part, Dercylidas continued to harry (1) Bithynia in perfect
+      security, and found provisions without stint. Presently he was joined from
+      the other side of the straits by some Odrysian allies sent by Seuthes; (2)
+      they numbered two hundred horse and three hundred peltasts. These fellows
+      pitched upon a site a little more than a couple of miles (3) from the
+      Hellenic force, where they entrenched themselves; then having got from
+      Dercylidas some heavy infantry soldiers to act as guards of their
+      encampment, they devoted themselves to plundering, and succeeded in
+      capturing an ample store of slaves and other wealth. Presently their camp
+      was full of prisoners, when one morning the Bithynians, having ascertained
+      the actual numbers of the marauding parties as well as of the Hellenes
+      left as guards behind, collected in large masses of light troops and
+      cavalry, and attacked the garrison, who were not more than two hundred
+      strong. As soon as they came close enough, they began discharging spears
+      and other missiles on the little body, who on their side continued to be
+      wounded and shot down, but were quite unable to retaliate, cooped up as
+      they were within a palisading barely six feet high, until in desperation
+      they tore down their defences with their own hands, and dashed at the
+      enemy. These had nothing to do but to draw back from the point of egress,
+      and being light troops easily escaped beyond the grasp of heavy-armed men,
+      while ever and again, from one point of vantage or another, they poured
+      their shower of javelins, and at every sally laid many a brave man low,
+      till at length, like sheep penned in a fold, the defenders were shot down
+      almost to a man. A remnant, it is true, did escape, consisting of some
+      fifteen who, seeing the turn affairs were taking, had already made off in
+      the middle of the fighting. Slipping through their assailants' fingers,
+      (4) to the small concern of the Bithynians, they reached the main Hellenic
+      camp in safety. The Bithynians, satisfied with their achievement, part of
+      which consisted in cutting down the tent guards of the Odrysian Thracians
+      and recovering all their prisoners, made off without delay; so that by the
+      time the Hellenes got wind of the affair and rallied to the rescue, they
+      found nothing left in the camp save only the stripped corpses of the
+      slain. When the Odrysians themselves returned, they fell to burying their
+      own dead, quaffing copious draughts of wine in their honour and holding
+      horse-races; but for the future they deemed it advisable to camp along
+      with the Hellenes. Thus they harried and burned Bithynia the winter
+      through.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) {Pheson kai agon}, i.e. "there was plenty of live stock to lift
+    and chattels to make away with."
+
+ (2) For Seuthes see "Anab." VII. i. 5; and below, IV. viii. 26.
+
+ (3) Lit. "twenty stades."
+
+ (4) Or, "slipping through the enemy's fingers, who took no heed of
+    them, they," etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 398. With the commencement of spring Dercylidas turned his back upon
+      the Bithynians and came to Lampsacus. Whilst at this place envoys reached
+      him from the home authorities. These were Aracus, Naubates, and
+      Antisthenes. They were sent to inquire generally into the condition of
+      affairs in Asia, and to inform Dercylidas of the extension of his office
+      for another year. They had been further commissioned by the ephors to
+      summon a meeting of the soldiers and inform them that the ephors held them
+      to blame for their former doings, though for their present avoidance of
+      evil conduct they must needs praise them; and for the future they must
+      understand that while no repetition of misdoing would be tolerated, all
+      just and upright dealing by the allies would receive its meed of praise.
+      The soldiers were therefore summoned, and the envoys delivered their
+      message, to which the leader of the Cyreians answered: "Nay, men of
+      Lacedaemon, listen; we are the same to-day as we were last year; only our
+      general of to-day is different from our general in the past. If to-day we
+      have avoided our offence of yesterday, the cause is not far to seek; you
+      may discover it for yourselves."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Aracus and the other envoys shared the hospitality of Dercylidas's tent,
+      and one of the party chanced to mention how they had left an embassy from
+      the men of Chersonese in Lacedaemon. According to their statement, he
+      added, it was impossible for them to till their land nowadays, so
+      perpetually were they robbed and plundered by the Thracians; whereas the
+      peninsula needed only to be walled across from sea to sea, and there would
+      be abundance of good land to cultivate&mdash;enough for themselves and as
+      many others from Lacedaemon as cared to come. "So that it would not
+      surprise us," continued the envoys, "if a Lacedaemonian were actually sent
+      out from Sparta with a force to carry out the project." Dercylidas kept
+      his ears open but his counsel close, and so sent forward the commissioners
+      to Ephesus. (5) It pleased him to picture their progress through the
+      Hellenic cities, and the spectacle of peace and prosperity which would
+      everywhere greet their eyes. When he knew that his stay was to be
+      prolonged, he sent again to Pharnabazus and offered him once more as an
+      alternative either the prolongation of the winter truce or war. And once
+      again Pharnabazus chose truce. It was thus that Dercylidas was able to
+      leave the cities in the neighbourhood of the satrap (6) in peace and
+      friendship. Crossing the Hellespont himself he brought his army into
+      Europe, and marching through Thrace, which was also friendly, was
+      entertained by Seuthes, (7) and so reached the Chersonese.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 301.
+
+ (6) Or, reading after Cobet, {tas peri ekeina poleis}&mdash;"the cities of
+    that neighbourhood."
+
+ (7) See "Anab." VII. vii. 51.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This district, he soon discovered, not only contained something like a
+      dozen cities, (8) but was singularly fertile. The soil was of the best,
+      but ruined by the ravages of the Thracians, precisely as he had been told.
+      Accordingly, having measured and found the breadth of the isthmus barely
+      four miles, (9) he no longer hesitated. Having offered sacrifice, he
+      commenced his line of wall, distributing the area to the soldiers in
+      detachments, and promising to award them prizes for their industry&mdash;a
+      first prize for the section first completed, and the rest as each
+      detachment of workers might deserve. By this means the whole wall begun in
+      spring was finished before autumn. Within these lines he established
+      eleven cities, with numerous harbours, abundance of good arable land, and
+      plenty of land under plantation, besides magnificent grazing grounds for
+      sheep and cattle of every kind.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Lit. "eleven or twelve cities." For the natural productivity, see
+    "Anab." V. vi. 25.
+
+ (9) Lit. "thirty-seven stades." Mod. Gallipoli. See Herod. vi. 36;
+    Plut. "Pericl." xix.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Having finished the work, he crossed back again into Asia, and on a tour
+      of inspection, found the cities for the most part in a thriving condition;
+      but when he came to Atarneus he discovered that certain exiles from Chios
+      had got possession of the stronghold, which served them as a convenient
+      base for pillaging and plundering Ionia; and this, in fact, was their
+      means of livelihood. Being further informed of the large supplies of grain
+      which they had inside, he proceeded to draw entrenchments around the place
+      with a view to a regular investment, and by this means he reduced it in
+      eight months. Then having appointed Draco of Pellene (10) commandant, he
+      stocked the fortress with an abundance of provisions of all sorts, to
+      serve him as a halting-place when he chanced to pass that way, and so
+      withdrew to Ephesus, which is three days' journey from Sardis.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Cf. Isocr. "Panegyr." 70; Jebb. "Att. Or." ii. p. 161. Of Pellene
+    (or Pellana) in Laconia, not Pellene in Achaia? though that is the
+    opinion of Grote and Thirlwall.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 397. Up to this date peace had been maintained between Tissaphernes
+      and Dercylidas, as also between the Hellenes and the barbarians in those
+      parts. But the time came when an embassy arrived at Lacedaemon from the
+      Ionic cities, protesting that Tissaphernes might, if he chose, leave the
+      Hellenic cities independent. "Our idea," they added, "is, that if Caria,
+      the home of Tissaphernes, felt the pinch of war, the satrap would very
+      soon agree to grant us independence." The ephors, on hearing this, sent a
+      despatch to Dercylidas, and bade him cross the frontier with his army into
+      Caria, whilst Pharax the admiral coasted round with the fleet. These
+      orders were carried out. Meanwhile a visitor had reached Tissaphernes.
+      This was not less a person than Pharnabazus. His coming was partly owing
+      to the fact that Tissaphernes had been appointed general-in-chief, and
+      party in order to testify his readiness to make common cause with his
+      brother satrap in fighting and expelling the Hellenes from the king's
+      territory; for if his heart was stirred by jealousy on account of the
+      generalship bestowed upon his rival, he was not the less aggrieved at
+      finding himself robbed of the Aeolid. Tissaphernes, lending willing ears
+      to the proposal, had answered: "First cross over with me in Caria, and
+      then we will take counsel on these matters." But being arrived in Caria,
+      they determined to establish garrisons of some strength in the various
+      fortresses, and so crossed back again into Ionia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hearing that the satraps had recrossed the Maeander, Dercylidas grew
+      apprehensive for the district which lay there unprotected. "If
+      Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus," he said to Pharax, "chose to make a
+      descent, they could harry the country right and left." In this mind he
+      followed suit, and recrossed the frontier too. And now as they marched on,
+      preserving no sort of battle order&mdash;on the supposition that the enemy
+      had got far ahead of them into the district of Ephesus&mdash;suddenly they
+      caught sight of his scouts perched on some monumental structures facing
+      them. To send up scouts into similar edifices and towers on their own side
+      was the work of a few moments, and before them lay revealed the long lines
+      of troops drawn up just where their road lay. These were the Carians, with
+      their white shields, and the whole Persian troops there present, with all
+      the Hellenic contingents belonging to either satrap. Besides these there
+      was a great cloud of cavalry: on the right wing the squadrons of
+      Tissaphernes, and on the left those of Pharnabazus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Seeing how matters lay, Dercylidas ordered the generals of brigade and
+      captains to form into line as quickly as possible, eight deep, placing the
+      light infantry on the fringe of battle, with the cavalry&mdash;such
+      cavalry, that is, and of such numerical strength, as he chanced to have.
+      Meanwhile, as general, he sacrificed. (11) During this interval the troops
+      from Peloponnese kept quiet in preparation as for battle. Not so the
+      troops from Priene and Achilleum, from the islands and the Ionic cities,
+      some of whom left their arms in the corn, which stood thick and deep in
+      the plain of the Maeander, and took to their heels; while those who
+      remained at their posts gave evident signs that their steadiness would not
+      last. Pharnabazus, it was reported, had given orders to engage; but
+      Tissaphernes, who recalled his experience of his own exploits with the
+      Cyreian army, and assumed that all other Hellenes were of similar mettle,
+      had no desire to engage, but sent to Dercylidas saying, he should be glad
+      to meet him in conference. So Dercylidas, attended by the pick of his
+      troops, horse and foot, in personal attendance on himself, (12) went
+      forward to meet the envoys. He told them that for his own part he had made
+      his preparations to engage, as they themselves might see, but still, if
+      the satraps were minded to meet in conference, he had nothing to say
+      against it&mdash;"Only, in that case, there must be mutual exchange of
+      hostages and other pledges."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) I.e. according to custom on the eve of battle. See "Pol. Lac."
+    xiii. 8.
+
+ (12) Lit. "they were splendid fellows to look at." See "Anab." II.
+    iii. 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When this proposal had been agreed to and carried out, the two armies
+      retired for the night&mdash;the Asiatics to Tralles in Caria, the Hellenes
+      to Leucophrys, where was a temple (13) of Artemis of great sanctity, and a
+      sandy-bottomed lake more than a furlong in extent, fed by a spring of
+      ever-flowing water fit for drinking and warm. For the moment so much was
+      effected. On the next day they met at the place appointed, and it was
+      agreed that they should mutually ascertain the terms on which either party
+      was willing to make peace. On his side, Dercylidas insisted that the king
+      should grant independence to the Hellenic cities; while Tissaphernes and
+      Pharnabazus demanded the evacuation of the country by the Hellenic army,
+      and the withdrawal of the Lacedaemonian governors from the cities. After
+      this interchange of ideas a truce was entered into, so as to allow time
+      for the reports of the proceedings to be sent by Dercylidas to Lacedaemon,
+      and by Tissaphernes to the king.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Lately unearthed. See "Class. Rev." v. 8, p. 391.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 401 (?). Whilst such was the conduct of affairs in Asia under the
+      guidance of Dercylidas, the Lacedaemonians at home were at the same time
+      no less busily employed with other matters. They cherished a long-standing
+      embitterment against the Eleians, the grounds of which were that the
+      Eleians had once (14) contracted an alliance with the Athenians, Argives,
+      and Mantineans; moreover, on pretence of a sentence registered against the
+      Lacedaemonians, they had excluded them from the horse-race and gymnastic
+      contests. Nor was that the sum of their offending. They had taken and
+      scourged Lichas, (15) under the following circumstances:&mdash;Being a
+      Spartan, he had formally consigned his chariot to the Thebans, and when
+      the Thebans were proclaimed victors he stepped forward to crown his
+      charioteer; whereupon, in spite of his grey hairs, the Eleians put those
+      indignities upon him and expelled him from the festival. Again, at a date
+      subsequent to that occurrence, Agis being sent to offer sacrifice to
+      Olympian Zeus in accordance with the bidding of an oracle, the Eleians
+      would not suffer him to offer prayer for victory in war, asserting that
+      the ancient law and custom (16) forbade Hellenes to consult the god for
+      war with Hellenes; and Agis was forced to go away without offering the
+      sacrifice.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) In 421 B.C. (see Thuc. v. 31); for the second charge, see Thuc.
+    v. 49 foll.
+
+ (15) See "Mem." I. ii. 61; Thuc. v. 50; and Jowett, note ad loc. vol.
+    ii. p. 314.
+
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 311 note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In consequence of all these annoyances the ephors and the Assembly
+      determined "to bring the men of Elis to their senses." Thereupon they sent
+      an embassy to that state, announcing that the authorities of Lacedaemon
+      deemed it just and right that they should leave the country (17) townships
+      in the territory of Elis free and independent. This the Eleians flatly
+      refused to do. The cities in question were theirs by right of war.
+      Thereupon the ephors called out the ban. The leader of the expedition was
+      Agis. He invaded Elis through Achaia (18) by the Larisus; but the army had
+      hardly set foot on the enemy's soil and the work of devastation begun,
+      when an earthquake took place, and Agis, taking this as a sign from
+      Heaven, marched back again out of the country and disbanded his army.
+      Thereat the men of Elis were much more emboldened, and sent embassies to
+      various cities which they knew to be hostile to the Lacedaemonians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) Lit. "perioecid."
+
+ (18) From the north. The Larisus is the frontier stream between Achaia
+    and Elis. See Strabo, viii. 387.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The year had not completed its revolution (19) ere the ephors again called
+      out the ban against Elis, and the invading host of Agis was this time
+      swelled by the rest of the allies, including the Athenians; the Boeotians
+      and Corinthians alone excepted. The Spartan king now entered through
+      Aulon, (20) and the men of Lepreum (21) at once revolted from the Eleians
+      and gave in their adhesion to the Spartan, and simultaneously with these
+      the Macistians and their next-door neighbours the Epitalians. As he
+      crossed the river further adhesions followed, on the part of the
+      Letrinians, the Amphidolians, and the Marganians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) Al. "on the coming round of the next year." See Jowett (note to
+    Thuc. i. 31), vol. ii. p. 33.
+
+ (20) On the south. For the history, see Busolt, "Die Laked." pp.
+    146-200. "The river" is the Alpheus.
+
+ (21) See below, VI. v. 11; Paus. IV. xv. 8.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 400 (?). Upon this he pushed on into Olympian territory and did
+      sacrifice to Olympian Zeus. There was no attempt to stay his proceedings
+      now. After sacrifice he marched against the capital, (22) devastating and
+      burning the country as he went. Multitudes of cattle, multitudes of
+      slaves, were the fruits of conquest yielded, insomuch that the fame
+      thereof spread, and many more Arcadians and Achaeans flocked to join the
+      standard of the invader and to share in the plunder. In fact, the
+      expedition became one enormous foray. Here was the chance to fill all the
+      granaries of Peloponnese with corn. When he had reached the capital, the
+      beautiful suburbs and gymnasia became a spoil to the troops; but the city
+      itself, though it lay open before him a defenceless and unwalled town, he
+      kept aloof from. He would not, rather than could not, take it. Such was
+      the explanation given. Thus the country was a prey to devastation, and the
+      invaders massed round Cyllene.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) I.e. Elis, of which Cyllene is the port town. For the wealth of
+    the district, see Polyb. iv. 73; and below, VII. iv. 33.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Then the friends of a certain Xenias&mdash;a man of whom it was said that
+      he might measure the silver coin, inherited from his father, by the bushel&mdash;wishing
+      to be the leading instrument in bringing over the state to Lacedaemon,
+      rushed out of the house, sword in hand, and began a work of butchery.
+      Amongst other victims they killed a man who strongly resembled the leader
+      of the democratic party, Thrasydaeus. (23) Everyone believed it was really
+      Thrasydaeus who was slain. The popular party were panic-stricken, and
+      stirred neither hand nor foot. On their side, the cut-throats poured their
+      armed bands into the market-place. But Thrasydaeus was laid asleep the
+      while where the fumes of wine had overpowered him. When the people came to
+      discover that their hero was not dead, they crowded round his house this
+      side and that, (24) like a swarm of bees clinging to their leader; and as
+      soon as Thrasydaeus had put himself in the van, with the people at his
+      back, a battle was fought, and the people won. And those who had laid
+      their hands to deeds of butchery went as exiles to the Lacedaemonians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) See Paus. III. viii. 4. He was a friend of Lysias ("Vit. X. Orat.
+    835").
+
+ (24) The house was filled to overflowing by the clustering close-
+    packed crowd.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After a while Agis himself retired, recrossing the Alpheus; but he was
+      careful to leave a garrison in Epitalium near that river, with Lysippus as
+      governor, and the exiles from Elis along with him. Having done so, he
+      disbanded his army and returned home himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 400-399 (?). (25) During the rest of the summer and the ensuing
+      winter the territory of the Eleians was ravaged and ransacked by Lysippus
+      and his troops, until Thrasydaeus, the following summer, sent to
+      Lacedaemon and agreed to dismantle the walls of Phea and Cyllene, and to
+      grant autonomy to the Triphylian townships (26)&mdash;together with Phrixa
+      and Epitalium, the Letrinians, Amphidolians, and Marganians; and besides
+      these to the Acroreians and to Lasion, a place claimed by the Arcadians.
+      With regard to Epeium, a town midway between Heraea and Macistus, the
+      Eleians claimed the right to keep it, on the plea that they had purchased
+      the whole district from its then owners, for thirty talents, (27) which
+      sum they had actually paid. But the Lacedaemonians, acting on the
+      principle "that a purchase which forcibly deprives the weaker party of his
+      possession is no more justifiable than a seizure by violence," compelled
+      them to emancipate Epeium also. From the presidency of the temple of
+      Olympian Zeus, however, they did not oust them; not that it belonged to
+      Elis of ancient right, but because the rival claimants, (28) it was felt,
+      were "villagers," hardly equal to the exercise of the presidency. After
+      these concessions, peace and alliance between the Eleians and the
+      Lacedaemonians were established, and the war between Elis and Sparta
+      ceased.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (25) Grote ("H. G." ix. 316) discusses the date of this war between
+    Elis and Sparta, which he thinks, reaches over three different
+    years, 402-400 B.C. But Curtius (vol. iv. Eng. tr. p. 196)
+    disagrees: "The Eleian war must have occurred in 401-400 B.C., and
+    Grote rightly conjectures that the Eleians were anxious to bring
+    it to a close before the celebration of the festival. But he errs
+    in extending its duration over three years." See Diod. xiv. 17.
+    24; Paus. III. viii. 2 foll.
+
+ (26) Grote remarks: "There is something perplexing in Xenophon's
+    description of the Triphylian townships which the Eleians
+    surrendered" ("H. G." ix. 315). I adopt Grote's emend. {kai
+    Phrixan}. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 176.
+
+ (27) = 7,312 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (28) I.e. the men of the Pisatid. See below, VII. iv. 28; Busolt, op.
+    cit. p 156.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this Agis came to Delphi and offered as a sacrifice a tenth of the
+      spoil. On his return journey he fell ill at Heraea&mdash;being by this
+      time an old man&mdash;and was carried back to Lacedaemon. He survived the
+      journey, but being there arrived, death speedily overtook him. He was
+      buried with a sepulchre transcending in solemnity the lot of ordinary
+      mortality. (1)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See "Ages." xi. 16; "Pol. Lac." xv. 9.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the holy days of mourning were accomplished, and it was necessary to
+      choose another king, there were rival claimants to the throne. Leotychides
+      claimed it as the son, Agesilaus as the brother, of Agis. Then Leotychides
+      protested: "Yet consider, Agesilaus, the law bids not 'the king's
+      brother,' but 'the king's son' to be king; only if there chance to be no
+      son, in that case shall the brother of the king be king." Agesilaus: "Then
+      must I needs be king." Leotychides: "How so, seeing that I am not dead?"
+      Agesilaus: "Because he whom you call your father denied you, saying,
+      'Leotychides is no son of mine.'" Leotychides: "Nay, but my mother, who
+      would know far better than he, said, and still to-day says, I am."
+      Agesilaus: "Nay, but the god himself, Poteidan, laid his finger on thy
+      falsity when by his earthquake he drove forth thy father from the bridal
+      chamber into the light of day; and time, 'that tells no lies,' as the
+      proverb has it, bare witness to the witness of the god; for just ten
+      months from the moment at which he fled and was no more seen within that
+      chamber, you were born." (2) So they reasoned together.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) I have followed Sauppe as usual, but see Hartman ("Anal. Xen." p.
+    327) for a discussion of the whole passage. He thinks Xenophon
+    wrote {ex ou gar toi ephugen} ({o sos pater}, i.e. adulterer) {ek
+    to thalamo dekato meni tu ephus}. The Doric {ek to thalamo} was
+    corrupted into {en to thalamo} and {kai ephane} inserted. This
+    corrupt reading Plutarch had before him, and hence his distorted
+    version of the story.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Diopethes, (3) a great authority upon oracles, supported Leotychides.
+      There was an oracle of Apollo, he urged, which said "Beware of the lame
+      reign." But Diopethes was met by Lysander, who in behalf of Agesilaus
+      demurred to this interpretation put upon the language of the god. If they
+      were to beware of a lame reign, it meant not, beware lest a man stumble
+      and halt, but rather, beware of him in whose veins flows not the blood of
+      Heracles; most assuredly the kingdom would halt, and that would be a lame
+      reign in very deed, whensoever the descendants of Heracles should cease to
+      lead the state. Such were the arguments on either side, after hearing
+      which the city chose Agesilaus to be king.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See Plut. "Ages." ii. 4; "Lys." xxii. (Clough, iv. 3; iii. 129);
+    Paus. III. viii. 5.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now Agesilaus had not been seated on the throne one year when, as he
+      sacrificed one of the appointed sacrifices in behalf of the city, (4) the
+      soothsayer warned him, saying: "The gods reveal a conspiracy of the most
+      fearful character"; and when the king sacrificed a second time, he said:
+      "The aspect of the victims is now even yet more terrible"; but when he had
+      sacrificed for the third time, the soothsayer exclaimed: "O Agesilaus, the
+      sign is given to me, even as though we were in the very midst of the
+      enemy." Thereupon they sacrificed to the deities who avert evil and work
+      salvation, and so barely obtained good omens and ceased sacrificing. Nor
+      had five days elapsed after the sacrifices were ended, ere one came
+      bringing information to the ephors of a conspiracy, and named Cinadon as
+      the ringleader; a young man robust of body as of soul, but not one of the
+      peers. (5) Accordingly the ephors questioned their informant: "How say you
+      the occurrence is to take place?" and he who gave the information
+      answered: "Cinadon took me to the limit of the market-place, and bade me
+      count how many Spartans there were in the market-place; and I counted&mdash;'king,
+      ephors, and elders, and others&mdash;maybe forty. But tell me, Cinadon,' I
+      said to him, 'why have you bidden me count them?' and he answered me:
+      'Those men, I would have you know, are your sworn foes; and all those
+      others, more than four thousand, congregated there are your natural
+      allies.' Then he took and showed me in the streets, here one and there two
+      of 'our enemies,' as we chanced to come across them, and all the rest 'our
+      natural allies'; and so again running through the list of Spartans to be
+      found in the country districts, he still kept harping on that string:
+      'Look you, on each estate one foeman&mdash;the master&mdash;and all the
+      rest allies.'" The ephors asked: "How many do you reckon are in the secret
+      of this matter?" The informant answered: "On that point also he gave me to
+      understand that there were by no means many in their secret who were prime
+      movers of the affair, but those few to be depended on; 'and to make up,'
+      said he, 'we ourselves are in their secret, all the rest of them&mdash;helots,
+      enfranchised, inferiors, provincials, one and all. (6) Note their
+      demeanour when Spartans chance to be the topic of their talk. Not one of
+      them can conceal the delight it would give him if he might eat up every
+      Spartan raw.'" (7) Then, as the inquiry went on, the question came: "And
+      where did they propose to find arms?" The answer followed: "He explained
+      that those of us, of course, who are enrolled in regiments have arms of
+      our own already, and as for the mass&mdash;he led the way to the war
+      foundry, and showed me scores and scores of knives, of swords, of spits,
+      hatchets, and axes, and reaping-hooks. 'Anything or everything,' he told
+      me, 'which men use to delve in earth, cut timber, or quarry stone, would
+      serve our purpose; nay, the instruments used for other arts would in nine
+      cases out of ten furnish weapons enough and to spare, especially when
+      dealing with unarmed antagonists.'" Once more being asked what time the
+      affair was to come off, he replied his orders were "not to leave the
+      city."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) "Pol. Lac." xv. 2.
+
+ (5) For the {omoioi}, see Muller, "Dorians," iii. 5, 7 (vol. ii. p.
+    84); Grote, "H. G." ix. 345, note 2.
+
+ (6) For the neodamodes, hypomeiones, perioeci, see Arnold, "Thuc." v.
+    34; Muller, "Dorians," ii. 43, 84, 18; Busolt, op. cit. p 16.
+
+ (7) See "Anab." IV. viii. 14; and Hom. "Il." iv. 34.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As the result of their inquiry the ephors were persuaded that the man's
+      statements were based upon things he had really seen, (8) and they were so
+      alarmed that they did not even venture to summon the Little Assembly, (9)
+      as it was named; but holding informal meetings among themselves&mdash;a
+      few senators here and a few there&mdash;they determined to send Cinadon
+      and others of the young men to Aulon, with instructions to apprehend
+      certain of the inhabitants and helots, whose names were written on the
+      scytale (or scroll). (10) He had further instructions to capture another
+      resident in Aulon; this was a woman, the fashionable beauty of the place&mdash;supposed
+      to be the arch-corruptress of all Lacedaemonians, young and old, who
+      visited Aulon. It was not the first mission of the sort on which Cinadon
+      had been employed by the ephors. It was natural, therefore, that the
+      ephors should entrust him with the scytale on which the names of the suspects
+      were inscribed; and in answer to his inquiry which of the young men he was
+      to take with him, they said: "Go and order the eldest of the Hippagretae
+      (11) (or commanders of horse) to let you have six or seven who chance to
+      be there." But they had taken care to let the commander know whom he was
+      to send, and that those sent should also know that their business was to
+      capture Cinadon. Further, the authorities instructed Cinadon that they
+      would send three waggons to save bringing back his captives on foot&mdash;concealing
+      as deeply as possible the fact that he, and he alone, was the object of
+      the mission. Their reason for not securing him in the city was that they
+      did not really know the extent of the mischief; and they wished, in the
+      first instance, to learn from Cinadon who his accomplices were before
+      these latter could discover they were informed against and effect their
+      escape. His captors were to secure him first, and having learnt from him
+      the names of his confederates, to write them down and send them as quickly
+      as possible to the ephors. The ephors, indeed, were so much concerned
+      about the whole occurrence that they further sent a company of horse to
+      assist their agents at Aulon. (12) As soon as the capture was effected,
+      and one of the horsemen was back with the list of names taken down on the
+      information of Cinadon, they lost no time in apprehending the soothsayer
+      Tisamenus and the rest who were the principals in the conspiracy. When
+      Cinadon (13) himself was brought back and cross-examined, and had made a
+      full confession of the whole plot, his plans, and his accomplices, they
+      put to him one final question: "What was your object in undertaking this
+      business?" He answered: "I wished to be inferior to no man in Lacedaemon."
+      Let that be as it might, his fate was to be taken out forthwith in irons,
+      just as he was, and to be placed with his two hands and his neck in the
+      collar, and so under scourge and goad to be driven, himself and his
+      accomplices, round the city. Thus upon the heads of those was visited the
+      penalty of their offences.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) "And pointed to a well-concerted plan."
+
+ (9) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 348.
+
+ (10) See Thuc. i. 131; Plut. "Lys." 19 (Clough, iii. p. 125).
+
+ (11) "The Hippagretes (or commander of the three hundred guards called
+    horsemen, though they were not really mounted)." Grote, "H. G."
+    vol. ix. p. 349; see "Pol. Lac." iv. 3.
+
+ (12) Or, "to those on the way to Aulon."
+
+ (13) See for Cinadon's case, Arist. "Pol." v. 7, 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 397. (1) It was after the incidents just recorded that a Syracusan
+      named Herodas brought news to Lacedaemon. He had chanced to be in
+      Phoenicia with a certain shipowner, and was struck by the number of
+      Phoenician triremes which he observed, some coming into harbour from other
+      ports, others already there with their ships' companies complete, while
+      others again were still completing their equipments. Nor was it only what
+      he saw, but he had heard say further that there were to be three hundred
+      of these vessels all told; whereupon he had taken passage on the first
+      sailing ship bound for Hellas. He was in haste to lay this information
+      before the Lacedaemonians, feeling sure that the king and Tissaphernes
+      were concerned in these preparations&mdash;though where the fleet was to
+      act, or against whom, he would not venture to predict.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 353, for chronology, etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These reports threw the Lacedaemonians into a flutter of expectation and
+      anxiety. They summoned a meeting of the allies, and began to deliberate as
+      to what ought to be done. Lysander, convinced of the enormous superiority
+      of the Hellenic navy, and with regard to land forces drawing an obvious
+      inference from the exploits and final deliverance of the troops with
+      Cyrus, persuaded Agesilaus, to undertake a campaign into Asia, provided
+      the authorities would furnish him with thirty Spartans, two thousand of
+      the enfranchised, (2) and contingents of the allies amounting to six
+      thousand men. Apart from these calculations, Lysander had a personal
+      object: he wished to accompany the king himself, and by his aid to
+      re-establish the decarchies originally set up by himself in the different
+      cities, but at a later date expelled through the action of the ephors, who
+      had issued a fiat re-establishing the old order of constitution.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Technically, "neodamodes."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 396. To this offer on the part of Agesilaus to undertake such an
+      expedition the Lacedaemonians responded by presenting him with all he
+      asked for, and six months' provisions besides. When the hour of departure
+      came he offered all such sacrifices as are necessary, and lastly those
+      "before crossing the border," (3) and so set out. This done, he despatched
+      to the several states (4) messengers with directions as to the numbers to
+      be sent from each, and the points of rendezvous; but for himself he was
+      minded to go and do sacrifice at Aulis, even as Agamemnon had offered
+      sacrifice in that place ere he set sail for Troy. But when he had reached
+      the place and had begun to sacrifice, the Boeotarchs (5) being apprised of
+      his design, sent a body of cavalry and bade him desist from further
+      sacrificing; (6) and lighting upon victims already offered, they hurled
+      them from off the altars, scattering the fragments. Then Agesilaus,
+      calling the gods to witness, got on board his trireme in bitter
+      indignation, and sailed away. Arrived at Geraestus, he there collected as
+      large a portion of his troops as possible, and with the armada made sail
+      for Ephesus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) "Pol. Lac." xiii. 2 foll.
+
+ (4) Or, "To the several cities he had already despatched messengers
+    with directions," etc.; see Paus. III. ix. 1-3.
+
+ (5) See Freeman, "Hist. of Federal Government," ch. iv. "Constitution
+    of the Boeotian League," pp. 162, 163. The Boeotarchs, as
+    representatives of the several Boeotian cities, were the supreme
+    military commanders of the League, and, as it would appear, the
+    general administrators of Federal affairs. "The Boeotarchs of
+    course command at Delion, but they also act as administrative
+    magistrates of the League by hindering Agesilaus from sacrificing
+    at Aulis."
+
+ (6) Plut. "Ages." vi.; "Pelop." xxi. See Breitenb. op. cit. Praef. p.
+    xvi.; and below, III. v. 5; VI. iv. 23.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When he had reached that city the first move was made by Tissaphernes, who
+      sent asking, "With what purpose he was come thither?" And the Spartan king
+      made answer: "With the intention that the cities in Asia shall be
+      independent even as are the cities in our quarter of Hellas." In answer to
+      this Tissaphernes said: "If you on your part choose to make a truce whilst
+      I send ambassadors to the king, I think you may well arrange the matter,
+      and sail back home again, if so you will." "Willing enough should I be,"
+      replied Agesilaus, "were I not persuaded that you are cheating me." "Nay,
+      but it is open to you," replied the satrap, "to exact a surety for the
+      execution of the terms... 'Provided always that you, Tissaphernes, carry
+      out what you say without deceit, we on our side will abstain from injuring
+      your dominion in any respect whatever during the truce.'" (7) Accordingly
+      in the presence of three commissioners&mdash;Herippidas, Dercylidas, and
+      Megillus&mdash;Tissaphernes took an oath in the words prescribed: "Verily
+      and indeed, I will effect peace honestly and without guile." To which the
+      commissioners, on behalf of Agesilaus, swore a counter-oath: "Verily and
+      indeed, provided Tissaphernes so acts, we on our side will observe the
+      truce."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) For this corrupt passage, see Hartman, "Anal. Xen." p. 332; also
+    Otto Keller's critical edition of the "Hellenica" (Lips,
+    MDCCCLXXX.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Tissaphernes at once gave the lie to what he had sworn. Instead of
+      adhering to peace he sent up to demand a large army from the king, in
+      addition to what he already had. But Agesilaus, though he was fully alive
+      to these proceedings, adhered as rigidly as ever to the truce.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To keep quiet and enjoy leisure was his duty, in the exercise of which he
+      wore away the time at Ephesus. But in reference to the organisation of the
+      several states it was a season of vehement constitutional disturbance in
+      the several cities; that is to say, there were neither democracies as in
+      the old days of the Athenians, nor yet were there decarchies as in the
+      days of Lysander. But here was Lysander back again. Every one recognised
+      him, and flocked to him with petitions for one favour or another, which he
+      was to obtain for them from Agesilaus. A crowd of suitors danced
+      attendance on his heels, and formed so conspicuous a retinue that
+      Agesilaus, any one would have supposed, was the private person and
+      Lysander the king. All this was maddening to Agesilaus, as was presently
+      plain. As to the rest of the Thirty, jealousy did not suffer them to keep
+      silence, and they put it plainly to Agesilaus that the super-regal
+      splendour in which Lysander lived was a violation of the constitution. So
+      when Lysander took upon himself to introduce some of his petitioners to
+      Agesilaus, the latter turned them a deaf ear. Their being aided and
+      abetted by Lysander was sufficient; he sent them away discomfited. At
+      length, as time after time things turned out contrary to his wishes,
+      Lysander himself perceived the position of affairs. He now no longer
+      suffered that crowd to follow him, and gave those who asked him help in
+      anything plainly to understand that they would gain nothing, but rather be
+      losers, by his intervention. But being bitterly annoyed at the degradation
+      put upon him, he came to the king and said to him: "Ah, Agesilaus, how
+      well you know the art of humbling your friends!" "Ay, indeed," the king
+      replied; "those of them whose one idea it is to appear greater than
+      myself; if I did not know how also to requite with honour those who work
+      for my good, I should be ashamed." And Lysander said: "maybe there is more
+      reason in your doings than ever guided my conduct;" adding, "Grant me for
+      the rest one favour, so shall I cease to blush at the loss of my influence
+      with you, and you will cease to be embarrassed by my presence. Send me off
+      on a mission somewhere; wherever I am I will strive to be of service to
+      you." Such was the proposal of Lysander. Agesilaus resolved to act upon
+      it, and despatched Lysander to the Hellespont. And this is what befell.
+      (8) Lysander, being made aware of a slight which had been put upon
+      Spithridates the Persian by Pharnabazus, got into conversation with the
+      injured man, and so worked upon him that he was persuaded to bring his
+      children and his personal belongings, and with a couple of hundred troops
+      to revolt. The next step was to deposit all the goods safely in Cyzicus,
+      and the last to get on shipboard with Spithridates and his son, and so to
+      present himself with his Persian friends to Agesilaus. Agesilaus, on his
+      side, was delighted at the transaction, and set himself at once to get
+      information about Pharnabazus, his territory and his government.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) See "Ages." iii. 3; "Anab." VI. v. 7.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Tissaphernes had waxed bolder. A large body of troops had been
+      sent down by the king. On the strength of that he declared war against
+      Agesilaus, if he did not instantly withdraw his troops from Asia. The
+      Lacedaemonians there (9) present, no less than the allies, received the
+      news with profound vexation, persuaded as they were that Agesilaus had no
+      force capable of competing with the king's grand armament. But a smile lit
+      up the face of Agesilaus as he bade the ambassadors return to Tissaphernes
+      and tell him that he was much in his debt for the perjury by which he had
+      won the enmity of Heaven and made the very gods themselves allies of
+      Hellas. He at once issued a general order to the troops to equip
+      themselves for a forward movement. He warned the cities through which he
+      must pass in an advance upon Caria, to have markets in readiness, and
+      lastly, he despatched a message to the Ionian, Aeolian, and Hellespontine
+      communities to send their contingents to join him at Ephesus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) I.e. at Ephesus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Tissaphernes, putting together the facts that Agesilaus had no cavalry and
+      that Caria was a region unadapted to that arm, and persuaded in his own
+      mind also that the Spartan could not but cherish wrath against himself
+      personally for his chicanery, felt convinced that he was really intending
+      to invade Caria, and that the satrap's palace was his final goal.
+      Accordingly he transferred the whole of his infantry to that province, and
+      proceeded to lead his cavalry round into the plain of the Maeander. Here
+      he conceived himself capable of trampling the Hellenes under foot with his
+      horsemen before they could reach the craggy districts where no cavalry
+      could operate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, instead of marching straight into Caria, Agesilaus turned sharp off
+      in the opposite direction towards Phrygia. Picking up various detachments
+      of troops which met him on his march, he steadily advanced, laying cities
+      prostrate before him, and by the unexpectedness of his attack reaping a
+      golden harvest of spoil. As a rule the march was prosecuted safely; but
+      not far from Dascylium his advanced guard of cavalry were pushing on
+      towards a knoll to take a survey of the state of things in front, when, as
+      chance would have it, a detachment of cavalry sent forward by Pharnabazus&mdash;the
+      corps, in fact, of Rhathines and his natural brother Bagaeus&mdash;just
+      about equal to the Hellenes in number, also came galloping up to the very
+      knoll in question. The two bodies found themselves face to face not one
+      hundred and fifty yards (10) apart, and for the first moment or two stood
+      stock still. The Hellenic horse were drawn up like an ordinary phalanx
+      four deep, the barbarians presenting a narrow front of twelve or
+      thereabouts, and a very disproportionate depth. There was a moment's
+      pause, and then the barbarians, taking the initiative, charged. There was
+      a hand-to-hand tussle, in which any Hellene who succeeded in striking his
+      man shivered his lance with the blow, while the Persian troopers, armed
+      with cornel-wood javelins, speedily despatched a dozen men and a couple of
+      horses. (11) At this point the Hellenic cavalry turned and fled. But as
+      Agesilaus came up to the rescue with his heavy infantry, the Asiatics were
+      forced in their turn to withdraw, with the loss of one man slain. This
+      cavalry engagement gave them pause. Agesilaus on the day following it
+      offered sacrifice. "Was he to continue his advance?" But the victims
+      proved hopeless. (12) There was nothing for it after this manifestation
+      but to turn and march towards the sea. It was clear enough to his mind
+      that without a proper cavalry force it would be impossible to conduct a
+      campaign in the flat country. Cavalry, therefore, he must get, or be
+      driven to mere guerilla warfare. With this view he drew up a list of all
+      the wealthiest inhabitants belonging to the several cities of those parts.
+      Their duty would be to support a body of cavalry, with the proviso,
+      however, that any one contributing a horse, arms, and rider, up to the
+      standard, would be exempted from personal service. The effect was
+      instantaneous. The zeal with which the recipients of these orders
+      responded could hardly have been greater if they had been seeking
+      substitutes to die for them.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Lit. "four plethra."
+
+ (11) See Xenophon's treatise "On Horsemanship," xii. 12.
+
+ (12) Lit. "lobeless," i.e. with a lobe of the liver wanting&mdash;a bad
+    sign.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 395. After this, at the first indication of spring, he collected the
+      whole of his army at Ephesus. But the army needed training. With that
+      object he proposed a series of prizes&mdash;prizes to the heavy infantry
+      regiments, to be won by those who presented their men in the best
+      condition; prizes for the cavalry regiments which could ride best; prizes
+      for those divisions of peltasts and archers which proved most efficient in
+      their respective duties. And now the gymnasiums were a sight to see,
+      thronged as they were, one and all, with warriors stripping for exercise;
+      or again, the hippodrome crowded with horses and riders performing their
+      evolutions; or the javelin men and archers going through their peculiar
+      drill. In fact, the whole city where he lay presented under his hands a
+      spectacle not to be forgotten. The market-place literally teemed with
+      horses, arms, and accoutrements of all sorts for sale. The bronze-worker,
+      the carpenter, the smith, the leather-cutter, the painter and embosser,
+      were all busily engaged in fabricating the implements of war; so that the
+      city of Ephesus itself was fairly converted into a military workshop. (13)
+      It would have done a man's heart good to see those long lines of soldiers
+      with Agesilaus at their head, as they stepped gaily be-garlanded from the
+      gymnasiums to dedicate their wreaths to the goddess Artemis. Nor can I
+      well conceive of elements more fraught with hope than were here combined.
+      Here were reverence and piety towards Heaven; here practice in war and
+      military training; here discipline with habitual obedience to authority.
+      But contempt for one's enemy will infuse a kind of strength in battle. So
+      the Spartan leader argued; and with a view to its production he ordered
+      the quartermasters to put up the prisoners who had been captured by his
+      foraging bands for auction, stripped naked; so that his Hellenic soldiery,
+      as they looked at the white skins which had never been bared to sun and
+      wind, the soft limbs unused to toil through constant riding in carriages,
+      came to the conclusion that war with such adversaries would differ little
+      from a fight with women.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See Plut. "Marc." (Clough, ii. 262); Polyb. "Hist." x. 20.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      By this date a full year had elapsed since the embarkation of Agesilaus,
+      and the time had come for the Thirty with Lysander to sail back home, and
+      for their successors, with Herippidas, to arrive. Among these Agesilaus
+      appointed Xenocles and another to the command of the cavalry, Scythes to
+      that of the heavy infantry of the enfranchised, (14) Herippidas to that of
+      the Cyreians, and Migdon to that of the contingents from the states.
+      Agesilaus gave them to understand that he intended to lead them forthwith
+      by the most expeditious route against the stronghold of the country, (15)
+      so that without further ceremony they might prepare their minds and bodies
+      for the tug of battle. Tissaphernes, however, was firmly persuaded that
+      this was only talk intended to deceive him; Agesilaus would this time
+      certainly invade Caria. Accordingly he repeated his former tactics,
+      transporting his infantry bodily into Caria and posting his cavalry in the
+      valley of the Maeander. But Agesilaus was as good as his word, and at once
+      invaded the district of Sardis. A three days' march through a region
+      denuded of the enemy threw large supplies into his hands. On the fourth
+      day the cavalry of the enemy approached. Their general ordered the officer
+      in charge of his baggage-train to cross the Pactolus and encamp, while his
+      troopers, catching sight of stragglers from the Hellenic force scattered
+      in pursuit of booty, put several of them to the sword. Perceiving which,
+      Agesilaus ordered his cavalry to the rescue; and the Persians on their
+      side, seeing their advance, collected together in battle order to receive
+      them, with dense squadrons of horse, troop upon troop. The Spartan,
+      reflecting that the enemy had as yet no infantry to support him, whilst he
+      had all branches of the service to depend upon, concluded that the
+      critical moment had arrived at which to risk an engagement. In this mood
+      he sacrificed, and began advancing his main line of battle against the
+      serried lines of cavalry in front of him, at the same time ordering the
+      flower of his heavy infantry&mdash;the ten-years-service men (16)&mdash;to
+      close with them at a run, and the peltasts to bring up their supports at
+      the double. The order passed to his cavalry was to charge in confidence
+      that he and the whole body of his troops were close behind them. The
+      cavalry charge was received by the Persians without flinching, but
+      presently finding themselves environed by the full tide of war they
+      swerved. Some found a speedy grave within the river, but the mass of them
+      gradually made good their escape. The Hellenes followed close on the heels
+      of the flying foe and captured his camp. here the peltasts not unnaturally
+      fell to pillaging; whereupon Agesilaus planted his troops so as to form a
+      cordon enclosing the property of friends and foes alike. The spoil taken
+      was considerable; it fetched more than seventy talents, (17) not to
+      mention the famous camels, subsequently brought over by Agesilaus into
+      Hellas, which were captured here. At the moment of the battle Tissaphernes
+      lay in Sardis. Hence the Persians argued that they had been betrayed by
+      the satrap. And the king of Persia, coming to a like conclusion himself
+      that Tissaphernes was to blame for the evil turn of his affairs, sent down
+      Tithraustes and beheaded him. (18)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) The neodamodes.
+
+ (15) I.e. Lydia. See Plut. "Ages." x. (Clough, iv. 11).
+
+ (16) See note to "Hell." II. iv. 32.
+
+ (17) = 17,062 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (18) See Diod. xiv. 80.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This done, Tithraustes sent an embassy to Agesilaus with a message as
+      follows: "The author of all our trouble, yours and ours, Agesilaus, has
+      paid the penalty of his misdoings; the king therefore asks of you first
+      that you should sail back home in peace; secondly, that the cities in Asia
+      secured in their autonomy should continue to render him the ancient
+      tribute." To this proposition Agesilaus made answer that "without the
+      authorities at home he could do nothing in the matter." "Then do you, at
+      least," replied Tithraustes, "while awaiting advice from Lacedaemon,
+      withdraw into the territory of Pharnabazus. Have I not avenged you of your
+      enemy?" "While, then, I am on my way thither," rejoined Agesilaus, "will
+      you support my army with provisions?" On this wise Tithraustes handed him
+      thirty talents, (19) which the other took, and forthwith began his march
+      into Phrygia (the Phrygia of Pharnabazus). He lay in the plain district
+      above Cyme, (20) when a message reached him from the home authorities,
+      giving him absolute disposal of the naval forces, (21) with the right to
+      appoint the admiral of his choice. This course the Lacedaemonians were led
+      to adopt by the following considerations: If, they argued, the same man
+      were in command of both services, the land force would be greatly
+      strengthened through the concentration of the double force at any point
+      necessary; and the navy likewise would be far more useful through the
+      immediate presence and co-operation of the land force where needed.
+      Apprised of these measures, Agesilaus in the first instance sent an order
+      to the cities on the islands and the seaboard to fit out as many ships of
+      war as they severally might deem desirable. The result was a new navy,
+      consisting of the vessels thus voluntarily furnished by the states, with
+      others presented by private persons out of courtesy to their commander,
+      and amounting in all to a fleet of one hundred and twenty sail. The
+      admiral whom he selected was Peisander, his wife's brother, a man of
+      genuine ambition and of a vigorous spirit, but not sufficiently expert in
+      the details of equipment to achieve a great naval success. Thus while
+      Peisander set off to attend to naval matters, Agesilaus continued his
+      march whither he was bound to Phrygia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) = 7,312 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (20) See "Cyrop." VII. i. 45.
+
+ (21) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 327, note 3; Arist. "Pol." ii. 9, 33.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But now Tithraustes seemed to have discovered in Agesilaus a disposition
+      to despise the fortunes of the Persian monarch&mdash;he evidently had no
+      intention to withdraw from Asia; on the contrary, he was cherishing hopes
+      vast enough to include the capture of the king himself. Being at his wits'
+      end how to manage matters, he resolved to send Timocrates the Rhodian to
+      Hellas with a gift of gold worthy fifty silver talents, (1) and enjoined
+      upon him to endeavour to exchange solemn pledges with the leading men in
+      the several states, binding them to undertake a war against Lacedaemon.
+      Timocrates arrived and began to dole out his presents. In Thebes he gave
+      gifts to Androcleidas, Ismenias, and Galaxidorus; in Corinth to Timolaus
+      and Polyanthes; in Argos to Cylon and his party. The Athenians, (2) though
+      they took no share of the gold, were none the less eager for the war,
+      being of opinion that empire was theirs by right. (3) The recipients of
+      the moneys forthwith began covertly to attack the Lacedaemonians in their
+      respective states, and, when they had brought these to a sufficient pitch
+      of hatred, bound together the most important of them in a confederacy.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) = 12,187 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (2) See Paus. III. ix. 8; Plut. "Ages." xv.
+
+ (3) Reading {nomizontes auton to arkhein} with Sauppe; or if, as
+    Breitinbach suggests, {enomizon de oukh outon to arkhesthai},
+    translate "but thought it was not for them to take the
+    initiative."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But it was clear to the leaders in Thebes that, unless some one struck the
+      first blow, the Lacedaemonians would never be brought to break the truce
+      with their allies. They therefore persuaded the Opuntian Locrians (4) to
+      levy moneys on a debatable district, (5) jointly claimed by the Phocians
+      and themselves, when the Phocians would be sure to retaliate by an attack
+      on Locris. These expectations were fulfilled. The Phocians immediately
+      invaded Locris and seized moneys on their side with ample interest. Then
+      Androcleidas and his friends lost no time in persuading the Thebans to
+      assist the Locrians, on the ground that it was no debatable district which
+      had been entered by the Phocians, but the admittedly friendly and allied
+      territory of Locris itself. The counter-invasion of Phocis and pillage of
+      their country by the Thebans promptly induced the Phocians to send an
+      embassy to Lacedaemon. In claiming assistance they explained that the war
+      was not of their own seeking, but that they had attacked the Locrians in
+      self-defence. On their side the Lacedaemonians were glad enough to seize a
+      pretext for marching upon the Thebans, against whom they cherished a
+      long-standing bitterness. They had not forgotten the claim which the
+      Thebans had set up to a tithe for Apollo in Deceleia, (6) nor yet their
+      refusal to support Lacedaemon in the attack on Piraeus; (7) and they
+      accused them further of having persuaded the Corinthians not to join that
+      expedition. Nor did they fail to call to mind some later proceedings of
+      the Thebans&mdash;their refusal to allow Agesilaus to sacrifice in Aulis;
+      (8) their snatching the victims already offered and hurling them from the
+      altars; their refusal to join the same general in a campaign directed even
+      against Asia. (9) The Lacedaemonians further reasoned that now, if ever,
+      was the favourable moment to conduct an expedition against the Thebans,
+      and once for all to put a stop to their insolent behaviour towards them.
+      Affairs in Asia were prospering under the strong arm of Agesilaus, and in
+      Hellas they had no other war on hand to trammel their movements. Such,
+      therefore, being the general view of the situation adopted at Lacedaemon,
+      the ephors proceeded to call out the ban. Meanwhile they despatched
+      Lysander to Phocis with orders to put himself at the head of the Phocians
+      along with the Oetaeans, Heracleotes, Melians, and Aenianians, and to
+      march upon Haliartus; before the walls of which place Pausanias, the
+      destined leader of the expedition, undertook to present himself at the
+      head of the Lacedaemonians and other Peloponnesian forces by a specified
+      date. Lysander not only carried out his instructions to the letter, but
+      going a little beyond them, succeeded in detaching Orchomenus from Thebes.
+      (10) Pausanias, on the other hand, after finding the sacrifice for
+      crossing the frontier favourable, sat down at Tegea and set about
+      despatching to and fro the commandants of allied troops whilst contentedly
+      awaiting the soldiers from the provincial (11) districts of Laconia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) For an alliance between Athens and the Locrians, B.C. 395, see
+    Hicks, 67; and below, IV. ii. 17.
+
+ (5) Lit. "the." See Paus. III. ix. 9.
+
+ (6) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 309, 403; viii. 355.
+
+ (7) "Hell." II. iv. 30, B.C. 403.
+
+ (8) See above, III. iv. 3; and below, VII. i. 34.
+
+ (9) See Paus. III. ix. 1-3.
+
+ (10) See Freeman, op. cit. p. 167, "Ill feeling between Thebes and
+    other towns."&mdash;"Against Thebes, backed by Sparta, resistance was
+    hopeless. It was not till long after that, at last  (in 395 B.C.),
+    on a favourable opportunity during the Corinthian war, Orchomenos
+    openly seceded." And for the prior "state of disaffection towards
+    Thebes on the part of the smaller cities," see "Mem." III. v. 2,
+    in reference to B.C. 407.
+
+ (11) Lit. "perioecid."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now that it was fully plain to the Thebans that the Lacedaemonians
+      would invade their territory, they sent ambassadors to Athens, who spoke
+      as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Men of Athens, it is a mistake on your part to blame us for certain harsh
+      resolutions concerning Athens at the conclusion of the war. (12) That vote
+      was not authorised by the state of Thebes. It was the utterance merely of
+      one man, (13) who was at that time seated in the congress of the allies. A
+      more important fact is that when the Lacedaemonians summoned us to attack
+      Piraeus (14) the collective state of Thebes passed a resolution refusing
+      to join in the campaign. As then you are to a large extent the cause of
+      the resentment which the Lacedaemonians feel towards us, we consider it
+      only fair that you in your turn should render us assistance. Still more do
+      we demand of you, sirs, who were of the city party at that date, to enter
+      heart and soul into war with the Lacedaemonians. For what were their
+      services to you? They first deliberately converted you into an oligarchy
+      and placed you in hostility to the democracy, and then they came with a
+      great force under guise of being your allies, and delivered you over to
+      the majority, so that, for any service they rendered you, you were all
+      dead men; and you owe your lives to our friends here, the people of
+      Athens. (15)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; and below, VI. v. 35.
+
+ (13) Plut. "Lys." xv. "Erianthus the Theban gave his vote to pull down
+    the city, and turn the country into sheep-pasture."&mdash;Clough, iii.
+    121.
+
+ (14) See "Hell." II. iv. 30.
+
+ (15) See "Hell." II. iv. 38, 40, 41.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But to pass on&mdash;we all know, men of Athens, that you would like to
+      recover the empire which you formerly possessed; and how can you compass
+      your object better than by coming to the aid yourselves of the victims of
+      Lacedaemonian injustice? Is it their wide empire of which you are afraid?
+      Let not that make cowards of you&mdash;much rather let it embolden you as
+      you lay to heart and ponder your own case. When your empire was widest
+      then the crop of your enemies was thickest. Only so long as they found no
+      opportunity to revolt did they keep their hatred of you dark; but no
+      sooner had they found a champion in Lacedaemon than they at once showed
+      what they really felt towards you. So too to-day. Let us show plainly that
+      we mean to stand shoulder to shoulder (16) embattled against the
+      Lacedaemonians; and haters enough of them&mdash;whole armies&mdash;never
+      fear, will be forthcoming. To prove the truth of this assertion you need
+      only to count upon your fingers. How many friends have they left to them
+      to-day? The Argives have been, are, and ever will be, hostile to them. Of
+      course. But the Eleians? Why, the Eleians have quite lately (17) been
+      robbed of so much territory and so many cities that their friendship is
+      converted into hatred. And what shall we say of the Corinthians? the
+      Arcadians? the Achaeans? In the war which Sparta waged against you, there
+      was no toil, no danger, no expense, which those peoples did not share, in
+      obedience to the dulcet coaxings (18) and persuasions of that power. The
+      Lacedaemonians gained what they wanted, and then not one fractional
+      portion of empire, honour, or wealth did these faithful followers come in
+      for. That is not all. They have no scruple in appointing their helots (19)
+      as governors, and on the free necks of their alies, in the day of their
+      good fortune, they have planted the tyrant's heel.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) Lit. "shield to shield."
+
+ (17) Lit. "to-day," "nowadays."
+
+ (18) {mala liparoumenoi}. See Thuc. i. 66 foll.; vi. 88.
+
+ (19) See "Pol. Lac." xiv.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Then again take the case of those whom they have detached from
+      yourselves. In the most patent way they have cajoled and cheated them; in
+      place of freedom they have presented them with a twofold slavery. The
+      allies are tyrannised over by the governor and tyrannised over by the ten
+      commissioners set up by Lysander over every city. (20) And to come lastly
+      to the great king. In spite of all the enormous contributions with which
+      he aided them to gain a mastery over you, is the lord of Asia one whit
+      better off to-day than if he had taken exactly the opposite course and
+      joined you in reducing them?
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) Grote ("H. G." ix. 323), referring to this passage, and to
+    "Hell." VI. iii. 8-11, notes the change in Spartan habits between
+    405 and 394 B.C. (i.e. between the victory of Aegospotami and the
+    defeat of Cnidos), when Sparta possessed a large public revenue
+    derived from the tribute of the dependent cities. For her earlier
+    condition, 432 B.C., cf. Thuc. i. 80. For her subsequent
+    condition, 334 B.C., cf. Arist. "Pol." ii. 6, 23.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Is it not clear that you have only to step forward once again as the
+      champions of this crowd of sufferers from injustice, and you will attain
+      to a pinnacle of power quite unprecedented? In the days of your old empire
+      you were leaders of the maritime powers merely&mdash;that is clear; but
+      your new empire to-day will be universal. You will have at your backs not
+      only your former subjects, but ourselves, and the Peloponnesians, and the
+      king himself, with all that mighty power which is his. We do not deny that
+      we were serviceable allies enough to Lacedaemon, as you will bear us
+      witness; but this we say:&mdash;If we helped the Lacedaemonians vigorously
+      in the past, everything tends to show that we shall help you still more
+      vigorously to-day; for our swords will be unsheathed, not in behalf of
+      islanders, or Syracusans, or men of alien stock, as happened in the late
+      war, but of ourselves, suffering under a sense of wrong. And there is
+      another important fact which you ought to realise: this selfish system of
+      organised greed which is Sparta's will fall more readily to pieces than
+      your own late empire. Yours was the proud assertion of naval empire over
+      subjects powerless by sea. Theirs is the selfish sway of a minority
+      asserting dominion over states equally well armed with themselves, and
+      many times more numerous. Here our remarks end. Do not forget, however,
+      men of Athens, that as far as we can understand the matter, the field to
+      which we invite you is destined to prove far richer in blessings to your
+      own state of Athens than to ours, Thebes."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these words the speaker ended. Among the Athenians, speaker after
+      speaker spoke in favour of the proposition, (21) and finally a unanimous
+      resolution was passed voting assistance to the Thebans. Thrasybulus, in an
+      answer communicating the resolution, pointed out with pride that in spite
+      of the unfortified condition of Piraeus, Athens would not shrink from
+      repaying her former debt of gratitude to Thebes with interest. "You," he
+      added, "refused to join in a campaign against us; we are prepared to fight
+      your battles with you against the enemy, if he attacks you." Thus the
+      Thebans returned home and made preparations to defend themselves, whilst
+      the Athenians made ready to assist them.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) For the alliance between Boeotia and Athens, B.C. 395, see
+    Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 6; Hicks, op. cit. 65; Lys. "pro Man." S.
+    13; Jebb, "Att. Or." i. p. 247; and the two speeches of the same
+    orator Lysias against Alcibiades (son of the famous Alcibiades),
+    on a Charge of Desertion ("Or." xiv.), and on a Charge of Failure
+    to Serve ("Or." xv.)&mdash;Jebb, op. cit. i. p. 256 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now the Lacedaemonians no longer hesitated. Pausanias the king
+      advanced into Boeotia with the home army and the whole of the
+      Peloponnesian contingents, saving only the Corinthians, who declined to
+      serve. Lysander, at the head of the army supplied by Phocis and Orchomenus
+      and the other strong places in those parts, had already reached Haliartus,
+      in front of Pausanias. Being arrived, he refused to sit down quietly and
+      await the arrival of the army from Lacedaemon, but at once marched with
+      what troops he had against the walls of Haliartus; and in the first
+      instance he tried to persuade the citizens to detach themselves from
+      Thebes and to assume autonomy, but the intention was cut short by certain
+      Thebans within the fortress. Whereupon Lysander attacked the place. The
+      Thebans were made aware, (22) and hurried to the rescue with heavy
+      infantry and cavalry. Then, whether it was that the army of relief fell
+      upon Lysander unawares, or that with clear knowledge of his approach he
+      preferred to await the enemy, with intent to crush him, is uncertain. This
+      only is clear: a battle was fought beside the walls, and a trophy still
+      exists to mark the victory of the townsfolk before the gates of Haliartus.
+      Lysander was slain, and the rest fled to the mountains, the Thebans hotly
+      pursuing. But when the pursuit had led them to some considerable height,
+      and they were fairly environed and hemmed in by difficult ground and
+      narrow space, then the heavy infantry turned to bay, and greeted them with
+      a shower of darts and missiles. First two or three men dropped who had
+      been foremost of the pursuers, and then upon the rest they poured volleys
+      of stones down the precipitous incline, and pressed on their late pursuers
+      with much zeal, until the Thebans turned tail and quitted the deadly
+      slope, leaving behind them more than a couple of hundred corpses.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) See Plut. "Lys." xxviii. (Clough, iii. 137).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On this day, thereafter, the hearts of the Thebans failed them as they
+      counted their losses and found them equal to their gains; but the next day
+      they discovered that during the night the Phocians and the rest of them
+      had made off to their several homes, whereupon they fell to pluming
+      themselves highly on their achievement. But presently Pausanias appeared
+      at the head of the Lacedaemonian army, and once more their dangers seemed
+      to thicken round them. Deep, we are told, was the silence and abasement
+      which reigned in their host. It was not until the third day, when the
+      Athenians arrived (23) and were duely drawn up beside them, whilst
+      Pausanias neither attacked nor offered battle, that at length the
+      confidence of the Thebans took a larger range. Pausanias, on his side,
+      having summoned his generals and commanders of fifties, (24) deliberated
+      whether to give battle or to content himself with picking up the bodies of
+      Lysander and those who fell with him, under cover of a truce.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) See Dem. "On the Crown," 258.
+
+ (24) Lit. "polemarchs and penteconters"&mdash;"colonels and lieutenants."
+    See "Pol. Lac." xi.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The considerations which weighed upon the minds of Pausanias and the other
+      high officers of the Lacedaemonians seem to have been that Lysander was
+      dead and his defeated army in retreat; while, as far as they themselves
+      were concerned, the Corinthian contingent was absolutely wanting, and the
+      zeal of the troops there present at the lowest ebb. They further reasoned
+      that the enemy's cavalry was numerous and theirs the reverse; whilst,
+      weightiest of all, there lay the dead right under the walls, so that if
+      they had been ever so much stronger it would have been no easy task to
+      pick up the bodies within range of the towers of Haliartus. On all these
+      grounds they determined to ask for a flag of truce, in order to pick up
+      the bodies of the slain. These, however, the Thebans were not disposed to
+      give back unless they agreed to retire from their territory. The terms
+      were gladly accepted by the Lacedaemonians, who at once picked up the
+      corpses of the slain, and prepared to quit the territory of Boeotia. The
+      preliminaries were transacted, and the retreat commenced. Despondent
+      indeed was the demeanour of the Lacedaemonians, in contrast with the
+      insolent bearing of the Thebans, who visited the slightest attempt to
+      trespass on their private estates with blows and chased the offenders back
+      on to the high roads unflinchingly. Such was the conclusion of the
+      campaign of the Lacedaemonians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As for Pausanias, on his arrival at home he was tried on the capital
+      charge. The heads of indictment set forth that he had failed to reach
+      Haliartus as soon as Lysander, in spite of his undertaking to be there on
+      the same day: that, instead of using any endeavour to pick up the bodies
+      of the slain by force of arms, he had asked for a flag of truce: that at
+      an earlier date, when he had got the popular government of Athens fairly
+      in his grip at Piraeus, he had suffered it to slip through his fingers and
+      escape. Besides this, (25) he failed to present himself at the trial, and
+      a sentence of death was passed upon him. He escaped to Tegea and there
+      died of an illness whilst still in exile. Thus closes the chapter of
+      events enacted on the soil of Hellas. To return to Asia and Agesilaus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (25) Or, add, "as a further gravamen."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 395. With the fall of the year Agesilaus reached Phrygia&mdash;the
+      Phrygia of Pharnabazus&mdash;and proceeded to burn and harry the district.
+      City after city was taken, some by force and some by voluntary surrender.
+      To a proposal of Spithridates to lead him into Paphlagonia, (1) where he
+      would introduce the king of the country to him in conference and obtain
+      his alliance, he readily acceded. It was a long-cherished ambition of
+      Agesilaus to alienate some one of the subject nations from the Persian
+      monarch, and he pushed forward eagerly.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Hartman ("An. Xen." p. 339), who suggests {Otun auto} for {sun
+    auto}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On his arrival in Paphlagonia, King Otys (2) came, and an alliance was
+      made. (The fact was, he had been summoned by the king to Susa and had not
+      gone up.) More than that, through the persuasion of Spithridates he left
+      behind as a parting gift to Agesilaus one thousand cavalry and a couple of
+      thousand peltasts. Agesilaus was anxious in some way to show his gratitude
+      to Spithridates for such help, and spoke as follows:&mdash;"Tell me," he
+      said to Spithridates, "would you not like to give your daughter to King
+      Otys?" "Much more would I like to give her," he answered, "than he to take
+      her&mdash;I an outcast wanderer, and he lord of a vast territory and
+      forces." Nothing more was said at the time about the marriage; but when
+      Otys was on the point of departure and came to bid farewell, Agesilaus,
+      having taken care that Spithridates should be out of the way, in the
+      presence of the Thirty broached the subject: (3) "Can you tell me, Otys,
+      to what sort of family Spithridates belongs?" "To one of the noblest in
+      Persia," replied the king. Agesilaus: "Have you observed how beautiful his
+      son is?" Otys: "To be sure; last evening I was supping with him."
+      Agesilaus: "And they tell me his daughter is yet more beautiful." Otys:
+      "That may well be; beautiful she is." Agesilaus: "For my part, as you have
+      proved so good a friend to us, I should like to advise you to take this
+      girl to wife. Not only is she very beautiful&mdash;and what more should a
+      husband ask for?&mdash;but her father is of noble family, and has a force
+      at his back large enough to retaliate on Pharnabazus for an injury. He has
+      made the satrap, as you see, a fugitive and a vagabond in his own vast
+      territory. I need not tell you," he added, "that a man who can so chastise
+      an enemy is well able to benefit a friend; and of this be assured: by such
+      an alliance you will gain not the connection of Spithridates alone, but of
+      myself and the Lacedaemonians, and, as we are the leaders of Hellas, of
+      the rest of Hellas also. And what a wedding yours will be! Were ever
+      nuptials celebrated on so grand a scale before? Was ever bride led home by
+      such an escort of cavalry and light-armed troops and heavy infantry, as
+      shall escort your wife home to your palace?" Otys asked: "Is Spithridates
+      of one mind with you in this proposal?" and Agesilaus answered: "In good
+      sooth he did not bid me make it for him. And for my own part in the
+      matter, though it is, I admit, a rare pleasure to requite an enemy, yet I
+      had far rather at any time discover some good fortune for my friends."
+      Otys: "Why not ask if your project pleases Spithridates too?" Then
+      Agesilaus, turning to Herippidas and the rest of the Thirty, bade them go
+      to Spithridates; "and give him such good instruction," he added, "that he
+      shall wish what we wish." The Thirty rose and retired to administer their
+      lesson. But they seemed to tarry a long time, and Agesilaus asked: "What
+      say you, King Otys&mdash;shall we summon him hither ourselves? You, I feel
+      certain, are better able to persuade him than the whole Thirty put
+      together." Thereupon Agesilaus summoned Spithridates and the others. As
+      they came forward, Herippidas promptly delivered himself thus: "I spare
+      you the details, Agesilaus. To make a long story short, Spithridates says,
+      'He will be glad to do whatever pleases you.'" Then Agesilaus, turning
+      first to one and then to the other: "What pleases me," said he, "is that
+      you should wed a daughter&mdash;and you a wife&mdash;so happily. (4) But,"
+      he added, "I do not see how we can well bring home the bride by land till
+      spring." "No, not by land," the suitor answered, "but you might, if you
+      chose, conduct her home at once by sea." Thereupon they exchanged pledges
+      to ratify the compact; and so sent Otys rejoicing on his way.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) See "Ages." iii. 4, where he is called Cotys.
+
+ (3) I.e. "Spartan counsellors."
+
+ (4) Or, "and may the wedding be blest!"
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Agesilaus, who had not failed to note the king's impatience, at once
+      fitted out a ship of war and gave orders to Callias, a Lacedaemonian, to
+      escort the maiden to her new home; after which he himself began his march
+      on Dascylium. Here was the palace of Pharnabazus. It lay in the midst of
+      abundant supplies. Here, too, were most fair hunting grounds, offering the
+      hunter choice between enclosed parks (5) and a wide expanse of field and
+      fell; and all around there flowed a river full of fish of every sort; and
+      for the sportsman versed in fowling, winged game in abundance.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Lit. "paradises." See "Anab." I. ii. 7; "Cyrop." I. iv. 11.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In these quarters the Spartan king passed the winter, collecting supplies
+      for the army either on the spot or by a system of forage. On one of these
+      occasions the troops, who had grown reckless and scornful of the enemy
+      through long immunity from attack, whilst engaged in collecting supplies
+      were scattered over the flat country, when Pharnabazus fell upon them with
+      two scythe-chariots and about four hundred horse. Seeing him thus
+      advancing, the Hellenes ran together, mustering possibly seven hundred
+      men. The Persian did not hesitate, but placing his chariots in front,
+      supported by himself and the cavalry, he gave the command to charge. The
+      scythe-chariots charged and scattered the compact mass, and speedily the
+      cavalry had laid low in the dust about a hundred men, while the rest
+      retreated hastily, under cover of Agesilaus and his hoplites, who were
+      fortunately near.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was the third or fourth day after this that Spithridates made a
+      discovery: Pharnabazus lay encamped in Caue, a large village not more than
+      eighteen miles (6) away. This news he lost no time in reporting to
+      Herippidas. The latter, who was longing for some brilliant exploit, begged
+      Agesilaus to furnish him with two thousand hoplites, an equal number of
+      peltasts, and some cavalry&mdash;the latter to consist of the horsemen of
+      Spithridates, the Paphlagonians, and as many Hellene troopers as he might
+      perchance persuade to follow him. Having got the promise of them from
+      Agesilaus, he proceeded to take the auspices. Towards late afternoon he
+      obtained favourable omens and broke off the sacrifice. Thereupon he
+      ordered the troops to get their evening meal, after which they were to
+      present themselves in front of the camp. But by the time darkness had
+      closed in, not one half of them had come out. To abandon the project was
+      to call down the ridicule of the rest of the Thirty. So he set out with
+      the force to hand, and about daylight, falling on the camp of Pharnabazus,
+      put many of his advanced guard of Mysians to the sword. The men themselves
+      made good their escape in different directions, but the camp was taken,
+      and with it divers goblets and other gear such as a man like Pharnabazus
+      would have, not to speak of much baggage and many baggage animals. It was
+      the dread of being surrounded and besieged, if he should establish himself
+      for long at any one spot, which induced Pharnabazus to flee in gipsy
+      fashion from point to point over the country, carefully obliterating his
+      encampments. Now as the Paphlagonians and Spithridates brought back the
+      captured property, they were met by Herippidas with his brigadiers and
+      captains, who stopped them and (7) relieved them of all they had; the
+      object being to have as large a list as possible of captures to deliver
+      over to the officers who superintended the sale of booty. (8) This
+      treatment the Asiatics found intolerable. They deemed themselves at once
+      injured and insulted, got their kit together in the night, and made off in
+      the direction of Sardis to join Ariaeus without mistrust, seeing that he
+      too had revolted and gone to war with the king. On Agesilaus himself no
+      heavier blow fell during the whole campaign than the desertion of
+      Spithridates and Megabates and the Paphlagonians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
+
+ (7) Or, "captains posted to intercept them, who relieved..." See
+    "Anab." IV. i. 14.
+
+ (8) See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 11, for these officers.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now there was a certain man of Cyzicus, Apollophanes by name; he was an
+      old friend of Pharnabazus, and at this time had become a friend also of
+      Agesilaus. (9) This man informed Agesilaus that he thought he could bring
+      about a meeting between him and Pharnabazus, which might tend to
+      friendship; and having so got ear of him, he obtained pledges of good
+      faith between his two friends, and presented himself with Pharnabazus at
+      the trysting-place, where Agesilaus with the Thirty around him awaited
+      their coming, reclined upon a grassy sward. Pharnabazus presently arrived
+      clad in costliest apparel; but just as his attendants were about to spread
+      at his feet the carpets on which the Persians delicately seat themselves,
+      he was touched with a sense of shame at his own luxury in sight of the
+      simplicity of Agesilaus, and he also without further ceremony seated
+      himself on the bare ground. And first the two bade one another hail, and
+      then Pharnabazus stretched out his right hand and Agesilaus his to meet
+      him, and the conversation began. Pharnabazus, as the elder of the two,
+      spoke first. "Agesilaus," he said, "and all you Lacedaemonians here
+      present, while you were at war with the Athenians I was your friend and
+      ally; it was I who furnished the wealth that made your navy strong on sea;
+      on land I fought on horseback by your side, and pursued your enemies into
+      the sea. (10) As to duplicity like that of Tissaphernes, I challenge you
+      to accuse me of having played you false by word or deed. Such have I ever
+      been; and in return how am I treated by yourselves to-day?&mdash;in such
+      sort that I cannot even sup in my own country unless, like the wild
+      animals, I pick up the scraps you chance to leave. The beautiful palaces
+      which my father left me as an heirloom, the parks (11) full of trees and
+      beasts of the chase in which my heart rejoiced, lie before my eyes hacked
+      to pieces, burnt to ashes. Maybe I do not comprehend the first principles
+      of justice and holiness; do you then explain to me how all this resembles
+      the conduct of men who know how to repay a simple debt of gratitude." He
+      ceased, and the Thirty were ashamed before him and kept silence. (12)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) "Ages." v. 4; Plut. "Ages." xi. (Clough, iv. p. 14).
+
+ (10) See "Hell." I. i. 6.
+
+ (11) Lit. "paradises."
+
+ (12) Theopompus of Chios, the historian (b. B.C. 378, fl. B.C. 333),
+    "in the eleventh book  (of his {Suntazis Ellenikon}) borrowed
+    Xenophon's lively account of the interview between Agesilaus and
+    Pharnabazus (Apollonius apud Euseb. B, "Praep. Evang." p. 465)."
+    See "Hist. Lit. of Anc. Gr.," Muller and Donaldson, ii. p. 380.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At length, after some pause, Agesilaus spoke. "I think you are aware," he
+      said, "Pharnabazus, that within the states of Hellas the folk of one
+      community contract relations of friendship and hospitality with one
+      another; (13) but if these states should go to war, then each man will
+      side with his fatherland, and friend will find himself pitted against
+      friend in the field of battle, and, if it so betide, the one may even deal
+      the other his death-blow. So too we to-day, being at war with your
+      sovereign lord the king, must needs regard as our enemy all that he calls
+      his; not but that with yourself personally we should esteem it our high
+      fortune to be friends. If indeed it were merely an exchange of service&mdash;were
+      you asked to give up your lord the king and to take us as your masters in
+      his stead, I could not so advise you; but the fact is, by joining with us
+      it is in your power to-day to bow your head to no man, to call no man
+      master, to reap the produce of your own domain in freedom&mdash;freedom,
+      which to my mind is more precious than all riches. Not that we bid you to
+      become a beggar for the sake of freedom, but rather to use our friendship
+      to increase not the king's authority, but your own, by subduing those who
+      are your fellow-slaves to-day, and who to-morrow shall be your willing
+      subjects. Well, then, freedom given and wealth added&mdash;what more would
+      you desire to fill the cup of happiness to overflowing?" Pharnabazus
+      replied: "Shall I tell you plainly what I will do?" "That were but kind
+      and courteous on your part," he answered. "Thus it stands with me, then,"
+      said Pharnabazus. "If the king should send another general, and if he
+      should wish to rank me under this new man's orders, I, for my part, am
+      willing to accept your friendship and alliance; but if he offers me the
+      supreme command&mdash;why, then, I plainly tell you, there is a certain
+      something in the very name ambition which whispers me that I shall war
+      against you to the best of my ability." (14) When he heard that, Agesilaus
+      seized the satrap's hand, exclaiming: "Ah, best of mortals, may the day
+      arrive which sends us such a friend! Of one thing rest assured. This
+      instant I leave your territory with what haste I may, and for the future&mdash;even
+      in case of war&mdash;as long as we can find foes elsewhere our hands shall
+      hold aloof from you and yours."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Or, add, "we call them guest friends."
+
+ (14) Or, "so subtle a force, it seems, is the love of honour that."
+    Grote, "H. G." ix. 386; cf. Herod. iii. 57 for "ambition,"
+    {philotimia}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And with these words he broke up the meeting. Pharnabazus mounted his
+      horse and rode away, but his son by Parapita, who was still in the bloom
+      of youth, lingered behind; then, running up to Agesilaus, he exclaimed:
+      "See, I choose you as my friend." "And I accept you," replied the king.
+      "Remember, then," the lad answered, and with the word presented the
+      beautiful javelin in his hand to Agesilaus, who received it, and
+      unclasping a splendid trapping (15) which his secretary, Idaeus, had round
+      the neck of his charger, he gave it in return to the youth; whereupon the
+      boy leapt on his horse's back and galloped after his father. (16) At a
+      later date, during the absence of Pharnabazus abroad, this same youth, the
+      son of Parapita, was deprived of the government by his brother and driven
+      into exile. Then Agesilaus took great interest in him, and as he had a
+      strong attachment to the son of Eualces, an Athenian, Agesilaus did all he
+      could to have this friend of his, who was the tallest of the boys,
+      admitted to the two hundred yards race at Olympia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) {phalara}, bosses of gold, silver, or other metals, cast or
+    chased, with some appropriate device in relief, which were worn as
+    an ornamental trapping for horses, affixed to the head-stall or to
+    a throat-collar, or to a martingale over the chest.&mdash;Rich's
+    "Companion to Lat. Dict. and Greek Lex.," s.v.
+
+ (16) See Grote, ix. 387; Plut. "Ages." xiv. (Clough, iv. 15); "Ages."
+    iii. 5. The incident is idealised in the "Cyrop." I. iv. 26 foll.
+    See "Lyra Heroica": CXXV. A Ballad of East and West&mdash;the incident
+    of the "turquoise-studded rein."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 394. But to return to the actual moment. Agesilaus was as good as his
+      word, and at once marched out of the territory of Pharnabazus. The season
+      verged on spring. Reaching the plain of Thebe, (17) he encamped in the
+      neighbourhood of the temple of Artemis of Astyra, (18) and there employed
+      himself in collecting troops from every side, in addition to those which
+      he already had, so as to form a complete armament. These preparations were
+      pressed forward with a view to penetrating as far as possible into the
+      interior. He was persuaded that every tribe or nation placed in his rear
+      might be considered as alienated from the king.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) "Anab." VII. viii. 7.
+
+ (18) Vide Strab. xiii. 606, 613. Seventy stades from Thebe.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Such were the concerns and projects of Agesilaus. Meanwhile the
+      Lacedaemonians at home were quite alive to the fact that moneys had been
+      sent into Hellas, and that the bigger states were leagued together to
+      declare war against them. It was hard to avoid the conclusion that Sparta
+      herself was in actual danger, and that a campaign was inevitable. While
+      busy, therefore, with preparations themselves, they lost no time in
+      despatching Epicydidas to fetch Agesilaus. That officer, on his arrival,
+      explained the position of affairs, and concluded by delivering a
+      peremptory summons of the state recalling him to the assistance of the
+      fatherland without delay. The announcement could not but come as a
+      grievous blow to Agesilaus, as he reflected on the vanished hopes, and the
+      honours plucked from his grasp. Still, he summoned the allies and
+      announced to them the contents of the despatch from home. "To aid our
+      fatherland," he added, "is an imperative duty. If, however, matters turn
+      out well on the other side, rely upon it, friends and allies, I will not
+      forget you, but I shall be back anon to carry out your wishes." When they
+      heard the announcement many wept, and they passed a resolution, one and
+      all, to assist Agesilaus in assisting Lacedaemon; if matters turned out
+      well there, they undertook to take him as their leader and come back again
+      to Asia; and so they fell to making preparations to follow him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Agesilaus, on his side, determined to leave behind him in Asia Euxenus as
+      governor, and with him a garrison numbering no less than four thousand
+      troops, which would enable him to protect the states in Asia. But for
+      himself, as on the one hand he could see that the majority of the soldiers
+      would far rather stay behind than undertake service against
+      fellow-Hellenes, and on the other hand he wished to take as fine and large
+      an army with him as he could, he offered prizes first to that state or
+      city which should continue the best corps of troops, and secondly to that
+      captain of mercenaries who should join the expedition with the best
+      equipped battalion of heavy infantry, archers, and light infantry. On the
+      same principle he informed the chief cavalry officers that the general who
+      succeeded in presenting the best accoutred and best mounted regiment would
+      receive from himself some victorious distinction. "The final
+      adjudication," he said, "would not be made until they had crossed from
+      Asia into Europe and had reached the Chersonese; and this with a view to
+      impress upon them that the prizes were not for show but for real
+      campaigners." (1) These consisted for the most part of infantry or cavalry
+      arms and accoutrements tastefully furnished, besides which there were
+      chaplets of gold. The whole, useful and ornamental alike, must have cost
+      nearly a thousand pounds, (2) but as the result of this outlay, no doubt,
+      arms of great value were procured for the expedition. (3) When the
+      Hellespont was crossed the judges were appointed. The Lacedaemonians were
+      represented by Menascus, Herippidas, and Orsippus, and the allies by one
+      member from each state. As soon as the adjudication was complete, the army
+      commenced its march with Agesilaus at its head, following the very route
+      taken by the great king when he invaded Hellas.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, "that the perfection of equipment was regarded as anticipative
+    of actual service in the field." Cobet suggests for {eukrinein}
+    {dieukrinein}; cf. "Oecon." viii. 6.
+
+ (2) Lit. "at least four talents" = 975 pounds.
+
+ (3) Or, "beyond which, the arms and material to equip the expedition
+    were no doubt highly costly."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile the ephors had called out the ban, and as Agesipolis was still a
+      boy, the state called upon Aristodemus, who was of the royal family and
+      guardian of the young king, to lead the expedition; and now that the
+      Lacedaemonians were ready to take the field and the forces of their
+      opponents were duly mustered, the latter met (4) to consider the most
+      advantageous method of doing battle.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) At Corinth. See above, III. iv. 11; below, V. iv. 61, where the
+    victory of Nixos is described but not localised.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Timolaus of Corinth spoke: "Soldiers of the allied forces," he said, "the
+      growth of Lacedaemon seems to me just like that of some mighty river&mdash;at
+      its sources small and easily crossed, but as it farther and farther
+      advances, other rivers discharge themselves into its channel, and its
+      stream grows ever more formidable. So is it with the Lacedaemonians. Take
+      them at the starting-point and they are but a single community, but as
+      they advance and attach city after city they grow more numerous and more
+      resistless. I observe that when people wish to take wasps' nests&mdash;if
+      they try to capture the creatures on the wing, they are liable to be
+      attacked by half the hive; whereas, if they apply fire to them ere they
+      leave their homes, they will master them without scathe themselves. On
+      this principle I think it best to bring about the battle within the hive
+      itself, or, short of that, as close to Lacedaemon as possible." (5)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "if not actually at Lacedaemon, then at least as near as
+    possible to the hornet's nest."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The arguments of the speaker were deemed sound, and a resolution was
+      passed in that sense; but before it could be carried out there were
+      various arrangements to be made. There was the question of headship. Then,
+      again, what was the proper depth of line to be given to the different army
+      corps? for if any particular state or states gave too great a depth to
+      their battle line they would enable the enemy to turn their flank. Whilst
+      they were debating these points, the Lacedaemonians had incorporated the
+      men of Tegea and the men of Mantinea, and were ready to debouch into the
+      bimarine region. (6) And as the two armies advanced almost at the same
+      time, the Corinthians and the rest reached the Nemea, (7) and the
+      Lacedaemonians and their allies occupied Sicyon. The Lacedaemonians
+      entered by Epieiceia, and at first were severely handled by the
+      light-armed troops of the enemy, who discharged stones and arrows from the
+      vantage-ground on their right; but as they dropped down upon the Gulf of
+      Corinth they advanced steadily onwards through the flat country, felling
+      timber and burning the fair land. Their rivals, on their side, after a
+      certain forward movement, (8) paused and encamped, placing the ravine in
+      front of them; but still the Lacedaemonians advanced, and it was only when
+      they were within ten furlongs (9) of the hostile position that they
+      followed suit and encamped, and then they remained quiet.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) I.e. "the shores of the Corinthian Gulf." Or, "upon the strand or
+    coast road or coast land of Achaia"  (aliter {ten aigialon}(?) the
+    Strand of the Corinthian Gulf, the old name of this part of
+    Achaia).
+
+ (7) Or, "the district of Nemea."
+
+ (8) {epelthontes}, but see Grote ("H. G." ix. 425 note), who prefers
+    {apelthontes} = retreated and encamped.
+
+ (9) Lit. "ten stades." For the numbers below, see Grote, "H. G." ix.
+    422, note 1.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And here I may state the numbers on either side. The Lacedaemonian
+      heavy-armed infantry levies amounted to six thousand men. Of Eleians,
+      Triphylians, Acroreians, and Lasionians, there must have been nearly three
+      thousand, with fifteen hundred Sicyonians, while Epidaurus, Troezen,
+      Hermione, and Halieis (10) contributed at least another three thousand. To
+      these heavy infantry troops must be added six hundred Lacedaemonian
+      cavalry, a body of Cretan archers about three hundred strong, besides
+      another force of slingers, at least four hundred in all, consisting of
+      Marganians, Letrinians, and Amphidolians. The men of Phlius were not
+      represented. Their plea was they were keeping "holy truce." That was the
+      total of the forces on the Lacedaemonian side. There was collected on the
+      enemy's side six thousand Athenian heavy infantry, with about, as was
+      stated, seven thousand Argives, and in the absence of the men of
+      Orchomenus something like five thousand Boeotians. There were besides
+      three thousand Corinthians, and again from the whole of Euboea at least
+      three thousand. These formed the heavy infantry. Of cavalry the Boeotians,
+      again in the absence of the Orchomenians, furnished eight hundred, the
+      Athenians (11) six hundred, the Chalcidians of Euboea one hundred, the
+      Opuntian Locrians (12) fifty. Their light troops, including those of the
+      Corinthians, were more numerous, as the Ozolian Locrians, the Melians, and
+      Arcarnanians (13) helped to swell their numbers.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Halieis, a seafaring people (Strabo, viii. 373) and town on the
+    coast of Hermionis; Herod. vii. 137; Thuc. i. 105, ii. 56, iv. 45;
+    Diod. xi. 78; "Hell." VI. ii. 3.
+
+ (11) For a treaty between Athens and Eretria, B.C. 395, see Hicks, 66;
+    and below, "Hell." IV. iii. 15; Hicks, 68, 69; Diod. xiv. 82.
+
+ (12) See above, "Hell." III. v. 3.
+
+ (13) See below, "Hell." IV. vi. 1; ib. vii. 1; VI. v. 23.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such was the strength of the two armies. The Boeotians, as long as they
+      occupied the left wing, showed no anxiety to join battle, but after a
+      rearrangement which gave them the right, placing the Athenians opposite
+      the Lacedaemonians, and themselves opposite the Achaeans, at once, we are
+      told, (14) the victims proved favourable, and the order was passed along
+      the lines to prepare for immediate action. The Boeotians, in the first
+      place, abandoning the rule of sixteen deep, chose to give their division
+      the fullest possible depth, and, moreover, kept veering more and more to
+      their right, with the intention of overlapping their opponent's flank. The
+      consequence was that the Athenians, to avoid being absolutely severed,
+      were forced to follow suit, and edged towards the right, though they
+      recognised the risk they ran of having their flank turned. For a while the
+      Lacedaemonians had no idea of the advance of the enemy, owing to the rough
+      nature of the ground, (15) but the notes of the paean at length announced
+      to them the fact, and without an instant's delay the answering order
+      "prepare for battle" ran along the different sections of their army. As
+      soon as their troops were drawn up, according to the tactical disposition
+      of the various generals of foreign brigades, the order was passed to
+      "follow the lead," and then the Lacedaemonians on their side also began
+      edging to their right, and eventually stretched out their wing so far that
+      only six out of the ten regimental divisions of the Athenians confronted
+      the Lacedaemonians, the other four finding themselves face to face with
+      the men of Tegea. And now when they were less than a furlong (16) apart,
+      the Lacedaemonians sacrificed in customary fashion a kid to the huntress
+      goddess, (17) and advanced upon their opponents, wheeling round their
+      overlapping columns to outflank his left. As the two armies closed, the
+      allies of Lacedaemon were as a rule fairly borne down by their opponents.
+      The men of Pellene alone, steadily confronting the Thespiaeans, held their
+      ground, and the dead of either side strewed the position. (18) As to the
+      Lacedaemonians themselves: crushing that portion of the Athenian troops
+      which lay immediately in front of them, and at the same time encircling
+      them with their overlapping right, they slew man after man of them; and,
+      absolutely unscathed themselves, their unbroken columns continued their
+      march, and so passed behind the four remaining divisions (19) of the
+      Athenians before these latter had returned from their own victorious
+      pursuit. Whereby the four divisions in question also emerged from battle
+      intact, except for the casualties inflicted by the Tegeans in the first
+      clash of the engagement. The troops next encountered by the Lacedaemonians
+      were the Argives retiring. These they fell foul of, and the senior
+      polemarch was just on the point of closing with them "breast to breast"
+      when some one, it is said, shouted, "Let their front ranks pass." This was
+      done, and as the Argives raced past, their enemies thrust at their
+      unprotected (20) sides and killed many of them. The Corinthians were
+      caught in the same way as they retired, and when their turn had passed,
+      once more the Lacedaemonians lit upon a portion of the Theban division
+      retiring from the pursuit, and strewed the field with their dead. The end
+      of it all was that the defeated troops in the first instance made for
+      safety to the walls of their city, but the Corinthians within closed the
+      gates, whereupon the troops took up quarters once again in their old
+      encampment. The Lacedaemonians on their side withdrew to the point at
+      which they first closed with the enemy, and there set up a trophy of
+      victory. So the battle ended.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) Or, "then they lost no time in discovering that the victims
+    proved favourable."
+
+ (15) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 428; cf. Lys. "pro Mant." 20.
+
+ (16) Lit. "a stade."
+
+ (17) Lit. "our Lady of the Chase." See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 8.
+
+ (18) Lit. "men on either side kept dropping at their post."
+
+ (19) Lit. "tribes."
+
+ (20) I.e. "right."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Agesilaus was rapidly hastening with his reinforcements from
+      Asia. He had reached Amphipolis when Dercylidas brought the news of this
+      fresh victory of the Lacedaemonians; their own loss had been eight men,
+      that of the enemy considerable. It was his business at the same time to
+      explain that not a few of the allies had fallen also. Agesilaus asked,
+      "Would it not be opportune, Dercylidas, if the cities that have furnished
+      us with contingents could hear of this victory as soon as possible?" And
+      Dercylidas replied: "The news at any rate is likely to put them in better
+      heart." Then said the king: "As you were an eye-witness there could hardly
+      be a better bearer of the news than yourself." To this proposal Dercylidas
+      lent a willing ear&mdash;to travel abroad (1) was his special delight&mdash;and
+      he replied, "Yes, under your orders." "Then you have my orders," the king
+      said. "And you may further inform the states from myself that we have not
+      forgotten our promise; if all goes well over here we shall be with them
+      again ere long." So Dercylidas set off on his travels, in the first
+      instance to the Hellespont; (2) while Agesilaus crossed Macedonia, and
+      arrived in Thessaly. And now the men of Larissa, Crannon, Scotussa, and
+      Pharsalus, who were allies of the Boeotians&mdash;and in fact all the
+      Thessalians except the exiles for the time being&mdash;hung on his heels
+      (3) and did him damage.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 4.
+
+ (2) See below, "Hell." IV. viii. 3.
+
+ (3) See "Ages." ii. 2; Grote, "H. G." ix. 420, note 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      For some while he marched his troops in a hollow square, (4) posting half
+      his cavalry in front and half on his rear; but finding that the
+      Thessalians checked his passage by repeated charges from behind, he
+      strengthened his rearguard by sending round the cavalry from his van, with
+      the exception of his own personal escort. (5) The two armies stood
+      confronted in battle order; but the Thessalians, not liking the notion of
+      a cavalry engagement with heavy infantry, turned, and step by step
+      retreated, while the others followed them with considerable caution.
+      Agesilaus, perceiving the error under which both alike laboured, now sent
+      his own personal guard of stalwart troopers with orders that both they and
+      the rest of the horsemen should charge at full gallop, (6) and not give
+      the enemy the chance to recoil. The Thessalians were taken aback by this
+      unexpected onslaught, and half of them never thought of wheeling about,
+      whilst those who did essay to do so presented the flanks of their horses
+      to the charge, (7) and were made prisoners. Still Polymarchus of
+      Pharsalus, the general in command of their cavalry, rallied his men for an
+      instant, and fell, sword in hand, with his immediate followers. This was
+      the signal for a flight so precipitate on the part of the Thessalians,
+      that their dead and dying lined the road, and prisoners were taken; nor
+      was any halt made until they reached Mount Narthacius. Here, then, midway
+      between Pras and Narthacius, Agesilaus set up a trophy, halting for the
+      moment, in unfeigned satisfaction at the exploit. It was from antagonists
+      who prided themselves on their cavalry beyond everything that he had
+      wrested victory, with a body of cavalry of his own mustering. Next day he
+      crossed the mountains of Achaea Phthiotis, and for the future continued
+      his march through friendly territory until he reached the confines of
+      Boeotia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) See Rustow and Kochly, S. 187 foll.
+
+ (5) See Thuc. v. 72; Herod. vi. 56, viii. 124.
+
+ (6) Lit. "and bids them pass the order to the others and themselves to
+    charge," etc.
+
+ (7) See "Horsemanship," vii. 16; Polyb. iv. 8.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here, at the entrance of that territory, the sun (in partial eclipse) (8)
+      seemed to appear in a crescent shape, and the news reached him of the
+      defeat of the Lacedaemonians in a naval engagement, and the death of the
+      admiral Peisander. Details of the disaster were not wanting. The
+      engagement of the hostile fleets took place off Cnidus. Pharnabazus, the
+      Persian admiral, was present with the Phoenician fleet, and in front of
+      him were ranged the ships of the Hellenic squadron under Conon. Peisander
+      had ventured to draw out his squadron to meet the combined fleets, though
+      the numerical inferiority of his fleet to that of the Hellenic navy under
+      Conon was conspicuous, and he had the mortification of seeing the allies
+      who formed his left wing take to flight immediately. He himself came to
+      close quarters with the enemy, and was driven on shore, on board his
+      trireme, under pressure of the hostile rams. The rest, as many as were
+      driven to shore, deserted their ships and sought safety as best they could
+      in the territory of Cnidus. The admiral alone stuck to his ship, and fell
+      sword in hand.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) B.C. 394, August 14.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was impossible for Agesilaus not to feel depressed by those tidings at
+      first; on further reflection, however, it seemed to him that the moral
+      quality of more than half his troops well entitled them to share in the
+      sunshine of success, but in the day of trouble, when things looked black,
+      he was not bound to take them into his confidence. Accordingly he turned
+      round and gave out that he had received news that Peisander was dead, but
+      that he had fallen in the arms of victory in a sea-fight; and suiting his
+      action to the word, he proceeded to offer sacrifice in return for good
+      tidings, (9) distributing portions of the victims to a large number of
+      recipients. So it befell that in the first skirmish with the enemy the
+      troops of Agesilaus gained the upper hand, in consequence of the report
+      that the Lacedaemonians had won a victory by sea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) "Splendide mendax." For the ethics of the matter, see "Mem." IV.
+    ii. 17; "Cyrop." I. vi. 31.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To confront Agesilaus stood an army composed of the Boeotians, Athenians,
+      Argives, Corinthians, Aenianians, Euboeans, and both divisions of the
+      Locrians. Agesilaus on his side had with him a division (10) of
+      Lacedaemonians, which had crossed from Corinth, also half the division
+      from Orchomenus; besides which there were the neodamodes (11) from
+      Lacedaemon, on service with him already; and in addition to these the
+      foreign contingent under Herippidas; (12) and again the quota furnished by
+      the Hellenic cities in Asia, with others from the cities in Europe which
+      he had brought over during his progress; and lastly, there were additional
+      levies from the spot&mdash;Orchomenian and Phocian heavy infantry. In
+      light-armed troops, it must be admitted, the numbers told heavily in
+      favour of Agesilaus, but the cavalry (13) on both sides were fairly
+      balanced.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Lit. "a mora"; for the numbers, see "Ages." ii. 6; Plut. "Ages."
+    17; Grote, "H. G." ix. 433.
+
+ (11) I.e. "enfranchised helots."
+
+ (12) See "Ages." ii. 10, 11; and above, "Hell." III. iv. 20.
+
+ (13) See Hicks, op. cit. 68.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such were the forces of either party. I will describe the battle itself,
+      if only on account of certain features which distinguish it from the
+      battles of our time. The two armies met on the plain of Coronea&mdash;the
+      troops of Agesilaus advancing from the Cephisus, the Thebans and their
+      allies from the slopes of Helicon. Agesilaus commanded his own right in
+      person, with the men of Orchomenus on his extreme left. The Thebans formed
+      their own right, while the Argives held their left. As they drew together,
+      for a while deep silence reigned on either side; but when they were not
+      more than a furlong (14) apart, with the loud hurrah (15) the Thebans,
+      quickening to a run, rushed furiously (16) to close quarters; and now
+      there was barely a hundred yards (17) breadth between the two armies, when
+      Herippidas with his foreign brigade, and with them the Ionians, Aeolians,
+      and Hellespontines, darted out from the Spartans' battle-lines to greet
+      their onset. One and all of the above played their part in the first rush
+      forward; in another instant they were (18) within spear-thrust of the
+      enemy, and had routed the section immediately before them. As to the
+      Argives, they actually declined to receive the attack of Agesilaus, and
+      betook themselves in flight to Helicon. At this moment some of the foreign
+      division were already in the act of crowning Agesilaus with the wreath of
+      victory, when some one brought him word that the Thebans had cut through
+      the Orchomenians and were in among the baggage train. At this the Spartan
+      general immediately turned his army right about and advanced against them.
+      The Thebans, on their side, catching sight of their allies withdrawn in
+      flight to the base of the Helicon, and anxious to get across to their own
+      friends, formed in close order and tramped forward stoutly.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) Lit. "a stade."
+
+ (15) Lit. "Alalah."
+
+ (16) Like a tornado.
+
+ (17) Lit. "about three plethra."
+
+ (18) Or, "All these made up the attacking columns... and coming
+    within... routed..."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At this point no one will dispute the valour of Agesilaus, but he
+      certainly did not choose the safest course. It was open to him to make way
+      for the enemy to pass, which done, he might have hung upon his heels and
+      mastered his rear. This, however, he refused to do, preferring to crash
+      full front against the Thebans. Thereupon, with close interlock of shield
+      wedged in with shield, they shoved, they fought, they dealt death, (19)
+      they breathed out life, till at last a portion of the Thebans broke their
+      way through towards Helicon, but paid for that departure by the loss of
+      many lives. And now the victory of Agesilaus was fairly won, and he
+      himself, wounded, had been carried back to the main line, when a party of
+      horse came galloping up to tell him that something like eighty of the
+      enemy, under arms, were sheltering under the temple, and they asked what
+      they ought to do. Agesilaus, though he was covered with wounds, did not,
+      for all that, forget his duty to God. He gave orders to let them retire
+      unscathed, and would not suffer any injury to be done to them. And now,
+      seeing it was already late, they took their suppers and retired to rest.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) Or, "they slew, they were slain." In illustration of this famous
+    passage, twice again worked up in "Ages." ii. 12, and "Cyrop."
+    VII. i. 38, commented on by Longinus, {peri upsous}, 19, and
+    copied by Dio Cassius, 47, 45, I venture to quote a passage from
+    Mr. Rudyard Kipling, "With the Main Guard," p. 57, Mulvaney
+    loquitur: "The Tyrone was pushin' an' pushin' in, an' our men was
+    sweerin' at thim, an' Crook was workin' away in front av us all,
+    his sword-arm swingin' like a pump-handle an' his revolver
+    spittin' like a cat. But the strange thing av ut was the quiet
+    that lay upon. 'Twas like a fight in a dhrame&mdash;excipt for thim
+    that wus dead."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But with the morning Gylis the polemarch received orders to draw up the
+      troops in battle order, and to set up a trophy, every man crowned with a
+      wreath in honour of the god, and all the pipers piping. Thus they busied
+      themselves in the Spartan camp. On their side the Thebans sent heralds
+      asking to bury their dead, under a truce; and in this wise a truce was
+      made. Agesilaus withdrew to Delphi, where on arrival he offered to the god
+      a tithe of the produce of his spoils&mdash;no less than a hundred talents.
+      (20) Gylis the polemarch meanwhile withdrew into Phocis at the head of his
+      troops, and from that district made a hostile advance into Locris. Here
+      nearly a whole day was spent by the men in freely helping themselves to
+      goods and chattels out of the villages and pillaging the corn; (21) but as
+      it drew towards evening the troops began to retire, with the
+      Lacedaemonians in the rear. The Locrians hung upon their heels with a
+      heavy pelt of stones and javelins. Thereupon the Lacedaemonians turned
+      short round and gave chase, laying some of their assailants low. Then the
+      Locrians ceased clinging to their rear, but continued their volleys from
+      the vantage-ground above. The Lacedaemonians again made efforts to pursue
+      their persistent foes even up the slope. At last darkness descended on
+      them, and as they retired man after man dropped, succumbing to the sheer
+      difficulty of the ground; some in their inability to see what lay in
+      front, or else shot down by the enemy's missiles. It was then that Gylis
+      the polemarch met his end, as also Pelles, who was on his personal staff,
+      and the whole of the Spartans present without exception&mdash;eighteen or
+      thereabouts&mdash;perished, either crushed by stones or succumbing to
+      other wounds. Indeed, except for timely aid brought from the camp where
+      the men were supping, the chances are that not a man would have escaped to
+      tell the tale.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) = 25,000 pounds nearly.
+
+ (21) Or, "not to speak of provisions."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This incident ended the campaign. The army as a whole was disbanded, the
+      contingents retiring to their several cities, and Agesilaus home across
+      the Gulf by sea.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 393. Subsequently (1) the war between the two parties recommenced.
+      The Athenians, Boeotians, Argives, and the other allies made Corinth the
+      base of their operations; the Lacedaemonians and their allies held Sicyon
+      as theirs. As to the Corinthians, they had to face the fact that, owing to
+      their proximity to the seat of war, it was their territory which was
+      ravaged and their people who perished, while the rest of the allies abode
+      in peace and reaped the fruits of their lands in due season. Hence the
+      majority of them, including the better class, desired peace, and gathering
+      into knots they indoctrinated one another with these views.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) B.C. 393. See Grote, ix. p. 455, note 2 foll.; "Hell." IV. viii.
+    7.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 392. (2) On the other hand, it could hardly escape the notice of the
+      allied powers, the Argives, Athenians, and Boeotians, as also those of the
+      Corinthians themselves who had received a share of the king's moneys, or
+      for whatever reason were most directly interested in the war, that if they
+      did not promptly put the peace party out of the way, ten chances to one
+      the old laconising policy would again hold the field. It seemed there was
+      nothing for it but the remedy of the knife. There was a refinement of
+      wickedness in the plan adopted. With most people the life even of a
+      legally condemned criminal is held sacred during a solemn season, but
+      these men deliberately selected the last day of the Eucleia, (3) when they
+      might reckon on capturing more victims in the crowded market-place, for
+      their murderous purposes. Their agents were supplied with the names of
+      those to be gotten rid of, the signal was given, and then, drawing their
+      daggers, they fell to work. Here a man was struck down standing in the
+      centre of a group of talkers, and there another seated; a third while
+      peacably enjoying himself at the play; a fourth actually whilst
+      officiating as a judge at some dramatic contest. (4) When what was taking
+      place became known, there was a general flight on the part of the better
+      classes. Some fled to the images of the gods in the market-place, others
+      to the altars; and here these unhallowed miscreants, ringleaders and
+      followers alike, utterly regardless of duty and law, fell to butchering
+      their victims even within the sacred precincts of the gods; so that even
+      some of those against whom no hand was lifted&mdash;honest, law-abiding
+      folk&mdash;were filled with sore amazement at sight of such impiety. In
+      this way many of the elder citizens, as mustering more thickly in the
+      market-place, were done to death. The younger men, acting on a suspicion
+      conceived by one of their number, Pasimelus, as to what was going to take
+      place, kept quiet in the Kraneion; (5) but hearing screams and shouting
+      and being joined anon by some who had escaped from the affair, they took
+      the hint, and, running up along the slope of the Acrocorinthus, succeeded
+      in repelling an attack of the Argives and the rest. While they were still
+      deliberating what they ought to do, down fell a capital from its column&mdash;without
+      assignable cause, whether of earthquake or wind. Also, when they
+      sacrificed, the aspect of the victims was such that the soothsayers said
+      it was better to descend from that position.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Others assign the incidents of this whole chapter iv. to B.C. 393.
+
+ (3) The festival of Artemis Eucleia.
+
+ (4) See Diod. xiv. 86.
+
+ (5) See Paus. II. ii. 4.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So they retired, in the first instance prepared to go into exile beyond
+      the territory of Corinth. It was only upon the persuasion of their friends
+      and the earnest entreaties of their mothers and sisters who came out to
+      them, supported by the solemn assurance of the men in power themselves,
+      who swore to guarantee them against evil consequences, that some of them
+      finally consented to return home. Presented to their eyes was the
+      spectacle of a tyranny in full exercise, and to their minds the
+      consciousness of the obliteration of their city, seeing that boundaries
+      were plucked up and the land of their fathers had come to be re-entitled
+      by the name of Argos instead of Corinth; and furthermore, compulsion was
+      put upon them to share in the constitution in vogue at Argos, for which
+      they had little appetite, while in their own city they wielded less power
+      than the resident aliens. So that a party sprang up among them whose creed
+      was, that life was not worth living on such terms: their endeavour must be
+      to make their fatherland once more the Corinth of old days&mdash;to
+      restore freedom to their city, purified from the murderer and his
+      pollution and fairly rooted in good order and legality. (6) It was a
+      design worth the venture: if they succeeded they would become the saviours
+      of their country; if not&mdash;why, in the effort to grasp the fairest
+      flower of happiness, they would but overreach, and find instead a glorious
+      termination to existence.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) {eunomia}. See "Pol. Ath." i. 8; Arist. "Pol." iv. 8, 6; iii. 9,
+    8; v. 7, 4.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was in furtherance of this design that two men&mdash;Pasimelus and
+      Alcimenes&mdash;undertook to creep through a watercourse and effect a
+      meeting with Praxitas the polemarch of the Lacedaemonians, who was on
+      garrison duty with his own division in Sicyon. They told him they could
+      give him ingress at a point in the long walls leading to Lechaeum.
+      Praxitas, knowing from previous experience that the two men might be
+      relied upon, believed their statement; and having arranged for the further
+      detention in Sicyon of the division which was on the point of departure,
+      he busied himself with plans for the enterprise. When the two men, partly
+      by chance and partly by contrivance, came to be on guard at the gate where
+      the tophy now stands, without further ado Praxitas presented himself with
+      his division, taking with him also the men of Sicyon and the whole of the
+      Corinthian exiles. (7) Having reached the gate, he had a qualm of
+      misgiving, and hesitated to step inside until he had first sent in a man
+      on whom he could rely to take a look at things within. The two Corinthians
+      introduced him, and made so simple and straightforward a representation
+      (8) that the visitor was convinced, and reported everything as free of
+      pitfalls as the two had asserted. Then the polemarch entered, but owing to
+      the wide space between the double walls, as soon as they came to form in
+      line within, the intruders were impressed by the paucity of their numbers.
+      They therefore erected a stockade, and dug as good a trench as they could
+      in front of them, pending the arrival of reinforcements from the allies.
+      In their rear, moreover, lay the guard of the Boeotians in the harbour.
+      Thus they passed the whole day which followed the night of ingress without
+      striking a blow.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Or, "showed him the place in so straightforward a manner."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the next day, however, the Argive troops arrived in all haste, hurrying
+      to the rescue, and found the enemy duly drawn up. The Lacedaemonians were
+      on their own right, the men of Sicyon next, and leaning against the
+      eastern wall the Corinthian exiles, one hundred and fifty strong. (9)
+      Their opponents marshalled their lines face to face in correspondence:
+      Iphicrates with his mercenaries abutting on the eastern wall; next to them
+      the Argives, whilst the Corinthians of the city held their left. In the
+      pride inspired by numbers they began advancing at once. They overpowered
+      the Sicyonians, and tearing asunder the stockade, pursued them to the sea
+      and here slew numbers of them. At that instant Pasimachus, the cavalry
+      general, at the head of a handful of troopers, seeing the Sicyonians sore
+      presed, made fast the horses of his troops to the trees, and relieving the
+      Sicyonians of their heavy infantry shields, advanced with his volunteers
+      against the Argives. The latter, seeing the Sigmas on the shields and
+      taking them to be "Sicyonians," had not the slightest fear. Whereupon, as
+      the story goes, Pasimachus, exclaiming in his broad Doric, "By the twin
+      gods! these Sigmas will cheat you, you Argives," came to close quarters,
+      and in that battle of a handful against a host, was slain himself with all
+      his followers. In another quarter of the field, however, the Corinthian
+      exiles had got the better of their opponents and worked their way up, so
+      that they were now touching the city circumvallation walls.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) See Grote, ix. p. 333 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians, on their side, perceiving the discomfiture of the
+      Sicyonians, sprang out with timely aid, keeping the palisade-work on their
+      left. But the Argives, discovering that the Lacedaemonians were behind
+      them, wheeled round and came racing back, pouring out of the palisade at
+      full speed. Their extreme right, with unprotected flanks exposed, fell
+      victims to the Lacedaemonians; the rest, hugging the wall, made good their
+      retreat in dense masses towards the city. Here they encountered the
+      Corinthian exiles, and discovering that they had fallen upon foes, swerved
+      aside in the reverse direction. In this predicament some mounted by the
+      ladders of the city wall, and, leaping down from its summit, were
+      destroyed; (10) others yielded up their lives, thrust through, as they
+      jostled at the foot of the steps; others again were literally trampled
+      under one another's feet and suffocated.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Or, "plunged from its summit into perdition." See Thuc. ii. 4.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians had no difficulty in the choice of victims; for at that
+      instant a work was assigned to them to do, (11) such as they could hardly
+      have hoped or prayed for. To find delivered into their hands a mob of
+      helpless enemies, in an ecstasy of terror, presenting their unarmed sides
+      in such sort that none turned to defend himself, but each victim rather
+      seemed to contribute what he could towards his own destruction&mdash;if
+      that was not divine interposition, I know now what to call it. Miracle or
+      not, in that little space so many fell, and the corpses lay piled so
+      thick, that eyes familiar with the stacking of corn or wood or piles of
+      stones were called upon to gaze at layers of human bodies. Nor did the
+      guard of the Boeotians in the port itself (12) escape death; some were
+      slain upon the ramparts, others on the roofs of the dock-houses, which
+      they had scaled for refuge. Nothing remained but for the Corinthians and
+      Argives to carry away their dead under cover of a truce; whilst the allies
+      of Lacedaemon poured in their reinforcements. When these were collected,
+      Praxitas decided in the first place to raze enough of the walls to allow a
+      free broadway for an army on march. This done, he put himself at the head
+      of his troops and advanced on the road to Megara, taking by assault, first
+      Sidus and next Crommyon. Leaving garrisons in these two fortresses, he
+      retraced his steps, and finally fortifying Epieiceia as a garrison outpost
+      to protect the territory of the allies, he at once disbanded his troops
+      and himself withdrew to Lacedaemon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Or, "Heaven assigned to them a work..." Lit. "The God..."
+
+ (12) I.e. "of Lechaeum."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 392-391. (13) After this the great armaments of both belligerents had
+      ceased to exist. The states merely furnished garrisons&mdash;the one set
+      at Corinth, the other set at Sicyon&mdash;and were content to guard the
+      walls. Though even so, a vigorous war was carried on by dint of the
+      mercenary troops with which both sides were furnished.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) So Grote and Curtius; al. B.C. 393.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      A signal incident in the period was the invasion of Phlius by Iphicrates.
+      He laid an ambuscade, and with a small body of troops adopting a system of
+      guerilla war, took occasion of an unguarded sally of the citizens of
+      Phlius to inflict such losses on them, that though they had never
+      previously received the Lacedaemonians within their walls, they received
+      them now. They had hitherto feared to do so lest it might lead to the
+      restoration of the banished members of their community, who gave out that
+      they owed their exile to their Lacedaemonian sympathies; (14) but they
+      were now in such abject fear of the Corinthian party that they sent to
+      fetch the Lacedaemonians, and delivered the city and citadel to their safe
+      keeping. These latter, however, well disposed to the exiles of Phlius, did
+      not, at the time they held the city, so much as breathe the thought of
+      bringing back the exiles; on the contrary, as soon as the city seemed to
+      have recovered its confidence, they took their departure, leaving city and
+      laws precisely as they had found them on their entry.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) Lit. "laconism."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To return to Iphicrates and his men: they frequently extended their
+      incursions even into Arcadia in many directions, (15) following their
+      usual guerilla tactics, but also making assaults on fortified posts. The
+      heavy infantry of the Arcadians positively refused to face them in the
+      field, so profound was the terror in which they held these light troops.
+      In compensation, the light troops themselves entertained a wholesome dread
+      of the Lacedaemonians, and did not venture to approach even within
+      javelin-range of their heavy infantry. They had been taught a lesson when,
+      within that distance, some of the younger hoplites had made a dash at
+      them, catching and putting some of them to the sword. But however profound
+      the contempt of the Lacedaemonians for these light troops, their contempt
+      for their own allies was deeper. (On one occasion (16) a reinforcement of
+      Mantineans had sallied from the walls between Corinth and Lechaeum to
+      engage the peltasts, and had no sooner come under attack than they
+      swerved, losing some of their men as they made good their retreat. The
+      Lacedaemonians were unkind enough to poke fun at these unfortunates. "Our
+      allies," they said, "stand in as much awe of these peltasts as children of
+      the bogies and hobgoblins of their nurses." For themselves, starting from
+      Lechaeum, they found no difficulty in marching right round the city of
+      Corinth with a single Lacedaemonian division and the Corinthian exiles.)
+      (17)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) See Thuc. ii. 4.
+
+ (16) See Grote, ix. 472 note. Lechaeum was not taken by the
+    Lacedaemonians until the Corinthian long walls had been rebuilt by
+    the Athenians. Possibly the incidents in this section (S. 17)
+    occurred after the capture of Lechaeum. The historian introduces
+    them parenthetically, as it were, in illustration of his main
+    topic&mdash;the success of the peltasts.
+
+ (17) Or, adopting Schneider's conjecture, {estratopedeuonto}, add "and
+    encamping."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Athenians, on their side, who felt the power of the Lacedaemonians to
+      be dangerously close, now that the walls of Corinth had been laid open,
+      and even apprehended a direct attack upon themselves, determined to
+      rebuild the portion of the wall severed by Praxitas. Accordingly they set
+      out with their whole force, including a suite of stonelayers, masons, and
+      carpenters, and within a few days erected a quite splendid wall on the
+      side facing Sicyon towards the west, (18) and then proceeded with more
+      leisure to the completion of the eastern portion.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) See Thuc. vi. 98.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To turn once more to the other side: the Lacedaemonians, indignant at the
+      notion that the Argives should be gathering the produce of their lands in
+      peace at home, as if war were a pastime, marched against them. Agesilaus
+      commanded the expedition, and after ravaging their territory from one end
+      to the other, crossed their frontier at Tenea (19) and swooped down upon
+      Corinth, taking the walls which had been lately rebuilt by the Athenians.
+      He was supported on the sea side by his brother Teleutias (20) with a
+      naval force of about twelve triremes, and the mother of both was able to
+      congratulate herself on the joint success of both her sons; one having
+      captured the enemy's walls by land and the other his ships and naval
+      arsenal by sea, on the same day. These achievements sufficed Agesilaus for
+      the present; he disbanded the army of the allies and led the state troops
+      home.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) Reading {Tenean}, Koppen's emendation for {tegean}. In the
+    parallel passage ("Ages." ii. 17) the text has {kata ta stena}.
+    See Grote, "H. G." ix. 471.
+
+ (20) See below, IV. viii. 11.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 390. (1) Subsequently the Lacedaemonians made a second expedition
+      against Corinth. They heard from the exiles that the citizens contrived to
+      preserve all their cattle in Peiraeum; indeed, large numbers derived their
+      subsistence from the place. Agesilaus was again in command of the
+      expedition. In the first instance he advanced upon the Isthmus. It was the
+      month of the Isthmian games, (2) and here he found the Argives engaged in
+      conducting the sacrifice to Poseidon, as if Corinth were Argos. So when
+      they perceived the approach of Agesilaus, the Argives and their friends
+      left the offerings as they lay, including the preparations for the
+      breakfast, and retired with undisguised alarm into the city by the
+      Cenchrean road. (3) Agesilaus, though he observed the movement, refrained
+      from giving chase, but taking up his quarters in the temple, there
+      proceeded to offer victims to the god himself, and waited until the
+      Corinthian exiles had celebrated the sacrifice to Poseidon, along with the
+      games. But no sooner had Agesilaus turned his back and retired, than the
+      Argives returned and celebrated the Isthmian games afresh; so that in this
+      particular year there were cases in which the same competitors were twice
+      defeated in this or that contest, or conversely, the same man was
+      proclaimed victor twice over.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Al. B.C. 392. The historian omits the overtures for peace, B.C.
+    391 (or 391-390) referred to in Andoc. "De Pace." See Jebb, "Att.
+    Or." i. 83, 108; Grote, "H. G." ix. 474; Curtius, "H. G." Eng. tr.
+    iv. 261.
+
+ (2) Grote and Curtius believe these to be the Isthmian games of 390
+    B.C., not of 392 B.C., as Sauppe and others suppose. See Peter,
+    "Chron. Table," p. 89, note 183; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 468, note on
+    VIII. 9, 1.
+
+ (3) Lit. "road to Cenchreae."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the fourth day Agesilaus led his troops against Peiraeum, but finding
+      it strongly defended, he made a sudden retrograde march after the morning
+      meal in the direction of the capital, as though he calculated on the
+      betrayal of the city. The Corinthians, in apprehension of some such
+      possible catastrophe, sent to summon Iphicrates with the larger portion of
+      his light infantry. These passed by duly in the night, not unobserved,
+      however, by Agesilaus, who at once turned round at break of day and
+      advanced on Piraeum. He himself kept to the low ground by the hot springs,
+      (4) sending a division to scale the top of the pass. That night he
+      encamped at the hot springs, while the division bivouacked in the open, in
+      possession of the pass. Here Agesilaus distinguished himself by an
+      invention as seasonable as it was simple. Among those who carried
+      provisions for the division not one had thought of bringing fire. The
+      altitude was considerable; there had been a fall of rain and hail towards
+      evening and the temperature was low; besides which, the scaling party were
+      clad in thin garments suited to the summer season. There they sat
+      shivering in the dark, with scarcely heart to attack their suppers, when
+      Agesilaus sent up to them as many as ten porters carrying fire in earthen
+      pots. One found his way up one way, one another, and presently there were
+      many bonfires blazing&mdash;magnificently enough, since there was plenty
+      of wood to hand; so that all fell to oiling themselves and many supped
+      over again. The same night the sky was lit up by the blaze of the temple
+      of Poseidon&mdash;set on fire no one knows how.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Near mod. Lutraki.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the men in Piraeum perceived that the pass was occupied, they at once
+      abandoned all thought of self-defence and fled for refuge to the Heraion
+      (5)&mdash;men and women, slaves and free-born, with the greater part of
+      their flocks and herds. Agesilaus, with the main body, meanwhile pursued
+      his march by the sea-shore, and the division, simultaneously descending
+      from the heights, captured the fortified position of Oenoe, appropriating
+      its contents. Indeed, all the troops on that day reaped a rich harvest in
+      the supplies they brought in from various farmsteads. Presently those who
+      had escaped into the Heraion came out, offering to leave it to Agesilaus
+      to decide what he would do with them. He decided to deliver up to the
+      exiles all those concerned with the late butchery, and that all else
+      should be sold. And so from the Heraion streamed out a long line of
+      prisoners, whilst from other sides embassies arrived in numbers; and
+      amongst these a deputation from the Boeotians, anxious to learn what they
+      should do to obtain peace. These latter Agesilaus, with a certain
+      loftiness of manner, affected not even to see, although Pharax, (6) their
+      proxenus, stood by their side to introduce them. Seated in a circular
+      edifice on the margin of the lake, (7) he surveyed the host of captives
+      and valuables as they were brought out. Beside the prisoners, to guard
+      them, stepped the Lacedaemonian warriors from the camp, carrying their
+      spears&mdash;and themselves plucked all gaze their way, so readily will
+      success and the transient fortune of the moment rivet attention. But even
+      while Agesilaus was still thus seated, wearing a look betokening
+      satisfaction at some great achievement, a horseman came galloping up; the
+      flanks of his charger streamed with sweat. To the many inquiries what news
+      he brought, the rider responded never a word; but being now close beside
+      Agesilaus, he leaped from his horse, and running up to him with lowering
+      visage narrated the disaster of the Spartan division (8) at Lechaeum. At
+      these tidings the king sprang instantly from his seat, clutching his
+      spear, and bade his herald summon to a meeting the generals, captains of
+      fifties, and commanders of foreign brigades. (9) When these had rapidly
+      assembled he bade them, seeing that the morning meal had not yet been
+      tasted, to swallow hastily what they could, and with all possible speed to
+      overtake him. But for himself, he, with the officers of the royal staff,
+      (10) set off at once without breakfast. His bodyguard, with their heavy
+      arms, accompanied him with all speed&mdash;himself in advance, the
+      officers following behind. In this fashion he had already passed beyond
+      the warm springs, and was well within the plateau of Lechaeum, when three
+      horsemen rode up with further news: the dead bodies had been picked up. On
+      receipt of these tidings he commanded the troops to order arms, and having
+      rested them a little space, led them back again to the Heraion. The next
+      day he spent in disposing of the captured property. (11)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "Heraeum," i.e. sanctuary of Hera, on a promontory so called.
+    See Leake, "Morea," iii. 317.
+
+ (6) See "Hell." III. ii. 12, if the same.
+
+ (7) Or, "on the round pavilion by the lake" (mod. Vuliasmeni).
+
+ (8) Technically "mora."
+
+ (9) Lit. the polemarchs, penteconters, and xenagoi.
+
+ (10) See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 1.
+
+ (11) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 480, in reference to "Ages." vii. 6.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The ambassadors of the Boeotians were then summoned, and, being asked to
+      explain the object of their coming, made no further mention of the word
+      "peace," but replied that, if there was nothing to hinder it, they wished
+      to have a pass to their own soldiers within the capital. The king answered
+      with a smile: "I know your desire is not so much to see your soldiers as
+      to feast your eyes on the good fortune of your friends, and to measure its
+      magnitude. Wait then, I will conduct you myself; with me you will be
+      better able to discover the true value of what has taken place." And he
+      was as good as his word. Next day he sacrificed, and led his army up to
+      the gates of Corinth. The trophy he respected, but not one tree did he
+      leave standing&mdash;chopping and burning, as proof positive that no one
+      dared to face him in the field. And having so done, he encamped about
+      Lechaeum; and as to the Theban ambassadors, in lieu of letting them pass
+      into the city, he sent them off by sea across to Creusis.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But in proportion to the unwontedness of such a calamity befalling
+      Lacedaemonians, a widespread mourning fell upon the whole Laconian army,
+      those alone excepted whose sons or fathers or brothers had died at their
+      post. The bearing of these resembled that of conquerors, (12) as with
+      bright faces they moved freely to and fro, glorying in their domestic
+      sorrow. Now the tragic fate which befell the division was on this wise: It
+      was the unvaried custom of the men of Amyclae to return home at the
+      Hyacinthia, (13) to join in the sacred paean, a custom not to be
+      interrupted by active service or absence from home or for any other
+      reason. So, too, on this occasion, Agesilaus had left behind all the
+      Amyclaeans serving in any part of his army at Lechaeum. At the right
+      moment the general in command of the garrison at that place had posted the
+      garrison troops of the allies to guard the walls during his absence, and
+      put himself at the head of his division of heavy infantry with that of the
+      cavalry, (14) and led the Amyclaeans past the walls of Corinth. Arrived at
+      a point within three miles or so (15) of Sicyon, the polemarch turned back
+      himself in the direction of Lechaeum with his heavy infantry regiment, six
+      hundred strong, giving orders to the cavalry commandant to escort the
+      Amyclaeans with his division as far as they required, and then to turn and
+      overtake him. It cannot be said that the Lacedaemonians were ignorant of
+      the large number of light troops and heavy infantry inside Corinth, but
+      owing to their former successes they arrogantly presumed that no one would
+      attack them. Within the capital of the Corinthians, however, their scant
+      numbers&mdash;a thin line of heavy infantry unsupported by light infantry
+      or cavalry&mdash;had been noted; and Callias, the son of Hipponicus, (16)
+      who was in command of the Athenian hoplites, and Iphicrates at the head of
+      his peltasts, saw no risk in attacking with the light brigade. Since if
+      the enemy continued his march by the high road, he would be cut up by
+      showers of javelins on his exposed right flank; or if he were tempted to
+      take the offensive, they with their peltasts, the nimblest of all light
+      troops, would easily slip out of the grasp of his hoplites.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 488.
+
+ (13) Observed on three days of the month Hecatombaeus (= July). See
+    Muller's "Dorians," ii. 360. For Amyclae, see Leake, "Morea," i.
+    ch. iv. p. 145 foll.; Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279.
+
+ (14) See below, "Hell." VI. iv. 12; and "Pol. Lac." xi. 4, xiii. 4.
+
+ (15) Lit. "twenty or thirty stades."
+
+ (16) See Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With this clearly-conceived idea they led out their troops; and while
+      Callias drew up his heavy infantry in line at no great distance from the
+      city, Iphicrates and his peltasts made a dash at the returning division.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians were presently within range of the javelins. (17) Here
+      a man was wounded, and there another dropped, not to rise again. Each time
+      orders were given to the attendant shield-bearers (18) to pick up the men
+      and bear them into Lechaeum; and these indeed were the only members of the
+      mora who were, strictly speaking, saved. Then the polemarch ordered the
+      ten-years-service men (19) to charge and drive off their assailants.
+      Charge, however, as they might, they took nothing by their pains&mdash;not
+      a man could they come at within javelin range. Being heavy infantry
+      opposed to light troops, before they could get to close quarters the
+      enemy's word of command sounded "Retire!" whilst as soon as their own
+      ranks fell back, scattered as they were in consequence of a charge where
+      each man's individual speed had told, Iphicrates and his men turned right
+      about and renewed the javelin attack, while others, running alongside,
+      harassed their exposed flank. At the very first charge the assailants had
+      shot down nine or ten, and, encouraged by this success, pressed on with
+      increasing audacity. These attacks told so severely that the polemarch a
+      second time gave the order (and this time for the fifteen-years-service
+      men) to charge. The order was promptly obeyed, but on retiring they lost
+      more men than on the first occasion, and it was not until the pick and
+      flower of the division had succumbed that they were joined by their
+      returning cavalry, in whose company they once again attempted a charge.
+      The light infantry gave way, but the attack of the cavalry was feebly
+      enforced. Instead of pressing home the charge until at least they had
+      sabred some of the enemy, they kept their horses abreast of their infantry
+      skirmishers, (20) charging and wheeling side by side.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 467, note on the improvements of
+    Iphicrates.
+
+ (18) Grote, "H. G." ix. 484; cf. "Hell." IV. viii. 39; "Anab." IV. ii.
+    20; Herod. ix. 10-29.
+
+ (19) Youngest rank and file, between eighteen and twenty-eight years
+    of age, who formed the first line. The Spartan was liable to
+    service at the age of eighteen. From twenty-eight to thirty-three
+    he would belong to the fifteen-years-service division (the second
+    line); and so on. See below, IV. vi. 10.
+
+ (20) See Thuc. iv. 125.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Again and again the monotonous tale of doing and suffering repeated
+      itself, except that as their own ranks grew thinner and their courage
+      ebbed, the courage of their assailants grew bolder and their numbers
+      increased. In desperation they massed compactly upon the narrow slope of a
+      hillock, distant a couple of furlongs (21) or so from the sea, and a
+      couple of miles (22) perhaps from Lechaeum. Their friends in Lechaeum,
+      perceiving them, embarked in boats and sailed round until they were
+      immediately under the hillock. And now, in the very slough of despair,
+      being so sorely troubled as man after man dropped dead, and unable to
+      strike a blow, to crown their distress they saw the enemy's heavy infantry
+      advancing. Then they took to flight; some of them threw themselves into
+      the sea; others&mdash;a mere handful&mdash;escaped with the cavalry into
+      Lechaeum. The death-roll, including those who fell in the second fight and
+      the final flight, must have numbered two hundred and fifty slain, or
+      thereabouts. (23) Such is the tale of the destruction of the Lacedaemonian
+      mora.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) Lit. "two stades."
+
+ (22) Lit. "sixteen or seventeen stades."
+
+ (23) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 486.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Subsequently, with the mutilated fragment of the division, Agesilaus
+      turned his back upon Lechaeum, leaving another division behind to garrison
+      that port. On his passage homewards, as he wound his way through the
+      various cities, he made a point of arriving at each as late in the day as
+      possible, renewing his march as early as possible next morning. Leaving
+      Orchomenus at the first streak of dawn, he passed Mantinea still under
+      cover of darkness. The spectacle of the Mantineans rejoicing at their
+      misfortune would have been too severe an ordeal for his soldiers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Iphicrates had not yet reached the summit of his good fortune. Success
+      followed upon success. Lacedaemonian garrisons had been placed in Sidus
+      and Crommyon by Praxitas when he took these fortresses, and again in
+      Oenoe, when Peiraeum was taken quite lately by Agesilaus. One and all of
+      these now fell into the hands of Iphicrates. Lechaeum still held out,
+      garrisoned as it was by the Lacedaemonians and their allies; while the
+      Corinthian exiles, unable since (24) the disaster of the mora any longer
+      to pass freely by land from Sicyon, had the sea passage still open to
+      them, and using Lechaeum as their base, (25) kept up a game of mutual
+      annoyance with the party in the capital.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) Lit. "owing to."
+
+ (25) The illustrative incidents narrated in chapter iv. 17 may belong
+    to this period.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      VI
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 390-389. (1) At a later date the Achaeans, being in possession of
+      Calydon, a town from old times belonging to Aetolia, and having further
+      incorporated the Calydonians as citizens, (2) were under the necessity of
+      garrisoning their new possession. The reason was, that the Arcarnanians
+      were threatening the place with an army, and were aided by contingents
+      from Athens and Boeotia, who were anxious to help their allies. (3) Under
+      the strain of this combined attack the Achaeans despatched ambassadors to
+      Lacedaemon, who on arrival complained of the unfair conduct of Lacedaemon
+      towards themselves. "We, sirs," they said, "are ever ready to serve in
+      your armies, in obedience to whatever orders you choose to issue; we
+      follow you whithersoever you think fit to lead; but when it comes to our
+      being beleaguered by the Acarnanians, with their allies the Athenians and
+      Boeotians, you show not the slightest concern. Understand, then, that if
+      things go on thus we cannot hold out; but either we must give up all part
+      in the war in Peloponnesus and cross over in full force to engage the
+      Arcarnanians, or we must make peace with them on whatever terms we can."
+      This language was a tacit threat that if they failed to obtain the
+      assistance they felt entitled to from Lacedaemon they would quit the
+      alliance.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) According to others (who suppose that the Isthmia and the events
+    recorded in chapter v. 1-19 above belong to B.C. 392), we have now
+    reached B.C. 391.
+
+ (2) Or, "having conferred a city organisation on the Calydonians."
+
+ (3) See Thuc. ii. 68.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The ephors and the assembly concluded that there was no alternative but to
+      assist the Achaeans in their campaign against the Acarnanians. Accordingly
+      they sent out Agesilaus with two divisions and the proper complement of
+      allies. The Achaeans none the less marched out in full force themselves.
+      No sooner had Agesilaus crossed the gulf than there was a general flight
+      of the population from the country districts into the towns, whilst the
+      flocks and herds were driven into remote districts that they might not be
+      captured by the troops. Being now arrived on the frontier of the enemy's
+      territory, Agesilaus sent to the general assembly of the Acarnanians at
+      Stratus, (4) warning them that unless they chose to give up their alliance
+      with the Boeotians and Athenians, and to take instead themselves and their
+      allies, he would ravage their territory through its length and breadth,
+      and not spare a single thing. When they turned a deaf ear to this summons,
+      the other proceeded to do what he threatened, systematically laying the
+      district waste, felling the timber and cutting down the fruit-trees, while
+      slowly moving on at the rate of ten or twelve furlongs a day. The
+      Acarnanians, owing to the snail-like progress of the enemy, were lulled
+      into a sense of security. They even began bringing down their cattle from
+      their alps, and devoted themselves to the tillage of far the greater
+      portion of their fields. But Agesilaus only waited till their rash
+      confidence reached its climax; then on the fifteenth or sixteenth day
+      after he had first entered the country he sacrificed at early dawn, and
+      before evening had traversed eighteen miles (5) or so of country to the
+      lake (6) round which were collected nearly all the flocks and herds of the
+      Acarnanians, and so captured a vast quantity of cattle, horses, and
+      grazing stock of all kinds, besides numerous slaves.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) "The Akarnanians had, in early times, occupied the hill of Olpai
+    as a place for judicial proceedings common to the whole nation"
+    (see Thuc. iii. 105). "But in Thucydides' own time Stratos had
+    attained its position as the greatest city of Akarnania, and
+    probably the Federal Assemblies were already held there" (Thuc.
+    ii. 80). "In the days of Agesilaos we find Stratos still more
+    distinctly marked as the place of Federal meeting."&mdash;Freeman,
+    "Hist. Fed. Gov." ch. iv. p. 148 foll., "On the constitution of
+    the League."
+
+ (5) Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
+
+ (6) See Thuc. ii. 80; vi. 106.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Having secured this prize, he stayed on the spot the whole of the
+      following day, and devoted himself to disposing of the captured property
+      by public sale. While he was thus engaged, a large body of Arcarnanian
+      light infantry appeared, and availing themselves of the position in which
+      Agesilaus was encamped against the mountain side, assailed him with
+      volleys of sling-stones and rocks from the razor-edge of the mountain,
+      without suffering any scathe themselves. By this means they succeeded in
+      dislodging and forcing his troops down into the level plain, and that too
+      at an hour when the whole camp was engaged in preparations for the evening
+      meal. As night drew on, the Acarnanians retired; sentinels were posted,
+      and the troops slept in peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next day Agesilaus led off his army. The exit from the plain and
+      meadow-land round the lake was a narrow aperture through a close
+      encircling range of hills. In occupation of this mountain barrier the
+      Acarnanians, from the vantage-ground above, poured down a continuous pelt
+      of stones and other missiles, or, creeping down to the fringes, dogged and
+      annoyed them so much that the army was no longer able to proceed. If the
+      heavy infantry or cavalry made sallies from the main line they did no harm
+      to their assailants, for the Acarnanians had only to retire and they had
+      quickly gained their strongholds. It was too severe a task, Agesilaus
+      thought, to force his way through the narrow pass so sorely beset. He made
+      up his mind, therefore, to charge that portion of the enemy who dogged his
+      left, though these were pretty numerous. The range of hills on this side
+      was more accessible to heavy infantry and horse alike. During the interval
+      needed for the inspection of victims, the Acarnanians kept plying them
+      with javelins and bullets, and, coming into close proximity, wounded man
+      after man. But presently came the word of command, "Advance!" and the
+      fifteen-years-service men of the heavy infantry (7) ran forward,
+      accompanied by the cavalry, at a round pace, the general himself steadily
+      following with the rest of the column. Those of the Acarnanians who had
+      crept down the mountain side at that instant in the midst of their
+      sharpshooting turned and fled, and as they climbed the steep, man after
+      man was slain. When, however, the top of the pass was reached, there stood
+      the hoplites of the Acarnanians drawn up in battle line, and supported by
+      the mass of their light infantry. There they steadily waited, keeping up a
+      continuous discharge of missiles the while, or launching their long
+      spears; whereby they dealt wounds to the cavalry troopers and death in
+      some cases to the horses. But when they were all but within the clutches
+      of the advancing heavy infantry (8) of the Lacedaemonians their firmness
+      forsook them; they swerved and fled, and there died of them on that day
+      about three hundred. So ended the affair.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) I.e. "the first two ranks." See above, IV. v. 14.
+
+ (8) See "Ages." ii. 20, for an extraordinary discrepancy.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Agesilaus set up a trophy of victory, and afterwards making a tour of the
+      country, he visited it with fire and sword. (9) Occasionally, in obedience
+      to pressure put upon him by the Achaeans, he would assault some city, but
+      did not capture a single one. And now, as the season of autumn rapidly
+      approached, he prepared to leave the country; whereupon the Achaeans, who
+      looked upon his exploits as abortive, seeing that not a single city,
+      willingly or unwillingly, had as yet been detached from their opponents,
+      begged him, as the smallest service he could render them, at any rate to
+      stay long enough in the country to prevent the Acarnanians from sowing
+      their corn. He answered that the course they suggested ran counter to
+      expediency. "You forget," he said, "that I mean to invade your enemies
+      again next summer; and therefore the larger their sowing now, the stronger
+      will be their appetite for peace hereafter." With this retort he withdrew
+      overland through Aetolia, and by roads, moreover, which no army, small or
+      great, could possibly have traversed without the consent of the
+      inhabitants. The Aetolians, however, were only too glad to yield the
+      Spartan king a free passage, cherishing hopes as they did that he would
+      aid them to recover Naupactus. On reaching Rhium (10) he crossed the gulf
+      at that point and returned homewards, the more direct passage from Calydon
+      to Peloponnesus being effectually barred by an Athenian squadron stationed
+      at Oeniadae.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) Or lit. "burning and felling."
+
+ (10) Or Antirrhium (as more commonly called).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      VII
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 389-388. (1) On the expiration of winter, and in fulfilment of his
+      promise to the Achaeans, Agesilaus called out the ban once more with early
+      spring to invade the Acarnanians. The latter were apprised of his
+      intention, and, being persuaded that owing to the midland situation of
+      their cities they would just as truly be blockaded by an enemy who chose
+      to destroy their corn as they would be if besieged with entrenchments in
+      regular form, they sent ambassadors to Lacedaemon, and made peace with the
+      Achaeans and alliance with the Lacedaemonians. Thus closes this page of
+      history concerning the affairs of Arcarnania.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) According to others, B.C. 390.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To turn to the next. There was a feeling on the part of the Lacedaemonians
+      (2) that no expedition against Athens or Boeotia would be safe so long as
+      a state so important and so close to their own frontier as Argos remained
+      in open hostility behind them. Accordingly they called out the ban against
+      Argos. Now when Agesipolis learnt that the duty of leadership devolved on
+      him, and, moreover, that the sacrifices before crossing the frontier were
+      favourable, he went to Olympia and consulted the will of the god. "Would
+      it be lawful to him," he inquired, "not to accept the holy truce, on the
+      ground that the Argives made the season for it (3) depend not on a fixed
+      date, but on the prospect of a Lacedaemonian invasion?" The god indicated
+      to the inquirer that he might lawfully repudiate any holy truce which was
+      fraudulently antedated. (4) Not content with this, the young king, on
+      leaving Olympia, went at once to Delphi, and at that shrine put the same
+      question to Apollo: "Were his views in accordance with his Father's as
+      touching the holy truce?"&mdash;to which the son of Zeus made answer:
+      "Yea, altogether in accordance." (5)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Or, "It was agreed by the Lacedaemonians."
+
+ (3) I.e. "the season of the Carneia."
+
+ (4) Or, "wrongfully put forward." See below, V. i. 29; iii. 28; Paus.
+    III. v. 8; Jebb. "Att. Or." i. p. 131; Grote, "H. G." ix. 494
+    foll.; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 315; note to Thuc. V. liv. 3.
+
+ (5) Grote; cf. Aristot. "Rhet." ii. 33.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Then without further hesitation, picking up his army at Phlius (where,
+      during his absence to visit the temples, the troops had been collecting),
+      he advanced by Nemea into the enemy's territory. The Argives, on their
+      side, perceiving that they would be unable to hinder his advance, in
+      accordance with their custom sent a couple of heralds, garlanded, and
+      presented their usual plea of a holy truce. Agesipolis answered them
+      curtly that the gods were not satisfied with the justice of their plea,
+      and, refusing to accept the truce, pushed forward, causing thereby great
+      perplexity and consternation throughout the rural districts and the
+      capital itself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But while he was getting his evening meal that first evening in the Argive
+      territory&mdash;just at the moment when the after-dinner libation had been
+      poured out&mdash;the god sent an earthquake; and with one consent the
+      Lacedaemonians, beginning with the officers of the royal quarters, sang
+      the sacred hymn of Poseidon. The soldiers, in general, expected to
+      retreat, arguing that, on the occurrence of an earthquake once before,
+      Agis had retired from Elis. But Agesipolis held another view: if the god
+      had sent his earthquake at the moment when he was meditating invasion, he
+      should have understood that the god forbade his entrance; but now, when
+      the invasion was a thing effected, he must needs take it as a signal of
+      his approval. (6) Accordingly next morning he sacrificed to Poseidon, and
+      advanced a short distance further into the country.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Or, "interpret the signal as a summons to advance."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The late expedition of Agesilaus into Argos (7) was still fresh in men's
+      minds, and Agesipolis was eager to ascertain from the soldiers how close
+      his predecessor had advanced to the fortification walls; or again, how far
+      he had gone in ravaging the open country&mdash;not unlike a competitor in
+      the pentathlon, (8) eager to cap the performance of his rival in each
+      event. On one occasion it was only the discharge of missiles from the
+      towers which forced him to recross the trenches round the walls; on
+      another, profiting by the absence of the majority of the Argives in
+      Laconian territory, he came so close to the gates that their officers
+      actually shut out their own Boeotian cavalry on the point of entering, in
+      terror lest the Lacedaemonians might pour into the town in company, and
+      these Boeotian troopers were forced to cling, like bats to a wall, under
+      each coign of vantage beneath the battlements. Had it not been for the
+      accidental absence of the Cretans, (9) who had gone off on a raid to
+      Nauplia, without a doubt numbers of men and horses would have been shot
+      down. At a later date, while encamping in the neighbourhood of the
+      Enclosures, (10) a thunder-bolt fell into his camp. One or two men were
+      struck, while others died from the effect of the concussion on their
+      brains. At a still later period he was anxious to fortify some sort of
+      garrison outpost in the pass of Celusa, (11) but upon offering sacrifice
+      the victims proved lobeless, (12) and he was constrained to lead back and
+      disband his army&mdash;not without serious injury inflicted on the
+      Argives, as the result of an invasion which had taken them wholly by
+      surprise.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) See above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
+
+ (8) The pentathlon of Olympia and the other great games consisted of
+    five contests, in the following order&mdash;(1) leaping, (2) discus-
+    throwing, (3) javelin-throwing, (4) running, (5) wrestling. Cf.
+    Simonides, {alma podokeien diskon akonta palen}, where, "metri
+    gratia," the order is inverted. The competitors were drawn in
+    pairs. The odd man who drew a bye in any particular round or heat
+    was called the "ephedros." The successful athletes of the pairs,
+    that is, those who had won any three events out of five, would
+    then again be drawn against each other, and so on until only two
+    were left, between whom the final heat took place. See, for an
+    exhaustive discussion of the subject, Prof. Percy Gardner, "The
+    Pentathlon of the Greeks" ("Journal of Hellenic Studies," vol. i.
+    9, p. 210 foll. pl. viii.), from whom this note is taken.
+
+ (9) See Thuc. vii. 57.
+
+ (10) {peri tas eirktas}&mdash;what these were no one knows, possibly a
+    stone quarry used as a prison. Cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 19; "Mem." II.
+    i. 5; see Grote, "H. G." ix. 497; Paus. III. v.. 8.
+
+ (11) Or Celossa. See Strabo, viii. 382.
+
+ (12) I.e. "hopeless." See above, III. iv. 15.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      VIII
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      394 B.C. Such were the land operations in the war. Meanwhile another
+      series of events was being enacted on the sea and within the seaboard
+      cities; and these I will now narrate in detail. But I shall confine my pen
+      to the more memorable incidents, and others of less account I shall pass
+      over.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the first place, then, Pharnabazus and Conon, after defeating the
+      Lacedaemonians in the naval engagement of Cnidus, commenced a tour of
+      inspection round the islands and the maritime states, expelling from them,
+      as they visited them, one after another the Spartan governors. (1)
+      Everywhere they gave consolatory assurances to the citizens that they had
+      no intention of establishing fortress citadels within their walls, or in
+      any way interfering with their self-government. (2) Such words fell
+      soothingly upon the ears of those to whom they were addressed; the
+      proposals were courteously accepted; all were eager to present Pharnabazus
+      with gifts of friendship and hospitality. The satrap, indeed, was only
+      applying the instructions of his master Conon on these matters&mdash;who
+      had taught him that if he acted thus all the states would be friendly to
+      him, whereas, if he showed any intention to enslave them, the smallest of
+      them would, as Conon insisted, be capable of causing a world of trouble,
+      and the chances were, if apprehensions were once excited, he would find
+      himself face to face with a coalition of united Hellas. To these
+      admonitions Pharnabazus lent a willing ear.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "the Laconian harmosts."
+
+ (2) See Hicks, 70, "Honours to Konon," Inscript. found at Erythrae in
+    Ionia. Cf. Diod. xiv. 84.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Accordingly, when disembarking at Ephesus, he presented Conon with a fleet
+      of forty sail, (3) and having further instructed him to meet him at
+      Sestos, (4) set off himself by land along the coast to visit his own
+      provinces. For here it should be mentioned that his old enemy Dercylidas
+      happened to be in Abydos at the time of the sea-fight; (5) nor had he at a
+      later date suffered eclipse with the other governors, (6) but on the
+      contrary, had kept tight hold of Abydos and still preserved it in
+      attachment to Lacedaemon. The course he had adopted was to summon a
+      meeting of the Abydenians, when he made them a speech as follows: "Sirs,
+      to-day it is possible for you, who have before been friends to my city, to
+      appear as benefactors of the Lacedaemonians. For a man to prove faithful
+      to his friends in the heyday of their good fortune is no great marvel; but
+      to prove steadfast when his friends are in misfortune&mdash;that is a
+      service monumental for all time. But do not mistake me. It does not follow
+      that, because we have been defeated in a great sea-fight, we are therefore
+      annihilated. (7) Certainly not. Even in old days, you will admit, when
+      Athens was mistress of the sea, our state was not powerless to benefit
+      friends or chastise enemies. Moreover, in proportion as the rest of the
+      cities have joined hands with fortune to turn their backs upon us, so much
+      the more certainly will the grandeur of your fidelity shine forth. Or, is
+      any one haunted by the fear that we may find ourselves blockaded by land
+      and sea?&mdash;let him consider that at present there is no Hellenic navy
+      whatever on the seas, and if the barbarian attempts to clutch the empire
+      of the sea, Hellas will not sit by and suffer it; so that, if only in
+      self-defence, she must inevitably take your side."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See Diod. xiv. 83.
+
+ (4) See above, "Hell." II. i. 27 foll.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." IV. iii. 3.
+
+ (6) Lit. "harmosts."
+
+ (7) Or, "we are beaten, ergo, it is all over with us."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To this the Abydenians lent no deaf ears, but rather responded with
+      willingness approaching enthusiasm&mdash;extending the hand of fellowship
+      to the ex-governors, some of whom were already flocking to Abydos as a
+      harbour of refuge, whilst others they sent to summon from a distance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So when a number of efficient and serviceable men had been collected,
+      Dercylidas ventured to cross over to Sestos&mdash;lying, as it does, not
+      more than a mile (8) distant, directly facing Abydos. There he not only
+      set about collecting those who held lands in the Chersonese through
+      Lacedaemonian influence, but extended his welcome also to the governors
+      (9) who had been driven out of European states. (10) He insisted that, if
+      they came to think of it, not even was their case desperate, reminding
+      them that even in Asia, which originally belonged to the Persian monarch,
+      places were to be found&mdash;such as the little state of Temnos, or
+      Aegae, and others, capable of administering their affairs, unsubjected to
+      the king of Persia. "But," he added, "if you want a strong impregnable
+      position, I cannot conceive what better you can find than Sestos. Why, it
+      would need a combined naval and military force to invest that port." By
+      these and such like arguments he rescued them from the lethargy of
+      despair.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Lit. "eight stades."
+
+ (9) Lit. "harmosts."
+
+ (10) See Demos. "de Cor." 96.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now when Pharnabazus found Abydos and Sestos so conditioned, he gave them
+      to understand that unless they chose to eject the Lacedaemonians, he would
+      bring war to bear upon them; and when they refused to obey, having first
+      assigned to Conon as his business to keep the sea closed against them, he
+      proceeded in person to ravage the territory of the men of Abydos.
+      Presently, finding himself no nearer the fulfilment of his object&mdash;which
+      was their reduction&mdash;he set off home himself and left it to Conon the
+      while so to conciliate the Hellespontine states that as large a naval
+      power as possible might be mustered against the coming spring. In his
+      wrath against the Lacedaemonians, in return for the treatment he had
+      received from them, his paramount object was to invade their territory and
+      exact what vengeance he could.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 393. The winter was thus fully taken up with preparations; but with
+      the approach of spring, Pharnabazus and Conon, with a large fleet fully
+      manned, and a foreign mercenary brigade to boot, threaded their way
+      through the islands to Melos. (11) This island was to serve as a base of
+      operations against Lacedaemon. And in the first instance he sailed down to
+      Pherae (12) and ravaged that district, after which he made successive
+      descents at various other points on the seaboard, and did what injury he
+      could. But in apprehension of the harbourless character of the coast,
+      coupled with the enemy's facility of reinforcement and his own scarcity of
+      supplies, he very soon turned back and sailed away, until finally he came
+      to moorings in the harbour of Phoenicus in Cythera. The occupants of the
+      city of the Cytherians, in terror of being taken by storm, evacuated the
+      walls. To dismiss these under a flag of truce across to Laconia was his
+      first step; his second was to repair the fortress in question and to leave
+      a garrison in the island under an Athenian governor&mdash;Nicophemus.
+      After this he set sail to the Isthmus of Corinth, where he delivered an
+      exhortation to the allies begging them to prosecute the war vigorously,
+      and to show themselves faithful to the Great King; and so, having left
+      them all the moneys he had with him, set off on his voyage home.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) See Lys. xix. "de bon. Arist." 19 foll.; and Hicks, 71, "Honours
+    to Dionysios I. and his court"; Grote, "H. G." ix. 453.
+
+ (12) Mod. Kalamata.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But Conon had a proposal to make:&mdash;If Pharnabazus would allow him to
+      keep the fleet, he would undertake, in the first place, to support it free
+      of expense from the islands; besides which, he would sail to his own
+      country and help his fellow-citizens the Athenians to rebuild their long
+      walls and the fortifications round Piraeus. No heavier blow, he insisted,
+      could well be inflicted on Lacedaemon. "In this way, I can assure you," he
+      added, "you will win the eternal gratitude of the Athenians and wreak
+      consummate vengeance on the Lacedaemonians, since at one stroke you will
+      render null and void that on which they have bestowed their utmost
+      labour." These arguments so far weighed with Pharnabazus that he
+      despatched Conon to Athens with alacrity, and further supplied him with
+      funds for the restoration of the walls. Thus it was that Conon, on his
+      arrival at Athens, was able to rebuild a large portion of the walls&mdash;partly
+      by lending his own crews, and partly by giving pay to carpenters and
+      stone-masons, and meeting all the necessary expenses. There were other
+      portions of the walls which the Athenians and Boeotians and other states
+      raised as a joint voluntary undertaking.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nor must it be forgotten that the Corinthians, with the funds left them by
+      Pharnabazus, manned a fleet&mdash;the command of which they entrusted to
+      their admiral Agathinus&mdash;and so were undisputed masters of the sea
+      within the gulf round Achaia and Lechaeum.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 393-391. The Lacedaemonians, in opposition, fitted out a fleet under
+      the command of Podanemus. That officer, in an attack of no great moment,
+      lost his life, and Pollis, (13) his second in command, was presently in
+      his turn obliged to retire, being wounded, whereupon Herippidas took
+      command of the vessels. On the other hand, Proaenus the Corinthian, who
+      had relieved Agathinus, evacuated Rhium, and the Lacedaemonians recovered
+      that post. Subsequently Teleutias succeeded to Herippidas's fleet, and it
+      was then the turn of that admiral to dominate the gulf. (14)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See "Hell." I. i. 23.
+
+ (14) According to Grote ("H. G." ix. 471, note 2), this section
+    summarises the Lacedaemonian maritime operations in the Corinthian
+    Gulf from the late autumn of 393 B.C. till the appointment of
+    Teleutias in the spring or early summer of 391 B.C., the year of
+    the expedition of Agesilaus recounted above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 392. The Lacedaemonians were well informed of the proceedings of
+      Conon. They knew that he was not only restoring the fortifications of
+      Athens by help of the king's gold, but maintaining a fleet at his expense
+      besides, and conciliating the islands and seaboard cities towards Athens.
+      If, therefore, they could indoctrinate Tiribazus&mdash;who was a general
+      of the king&mdash;with their sentiments, they believed they could not fail
+      either to draw him aside to their own interests, or, at any rate, to put a
+      stop to his feeding Conon's navy. With this intention they sent Antalcidas
+      to Tiribazus: (15) his orders were to carry out this policy and, if
+      possible, to arrange a peace between Lacedaemon and the king. The
+      Athenians, getting wind of this, sent a counter-embassy, consisting of
+      Hermogenes, Dion, Callisthenes, and Callimedon, with Conon himself. They
+      at the same time invited the attendance of ambassadors from the allies,
+      and there were also present representatives of the Boeotians, of Corinth,
+      and of Argos. When they had arrived at their destination, Antalcidas
+      explained to Tiribazus the object of his visit: he wished, if possible, to
+      cement a peace between the state he represented and the king&mdash;a
+      peace, moreover, exactly suited to the aspirations of the king himself; in
+      other words, the Lacedaemonians gave up all claim to the Hellenic cities
+      in Asia as against the king, while for their own part they were content
+      that all the islands and other cities should be independent. "Such being
+      our unbiased wishes," he continued, "for what earthly reason should (the
+      Hellenes or) the king go to war with us? or why should he expend his
+      money? The king is guaranteed against attack on the part of Hellas, since
+      the Athenians are powerless apart from our hegemony, and we are powerless
+      so long as the separate states are independent." The proposals of
+      Antalcidas sounded very pleasantly in the ears of Tiribazus, but to the
+      opponents of Sparta they were the merest talk. The Athenians were
+      apprehensive of an agreement which provided for the independence of the
+      cities in the islands, whereby they might be deprived of Lemnos, Imbros,
+      and Scyros. The Thebans, again, were afraid of being compelled to let the
+      Boeotian states go free. The Argives did not see how such treaty contracts
+      and covenants were compatible with the realisation of their own great
+      object&mdash;the absorption of Corinth by Argos. And so it came to pass
+      that this peace (16) proved abortive, and the representatives departed
+      each to his own home.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) See Plut. "Ages." xxiii. (Clough, iv. p. 27); and for the date
+    B.C. 392 (al. B.C. 393) see Grote, "H. G." ix. 498.
+
+ (16) See Andoc. "de Pace"; Jebb, "Attic Or." i. 83, 128 foll. Prof.
+    Jebb assigns this speech to B.C. 390 rather than B.C. 391. See
+    also Grote, "H. G." ix. 499; Diod. xiv. 110.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Tiribazus, on his side, thought it hardly consistent with his own safety
+      to adopt the cause of the Lacedaemonians without the concurrence of the
+      king&mdash;a scruple which did not prevent him from privately presenting
+      Antalcidas with a sum of money, in hopes that when the Athenians and their
+      allies discovered that the Lacedaemonians had the wherewithal to furnish a
+      fleet, they might perhaps be more disposed to desire peace. Further,
+      accepting the statements of the Lacedaemonians as true, he took on himself
+      to secure the person of Conon, as guilty of wrongdoing towards the king,
+      and shut him up. (17) That done, he set off up country to the king to
+      recount the proposals of Lacedaemon, with his own subsequent capture of
+      Conon as a mischievous man, and to ask for further guidance on all these
+      matters.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) See Diod. xiv. 85; and Corn. Nep. 5.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the arrival of Tiribazus at the palace, the king sent down Struthas to
+      take charge of the seaboard district. The latter, however, was a strong
+      partisan of Athens and her allies, since he found it impossible to forget
+      the long list of evils which the king's country had suffered at the hands
+      of Agesilaus; so that the Lacedaemonians, contrasting the hostile
+      disposition of the new satrap towards themselves with his friendliness to
+      the Athenians, sent Thibron to deal with him by force of arms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 391. (18) That general crossed over and established his base of
+      operations in Ephesus and the towns in the plain of the Maeander&mdash;Priene,
+      Leucophrys, and Achilleum&mdash;and proceeded to harry the king's
+      territory, sparing neither live nor dead chattels. But as time went on,
+      Struthas, who could not but note the disorderly, and indeed recklessly
+      scornful manner in which the Lacedaemonian brought up his supports on each
+      occasion, despatched a body of cavalry into the plain. Their orders were
+      to gallop down and scour the plain, making a clean sweep (19) of all they
+      could lay their hands on. Thibron, as it befell, had just finished
+      breakfast, and was returning to the mess with Thersander the flute-player.
+      The latter was not only a good flute-player, but, as affecting
+      Lacedaemonian manners, laid claim to personal prowess. Struthas, then,
+      seeing the disorderly advance of the supports and the paucity of the
+      vanguard, appeared suddenly at the head of a large body of cavalry, all in
+      orderly array. Thibron and Thersander were the first to be cut down, and
+      when these had fallen the rest of the troops were easily turned. A mere
+      chase ensued, in which man after man was felled to earth, though a remnant
+      contrived to escape into the friendly cities; still larger numbers owed
+      their safety to their late discovery of the business on hand. Nor, indeed,
+      was this the first time the Spartan commander had rushed to the field,
+      without even issuing a general order. So ends the history of these events.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Al. B.C. 392, al. B.C. 390.
+
+ (19) See "Hell." VII. i. 40; "Cyrop." I. iv. 17; III. iii. 23; "Anab."
+    VI. iii. 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 390. (20) We pass on to the arrival at Lacedaemon of a party of
+      Rhodian exiles expelled by the popular party. They insisted that it was
+      not equitable to allow the Athenians to subjugate Rhodes and thus build up
+      so vast a power. The Lacedaemonians were alive to the fact that the fate
+      of Rhodes depended on which party in the state prevailed: if the democracy
+      were to dominate, the whole island must fall into the hands of Athens; if
+      the wealthier classes, (21) into their own. Accordingly they fitted out
+      for them a fleet of eight vessels, and put Ecdicus in command of it as
+      admiral.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) Grote, "H. G." ix. 504; al. B.C. 391.
+
+ (21) Or, "the Lacedaemonians were not slow to perceive that the whole
+    island of Rhodes was destined to fall either into the hands of
+    Athens or of themselves, according as the democracy or the
+    wealthier classes respectively dominated."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At the same time they despatched another officer on board these vessels
+      named Diphridas, on a separate mission. His orders were to cross over into
+      Asia and to secure the states which had received Thibron. He was also to
+      pick up the survivors of Thibron's army, and with these troops, aided by a
+      second army which he would collect from any other quarter open to him, he
+      was to prosecute the war against Struthas. Diphridas followed out his
+      instructions, and amongst other achievements was fortunate enough to
+      capture Tigranes, (22) the son-in-law of Struthas, with his wife, on their
+      road to Sardis. The sum paid for their ransom was so large that he at once
+      had the wherewithal to pay his mercenaries. Diphridas was no less
+      attractive than his predecessor Thibron; but he was of a more orderly
+      temperament, steadier, and incomparably more enterprising as a general;
+      the secret of this superiority being that he was a man over whom the
+      pleasures of the body exercised no sway. He became readily absorbed in the
+      business before him&mdash;whatever he had to do he did it with a will.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) See "Anab." VII. viii. 9 for a similar exploit.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Ecdicus having reached Cnidus, there learned that the democracy in Rhones
+      were entirely masters of the situation. They were dominant by land and
+      sea; indeed they possessed a fleet twice the size of his own. He was
+      therefore content to keep quiet in Cnidus until the Lacedaemonians,
+      perceiving that his force was too small to allow him to benefit their
+      friends, determined to relieve him. With this view they ordered Teleutias
+      to take the twelve ships which formed his squadron (at present in the gulf
+      adjoining Achaia and Lechaeum), (23) and to feel his way round to Ecdicus:
+      that officer he was to send home. For himself, he was to undertake
+      personally to protect the interests of all who cared to be their friends,
+      whilst injuring the enemy by every possible means.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) See above, IV. viii. 11.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So then Teleutias, having reached Samos, where he added some vessels to
+      his fleet, set sail to Cnidus. At this point Ecdicus returned home, and
+      Teleutias, continuing his voyage, reached Rhodes, at the head now of
+      seven-and-twenty vessels. It was during this portion of the voyage that he
+      fell in with Philocrates, the son of Ephialtes, who was sailing from
+      Athens to Cyprus with ten triremes, in aid of their ally Evagoras. (24)
+      The whole flotilla fell into the Spartan's hands&mdash;a curious instance,
+      it may be added, of cross purposes on the part of both belligerents. Here
+      were the Athenians, supposed to be on friendly terms with the king,
+      engaged in sending an allied force to support Evagoras, who was at open
+      war with him; and here again was Teleutias, the representative of a people
+      at war with Persia, engaged in crippling a fleet which had been despatched
+      on a mission hostile to their adversary. Teleutias put back into Cnidus to
+      dispose of his captives, and so eventually reached Rhodes, where his
+      arrival brought timely aid to the party in favour of Lacedaemon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) See Diod. xiv. 98; Hicks, 72; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p. 397;
+    Isoc. "Evag." 54-57; Paus. I. iii. 1; Lys. "de bon. Ar." 20; Dem.
+    p. 161.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 389. (25) And now the Athenians, fully impressed with the belief that
+      their rivals were laying the basis of a new naval supremacy, despatched
+      Thrasybulus the Steirian to check them, with a fleet of forty sail. That
+      officer set sail, but abstained from bringing aid to Rhodes, and for good
+      reasons. In Rhodes the Lacedaemonian party had hold of the fortress, and
+      would be out of reach of his attack, especially as Teleutias was close at
+      hand to aid them with his fleet. On the other hand, his own friends ran no
+      danger of succumbing to the enemy, as they held the cities and were
+      numerically much stronger, and they had established their superiority in
+      the field. Consequently he made for the Hellespont, where, in the absence
+      of any rival power, he hoped to achieve some stroke of good fortune for
+      his city. Thus, in the first place, having detected the rivalries existing
+      between Medocus, (26) the king of the Odrysians, and Seuthes, (27) the
+      rival ruler of the seaboard, he reconciled them to each other, and made
+      them friends and allies of Athens; in the belief that if he secured their
+      friendship the Hellenic cities on the Thracian coast would show greater
+      proclivity to Athens. Such being the happy state of affairs not only in
+      Europe but as regards the states in Asia also, thanks to the friendly
+      attitude of the king to his fellow-citizens, he sailed into Byzantium and
+      sold the tithe-duty levied on vessels arriving from the Euxine. By another
+      stroke he converted the oligarchy of Byzantium into a democracy. The
+      result of this was that the Byzantine demos (28) were no longer sorry to
+      see as vast a concourse of Athenians in their city as possible. Having so
+      done, and having further won the friendship of the men of Calchedon, he
+      set sail south of the Hellespont. Arrived at Lesbos, he found all the
+      cities devoted to Lacedaemon with the exception of Mytilene. He was
+      therefore loth to attack any of the former until he had organised a force
+      within the latter. This force consisted of four hundred hoplites,
+      furnished from his own vessels, and a corps of exiles from the different
+      cities who had sought shelter in Mytilene; to which he added a stout
+      contingent, the pick of the Mytileneian citizens themselves. He stirred
+      the ardour of the several contingents by suitable appeals: representing to
+      the men of Mytilene that by their capture of the cities they would at once
+      become the chiefs and patrons of Lesbos; to the exiles he made it appear
+      that if they would but unite to attack each several city in turn, they
+      might all reckon on their particular restoration; while he needed only to
+      remind his own warriors that the acquisition of Lesbos meant not only the
+      attachment of a friendly city, but the discovery of a mine of wealth. The
+      exhortations ended and the contingents organised, he advanced against
+      Methymna.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (25) Grote, "H. G." ix. 507.
+
+ (26) Al. Amedocus.
+
+ (27) For Seuthes, see above, "Hell." III. ii. 2, if the same.
+
+ (28) For the varying fortunes of the democrats at Byzantium in 408
+    B.C. and 405 B.C., see above, ("Hell." I. iii. 18; II. ii. 2); for
+    the present moment, 390-389 B.C., see Demosth. "c. Lept." 475; for
+    the admission of Byzantium into the new naval confederacy in 378
+    B.C., see Hicks, 68; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 19; and for B.C. 363,
+    Isocr. "Phil." 53; Diod. xv. 79; and for its commercial
+    prosperity, Polyb. iv. 38-47.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Therimachus, who chanced to be the Lacedaemonian governor at the time, on
+      hearing of the meditated attack of Thrasybulus, had taken a body of
+      marines from his vessels, and, aided by the citizens of Methymna
+      themselves, along with all the Mytileneian exiles to be found in that
+      place, advanced to meet the enemy on their borders. A battle was fought
+      and Therimachus was slain, a fate shared by several of the exiles of his
+      party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As a result (29) of his victory the Athenian general succeeded in winning
+      the adhesion of some of the states; or, where adhesion was refused, he
+      could at least raise supplies for his soldiers by freebooting expeditions,
+      and so hastened to reach his goal, which was the island of Rhodes. His
+      chief concern was to support as powerful an army as possible in those
+      parts, and with this object he proceeded to levy money aids, visiting
+      various cities, until he finally reached Aspendus, and came to moorings in
+      the river Eurymedon. The money was safely collected from the Aspendians,
+      and the work completed, when, taking occasion of some depredations (30) of
+      the soldiers on the farmsteads, the people of the place in a fit of
+      irritation burst into the general's quarters at night and butchered him in
+      his tent.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (29) According to some critics, B.C. 389 is only now reached.
+
+ (30) See Diod. xiv. 94.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So perished Thrasybulus, (31) a good and great man by all admission. In
+      room of him the Athenians chose Agyrrhius, (32) who was despatched to take
+      command of the fleet. And now the Lacedaemonians&mdash;alive to the fact
+      that the sale of the Euxine tithe-dues had been negotiated in Byzantium by
+      Athens; aware also that as long as the Athenians kept hold on Calchedon
+      the loyalty of the other Hellespontine cities was secured to them (at any
+      rate while Pharnabazus remained their friend)&mdash;felt that the state of
+      affairs demanded their serious attention. They attached no blame indeed to
+      Dercylidas. Anaxibius, however, through the friendship of the ephors,
+      contrived to get himself appointed as governor, on a mission to Abydos.
+      With the requisite funds and ships, he promised to exert such hostile
+      pressure upon Athens that at least her prospects in the Hellespont would
+      cease to be so sunny. His friends the ephors granted him in return for
+      these promises three ships of war and funds to support a thousand
+      mercenaries, and so they despatched him on his mission. Reaching Abydos,
+      he set about improving his naval and military position. First he collected
+      a foreign brigade, by help of which he drew off some of the Aeolid cities
+      from Pharnabazus. Next he set on foot a series of retaliatory expeditions
+      against the states which attacked Abydos, marching upon them and ravaging
+      their territories; and lastly, manning three vessels besides those which
+      he already held in the harbour of Abydos, he intercepted and brought into
+      port all the merchant ships of Athens or of her allies which he could lay
+      hands on.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (31) "Thus perished the citizen to whom, more than any one else,
+    Athens owed not only her renovated democracy, but its wise,
+    generous, and harmonious working, after renovation."&mdash;Grote, "H.
+    G." ix. 509.
+
+ (32) For this statesman, see Demosth. "c. Timocr." 742; Andoc. "de
+    Myst." 133; Aristot. "Ath. Pol." 41, and Mr. Kenyon's notes ad
+    loc.; Aristoph. "Eccles." 102, and the Schol. ad loc.; Diod. xiv.
+    99; Curtius, "H. G." Eng tr. iv. 280.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Getting wind of these proceedings, the Athenians, fearing lest the fair
+      foundation laid for them by Thrasybulus in the Hellespont should be
+      ruined, sent out Iphicrates with eight vessels and twelve hundred
+      peltasts. The majority of them (33) consisted of troops which he had
+      commanded at Corinth. In explanation it may be stated that the Argives,
+      when once they had appropriated Corinth and incorporated it with Argos,
+      gave out they had no further need of Iphicrates and his troops; the real
+      fact being that he had put to death some of the partisans of Argos. (34)
+      And so it was he turned his back on Corinth and found himself at home in
+      Athens at the present crisis.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (33) Or, "The mass of them."
+
+ (34) See Grote, "H. G." ix. p. 491 note. The "Argolising" or philo-
+    Argeian party, as opposed to the philo-Laconian party. See above,
+    "Hell." IV. iv. 6.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 389-388. When Iphicrates first reached the Chersonese he and
+      Anaxibius carried on war against each other by the despatch of guerilla or
+      piratic bands across the straits. But as time wore on, information reached
+      him of the departure of Anaxibius to Antandrus, accompanied by his
+      mercenaries and his own bodyguard of Laconians and two hundred Abydenian
+      hoplites. Hearing further that Anaxibius had won the friendly adhesion of
+      Antandrus, Iphicrates conjectured that after establishing a garrison in
+      that place he would make the best of his way back, if only to bring the
+      Abydenians home again. He therefore crossed in the night, selecting a
+      desert point on the Abydene coast, from which he scaled the hills above
+      the town and planted himself in ambuscade within their folds. The triremes
+      which brought him across had orders at break of day to coast up northwards
+      along the Chersonese, which would suggest the notion that he was only out
+      on one of his customary voyages to collect money. The sequel more than
+      fulfilled his expectations. Anaxibius began his return march, and if
+      report speaks truly, he did so notwithstanding that the victims were
+      against his marching that day; contemptuously disregarding the warning,
+      and satisfied that his march lay all along through a friendly country and
+      was directed to a friendly city. Besides which, those whom he met assured
+      him that Iphicrates was off on a voyage to Proconnesus: hence the unusual
+      absence of precaution on the march. On his side Iphicrates saw the chance,
+      but, so long as the troops of Anaxibius lingered on the level bottoms,
+      refused to spring from his lair, waiting for the moment when the Abydenian
+      division in the van was safely landed in the plain of Cremaste, at the
+      point where the gold mines stand; the main column following on the
+      downward slope, and Anaxibius with his Laconians just beginning the
+      descent. At that instant Iphicrates set his ambuscade in motion, and
+      dashed against the Spartan at full speed. The latter quickly discerned
+      that there was no hope of escape as he scanned the long straggling line of
+      his attenuated column. The troops in advance, he was persuaded, would
+      never be able to come back to his aid up the face of that acclivity;
+      besides which, he observed the utter bewilderment of the whole body at
+      sight of the ambuscade. He therefore turned to those next him, and spoke
+      as follows: "Sirs, it is good for me to die on this spot, where honour
+      bids me; but for you, sirs, yonder your path lies, haste and save
+      yourselves (35) before the enemy can close with us." As the words died on
+      his lips he took from the hands of his attendant shield-bearer his heavy
+      shield, and there, at his post, unflinchingly fought and fell; not quite
+      alone, for by his side faithfully lingered a favourite youth, and of the
+      Lacedaemonian governors who had rallied to Abydos from their several
+      cities yet other twelve fought and fell beside the pair. The rest fled,
+      dropping down one by one as the army pursued them to the walls of the
+      city. The death-roll amounted to something like fifty hoplites of the
+      Abydenians, and of the rest two hundred. After this exploit Iphicrates
+      returned to the Chersonese. (36)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (35) Or, "sauve qui peut."
+
+ (36) See Hicks, 76; and below, "Hell." V. i. 31.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 388. Such was the state of affairs in the Hellespont, so far at least
+      as Athens and Sparta are concerned. Eteonicus was once more in Aegina; and
+      notwithstanding that the Aeginetans and Athenians had up to this time held
+      commercial intercourse, yet now that the war was plainly to be fought out
+      on the sea, that officer, with the concurrence of the ephorate, gave
+      permission to any one who liked to plunder Attica. (1) The Athenians
+      retaliated by despatching a body of hoplites under their general
+      Pamphilus, who constructed a fort against the Aeginetans, (2) and
+      proceeded to blockade them by land and sea with ten warships. Teleutias,
+      however, while threading his way among the islands in question of
+      contributions, had chanced to reach a point where he received information
+      of the turn in affairs with regard to the construction of the fortress,
+      whereupon he came to the rescue of the beleaguered Aeginetans, and so far
+      succeeded that he drove off the enemy's blockading squadron. But Pamphilus
+      kept a firm hold on the offensive fortress, and was not to be dislodged.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, "determined to let slip the hounds of war;" or, more
+    prosaically, "issued letters of marque." See Grote, "H. G." ix.
+    517.
+
+ (2) I.e. in Aegina as an {epiteikhisma}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this the new admiral Hierax arrived from Lacedaemon. The naval force
+      was transferred into his successor's hands, and under the happiest
+      auspices Teleutias set sail for home. As he descended to the seashore to
+      start on his homeward voyage there was not one among his soldiers who had
+      not a warm shake of the hand for their old admiral. Here one presented him
+      with a crown, and there another with a victor's wreath; and those who
+      arrived too late, still, as the ship weighed anchor, threw garlands into
+      the sea and wafted him many a blessing with prayerful lips. I am well
+      aware that in the above incident I have no memorable story of munificence,
+      peril, or invention to narrate, but in all sincerity I protest that a man
+      may find food for reflection in the inquiry what Teleutias had done to
+      create such a disposition in his subordinates. Here we are brought face to
+      face with a true man's work more worthy of account than multitudes of
+      riches or adventure. (3)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 518: "The ideal of government as it
+    presented itself to Xenophon was the paternal despotism or
+    something like it," {to ethelonton arkhein}. Cf. "Cyrop." passim,
+    "Heiro," and his various other compositions.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The new admiral Hierax, taking with him the larger portion of the fleet,
+      set sail once more for Rhodes. He left behind him twelve vessels in Aegina
+      under his vice-admiral Gorgopas, who was now installed as governor of that
+      island. In consequence of this chance the Athenian troops inside the
+      fortres were more blockaded than the Aeginetans themselves, so much so
+      that a vote was passed by the Athenian assembly, in obedience to which a
+      large fleet was manned, and the garrison, after four months' sojourn in
+      Aegina, were brought back. But this was no sooner done than they began to
+      be harassed by Gorgopas and the privateers again. To operate against these
+      they fitted out thirteen vessels, choosing Eunomus as admiral in command.
+      Hierax was still in Rhodes when the Lacedaemonians sent out a new admiral,
+      Antalcidas; they believed that they could not find a better mode of
+      gratifying Tiribazus. Accordingly Antalcidas, after visiting Aegina in
+      order to pick up the vessels under Gorgopas, set sail for Ephesus. At this
+      point he sent back Gorgopas with his twelve ships to Aegina, and appointed
+      his vice-admiral Nicolochus to command the remainder of the fleet.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nicolochus was to relieve Abydos, and thither set sail; but in the course
+      of the voyage turned aside to Tenedos, where he ravaged the territory,
+      and, with the money so secured, sailed on to Abydos. The Athenian generals
+      (4) on their side, collecting from Samothrace, Thasos, and the fortresses
+      in that quarter, hastened to the relief of Tenedos; but, finding that
+      Nicolochus had continued his voyage to Abydos, they selected the
+      Chersonese as their base, and proceeded to blockade him and his fleet of
+      five-and-twenty vessels with the two-and-thirty vessels under their joint
+      command.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) And among the rest Iphicrates and Diotimus. See below, S. 25;
+    above, IV. viii. 39.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Gorgopas, returning from Ephesus, fell in with the Athenian
+      admiral Eunomus, and, shunning an encounter at the moment, sought shelter
+      in Aegina, which he reached a little before sunset; and at once
+      disembarking his men, set them down to their evening meal; whilst Eunomus
+      on his side, after hanging back for a little while, sailed away. Night
+      fell, and the Athenian, showing the customary signal light to prevent his
+      squadron straggling, led the way in the darkness. Gorgopas instantly got
+      his men on board again, and, taking the lantern for his guide, followed
+      the Athenians, craftily lagging behind a little space, so as not to show
+      himself or raise any suspicion of his presence. In place of the usual cry
+      the boatswains timed the rowers by a clink of stones, and silently the
+      oars slid, feathering through the waves (5); and just when the squadron of
+      Eunomus was touching the coast, off Cape Zoster (6) in Attica, the Spartan
+      sounded the bugle-note for the charge. Some of Eunomus's vessels were in
+      the act of discharging their crews, others were still getting to their
+      moorings, whilst others were as yet only bearing down to land. The
+      engagement was fought by the light of the moon, and Gorgopas captured four
+      triremes, which he tied astern, and so set sail with his prizes in tow
+      towards Aegina. The rest of the Athenian squadron made their escape into
+      the harbour of Piraeus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Lit. "the boatswains employing a clink of stones and a sliding
+    motion of the oars."
+
+ (6) I.e. "Cape Girdle," mod. Cape Karvura. See Tozer, "Geog. of
+    Greece," pp. 78, 372.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was after these events that Chabrias (7) commenced his voyage to
+      Cyprus, bringing relief to Evagoras. His force consisted at first of eight
+      hundred light troops and ten triremes, but was further increased by other
+      vessels from Athens and a body of heavy infantry. Thus reinforced, the
+      admiral chose a night and landed in Aegina; and secreted himself in
+      ambuscade with his light troops in hollow ground some way beyond the
+      temple of Heracles. At break of day, as prearranged, the Athenian hoplites
+      made their appearance under command of Demaenetus, and began mounting up
+      between two and three miles (8) beyond the Kerakleion at Tripurgia, as it
+      is called. The news soon reached Gorgopas, who sallied out to the rescue
+      with the Aeginetans and the marines of his vessels, being further
+      accompanied by eight Spartans who happened to be with him. Not content
+      with these he issued orders inviting any of the ships' crews, who were
+      free men, to join the relief party. A large number of these sailors
+      responded. They armed themselves as best they could, and the advance
+      commenced. When the vanguard were well past the ambuscade, Chabrias and
+      his men sprang up from their hiding-place, and poured a volley of javelins
+      and stones upon the enemy. At the same moment the hoplites, who had
+      disembarked, (9) were advancing, so that the Spartan vanguard, in the
+      absence of anything like collective action, were speedily cut down, and
+      among them fell Gorgopas with the Lacedaemonians. At their fall the rest
+      of course turned and fled. One hundred and fifty Aeginetans were numbered
+      among the slain, while the loss incurred by the foreigners, metics, and
+      sailors who had joined the relief party, reached a total of two hundred.
+      After this the Athenians sailed the sea as freely as in the times of
+      actual peace. Nor would anything induce the sailors to row a single stroke
+      for Eteonicus&mdash;even under pressure&mdash;since he had no pay to give.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) According to Diod. xiv. 92, Chabrias had been for some time in
+    Corinth. See also above, IV. viii. 24.
+
+ (8) Lit. "about sixteen stades."
+
+ (9) Or, reading {oi anabebekotes}, "who had scaled the height." See
+    Hartman, "Anal. Xen." p. 364.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Subsequently the Lacedaemonians despatched Teleutias once again to take
+      command of the squadron, and when the sailors saw it was he who had come,
+      they were overjoyed. He summoned a meeting and addressed them thus:
+      "Soldiers, I am back again, but I bring with me no money. Yet if God be
+      willing, and your zeal flag not, I will endeavour to supply you with
+      provisions without stint. Be well assured, as often as I find myself in
+      command of you, I have but one prayer&mdash;that your lives may be spared
+      no less than mine; and as for the necessaries of existence, perhaps it
+      would astonish you if I said I would rather you should have them than I.
+      Yet by the gods I swear I would welcome two days' starvation in order to
+      spare you one. Was not my door open in old days to every comer? Open again
+      it shall stand now; and so it shall be; where your own board overflows,
+      you shall look in and mark the luxury of your general; but if at other
+      times you see him bearing up against cold and heat and sleepless nights,
+      you must apply the lesson to yourselves and study to endure those evils. I
+      do not bid you do aught of this for self-mortification's sake, but that
+      you may derive some after-blessing from it. Soldiers, let Lacedaemon, our
+      own mother-city, be to you an example. Her good fortune is reputed to
+      stand high. That you know; and you know too, that she purchased her glory
+      and her greatness not by faint-heartedness, but by choosing to suffer pain
+      and incur dangers in the day of need. 'Like city,' I say, 'like citizens.'
+      You, too, as I can bear you witness, have been in times past brave; but
+      to-day must we strive to be better than ourselves. So shall we share our
+      pains without repining, and when fortune smiles, mingle our joys; for
+      indeed the sweetest thing of all surely is to flatter no man, Hellene or
+      Barbarian, for the sake of hire; we will suffice to ourselves, and from a
+      source to which honour pre-eminently invites us; since, I need not remind
+      you, abundance won from the enemy in war furnishes forth not bodily
+      nutrition only, but a feast of glory the wide world over."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So he spoke, and with one voice they all shouted to him to issue what
+      orders he thought fit; they would not fail him in willing service. The
+      general's sacrifice was just concluded, and he answered: "Good, then, my
+      men; go now, as doubtless you were minded, and take your evening meal, and
+      next provide yourselves, please, with one day's food. After that repair to
+      your ships without delay, for we have a voyage on hand, whither God wills,
+      and must arrive in time." So then, when the men returned, he embarked them
+      on their ships, and sailed under cover of night for the great harbour of
+      Piraeus: at one time he gave the rowers rest, passing the order to take a
+      snatch of sleep; at another he pushed forward towards his goal with rise
+      and fall of oars. If any one supposes that there was a touch of madness in
+      such an expedition&mdash;with but twelve triremes to attack an enemy
+      possessed of a large fleet&mdash;he should consider the calculations of
+      Teleutias. He was under the firm persuasion that the Athenians were more
+      careless than ever about their navy in the harbour since the death of
+      Gorgopas; and in case of finding warships riding at anchor&mdash;even so,
+      there was less danger, he conjectured, in attacking twenty ships in the
+      port of Athens than ten elsewhere; for, whereas, anywhere outside the
+      harbour the sailors would certainly be quartered on board, at Athens it
+      was easy to divine that the captains and officers would be sleeping at
+      their homes, and the crews located here and there in different quarters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This minded he set sail, and when he was five or six furlongs (10) distant
+      from the harbour he lay on his oars and rested. But with the first streak
+      of dawn he led the way, the rest following. The admiral's orders to the
+      crews were explicit. They were on no account to sink any merchant vessel;
+      they were equally to avoid damaging (11) their own vessels, but if at any
+      point they espied a warship at her moorings they must try and cripple her.
+      The trading vessels, provided they had got their cargoes on board, they
+      must seize and tow out of the harbour; those of larger tonnage they were
+      to board wherever they could and capture the crews. Some of his men
+      actually jumped on to the Deigma quay, (12) where they seized hold of
+      various traders and pilots and deposited them bodily on board ship. So the
+      Spartan admiral carried out his programme.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Lit. "five or six stades."
+
+ (11) See Hartman, "Anal. Xen." pp. 365, 366.
+
+ (12) See Grote ("H. G." ix. 523): cf. Thuc. ii. 94, the attempt of
+    Brasidas on the port of Megara. For the wealth of Piraeus, Grote
+    "H. G." ix. 351. See below, "Pol. Ath." i. 17; "Rev." iii. 13.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As to the Athenians, meanwhile, some of them who got wind of what was
+      happening rushed from indoors outside to see what the commotion meant,
+      others from the streets home to get their arms, and others again were off
+      to the city with the news. The whole of Athens rallied to the rescue at
+      that instant, heavy infantry and cavalry alike, the apprehension being
+      that Piraeus was taken. But the Spartan sent off the captured vessels to
+      Aegina, telling off three or four of his triremes to convoy them thither;
+      with the rest he followed along the coast of Attica, and emerging in
+      seemingly innocent fashion from the harbour, captured a number of fishing
+      smacks, and passage boats laden with passengers crossing to Piraeus from
+      the islands; and finally, on reaching Sunium he captured some merchantmen
+      laden with corn or other merchandise. After these performances he sailed
+      back to Aegina, where he sold his prizes, and with the proceeds was able
+      to provide his troops with a month's pay, and for the future was free to
+      cruise about and make what reprisals chance cast in his way. By such a
+      procedure he was able to support a full quota of mariners on board his
+      squadron, and procured to himself the prompt and enthusiastic service of
+      his troops.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 388-387. Antalcidas had now returned from the Persian court with
+      Tiribazus. The negotiations had been successful. He had secured the
+      alliance of the Persian king and his military co-operation in case the
+      Athenians and their allies refused to abide by the peace which the king
+      dictated. But learning that his second in command, Nicolochus, was being
+      blockaded with his fleet by Iphicrates and Diotimus (13) in Abydos, he set
+      off at once by land for that city. Being come thither he took the fleet
+      one night and put out to sea, having first spread a story that he had
+      invitations from a party in Calchedon; but as a matter of fact he came to
+      anchorage in Percote and there kept quiet. Meanwhile the Athenian forces
+      under Demaenetus and Dionysius and Leontichus and Phanias had got wind of
+      his movement, and were in hot pursuit towards Proconnesus. As soon as they
+      were well past, the Spartan veered round and returned to Abydos, trusting
+      to information brought him of the approach of Polyxenus with the Syracusan
+      (14) and Italian squadron of twenty ships, which he wished to pick up and
+      incorporate with his own.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See above; Lysias, "de bon. Arist." (Jebb, "Att. Or." i. p. 327).
+
+ (14) See below, VI. ii. 4 foll; Hicks, 71, 84, 88.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      A little later the Athenian Thrasybulus (15) (of Collytus) was making his
+      way up with eight ships from Thrace, his object being to effect a junction
+      with the main Athenian squadron. The scouts signalled the approach of
+      eight triremes, whereupon Antalcidas, embarking his marines on board
+      twelve of the fastest sailers of his fleet, ordered them to make up their
+      full complements, where defective, from the remaining vessels; and so lay
+      to, skulking in his lair with all possible secrecy. As soon as the enemy's
+      vessels came sailing past he gave chase; and they catching sight of him
+      took to flight. With his swiftest sailors he speedily overhauled their
+      laggards, and ordering his vanguard to let these alone, he followed hard
+      on those ahead. But when the foremost had fallen into his clutches, the
+      enemy's hinder vessels, seeing their leaders taken one by one, out of
+      sheer despondency fell an easy prey to the slower sailers of the foe, so
+      that not one of the eight vessels escaped.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) His name occurs on the famous stele of the new Athenian
+    confederacy, B.C. 378. See Hicks, 81; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 17;
+    Demos. "de. Cor." p. 301; Arist. "Rhet." ii. 23; Demos. "c.
+    Timocr." 742.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Presently the Syracusan squadron of twenty vessels joined him, and again
+      another squadron from Ionia, or rather so much of that district as lay
+      under the control of Tiribazus. The full quota of the contingent was
+      further made up from the territory of Ariobarzanes (which whom Antalcidas
+      kept up a friendship of long standing), in the absence of Pharnabazus, who
+      by this date had already been summoned up country on the occasion of his
+      marriage with the king's daughter. With this fleet, which, from whatever
+      sources derived, amounted to more than eighty sail, Antalcidas ruled the
+      seas, and was in a position not only to cut off the passage of vessels
+      bound to Athens from the Euxine, but to convoy them into the harbours of
+      Sparta's allies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Athenians could not but watch with alarm the growth of the enemy's
+      fleet, and began to fear a repetition of their former discomfiture. To be
+      trampled under foot by the hostile power seemed indeed no remote
+      possibility, now that the Lacedaemonians had procured an ally in the
+      person of the Persian monarch, and they were in little less than a state
+      of siege themselves, pestered as they were by privateers from Aegina. On
+      all these grounds the Athenians became passionately desirous of peace.
+      (16) The Lacedaemonians were equally out of humour with the war for
+      various reasons&mdash;what with their garrison duties, one mora at
+      Lechaeum and another at Orchomenus, and the necessity of keeping watch and
+      ward on the states, if loyal not to lose them, if disaffected to prevent
+      their revolt; not to mention that reciprocity of annoyance (17) of which
+      Corinth was the centre. So again the Argives had a strong appetite for
+      peace; they knew that the ban had been called out against them, and, it
+      was plain, that no fictitious alteration of the calendar would any longer
+      stand them in good stead. Hence, when Tiribazus issued a summons calling
+      on all who were willing to listen to the terms of peace sent down by the
+      king (18) to present themselves, the invitation was promptly accepted. At
+      the opening of the conclave (19) Tiribazus pointed to the king's seal
+      attached to the document, and proceeded to read the contents, which ran as
+      follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) See, at this point, Grote on the financial condition of Athens
+    and the "Theorikon," "H. G." ix. 525.
+
+ (17) Or, "that give-and-take of hard knocks."
+
+ (18) See Hicks, 76.
+
+ (19) At Sardis, doubtless.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "The king, Artaxerxes, deems it just that the cities in Asia, with the
+      islands of Clazomenae and Cyprus, should belong to himself; the rest of
+      the Hellenic cities he thinks it just to leave independent, both small and
+      great, with the exception of Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros, which three are
+      to belong to Athens as of yore. Should any of the parties concerned not
+      accept this peace, I, Artaxerxes, will war against him or them with those
+      who share my views. This will I do by land and by sea, with ships and with
+      money."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After listening to the above declaration the ambassadors from the several
+      states proceeded to report the same to their respective governments. One
+      and all of these took the oaths (20) to ratify and confirm the terms
+      unreservedly, with the exception of the Thebans, who claimed to take the
+      oaths in behalf of all Boeotians. This claim Agesilaus repudiated: unless
+      they chose to take the oaths in precise conformity with the words of the
+      king's edict, which insisted on "the future autonomy of each state, small
+      or great," he would not admit them. To this the Theban ambassadors made no
+      other reply, except that the instructions they had received were
+      different. "Pray go, then," Agesilaus retorted, "and ask the question; and
+      you may inform your countrymen that if they will not comply, they will be
+      excluded from the treaty." The Theban ambassadors departed, but Agesilaus,
+      out of hatred to the Thebans, took active measures at once. Having got the
+      consent of the ephors he forthwith offered sacrifice. The offerings for
+      crossing the frontier were propitious, and he pushed on to Tegea. From
+      Tegea he despatched some of the knights right and left to visit the
+      perioeci and hasten their mobilisation, and at the same time sent
+      commanders of foreign brigades to the allied cities on a similar errand.
+      But before he had started from Tegea the answer from Thebes arrived; the
+      point was yielded, they would suffer the states to be independent. Under
+      these circumstances the Lacedaemonians returned home, and the Thebans were
+      forced to accept the truce unconditionally, and to recognise the autonomy
+      of the Boeotian cities. (21) But now the Corinthians were by no means
+      disposed to part with the garrison of the Argives. Accordingly Agesilaus
+      had a word of warning for both. To the former he said, "if they did not
+      forthwith dismiss the Argives," and to the latter, "if they did not
+      instantly quit Corinth," he would march an army into their territories.
+      The terror of both was so great that the Argives marched out of Corinth,
+      and Corinth was once again left to herself; (22) whereupon the "butchers"
+      (23) and their accomplices in the deed of blood determined to retire from
+      Corinth, and the rest of the citizens welcomed back their late exiles
+      voluntarily.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) At Sparta, doubtless.
+
+ (21) See Freeman, op. cit. pp. 168, 169.
+
+ (22) See "Ages." ii. 21; Grote, "H. G." ix. 537.
+
+ (23) {oi sphageis}, a party catchword (in reference to the incidents
+    narrated above, "Hell." IV. iv. 2). See below, {ton bareon
+    demagogon}, "Hell." V. ii. 7; {oi kedomenoi tes Peloponnesou},
+    "Hell." VII. v. 1; above, {oi sphageis}, "Hell." III. ii. 27, of
+    the philo-Laconian oligarchs in Elis. See Dem. "c. Lept." 473.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now that the transactions were complete, and the states were bound by
+      their oaths to abide by the peace sent down to them by the king, the
+      immediate result was a general disarmament, military and naval forces
+      being alike disbanded; and so it was that the Lacedaemonians and
+      Athenians, with their allies, found themselves in the enjoyment of peace
+      for the first time since the period of hostilities subsequent to the
+      demolition of the walls of Athens. From a condition which, during the war,
+      can only be described as a sort of even balance with their antagonists,
+      the Lacedaemonians now emerged; and reached a pinnacle of glory consequent
+      upon the Peace of Antalcidas, (24) so called. As guarantors of the peace
+      presented by Hellas to the king, and as administrators personally of the
+      autonomy of the states, they had added Corinth to their alliance; they had
+      obtained the independence of the states of Boeotia at the expense of
+      Thebes, (25) which meant the gratification of an old ambition; and lastly,
+      by calling out the ban in case the Argives refused to evacuate Corinth,
+      they had put a stop to the appropriation of that city by the Argives.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) Or, more correctly, the peace "under," or "at the date of," {ep
+    'Antalkidou}. See Grote, "H. G." x. 1, note 1.
+
+ (25) Or, "they had made the states of Boeotia independent of Thebes."
+    See Grote, "H. G." x. 44.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 386. Indeed the late events had so entirely shaped themselves in
+      conformity with the wishes of the Lacedaemonians, that they determined to
+      go a step farther and chastise those of their allies who either had borne
+      hard on them during the war, or otherwise had shown themselves less
+      favourable to Lacedaemon than to her enemies. (1) Chastisement was not
+      all; they must lay down such secure foundations for the future as should
+      render the like disloyalty impossible again. (2) As the first step towards
+      this policy they sent a dictatorial message to the Mantinaeans, and bade
+      them raze their fortifications, on the sole ground that they could not
+      otherwise trust them not to side with their enemies. Many things in their
+      conduct, they alleged, from time to time, had not escaped their notice:
+      their frequent despatches of corn to the Argives while at war with
+      Lacedaemon; at other times their refusal to furnish contingents during a
+      campaign, on the pretext of some holy truce or other; (3) or if they did
+      reluctantly take the field&mdash;the miserable inefficiency of their
+      service. "But, more than that," they added, "we note the jealousy with
+      which you eye any good fortune which may betide our state; the extravagant
+      pleasure (4) you exhibit at the sudden descent of some disaster."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Hartman, "An. Xen." p. 367 foll.; Busolt, "Die Lak." p. 129
+    foll.
+
+ (2) Or, "they determined to chastise... and reduce to such order
+    that disloyalty should be impossible."
+
+ (3) See above, "Hell." IV. ii. 16.
+
+ (4) Ib. IV. v. 18.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This very year, moreover, it was commonly said, (5) saw the expiration, as
+      far as the Mantineans were concerned, of the thirty years' truce,
+      consequent upon the battle of Mantinea. On their refusal, therefore, to
+      raze their fortification walls the ban was called out against them.
+      Agesilaus begged the state to absolve him from the conduct of this war on
+      the plea that the city of Mantinea had done frequent service to his father
+      (6) in his Messenian wars. Accordingly Agesipolis led the expedition&mdash;in
+      spite of the cordial relations of his father Pausanias (7) with the
+      leaders of the popular party in Mantinea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) As to this point, see Curtius, "H. G." V. v. (iv. 305 note, Eng.
+    trans.) There appears to be some confusion. According to Thuc. v.
+    81, "When the Argives deserted the alliance  (with Mantinea,
+    Athens, and Elis, making a new treaty of alliance with Lacedaemon
+    for fifty years) the Mantineans held out for a time, but without
+    the Argives they were helpless, and so they came to terms with the
+    Lacedaemonians, and gave up their claims to supremacy over the
+    cities in Arcadia, which had been subject to them.... These
+    changes were effected at the close of winter  (418 B.C.) towards
+    the approach of spring  (417 B.C.), and so ended the fourteenth
+    year of the war." Jowett. According to Diod. xv. 5, the
+    Lacedaemonians attacked Mantinea within two years after the Peace
+    of Antalcidas, apparently in 386 B.C. According to Thuc. v. 82,
+    and "C. I. A. 50, in B.C. 417 Argos had reverted to her alliance
+    with Athens, and an attempt to connect the city with the sea by
+    long walls was made, certain other states in Peloponnese being
+    privy to the project" (Thuc. v. 83)&mdash;an attempt frustrated by
+    Lacedaemon early in B.C. 416. Is it possible that a treaty of
+    alliance between Mantinea and Lacedaemon for thirty years was
+    formally signed in B.C. 416?
+
+ (6) I.e. Archidamus.
+
+ (7) See above, "Hell." III. v. 25.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 385. The first move of the invader was to subject the enemy's
+      territory to devastation; but failing by such means to induce them to raze
+      their walls, he proceeded to draw lines of circumvallation round the city,
+      keeping half his troops under arms to screen the entrenching parties
+      whilst the other half pushed on the work with the spade. As soon as the
+      trench was completed, he experienced no further difficulty in building a
+      wall round the city. Aware, however, of the existence of a huge supply of
+      corn inside the town, the result of the bountiful harvest of the preceding
+      year, and averse to the notion of wearing out the city of Lacedaemon and
+      her allies by tedious campaigning, he hit upon the expedient of damming up
+      the river which flowed through the town.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was a stream of no inconsiderable size. (8) By erecting a barrier at
+      its exit from the town he caused the water to rise above the basements of
+      the private dwellings and the foundations of the fortification walls.
+      Then, as the lower layers of bricks became saturated and refused their
+      support to the rows above, the wall began to crack and soon to totter to
+      its fall. The citizens for some time tried to prop it with pieces of
+      timber, and used other devices to avert the imminent ruin of their tower;
+      but finding themselves overmatched by the water, and in dread lest the
+      fall at some point or other of the circular wall (9) might deliver them
+      captive to the spear of the enemy, they signified their consent to raze
+      their walls. But the Lacedaemonians now steadily refused any form of
+      truce, except on the further condition that the Mantineans would suffer
+      themselves to be broken up and distributed into villages. They, looking
+      the necessity in the face, consented to do even that. The sympathisers
+      with Argos among them, and the leaders of their democracy, thought their
+      fate was sealed. Then the father treated with the son, Pausanias with
+      Agesipolis, on their behalf, and obtained immunity for them&mdash;sixty in
+      number&mdash;on condition that they should quit the city. The
+      Lacedaemonian troops stood lining the road on both sides, beginning from
+      the gates, and watched the outgoers; and with their spears in their hands,
+      in spite of bitter hatred, kept aloof from them with less difficulty than
+      the Mantineans of the better classes themselves&mdash;a weighty testimony
+      to the power of Spartan discipline, be it said. In conclusion, the wall
+      was razed, and Mantinea split up into four parts, (10) assuming once again
+      its primitive condition as regards inhabitants. The first feeling was one
+      of annoyance at the necessity of pulling down their present houses and
+      erecting others, yet when the owners (11) found themselves located so much
+      nearer their estates round about the villages, in the full enjoyment of
+      aristocracy, and rid for ever of "those troublesome demagogues," they were
+      delighted with the turn which affairs had taken. It became the custom for
+      Sparta to send them, not one commander of contingents, (12) but four, one
+      for each village; and the zeal displayed, now that the quotas for military
+      service were furnished from the several village centres, was far greater
+      than it had been under the democratic system. So the transactions in
+      connection with Mantinea were brought to a conclusion, and thereby one
+      lesson of wisdom was taught mankind&mdash;not to conduct a river through a
+      fortress town.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) I.e. the Ophis. See Leake, "Morea," III. xxiv. p. 71; Pausan.
+    "Arcad." 8; Grote, "H. G." x. 48, note 2.
+
+ (9) Or, "in the circuit of the wall."
+
+ (10) See Diod. xv. 5; Strab. viii. 337; Ephor. fr. 138, ed. Did.; and
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 51.
+
+ (11) Or, "holders of properties." The historian is referring not to
+    the population at large, I think, but to the rich landowners, i.e.
+    the {Beltistoi}, and is not so partial as Grote supposes ("H. G."
+    x. 51 foll.)
+
+ (12) Technically {zenagoi}, Lacedaemonian officers who commanded the
+    contingents of the several allies. See above, "Hell." III. v. 7;
+    Thuc. ii. 76; and Arnold's note ad loc.; also C. R. Kennedy, "ap.
+    Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities," s.v.; Muller, "Dorians,"
+    ii. 250, Eng. tr.; Busolt, "Die Lak." p. 125.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 384-383. To pass on. The party in exile from Phlius, seeing the
+      severe scrutiny to which the behaviour of the allies of Lacedaemon during
+      the late war was being subjected, felt that their opportunity had come.
+      They repaired to Lacedaemon, and laid great emphasis on the fact that, so
+      long as they had been in power themselves at home, "their city used to
+      welcome Lacedaemonians within her walls, and her citizens flocked to the
+      campaign under their leadership; but no sooner had they been driven into
+      exile than a change had come. The men of Phlius now flatly refused to
+      follow Lacedaemon anywhere; the Lacedaemonians, alone of all men living,
+      must not be admitted within their gates." After listening to their story,
+      the ephors agreed that the matter demanded attention. Then they sent to
+      the state of Phlius a message to this effect; the Phliasian exiles were
+      friends of Lacedaemon; nor did it appear that they owed their exile to any
+      misdoing. Under the circumstances, Lacedaemon claimed their recall from
+      banishment, not by force, but as a concession voluntarily granted. When
+      the matter was thus stated, the Phliasians were not without alarm that an
+      army might march upon Phlius, and a party inside the town might admit the
+      enemy within the walls; for within the walls of Phlius were to be found
+      many who, either as blood relations or for other reasons, were partisans
+      of the exiles, and as so often happens, at any rate in the majority of
+      states, there was a revolutionary party who, in their ardour to reform,
+      would welcome gladly their restoration. Owing to fears of this character,
+      a formal decree was passed: to welcome home the exiles, and to restore to
+      them all undisputed property, the purchasers of the same being indemnified
+      from the treasury of the state; and in the event of any ambiguity or
+      question arising between the parties, the same to be determined before a
+      court of justice. Such was the position of affairs in connection with the
+      Phliasian exiles at the date in question.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 383. (13) And now from yet another quarter ambassadors arrived at
+      Lacedaemon: that is to say, from Acanthus and Apollonia, the two largest
+      and most important states of the Olynthian confederacy. The ephorate,
+      after learning from them the object of their visit, presented them to the
+      assembly and the allies, in presence of whom Cleigenes of Acanthus made a
+      speech to this effect:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Al. B.C. 382.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Men of Lacedaemon and of the allied states," he said, "are you aware of a
+      silent but portentous growth within the bosom of Hellas? (14) Few here
+      need to be told that for size and importance Olynthus now stands at the
+      head of the Thracian cities. But are you aware that the citizens of
+      Olynthus had already brought over several states by the bribe of joint
+      citizenship and common laws; that they have forcibly annexed some of the
+      larger states; and that, so encouraged, they have taken in hand further to
+      free the cities of Macedonia from Amyntas the king of the Macedonians;
+      that, as soon as their immediate neighbours had shown compliance, they at
+      once proceeded to attack larger and more distant communities; so much so,
+      that when we started to come hither, we left them masters not only of many
+      other places, but of Pella itself, the capital of Macedonia. Amyntas, (15)
+      we saw plainly, must ere long withdraw from his cities, and was in fact
+      already all but in name an outcast from Macedonia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) Or, "are you aware of a new power growing up in Hellas?"
+
+ (15) For Amyntas's reign, see Diod. xiv. 89, 92; xv. 19; Isocr.
+    "Panegyr." 126, "Archid." 46.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "The Olynthians have actually sent to ourselves and to the men of
+      Apollonia a joint embassy, warning us of their intention to attack us if
+      we refuse to present ourselves at Olynthus with a military contingent.
+      Now, for our parts, men of Lacedaemon, we desire nothing better than to
+      abide by our ancestral laws and institutions, to be free and independent
+      citizens; but if aid from without is going to fail us, we too must follow
+      the rest and coalesce with the Olynthians. Why, even now they muster no
+      less than eight hundred (16) heavy infantry and a considerably larger body
+      of light infantry, while their cavalry, when we have joined them, will
+      exceed one thousand men. At the date of our departure we left embassies
+      from Athens and Boeotia in Olynthus, and we were told that the Olynthians
+      themselves had passed a formal resolution to return the compliment. They
+      were to send an embassy on their side to the aforesaid states to treat of
+      an alliance. And yet, if the power of the Athenians and the Thebans is to
+      be further increased by such an accession of strength, look to it," the
+      speaker added, "whether hereafter you will find things so easy to manage
+      in that quarter.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." x. 72; Thirlwall, "H. G." v. 12 (ch. xxxvii).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "They hold Potidaea, the key to the isthmus of Pallene, and therefore, you
+      can well believe, they can command the states within that peninsula. If
+      you want any further proof of the abject terror of those states, you have
+      it in the fact that notwithstanding the bitter hatred which they bear to
+      Olynthus, not one of them has dared to send ambassadors along with us to
+      apprise you of these matters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Reflect, how you can reconcile your anxiety to prevent the unification of
+      Boeotia with your neglect to hinder the solidifying of a far larger power&mdash;a
+      power destined, moreover, to become formidable not on land only, but by
+      sea? For what is to stop it, when the soil itself supplies timber for
+      shipbuilding, (17) and there are rich revenues derived from numerous
+      harbours and commercial centres?&mdash;it cannot but be that abundance of
+      food and abundance of population will go hand in hand. Nor have we yet
+      reached the limits of Olynthian expansion; there are their neighbours to
+      be thought of&mdash;the kingless or independent Thracians. These are
+      already to-day the devoted servants of Olynthus, and when it comes to
+      their being actually under her, that means at once another vast accession
+      of strength to her. With the Thracians in her train, the gold mines of
+      Pangaeus would stretch out to her the hand of welcome.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) See Hicks, 74, for a treaty between Amyntas and the Chalcidians,
+    B.C. 390-389: "The article of the treaty between Amyntas III.,
+    father of Philip, and the Chalcidians, about timber, etc., reminds
+    us that South Macedonia, the Chalcidic peninsula, and Amphipolis
+    were the chief sources whence Athens derived timber for her
+    dockyards." Thuc. iv. 108; Diod. xx. 46; Boeckh, "P. E. A." p.
+    250; and for a treaty between Athens and Amyntas, B.C. 382, see
+    Hicks, 77; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 397, 423.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "In making these assertions, we are but uttering remarks ten thousand
+      times repeated in the democracy of Olynthus. And as to their confident
+      spirit, who shall attempt to describe it? It is God, for aught I know,
+      who, with the growth of a new capacity, gives increase also to the proud
+      thoughts and vast designs of humanity. For ourselves, men of Lacedaemon
+      and of the allied states, our task is completed. We have played our parts
+      in announcing to you how things stand there. To you it is left to
+      determine whether what we have described is worthy of your concern. One
+      only thing further you ought to recognise: the power we have spoken of as
+      great is not as yet invincible, for those states which are involuntary
+      participants in the citizenship of Olynthus will, in prospect of any rival
+      power appearing in the field, speedily fall away. On the contrary, let
+      them be once closely knit and welded together by the privileges of
+      intermarriage and reciprocal rights of holding property in land&mdash;which
+      have already become enactments; let them discover that it is a gain to
+      them to follow in the wake of conquerors (just as the Arcadians, (18) for
+      instance, find it profitable to march in your ranks, whereby they save
+      their own property and pillage their neighbours'); let these things come
+      to pass, and perhaps you may find the knot no longer so easy to unloose."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) For the point of the comparison, see Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov."
+    ch. iv. "Real nature of the Olynthian scheme," pp. 190 foll., and
+    note 2, p. 197; also Grote, "H. G." x. 67 foll., 278 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At the conclusion of this address, the Lacedaemonians requested the allies
+      to speak, bidding them give their joint advice as to the best course to be
+      pursued in the interests of Peloponnese and the allies. Thereupon many
+      members, and especially those who wished to gratify the Lacedaemonians,
+      agreed in counselling active measures; and it was resolved that the states
+      should severally send contingents to form a total of ten thousand men.
+      Proposals were also made to allow any state, so wishing, to give money
+      instead of men, at the rate of three Aeginetan obols (19) a day per man;
+      or where the contingent consisted of cavalry, the pay given for one
+      horseman was to be the equivalent to that of four hoplites; while, in the
+      event of any defaulting in service, the Lacedaemonians should be allowed
+      to mulct the said state of a stater per man per diem. These resolutions
+      were passed, and the deputies from Acanthus rose again. They argued that,
+      though excellent, these resolutions were not of a nature to be rapidly
+      carried into effect. Would it not be better, they asked, pending the
+      mobilisation of the troops, to despatch an officer at once in command of a
+      force from Lacedaemon and the other states, not too large to start
+      immediately. The effect would be instantaneous, for the states which had
+      not yet given in their adhesion to Olynthus would be brought to a
+      standstill, and those already forcibly enrolled would be shaken in their
+      alliance. These further resolutions being also passed, the Lacedaemonians
+      despatched Eudamidas, accompanied by a body of neodamodes, with perioeci
+      and Sciritae, (20) to the number of two thousand odd. Eudamidas lost no
+      time in setting out, having obtained leave from the ephors for his brother
+      Phoebidas to follow later with the remainder of the troops assigned to
+      him. Pushing on himself to the Thracian territory, he set about
+      despatching garrisons to various cities at their request. He also secured
+      the voluntary adhesion of Potidaea, although already a member of the
+      Olynthian alliance; and this town now served as his base of operations for
+      carrying on war on a scale adapted to his somewhat limited armament.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) I.e. "rather more than sixpence a day for a hoplite, and two
+    shillings for a horseman." "The Aeginetan stater weighed about 196
+    grains, rather more than two of our shillings, and was divided
+    into two drachms of 98 grains, each of which contained six obols
+    of about 16 grains each." See Percy Gardner, "Types of Greek
+    Coins," "Hist. Int." p. 8; Jowett, note to Thuc. III. lxx. 4, vol.
+    i. pp. 201, 202.
+
+ (20) Or, "new citizens, provincials, and Sciritae."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Phoebidas, when the remaining portion of his brother's forces was duly
+      mustered, put himself at their head and commenced his march. On reaching
+      Thebes the troops encamped outside the city, round the gymnasium. Faction
+      was rife within the city. The two polemarchs in office, Ismenias and
+      Leontiades, were diametrically opposed, (21) being the respective heads of
+      antagonistic political clubs. Hence it was that, while Ismenias, ever
+      inspired by hatred to the Lacedaemonians, would not come anywhere near the
+      Spartan general, Leontiades, on the other hand, was assiduous in courting
+      him; and when a sufficient intimacy was established between them, he made
+      a proposal as follows: "You have it in your power," he said, addressing
+      Phoebidas, "this very day to confer supreme benefit on your country.
+      Follow me with your hoplites, and I will introduce you into the citadel.
+      That done, you may rest assured Thebes will be completely under the thumb
+      of Lacedaemon and of us, your friends. At present, as you see, there is a
+      proclamation forbidding any Theban to take service with you against
+      Olynthus, but we will change all that. You have only to act with us as we
+      suggest, and we shall at once be able to furnish you with large supplies
+      of infantry and cavalry, so that you will join your brother with a
+      magnificent reinforcement, and pending his proposed reduction of Olynthus,
+      you will have accomplished the reduction of a far larger state than that&mdash;to
+      wit, this city of Thebes."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) See Grote, "H. G." vol. x. p. 80: "We have little or no
+    information respecting the government of Thebes," etc. The "locus
+    classicus" seems to be Plut. "de Genio Socratis." See Freeman, op.
+    cit. ch. iv. S. 2, "Of the Boeotian League," pp. 154-184; and, in
+    reference to the seizure of the Kadmeia, p. 170.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The imagination of Phoebidas was kindled as he listened to the tempting
+      proposal. To do a brilliant deed was far dearer to him than life; (22) on
+      the other hand, he had no reasoning capacity, and would seem to have been
+      deficient altogether in sound sense. The consent of the Spartan secured,
+      Leontiades bade him set his troops in motion, as if everything were ready
+      for his departure. "And anon, when the hour is come," added the Theban, "I
+      will be with you, and show you the way myself."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) Or, "Renown was his mistress." See Grote, "H. G." x. 84.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The senate was seated in the arcade or stoa in the market-place, since the
+      Cadmeia was in possession of the women who were celebrating the
+      Thesmophoria. (23) It was noon of a hot summer's day; scarcely a soul was
+      stirring in the streets. This was the moment for Leontiades. He mounted on
+      horseback and galloped off to overtake Phoebidas. He turned him back, and
+      led him without further delay into the acropolis. Having posted Phoebidas
+      and his soldiers inside, he handed him the key of the gates, and warning
+      him not to suffer any one to enter into the citadel without a pass from
+      himself, he straightway betook himself to the senate. Arrived there, he
+      delivered himself thus: "Sirs, the Lacedaemonians are in possession of the
+      citadel; but that is no cause for despondency, since, as they assure us,
+      they have no hostile intention, except, indeed, towards any one who has an
+      appetite for war. For myself, and acting in obedience to the law, which
+      empowers the polemarch to apprehend all persons suspected of capital
+      crimes, I hereby seize the person of Ismenias as an arch-fomenter of war.
+      I call upon you, sirs, who are captains of companies, and you who are
+      ranked with them, to do your duty. Arise and secure the prisoner, and lead
+      him away to the place appointed."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) An ancient festival held by women in honour of Demeter and
+    Persephone ({to Thesmophoro}), who gave the first impulse to civil
+    society, lawful marriage, etc. See Herod. ii. 171; Diod. v. 5.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Those who were privy to the affair, it will be understood, presented
+      themselves, and the orders were promptly carried out. Of those not in the
+      secret, but opposed to the party of Leontiades, some sought refuge at once
+      outside the city in terror for their lives; whilst the rest, albeit they
+      retired to their houses at first, yet when they found that Ismenias was
+      imprisoned in the Cadmeia, and further delay seemed dangerous, retreated
+      to Athens. These were the men who shared the views of Androcleidas and
+      Ismenias, and they must have numbered about three hundred.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now that the transactions were concluded, another polemarch was chosen in
+      place of Ismenias, and Leontiades at once set out to Lacedaemon. There he
+      found the ephors and the mass of the community highly incensed against
+      Phoebidas, "who had failed to execute the orders assigned to him by the
+      state." Against this general indignation, however, Agesilaus protested.
+      (24) If mischief had been wrought to Lacedaemon by this deed, it was just
+      that the doer of it should be punished; but, if good, it was a
+      time-honoured custom to allow full scope for impromptu acts of this
+      character. "The sole point you have to look to," he urged, "is whether
+      what has been done is good or evil." After this, however, Leontiades
+      presented himself to the assembly (25) and addressed the members as
+      follows: "Sirs, Lacedaemonians, the hostile attitude of Thebes towards
+      you, before the occurrence of late events, was a topic constantly on your
+      lips, since time upon time your eyes were called upon to witness her
+      friendly bearing to your foes in contrast with her hatred of your friends.
+      Can it be denied that Thebes refused to take part with you in the campaign
+      against your direst enemy, the democracy in Piraeus; and balanced that
+      lukewarmness by on onslaught on the Phocians, whose sole crime was
+      cordiality to yourselves? (26) Nor is that all. In full knowledge that you
+      were likely to be engaged in war with Olynthus, she proceeded at once to
+      make an alliance with that city. So that up to the last moment you were in
+      constant expectation of hearing that the whole of Boeotia was laid at the
+      feet of Thebes. With the late incidents all is changed. You need fear
+      Thebes no longer. One brief despatch (27) in cipher will suffice to
+      procure a dutiful subservience to your every wish in that quarter,
+      provided only you will take as kindly an interest in us as we in you."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) See "Ages." vii.
+
+ (25) "Select Committee." See "Hell." II. iv. 38; and below, VI. iii.
+    3.
+
+ (26) See above, "Hell." III. v. 4.
+
+ (27) Lit. "scytale."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This appeal told upon the meeting, and the Lacedaemonians (28) resolved
+      formally, now that the citadel had been taken, to keep it, and to put
+      Ismenias on his trial. In consequence of this resolution a body of
+      commissioners (29) was despatched, three Lacedaemonians and one for each
+      of the allied states, great and small alike. The court of inquiry thus
+      constituted, the sittings commenced, and an indictment was preferred
+      against Ismenias. He was accused of playing into the hands of the
+      barbarian; of seeking amity with the Persians to the detriment of Hellas;
+      of accepting sums of money as bribes from the king; and, finally, of
+      being, along with Androcleidas, the prime cause of the whole intestine
+      trouble to which Hellas was a prey. Each of these charges was met by the
+      defendant, but to no purpose, since he failed to disabuse the court of
+      their conviction that the grandeur of his designs was only equalled by
+      their wickedness. (30) The verdict was given against him, and he was put
+      to death. The party of Leontiades thus possessed the city; and went beyond
+      the injunctions given them in the eager performance of their services.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (28) See Grote, "H. G." vol. x. p. 85; Diod. xv. 20; Plut. "Pelop."
+    vi.; ib. "de Genio Socratis," V. vii. 6 A; Cor. Nep. "Pelop." 1.
+
+ (29) Lit. "Dicasts."
+
+ (30) Or, "that he was a magnificent malefactor." See Grote, "H. G."
+    vol. ix. p. 420, "the great wicked man" (Clarendon's epithets for
+    Cromwell); Plato, "Meno." 90 B; "Republic," 336 A, "a rich and
+    mighty man." See also Plut. "Ages." xxxii. 2, Agesilaus's
+    exclamation at sight of Epaminondas, {o tou megalopragmonos
+    anthropou}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 382. As a result of these transactions the Lacedaemonians pressed on
+      the combined campaign against Olynthus with still greater enthusiasm. They
+      not only set out Teleutias as governor, but by their united efforts
+      furnished him with an aggregate army of ten thousand men. (31) They also
+      sent despatches to the allied states, calling upon them to support
+      Teleutias in accordance with the resolution of the allies. All the states
+      were ready to display devotion to Teleutias, and to do him service, since
+      he was a man who never forgot a service rendered him. Nor was Thebes an
+      exception; for was not the governor a brother of Agesilaus? Thebes,
+      therefore, was enthusiastic in sending her contribution of heavy infantry
+      and cavalry. The Spartan conducted his march slowly and surely, taking the
+      utmost pains to avoid injuring his friends, and to collect as large a
+      force as possible. He also sent a message in advance to Amyntas, begging
+      him, if he were truly desirous of recovering his empire, to raise a body
+      of mercenaries, and to distribute sums of money among the neighbouring
+      kings with a view to their alliance. Nor was that all. He sent also to
+      Derdas, the ruler of Elimia, pointing out to him that the Olynthians,
+      having laid at their feet the great power of Macedonia, would certainly
+      not suffer his lesser power to escape unless they were stayed up by force
+      in arms in their career of insolence. Proceeding thus, by the time he had
+      reached the territory of the allied powers he was at the head of a very
+      considerable army. At Potidaea he halted to make the necessary disposition
+      of his troops, and thence advanced into the territory of the enemy. As he
+      approached the hostile city, he abstained from felling and firing alike,
+      being persuaded that to do so was only to create difficulties in his own
+      path, whether advancing or retreating; it would be time enough, when he
+      retired from Olynthus, to fell the trees and lay them as a barrier in the
+      path of any assailant in the rear.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (31) Lit. "sent out along with him the combined force of ten thousand
+    men," in ref to S. 20 above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Being now within a mile or so (32) of the city he came to a halt. The left
+      division was under his personal command, for it suited him to advance in a
+      line opposite the gate from which the enemy sallied; the other division of
+      the allies stretched away to the right. The cavalry were thus distributed:
+      the Laconians, Thebans, and all the Macedonians present were posted on the
+      right. With his own division he kept Derdas and his troopers, four hundred
+      strong. This he did partly out of genuine admiration for this body of
+      horse, and partly as a mark of courtesy to Derdas, which should make him
+      not regret his coming.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (32) Lit. "ten stades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Presently the enemy issued forth and formed in line opposite, under cover
+      of their walls. Then their cavalry formed in close order and commenced the
+      attack. Dashing down upon the Laconians and Boeotians they dismounted
+      Polycharmus, the Lacedaemonian cavalry general, inflicting a hundred
+      wounds on him as he lay on the ground, and cut down others, and finally
+      put to flight the cavalry on the right wing. The flight of these troopers
+      infected the infantry in close proximity to them, who in turn swerved; and
+      it looked as if the whole army was about to be worsted, when Derdas at the
+      head of his cavalry dashed straight at the gates of Olynthus, Teleutias
+      supporting him with the troops of his division. The Olynthian cavalry,
+      seeing how matters were going, and in dread of finding the gates closed
+      upon them, wheeled round and retired with alacrity. Thus it was that
+      Derdas had his chance to cut down man after man as their cavalry ran the
+      gauntlet past him. In the same way, too, the infantry of the Olynthians
+      retreated within their city, though, owing to the closeness of the walls
+      in their case, their loss was trifling. Teleutias claimed the victory, and
+      a trophy was duly erected, after which he turned his back on Olynthus and
+      devoted himself to felling the fruit-trees. This was the campaign of the
+      summer. He now dismissed both the Macedonians and the cavalry force of
+      Derdas. Incursions, however, on the part of the Olynthians themselves
+      against the states allied to Lacedaemon were frequent; lands were
+      pillaged, and people put to the sword.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 381. With the first symptoms of approaching spring the Olynthian
+      cavalry, six hundred strong, had swooped into the territory of Apollonia&mdash;about
+      the middle of the day&mdash;and dispersing over the district, were
+      employed in pillaging; but as luck would have it, Derdas had arrived that
+      day with his troopers, and was breakfasting in Apollonia. He noted the
+      enemy's incursion, but kept quiet, biding his time; his horses were ready
+      saddled, and his troopers armed cap-a-pied. As the Olynthians came
+      galloping up contemptuously, not only into the suburbs, but to the very
+      gates of the city, he seized his opportunity, and with his compact and
+      well-ordered squadron dashed out; whereupon the invaders took to flight.
+      Having once turned them, Derdas gave them no respite, pursuing and
+      slaughtering them for ten miles or more, (1) until he had driven them for
+      shelter within the very ramparts of Olynthus. Report said that Derdas slew
+      something like eighty men in this affair. After this the Olynthians were
+      more disposed to keep to their walls, contenting themselves with tilling
+      the merest corner of their territory.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "ninety stades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Time advanced, and Teleutias was in conduct of another expedition against
+      the city of Olynthus. His object was to destroy any timber (2) still left
+      standing, or fields still cultivated in the hostile territory. This
+      brought out the Olynthian cavalry, who, stealthily advancing, crossed the
+      river which washes the walls of the town, and again continued their silent
+      march right up to the adversary's camp. At sight of an audacity which
+      nettled him, Teleutias at once ordered Tlemonidas, the officer commanding
+      his light infantry division, to charge the assailants at the run. On their
+      side the men of Olynthus, seeing the rapid approach of the light infantry,
+      wheeled and quietly retired until they had recrossed the river, drawing
+      the enemy on, who followed with conspicuous hardihood. Arrogating to
+      themselves the position of pursuers towards fugitives, they did not
+      hesitate to cross the river which stood between them and their prey. Then
+      the Olynthian cavalry, choosing a favourable moment, when those who had
+      crossed seemed easy to deal with, wheeled and attacked them, putting
+      Tlemonidas himself to the sword with more than a hundred others of his
+      company. Teleutias, when he saw what was happening, snatched up his arms
+      in a fit of anger and began leading his hoplites swiftly forward, ordering
+      at the same time his peltasts and cavalry to give chase and not to
+      slacken. Their fate was the fate of many before and since, who, in the
+      ardour of pursuit, have come too close to the enemy's walls and found it
+      hard to get back again. Under a hail of missiles from the walls they were
+      forced to retire in disorder and with the necessity of guarding themselves
+      against the missiles. At this juncture the Olynthians sent out their
+      cavalry at full gallop, backed by supports of light infantry; and finally
+      their heavy infantry reserves poured out and fell upon the enemy's lines,
+      now in thorough confusion. Here Teleutias fell fighting, and when that
+      happened, without further pause the troops immediately about him swerved.
+      Not one soul longer cared to make a stand, but the flight became general,
+      some fleeing towards Spartolus, others in the direction of Acanthus, a
+      third set seeking refuge within the walls of Apollonia, and the majority
+      within those of Potidaea. As the tide of fugitives broke into several
+      streams, so also the pursuers divided the work between them; this way and
+      that they poured, dealing death wholesale. So perished the pith and kernel
+      of the armament.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) I.e. fruit-trees.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such calamities are not indeed without a moral. The lesson they are meant
+      to teach mankind, I think, is plain. If in a general sense one ought not
+      to punish any one, even one's own slave, in anger&mdash;since the master
+      in his wrath may easily incur worse evil himself than he inflicts&mdash;so,
+      in the case of antagonists in war, to attack an enemy under the influence
+      of passion rather than of judgment is an absolute error. For wrath is but
+      a blind impulse devoid of foresight, whereas to the penetrating eye of
+      reason a blow parried may be better than a wound inflicted. (3)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See, for the same sentiment, "Horsemanship," vi. 13. See also
+    Plut. "Pel." and "Marc." (Clough, ii. p. 278).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the news of what had happened reached Lacedaemon it was agreed, after
+      due deliberation, that a force should be sent, and of no trifling
+      description, if only to quench the victors' pride, and to prevent their
+      own achievements from becoming null and void. In this determination they
+      sent out King Agesipolis, as general, attended, like Agesilaus (4) on his
+      Asiatic campaign, by thirty Spartans. (5) Volunteers flocked to his
+      standard. They were partly the pick and flower of the provincials, (6)
+      partly foreigners of the class called Trophimoi, (7) or lastly, bastard
+      sons of Spartans, comely and beautiful of limb, and well versed in the
+      lore of Spartan chivalry. The ranks of this invading force were further
+      swelled by volunteers from the allied states, the Thessalians notably
+      contributing a corps of cavalry. All were animated by the desire of
+      becoming known to Agesipolis, so that even Amyntas and Derdas in zeal of
+      service outdid themselves. With this promise of success Agesipolis marched
+      forward against Olynthus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) See above, "Hell." III. iv. 2.
+
+ (5) Lit. "Spartiates." The new army was sent out B.C. 380, according
+    to Grote.
+
+ (6) Lit. "beautiful and brave of the Perioeci."
+
+ (7) Xenophon's own sons educated at Sparta would belong to this class.
+    See Grote, "H. G." x. 91.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile the state of Phlius, complimented by Agesipolis on the amount of
+      the funds contributed by them to his expedition and the celerity with
+      which the money had been raised, and in full belief that while one king
+      was in the field they were secure against the hostile attack of the other
+      (since it was hardly to be expected that both kings should be absent from
+      Sparta at one moment), boldly desisted from doing justice by her lately
+      reinstated citizens. On the one hand, these exiles claimed that points in
+      dispute should be determined before an impartial court of justice; the
+      citizens, on the other, insisted on the claimants submitting the cases for
+      trial in the city itself. And when the latter demurred to that solution,
+      asking "What sort of trial that would be where the offenders were also the
+      judges?" they appealed to deaf ears. Consequently the restored party
+      appealed at Sparta, to prefer a complaint against their city. They were
+      accompanied by other members of the community, who stated that many of the
+      Phliasians themselves besides the appellants recognised the injustice of
+      their treatment. The state of Phlius was indignant at this manouvre, and
+      retaliated by imposing a fine on all who had betaken themselves to
+      Lacedaemon without a mandate from the state. Those who incurred the fine
+      hesitated to return home; they preferred to stay where they were and
+      enforce their views: "It is quite plain now who were the perpetrators of
+      all the violence&mdash;the very people who originally drove us into exile,
+      and shut their gates upon Lacedaemon; the confiscators of our property one
+      day, the ruthless opponents of its restoration the next. Who else but they
+      have now brought it about that we should be fined for appearing at
+      Lacedaemon? and for what purpose but to deter any one else for the future
+      from venturing to expose the proceedings at Phlius?" Thus far the
+      appellants. And in good sooth the conduct of the men of Phlius did seem to
+      savour of insolence; so much so that the ephors called out the ban against
+      them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 380. Nor was Agesilaus otherwise than well satisfied with this
+      decision, not only on the ground of old relations of friendly hospitality
+      between his father Archidamus and the party of Podanemus, who were
+      numbered among the restored exiles at this time, but because personally he
+      was bound by similar ties himself towards the adherents of Procles, son of
+      Hipponicus. The border sacrifices proving favourable, the march commenced
+      at once. As he advanced, embassy after embassy met him, and would fain by
+      presents of money avert invasion. But the king answered that the purpose
+      of his march was not to commit wrongdoing, but to protect the victims of
+      injustice. Then the petitioners offered to do anything, only they begged
+      him to forgo invasion. Again he replied&mdash;How could he trust to their
+      words when they had lied to him already? He must have the warrant of acts,
+      not promises. And being asked, "What act (would satisfy him)?" he answered
+      once more, saying, "The same which you performed aforetime, and suffered
+      no wrong at our hands"&mdash;in other words, the surrender of the
+      acropolis. (8) But to this they could not bring themselves. Whereupon he
+      invaded the territory of Phlius, and promptly drawing lines of
+      circumvallation, commenced the siege. Many of the Lacedaemonians objected,
+      for the sake of a mere handful of wretched people, so to embroil
+      themselves with a state of over five thousand men. (9) For, indeed, to
+      leave no doubt on this score, the men of Phlius met regularly in assembly
+      in full view of those outside. But Agesilaus was not to be beaten by this
+      move. Whenever any of the townsmen came out, drawn by friendship or
+      kinship with the exiles, in every case the king's instructions were to
+      place the public messes (10) at the service of the visitors, and, if they
+      were willing to go through the course of gymnastic training, to give them
+      enough to procure necessaries. All members of these classes were, by the
+      general's strict injunctions, further to be provided with arms, and loans
+      were to be raised for the purpose without delay. Presently the
+      superintendents of this branch of the service were able to turn out a
+      detachment of over a thousand men, in the prime of bodily perfection, well
+      disciplined and splendidly armed, so that in the end the Lacedaemonians
+      affirmed: "Fellow-soldiers of this stamp are too good to lose." Such were
+      the concerns of Agesilaus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) See above, IV. iv. 15.
+
+ (9) See Grote, "H. G." x. 45, note 4; and below, V. iv. 13.
+
+ (10) See "Pol. Lac." v.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Agesipolis on leaving Macedonia advanced straight upon Olynthus
+      and took up a strategical position in front of the town. Finding that no
+      one came out to oppose him, he occupied himself for the present with
+      pillaging any remnant of the district still intact, and with marching into
+      the territory allied with the enemy, where he destroyed the corn. The town
+      of Torone he attacked and took by storm. But while he was so engaged, in
+      the height of mid-summer he was attacked by a burning fever. In this
+      condition his mind reverted to a scene once visited, the temple of
+      Dionysus at Aphytis, and a longing for its cool and sparkling waters and
+      embowered shades (11) seized him. To this spot accordingly he was carried,
+      still living, but only to breathe his last outside the sacred shrine,
+      within a week of the day on which he sickened. His body was laid in honey
+      and conveyed home to Sparta, where he obtained royal sepulchre.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Lit. "shady tabernacles."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the news reached Agesilaus he displayed none of the satisfaction
+      which might possibly have been expected at the removal of an antagonist.
+      On the contrary, he wept and pined for the companionship so severed, it
+      being the fashion at Sparta for the kings when at home to mess together
+      and to share the same quarters. Moreover, Agesipolis was admirably suited
+      to Agesilaus, sharing with the merriment of youth in tales of the chase
+      and horsemanship and boyish loves; (12) while, to crown all, the touch of
+      reverence due from younger to elder was not wanting in their common life.
+      In place of Agesipolis, the Lacedaemonians despatched Polybiades as
+      governor to Olynthus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) See "Ages." viii. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 379. Agesilaus had already exceeded the time during which the
+      supplies of food in Phlius were expected to last. The difference, in fact,
+      between self-command and mere appetite is so great that the men of Phlius
+      had only to pass a resolution to cut down the food expenditure by one
+      half, and by doing so were able to prolong the siege for twice the
+      calculated period. But if the contrast between self-restraint and appetite
+      is so great, no less startling is that between boldness and
+      faint-heartedness. A Phliasian named Delphion, a real hero, it would seem,
+      took to himself three hundred Phliasians, and not only succeeded in
+      preventing the peace-party from carrying out their wishes, but was equal
+      to the task of incarcerating and keeping safely under lock and key those
+      whom he mistrusted. Nor did his ability end there. He succeeded in forcing
+      the mob of citizens to perform garrison duty, and by vigorous patrolling
+      kept them constant to the work. Over and over again, accompanied by his
+      personal attendants, he would dash out of the walls and drive in the
+      enemy's outposts, first at one point and then at another of the
+      beleaguering circle. But the time eventually came when, search as they
+      might by every means, these picked defenders (13) could find no further
+      store of food within the walls, and they were forced to send to Agesilaus,
+      requesting a truce for an embassy to visit Sparta, adding that they were
+      resolved to leave it to the discretion of the authorities at Lacedaemon to
+      do with their city what they liked. Agesilaus granted a pass to the
+      embassy, but, at the same time, he was so angry at their setting his
+      personal authority aside, that he sent to his friends at home and arranged
+      that the fate of Phlius should be left to his discretion. Meanwhile he
+      proceeded to tighten the cordon of investment, so as to render it
+      impossible that a single soul inside the city should escape. In spite of
+      this, however, Delphion, with one comrade, a branded dare-devil, who had
+      shown great dexterity in relieving the besieging parties of their arms,
+      escaped by night. Presently the deputation returned with the answer from
+      Lacedaemon that the state simply left it entirely to the discretion of
+      Agesilaus to decide the fate of Phlius as seemed to him best. Then
+      Agesilaus announced his verdict. A board of one hundred&mdash;fifty taken
+      from the restored exiles, fifty from those within the city&mdash;were in
+      the first place to make inquisition as to who deserved to live and who to
+      die, after which they were to lay down laws as the basis of a new
+      constitution. Pending the carrying out of these transactions, he left a
+      detachment of troops to garrison the place for six months, with pay for
+      that period. After this he dismissed the allied forces, and led the state
+      (14) division home. Thus the transactions concerning Phlius were brought
+      to a conclusion, having occupied altogether one year and eight months.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See below, "Hell." VII. i. 19.
+
+ (14) {to politokon}, the citizen army. See above, IV. iv. 19; "Pol.
+    Lac." xi.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Polybiades had reduced the citizens of Olynthus to the last
+      stage of misery through famine. Unable to supply themselves with corn from
+      their own land, or to import it by sea, they were forced to send an
+      embassy to Lacedaemon to sue for peace. The plenipotentiaries on their
+      arrival accepted articles of agreement by which they bound themselves to
+      have the same friends and the same foes as Lacedaemon, to follow her lead,
+      and to be enrolled among her allies; and so, having taken an oath to abide
+      by these terms, they returned home.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On every side the affairs of Lacedaemon had signally prospered: Thebes and
+      the rest of the Boeotian states lay absolutely at her feet; Corinth had
+      become her most faithful ally; Argos, unable longer to avail herself of
+      the subterfuge of a movable calendar, was humbled to the dust; Athens was
+      isolated; and, lastly, those of her own allies who displayed a hostile
+      feeling towards her had been punished; so that, to all outward appearance,
+      the foundations of her empire were at length absolutely well and firmly
+      laid.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Abundant examples might be found, alike in Hellenic and in foreign
+      history, to prove that the Divine powers mark what is done amiss, winking
+      neither at impiety nor at the commission of unhallowed acts; but at
+      present I confine myself to the facts before me. (1) The Lacedaemonians,
+      who had pledged themselves by oath to leave the states independent, had
+      laid violent hands on the acropolis of Thebes, and were eventually
+      punished by the victims of that iniquity single-handed&mdash;the
+      Lacedaemonians, be it noted, who had never before been mastered by living
+      man; and not they alone, but those citizens of Thebes who introduced them
+      to their acropolis, and who wished to enslave their city to Lacedaemon,
+      that they might play the tyrant themselves&mdash;how fared it with them? A
+      bare score of the fugitives were sufficient to destroy their government.
+      How this happened I will now narrate in detail.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, "it is of my own subject that I must now speak." For the
+    "peripety," or sudden reversal of circumstances, on which the plot
+    of the "Hellenica" hinges, see Grote, "H. G." x. 100-108. Cf.
+    Soph. "Oed. Tyr." 450; "Antig." 1066; Thuc. v. 116; "Hellenica
+    Essays," "Xenophon," p. 382 foll. This passage is perhaps the key
+    to the historian's position.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      There was a man named Phyllidas&mdash;he was secretary to Archias, that
+      is, to the polemarchs. (2) Beyond his official duties, he had rendered his
+      chief other services, and all apparently in an exemplary fashion. A visit
+      to Athens in pursuance of some business brought this man into contact with
+      a former acquaintance of his, Melon, one of the exiles who had fled for
+      safety to Athens. Melon had various questions to ask touching the sort of
+      tyranny practised by Archias in the exercise of the polemarchy, and by
+      Philip. He soon discovered that affairs at home were still more detestable
+      to Phyllidas than to himself. It only remained to exchange pledges, and to
+      arrange the details of what was to be done. After a certain interval
+      Melon, accompanied by six of the trustiest comrades he could find among
+      his fellow-exiles, set off for Thebes. They were armed with nothing but
+      daggers, and first of all crept into the neighbourhood under cover of
+      night. The whole of the next day they lay concealed in a desert place, and
+      drew near to the city gates in the guise of labourers returning home with
+      the latest comers from the fields. Having got safely within the city, they
+      spent the whole of that night at the house of a man named Charon, and
+      again the next day in the same fashion. Phyllidas meanwhile was busily
+      taken up with the concerns of the polemarchs, who were to celebrate a
+      feast of Aphrodite on going out of office. Amongst other things, the
+      secretary was to take this opportunity of fulfilling an old undertaking,
+      which was the introduction of certain women to the polemarchs. They were
+      to be the most majestic and the most beautiful to be found in Thebes. The
+      polemarchs, on their side (and the character of the men is sufficiently
+      marked), were looking forward to the pleasures of the night with joyful
+      anticipation. Supper was over, and thanks to the zeal with which the
+      master of the ceremonies responded to their mood, they were speedily
+      intoxicated. To their oft-repeated orders to introduce their mistresses,
+      he went out and fetched Melon and the rest, three of them dressed up as
+      ladies and the rest as their attendant maidens. Having brought them into
+      the treasury of the polemarchs' residence, (3) he returned himself and
+      announced to Archias and his friends that the women would not present
+      themselves as long as any of the attendants remained in the room;
+      whereupon they promptly bade all withdraw, and Phyllidas, furnishing the
+      servants with a stoup of wine, sent them off to the house of one of them.
+      And now at last he introduced the mistresses, and led them to their seats
+      beside their respective lords. It was preconcerted that as soon as they
+      were seated they were to throw aside their veils and strike home. That is
+      one version of the death of the polemarchs. (4) According to another,
+      Melon and his friends came in as revellers, and so despatched their
+      victims.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Lit. "to Archias and his (polemarchs)"; but the Greek phrase does
+    not, as the English would, imply that there were actually more
+    than two polemarchs, viz. Archias and Philippus. Hypates and
+    Leontiades belonged to the faction, but were neither of them
+    polemarchs.
+
+ (3) Lit. "Polemarcheion."
+
+ (4) Or, "and so, according to the prevalent version of the matter, the
+    polemarchs were slain. But some say that..."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      That over, Phyllidas, with three of the band, set off to the house of
+      Leontiades. Arrived there, he knocked on the door, and sent in word that
+      he had a message from the polemarchs. Leontiades, as chance befell, was
+      still reclining in privacy after dinner, and his wife was seated beside
+      him working wools. The fidelity of Phyllidas was well known to him, and he
+      gave orders to admit him at once. They entered, slew Leontiades, and with
+      threats silenced his wife. As they went out they ordered the door to be
+      shut, threatening that if they found it open they would kill every one in
+      the house. And now that this deed was done, Phyllidas, with two of the
+      band, presented himself at the prison, telling the gaoler he had brought a
+      man from the polemarchs to be locked up. The gaoler opened the door, and
+      was at once despatched, and the prisoners were released. These they
+      speedily supplied with arms taken from the armoury in the stoa, and then
+      led them to the Ampheion, (5) and bade them take up a position there,
+      after which they at once made a proclamation calling on all Thebans to
+      come out, horse and foot, seeing that the tyrants were dead. The citizens,
+      indeed, as long as it was night, not knowing whom or what to trust, kept
+      quiet, but when day dawned and revealed what had occurred, the summons was
+      responded to with alacrity, heavy infantry and cavalry under arms alike
+      sallying forth. Horsemen were also despatched by the now restored exiles
+      to the two Athenian generals on the frontier; and they, being aware of the
+      object of the message (promptly responded). (6)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) See plan of Thebes, "Dict. Geog."; Arrian, "Anab." i. 8; Aesch.
+    "Sept. c. Theb." 528.
+
+ (6) Supply {epeboethoun}. There is a lacuna in the MSS. at this point.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the other hand, the Lacedaemonian governor in the citadel, as soon as
+      that night's proclamation reached his ears, was not slow to send to
+      Plataeae (7) and Thespiae for reinforcements. The approach of the
+      Plataeans was perceived by the Theban cavalry, who met them and killed a
+      score of them and more, and after that achievement returned to the city,
+      to find the Athenians from the frontier already arrived. Then they
+      assaulted the acropolis. The troops within recognised the paucity of their
+      own numbers, whilst the zeal of their opponents (one and all advancing to
+      the attack) was plainly visible, and loud were the proclamations,
+      promising rewards to those who should be first to scale the walls. All
+      this so worked upon their fears that they agreed to evacuate the place if
+      the citizens would allow them a safe-conduct to retire with their arms. To
+      this request the others gladly yielded, and they made a truce. Oaths were
+      taken on the terms aforesaid, and the citizens dismissed their
+      adversaries. For all that, as the garrison retired, those of them who were
+      recognised as personal foes were seized and put to death. Some were
+      rescued through the good offices of the Athenian reinforcements from the
+      frontier, who smuggled them across and saved them. The Thebans were not
+      content with putting the men to death; if any of them had children, these
+      also were sacrificed to their vengeance.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) This city had been refounded in B.C. 386 (Isocr. "Plat." 20, 21).
+    See Freeman, op. cit. ch. iv. p. 170: "Its restoration implied not
+    only a loss of Theban supremacy, but the actual loss of that
+    portion of the existing Theban territory which had formerly formed
+    the Plataian district."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 378. When the news of these proceedings reached Sparta the first
+      thing the Lacedaemonians did was to put to death the governor, who had
+      abandoned the Cadmeia instead of awaiting reinforcements, and the next was
+      to call out the ban against Thebes. Agesilaus had little taste to head the
+      expedition; he pointed out that he had seen more than forty years'
+      service, (8) and that the exemption from foreign duty applicable to others
+      at that age was applicable on the same principle to the king. Such were
+      the ostensible grounds on which he excused himself from the present
+      expedition, but his real objections lay deeper. He felt certain that if he
+      led the expedition his fellow-citizens would say: "Agesilaus caused all
+      this trouble to the state in order to aid and abet tyrants." Therefore he
+      preferred to leave his countrymen to settle the matter themselves as they
+      liked. Accordingly the ephors, instructed by the Theban exiles who had
+      escaped the late massacres, despatched Cleombrotus. He had not commanded
+      before, and it was the depth of winter.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) And was therefore more than fifty-eight years old at this date.
+    See "Ages." i. 6.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now while Chabrias, with a body of Athenian peltasts, kept watch and ward
+      over the road through Eleutherae, Cleombrotus made his way up by the
+      direct route to Plataeae. His column of light infantry, pushing forward in
+      advance, fell upon the men who had been released from the Theban prison,
+      guarding the summit, to the number of about one hundred and fifty. These,
+      with the exception of one or two who escaped, were cut down by the
+      peltasts, and Cleombrotus descended in person upon Plataeae, which was
+      still friendly to Sparta. Presently he reached Thespiae, and that was the
+      base for an advance upon Cynoscephalae, where he encamped on Theban
+      territory. Here he halted sixteen days, and then again fell back upon
+      Thespiae. At this latter place he now left Sphodrias as governor, with a
+      third portion of each of the contingents of the allies, handing over to
+      him all the moneys he had brought with him from home, with directions to
+      supplement his force with a contingent of mercenaries.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      While Sphodrias was so employed, Cleombrotus himself commenced his
+      homeward march, following the road through Creusis at the head of his own
+      moiety of the troops, who indeed were in considerable perplexity to
+      discover whether they were at war with the Thebans or at peace, seeing
+      that the general had led his army into Theban territory, had inflicted the
+      minimum of mischief, and again retired. No sooner, however, was his back
+      turned than a violent wind storm assailed him in his rear, which some
+      construed as an omen clearly significant of what was about to take place.
+      Many a blow this assailant dealt them, and as the general and his army,
+      crossing from Creusis, scaled that face of the mountain (9) which
+      stretches seaward, the blast hurled headlong from the precipices a string
+      of asses, baggage and all: countless arms were wrested from the bearers'
+      grasp and whirled into the sea; finally, numbers of the men, unable to
+      march with their arms, deposited them at different points of the pass,
+      first filling the hollow of their shields with stones. For the moment,
+      then, they halted at Aegosthena, on Megarian soil, and supped as best they
+      could. Next day they returned and recovered their arms. After this
+      adventure the contingents lost no time in returning to their several
+      homes, as Cleombrotus disbanded them.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) I.e. "Cithaeron."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile at Athens and Thebes alike fear reigned. To the Athenians the
+      strength of the Lacedaemonians was unmistakable: the war was plainly no
+      longer confined to Corinth; on the contrary, the Lacedaemonians had
+      ventured to skirt Athenian territory and to invade Thebes. They were so
+      worked upon by their alarm that the two generals who had been privy to the
+      insurrection of Melon against Leontiades and his party had to suffer: the
+      one was formally tried and put to death; the other, refusing to abide his
+      trial, was banished.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The apprehensions of the Thebans were of a different sort: their fear was
+      rather lest they should find themselves in single-handed war with
+      Lacedaemon. To prevent this they hit upon the following expedient. They
+      worked upon Sphodrias, (10) the Spartan governor left in Thespiae, by
+      offering him, as at least was suspected, a substantial sum, in return for
+      which he was to make an incursion into Attica; their great object being to
+      involve Athens and Lacedaemon in hostilities. Sphodrias lent a willing
+      ear, and, pretending that he could easily capture Piraeus in its present
+      gateless condition, gave his troops an early evening meal and marched out
+      of Thespiae, saying that he would reach Piraeus before daybreak. As a
+      matter of fact day overtook him at Thria, nor did he take any pains even
+      to draw a veil over his intentions; on the contrary, being forced to turn
+      aside, he amused himself by recklessly lifting cattle and sacking houses.
+      Meanwhile some who chanced upon him in the night had fled to the city and
+      brought news to the men of Athens that a large body of troops was
+      approaching. It needs no saying with what speed the cavalry and heavy
+      infantry armed themselves and stood on guard to protect the city. As
+      chance befell, there were some Lacedaemonian ambassadors in Athens at the
+      moment, at the house of Callias their proxenos; their names were
+      Etymocles, Aristolochus, and Ocyllus. Immediately on receipt of the news
+      the Athenians seized these three and imprisoned them, as not improbably
+      concerned in the plot. Utterly taken aback by the affair themselves, the
+      ambassadors pleaded that, had they been aware of an attempt to seize
+      Piraeus, they would hardly have been so foolish as to put themselves into
+      the power of the Athenians, or have selected the house of their proxenos
+      for protection, where they were so easily to be found. It would, they
+      further urged, soon be plain to the Athenians themselves that the state of
+      Lacedaemon was quite as little cognisant of these proceedings as they.
+      "You will hear before long"&mdash;such was their confident prediction&mdash;"that
+      Sphodrias has paid for his behaviour by his life." On this wise the
+      ambassadors were acquitted of all concern in the matter and dismissed.
+      Sphodrias himself was recalled and indicted by the ephors on the capital
+      charge, and, in spite of his refusal to face the trial, he was acquitted.
+      This miscarriage of justice, as it seemed to many, who described it as
+      unprecedented in Lacedaemon, has an explanation.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) See Plut. "Pel." xiv. (Clough, ii. p. 214).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Sphodrias had a son named Cleonymus. He was just at the age when youth
+      emerges from boyhood, very handsome and of high repute among his fellows.
+      To this youth Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, was passionately attached.
+      Now the friends of Cleombrotus, as comrades of Sphodrias, were disposed to
+      acquit him; but they feared Agesilaus and his friends, not to mention the
+      intermediate party, for the enormity of his proceeding was clear. So when
+      Sphodrias addressed his son Cleonymus: "You have it in your power, my son,
+      to save your father, if you will, by begging Archidamus to dispose
+      Agesilaus favourably to me at my trial." Thus instructed, the youth did
+      not shrink from visiting Archidamus, and implored him for his sake to save
+      his father. Now when Archidamus saw how Cleonymus wept, he too was melted
+      to tears as he stood beside him, but to his petition he made answer thus:
+      "Nay, Cleonymus, it is the bare truth I tell you, I cannot so much as look
+      my father in the face; (11) if I wished anything transacted for me in the
+      city I would beg assistance from the whole world sooner than from my
+      father. Still, since it is you who bid me, rest assured I will do my best
+      to bring this about for you as you desire." He then left the common hall
+      (12) and retired home to rest, but with dawn he arose and kept watch that
+      his father might not go out without his knowledge. Presently, when he saw
+      him ready to go forth, first some citizen was present, and then another
+      and another; and in each case he stepped aside, while they held his father
+      in conversation. By and by a stranger would come, and then another; and so
+      it went on until he even found himself making way for a string of
+      petitioning attendants. At last, when his father had turned his back on
+      the Eurotas, and was entering his house again, he was fain to turn his
+      back also and be gone without so much as accosting him. The next day he
+      fared no better: all happened as on the previous day. Now Agesilaus,
+      although he had his suspicions why his son went to and fro in this way,
+      asked no questions, but left him to take his own course. Archidamus, on
+      his side, was longing, as was natural, to see his friend Cleonymus; but
+      how he was to visit him, without having held the desired conversation with
+      his father, he knew not. The friends of Sphodrias, observing that he who
+      was once so frequent a visitor had ceased coming, were in agony; he must
+      surely have been deterred by the reproaches of his father. At last,
+      however, Archidamus dared to go to his father, and said, "Father,
+      Cleonymus bids me ask you to save his father; grant me this boon, if
+      possible, I beg you." He answered: "For yourself, my son, I can make
+      excuse, but how shall my city make excuse for me if I fail to condemn that
+      man who, for his own base purpose, traffics to the injury of the state?"
+      For the moment the other made no reply, but retired crestfallen before the
+      verdict of justice. Afterwards, whether the thought was his own or that he
+      was prompted by some other, he came and said, "Father, if Sphodrias had
+      done no wrong you would have released him, that I know; but now, if he has
+      done something wrong, may he not be excused by you for our sakes?" And the
+      father answered: "If it can be done without loss of honour on our parts,
+      so shall it be." At that word the young man, in deep despondency, turned
+      and went. Now one of the friends of Sphodrias, conversing with Etymocles,
+      remarked to him: "You are all bent on putting Sphodrias to death, I take
+      it, you friends of Agesilaus?" And Etymocles replied: "If that be so, we
+      all are bent on one thing, and Agesilaus on another, since in all his
+      conversations he still harps upon one string: that Sphodrias has done a
+      wrong there is no denying, yet Sphodrias is a man who, from boyhood to
+      ripe manhood, (13) was ever constant to the call of honour. To put such a
+      man as that to death is hard; nay, Sparta needs such soldiers." The other
+      accordingly went off and reported what he had just heard to Cleonymus; and
+      he in the joy of his heart went straightway to Archidamus and said: "Now
+      we know that you care for us; rest assured, Archidamus, that we in turn
+      will take great pains that you shall never have cause to blush for our
+      friendship." Nor did his acts belie his words; but so long as he lived he
+      was ever faithful to the code of Spartan chivalry; and at Leuctra,
+      fighting in front of the king side by side with Deinon the polemarch,
+      thrice fell or ever he yielded up his breath&mdash;foremost of the
+      citizens amidst the foe. And so, albeit he caused his friend the bitterest
+      sorrow, yet to that which he had promised he was faithful, seeing he
+      wrought Archidamus no shame, but contrariwise shed lustre on him. (14) In
+      this way Sphodrias obtained his acquittal.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) See "Cyrop." I. iv. 12.
+
+ (12) Lit. "the Philition." See "Pol. Lac." iii. 6.
+
+ (13) Lit. "who, whether as child, boy, or young man"; and for the
+    three stages of growth, see "Pol. Lac." ii. iii. iv.
+
+ (14) I.e. both in life and in death.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At Athens the friends of Boeotia were not slow to instruct the people that
+      his countrymen, so far from punishing Sphodrias, had even applauded him
+      for his designs on Athens; and in consequence of this the Athenians not
+      only furnished Piraeus with gates, but set to work to build a fleet, and
+      displayed great zeal in sending aid to the Boeotians. (15) The
+      Lacedaemonians, on their side, called out the ban against the Thebans; and
+      being persuaded that in Agesilaus they would find a more prudent general
+      than Cleombrotus had proved, they begged the former to undertake the
+      expedition. (16) He, replying that the wish of the state was for him law,
+      began making preparations to take the field.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) For the new Athenian confederacy of Delos of this year, B.C. 378,
+    see "Pol. Lac." xiv. 6; "Rev." v. 6; Diod. xv. 28-30; Plut.
+    "Pelop." xv.; Hicks, 78, 81; and for an alliance between Athens
+    and Chalcis in Euboea, see Hicks, 79; and for a treaty with Chios,
+    Hicks, 80.
+
+ (16) See "Ages." ii. 22.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now he had come to the conclusion that without the occupation of Mount
+      Cithaeron any attack on Thebes would be difficult. Learning then that the
+      men of Cleitor were just now at war with the men of Orchomenus, (17) and
+      were maintaining a foreign brigade, he came to an understanding with the
+      Cleitorians that in the event of his needing it, this force would be at
+      his service; and as soon as the sacrifices for crossing the frontier
+      proved favourable, he sent to the commander of the Cleitorian mercenaries,
+      and handing him a month's pay, ordered him to occupy Cithaeron with his
+      men. This was before he himself reached Tegea. Meanwhile he sent a message
+      to the men of Orchomenus that so long as the campaign lasted they must
+      cease from war. If any city during his campaign abroad took on itself to
+      march against another city, his first duty, he declared, would be to march
+      against such offending city in accordance with a decree of the allies.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) In Arcadia. See Busolt, "Die Lak." 120 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Thus crossing Cithaeron he reached Thespiae, (18) and from that base made
+      the territory of Thebes his objective. Finding the great plain fenced
+      round with ditch and palisade, as also the most valuable portions of the
+      country, he adopted the plan of shifting his encampment from one place to
+      another. Regularly each day, after the morning meal, he marched out his
+      troops and ravaged the territory, confining himself to his own side of the
+      palisadings and trench. The appearance of Agesilaus at any point whatever
+      was a signal to the enemy, who within the circuit of his entrenchment kept
+      moving in parallel line to the invader, and was ever ready to defend the
+      threatened point. On one occasion, the Spartan king having retired and
+      being well on the road back to camp, the Theban cavalry, hitherto
+      invisible, suddenly dashed out, following one of the regularly constructed
+      roads out of the entrenchment. Taking advantage of the enemy's position&mdash;his
+      light troops breaking off to supper or busily preparing the meal, and the
+      cavalry, some of them on their legs just (19) dismounted, and others in
+      the act of mounting&mdash;on they rode, pressing the charge home. Man
+      after man of the light troops was cut down; and three cavalry troopers
+      besides&mdash;two Spartans, Cleas and Epicydidas by name, and the third a
+      provincial (20) named Eudicus, who had not had time to mount their horses,
+      and whose fate was shared by some Theban (21) exiles. But presently
+      Agesilaus wheeled about and advanced with his heavy infantry to the
+      succour; his cavalry dashed at the enemy's cavalry, and the flower of the
+      heavy infantry, the ten-years-service men, charged by their side. The
+      Theban cavalry at that instant looked like men who had been imbibing too
+      freely in the noontide heat&mdash;that is to say, they awaited the charge
+      long enough to hurl their spears; but the volley sped without effect, and
+      wheeling about within that distance they left twelve of their number dead
+      upon the field.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) By Cynoscephalae. See "Ages." ii. 22.
+
+ (19) Read, after Courier, {arti} for the vulg. {eti}; or, better
+    still, adopt Hartman's emendation (op. cit. p. 379), {ton men ede
+    katabebekoton ton de katabainonton}, and translate "some&mdash;already
+    dismounted, and others dismounting."
+
+ (20) Lit. "one of the perioeci."
+
+ (21) Reading {Thebaion} after Dind. for {'Athenaion}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Agesilaus had not failed to note with what regularity the enemy presented
+      himself after the morning meal. Turning the observation to account, he
+      offered sacrifice with day's dawn, and marched with all possible speed,
+      and so crossed within the palisadings, through what might have been a
+      desert, as far as defence or sign of living being went. Once well inside,
+      he proceeded to cut down and set on fire everything up to the city gates.
+      After this exploit he beat a retreat, retiring into Thespiae, where he
+      fortified their citadel for them. Here he left Phoebidas as governor,
+      while he himself crossed the passes back into Megara. Arrived here he
+      disbanded the allies, and led the city troops homewards.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After the departure of Agesilaus, Phoebidas devoted himself to harrying
+      the Thebans by sending out robber bands, and laid waste their land by a
+      system of regular incursions. The Thebans, on their side, desiring to
+      retaliate, marched out with their whole force into the territory of
+      Thespiae. But once well inside the district they found themselves closely
+      beset by Phoebidas and his light troops, who would not give them the
+      slightest chance to scatter from their main body, so that the Thebans,
+      heartily vexed at the turn their foray had taken, beat a retreat quicker
+      than they had come. The muleteers threw away with their own hands the
+      fruits they had captured, in their anxiety to get home as quickly as
+      possible; so dire a dread had fallen upon the invading army. This was the
+      chance for the Spartan to press home his attack boldly, keeping his light
+      division in close attendance on himself, and leaving the heavy infantry
+      under orders to follow him in battle order. He was in hopes even that he
+      might put the enemy to complete rout, so valiantly did he lead the
+      advance, encouraging the light troops to "come to a close grip with the
+      invadors," or summoning the heavy infantry of the Thespiaeans to "bring up
+      their supports." Presently the Theban cavalry as they retired found
+      themselves face to face with an impassable glen or ravine, where in the
+      first instance they collected in a mob, and next wheeled right-about-face
+      in sheer resourcelessness where to cross. The handful of light troops who
+      formed the Spartan vanguard took fright at the Thebans and fled, and the
+      Theban horsemen seeing this put in practice the lesson of attack which the
+      fugitives taught them. As for Phoebidas himself, he and two or three with
+      him fell sword in hand, whereupon his mercenary troops all took to their
+      heels.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the stream of fugitives reached the Thespiaean heavy infantry
+      reserves, they too, in spite of much boasting beforehand that they would
+      never yield to Thebans, took to flight, though there was now absolutely no
+      pursuit whatever, for it was now late. The number slain was not large,
+      but, for all that, the men of Thespiae did not come to a standstill until
+      they found themselves safe inside their walls. As a sequel, the hopes and
+      spirits of the Thebans were again kindled into new life, and they made
+      campaigns against Thespiae and the other provincial cities of Boeotia.
+      (22) It must be admitted that in each case the democratical party retired
+      from these cities to Thebes; since absolute governments had been
+      established in all of them on the pattern previously adopted at Thebes;
+      and the result was that the friends of Lacedaemon in these cities also
+      needed her assistance. (23) After the death of Phoebidas the
+      Lacedaemonians despatched a polemarch with a division by sea to form the
+      garrison of Thespiae.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) Lit. "their other perioecid cities." For the significance of this
+    title as applied by the Thebans (and perhaps commonly) to the
+    other cities of Boeotia, see Freeman, op. cit. ch. iv. pp. 157,
+    173 foll.
+
+ (23) See Grote, "H. G." x. 174; Freeman, op. cit. iv. 171, 172.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 377. With the advent of spring (24) the ephors again called out the
+      ban against Thebes, and requested Agesilaus to lead the expedition, as on
+      the former campaign. He, holding to his former theory with regard to the
+      invasion, even before sacrificing the customary frontier sacrifice, sent a
+      despatch to the polemarch at Thespiae, with orders to seize the pass which
+      commands the road over Cithaeron, and to guard it against his arrival.
+      Then, having once more crossed the pass and reached Plataeae, he again
+      made a feint of marching first into Thespiae, and so sent a despatch
+      ordering supplies to be in readiness, and all embassies to be waiting his
+      arrival there; so that the Thebans concentrated their attention on the
+      approaches from Thespiae, which they strongly guarded. Next morning,
+      however, Agesilaus sacrificed at daybreak and set out on the road to
+      Erythrae, (25) and completing in one day what was a good two days' march
+      for an army, gave the Thebans the slip, and crossed their palisade-work at
+      Scolus before the enemy had arrived from the closely-guarded point at
+      which he had effected his entrance formerly. This done he proceeded to
+      ravage the eastward-facing districts of the city of Thebes as far as the
+      territory of Tanagra, for at that date Tanagra was still in the hands of
+      Hypatodorus and his party, who were friends of the Lacedaemonians. After
+      that he turned to retire, keeping the walls of Thebes on his left. But the
+      Thebans, who had stolen, as it were, upon the scene, drew up at the spot
+      called "The Old Wife's Breast," (26) keeping the trench and palisading in
+      their rear: they were persuaded that here, if anywhere, lay their chance
+      to risk a decisive engagement, the ground at this point being somewhat
+      narrow and difficult to traverse. Agesilaus, however, in view of the
+      situation, refused to accept the challenge. Instead of marching upon them
+      he turned sharp off in the direction of the city; and the Thebans, in
+      alarm for the city in its undefended state, abandoned the favourable
+      ground on which they were drawn up in battle line, and retired at the
+      double towards the city along the road to Potniae, which seemed the safer
+      route. This last move of Agesilaus may be described as a stroke of genius:
+      (27) while it allowed him to retire to a distance, it forced the enemy
+      themselves to retreat at the double. In spite of this, however, one or two
+      of the polemarchs, with their divisions, charged the foe as he raced past.
+      But again the Thebans, from the vantage-ground of their heights, sent
+      volleys of spears upon the assailants, which cost one of the polemarchs,
+      Alypetus, his life. He fell pierced by a spear. But again from this
+      particular crest the Thebans on their side were forced to turn in flight;
+      so much so that the Sciritae, with some of the cavalry, scaled up and
+      speedily cut down the rearmost ranks of the Thebans as they galloped past
+      into the city. When, however, they were close under cover of their walls
+      the Thebans turned, and the Sciritae seeing them retreated at more than a
+      steady walking pace. No one, it is true, was slain; but the Thebans all
+      the same set up a trophy in record of the incident at the point where the
+      scaling party had been forced to retreat.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) See for affairs of Delos, never actually named by Xenophon,
+    between B.C. 377 and 374, the Sandwich Marble in Trinity College,
+    Cambridge; Boeckh, "C. I. G" 158, and "P. E. A." ii. p. 78 foll.;
+    Hicks, 82.
+
+ (25) Erythrae (Redlands) stands between Hysiae and Scolus, east of
+    Katzula.&mdash;Leake, "N. Gr." ii. 329. See Herod. ix. 15, 25; Thuc.
+    iii. 24; Paus. IX. ii. 1; Strab. IX. ii.
+
+ (26) Lit. "Graos Stethos."
+
+ (27) Or, "and this move of Agesilaus was regarded as a very pretty
+    one."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now, since the hour was come, Agesilaus fell back and encamped on the
+      very site on which he had seen the enemy drawn up in battle array. Next
+      day he retired by the road to Thespiae. The light troops, who formed a
+      free corps in the pay of the Thebans, hung audaciously at his heels. Their
+      shouts could be heard calling out to Chabrias (28) for not bringing up his
+      supports; when the cavalry of the Olynthians (who now contributed a
+      contingent in accordance with their oaths) (29) wheeled round on them,
+      caught the pursuers in the heat of their pursuit, and drove them uphill,
+      putting large numbers of them to the sword&mdash;so quickly are infantry
+      overhauled by cavalry on steep ground which can be ridden over. Being
+      arrived within the walls of Thespiae, Agesilaus found the citizens in a
+      state of party feud, the men of Lacedaemonian proclivities desiring to put
+      their political opponents, one of whom was Menon, to death (30)&mdash;a
+      proceeding which Agesilaus would not sanction. After having healed their
+      differences and bound them over by solemn oath to keep the peace with one
+      another, he at once retired, taking his old route across Cithaeron to
+      Megara. Here once more he disbanded the allies, and at the head of the
+      city troops himself marched back to Sparta.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (28) For the exploits of Chabrias, who commanded a division of mixed
+    Athenians and mercenaries (see above, S. 14), see Dem. "c. Lept."
+    479; Polyaen. ii. 1, 2; Diod. xv. 32, 33, who gives interesting
+    details; Grote, "H. G." x. 172 foll.
+
+ (29) See above, "Hell." V. iii. 26.
+
+ (30) Or, "under the pretext of furthering Laconian interests there was
+    a desire to put political opponents to death." For "Menon," Diod.
+    conj. "Melon."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans had not gathered in the fruits of their soil for two years
+      now, and began to be sorely pinched for want of corn; they therefore sent
+      a body of men on board a couple of triremes to Pagasae, with ten talents
+      (31) in hand for the purchase of corn. But while these commissioners were
+      engaged in effecting their purchases, Alcetas, the Lacedaemonian who was
+      garrisoning Oreus, (32) fitted out three triremes, taking precautions that
+      no rumour of his proceedings should leak out. As soon as the corn was
+      shipped and the vessels under weigh, he captured not only the corn but the
+      triremes, escort and all, numbering no less than three hundred men. This
+      done he locked up his prisoners in the citadel, where he himself was also
+      quartered. Now there was a youth, the son of a native of Oreus, fair of
+      mien and of gentle breeding, (33) who danced attendance on the commandant:
+      and the latter must needs leave the citadel and go down to busy himself
+      with this youth. This was a piece of carelessness which the prisoners did
+      not fail to observe, and turned to good account by seizing the citadel,
+      whereupon the town revolted, and the Thebans experienced no further
+      difficulty in obtaining corn supplies.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (31) = 2,437 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (32) Oreus, formerly called Histiaea, in the north of Euboea. See
+    Thuc. vii. 57, viii. 95; Diod. xv. 30; Grote, "H. G." ix. 263. For
+    Pagasae at the north extremity of the Pagasaean Gulf, "the cradle
+    of Greek navigation," see Tozer, "Geog. Gr." vi. p. 124; Strab.
+    IX. v. 15.
+
+ (33) Or, "beautiful and brave if ever youth was."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 376. At the return of spring Agesilaus lay sick&mdash;a bedridden
+      invalid. The history of the case is this: During the withdrawal of his
+      army from Thebes the year before, when at Megara, while mounting from the
+      Aphrodision (34) to the Government house he ruptured a vein or other
+      vessel of the body. This was followed by a rush of blood to his sound leg.
+      The knee was much swelled, and the pain intolerable, until a Syracusan
+      surgeon made an incision in the vein near the ankle. The blood thus let
+      flowed night and day; do what they could to stop the discharge, all
+      failed, till the patient fainted away; then it ceased. In this plight
+      Agesilaus was conveyed home on a litter to Lacedaemon, and remained an
+      invalid the rest of that summer and throughout the winter.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (34) Pausanius (I. xi. 6) mentions a temple of Aphrodite
+    {'Epistrophoa} (Verticordia), on the way up to the Carian
+    Acropolis of Megara.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But to resume: at the first burst of spring the Lacedaemonians again
+      called out the ban, and gave orders to Cleombrotus to lead the expedition.
+      The king found himself presently with his troops at the foot of Cithaeron,
+      and his light infantry advanced to occupy the pass which commands the
+      road. But here they found a detachment of Thebans and Athenians already in
+      occupation of the desired height, who for a while suffered them to
+      approach; but when they were close upon them, sprang from their position
+      and charged, putting about forty to the sword. This incident was
+      sufficient to convince Cleombrotus that to invade Thebes by this mountain
+      passage was out of the question, and in this faith he led back and
+      disbanded his troops.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The allies met in Lacedaemon, and arguments were adduced on the part of
+      the allies to show that faintheartedness would very soon lead to their
+      being absolutely worn out by the war. They had got it in their power, it
+      was urged, to fit out a fleet far outnumbering that of Athens, and to
+      reduce that city by starvation; it was open to them, in the self-same
+      ships, to carry an army across into Theban territory, and they had a
+      choice of routes&mdash;the road into Phocis, or, if they preferred, by
+      Creusis. After thus carefully considering the matter they manned a fleet
+      of sixty triremes, and Pollis was appointed admiral in command. Nor indeed
+      were their expectations altogether belied. The Athenians were soon so
+      closely blockaded that their corn vessels could get no farther than
+      Geraestus; (35) there was no inducing them to coast down father south,
+      with a Lacedaemonian navy hovering about Aegina and Ceos and Andros. The
+      Athenians, making a virtue of necessity, manned their ships in person,
+      gave battle to Pollis under the leadership of Chabrias, and came out of
+      the sea-fight (36) victorious.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (35) The promontory at the southern extremity of Euboea.
+
+ (36) Battle of Naxos, B.C. 376. For interesting details, see Diod. xv.
+    35, 35.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 375. Then the corn supplies flowed freely into Athens. The
+      Lacedaemonians, on their side, were preparing to transport an army across
+      the water into Boeotia, when the Thebans sent a request to the Athenians
+      urging them to despatch an armament round Peloponnesus, under the
+      persuasion that if this were done the Lacedaemonians would find it
+      impossible at once to guard their own or the allied territory in that part
+      of the world, and at the same time to convery an army of any size to
+      operate against Thebes. The proposals fell in with the present temper of
+      the Athenians, irritated with Lacedaemon on account of the exploit of
+      Sphodrias. Accordingly they eagerly manned a fleet of sixty vessels,
+      appointing Timotheus as admiral in command, and despatched it on a cruise
+      round Peloponnesus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans, seeing that there had been no hostile invasion of their
+      territory for so long (neither during the campaign of Cleombrotus nor now,
+      (37) whilst Timotheus prosecuted his coasting voyage), felt emboldened to
+      carry out a campaign on their own account against the provincial cities;
+      (38) and one by one they again recovered them.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (37) Lit. "nor at the date of Timotherus's periplus." To the historian
+    writing of the events of this period several years later, the
+    coasting voyage of Timotheus is a single incident ({periepleuse}),
+    and as Grote ("H. G." x. 185, note 3) observes, the words may
+    "include not simply the time which Timotheus took in actually
+    circumnavigating Peloponnesos, but the year which he spent
+    afterwards in the Ionian sea, and the time which he occupied in
+    performing his exploits near Korkyra, Leukas, and the
+    neighbourhood generally." For the character and exploits of
+    Timotheus, son of Conon, see Isocr. "Or." xv. "On the Antidosis,"
+    SS. 101-139; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii. p. 140 foll.; Rehdantz, "Vit.
+    Iphicr. Chabr. Timoth. Atheniensium."
+
+ (38) Or, "the cities round about their territory," lit. "the perioecid
+    cities." For the import of the epithet, see V. iv. 46; Freeman,
+    op. cit. iv. 173, note 1, in reference to Grote, "H. G." x. 183,
+    note 4. For the battle of Tegyra see Grote, ib. 182; Plut.
+    "Pelop." 17; Diod. xv. 57 ("evidently this battle," Grote);
+    Callisthenes, fr. 3, ed. Did. Cf. Steph. Byz., {Tegura}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Timotheus in his cruise reached Corcyra, and reduced it at a blow. That
+      done, he neither enslaved the inhabitants nor drove them into exile, nor
+      changed their laws. And of this conduct he reaped the benefit of the
+      increased cordiality (39) of all the cities of those parts. The
+      Lacedaemonians thereupon fitted out and despatched a counter fleet, with
+      Nicolochus in command, an officer of consummate boldness. This admiral no
+      sooner caught sight of Timotheus's fleet than without hesitation, and in
+      spite of the absence of six Ambraciot vessels which formed part of his
+      squadron, he gave battle, with fifty-five ships to the enemy's sixty. The
+      result was a defeat at the moment, and Timotheus set up a trophy at
+      Alyzia. But as soon as the six missing Ambraciot vessels had reinforced
+      him&mdash;the ships of Timotheus meanwhile being docked and undergoing
+      repairs&mdash;he bore down upon Alyzia in search of the Athenian, and as
+      Timotheus refused to put out to meet him, the Lacedaemonian in turn set up
+      a trophy on the nearest group of islands.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (39) The Corcyraeans, Acarnanians, and Cephallenians join the alliance
+    B.C. 375; see Hicks, 83. "This decree dates from the autumn of
+    B.C. 375, immediately after Timotheos's visit to Korkyra (Xen.
+    'Hell.' V. iv. 64). The result was that the names of Korkyra,
+    Kephallenia, and Akarnania were inscribed upon the list (No. 81),
+    and an alliance was made with them." (See "C. I. A." ii. p. 399
+    foll.; Hicks, loc. cit.; "Hell." VI. v. 23); "C. I. A." ii. 14.
+    The tablet is in the Asclepeian collection at the entrance of the
+    Acropolis at Athens. See Milchofer, "Die Museum Athens," 1881, p.
+    45.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 374. Timotheus, after repairing his original squadron and manning
+      more vessels from Corcyra, found himself at the head of more than seventy
+      ships. His naval superiority was undisputed, but he was forced to send to
+      Athens for moneys, seeing his fleet was large and his wants not trifling.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 374. The Athenians and Lacedaemonians were thus engaged. But to
+      return to the Thebans. After the subjugation of the cities in Boeotia,
+      they extended the area of aggression and marched into Phocis. The
+      Phocians, on their side, sent an embassy to Lacedaemon, and pleaded that
+      without assistance from that power they must inevitably yield to Thebes.
+      The Lacedaemonians in response conveyed by sea into the territory of
+      Phocis their king Cleombrotus, at the head of four regiments and the
+      contingents of the allies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About the same time Polydamus of Pharsalus arrived from Thessaly to
+      address the general assembly (1) of Lacedaemon. He was a man of high
+      repute throughout the whole of Thessaly, while in his native city he was
+      regarded as so true a gentleman that the faction-ridden Pharsalians were
+      content to entrust the citadel to his keeping, and to allow their revenues
+      to pass through his hands. It was his privilege to disburse the money
+      needed for sacred rites or other expenditure, within the limits of their
+      written law and constitution. Out of these moneys this faithful steward of
+      the state was able to garrison and guard in safety for the citizens their
+      capital. Every year he rendered an account of his administration in
+      general. If there was a deficit he made it up out of his own pocket, and
+      when the revenues expanded he paid himself back. For the rest, his
+      hospitality to foreigners and his magnificence were on a true Thessalian
+      scale. Such was the style and character of the man who now arrived in
+      Lacedaemon and spoke as follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) {pros to koinon}, "h.e. vel ad ad senatum vel ad ephoros vel ad
+    concionem."&mdash;Sturz, "Lex. Xen." s.v.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Men of Lacedaemon, it is in my capacity as 'proxenos' and 'benefactor'
+      (titles borne by my ancestry from time immemorial) that I claim, or rather
+      am bound, in case of any difficulty to come to you, and, in case of any
+      complication dangerous to your interests in Thessaly, to give you warning.
+      The name of Jason, I feel sure, is not unknown to Lacedaemonian ears. His
+      power as a prince is sufficiently large, and his fame widespread. It is of
+      Jason I have to speak. Under cover of a treaty of peace he has lately
+      conferred with me, and this is the substance of what he urged:
+      'Polydamas,' he said, 'if I chose I could lay your city at my feet, even
+      against its will, as the following considerations will prove to you. See,'
+      he went on, 'the majority and the most important of the states of Thessaly
+      are my allies. I subdued them in campaigns in which you took their side in
+      opposition to myself. Again, you do not need to be told that I have six
+      thousand mercenaries who are a match in themselves, I take it, for any
+      single state. It is not the mere numbers on which I insist. No doubt as
+      large an army could be raised in other quarters; but these citizen armies
+      have this defect&mdash;they include men who are already advanced in years,
+      with others whose beards are scarcely grown. Again, it is only a fraction
+      of the citizens who attend to bodily training in a state, whereas with me
+      no one takes mercenary service who is not as capable of endurance as
+      myself.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And here, Lacedaemonians, I must tell you what is the bare truth. This
+      Jason is a man stout of limb and robust of body, with an insatiable
+      appetite for toil. Equally true is it that he tests the mettle of those
+      with him day by day. He is always at their head, whether on a field-day
+      under arms, or in the gymnasium, or on some military expedition. The weak
+      members of the corps he weeds out, but those whom he sees bear themselves
+      stout-heartedly in the face of war, like true lovers of danger and of
+      toil, he honours with double, treble, and quadruple pay, or with other
+      gifts. On the bed of sickness they will not lack attendance, nor honour in
+      their graves. Thus every foreigner in his service knows that his valour in
+      war may obtain for him a livelihood&mdash;a life replete at once with
+      honour and abundance. (2)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Or, "a life satisfying at once to soul and body."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Then with some parade he pointed out to me what I knew before, that the
+      Maracians, and the Dolopians, and Alcetas the hyparch (3) in Epirus, were
+      already subject to his sway; 'so that I may fairly ask you, Polydamas,' he
+      proceeded, 'what I have to apprehend that I should not look on your future
+      subjugation as mere child's play. Perhaps some one who did not know me,
+      and what manner of man I am, might put it to me: "Well! Jason, if all you
+      say be true, why do you hesitate? why do you not march at once against
+      Pharsalia?" For the good reason, I reply, that it suits me better to win
+      you voluntarily than to annex you against your wills. Since, if you are
+      forced, you will always be planning all the mischief you can against me,
+      and I on my side shall be striving to diminish your power; whereas if you
+      throw in your lot with mine trustfully and willingly, it is certain we
+      shall do what we can to help each other. I see and know, Polydamas, that
+      your country fixes her eyes on one man only, and that is yourself: what I
+      guarantee you, therefore, is that, if you will dispose her lovingly to
+      myself, I on my side will raise you up to be the greatest man in Hellas
+      next to me. Listen, while I tell you what it is in which I offer you the
+      second prize. Listen, and accept nothing which does not approve itself as
+      true to your own reasoning. First, is it not plain to us both, that with
+      the adhesion of Pharsalus and the swarm of pettier states dependent on
+      yourselves, I shall with infinite ease become Tagos (4) of all the
+      Thessalians; and then the corollary&mdash;Thessaly so united&mdash;sixteen
+      thousand cavalry and more than ten thousand heavy infantry leap into life.
+      Indeed, when I contemplate the physique and proud carriage of these men, I
+      cannot but persuade myself that, with proper handling, there is not a
+      nation or tribe of men to which Thessalians would deign to yield
+      submission. Look at the broad expanse of Thessaly and consider: when once
+      a Tagos is established here, all the tribes in a circle round will lie
+      stilled in subjection; and almost every member of each of these tribes is
+      an archer born, so that in the light infantry division of the service our
+      power must needs excel. Furthermore, the Boeotians and all the rest of the
+      world in arms against Lacedaemon are my allies; they clamour to follow my
+      banner, if only I will free them from Sparta's yoke. So again the
+      Athenians, I make sure, will do all they can to gain our alliance; but
+      with them I do not think we will make friends, for my persuasion is that
+      empire by sea will be even easier to acquire than empire by land; and to
+      show you the justice of this reasoning I would have you weigh the
+      following considerations. With Macedonia, which is the timber-yard (5) of
+      the Athenian navy, in our hands we shall be able to construct a far larger
+      fleet than theirs. That stands to reason. And as to men, which will be the
+      better able to man vessels, think you&mdash;Athens, or ourselves with our
+      stalwart and numerous Penestae? (6) Which will better support mariners&mdash;a
+      nation which, like our own, out of her abundance exports her corn to
+      foreign parts, or Athens, which, but for foreign purchases, has not enough
+      to support herself? And so as to wealth in general it is only natural, is
+      it not, that we, who do not look to a string of little islands for
+      supplies, but gather the fruits of continental peoples, should find our
+      resources more copious? As soon as the scattered powers of Thessaly are
+      gathered into a principality, all the tribes around, I repeat, will become
+      our tributaries. I need not tell you that the king of Persia reaps the
+      fruits, not of islands, but of a continent, and he is the wealthiest of
+      men! But the reduction of Persia will be still more practicable, I
+      imagine, than that of Hellas, for there the men, save one, are better
+      versed in slavery than in prowess. Nor have I forgotten, during the
+      advance of Cyrus, and afterwards under Agesilaus, how scant the force was
+      before which the Persian quailed.'
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "his underlord in Epirus." By hyparch, I suppose, is implied
+    that Alcetas regarded Jason as his suzerain. Diodorus (xv. 13, 36)
+    speaks of him as "king" of the Molossians.
+
+ (4) Or, "Prince," and below, "Thessaly so converted into a
+    Principality." "The Tagos of Thessaly was not a King, because his
+    office was not hereditary or even permanent; neither was he
+    exactly a Tyrant, because his office had some sort of legal
+    sanction. But he came much nearer to the character either of a
+    King or of a Tyrant than to that of a Federal President like the
+    General of the Achaians.... Jason of Pherai acts throughout
+    like a King, and his will seems at least as uncontrolled as that
+    of his brother sovereign beyond the Kambunian hills. Even Jason
+    seems to have been looked upon as a Tyrant (see below, 'Hell.' VI.
+    iv. 32); possibly, like the Athenian Demos, he himself did not
+    refuse the name" (cf. Arist. "Pol." iii. 4, 9).&mdash;Freeman, "Hist.
+    Fed. Gov." "No True Federation in Thessaly," iv. pp. 152 foll.
+
+ (5) See above, and Hicks, 74.
+
+ (6) Or, "peasantry."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Such, Lacedaemonians, were the glowing arguments of Jason. In answer I
+      told him that what he urged was well worth weighing, but that we, the
+      friends of Lacedaemon, should so, without a quarrel, desert her and rush
+      into the arms of her opponents, seemed to me sheer madness. Whereat he
+      praised me, and said that now must he needs cling all the closer to me if
+      that were my disposition, and so charged me to come to you and tell you
+      the plain truth, which is, that he is minded to march against Pharsalus if
+      we will not hearken to him. Accordingly he bade me demand assistance from
+      you; 'and if they suffer you,' (7) he added, 'so to work upon them that
+      they will send you a force sufficient to do battle with me, it is well: we
+      will abide by war's arbitrament, nor quarrel with the consequence; but if
+      in your eyes that aid is insufficient, look to yourself. How shall you
+      longer be held blameless before that fatherland which honours you and in
+      which you fare so well?' (8)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) Or, reading {theoi}, after Cobet; translate "if providentially
+    they should send you."
+
+ (8) Reading {kai e su pratteis}, after Cobet. The chief MSS. give {ouk
+    ede anegkletos an dikaios eies en te patridi e se tima kai su
+    prattois ta kratista}, which might be rendered either, "and how be
+    doing best for yourself?"  (lit. "and you would not be doing best
+    for yourself," {ouk an} carried on from previous clause), or
+    (taking {prattois} as pure optative), "may you be guided to adopt
+    the course best for yourself!" "may the best fortune attend you!
+    Farewell." See Otto Keller, op. cit. ad loc. for various
+    emendations.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "These are the matters," Polydamas continued, "which have brought me to
+      Lacedaemon. I have told you the whole story; it is based partly on what I
+      see to be the case, and partly on what I have heard from yonder man. My
+      firm belief is, men of Lacedaemon, that if you are likely to despatch a
+      force sufficient, not in my eyes only, but in the eyes of all the rest of
+      Thessaly, to cope with Jason in war, the states will revolt from him, for
+      they are all in alarm as to the future development of the man's power; but
+      if you think a company of newly-enfranchised slaves and any amateur
+      general will suffice, I advise you to rest in peace. You may take my word
+      for it, you will have a great power to contend against, and a man who is
+      so prudent a general that, in all he essays to do, be it an affair of
+      secrecy, or speed, or force, he is wont to hit the mark of his endeavours:
+      one who is skilled, should occasion serve, to make the night of equal
+      service to him with the day; (9) or, if speed be needful, will labour on
+      while breakfasting or taking an evening meal. And as for repose, he thinks
+      that the time for it has come when the goal is reached or the business on
+      hand accomplished. And to this same practice he has habituated those about
+      him. Right well he knows how to reward the expectations of his soldiers,
+      when by the extra toil which makes the difference they have achieved
+      success; so that in his school all have laid to heart that maxim, 'Pain
+      first and pleasure after.' (10) And in regard to pleasure of the senses,
+      of all men I know, he is the most continent; so that these also are
+      powerless to make him idle at the expense of duty. You must consider the
+      matter then and tell me, as befits you, what you can and will do."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) See "Cyrop." III. i. 19.
+
+ (10) For this sentiment, see "Mem." II. i. 20 et passim.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such were the representations of Polydamas. The Lacedaemonians, for the
+      time being, deferred their answer; but after calculating the next day and
+      the day following how many divisions (11) they had on foreign service, and
+      how many ships on the coast of Laconia to deal with the foreign squadron
+      of the Athenians, and taking also into account the war with their
+      neighbours, they gave their answer to Polydamas: "For the present they
+      would not be able to send him sufficient aid: under the circumstances they
+      advised him to go back and make the best settlement he could of his own
+      affairs and those of his city." He, thanking the Lacedaemonians for their
+      straightforwardness, withdrew.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Lit. "morai."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The citadel of Pharsalus he begged Jason not to force him to give up: his
+      desire was to preserve it for those who had entrusted it to his safe
+      keeping; his own sons Jason was free to take as hostages, and he would do
+      his best to procure for him the voluntary adhesion of his city by
+      persuasion, and in every way to further his appointment as Tagos of
+      Thessaly. Accordingly, after interchange of solemn assurances between the
+      pair, the Pharsalians were let alone and in peace, and ere long Jason was,
+      by general consent, appointed Tagos of all the Thessalians. Once fairly
+      vested with that authority, he drew up a list of the cavalry and heavy
+      infantry which the several states were capable of furnishing as their
+      quota, with the result that his cavalry, inclusive of allies, numbered
+      more than eight thousand, while his infantry force was computed at not
+      less than twenty thousand; and his light troops would have been a match
+      for those of the whole world&mdash;the mere enumeration of their cities
+      would be a labour in itself. (12) His next act was a summons to all the
+      dwellers round (13) to pay tribute exactly the amount imposed in the days
+      of Scopas. (14) And here in this state of accomplishment we may leave
+      these matters. I return to the point reached when this digression into the
+      affairs of Jason began.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) See "Cyrop." I. i. 5.
+
+ (13) Lit. perioeci.
+
+ (14) It is conjectured that the Scopadae ruled at Pherae and Cranusa
+    in the earlier half of the fifth century B.C.; see, for the change
+    of dynasty, what is said of Lycophron of Pherae in "Hell." II.
+    iii. 4. There was a famous Scopas, son of Creon, to whom Simonides
+    addressed his poem&mdash;
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      {Andr' agathon men alatheos genesthai khalepon khersin te kai posi kai noo
+      tetragonon, aneu psogou tetugmenon.}
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      a sentiment criticised by Plato, "Protag." 359 A. "Now Simonides says to
+      Scopas, the son of Creon, the Thessalian:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      'Hardly on the one hand can a man become truly good; built four-square in
+      hands and feet and mind, a work without a flaw.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Do you know the poem?"&mdash;Jowett, "Plat." i. 153. But whether this
+      Scopas is the Scopas of our text and a hero of Jason's is not clear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 374. The Lacedaemonians and their allies were collecting in Phocia,
+      and the Thebans, after retreating into their own territory, were guarding
+      the approaches. At this juncture the Athenians, seeing the Thebans growing
+      strong at their expense without contributing a single penny to the
+      maintenance of the fleet, while they themselves, what with money
+      contributions, and piratical attacks from Aegina, and the garrisoning of
+      their territory, were being pared to the bone, conceived a desire to cease
+      from war. In this mood they sent an embassy to Lacedaemon and concluded
+      peace. (1)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Curtius, "H. G." vol. iv. p. 376 (Eng. trans.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 374-373. This done, two of the ambassadors, in obedience to a decree
+      of the state, set sail at once from Laconian territory, bearing orders to
+      Timotheus to sail home, since peace was established. That officer, while
+      obeying his orders, availed himself of the homeward voyage to land certain
+      Zacynthian exiles (2) on their native soil, whereupon the Zacynthian city
+      party sent to Lacedaemon and complained of the treatment they had received
+      from Timotheus; and the Lacedaemonians, without further consideration,
+      decided that the Athenians were in the wrong, and proceeded to equip
+      another navy, and at length collected from Laconia itself, from Corinth,
+      Leucas, (3) Ambracia, Elis, Zacynthus, Achaia, Epidaurus, Troezen,
+      Hermione, and Halieis, a force amounting to sixty sail. In command of this
+      squadron they appointed Mnasippus admiral, with orders to attack Corcyra,
+      and in general to look after their interests in those seas. They,
+      moreover, sent an embassy to Dionysius, instructing him that his interests
+      would be advanced by the withdrawal of Corcyra from Athenian hands.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) See Hicks, 81, p. 142.
+
+ (3) Ibid. 81, 86.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 373. Accordingly Mnasippus set sail, as soon as his squadron was
+      ready, direct to Corcyra; he took with him, besides his troops from
+      Lacedaemon, a body of mercenaries, making a total in all of no less than
+      fifteen hundred men. His disembarked, and soon became master of the
+      island, the country district falling a prey to the spoiler. It was in a
+      high state of cultivation, and rich with fruit-trees, not to speak of
+      magnificent dwelling-houses and wine-cellars fitted up on the farms: so
+      that, it was said, the soldiers reached such a pitch of luxury that they
+      refused to drink wine which had not a fine bouquet. A crowd of slaves,
+      too, and fat beasts were captured on the estates.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The general's next move was to encamp with his land forces about
+      three-quarters of a mile (4) from the city district, so that any
+      Corcyraean who attempted to leave the city to go into the country would
+      certainly be cut off on that side. The fleet he stationed on the other
+      side of the city, at a point where he calculated on detecting and
+      preventing the approach of convoys. Besides which he established a
+      blockade in front of the harbour when the weather permitted. In this way
+      the city was completely invested.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Lit. "five stades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Corcyraeans, on their side, were in the sorest straits. They could get
+      nothing from their soil owing to the vice in which they were gripped by
+      land, whilst owing to the predominance of the enemy at sea nothing could
+      be imported. Accordingly they sent to the Athenians and begged for their
+      assistance. They urged upon them that it would be a great mistake if they
+      suffered themselves to be robbed of Corcyra. If they did so, they would
+      not only throw away a great advantage to themselves, but add a
+      considerable strength to their enemy; since, with the exception of Athens,
+      no state was capable of furnishing a larger fleet or revenue. Moreover,
+      Corcyra lay favourably (5) for commanding the Corinthian gulf and the
+      cities which line its shores; it was splendidly situated for injuring the
+      rural districts of Laconia, and still more splendidly in relation to the
+      opposite shores of the continent of Epirus, and the passage between
+      Peloponnesus and Sicily.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) See Thuc. i. 36.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This appeal did not fall on deaf ears. The Athenians were persuaded that
+      the matter demanded their most serious attention, and they at once
+      despatched Stesicles as general, (6) with about six hundred peltasts. They
+      also requested Alcetas to help them in getting their troops across. Thus
+      under cover of night the whole body were conveyed across to a point in the
+      open country, and found their way into the city. Nor was that all. The
+      Athenians passed a decree to man sixty ships of war, and elected (7)
+      Timotheus admiral. The latter, being unable to man the fleet on the spot,
+      set sail on a cruise to the islands and tried to make up the complements
+      of his crews from those quarters. He evidently looked upon it as no light
+      matter to sail round Peloponnesus as if on a voyage of pleasure, and to
+      attack a fleet in the perfection of training. (8) To the Athenians,
+      however, it seemed that he was wasting the precious time seasonable for
+      the coastal voyage, and they were not disposed to condone such an error,
+      but deposed him, appointing Iphicrates in his stead. The new general was
+      no sooner appointed than he set about getting his vessels manned with the
+      utmost activity, putting pressure on the trierarchs. He further procured
+      from the Athenians for his use not only any vessels cruising on the coast
+      of Attica, but the Paralus and Salaminia (9) also, remarking that, if
+      things turned out well yonder, he would soon send them back plenty of
+      ships. Thus his numbers grew to something like seventy sail.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) The name of the general was Ctesicles, according to Diod. xv. 47.
+    Read {strategon} for {tagon}, with Breitenbach, Cobet, etc. For
+    Alcetas, see above, "Hell." VI. i. 7.
+
+ (7) I.e. by show of hands, {ekheirotonoun}.
+
+ (8) See Jowett, note to Thuc. VIII. xcv. 2, ii. p. 525.
+
+ (9) The two sacred galleys. See Thuc. iii. 33; Aristoph. "Birds," 147
+    foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile the Corcyraeans were sore beset with famine: desertion became
+      every day more frequent, so much so that Mnasippus caused proclamation to
+      be made by herald that all deserters would be sold there and then; (10)
+      and when that had no effect in lessening the stream of runaways, he ended
+      by driving them back with the lash. Those within the walls, however, were
+      not disposed to receive these miserable slaves within the lines, and
+      numbers died outside. Mnasippus, not blind to what was happening, soon
+      persuaded himself that he had as good as got the city into his possession:
+      and he began to try experiments on his mercenaries. Some of them he had
+      already paid off; (11) others still in his service had as much as two
+      months' pay owing to them by the general, who, if report spoke true, had
+      no lack of money, since the majority of the states, not caring for a
+      campaign across the seas, sent him hard cash instead of men. But now the
+      beleaguered citizens, who could espy from their towers that the outposts
+      were less carefully guarded than formerly, and the men scattered about the
+      rural districts, made a sortie, capturing some and cutting down others.
+      Mnasippus, perceiving the attack, donned his armour, and, with all the
+      heavy troops he had, rushed to the rescue, giving orders to the captains
+      and brigadiers (12) to lead out the mercenaries. Some of the captains
+      answered that it was not so easy to command obedience when the necessaries
+      of life were lacking; whereat the Spartan struck one man with his staff,
+      and another with the butt of his spear. Without spirit and full of
+      resentment against their general, the men mustered&mdash;a condition very
+      unfavourable to success in battle. Having drawn up the troops, the general
+      in person repulsed the division of the enemy which was opposite the gates,
+      and pursued them closely; but these, rallying close under their walls,
+      turned right about, and from under cover of the tombs kept up a continuous
+      discharge of darts and other missiles; other detachments, dashing out at
+      other gates, meanwhile fell heavily on the flanks of the enemy. The
+      Lacedaemonians, being drawn up eight deep, and thinking that the wing of
+      their phalanx was of inadequate strength, essayed to wheel around; but as
+      soon as they began the movement the Corcyraeans attacked them as if they
+      were fleeing, and they were then unable to recover themselves, (13) while
+      the troops next in position abandoned themselves to flight. Mnasippus,
+      unable to succour those who were being pressed owing to the attack of the
+      enemy immediately in front, found himself left from moment to moment with
+      decreasing numbers. At last the Corcyraeans collected, and with one united
+      effort made a final rush upon Mnasippus and his men, whose numbers were
+      now considerably reduced. At the same instant the townsmen, (14) eagerly
+      noticing the posture of affairs, rushed out to play their part. First
+      Mnasippus was slain, and then the pursuit became general; nor could the
+      pursuers well have failed to capture the camp, barricade and all, had they
+      not caught sight of the mob of traffickers with a long array of attendants
+      and slaves, and thinking that here was a prize indeed, desisted from
+      further chase.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Or, "he would knock them all down to the hammer."
+
+ (11) Or, "cut off from their pay."
+
+ (12) Lit. "lochagoi and taxiarchs."
+
+ (13) Or, "to retaliate"; or, "to complete the movement."
+
+ (14) Reading, after Dindorf, {oi politai}, or, if with the MSS., {oi
+    oplitai}; translate "the heavy-armed among the assailants saw
+    their advantage and pressed on."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Corcyraeans were well content for the moment to set up a trophy and to
+      give back the enemy's dead under a flag of truce; but the
+      after-consequences were even more important to them in the revival of
+      strength and spirits which were sunk in despondency. The rumour spread
+      that Iphicrates would soon be there&mdash;he was even at the doors; and in
+      fact the Corcyraeans themselves were manning a fleet. So Hypermenes, who
+      was second in command to Mnasippus and the bearer of his despatches,
+      manned every vessel of the fleet as full as it would hold, and then
+      sailing round to the entrenched camp, filled all the transports with
+      prisoners and valuables and other stock, and sent them off. He himself,
+      with his marines and the survivors of his troops, kept watch over the
+      entrenchments; but at last even this remnant in the excess of panic and
+      confusion got on board the men-of-war and sailed off, leaving behind them
+      vast quantities of corn and wine, with numerous prisoners and invalided
+      soldiers. The fact was, they were sorely afraid of being caught by the
+      Athenians in the island, and so they made safely off to Leucas.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Iphicrates had commenced his voyage of circumnavigation, partly
+      voyaging and partly making every preparation for an engagement. He at once
+      left his large sails behind him, as the voyage was only to be the prelude
+      of a battle; his flying jibs, even if there was a good breeze, were but
+      little used, since by making his progress depend on sheer rowing, he hoped
+      at once to improve the physique of his men and the speed of his attack.
+      Often when the squadron was about to put into shore for the purpose of
+      breakfast or supper, he would seize the moment, and draw back the leading
+      wing of the column from the land off the point in question; and then
+      facing round again with the triremes posted well in line, prow for prow,
+      at a given signal let loose the whole fleet in a stoutly contested race
+      for the shore. Great was the triumph in being the first to take in water
+      or whatever else they might need, or the first to breakfast; just as it
+      was a heavy penalty on the late-comers, not only to come short in all
+      these objects of desire, but to have to put out to sea with the rest as
+      soon as the signal was given; since the first-comers had altogether a
+      quiet time of it, whilst the hindmost must get through the whole business
+      in hot haste. So again, in the matter of outposts, if he chanced to be
+      getting the morning meal on hostile territory, pickets would be posted, as
+      was right and proper, on the land; but, apart from these, he would raise
+      his masts and keep look-out men on the maintops. These commanded of course
+      a far wider prospect from their lofty perches than the outposts on the
+      level ground. So too, when he dined or slept he had no fires burning in
+      the camp at night, but only a beacon kindled in front of the encampment to
+      prevent any unseen approach; and frequently in fine weather he put out to
+      sea immediately after the evening meal, when, if the breeze favoured, they
+      ran along and took their rest simultaneously, or if they depended on oars
+      he gave his mariners repose by turns. During the voyage in daytime he
+      would at one time signal to "sail in column," and at another signal
+      "abreast in line." So that whilst they prosecuted the voyage they at the
+      same time became (both as to theory and practice) well versed in all the
+      details of an engagement before they reached the open sea&mdash;a sea, as
+      they imagined, occupied by their foes. For the most part they breakfasted
+      and dined on hostile territory; but as he confined himself to bare
+      necessaries he was always too quick for the enemy. Before the hostile
+      reinforcement would come up he had finished his business and was out to
+      sea again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the date of Mnasippus's death he chanced to be off Sphagiae in Laconian
+      territory. Reaching Elis, and coasting past the mouth of the Alpheus, he
+      came to moorings under Cape Ichthus, (15) as it is called. The next day he
+      put out from that port for Cephallenia, so drawing up his line and
+      conducting the voyage that he might be prepared in every detail to engage
+      if necessary. The tale about Mnasippus and his demise had reached him, but
+      he had not heard it from an eye-witness, and suspected that it might have
+      been invented to deceive him and throw him off his guard. He was therefore
+      on the look-out. It was, in fact, only on arrival in Cephallenia that he
+      learned the news in an explicit form, and gave his troops rest.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) Cape Fish, mod. Cape Katakolon, protecting harbour of Pyrgos in
+    Elis.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I am well aware that all these details of practice and manouvring are
+      customary in anticipation of a sea-fight, but what I single out for praise
+      in the case before us is the skill with which the Athenian admiral
+      attained a twofold object. Bearing in mind that it was his duty to reach a
+      certain point at which he expected to fight a naval battle without delay,
+      it was a happy discovery on his part not to allow tactical skill, on the
+      one hand, to be sacrificed to the pace of sailing, (16) nor, on the other,
+      the need of training to interfere with the date of arrival.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) Lit. "the voyage."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After reducing the towns of Cephallenia, Iphicrates sailed to Corcyra.
+      There the first news he heard was that the triremes sent by Dionysius were
+      expected to relieve the Lacedaemonians. On receipt of this information he
+      set off in person and surveyed the country, in order to find a spot from
+      which it would be possible to see the vessels approaching and to signal to
+      the city. Here he stationed his look-out men. A code of signals was agreed
+      upon to signify "vessels in sight," "mooring," etc.; which done he gave
+      his orders to twenty of his captains of men-of-war who were to follow him
+      at a given word of command. Any one who failed to follow him must not
+      grumble at the penalty; that he warned them. Presently the vessels were
+      signalled approaching; the word of command was given, and then the
+      enthusiasm was a sight to see&mdash;every man of the crews told off for
+      the expedition racing to join his ship and embark. Sailing to the point
+      where the enemy's vessels lay, he had no difficulty in capturing the
+      crews, who had disembarked from all the ships with one exception. The
+      exception was that of Melanippus the Rhodian, who had advised the other
+      captains not to stop at this point, and had then manned his own vessel and
+      sailed off. Thus he encountered the ships of Iphicrates, but contrived to
+      slip through his fingers, while the whole of the Syracusan vessels were
+      captured, crews and all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having cut the beaks off the prows, Iphicrates bore down into the harbour
+      of Corcyra with the captured triremes in tow. With the captive crews
+      themselves he came to an agreement that each should pay a fixed sum as
+      ransom, with one exception, that of Crinippus, their commander. Him he
+      kept under guard, with the intention apparently of exacting a handsome sum
+      in his case or else of selling him. The prisoner, however, from vexation
+      of spirit, put an end to his own life. The rest were sent about their
+      business by Iphicrates, who accepted the Corcyraeans as sureties for the
+      money. His own sailors he supported for the most part as labourers on the
+      lands of the Corcyraeans, while at the head of his light infantry and the
+      hoplites of the contingent he crossed over into Acarnania, and there lent
+      his aid to any friendly state that needed his services; besides which he
+      went to war with the Thyrians, (17) a sturdy race of warriors in
+      possession of a strong fortress.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) Thyreum (or Thyrium), in Acarnania, a chief city at the time of
+    the Roman wars in Greece; and according to Polybius (xxxviii. 5),
+    a meeting-place of the League on one occasion. See "Dict. Anct.
+    Geog." s.v.; Freeman, op. cit. iv. 148; cf. Paus. IV. xxvi. 3, in
+    reference to the Messenians and Naupactus; Grote, "H. G." x. 212.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 372. Having attached to his squadron the navy also of Corcyra, with a
+      fleet numbering now about ninety ships he set sail, in the first instance
+      to Cephallenia, where he exacted money&mdash;which was in some cases
+      voluntarily paid, in others forcibly extorted. In the next place he began
+      making preparations partly to harass the territory of the Lacedaemonians,
+      and partly to win over voluntarily the other states in that quarter which
+      were hostile to Athens; or in case of refusal to go to war with them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The whole conduct of the campaign reflects, I think, the highest credit on
+      Iphicrates. If his strategy was admirable, so too was the instinct which
+      led him to advise the association with himself of two such colleagues as
+      Callistratus and Chabrias&mdash;the former a popular orator but no great
+      friend of himself politically, (18) the other a man of high military
+      reputation. Either he looked upon them as men of unusual sagacity, and
+      wished to profit by their advice, in which case I commend the good sense
+      of the arrangement, or they were, in his belief, antagonists, in which
+      case the determination to approve himself a consummate general, neither
+      indolent nor incautious, was bold, I admit, but indicative of a laudable
+      self-confidence. Here, however, we must part with Iphicrates and his
+      achievements to return to Athens.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Reading with the MSS. {ou mala epitedeion onta}. See Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 206. Boeckh ("P. E. A.," trans. Cornewall Lewis, p. 419)
+    wished to read {eu mala} for {ou mala k.t.l.}, in which case
+    translate "the former a popular orator, and a man of singular
+    capacity"; and for {epitedeion} in that sense, see "Hipparch." i.
+    8; for {eu mala}, see "Hipparch." i. 25. For details concerning
+    Callistratus, see Dindorf, op. cit. note ad. loc.; Curtius, "H.
+    G." iv. 367, 381 foll., v. 90. For Chabrias, Rehdantz, op. cit. In
+    the next sentence I have again adhered to the reading of the MSS.,
+    but the passage is commonly regarded as corrupt; see Otto Keller,
+    op. cit. p. 215 for various emendations.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Athenians, forced to witness the expatriation from Boeotia of their
+      friends the Plataeans (who had sought an asylum with themselves), forced
+      also to listen to the supplications of the Thespiaeans (who begged them
+      not to suffer them to be robbed of their city), could no longer regard the
+      Thebans with favour; (1) though, when it came to a direct declaration of
+      war, they were checked in part by a feeling of shame, and partly by
+      considerations of expediency. Still, to go hand in hand with them, to be a
+      party to their proceedings, this they absolutely refused, now that they
+      saw them marching against time-honoured friends of the city like the
+      Phocians, and blotting out states whose loyalty in the great Persian war
+      was conspicuous no less than their friendship to Athens. Accordingly the
+      People passed a decree to make peace; but in the first instance they sent
+      an embassy to Thebes, inviting that state to join them if it pleased them
+      on an embassy which they proposed to send to Lacedaemon to treat of peace.
+      In the next place they despatched such an embassy on their own account.
+      Among the commissioners appointed were Callias the son of Hipponicus,
+      Autocles the son of Strombichides, Demostratus the son of Aristophon,
+      Aristocles, Cephisodotus, (2) Melanopus, and Lycaethus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Plataea destroyed in B.C. 373. See Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 397.
+
+ (2) See below, "Hell." VII. i. 12; Hicks, 87.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 371. (These were formally introduced to the Deputies of the
+      Lacedaemonians and the allies. (3)) Nor ought the name of Callistratus to
+      be omitted. That statesman and orator was present. He had obtained
+      furlough from Iphicrates on an undertaking either to send money for the
+      fleet or to arrange a peace. Hence his arrival in Athens and transactions
+      in behalf of peace. After being introduced to the assembly (4) of the
+      Lacedaemonians and to the allies, Callias, (5) who was the dadouchos (or
+      torch-holder) in the mysteries, made the first speech. He was a man just
+      as well pleased to praise himself as to hear himself praised by others. He
+      opened the proceedings as follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) The bracketed words read like an annotator's comment, or possibly
+    they are a note by the author.
+
+ (4) See above, "Hell." II. iv. 38.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." IV. v. 13; Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.;
+    Xen. "Symp."; Plat. "Protag."; Andoc. "de Myst." If this is one
+    and the same person he must have been an elderly man at this date,
+    371 B.C.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Lacedaemonians, the duty of representing you as proxenos at Athens is a
+      privilege which I am not the first member of my family to enjoy; my
+      father's father held it as an heirloom of our family and handed it down as
+      a heritage to his descendants. If you will permit me, I should like to
+      show you the disposition of my fatherland towards yourselves. If in times
+      of war she chooses us as her generals, so when her heart is set upon quiet
+      she sends us out as her messengers of peace. I myself have twice already
+      (6) stood here to treat for conclusion of war, and on both embassies
+      succeeded in arranging a mutually agreeable peace. Now for the third time
+      I am come, and I flatter myself that to-day again I shall obtain a
+      reconciliation, and on grounds exceptionally just. My eyes bear witness
+      that our hearts are in accord; you and we alike are pained at the
+      effacement of Plataeae and Thespiae. Is it not then reasonable that out of
+      agreement should spring concord rather than discord? It is never the part,
+      I take it, of wise men to raise the standard of war for the sake of petty
+      differences; but where there is nothing but unanimity they must be
+      marvellous folk who refuse the bond of peace. But I go further. It were
+      just and right on our parts even to refuse to bear arms against each
+      other; since, as the story runs, the first strangers to whom our
+      forefather Triptolemus showed the unspeakable mystic rites of Demeter and
+      Core, the mother and the maiden, were your ancestors;&mdash;I speak of
+      Heracles, the first founder of your state, and of your two citizens, the
+      great twin sons of Zeus&mdash;and to Peloponnesus first he gave as a gift
+      the seed of Demeter's corn-fruits. How, then, can it be just or right
+      either that you should come and ravage the corn crops of those from whom
+      you got the sacred seed of corn, or that we should not desire that they to
+      whom the gift was given should share abundantly of this boon? But if, as
+      it would seem, it is a fixed decree of heaven that war shall never cease
+      among men, yet ought we&mdash;your people and our people&mdash;to be as
+      slow as possible to begin it, and being in it, as swift as possible to
+      bring it to an end."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) B.C. 387 and 374; see Curtius, "H. G." vol. iv. p. 376 (Eng. ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After him Autocles (7) spoke: he was of repute as a versatile lawyer and
+      orator, and addressed the meeting as follows: "Lacedaemonians, I do not
+      conceal from myself that what I am about to say is not calculated to
+      please you, but it seems to me that, if you wish the friendship which we
+      are cementing to last as long as possible, we are wise to show each other
+      the underlying causes of our wars. Now, you are perpetually saying that
+      the states ought to be independent; but it is you yourselves who most of
+      all stand in the way of independence&mdash;your first and last stipulation
+      with the allied states being that they should follow you whithersoever you
+      choose to lead; and yet what has this principle of follow-my-leader got to
+      do with independent action? (8) Again, you pick quarrels without
+      consulting your allies, and lead them against those whom you account
+      enemies; so that in many cases, with all their vaunted independence, they
+      are forced to march against their greatest friends; and, what is still
+      more opposed to independence than all else, you are for ever setting up
+      here your decarchies and there your thirty commissioners, and your chief
+      aim in appointing these officers and governors seems to be, not that they
+      should fulfil their office and govern legally, but that they should be
+      able to keep the cities under their heels by sheer force. So that it looks
+      as if you delighted in despotisms rather than free constitutions. Let us
+      go back to the date (9) at which the Persian king enjoined the
+      independence of the states. At that time you made no secret of your
+      conviction that the Thebans, if they did not suffer each state to govern
+      itself and to use the laws of its own choice, would be failing to act in
+      the spirit of the king's rescript. But no sooner had you got hold of
+      Cadmeia than you would not suffer the Thebans themselves to be
+      independent. Now, if the maintenance of friendship be an object, it is no
+      use for people to claim justice from others while they themselves are
+      doing all they can to prove the selfishness of their aims."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) For the political views of Autocles, see Curtius, "H. G." iv. 387,
+    v. 94 (Eng. tr.); see also Grote, "H. G." x. 225.
+
+ (8) Or, "what consistency is there between these precepts of yours and
+    political independence?"
+
+ (9) Sixteen years before&mdash;B.C. 387. See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 5.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These remarks were received in absolute silence, yet in the hearts of
+      those who were annoyed with Lacedaemon they stirred pleasure. After
+      Autocles spoke Callistratus: "Trespasses, men of Lacedaemon, have been
+      committed on both sides, yours and ours, I am free to confess; but still
+      it is not my view that because a man has done wrong we can never again
+      have dealings with him. Experience tells me that no man can go very far
+      without a slip, and it seems to me that sometimes the transgressor by
+      reason of his transgression becomes more tractable, especially if he be
+      chastened through the error he has committed, as has been the case with
+      us. And so on your own case I see that ungenerous acts have sometimes
+      reaped their own proper reward: blow has been met by counter-blow; and as
+      a specimen I take the seizure of the Cadmeia in Thebes. To-day, at any
+      rate, the very cities whose independence you strove for have, since your
+      unrighteous treatment of Thebes, fallen one and all of them again into her
+      power. (10) We are schooled now, both of us, to know that grasping brings
+      not gain. We are prepared, I hope, to be once more moderate under the
+      influence of a mutual friendship. Some, I know, in their desire to render
+      our peace (11) abortive accuse us falsely, as though we were come hither,
+      not seeking friendship, but because we dread the arrival of some (12)
+      Antalcidas with moneys from the king. But consider, what arrant nonsense
+      they talk! Was it not, pray, the great king who demanded that all the
+      states in Hellas should be independent? and what have we Athenians, who
+      are in full agreement with the king, both in word and deed, to fear from
+      him? Or is it conceivable that he prefers spending money in making others
+      great to finding his favourite projects realised without expense?
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Reading, with Breitenbach and Hartman, {as} instead of {os
+    espoudasate k.t.l.}
+
+ (11) Or, more lit. "to avert the peace" as an ill-omened thing.
+
+ (12) Without inserting {tis}, as Hartman proposes ("An. Xen." p. 387),
+    that, I think, is the sense. Antalcidas is the arch-diplomat&mdash;a
+    name to conjure with, like that of Bismarck in modern European
+    politics. But see Grote, "H. G." x. 213, note 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Well! what is it really that has brought us here? No especial need or
+      difficulty in our affairs. That you may discover by a glance at our
+      maritime condition, or, if you prefer, at the present posture of our
+      affairs on land. Well, then, how does the matter stand? It is obvious that
+      some of our allies please us no better than they please you; (13) and,
+      possibly, in return for your former preservation of us, we may be credited
+      with a desire to point out to you the soundness of our policy.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See, for this corrupt passage, Otto Keller, op. cit. p. 219;
+    Hartman, op. cit. p. 387; and Breitenbach, n. ad loc. In the next
+    sentence I should like to adopt Hartman's emendation (ib.) {on
+    orthos egnote} for the MSS. {a orthos egnomen}, and translate "we
+    may like to prove to you the soundness of your policy at the
+    time." For the "preservation" referred to, see below, VI. v. 35,
+    and above, II. ii. 20.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But, to revert once more to the topic of expediency and common interests.
+      It is admitted, I presume, that, looking at the states collectively, half
+      support your views, half ours; and in every single state one party is for
+      Sparta and another for Athens. Suppose, then, we were to shake hands, from
+      what quarter can we reasonably anticipate danger and trouble? To put the
+      case in so many words, so long as you are our friends no one can vex us by
+      land; no one, whilst we are your supports, can injure you by sea. Wars
+      like tempests gather and grow to a head from time to time, and again they
+      are dispelled. That we all know. Some future day, if not to-day, we shall
+      crave, both of us, for peace. Why, then, need we wait for that moment,
+      holding on until we expire under the multitude of our ills, rather than
+      take time by the forelock and, before some irremediable mischief betide,
+      make peace? I cannot admire the man who, because he has entered the lists
+      and has scored many a victory and obtained to himself renown, is so eaten
+      up with the spirit of rivalry that he must needs go on until he is beaten
+      and all his training is made futile. Nor again do I praise the gambler
+      who, if he makes one good stroke of luck, insists on doubling the stakes.
+      Such conduct in the majority of cases must end in absolute collapse. Let
+      us lay the lesson of these to heart, and forbear to enter into any such
+      lists as theirs for life or death; but, while we are yet in the heyday of
+      our strength and fortune, shake hands in mutual amity. So assuredly shall
+      we through you and you through us attain to an unprecedented pinnacle of
+      glory throughout Hellas."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The arguments of the speakers were approved, and the Lacedaemonians passed
+      a resolution to accept peace on a threefold basis: the withdrawal of the
+      governors from the cities, (14) the disbanding of armaments naval and
+      military, and the guarantee of independence to the states. "If any state
+      transgressed these stipulations, it lay at the option of any power
+      whatsoever to aid the states so injured, while, conversely, to bring such
+      aid was not compulsory on any power against its will." On these terms the
+      oaths were administered and accepted by the Lacedaemonians on behalf of
+      themselves and their allies, and by the Athenians and their allies
+      separately state by state. The Thebans had entered their individual name
+      among the states which accepted the oaths, but their ambassadors came the
+      next day with instructions to alter the name of the signatories,
+      substituting for Thebans Boeotians. (15) But Agesilaus answered to this
+      demand that he would alter nothing of what they had in the first instance
+      sworn to and subscribed. If they did not wish to be included in the
+      treaty, he was willing to erase their name at their bidding. So it came to
+      pass that the rest of the world made peace, the sole point of dispute
+      being confined to the Thebans; and the Athenians came to the conclusion
+      that there was a fair prospect of the Thebans being now literally
+      decimated. (16) As to the Thebans themselves, they retired from Sparta in
+      utter despondency.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) Grote ("H. G." x. 236) thinks that Diod. xv. 38 ({exagogeis})
+    belongs to this time, not to the peace between Athens and Sparta
+    in 374 B.C.
+
+ (15) See, for a clear explanation of the matter, Freeman, "Hist. Red.
+    Gov." iv. p. 175, note 3, in reference to Grote, ib. x. 231 note,
+    and Paus. IX. xiii. 2; Plut. "Ages." 28; Thirlwall, "H. G." v. p
+    69 note.
+
+ (16) Or, "as the saying is, taken and tithed." See below, VI. v. 35,
+    and for the origin of the saying, Herod. vii. 132.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In consequence of the peace the Athenians proceeded to withdraw their
+      garrisons from the different sates, and sent to recall Iphicrates with his
+      fleet; besides which they forced him to restore everything captured
+      subsequently to the late solemn undertaking at Lacedaemon. The
+      Lacedaemonians acted differently. Although they withdrew their governors
+      and garrisons from the other states, in Phocis they did not do so. Here
+      Cleombrotus was quartered with his army, and had sent to ask directions
+      from the home authorities. A speaker, Prothous, maintained that their
+      business was to disband the army in accordance with their oaths, and then
+      to send round invitations to the states to contribute what each felt
+      individually disposed, and lay such sum in the temple of Apollo; after
+      which, if any attempt to hinder the independence of the states on any side
+      were manifested, it would be time enough then again to invite all who
+      cared to protect the principle of autonomy to march against its opponents.
+      "In this way," he added, "I think the goodwill of heaven will be secured,
+      and the states will suffer least annoyance." But the Assembly, on hearing
+      these views, agreed that this man was talking nonsense. Puppets in the
+      hands of fate! (1) An unseen power, it would seem, was already driving
+      them onwards; so they sent instructions to Cleombrotus not to disband the
+      army, but to march straight against the Thebans if they refused to
+      recognise the autonomy of the states. (Cleombrotus, it is understood, had,
+      on hearing the news of the establishment of peace, sent to the ephorate to
+      ask for guidance; and then they sent him the above instructions, bidding
+      him under the circumstances named to march upon Thebes. (2))
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Grote, "H. G." x. 237: "The miso-Theban impulse now drove them
+    on with a fury which overcame all other thoughts... a
+    misguiding inspiration sent by the gods&mdash;like that of the Homeric
+    Ate."
+
+ (2) This passage reads like an earlier version for which the above was
+    substituted by the author.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Spartan king soon perceived that, so far from leaving the Boeotian
+      states their autonomy, the Thebans were not even preparing to disband
+      their army, clearly in view of a general engagement; he therefore felt
+      justified in marching his troops into Boeotia. The point of ingress which
+      he adopted was not that which the Thebans anticipated from Phocis, and
+      where they were keeping guard at a defile; but, marching through Thisbae
+      by a mountainous and unsuspected route, he arrived before Creusis, taking
+      that fortress and capturing twelve Theban war-vessels besides. After this
+      achievement he advanced from the seaboard and encamped in Leuctra on
+      Thespian territory. The Thebans encamped in a rising ground immediately
+      opposite at no great distance, and were supported by no allies except the
+      Boeotians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this juncture the friends of Cleombrotus came to him and urged upon him
+      strong reasons for delivering battle. "If you let the Thebans escape
+      without a battle," they said, "you will run great risks of suffering the
+      extreme penalty at the hands of the state. People will call to mind
+      against you the time when you reached Cynoscephelae and did not ravage a
+      square foot of Theban territory; and again, a subsequent expedition when
+      you were driven back foiled in your attempt to make an entry into the
+      enemy's country&mdash;while Agesilaus on each occasion found his entry by
+      Mount Cithaeron. If then you have any care for yourself, or any attachment
+      to your fatherland, march you against the enemy." That was what his
+      friends urged. As to his opponents, what they said was, "Now our fine
+      friend will show whether he really is so concerned on behalf of the
+      Thebans as he is said to be."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cleombrotus, with these words ringing in his ears, felt driven (3) to join
+      battle. On their side the leaders of Thebes calculated that, if they did
+      not fight, their provincial cities (4) would hold aloof from them and
+      Thebes itself would be besieged; while, if the commonalty of Thebes failed
+      to get supplies, there was every prospect that the city itself would turn
+      against them; and, seeing that many of them had already tasted the
+      bitterness of exile, they came to the conclusion that it was better for
+      them to die on the field of battle than to renew that experience. Besides
+      this they were somewhat encouraged by the recital of an oracle which
+      predicted that the Lacedaemonians would be defeated on the spot where the
+      monument of the maidens stood, who, as the story goes, being violated by
+      certain Lacedaemonians, had slain themselves. (5) This sepulchral monument
+      the Thebans decked with ornaments before the battle. Furthermore, tidings
+      were brought them from the city that all the temples had opened of their
+      own accord; and the priestesses asserted that the gods revealed victory.
+      Again, from the Heracleion men said that the arms had disappeared, as
+      though Heracles himself had sallied forth to battle. It is true that
+      another interpretation (6) of these marvels made them out to be one and
+      all the artifices of the leaders of Thebes. However this may be,
+      everything in the battle turned out adverse to the Lacedaemonians; while
+      fortune herself lent aid to the Thebans and crowned their efforts with
+      success. Cleombrotus held his last council "whether to fight or not,"
+      after the morning meal. In the heat of noon a little goes a long way; and
+      the people said that it took a somewhat provocative effect on their
+      spirits. (7)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "was provoked."
+
+ (4) Lit. "perioecid." See Thuc. iv. 76, Arnold's note, and "Hell." V.
+    iv. 46, 63.
+
+ (5) See Diod. xv. 54; Paus. IX. xiii. 3; Plut. "Pelop." xx.
+
+ (6) Or, "it is true that some people made out these marvels."
+
+ (7) Or, "they were somewhat excited by it."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Both sides were now arming, and there was the unmistakeable signs of
+      approaching battle, when, as the first incident, there issued from the
+      Boeotian lines a long train bent on departure&mdash;these were the
+      furnishers of the market, a detachment of baggage bearers, and in general
+      such people as had no inclination to join in the fight. These were met on
+      their retreat and attacked by the mercenary troops under Hiero, who got
+      round them by a circular movement. (8) The mercenaries were supported by
+      the Phocian light infantry and some squadrons of Heracleot and Phliasian
+      cavalry, who fell upon the retiring train and turned them back, pursuing
+      them and driving them into the camp of the Boeotians. The immediate effect
+      was to make the Boeotian portion of the army more numerous and closer
+      packed than before. The next feature of the combat was that in consequence
+      of the flat space of plain (9) between the opposing armies, the
+      Lacedaemonians posted their cavalry in front of their squares of infantry,
+      and the Thebans followed suit. Only there was this difference&mdash;the
+      Theban cavalry was in a high state of training and efficiency, owing to
+      their war with the Orchomenians and again their war with Thespiae, whilst
+      the cavalry of the Lacedaemonians was at its worst at this period. (10)
+      The horses were reared and kept by the wealthiest members of the state;
+      but whenever the ban was called out, an appointed trooper appeared who
+      took the horse with any sort of arms which might be presented to him, and
+      set off on the expedition at a moment's notice. Moreover, these troopers
+      were the least able-bodied of the men: raw recruits set simply astride
+      their horses, and devoid of soldierly ambition. Such was the cavalry of
+      either antagonist.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Or, "surrounded them."
+
+ (9) See Rustow and Kochly, op. cit. p. 173.
+
+ (10) See "Hipparch." ix. 4; also "Cyrop." VIII. viii.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The heavy infantry of the Lacedaemonians, it is said, advanced by sections
+      three files abreast, (11) allowing a total depth to the whole line of not
+      more than twelve. The Thebans were formed in close order of not less than
+      fifty shields deep, calculating that victory gained over the king's
+      division of the army implied the easy conquest of the rest.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) It would appear that the "enomoty" (section) numbered thirty-six
+    files. See "Pol. Lac." xi. 4; xiii. 4. For further details as to
+    the tactical order of the Thebans, see Diod. xv. 55; Plut.
+    "Pelop." xxiii.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Cleombrotus had hardly begun to lead his division against the foe when,
+      before in fact the troops with him were aware of his advance, the cavalry
+      had already come into collision, and that of the Lacedaemonians was
+      speedily worsted. In their flight they became involved with their own
+      heavy infantry; and to make matters worse, the Theban regiments were
+      already attacking vigorously. Still strong evidence exists for supposing
+      that Cleombrotus and his division were, in the first instance, victorious
+      in the battle, if we consider the fact that they could never have picked
+      him up and brought him back alive unless his vanguard had been masters of
+      the situation for the moment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When, however, Deinon the polemarch and Sphodrias, a member of the king's
+      council, with his son Cleonymus, (12) had fallen, then it was that the
+      cavalry and the polemarch's adjutants, (13) as they are called, with the
+      rest, under pressure of the mass against them, began retreating; and the
+      left wing of the Lacedaemonians, seeing the right borne down in this way,
+      also swerved. Still, in spite of the numbers slain, and broken as they
+      were, as soon as they had crossed the trench which protected their camp in
+      front, they grounded arms on the spot (14) whence they had rushed to
+      battle. This camp, it must be borne in mind, did not lie at all on the
+      level, but was pitched on a somewhat steep incline. At this juncture there
+      were some of the Lacedaemonians who, looking upon such a disaster as
+      intolerable, maintained that they ought to prevent the enemy from erecting
+      a trophy, and try to recover the dead not under a flag of truce but by
+      another battle. The polemarchs, however, seeing that nearly a thousand men
+      of the total Lacedaemonian troops were slain; seeing also that of the
+      seven hundred Spartans themselves who were on the field something like
+      four hundred lay dead; (15) aware, further, of the despondency which
+      reigned among the allies, and the general disinclination on their parts to
+      fight longer (a frame of mind not far removed in some instances from
+      positive satisfaction at what had taken place)&mdash;under the
+      circumstances, I say, the polemarchs called a council of the ablest
+      representatives of the shattered army (16) and deliberated as to what
+      should be done. Finally the unanimous opinion was to pick up the dead
+      under a flag of truce, and they sent a herald to treat for terms. The
+      Thebans after that set up a trophy and gave back the bodies under a truce.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) See above, V. iv. 33.
+
+ (13) {sumphoreis}. For the readings of this corrupt passage see Otto
+    Keller.
+
+ (14) Or, "in orderly way." See Curt. "H. G." iv. 400.
+
+ (15) See "Ages." ii. 24.
+
+ (16) {tous epikairiotatous}. See above, III. iii. 10; "Cyrop." VII.
+    iv. 4; VIII. iv. 32, vi. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After these events, a messenger was despatched to Lacedaemon with news of
+      the calamity. He reached his destination on the last day of the
+      gymnopaediae, (17) just when the chorus of grown men had entered the
+      theatre. The ephors heard the mournful tidings not without grief and pain,
+      as needs they must, I take it; but for all that they did not dismiss the
+      chorus, but allowed the contest to run out its natural course. What they
+      did was to deliver the names of those who had fallen to their friends and
+      families, with a word of warning to the women not to make any loud
+      lamentations but to bear their sorrow in silence; and the next day it was
+      a striking spectacle to see those who had relations among the slain moving
+      to and fro in public with bright and radiant looks, whilst of those whose
+      friends were reported to be living barely a man was to be seen, and these
+      flitted by with lowered heads and scowling brows, as if in humiliation.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) The festival was celebrated annually about midsummer. See Herod.
+    vi. 67; Thuc. v. 82, and Arnold's note; Pollux. iv. 105; Athen.
+    xiv. 30, xv. 22; Muller, "Dorians," ii. 389.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this the ephors proceeded to call out the ban, including the
+      forty-years-service men of the two remaining regiments; (18) and they
+      proceeded further to despatch the reserves of the same age belonging to
+      the six regiments already on foreign service. Hitherto the Phocian
+      campaign had only drawn upon the thirty-five-years-service list. Besides
+      these they now ordered out on active service the troops retained at the
+      beginning of the campaign in attendance on the magistrates at the
+      government offices. Agesilaus being still disabled by his infirmity, the
+      city imposed the duty of command upon his son Archidamus. The new general
+      found eager co-operators in the men of Tegea. The friends of Stasippus at
+      this date were still living, (19) and they were stanch in their
+      Lacedaemonian proclivities, and wielded considerable power in their state.
+      Not less stoutly did the Mantineans from their villages under their
+      aristocratic form of government flock to the Spartan standard. Besides
+      Tegea and Mantinea, the Corinthians and Sicyonians, the Phliasians and
+      Achaeans were equally enthusiastic to joining the campaign, whilst other
+      states sent out soldiers. Then came the fitting out and manning of ships
+      of war on the part of the Lacedaemonians themselves and of the
+      Corinthians, whilst the Sicyonians were requested to furnish a supply of
+      vessels on board of which it was proposed to transport the army across the
+      gulf. And so, finally, Archidamus was able to offer the sacrifices usual
+      at the moment of crossing the frontier. But to return to Thebes.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) I.e. every one up to fifty-eight years of age.
+
+ (19) See below, VI. v. 9.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Immediately after the battle the Thebans sent a messenger to Athens
+      wearing a chaplet. Whilst insisting on the magnitude of the victory they
+      at the same time called upon the Athenians to send them aid, for now the
+      opportunity had come to wreak vengeance on the Lacedaemonians for all the
+      evil they had done to Athens. As it chanced, the senate of the Athenians
+      was holding a session on the Acropolis. As soon as the news was reported,
+      the annoyance caused by its announcement was unmistakeable. They neither
+      invited the herald to accept of hospitality nor sent back one word in
+      reply to the request for assistance. And so the herald turned his back on
+      Athens and departed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But there was Jason still to look to, and he was their ally. To him then
+      the Thebans sent, and earnestly besought his aid, their thoughts running
+      on the possible turn which events might take. Jason on his side at once
+      proceeded to man a fleet, with the apparent intention of sending
+      assistance by sea, besides which he got together his foreign brigade and
+      his own cavalry; and although the Phocians and he were implacable enemies,
+      (20) he marched through their territory to Boeotia. Appearing like a
+      vision to many of the states before his approach was even announced&mdash;at
+      any rate before levies could be mustered from a dozen different points&mdash;he
+      had stolen a march upon them and was a long way ahead, giving proof that
+      expedition is sometimes a better tool to work with than sheer force.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) Or, "though the Phocians maintained a war 'a outrance' with him."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When he arrived in Boeotia the Thebans urged upon him that now was the
+      right moment to attack the Lacedaemonians: he with his foreign brigade
+      from the upper ground, they face to face in front; but Jason dissuaded
+      them from their intention. He reminded them that after a noble achievement
+      won it was not worth their while to play for so high a stake, involving a
+      still greater achievement or else the loss of victory already gained. "Do
+      you not see," he urged, "that your success followed close on the heels of
+      necessity? You ought then to reflect that the Lacedaemonians in their
+      distress, with a choice between life and death, will fight it out with
+      reckless desperation. Providence, as it seems, ofttimes delights to make
+      the little ones great and the great ones small." (21)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) Cf. "Anab." III. ii. 10.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      By such arguments he diverted the Thebans from the desperate adventure.
+      But for the Lacedaemonians also he had words of advice, insisting on the
+      difference between an army defeated and an army flushed with victory. "If
+      you are minded," he said, "to forget this disaster, my advice to you is to
+      take time to recover breath and recruit your energies. When you have grown
+      stronger then give battle to these unconquered veterans. (22) At present,"
+      he continued, "you know without my telling you that among your own allies
+      there are some who are already discussing terms of friendship with your
+      foes. My advice is this: by all means endeavour to obtain a truce. This,"
+      he added, "is my own ambition: I want to save you, on the ground of my
+      father's friendship with yourselves, and as being myself your
+      representative." (23) Such was the tenor of his speech, but the secret of
+      action was perhaps to be found in a desire to make these mutual
+      antagonists put their dependence on himself alone. Whatever his motive,
+      the Lacedaemonians took his advice, and commissioned him to procure a
+      truce.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) Or, "the invincibles."
+
+ (23) Lit. "your proxenos."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the news arrived that the terms were arranged, the polemarchs
+      passed an order round: the troops were to take their evening meal, get
+      their kit together, and be ready to set off that night, so as to scale the
+      passes of Cithaeron by next morning. After supper, before the hour of
+      sleep, the order to march was given, and with the generals at their head
+      the troops advanced as the shades of evening fell, along the road to
+      Creusis, trusting rather to the chance of their escaping notice, than to
+      the truce itself. It was weary marching in the dead of night, making their
+      retreat in fear, and along a difficult road, until they fell in with
+      Archidamus's army of relief. At this point, then, Archidamus waited till
+      all the allies had arrived, and so led the whole of the united armies back
+      to Corinth, from which point he dismissed the allies and led his
+      fellow-citizens home.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Jason took his departure from Boeotia through Phocis, where he captured
+      the suburbs of Hyampolis (24) and ravaged the country districts, putting
+      many to the sword. Content with this, he traversed the rest of Phocis
+      without meddling or making. Arrived at Heraclea, (25) he knocked down the
+      fortress of the Heracleots, showing that he was not troubled by any
+      apprehension lest when the pass was thrown open somebody or other might
+      march against his own power at some future date. Rather was he haunted by
+      the notion that some one or other might one day seize Heraclea, which
+      commanded the pass, and bar his passage into Hellas&mdash;should Hellas
+      ever be his goal. (26) At the moment of his return to Thessaly he had
+      reached the zenith of his greatness. He was the lawfully constituted
+      Prince (27) of Thessaly, and he had under him a large mercenary force of
+      infantry and cavalry, and all in the highest perfection of training. For
+      this twofold reason he might claim the title great. But he was still
+      greater as the head of a vast alliance. Those who were prepared to fight
+      his battles were numerous, and he might still count upon the help of many
+      more eager to do so; but I call Jason greatest among his contemporaries,
+      because not one among them could afford to look down upon him. (28)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) An ancient town in Phocis (see Hom. "Il." ii. 521) on the road
+    leading from Orchomenus to Opus, and commanding a pass from Locris
+    into Phocis and Boeotia. See Herod. viii. 28; Paus. ix. 35, S. 5;
+    Strab. ix. 424; "Dict. of Geog." s.v.
+
+ (25) Or, "Heracleia Trachinia," a fortress city founded (as a colony)
+    by the Lacedaemonians in B.C. 426, to command the approach to
+    Thermopylae from Thessaly, and to protect the Trachinians and the
+    neighbouring Dorians from the Oetean mountaineers. See "Dict. of
+    Geog." "Trachis"; Thuc. iii. 92, 93, v. 51, 52; Diod. xii. 59.
+
+ (26) B.C. 370. The following sections 28-37 form an episode concerning
+    Thessalian affairs between B.C. 370 and B.C. 359.
+
+ (27) Lit. "Tagos."
+
+ (28) For a similar verbal climax see below, VI. v. 47.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 370. The Pythian games were now approaching, and an order went round
+      the cities from Jason to make preparation for the solemn sacrifice of
+      oxen, sheep and goats, and swine. It was reported that although the
+      requisitions upon the several cities were moderate, the number of beeves
+      did not fall short of a thousand, while the rest of the sacrificial beasts
+      exceeded ten times that number. He issued a proclamation also to this
+      effect: a golden wreath of victory should be given to whichever city could
+      produce the best-bred bull to head the procession in honour of the god.
+      And lastly there was an order issued to all the Thessalians to be ready
+      for a campaign at the date of the Pythian games. His intention, as people
+      said, was to act as manager of the solemn assembly and games in person.
+      What the thought was that passed through his mind with reference to the
+      sacred money, remains to this day uncertain; only, a tale is rife to the
+      effect that in answer to the inquiry of the Delphians, "What ought we to
+      do, if he takes any of the treasures of the god?" the god made answer, "He
+      would see to that himself." This great man, his brain teeming with vast
+      designs of this high sort, came now to his end. He had ordered a military
+      inspection. The cavalry of the Pheraeans were to pass muster before him.
+      He was already seated, delivering answers to all petitioners, when seven
+      striplings approached, quarrelling, as it seemed, about some matter.
+      Suddenly by these seven the Prince was despatched; his throat gashed, his
+      body gored with wounds. Stoutly his guard rushed to the rescue with their
+      long spears, and one of the seven, while still in the act of aiming a blow
+      at Jason, was thrust through with a lance and died; a second, in the act
+      of mounting his horse, was caught, and dropped dead, the recipient of many
+      wounds. The rest leaped on the horses which they had ready waiting and
+      escaped. To whatever city of Hellas they came honours were almost
+      universally accorded them. The whole incident proves clearly that the
+      Hellenes stood in much alarm of Jason. They looked upon him as a tyrant in
+      embryo.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So Jason was dead; and his brothers Polydorus and Polyphron were appointed
+      princes (29) in his place. But of these twain, as they journeyed together
+      to Larissa, Polydorus was slain in the night, as he slept, by his brother
+      Polyphron, it was thought; since a death so sudden, without obvious cause,
+      could hardly be otherwise accounted for.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (29) Lit. "Tagoi."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Polyphron governed for a year, and by the year's end he had refashioned
+      his princedom into the likeness of a tyranny. In Pharsalus he put to death
+      Polydamas (30) and eight other of the best citizens; and from Larissa he
+      drove many into exile. But while he was thus employed, he, in his turn,
+      was done to death by Alexander, who slew him to avenge Polydorus and to
+      destroy the tyranny. This man now assumed the reins of office, and had no
+      sooner done so than he showed himself a harsh prince to the Thessalians:
+      harsh too and hostile to the Thebans and Athenians, (31) and an
+      unprincipled freebooter everywhere by land and by sea. But if that was his
+      character, he too was doomed to perish shortly. The perpetrators of the
+      deed were his wife's brothers. (32) The counsellor of it and the inspiring
+      soul was the wife herself. She it was who reported to them that Alexander
+      had designs against them; who hid them within the house a whole day; who
+      welcomed home her husband deep in his cups and laid him to rest, and then
+      while the lamp still burned brought out the prince's sword. It was she
+      also who, perceiving her brothers shrank bank, fearing to go in and attack
+      Alexander, said to them, "If you do not be quick and do the deed, I will
+      wake him up!" After they had gone in, she, too, it was who caught and
+      pulled to the door, clinging fast to the knocker till the breath was out
+      of her husband's body. (33) Her fierce hatred against the man is variously
+      explained. By some it was said to date from the day when Alexander, having
+      imprisoned his own favourite&mdash;who was a fair young stripling&mdash;when
+      his wife supplicated him to release the boy, brought him forth and stabbed
+      him in the throat. Others say it originated through his sending to Thebes
+      and seeking the hand of the wife of Jason in marriage, because his own
+      wife bore him no children. These are the various causes assigned to
+      explain the treason of his wife against him. Of the brothers who executed
+      it, the eldest, Tisiphonus, in virtue of his seniority accepted, and up to
+      the date of this history (34) succeeded in holding, the government.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (30) See above, VI. i. 2 foll.
+
+ (31) See Dem. "c. Aristocr." 120; Diod. xv. 60 foll.
+
+ (32) B.C. 359 or 358.
+
+ (33) The woman's name was Thebe. See Diod. xvi. 14; Cicero, "de
+    Inven." II. xlix. 144; "de Div." I. xxv. 52; "de Off." II. vii.
+    25; Ovid, "Ibis," iii. 21 foll.
+
+ (34) Or, "portion of my work;" lit. "argument," {logos}. See
+    {Kuprianos, Peri ton 'Ell}: p. 111.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The above is a sketch of Thessalian affairs, including the incidents
+      connected with Jason, and those subsequent to his death, down to the
+      government of Tisiphonus. I now return to the point at which we digressed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 371. Archidamus, after the relief of the army defeated at Leuctra,
+      had led back the united forces. When he was gone, the Athenians, impressed
+      by the fact that the Peloponessians still felt under an obligation to
+      follow the Lacedaemonians to the field, whilst Sparta herself was by no
+      means as yet reduced to a condition resembling that to which she had
+      reduced Athens, sent invitations to those states which cared to
+      participate in the peace authorised by the great king. (1) A congress met,
+      and they passed a resolution in conjunction with those who wished to make
+      common cause with them to bind themselves by oath as follows: "I will
+      abide by the treaty terms as conveyed in the king's rescript, as also by
+      the decrees of the Athenians and the allies. If any one marches against
+      any city among those which have accepted this oath, I will render
+      assistance to that city with all my strength." The oath gave general
+      satisfaction, the Eleians alone gainsaying its terms and protesting that
+      it was not right to make either the Marganians or the Scilluntians or the
+      Triphylians independent, since these cities belonged to them, and were a
+      part of Elis. (2) The Athenians, however, and the others passed the decree
+      in the precise language of the king's rescript: that all states&mdash;great
+      and small alike&mdash;were to be independent; and they sent out
+      administrators of the oath, and enjoined upon them to administer it to the
+      highest authorities in each state. This oath they all, with the exception
+      of the Eleians, swore to.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. in B.C. 387, the peace "of" Antalcidas. See Grote, "H. G." x.
+    274.
+
+ (2) See Busolt, op. cit. p. 186.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 371-370. As an immediate consequence of this agreement, the
+      Mantineans, on the assumption that they were now absolutely independent,
+      met in a body and passed a decree to make Mantinea into a single state and
+      to fortify the town. (3) The proceeding was not overlooked by the
+      Lacedaemonians, who thought it would be hard if this were done without
+      their consent. Accordingly they despatched Agesilaus as ambassador to the
+      Mantineans, choosing him as the recognised ancestral friend of that
+      people. When the ambassador arrived, however, the chief magistrates had no
+      inclination to summon a meeting of the commons to listen to him, but urged
+      him to make a statement of his wishes to themselves. He, on his side, was
+      ready to undertake for himself and in their interests that, if they would
+      at present desist from their fortification work, he would bring it about
+      that the defensive walls should be built with the sanction of Lacedaemon
+      and without cost. Their answer was, that it was impossible to hold back,
+      since a decree had been passed by the whole state of Mantinea to build at
+      once. Whereupon Agesilaus went off in high dudgeon; though as to sending
+      troops to stop them, (4) the idea seemed impracticable, as the peace was
+      based upon the principle of autonomy. Meanwhile the Mantineans received
+      help from several of the Arcadian states in the building of their walls;
+      and the Eleians contributed actually three talents (5) of silver to cover
+      the expense of their construction. And here leaving the Mantineans thus
+      engaged, we will turn to the men of Tegea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) For the restoration of Mantinea, see Freeman, "Fed. Gov." iv. p.
+    198; Grote, "H. G." x. 283 foll.
+
+ (4) See above, V. ii. 1, sub anno B.C. 386.
+
+ (5) = 731 pounds: 5 shillings. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 199.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      There were in Tegea two political parties. The one was the party of
+      Callibius and Proxenus, who were for drawing together the whole Arcadian
+      population in a confederacy, (6) in which all measures carried in the
+      common assembly should be held valid for the individual component states.
+      The programme of the other (Stasippus's) party was to leave Tegea
+      undisturbed and in the enjoyment of the old national laws. Perpetually
+      defeated in the Sacred College, (7) the party of Callibius and Proxenus
+      were persuaded that if only the commons met they would gain an easy
+      victory by an appeal to the multitude; and in this faith they proceeded to
+      march out the citizen soldiers. (8) At sight of this Stasippus and his
+      friends on their side armed in opposition, and proved not inferior in
+      numbers. The result was a collision and battle, in which Proxenus and some
+      few others with him were slain and the rest put to flight; though the
+      conquerors did not pursue, for Stasippus was a man who did not care to
+      stain his hands with the blood of his fellow-citizens. (9)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Although the historian does not recount the foundation of
+    Megalopolis (see Pausanias and Diodorus), the mention of the
+    common assembly of the League {en to koino} in this passage and,
+    still more, of the Ten Thousand (below, "Hell." VII. i. 38),
+    implies it. See Freeman, op. cit. iv. 197 foll.; Grote, "H. G." x.
+    306 foll., ii. 599; "Dict. of Geog." "Megalopolis." As to the date
+    of its foundation Pausanias (VIII. xxvii. 8) says "a few months
+    after the battle of Leuctra," before midsummer B.C. 370; Diodorus
+    (xv. 72) says B.C. 368. The great city was not built in a day.
+    Messene, according to Paus. IV. xxvii. 5, was founded between the
+    midsummers of B.C. 370 and B.C. 369.
+
+ (7) Lit. "in the Thearoi." For the Theari, see Thuc. v. 47, Arnold's
+    note; and "C. I. G." 1756 foll.; and for the revolution at Tegea
+    here recounted, see Grote, "H. G." x. 285 foll.
+
+ (8) Or, "they mustered under arms."
+
+ (9) Or, "opposed to a wholesale slaughter of the citizens."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Callibius and his friends had retired under the fortification walls and
+      gates facing Mantinea; but, as their opponents made no further attempts
+      against them, they here collected together and remained quiet. Some while
+      ago they had sent messages to the Mantineans demanding assistance, but now
+      they were ready to discuss terms of reconciliation with the party of
+      Stasippus. Presently they saw the Mantineans advancing; whereupon some of
+      them sprang to the walls, and began calling to them to bring succour with
+      all speed. With shouts they urged upon them to make haste, whilst others
+      threw open wide the gates to them. Stasippus and his party, perceiving
+      what was happening, poured out by the gates leading to Pallantium, (10)
+      and, outspeeding their pursuers, succeeded in reaching the temple of
+      Artemis, where they found shelter, and, shutting to the doors, kept quiet.
+      Following close upon their heels, however, their foes scaled the temple,
+      tore off the roof, and began striking them down with the tiles. They,
+      recognising that there was no choice, called upon their assailants to
+      desist, and undertook to come forth. Then their opponents, capturing them
+      like birds in a fowler's hand, bound them with chains, threw them on to
+      the prisoner's van, (11) and led them off to Tegea. Here with the
+      Mantineans they sentenced and put them to death.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Pallantium, one of the most ancient towns of Arcadia, in the
+    Maenalia (Paus. VIII. xliv. 5; Livy, i. 5), situated somewhat
+    south of the modern Tripolitza (see "Dict. of Anc. Geog."); like
+    Asea and Eutaea it helped to found Megalopolis (Paus. VIII. xxvii.
+    3, where for {'Iasaia} read {'Asea}); below, VII. v. 5; Busolt,
+    op. cit. p. 125.
+
+ (11) For the sequel of the matter, see above, "Hell." VI. iv. 18;
+    Busolt, op. cit. p. 134.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The outcome of these proceedings was the banishment to Lacedaemon of the
+      Tegeans who formed the party of Stasippus, numbering eight hundred; but as
+      a sequel to what had taken place, the Lacedaemonians determined that they
+      were bound by their oaths to aid the banished Tegeans and to avenge the
+      slain. With this purpose they marched against the Mantineans, on the
+      ground that they had violated their oaths in marching against Tegea with
+      an armed force. The ephors called out the ban and the state commanded
+      Agesilaus to head the expedition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile most of the Arcadian contingents were mustering at Asea. (12)
+      The Orchomenians not only refused to take part in the Arcadian league, on
+      account of their personal hatred to Mantinea, but had actually welcomed
+      within their city a mercenary force under Polytropus, which had been
+      collected at Corinth. The Mantineans themselves were forced to stay at
+      home to keep an eye on these. The men of Heraea and Lepreum made common
+      cause with the Lacedaemonians in a campaign against Mantinea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) Asea is placed by Leake ("Travels in Morea," i. 84; iii. 34) near
+    Frangovrysi, a little south of Pallantium.
+
+    Heraea, the most important town of Arcadia in the Cynuria, near
+    Elis, on the high road to Olympia, and commanding other main
+    roads. See Leake, "Peloponnesiaca," p. 1 foll.; "Morea," ii. 91.
+
+    Lepreum, chief town of the Triphylia (Herod. iv. 148, ix. 28;
+    Thuc. v. 31; above, III. ii. 25; Paus. V. v. 3; Polyb. iv. 77
+    foll.; Strab. viii. 345), near modern Strovitzi; Leake, "Morea,"
+    i. 56; Dodwell, "Tour," ii. 347.
+
+    Eutaea is placed by Leake between Asea and Pallantium at Barbitza
+    ("Morea," iii. 31); but see Grote, "H. G." x. 288.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Finding the frontier sacrifices favourable, Agesilaus began his march at
+      once upon Arcadia. He began by occupying the border city of Eutaea, where
+      he found the old men, women, and children dwelling in their houses, while
+      the rest of the population of a military age were off to join the Arcadian
+      league. In spite of this he did not stir a finger unjustly against the
+      city, but suffered the inhabitants to continue in their homes undisturbed.
+      The troops took all they needed, and paid for it in return; if any pillage
+      had occurred on his first entrance into the town, the property was hunted
+      up and restored by the Spartan king. Whilst awaiting the arrival of
+      Polytropus's mercenaries, he amused himself by repairing such portions of
+      their walls as necessity demanded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile the Mantineans had taken the field against Orchomenus; but from
+      the walls of that city the invaders had some difficulty in retiring, and
+      lost some of their men. On their retreat they found themselves in Elymia;
+      (13) here the heavy infantry of the Orchomenians ceased to follow them;
+      but Polytropus and his troops continued to assail their rear with much
+      audacity. At this conjuncture, seeing at a glance that either they must
+      beat back the foe or suffer their own men to be shot down, the Mantineans
+      turned right about and met the assailant in a hand-to-hand encounter.
+      Polytropus fell fighting on that battlefield; and of the rest who took to
+      flight, many would have shared his fate, but for the opportune arrival of
+      the Phliasian cavalry, who swooped round to the conqueror's rear and
+      checked him in his pursuit. (14)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Elymia, mentioned only by Xenophon, must have been on the
+    confines of the Mantinice and Orchomenus, probably at Levidhi.&mdash;
+    Leake, "Morea," iii. 75; "Peloponn." p. 229.
+
+ (14) See "Cyrop." VII. i. 36.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Content with this achievement, the Mantineans retired homewards; while
+      Agesilaus, to whom the news was brought, no longer expecting that the
+      Orchomenian mercenaries could effect a junction with himself, determined
+      to advance without further delay. (15) On the first day he encamped for
+      the evening meal in the open country of Tegea, and the day following
+      crossed into Mantinean territory. Here he encamped under the
+      westward-facing (16) mountains of Mantinea, and employed himself in
+      ravaging the country district and sacking the farmsteads; while the troops
+      of the Arcadians who were mustered in Asea stole by night into Tegea. The
+      next day Agesilaus shifted his position, encamping about two miles' (17)
+      distance from Mantinea; and the Arcadians, issuing from Tegea and clinging
+      to the mountains between Mantinea and that city, appeared with large
+      bodies of heavy infantry, wishing to effect a junction with the
+      Mantineans. The Argives, it is true, supported them, but they were not in
+      full force. And here counsellors were to be found who urged on Agesilaus
+      to attack these troops separately; but fearing lest, in proportion as he
+      pressed on to engage them, the Mantineans might issue from the city behind
+      and attack him on flank and rear, he decided it was best to let the two
+      bodies coalesce, and then, if they would accept battle, to engage them on
+      an open and fair field.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) See "Ages." ii. 23.
+
+ (16) See Leake, "Morea," iii. 73.
+
+ (17) Lit. "twenty stades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And so ere long the Arcadians had effected their object and were united
+      with the Mantineans. The next incident was the sudden apparition at break
+      of day, as Agesilaus was sacrificing in front of the camp, of a body of
+      troops. These proved to be the light infantry from Orchomenus, who in
+      company with the Phliasian cavalry had during the night made their way
+      across past the town of Mantinea; and so caused the mass of the army to
+      rush to their ranks, and Agesilaus himself to retire within the lines.
+      Presently, however, the newcomers were recognised as friends; and as the
+      sacrifices were favourable, Agesilaus led his army forward a stage farther
+      after breakfast. As the shades of evening descended he encamped unobserved
+      within the fold of the hills behind the Mantinean territory, with
+      mountains in close proximity all round. (18)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Lit. "within the hindmost bosom of the Mantinice." In reference
+    to the position, Leake ("Morea," iii. 75) says: "The northern bay
+     (of the Mantinic plain between Mantinea and the Argon) corresponds
+    better by its proximity to Mantinea; by Mount Alesium it was
+    equally hidden from the city, while its small dimensions, and the
+    nearness of the incumbent mountains, rendered it a more hazardous
+    position to an army under the circumstances of that of Agesilaus"
+     (than had he encamped in the Argon itself). For the Argon (or
+    Inert Plain), see Leake, ib. 54 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the next morning, as day broke, he sacrificed in front of the army; and
+      observing a mustering of men from the city of Mantinea on the hills which
+      overhung the rear of his army, he decided that he must lead his troops out
+      of the hollow by the quickest route. But he feared lest, if he himself led
+      off, the enemy might fall upon his rear. In this dilemma he kept quiet;
+      presenting a hostile front to the enemy, he sent orders to his rear to
+      face about to the right, (19) and so getting into line behind his main
+      body, to move forward upon him; and in this way he at once extricated his
+      troops from their cramped position and kept continually adding to the
+      weight and solidity of his line. As soon as the phalanx was doubled in
+      depth he emerged upon the level ground, with his heavy infantry battalions
+      in this order, and then again extended his line until his troops were once
+      more nine or ten shields deep. But the Mantineans were no longer so ready
+      to come out. The arguments of the Eleians who had lent them their
+      co-operation had prevailed: that it was better not to engage until the
+      arrival of the Thebans. The Thebans, it was certain, would soon be with
+      them; for had they not borrowed ten talents (20) from Elis in order to be
+      able to send aid? The Arcadians with this information before them kept
+      quiet inside Mantinea. On his side Agesilaus was anxious to lead off his
+      troops, seeing it was midwinter; but, to avoid seeming to hurry his
+      departure out of fear, he preferred to remain three days longer and no
+      great distance from Mantinea. On the fourth day, after an early morning
+      meal, the retreat commenced. His intention was to encamp on the same
+      ground which he had made his starting-point on leaving Eutaea. But as none
+      of the Arcadians appeared, he marched with all speed and reached Eutaea
+      itself, although very late, that day; being anxious to lead off his troops
+      without catching a glimpse of the enemy's watch-fires, so as to silence
+      the tongues of any one pretending that he withdrew in flight. His main
+      object was in fact achieved. To some extent he had recovered the state
+      from its late despondency, since he had invaded Arcadia and ravaged the
+      country without any one caring to offer him battle. But, once arrived on
+      Laconian soil, he dismissed the Spartan troops to their homes and
+      disbanded the provincials (21) to their several cities.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) See "Anab." IV. iii. 29; "Pol. Lac." xi. 10.
+
+ (20) 2,437 pounds: 10 shillings. See Busult, op. cit. p. 199.
+
+ (21) Lit. "perioeci"; and below, SS. 25, 32.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 370-369. The Arcadians, now that Agesilaus had retired, realising
+      that he had disbanded his troops, while they themselves were fully
+      mustered, marched upon Heraea, the citizens of which town had not only
+      refused to join the Arcadian league, but had joined the Lacedaemonians in
+      their invasion of Arcadia. For this reason they entered the country,
+      burning the homesteads and cutting down the fruit-trees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile news came of the arrival of the Theban reinforcements at
+      Mantinea, on the strength of which they left Heraea and hastened to
+      fraternise (22) with their Theban friends. When they were met together,
+      the Thebans, on their side, were well content with the posture of affairs:
+      they had duly brought their succour, and no enemy was any longer to be
+      discovered in the country; so they made preparations to return home. But
+      the Arcadians, Argives and Eleians were eager in urging them to lead the
+      united forces forthwith into Laconia: they dwelt proudly on their own
+      numbers, extolling above measure the armament of Thebes. And, indeed, the
+      Boeotians one and all were resolute in their military manouvres and
+      devotion to arms, (23) exulting in the victory of Leuctra. In the wake of
+      Thebes followed the Phocians, who were now their subjects, Euboeans from
+      all the townships of the island, both sections of the Locrians, the
+      Acarnanians, (24) and the men of Heraclea and of Melis; while their force
+      was further swelled by Thessalian cavalry and light infantry. With the
+      full consciousness of facts like these, and further justifying their
+      appeal by dwelling on the desolate condition of Lacedaemon, deserted by
+      her troops, they entreated them not to turn back without invading the
+      territory of Laconia. But the Thebans, albeit they listened to their
+      prayers, urged arguments on the other side. In the first place, Laconia
+      was by all accounts most difficult to invade; and their belief was that
+      garrisons were posted at all the points most easily approached. (As a
+      matter of fact, Ischolaus was posted at Oeum in the Sciritid, with a
+      garrison of neodamodes and about four hundred of the youngest of the
+      Tegean exiles; and there was a second outpost on Leuctrum above the
+      Maleatid. (25)) Again it occurred to the Thebans that the Lacedaemonian
+      forces, though disbanded, would not take long to muster, and once
+      collected they would fight nowhere better than on their own native soil.
+      Putting all these considerations together, they were not by any means
+      impatient to march upon Lacedaemon. A strong counter-impulse, however, was
+      presently given by the arrival of messengers from Caryae, giving positive
+      information as to the defenceless condition of the country, and offering
+      to act as guides themselves; they were ready to lose their lives if they
+      were convicted of perfidy. A further impulse in the same direction was
+      given by the presence of some of the provincials, (26) with invitations
+      and promises of revolt, if only they would appear in the country. These
+      people further stated that even at the present moment, on a summons of the
+      Spartans proper, the provincials did not care to render them assistance.
+      With all these arguments and persuasions echoing from all sides, the
+      Thebans at last yielded, and invaded. They chose the Caryan route
+      themselves, while the Arcadians entered by Oeum in the Sciritid. (27)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) Or, "effect a junction with."
+
+ (23) Or, "in practising gymnastics about the place of arms." See "Pol.
+    Lac." xii. 5.
+
+ (24) See "Hell." IV. vii. 1; "Ages." ii. 20. For a sketch of the
+    relations of Acarnania to Athens and Sparta, see Hicks, No. 83, p.
+    150; and above, "Hell." V. iv. 64.
+
+ (25) Leuctrum, a fortress of the district Aegytis on the confines of
+    Arcadia and Laconia ("in the direction of Mount Lycaeum," Thuc. v.
+    54). See Leake, "Morea," ii. 322; also "Peloponn." p. 248, in
+    which place he corrects his former view as to the situation of
+    Leuctrum and the Maleatid.
+
+    Oeum or Ium, the chief town of the Sciritis, probably stood in the
+    Klisura or series of narrow passes through the watershed of the
+    mountains forming the natural boundary between Laconia and Arcadia
+    (in the direct line north from Sparta to Tegea), "Dict. of Anc.
+    Geog." s.v. Leake says ("Morea," iii. 19, 30 foll.) near the
+    modern village of Kolina; Baedeker ("Greece," p. 269) says perhaps
+    at Palaeogoulas.
+
+    Caryae. This frontier town was apparently (near Arachova) on the
+    road from Thyrea (in the direction of the Argolid) to Sparta
+    (Thuc. v. 55; Paus. III. x. 7; Livy, xxxiv. 26, but see Leake,
+    "Morea," iii. 30; "Peloponn." p. 342).
+
+    Sellasia, probably rightly placed "half an hour above Vourlia"
+    (Baedeker, "Greece," p. 269). The famous battle of Sellasia, in
+    the spring of B.C. 221, in which the united Macedonians under
+    Antigonus and the Achaeans finally broke the power of Sparta, was
+    fought in the little valley where the stream Gorgylus joins the
+    river Oenus and the Khan of Krevatas now stands. For a plan, see
+    "Dict. of Anc. Geog." s.v.
+
+ (26) "Perioeci."
+
+ (27) Diodorus (xv. 64) gives more details; he makes the invaders
+    converge upon Sellasia by four separate routes. See Leake,
+    "Morea," iii. 29 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      By all accounts Ischolaus made a mistake in not advancing to meet them on
+      the difficult ground above Oeum. Had he done so, not a man, it is
+      believed, would have scaled the passes there. But for the present, wishing
+      to turn the help of the men of Oeum to good account, he waited down in the
+      village; and so the invading Arcadians scaled the heights in a body. At
+      this crisis Ischolaus and his men, as long as they fought face to face
+      with their foes, held the superiority; but, presently, when the enemy,
+      from rear and flank, and even from the dwelling-houses up which they
+      scaled, rained blows and missiles upon them, then and there Ischolaus met
+      his end, and every man besides, save only one or two who, failing to be
+      recognised, effected their escape.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After these achievements the Arcadians marched to join the Thebans at
+      Caryae, and the Thebans, hearing what wonders the Arcadians had performed,
+      commenced their descent with far greater confidence. Their first exploit
+      was to burn and ravage the district of Sellasia, but finding themselves
+      ere long in the flat land within the sacred enclosure of Apollo, they
+      encamped for the night, and the next day continued their march along the
+      Eurotas. When they came to the bridge they made no attempt to cross it to
+      attack the city, for they caught sight of the heavy infantry in the temple
+      of Alea (28) ready to meet them. So, keeping the Eurotas on their right,
+      they tramped along, burning and pillaging homesteads stocked with numerous
+      stores. The feelings of the citizens may well be imagined. The women who
+      had never set eyes upon a foe (29) could scarcely contain themselves as
+      they beheld the cloud of smoke. The Spartan warriors, inhabiting a city
+      without fortifications, posted at intervals, here one and there another,
+      were in truth what they appeared to be&mdash;the veriest handful. And
+      these kept watch and ward. The authorities passed a resolution to announce
+      to the helots that whosoever among them chose to take arms and join a
+      regiment should have his freedom guaranteed to him by solemn pledges in
+      return for assistance in the common war. (30) More than six thousand
+      helots, it is said, enrolled themselves, so that a new terror was excited
+      by the very incorporation of these men, whose numbers seemed to be
+      excessive. But when it was found that the mercenaries from Orchomenus
+      remained faithful, and reinforcements came to Lacedaemon from Phlius,
+      Corinth, Epidaurus, and Pellene, and some other states, the dread of these
+      new levies was speedily diminished.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (28) See Pausanias, III. xix. 7.
+
+ (29) See Plutarch, "Ages." xxxi. 3 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 38); Aristot.
+    "Pol." ii. 9-10.
+
+ (30) See below, VII. ii. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The enemy in his advance came to Amyclae. (31) Here he crossed the
+      Eurotas. The Thebans wherever they encamped at once formed a stockade of
+      the fruit-trees they had felled, as thickly piled as possible, and so kept
+      ever on their guard. The Arcadians did nothing of the sort. They left
+      their camping-ground and took themselves off to attack the homesteads and
+      loot. On the third or fourth day after their arrival the cavalry advanced,
+      squadron by squadron, as far as the racecourse, (32) within the sacred
+      enclosure of Gaiaochos. These consisted of the entire Theban cavalry and
+      the Eleians, with as many of the Phocian or Thessalian or Locrian cavalry
+      as were present. The cavalry of the Lacedaemonians, looking a mere
+      handful, were drawn up to meet them. They had posted an ambuscade chosen
+      from their heavy infantry, the younger men, about three hundred in number,
+      in the house of the Tyndarids (33); and while the cavalry charged, out
+      rushed the three hundred at the same instant at full pace. The enemy did
+      not wait to receive the double charge, but swerved, and at sight of that
+      many also of the infantry took to headlong flight. But the pursuers
+      presently paused; the Theban army remained motionless; and both parties
+      returned to their camps. And now the hope, the confidence strengthened
+      that an attack upon the city itself would never come; nor did it. The
+      invading army broke up from their ground, and marched off on the road to
+      Helos and Gytheum. (34) The unwalled cities were consigned to the flames,
+      but Gytheum, where the Lacedaemonians had their naval arsenal, was
+      subjected to assault for three days. Certain of the provincials (35) also
+      joined in this attack, and shared the campaign with the Thebans and their
+      friends.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (31) For this ancient (Achaean) town, see Paus. III. ii. 6; Polyb. v.
+    19. It lay only twenty stades (a little more than two miles) from
+    the city of Sparta.
+
+ (32) Or, "hippodrome." See Paus. III. ii. 6.
+
+ (33) Paus. III. xvi. 2.
+
+ (34) See Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279. Was Gytheum taken? See Grote,
+    "H. G." x. 305; Curt. "H. G." Eng. trans. iv. 431.
+
+ (35) "Perioeci." See above, III. iii. 6; VI. v. 25; below, VII. ii. 2;
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 301. It is a pity that the historian should
+    hurry us off to Athens just at this point. The style here is
+    suggestive of notes ({upomnemata}) unexpanded.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The news of these proceedings set the Athenians deeply pondering what they
+      ought to do concerning the Lacedaemonians, and they held an assembly in
+      accordance with a resolution of the senate. It chanced that the
+      ambassadors of the Lacedaemonians and the allies still faithful to
+      Lacedaemon were present. The Lacedaemonian ambassadors were Aracus,
+      Ocyllus, Pharax, Etymocles, and Olontheus, and from the nature of the case
+      they all used, roughly speaking, similar arguments. They reminded the
+      Athenians how they had often in old days stood happily together, shoulder
+      to shoulder, in more than one great crisis. They (the Lacedaemonians), on
+      their side, had helped to expel the tyrant from Athens, and the Athenians,
+      when Lacedaemon was besieged by the Messenians, had heartily leant her a
+      helping hand. (36) Then they fell to enumerating all the blessings that
+      marked the season when the two states shared a common policy, hinting how
+      in common they had warred against the barbarians, and more boldly
+      recalling how the Athenians with the full consent and advice of the
+      Lacedaemonians were chosen by united Hellas leaders of the common navy
+      (37) and guardians of all the common treasure, while they themselves were
+      selected by all the Hellenes as confessedly the rightful leaders on land;
+      and this also not without the full consent and concurrence of the
+      Athenians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (36) In reference (1) to the expulsion of the Peisistratidae (Herod.
+    v. 64); (2) the "third" Messenian war (Thuc. i. 102).
+
+ (37) See "Revenues," v. 6.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      One of the speakers ventured on a remark somewhat to this strain: "If you
+      and we, sirs, can only agree, there is hope to-day that the old saying may
+      be fulfilled, and Thebes be 'taken and tithed.'" (38) The Athenians,
+      however, were not in the humour to listen to that style of argument. A
+      sort of suppressed murmur ran through the assembly which seemed to say,
+      "That language may be well enough now; but when they were well off they
+      pressed hard enough on us." But of all the pleas put forward by the
+      Lacedaemonians, the weightiest appeared to be this: that when they had
+      reduced the Athenians by war, and the Thebans wished to wipe Athens off
+      the face of the earth, they (the Lacedaemonians) themselves had opposed
+      the measure. (39) If that was the argument of most weight, the reasoning
+      which was the most commonly urged was to the effect that "the solemn oaths
+      necessitated the aid demanded. Sparta had done no wrong to justify this
+      invasion on the part of the Arcadians and their allies. All she had done
+      was to assist the men of Tegea when (40) the Mantineans had marched
+      against that township contrary to their solemn oaths." Again, for the
+      second time, at these expressions a confused din ran through the assembly,
+      half the audience maintaining that the Mantineans were justified in
+      supporting Proxenus and his friends, who were put to death by the party
+      with Stasippus; the other half that they were wrong in bringing an armed
+      force against the men of Tegea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (38) Or, "the Thebans be decimated"; for the phrase see above, "Hell."
+    VI. iii. 20.
+
+ (39) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; and "Hell." III. v. 8.
+
+ (40) Lit. "because," {oti}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Whilst these distinctions were being drawn by the assembly itself,
+      Cleiteles the Corinthian got up and spoke as follows: "I daresay, men of
+      Athens, there is a double answer to the question, Who began the
+      wrongdoing? But take the case of ourselves. Since peace began, no one can
+      accuse us either of wantonly attacking any city, or of seizing the wealth
+      of any, or of ravaging a foreign territory. In spite of which the Thebans
+      have come into our country and cut down our fruit-trees, burnt to the
+      ground our houses, filched and torn to pieces our cattle and our goods.
+      How then, I put it to you, will you not be acting contrary to your solemn
+      oaths if you refuse your aid to us, who are so manifestly the victims of
+      wrongdoings? Yes; and when I say solemn oaths, I speak of oaths and
+      undertakings which you yourselves took great pains to exact from all of
+      us." At that point a murmur of applause greeted Cleiteles, the Athenians
+      feeling the truth and justice of the speaker's language.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He sat down, and then Procles of Phlius got up and spoke as follows: "What
+      would happen, men of Athens, if the Lacedaemonians were well out of the
+      way? The answer to that question is obvious. You would be the first object
+      of Theban invasion. Clearly; for they must feel that you and you alone
+      stand in the path between them and empire over Hellas. If this be so, I do
+      not consider that you are more supporting Lacedaemon by a campaign in her
+      behalf than you are helping yourselves. For imagine the Thebans, your own
+      sworn foes and next-door neighbours, masters of Hellas! You will find it a
+      painful and onerous exchange indeed for the distant antagonism of Sparta.
+      As a mere matter of self-interest, now is the time to help yourselves,
+      while you may still reckon upon allies, instead of waiting until they are
+      lost, and you are forced to fight a life-and-death battle with the Thebans
+      single-handed. But the fear suggests itself, that should the
+      Lacedaemonians escape now, they will live to cause you trouble at some
+      future date. Lay this maxim to heart, then, that it is not the potential
+      greatness of those we benefit, but of those we injure, which causes
+      apprehension. And this other also, that it behoves individuals and states
+      alike so to better their position (41) while yet in the zenith of their
+      strength that, in the day of weakness, when it comes, they may find some
+      succour and support in what their former labours have achieved. (42) To
+      you now, at this time, a heaven-sent opportunity is presented. In return
+      for assistance to the Lacedaemonians in their need, you may win their
+      sincere, unhesitating friendship for all time. Yes, I say it deliberately,
+      for the acceptance of these benefits at your hands will not be in the
+      presence of one or two chance witnesses. The all-seeing gods, in whose
+      sight to-morrow is even as to-day, will be cognisant of these things. The
+      knowledge of them will be jointly attested by allies and enemies; nay, by
+      Hellenes and barbarians alike, since to not one of them is what we are
+      doing a matter of unconcern. If, then, in the presence of these witnesses,
+      the Lacedaemonians should prove base towards you, no one will ever again
+      be eager in their cause. But our hope, our expectation should rather be
+      that they will prove themselves good men and not base; since they beyond
+      all others would seem persistently to have cherished a high endeavour,
+      reaching forth after true praise, and holding aloof from ugly deeds.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (41) Lit. "to acquire some good."
+
+ (42) Or, "for what," etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But there are further considerations which it were well you should lay to
+      heart. If danger were ever again to visit Hellas from the barbarian world
+      outside, in whom would you place your confidence if not in the
+      Lacedaemonians? Whom would you choose to stand at your right hand in
+      battle if not these, whose soldiers at Thermopylae to a man preferred to
+      fall at their posts rather than save their lives by giving the barbarian
+      free passage into Hellas? Is it not right, then, considering for what
+      thing's sake they displayed that bravery in your companionship,
+      considering also the good hope there is that they will prove the like
+      again&mdash;is it not just that you and we should lend them all
+      countenance and goodwill? Nay, even for us their allies' sake, who are
+      present, it would be worth your while to manifest this goodwill. Need you
+      be assured that precisely those who continue faithful to them in their
+      misfortunes would in like manner be ashamed not to requite you with
+      gratitude? And if we seem to be but small states, who are willing to share
+      their dangers with them, lay to heart that there is a speedy cure for this
+      defect: with the accession of your city the reproach that, in spite of all
+      our assistance, we are but small cities, will cease to be.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For my part, men of Athens, I have hitherto on hearsay admired and envied
+      this great state, whither, I was told, every one who was wronged or stood
+      in terror of aught needed only to betake himself and he would obtain
+      assistance. To-day I no longer hear, I am present myself and see these
+      famous citizens of Lacedaemon here, and by their side their trustiest
+      friends, who have come to you, and ask you in their day of need to give
+      them help. I see Thebans also, the same who in days bygone failed to
+      persuade the Lacedaemonians to reduce you to absolute slavery, (43) to-day
+      asking you to suffer those who saved you to be destroyed.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (43) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; III. v. 8, in reference to B.C. 405.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "That was a great deed and of fair renown, attributed in old story to your
+      ancestors, that they did not suffer those Argives who died on the Cadmeia
+      (44) to lie unburied; but a fairer wreath of glory would you weave for
+      your own brows if you suffer not these still living Lacedaemonians to be
+      trampled under the heel of insolence and destroyed. Fair, also, was that
+      achievement when you stayed the insolence of Eurystheus and saved the sons
+      of Heracles; (45) but fairer still than that will your deed be if you
+      rescue from destruction, not the primal authors (46) merely, but the whole
+      city which they founded; fairest of all, if because yesterday the
+      Lacedaemonians won you your preservation by a vote which cost them
+      nothing, you to-day shall bring them help with arms, and at the price of
+      peril. It is a proud day for some of us to stand here and give what aid we
+      can in pleading for assistance to brave men. What, then, must you feel,
+      who in very deed are able to render that assistance! How generous on your
+      parts, who have been so often the friends and foes of Lacedaemon, to
+      forget the injury and remember only the good they have done! How noble of
+      you to repay, not for yourselves only, but for the sake of Hellas, the
+      debt due to those who proved themselves good men and true in her behalf!"
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (44) In reference to the Seven against Thebes, see Herod. IX. xxvii.
+    4; Isoc. "Paneg." 55.
+
+ (45) Herod. IX. xxvii. 3; see Isoc. "Paneg." 56. "The greatness of
+    Sparta was founded by the succour which Athens lent to the
+    Heraklid invaders of the Peloponnese&mdash;a recollection which ought
+    to restrain Sparta from injuring or claiming to rule Athens.
+    Argos, Thebes, Sparta were in early times, as they are now, the
+    foremost cities of Hellas; but Athens was the greatest of them all
+    &mdash;the avenger of Argos, the chastiser of Thebes, the patron of
+    those who founded Sparta."&mdash;Jebb, "Att. Or." ii. 154.
+
+ (46) Plut. "Lyc." vi.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After these speeches the Athenians deliberated, and though there was
+      opposition, the arguments of gainsayers (47) fell upon deaf ears. The
+      assembly finally passed a decree to send assistance to Lacedaemon in
+      force, and they chose Iphicrates general. Then followed the preliminary
+      sacrifices, and then the general's order to his troops to take the evening
+      meal in the grove of the Academy. (48) But the general himself, it is
+      said, was in no hurry to leave the city; many were found at their posts
+      before him. Presently, however, he put himself at the head of his troops,
+      and the men followed cheerily, in firm persuasion that he was about to
+      lead them to some noble exploit. On arrival at Corinth he frittered away
+      some days, and there was a momentary outburst of discontent at so much
+      waste of precious time; but as soon as he led the troops out of Corinth
+      there was an obvious rebound. The men responded to all orders with
+      enthusiasm, heartily following their general's lead, and attacking
+      whatever fortified place he might confront them with.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (47) As to the anti-Laconian or Boeotian party at Athens, see Curtius,
+    "H. G." vol. v. ch. ii. (Eng. tr.)
+
+ (48) See Baedeker, "Greece," p. 103.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now reverting to the hostile forces on Laconian territory, we find
+      that the Arcadians, Argives, and Eleians had retired in large numbers.
+      They had every inducement so to do since their homes bordered on Laconia;
+      and off they went, driving or carrying whatever they had looted. The
+      Thebans and the rest were no less anxious to get out of the country,
+      though for other reasons, partly because the army was melting away under
+      their eyes day by day, partly because the necessities of life were growing
+      daily scantier, so much had been either fairly eaten up and pillaged or
+      else recklessly squandered and reduced to ashes. Besides this, it was
+      winter; so that on every ground there was a general desire by this time to
+      get away home.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the enemy began his retreat from Laconian soil, Iphicrates
+      imitated his movement, and began leading back his troops out of Arcadia
+      into Corinthia. Iphicrates exhibited much good generalship, no doubt, with
+      which I have no sort of fault to find. But it is not so with that final
+      feature of the campaign to which we are now come. Here I find his strategy
+      either meaningless in intent or inadequate in execution. He made an
+      attempt to keep guard at Oneion, in order to prevent the Boeotians making
+      their way out homewards; but left meanwhile far the best passage through
+      Cenchreae unguarded. Again, when he wished to discover whether or not the
+      Thebans had passed Oneion, he sent out on a reconnaissance the whole of
+      the Athenian and Corinthian cavalry; whereas, for the object in view, the
+      eyes of a small detachment would have been as useful as a whole regiment;
+      (49) and when it came to falling back, clearly the smaller number had a
+      better chance of hitting on a traversable road, and so effecting the
+      desired movement quietly. But the height of folly seems to have been
+      reached when he threw into the path of the enemy a large body of troops
+      which were still too weak to cope with him. As a matter of fact, this body
+      of cavalry, owing to their very numbers, could not help covering a large
+      space of ground; and when it became necessary to retire, had to cling to a
+      series of difficult positions in succession, so that they lost not fewer
+      than twenty horsemen. (50) It was thus the Thebans effected their object
+      and retired from Peloponnese.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (49) See "Hipparch." viii. 10 foll.
+
+ (50) See Diod. xv. 63; Plut. "Pelop." 24.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK VII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 369. In the following year (1) plenipotentiary ambassadors (2) from
+      the Lacedaemonians and their allies arrived at Athens to consider and take
+      counsel in what way the alliance between Athens and Lacedaemon might be
+      best cemented. It was urged by many speakers, foreigners and Athenians
+      also, that the alliance ought to be based on the principle of absolute
+      equality, (3) "share and share alike," when Procles of Phlius put forward
+      the following argument:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. the official year from spring to spring. See Peter, "Chron.
+    Table" 95, note 215; see Grote, "H. G." x. 346, note 1.
+
+ (2) See Hicks, 89.
+
+ (3) For the phrase {epi toi isois kai omoiois}, implying "share and
+    share alike," see Thuc. i. 145, etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Since you have already decided, men of Athens, that it is good to secure
+      the friendship of Lacedaemon, the point, as it appears to me, which you
+      ought now to consider is, by what means this friendship may be made to
+      last as long as possible. The probability is, that we shall hold together
+      best by making a treaty which shall suit the best interests of both
+      parties. On most points we have, I believe, a tolerable unanimity, but
+      there remains the question of leadership. The preliminary decree of your
+      senate anticipates a division of the hegemony, crediting you with the
+      chief maritime power, Lacedaemon with the chief power on land; and to me,
+      personally, I confess, that seems a division not more established by human
+      invention than preordained by some divine naturalness or happy fortune.
+      For, in the first place, you have a geographical position pre-eminently
+      adapted for naval supremacy; most of the states to whom the sea is
+      important are massed round your own, and all of these are inferior to you
+      in strength. Besides, you have harbours and roadsteads, without which it
+      is not possible to turn a naval power to account. Again, you have many
+      ships of war. To extend your naval empire is a traditional policy; all the
+      arts and sciences connected with these matters you possess as home
+      products, and, what is more, in skill and experience of nautical affairs
+      you are far ahead of the rest of the world. The majority of you derive
+      your livelihood from the sea, or things connected with it; so that in the
+      very act of minding your own affairs you are training yourselves to enter
+      the lists of naval combat. (4) Again, no other power in the world can send
+      out a larger collective fleet, and that is no insignificant point in
+      reference to the question of leadership. The nucleus of strength first
+      gained becomes a rallying-point, round which the rest of the world will
+      gladly congregate. Furthermore, your good fortune in this department must
+      be looked upon as a definite gift of God: for, consider among the
+      numberless great sea-fights which you have fought how few you have lost,
+      how many you have won. It is only rational, then, that your allies should
+      much prefer to share this particular risk with you. Indeed, to show you
+      how natural and vital to you is this maritime study, the following
+      reflection may serve. For several years the Lacedaemonians, when at war
+      with you in old days, dominated your territory, but they made no progress
+      towards destroying you. At last God granted them one day to push forward
+      their dominion on the sea, and then in an instant you completely succumbed
+      to them. (5) Is it not self-evident that your safety altogether depends
+      upon the sea? The sea is your natural element&mdash;your birthright; it
+      would be base indeed to entrust the hegemony of it to the Lacedaemonians,
+      and the more so, since, as they themselves admit, they are far less
+      acquainted with this business than yourselves; and, secondly, your risk in
+      naval battles would not be for equal stakes&mdash;theirs involving only
+      the loss of the men on board their ships, but yours, that of your children
+      and your wives and the entire state.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) See "Pol. Ath." i. 19 foll.
+
+ (5) See "Hell." II. i.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "And if this is a fair statement of your position, turn, now, and consider
+      that of the Lacedaemonians. The first point to notice is, that they are an
+      inland power; as long as they are dominant on land it does not matter how
+      much they are cut off from the sea&mdash;they can carry on existence
+      happily enough. This they so fully recognise, that from boyhood they
+      devote themselves to training for a soldier's life. The keystone of this
+      training is obedience to command, (6) and in this they hold the same
+      pre-eminence on land which you hold on the sea. Just as you with your
+      fleets, so they on land can, at a moment's notice, put the largest army in
+      the field; and with the like consequence, that their allies, as is only
+      rational, attach themselves to them with undying courage. (7) Further, God
+      has granted them to enjoy on land a like good fortune to that vouchsafed
+      to you on sea. Among all the many contests they have entered into, it is
+      surprising in how few they have failed, in how many they have been
+      successful. The same unflagging attention which you pay to maritime
+      affairs is required from them on land, and, as the facts of history
+      reveal, it is no less indispensable to them. Thus, although you were at
+      war with them for several years and gained many a naval victory over them,
+      you never advanced a step nearer to reducing them. But once worsted on
+      land, in an instant they were confronted with a danger affecting the very
+      lives of child and wife, and vital to the interests of the entire state.
+      We may very well understand, then, the strangeness, not to say
+      monstrosity, in their eyes, of surrendering to others the military
+      leadership on land, in matters which they have made their special study
+      for so long and with such eminent success. I end where I began. I agree
+      absolutely with the preliminary decrees of your own senate, which I
+      consider the solution most advantageous to both parties. My prayer (8) is
+      that you may be guided in your deliberations to that conclusion which is
+      best for each and all of us."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Or, "the spirit of discipline." See "Mem." III. v. 16; IV. iv. 15;
+    Thuc. ii. 39; "Pol. Lac." viii.
+
+ (7) Or, "with unlimited confidence."
+
+ (8) See above, "Hell." VI. i. 13, {kai su prattois ta kratista}, "and
+    so may the best fortune attend you!"&mdash;if that reading and
+    rendering be adopted.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such were the words of the orator, and the sentiments of his speech were
+      vehemently applauded by the Athenians no less than by the Lacedaemonians
+      who were present. Then Cephisodotus (9) stepped forward and addressed the
+      assembly. He said, "Men of Athens, do you not see how you are being
+      deluded? Lend me your ears, and I will prove it to you in a moment. There
+      is no doubt about your leadership by sea: it is already secured. But
+      suppose the Lacedaemonians in alliance with you: it is plain they will
+      send you admirals and captains, and possibly marines, of Laconian breed;
+      but who will the sailors be? Helots obviously, or mercenaries of some
+      sort. These are the folk over whom you will exercise your leadership.
+      Reverse the case. The Lacedaemonians have issued a general order summoning
+      you to join them in the field; it is plain again, you will be sending your
+      heavy infantry and your cavalry. You see what follows. You have invented a
+      pretty machine, by which they become leaders of your very selves, and you
+      become the leaders either of their slaves or of the dregs of their state.
+      I should like to put a question to the Lacedaemonian Timocrates seated
+      yonder. Did you not say just now, Sir, that you came to make an alliance
+      on terms of absolute equality, 'share and share alike'? Answer me." "I did
+      say so." "Well, then, here is a plan by which you get the perfection of
+      equality. I cannot conceive of anything more fair and impartial than that
+      'turn and turn about' each of us should command the navy, each the army;
+      whereby whatever advantage there may be in maritime or military command we
+      may each of us share."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) See above, "Hell." VI. iii. 2; Hicks, 87.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These arguments were successful. The Athenians were converted, and passed
+      a decree vesting the command in either state (10) for periods of five days
+      alternately.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) See "Revenues," v. 7.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 369. (11) The campaign was commenced by both Athenians and
+      Lacedaemonians with their allies, marching upon Corinth, where it was
+      resolved to keep watch and ward over Oneion jointly. On the advance of the
+      Thebans and their allies the troops were drawn out to defend the pass.
+      They were posted in detachments at different points, the most assailable
+      of which was assigned to the Lacedaemonians and the men of Pellene. (12)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) See Grote, "H. G." x. 349 foll.; al. B.C. 368.
+
+ (12) "During the wars of Epameinondas Pellene adhered firmly to her
+    Spartan policy, at a time when other cities were, to say the
+    least, less strenuous in the Spartan cause."&mdash;Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
+    Gov." p. 241. Afterwards Pellene is found temporarily on the
+    Theban side ("Hell." VII. ii. 11).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans and their allies, finding themselves within three or four
+      miles (13) of the troops guarding the pass, encamped in the flat ground
+      below; but presently, after a careful calculation of the time it would
+      take to start and reach the goal in the gloaming, they advanced against
+      the Lacedaemonian outposts. In spite of the difficulty they timed their
+      movements to a nicety, and fell upon the Lacedaemonians and Pellenians
+      just at the interval when the night pickets were turning in and the men
+      were leaving their shakedowns and retiring for necessary purposes. (14)
+      This was the instant for the Thebans to fling themselves upon them; they
+      plied their weapons with good effect, blow upon blow. Order was pitted
+      against disorder, preparation against disarray. When, however, those who
+      escaped from the thick of the business had retired to the nearest rising
+      ground, the Lacedaemonian polemarch, who might have taken as many heavy,
+      or light, infantry of the allies as he wanted, and thus have held the
+      position (no bad one, since it enabled him to get his supplies safely
+      enough from Cenchreae), failed to do so. On the contrary, and in spite of
+      the great perplexity of the Thebans as to how they were to get down from
+      the high level facing Sicyon or else retire the way they came, the Spartan
+      general made a truce, which in the opinion of the majority, seemed more in
+      favour of the Thebans than himself, and so he withdrew his division and
+      fell back.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Lit. "thirty stades."
+
+ (14) Or, "intent on their personal concerns." See "Hell." II. iv. 6;
+    "Hipparch." vii. 12.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans were now free to descend without hindrance, which they did;
+      and, effecting a junction with their allies the Arcadians, Argives, and
+      Eleians, at once attacked (15) Sicyon and Pellene, and, marching on
+      Epidaurus, laid waste the whole territory of that people. Returning from
+      that exploit with a consummate disdain for all their opponents, when they
+      found themselves near the city of Corinth they advanced at the double
+      against the gate facing towards Phlius; intending if they found it open to
+      rush in. However, a body of light troops sallied out of the city to the
+      rescue, and met the advance of the Theban picked corps (16) not one
+      hundred and fifty yards (17) from the walls. Mounting on the monuments and
+      commanding eminences, with volleys of sling stones and arrows they laid
+      low a pretty large number in the van of the attack, and routing them, gave
+      chase for three or four furlongs' (18) distance. After this incident the
+      Corinthians dragged the corpses of the slain to the wall, and finally gave
+      them up under a flag of truce, erecting a trophy to record the victory. As
+      a result of this occurrence the allies of the Lacedaemonians took fresh
+      heart.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) And took (apparently); see below; Diod. xv. 69.
+
+ (16) See "Anab." III. iv. 43; and above, "Hell." V. iii. 23.
+
+ (17) Lit. "four plethra."
+
+ (18) LIt. "three or four stades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At the date of the above transactions the Lacedeamonians were cheered by
+      the arrival of a naval reinforcement from Dionysius, consisting of more
+      than twenty warships, which conveyed a body of Celts and Iberians and
+      about fifty cavalry. The day following, the Thebans and the rest of the
+      allies, posted, at intervals, in battle order, and completely filling the
+      flat land down to the sea on one side, and up to the knolls on the other
+      which form the buttresses of the city, proceeded to destroy everything
+      precious they could lay their hands on in the plain. The Athenian and
+      Corinthian cavalry, eyeing the strength, physical and numerical, of their
+      antagonists, kept at a safe distance from their armament. But the little
+      body of cavalry lately arrived from Dionysius spread out in a long thin
+      line, and one at one point and one at another galloped along the front,
+      discharging their missiles as they dashed forward, and when the enemy
+      rushed against them, retired, and again wheeling about, showered another
+      volley. Even while so engaged they would dismount from their horses and
+      take breath; and if their foemen galloped up while they were so
+      dismounted, in an instant they had leapt on their horses' backs and were
+      in full retreat. Or if, again, a party pursued them some distance from the
+      main body, as soon as they turned to retire, they would press upon them,
+      and discharging volleys of missiles, made terrible work, forcing the whole
+      army to advance and retire, merely to keep pace with the movements of
+      fifty horsemen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 369-368. After this the Thebans remained only a few more days and
+      then turned back homewards; and the rest likewise to their several homes.
+      Thereupon the troops sent by Dionysius attacked Sicyon. Engaging the
+      Sicyonians in the flat country, they defeated them, killing about seventy
+      men and capturing by assault the fortres of Derae. (19) After these
+      achievements this first reinforcement from Dionysius re-embarked and set
+      sail for Syracuse.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) "East of Sicyon was Epieiceia (see above, "Hell." IV. ii. 14, iv.
+    13) on the river Nemea. In the same direction was the fortress
+    Derae." ("Dict. Anct. Geog." "Topography of Sicyonia"), al. Gerae.
+    So Leake ("Morea," iii. 376), who conjectures that this fortress
+    was in the maritime plain.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Up to this time the Thebans and all the states which had revolted from
+      Lacedaemon had acted together in perfect harmony, and were content to
+      campaign under the leadership of Thebes; but now a certain Lycomedes, (20)
+      a Mantinean, broke the spell. Inferior in birth and position to none,
+      while in wealth superior, he was for the rest a man of high ambition. This
+      man was able to inspire the Arcadians with high thoughts by reminding them
+      that to Arcadians alone the Peloponnese was in a literal sense a
+      fatherland; since they and they alone were the indigenous inhabitants of
+      its sacred soil, and the Arcadian stock the largest among the Hellenic
+      tribes&mdash;a good stock, moreover, and of incomparable physique. And
+      then he set himself to panegyrise them as the bravest of the brave,
+      adducing as evidence, if evidence were needed, the patent fact, that every
+      one in need of help invariably turned to the Arcadians. (21) Never in old
+      days had the Lacedaemonians yet invaded Athens without the Arcadians. "If
+      then," he added, "you are wise, you will be somewhat chary of following at
+      the beck and call of anybody, or it will be the old story again. As when
+      you marched in the train of Sparta you only enhanced her power, so to-day,
+      if you follow Theban guidance without thought or purpose instead of
+      claiming a division of the headship, you will speedily find, perhaps, in
+      her only a second edition of Lacedaemon." (22)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) For the plan of an Arcadian Federation and the part played by
+    Lycomedes, its true author, "who certainly merits thereby a high
+    place among the statesmen of Greece," see Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
+    Gov." ch. iv. p. 199 foll.
+
+ (21) For this claim on the part of the Arcadians, see "Anab." VI. ii.
+    10 foll.
+
+ (22) Or, "Lacedaemonians under another name."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These words uttered in the ears of the Arcadians were sufficient to puff
+      them up with pride. They were lavish in their love of Lycomedes, and
+      thought there was no one his equal. He became their hero; he had only to
+      give his orders, and they appointed their magistrates (23) at his bidding.
+      But, indeed, a series of brilliant exploits entitled the Arcadians to
+      magnify themselves. The first of these arose out of an invasion of
+      Epidaurus by the Argives, which seemed likely to end in their finding
+      their escape barred by Chabrias and his foreign brigade with the Athenians
+      and Corinthians. Only, at the critical moment the Arcadians came to the
+      rescue and extricated the Argives, who were closely besieged, and this in
+      spite not only of the enemy, but of the savage nature of the ground
+      itself. Again they marched on Asine (24) in Laconian territory, and
+      defeated the Lacedaemonian garrison, putting the polemarch Geranor, who
+      was a Spartan, to the sword, and sacking the suburbs of the town. Indeed,
+      whenever or wherever they had a mind to send an invading force, neither
+      night nor wintry weather, nor length of road nor mountain barrier could
+      stay their march. So that at this date they regarded their prowess as
+      invincible. (25) The Thebans, it will be understood, could not but feel a
+      touch of jealousy at these pretensions, and their former friendship to the
+      Arcadians lost its ardour. With the Eleians, indeed, matters were worse.
+      The revelation came to them when they demanded back from the Arcadians
+      certain cities (26) of which the Lacedaemonians had deprived them. They
+      discovered that their views were held of no account, but that the
+      Triphylians and the rest who had revolted from them were to be made much
+      of, because they claimed to be Arcadians. (27) Hence, as contrasted with
+      the Thebans, the Eleians cherished feelings towards their late friends
+      which were positively hostile.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) {arkhontas}, see below, "Hell." VII. iv. 33. The formal title of
+    these Federal magistrates may or may not have been {arkhontes};
+    Freeman, "H. F. G." 203, note 6.
+
+ (24) See Grote, "H. G." x. 356.
+
+ (25) Or, "regarded themselves as the very perfection of soldiery."
+
+ (26) In reference to "Hell." III. ii. 25 foll., see Freeman, op. cit.
+    p. 201, and below, "Hell." VII. iv. 12 (B.C. 365); Busolt, op.
+    cit. p. 186 foll., in reference to Lasion.
+
+ (27) Busolt, p. 150.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 368. Self-esteem amounting to arrogance&mdash;such was the spirit
+      which animated each section of the allies, when a new phase was introduced
+      by the arrival of Philiscus (28) of Abydos on an embassy from Ariobarzanes
+      (29) with large sums of money. This agent's first step was to assemble a
+      congress of Thebans, allies, and Lacedaemonians at Delphi to treat of
+      peace. On their arrival, without attempting to communicate or take counsel
+      with the god as to how peace might be re-established, they fell to
+      deliberating unassisted; and when the Thebans refused to acquiesce in the
+      dependency of Messene (30) upon Lacedaemon, Philiscus set about collecting
+      a large foreign brigade to side with Lacedaemon and to prosecute the war.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (28) See Hicks, 84, p. 152; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 51; Grote, "H. G."
+    x. 357; Curtius, "H. G." (Eng. tr.) iv. 458; Diod. xv. 90.
+
+ (29) See above, V. i. 28; "Ages." ii. 26.
+
+ (30) See Hicks, 86.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Whilst these matters were still pending, the second reinforcements from
+      Dionysius (31) arrived. There was a difference of opinion as to where the
+      troops should be employed, the Athenians insisting that they ought to
+      march into Thessaly to oppose the Thebans, the Lacedaemonians being in
+      favour of Laconia; and among the allies this latter opinion carried the
+      day. The reinforcement from Dionysius accordingly sailed round to Laconia,
+      where Archidamus incorporated them with the state troops and opened the
+      campaign. Caryae he took by storm, and put every one captured to the
+      sword, and from this point marching straight upon the Parrhasians of
+      Arcadia, he set about ravaging the country along with his Syracusan
+      supporters.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (31) See above, SS. 20, 22, p. 191 foll. The date is B.C. 368
+    according to Grote, "H. G." x. 362 foll.; al. B.C. 367.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Presently when the Arcadians and Argives arrived with succours, he
+      retreated and encamped on the knolls above Medea. (32) While he was there,
+      Cissidas, the officer in charge of the reinforcement from Dionysius, made
+      the announcement that the period for his stay abroad had elapsed; and the
+      words were no sooner out of his lips than off he set on the road to
+      Sparta. The march itself, however, was not effected without delays, for he
+      was met and cut off by a body of Messenians at a narrow pass, and was
+      forced in these straits to send to Archidamus and beg for assistance,
+      which the latter tendered. When they had got as far as the bend (33) on
+      the road to Eutresia, there were the Arcadians and Argives advancing upon
+      Laconia and apparently intending, like the Messenians, to shut the Spartan
+      off from the homeward road.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (32) Or, "Melea," or "Malea." E. Curtius conjectures {Meleas} for
+    {Medeas} of the MSS., and probably the place referred to is the
+    township of Malea in the Aegytis (Pausan. VIII. xxvii. 4); see
+    above, "Hell." VI. v. 24, "the Maleatid." See Dind. "Hist. Gr.,"
+    Ox. MDCCCLIII., note ad loc.; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 459; Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 362.
+
+ (33) Or, "the resting-place"; cf. mod. "Khan." L. and S. cf. Arist.
+    "Frogs," 113. "Medea," below, is probably "Malea," (see last
+    note).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Archidamus, debouching upon a flat space of ground where the roads to
+      Eutresia and Medea converge, drew up his troops and offered battle. When
+      happened then is thus told:&mdash;He passed in front of the regiments and
+      addressed them in terms of encouragement thus: "Fellow-citizens, the day
+      has come which calls upon us to prove ourselves brave men and look the
+      world in the face with level eyes. (34) Now are we to deliver to those who
+      come after us our fatherland intact as we received it from our fathers;
+      now will we cease hanging our heads in shame before our children and
+      wives, our old men and our foreign friends, in sight of whom in days of
+      old we shone forth conspicuous beyond all other Hellenes."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (34) See Plut. "Ages." 53 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 41).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The words were scarcely uttered (so runs the tale), when out of the clear
+      sky came lightnings and thunderings, (35) with propitious manifestation to
+      him; and it so happened that on his right wing there stood a sacred
+      enclosure and a statue of Heracles, his great ancestor. As the result of
+      all these things, so deep a strength and courage came into the hearts of
+      his soldiers, as they tell, that the generals had hard work to restrain
+      their men as they pushed forward to the front. Presently, when Archidamus
+      led the advance, a few only of the enemy cared to await them at the
+      spear's point, and were slain; the mass of them fled, and fleeing fell.
+      Many were cut down by the cavalry, many by the Celts. When the battle
+      ceased and a trophy had been erected, the Spartan at once despatched home
+      Demoteles, the herald, with the news. He had to announce not only the
+      greatness of the victory, but the startling fact that, while the enemy's
+      dead were numerous, not one single Lacedaemonian had been slain. (36)
+      Those in Sparta to whom the news was brought, as says the story, when they
+      heard it, one and all, beginning with Agesilaus, and, after him, the
+      elders and the ephors, wept for joy&mdash;so close akin are tears to joy
+      and pain alike. There were others hardly less pleased than the
+      Lacedaemonians themselves at the misfortune which had overtaken the
+      Arcadians: these were the Thebans and Eleians&mdash;so offensive to them
+      had the boastful behaviour of these men become.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (35) See Xen. "Apolog." 12; Homer, "Il." ii. 353; "Od." xx. 113 foll.
+
+ (36) According to Diod. xv. 72, ten thousand of the enemy fell.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The problem perpetually working in the minds of the Thebans was how they
+      were to compass the headship of Hellas; and they persuaded themselves
+      that, if they sent an embassy to the King of Persia, they could not but
+      gain some advantage by his help. Accordingly they did not delay, but
+      called together the allies, on the plea that Euthycles the Lacedaemonian
+      was already at the Persian court. The commissioners sent up were, on the
+      part of the Thebans, Pelopidas; (37) on the part of the Arcadians,
+      Antiochus, the pancratiast; and on that of the Eleians, Archidamus. There
+      was also an Argive in attendance. The Athenians on their side, getting
+      wind of the matter, sent up two commissioners, Timagoras and Leon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (37) See Plut. "Pelop." 30 (Clough, vol. ii. p. 230). For the date see
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 365, 379; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 460.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When they arrived at the Persian court the influence of Pelopidas was
+      preponderant with the Persian. He could point out that, besides the fact
+      that the Thebans alone among all the Hellenes had fought on the king's
+      side at Plataeae, (38) they had never subsequently engaged in military
+      service against the Persians; nay, the very ground of Lacedaemonian
+      hostility to them was that they had refused to march against the Persian
+      king with Agesilaus, (39) and would not even suffer him to sacrifice to
+      Artemis at Aulis (where Agamemnon sacrificed before he set sail for Asia
+      and captured Troy). In addition, there were two things which contributed
+      to raise the prestige of Thebes, and redounded to the honour of Pelopidas.
+      These were the victory of the Thebans at Leuctra, and the indisputable
+      fact that they had invaded and laid waste the territory of Laconia.
+      Pelopidas went on to point out that the Argives and Arcadians had lately
+      been defeated in battle by the Lacedaemonians, when his own countrymen
+      were not there to assist. The Athenian Timagoras supported all these
+      statements of the Theban by independent testimony, and stood second in
+      honour after Pelopidas.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (38) See Thuc. iii. 58, 59, 60.
+
+ (39) See above, "Hell." III. iv. 3; Lincke, "Zur. Xen. Krit." p. 315.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At this point of the proceedings Pelopidas was asked by the king, what
+      special clause he desired inserted in the royal rescript. He replied as
+      follows: "Messene to be independent of Lacedaemon, and the Athenians to
+      lay up their ships of war. Should either power refuse compliance in these
+      respects, such refusal to be a casus belli; and any state refusing to take
+      part in the military proceedings consequent, to be herself the first
+      object of attack." These clauses were drawn up and read to the
+      ambassadors, when Leon, in the hearing of the king, exclaimed: "Upon my
+      word! Athenians, it strikes me it is high time you looked for some other
+      friend than the great king." The secretary reported the comment of the
+      Athenian envoy, and produced presently an altered copy of the document,
+      with a clause inserted: "If the Athenians have any better and juster views
+      to propound, let them come to the Persian court and explain them." (40)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (40) See Grote, "H. G." x. 402; and "Ages." viii. 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Thus the ambassadors returned each to his own home and were variously
+      received. Timagoras, on the indictment of Leon, who proved that his
+      fellow-commissioner not only refused to lodge with him at the king's
+      court, but in every way played into the hands of Pelopidas, was put to
+      death. Of the other joint commissioners, the Eleian, Archidamus, was loud
+      in his praises of the king and his policy, because he had shown a
+      preference to Elis over the Arcadians; while for a converse reason,
+      because the Arcadian league was slighted, Antiochus not only refused to
+      accept any gift, but brought back as his report to the general assembly of
+      the Ten Thousand, (41) that the king appeared to have a large army of
+      confectioners and pastry-cooks, butlers and doorkeepers; but as for men
+      capable of doing battle with Hellenes, he had looked carefully, and could
+      not discover any. Besides all which, even the report of his wealth seemed
+      to him, he said, bombastic nonsense. "Why, the golden plane-tree that is
+      so belauded is not big enough to furnish shade to a single grasshopper."
+      (42)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (41) See above, VI. v. 6; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." 202; Demosth. "F.
+    L." 220, etc.
+
+ (42) Or, "the golden plane-tree they romance about would not suffice
+    to," etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At Thebes a conference of the states had been convened to listen to the
+      great king's letter. The Persian who bore the missive merely pointed to
+      the royal seal, and read the document; whereupon the Thebans invited all,
+      who wished to be their friends, to take an oath to what they had just
+      heard, as binding on the king and on themselves. To which the ambassadors
+      from the states replied that they had been sent to listen to a report, not
+      to take oaths; if oaths were wanted, they recommended the Thebans to send
+      ambassadors to the several states. The Arcadian Lycomedes, moreover, added
+      that the congress ought not to be held at Thebes at all, but at the seat
+      of war, wherever that might be. This remark brought down the wrath of the
+      Thebans on the speaker; they exclaimed that he was bent on breaking up the
+      alliance. Whereupon the Arcadian refused to take a seat in the congress at
+      all, and got up and betook himself off there and then, accompanied by all
+      the Arcadian envoys. Since, therefore, the assembled representatives
+      refused to take the oaths at Thebes, the Thebans sent to the different
+      states, one by one in turn, urging each to undertake solemnly to act in
+      accordance with the great king's rescript. They were persuaded that no
+      individual state would venture to quarrel with themselves and the Persian
+      monarch at once. As a matter of fact, however, when they arrived at
+      Corinth&mdash;which was the first stated vist&mdash;the Corinthians stood
+      out and gave as their answer, that they had no desire for any common oath
+      or undertaking with the king. The rest of the states followed suit, giving
+      answers of a similar tenor, so that this striving after empire on the part
+      of Pelopidas and the Thebans melted like a cloud-castle into air.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 367. (43) But Epaminondas was bent on one more effort. With a view to
+      forcing the Arcadians and the rest of the allies to pay better heed to
+      Thebes, he desired first to secure the adhesion of the Achaeans, and
+      decided to march an army into Achaea. Accordingly, he persuaded the Argive
+      Peisias, who was at the head of military affairs in Argos, to seize and
+      occupy Oneion in advance. Persias, having ascertained that only a sorry
+      guard was maintained over Oneion by Naucles, the general commanding the
+      Lacedaemonian foreign brigade, and by Timomachus the Athenian, under cover
+      of night seized and occupied with two thousand heavy infantry the rising
+      ground above Cenchreae, taking with him provisions for seven days. Within
+      the interval the Thebans arrived and surmounted the pass of Oneion;
+      whereupon the allied troops with Epaminondas at their head, advanced into
+      Achaea. The result of the campaign was that the better classes of Achaea
+      gave in their adhesion to him; and on his personal authority Epaminondas
+      insisted that there should be no driving of the aristocrats into exile,
+      nor any modification of the constitution. He was content to take a pledge
+      of fealty from the Achaeans to this effect: "Verily and indeed we will be
+      your allies, and follow whithersoever the Thebans lead." (44)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (43) B.C. 367, according to Grote, "H. G." x. 365, note 1; al. B.C.
+    366.
+
+ (44) See Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 241: "We read of local
+    oligarchies (in the several cities of Achaia) which Epameinondas
+    found and left in possession, but which the home government of
+    Thebes thought good to expel, and to substitute democracies under
+    the protection of Theban harmosts. This policy did not answer, as
+    the large bodies of exiles thus formed contrived to recover the
+    cities, and to bring them to a far more decided Spartan
+    partisanship than before."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So he departed home. The Arcadians, however, and the partisans of the
+      opposite faction in Thebes were ready with an indictment against him:
+      "Epaminondas," they said, "had merely swept and garnished Achaea for the
+      Lacedaemonians, and then gone off." The Thebans accordingly resolved to
+      send governors (45) into the states of Achaea; and those officers on
+      arrival joined with the commonalty and drove out the better folk, and set
+      up democracies throughout Achaea. On their side, these exiles coalesced,
+      and, marching upon each separate state in turn, for they were pretty
+      numerous, speedily won their restoration and dominated the states. As the
+      party thus reinstated no longer steered a middle course, but went heart
+      and soul into an alliance with Lacedaemon, the Arcadians found themselves
+      between the upper and the nether millstone&mdash;that is to say, the
+      Lacedaemonians and the Achaeans.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (45) Lit. "harmosts."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At Sicyon, hitherto, (46) the constitution was based on the ancient laws;
+      but at this date Euphron (who during the Lacedaemonian days had been the
+      greatest man in Sicyon, and whose ambition it was to hold a like
+      pre-eminence under their opponents) addressed himself to the Argives and
+      Arcadians as follows: "If the wealthiest classes should ever come into
+      power in Sicyon, without a doubt the city would take the first opportunity
+      of readopting a Laconian policy; whereas, if a democracy be set up," he
+      added, "you may rest assured Sicyon will hold fast by you. All I ask you
+      is to stand by me; I will do the rest. It is I who will call a meeting of
+      the people; and by that selfsame act I shall give you a pledge of my good
+      faith and present you with a state firm in its alliance. All this, be
+      assured," he added, "I do because, like yourselves, I have long ill
+      brooked the pride of Lacedaemon, and shall be glad to escape the yoke of
+      bondage."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (46) See Grote, "H. G." x. 379.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These proposals found favour with the Arcadians and the Argives, who
+      gladly gave the assistance demanded. Euphron straightway, in the
+      market-place, in the presence of the two powers concerned, (47) proceeded
+      to convene the Demos, as if there were to be a new constitution, based on
+      the principle of equality. (48) When the convention met, he bade them
+      appoint generals: they might choose whom they liked. Whereupon they
+      elected Euphron himself, Hippodamus, Cleander, Acrisius, and Lysander.
+      When these matters were arranged he appointed Adeas, his own son, over the
+      foreign brigade, in place of the former commander, Lysimenes, whom he
+      removed. His next step was promptly to secure the fidelity of the foreign
+      mercenaries by various acts of kindness, and to attach others; and he
+      spared neither the public nor the sacred moneys for this object. He had,
+      to aid him, further, the property of all the citizens whom he exiled on
+      the ground of Laconism, and of this without scruple he in every case
+      availed himself. As for his colleagues in office, some he treacherously
+      put to death, others he exiled, by which means he got everything under his
+      own power, and was now a tyrant without disguise. The method by which he
+      got the allies to connive at his doings was twofold. Partly he worked on
+      them by pecuniary aid, partly by the readiness with which he lent the
+      support of his foreign troops on any campaign to which they might invite
+      him.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (47) Lit. "the Argives and the Arcadians."
+
+ (48) Lit. "on fair and equal terms." See Thuc. v. 79.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 366. Matters had so far progressed that the Argives had already
+      fortified the Trikaranon above the Heraion as an outpost to threaten
+      Phlius, while the Sicyonians were engaged in fortifying Thyamia (1) on
+      their frontier; and between the two the Phliasians were severely pinched.
+      They began to suffer from dearth of necessaries; but, in spite of all,
+      remained unshaken in their alliance. It is the habit of historians, I
+      know, to record with admiration each noble achievement of the larger
+      powers, but to me it seems a still more worthy task to bring to light the
+      great exploits of even a little state found faithful in the performance of
+      fair deeds.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) "Thyamia is placed by Ross on the lofty hill of Spiria, the
+    northern prolongation of Tricaranum, between the villages Stimanga
+    and Skrapani."&mdash;"Dict. Anct. Geog." "Phlius."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 370-369. Now these Phliasians were friends of Lacedaemon while at the
+      zenith of her power. After her disaster on the field of Leuctra, when many
+      of the Perioeci, and the helots to a man, revolted; when, more than that,
+      the allies, save only quite a few, forsook her; (2) and when united
+      Hellas, so to speak, was marching on her&mdash;these Phliasians remained
+      stanch in their allegiance; and, in spite of the hostility of the most
+      powerful states of the Peloponnese, to wit the Arcardians and the Argives,
+      they insisted on coming to her aid. It fell to their lot to cross into
+      Prasiae as the rearguard of the reinforcements, which consisted of the men
+      of Corinth, of Epidaurus and of Troezen, of Hermione, Halieis, and Sicyon
+      and Pellene, in the days before any of these had revolted. (3) Not even
+      when the commander of the foreign brigade, picking up the divisions
+      already across, left them behind and was gone&mdash;not even so did they
+      flinch or turn back, but hired a guide from Prasiae, and though the enemy
+      was massed round Amyclae, slipped through his ranks, as best they could,
+      and so reached Sparta. It was then that the Lacedaemonians, besides other
+      honours conferred upon them, sent them an ox as a gift of hospitality.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) See above, "VI." v. 29.
+
+ (3) See "Hell." VII. i. 18.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 369. Later on, when the enemy had retired from Laconia, the Argives,
+      ill brooking so much zeal for Lacedaemon on the part of Phlius, marched in
+      full force against the little state, and fell to ravaging their territory.
+      Even then they remained undaunted; and when the enemy turned to retire,
+      destroying all that he could lay hands upon, out dashed the cavalry of the
+      Phliasians and dogged his retreat. And notwithstanding that the Argive's
+      rear consisted of the whole of his cavalry, with some companies of
+      infantry to support them, they attacked him, sixty in number, and routed
+      his whole rearguard. They slew, indeed, but a few of them; but, having so
+      slain that handful, they paused and erected a trophy in full sight of the
+      Argive army with as little concern as if they had cut down their enemies
+      to a man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Once again the Lacedaemonians and their allies were guarding Oneion, (4)
+      and the Thebans were threatening to scale the pass. The Arcadians and
+      Eleians (5) were moving forwards through Nemea to effect a junction with
+      the Thebans, when a hint was conveyed to them by some Phliasian exiles,
+      "Only show yourselves before Phlius and the town is yours." An agreement
+      was made, and in the dead of night a party consisting of the exiles
+      themselves and others with them, about six hundred in number, planted
+      themselves close under the walls with scaling-ladders. Presently the
+      scouts from the Trikaranon signalled to the city that the enemy was
+      advancing. The citizens were all attention; their eyes fixed upon their
+      scouts. Meanwhile the traitors within were likewise signalling to those
+      seated under lee of the walls "to scale"; and these, scaling up, seized
+      the arms of the guards, which they found abandoned, and fell to pursuing
+      the day sentinels, ten in number (one out of each squad of five being
+      always left on day duty). (6) One of these was put to the sword as he lay
+      asleep, and a second as he was escaping to the Heraion; but the other
+      eight day-pickets leapt down the wall on the side towards the city, one
+      after another. The scaling party now found themselves in undisputed
+      possession of the citadel. But the shouting had reached the city below:
+      the citizens rallied to the rescue; and the enemy began by sallying forth
+      from the citadel, and did battle in the forefront of the gate leading down
+      to the city. By and by, being strongly beleaguered by the ever-increasing
+      reinforcements of the citizens, they retired, falling back upon the
+      citadel; and the citizens along with the enemy forced their way in. The
+      centre of the citadel was speedily deserted; for the enemy scaled the
+      walls and towers, and showered blows and missiles upon the citizens below.
+      These defended themselves from the ground, or pressed the encounter home
+      by climbing the ladders which led to the walls. Once masters of certain
+      towers on this side and the other of the invaders, the citizens came to
+      close quarters with them with reckless desperation. The invaders, pushed
+      and pommelled by dint of such audacity and hard hitting, were cooped up
+      like sheep into narrower and narrower space. But at that critical moment
+      the Arcadians and the Argives were circling round the city, and had begun
+      to dig through the walls of the citadel from its upper side. (7) Of the
+      citizens inside some were beating down their assailants on the wall; (8)
+      others, those of them who were climbing up from outside and were still on
+      the scaling-ladders, whilst a third set were delivering battle against
+      those who had mounted the towers. These last had found fire in the men's
+      quarters, and were engaged in setting the towers and all ablaze, bringing
+      up sheaves of corn and grass&mdash;an ample harvesting, as luck would have
+      it, garnered off the citadel itself. Thereupon the occupants of the
+      towers, in terror of the flames, leapt down one by one, while those on the
+      walls, under the blows of the defenders, tumbled off with similar
+      expedition; and as soon as they had once begun to yield, the whole
+      citadel, in almost less time than it takes to tell, was cleared of the
+      enemy. In an instant out dashed the cavalry, and the enemy, seeing them,
+      beat a hasty retreat, leaving behind scaling-ladders and dead, besides
+      some comrades hopelessly maimed. In fact, the enemy, what between those
+      who were slain inside and those who leapt from the walls, lost not less
+      than eighty men. And now it was a goodly sight to see the brave men grasp
+      one another by the hand and pledge each other on their preservation,
+      whilst the women brought them drink and cried for joy. Not one there
+      present but in very sooth was overcome by laughter mixed with tears. (9)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) B.C. 369? al. B.C. 368. See above, "Hell." VII. i. 15; Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 346.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." VII. i. 18, and below, S. 8.
+
+ (6) Or, "one member of both the squads of five was left behind"&mdash;i.e.
+    two out of the ten could not keep up with the rest in their
+    flight, and were taken and killed; one indeed had not started, but
+    was killed in sleep.
+
+ (7) Or, "downwards" (L. and S.); or, "in front," "von vorn" (Buchs).
+
+ (8) Reading, {tous eti toi teikhous}. See Otto Keller for various
+    emendations of the passage.
+
+ (9) In true Homeric fashion, as Pollux (ii. 64) observes. See Homer,
+    "Il." vi. 484. See above, VII. i. 32; "Cyrop." VII. v. 32;
+    "Hiero," iii. 5; "Sym." ii. 24; "Antony and Cleopatra," III. ii.
+    43.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Next year also (10) Phlius was invaded by the Argives and all the
+      Arcadians. The reason of this perpetually-renewed attack on Phlius is not
+      far to seek: partly it was the result of spleen, partly the little
+      township stood midway between them, and they cherished the hope that
+      through want of the necessaries of life they would bring it over. During
+      this invasion the cavalry and the picked troop of the Phliasians, assisted
+      by some Athenian knights, made another famous charge at the crossing of
+      the river. (11) They made it so hot for the enemy that for the rest of
+      that day he was forced to retire under the mountain ridges, and to hold
+      aloof as if afraid to trample down the corn-crops of a friendly people on
+      the flat below.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) B.C. 368 (or 367).
+
+ (11) The Asopus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Again another time (12) the Theban commander in Sicyon marched out against
+      Phlius, taking with him the garrison under his personal command, with the
+      Sicyonians and Pellenians (for at the date of the incident these states
+      followed in the wake of Thebes). Euphron was there also with his
+      mercenaries, about two thousand in number, to share the fortunes of the
+      field. The mass of the troops began their descent on the Heraion by the
+      Trikaranon, intending to ravage the flat bottom below. At the gate leading
+      to Corinth the Theban general left his Sicyonians and Pellenians on the
+      height, to prevent the Phliasians getting behind him at this point and so
+      over the heads of his troops as they lay at the Heraion beneath. (13) As
+      soon as the citizens of Phlius found that hostile troops were advancing on
+      their corn-land, out dashed the cavalry with the chosen band of the
+      Phliasians and gave battle, not suffering the enemy to penetrate into the
+      plain. The best part of the day was spent in taking long shots at one
+      another on that field; Euphron pushing his attack down to the point where
+      cavalry could operate, the citizens retaliating as far as the Heraion.
+      Presently the time to withdraw had come, and the enemy began to retire,
+      following the circle of the Trikaranon; the short cut to reach the
+      Pellenians being barred by the ravine which runs in front of the walls.
+      The Phliasians escorted their retreating foes a little way up the steep,
+      and then turning off dashed along the road beside the walls, making for
+      the Pellenians and those with them; whereupon the Theban, perceiving the
+      haste of the Phliasians, began racing with his infantry to outspeed them
+      and bring succour to the Pellenians. The cavalry, however, arrived first
+      and fell to attacking the Pellenians, who received and withstood the
+      shock, and the cavalry drew back. A second time they charged, and were
+      supported by some infantry detachments, which had now come up. It ended in
+      a hand-to-hand fight; and eventually the enemy gave way. On the field lay
+      dead some Sicyonians, and of the Pellenians many a good man. In record of
+      the feat the Phliasians began to raise a trophy, as well they might; and
+      loud and clear the paean rang. As to the Theban and Euphron, they and all
+      their men stood by and stared at the proceedings, like men who had raced
+      to see a sight. After all was over the one party retired to Sicyon and the
+      other withdrew into their city.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) B.C. 367 (or 366).
+
+ (13) Lit. "above the Heraion" (where his main body lay).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      That too was another noble exploit of the Phliasians, when they took the
+      Pellenian Proxenus prisoner and, although suffering from scarcity at the
+      time, sent him back without a ransom. "As generous as brave," such is
+      their well-earned title who were capable of such performance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The heroic resolution with which these men maintained their loyalty to
+      their friends is manifest. When excluded from the fruits of their own
+      soil, they contrived to live, partly by helping themselves from the
+      enemy's territory, partly by purchasing from Corinth, though to reach that
+      market they must run the gauntlet of a thousand risks; and having reached
+      it their troubles began afresh. There were difficulties in providing the
+      requisite sum, difficulties in arranging with the purveyors, and it was
+      barely possible to find sureties for the very beasts which should carry
+      home their marketing. They had reached the depth of despair, and were
+      absolutely at a loss what to do, when they arranged with Chares to escort
+      their convoy. Once safe inside Phlius, they begged him to help them to
+      convey their useless and sick folk to Pellene. (14) These they left at
+      that place; and after making purchases and packing as many beasts of
+      burthen as they could, they set off to return in the night, not in
+      ignorance that they would be laid in wait for by the enemy, but persuaded
+      that the want of provisions was a worse evil than mere fighting.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) What is the date of this incident? See above, "Hell." VII. ii. 3;
+    below VII. iv. 17.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The men of Phlius pushed forward with Chares; presently they stumbled on
+      the enemy and at once grappled to their work. Pressing hard on the foe,
+      they called cheerily to one another, and shouted at the same time to
+      Chares to bring up his aid. In short, the victory was theirs; and the
+      enemy was driven off the road; and so they got themselves and their
+      supplies safely home. The long night-watching superinduced sleep which
+      lasted well into the next day. But Chares was no sooner out of bed then he
+      was accosted by the cavalry and the pick of the heavy infantry with the
+      following appeal: "Chares, to-day you have it in your power to perform the
+      noblest deed of arms. The Sicyonians are fortifying an outpost on our
+      borders, they have plenty of stone-masons but a mere handful of hoplites.
+      We the knights of Phlius and we the flower of our infantry force will lead
+      the way; and you shall follow after with your mercenaries. Perhaps when
+      you appear on the scene you will find the whole thing finished, or perhaps
+      your coming will send the enemy flying, as happened at Pellene. If you do
+      not like the sound of these proposals, sacrifice and take counsel of the
+      gods. Our belief is that the gods will bid you yet more emphatically than
+      we to take this step. Only this, Chares, you must well consider, that if
+      you do take it you will have established an outpost on the enemy's
+      frontier; you will have saved from perdition a friendly city; you will win
+      eternal glory in your own fatherland; and among friends and foes alike no
+      name will be heralded with louder praise than that of Chares."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chares was persuaded, and proceeded to offer sacrifice. Meanwhile the
+      Phliasian cavalry were donning their breastplates and bridling their
+      horses, and the heavy infantry made every preparation for the march. Then
+      they took their arms, fell into line, and tramped off to the place of
+      sacrifice. Chares with the soothsayer stepped forward to meet them,
+      announcing that the victims were favourable. "Only wait for us," they
+      exclaimed; "we will sally forth with you at once." The heralds' cry "To
+      arms!" was sounded, and with a zeal which was almost miraculous the
+      mercenaries themselves rushed out. As soon as Chares began the march, the
+      Phliasian cavalry and infantry got in front of him. At first they led off
+      at a smart pace; presently they began to bowl (15) along more quickly, and
+      finally the cavalry were tearing over the ground might and main, whilst
+      the infantry, at the greatest pace compatible with keeping their ranks,
+      tore after them; and behind them, again, came Chares zealously following
+      up in their rear. There only remained a brief interval of daylight before
+      the sun went down, and they came upon the enemy in the fortress, some
+      washing, some cooking a savoury meal, others kneading their bread, others
+      making their beds. These, when they saw the vehemence of the attack, at
+      once, in utter panic, took to flight, leaving behind all their provisions
+      for the brave fellows who took their place. They, as their reward, made a
+      fine supper off these stores and others which had come from home, pouring
+      out libations for their good fortune and chanting the battle-hymn; after
+      which they posted pickets for the night and slumbered well. The messenger
+      with the news of their success at Thyamia arrived at Corinth in the night.
+      The citizens of that state with hearty friendship at once ordered out by
+      herald all the oxen and beasts of burthen, which they loaded with food and
+      brought to Phlius; and all the while the fortress was building day by day
+      these convoys of food were duly despatched.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) See "Anab." VII. iii. 46.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But on this topic enough, perhaps, has been said to demonstrate the
+      loyalty of the men of Phlius to their friends, their bravery in war, and,
+      lastly, their steadfastness in maintaining their alliance in spite of
+      famine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 367-366. It seems to have been somewhere about this date that Aeneas
+      the Stymphalian, (1) who had become general of the Arcadians, finding that
+      the state of affairs in Sicyon was intolerable, marched up with his army
+      into the acropolis. Here he summoned a meeting of the Sicyonian
+      aristocrats already within the walls, and sent to fetch those others who
+      had been banished without a decree of the people. (2) Euphron, taking
+      fright at these proceedings, fled for safety to the harbour-town of
+      Sicyon. Hither he summoned Pasimelus from Corinth, and by his
+      instrumentality handed over the harbour to the Lacedaemonians. Once more
+      reappearing in his old character, he began to pose as an ally of Sparta.
+      He asserted that his fidelity to Lacedaemon had never been interrupted;
+      for when the votes were given in the city whether Sicyon should give up
+      her allegiance to Lacedaemon, "I, with one or two others," said he, "voted
+      against the measure; but afterwards these people betrayed me, and in my
+      desire to avenge myself on them I set up a democracy. At present all
+      traitors to yourselves are banished&mdash;I have seen to that. If only I
+      could get the power into my own hands, I would go over to you, city and
+      all, at once. All that I can do at present, I have done; I have
+      surrendered to you this harbour." That was what Euphron said to his
+      audience there, but of the many who heard his words, how many really
+      believed his words is by no means evident. However, since I have begun the
+      story of Euphron, I desire to bring it to its close.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Is this man the famous writer {o taktikos}, a portion of whose
+    works, the "Treatise on Siege Operations," has been preserved
+     (recently re-edited by Arnold Hug&mdash;"Commentarius Poliorceticus,"
+    Lips. Trubner, 1884)? So Casaubon supposed. Cf. "Com. Pol." 27,
+    where the writer mentions {paneia} as the Arcadian term for
+    "panics." Readers of the "Anabasis" will recollect the tragic end
+    of another Aeneas, also of Stymphalus, an Arcadian officer. On the
+    official title {strategos} (general), Freeman ("Hist. Fed. Gov."
+    204) notes that "at the head of the whole League there seems to
+    have been, as in so many other cases, a single Federal general."
+    Cf. Diod. xv. 62.
+
+ (2) See above, VII. i. 46.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Faction and party strife ran high in Sicyon between the better classes and
+      the people, when Euphron, getting a body of foreign troops from Athens,
+      once more obtained his restoration. The city, with the help of the
+      commons, he was master of, but the Theban governor held the citadel.
+      Euphron, perceiving that he would never be able to dominate the state
+      whilst the Thebans held the acropolis, collected money and set off to
+      Thebes, intending to persuade the Thebans to expel the aristocrats and
+      once again to hand over the city to himself. But the former exiles, having
+      got wind of this journey of his, and of the whole intrigue, set off
+      themselves to Thebes in front of him. (3) When, however, they saw the
+      terms of intimacy on which he associated with the Theban authorities, in
+      terror of his succeeding in his mission some of them staked their lives on
+      the attempt and stabbed Euphron in the Cadmeia, where the magistrates and
+      senate were seated. The magistrates, indeed, could not but indict the
+      perpetrators of the deed before the senate, and spoke as follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "on an opposition journey."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Fellow-citizens, it is our duty to arraign these murderers of Euphron,
+      the men before you, on the capital charge. Mankind may be said to fall
+      into two classes: there are the wise and temperate, (4) who are incapable
+      of any wrong and unhallowed deed; and there are the base, the bad, who do
+      indeed such things, but try to escape the notice of their fellows. The men
+      before you are exceptional. They have so far exceeded all the rest of men
+      in audacity and foul villainy that, in the very presence of the
+      magistrates and of yourselves, who alone have the power of life and death,
+      they have taken the law into their own hands, (5) and have slain this man.
+      But they stand now before the bar of justice, and they must needs pay the
+      extreme penalty; for, if you spare them, what visitor will have courage to
+      approach the city? Nay, what will become of the city itself, if license is
+      to be given to any one who chooses to murder those who come here, before
+      they have even explained the object of their visit? It is our part, then,
+      to prosecute these men as arch-villains and miscreants, whose contempt for
+      law and justice is only matched by the supreme indifference with which
+      they treat this city. It is your part, now that you have heard the
+      charges, to impose upon them that penalty which seems to be the measure of
+      their guilt."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Lit. "the sound of soul."
+
+ (5) Or, "they have been judge and jury both, and executioners to
+    boot."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such were the words of the magistrates. Among the men thus accused, all
+      save one denied immediate participation in the act. It was not their hands
+      that had dealt the blow. This one not only confessed the deed, but made a
+      defence in words somewhat as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As to treating you with indifference, men of Thebes, that is not possible
+      for a man who knows that with you lies the power to deal with him as you
+      list. Ask rather on what I based my confidence when I slew the man; and be
+      well assured that, in the first place, I based it on the conviction that I
+      was doing right; next, that your verdict will also be right and just. I
+      knew assuredly how you dealt with Archias (6) and Hypates and that company
+      whom you detected in conduct similar to that of Euphron: you did not stay
+      for formal voting, but at the first opportunity within your reach you
+      guided the sword of vengeance, believing that by the verdict of mankind a
+      sentence of death had already been passed against the conspicuously
+      profane person, the manifest traitor, and him who lays to his hand to
+      become a tyrant. See, then, what follows. Euphron was liable on each of
+      these several counts: he was a conspicuously profane person, who took into
+      his keeping temples rich in votive offerings of gold and silver, and swept
+      them bare of their sacred treasures; he was an arrant traitor&mdash;for
+      what treason could be more manifest than Euphron's? First he was the bosom
+      friend of Lacedaemon, but presently chose you in their stead; and, after
+      exchange of solemn pledges between yourselves and him, once more turned
+      round and played the traitor to you, and delivered up the harbour to your
+      enemies. Lastly, he was most undisguisedly a tyrant, who made not free men
+      only, but free fellow-citizens his slaves; who put to death, or drove into
+      exile, or robbed of their wealth and property, not malefactors, note you,
+      but the mere victims of his whim and fancy; and these were ever the better
+      folk. Once again restored by the help of your sworn foes and antagonists,
+      the Athenians, to his native town of Sicyon, the first thing he did was to
+      take up arms against the governor from Thebes; but, finding himself
+      powerless to drive him from the acropolis, he collected money and betook
+      himself hither. Now, if it were proved that he had mustered armed bands to
+      attack you, I venture to say, you would have thanked me that I slew him.
+      What then, when he came furnished with vile moneys, to corrupt you
+      therewith, to bribe you to make him once more lord and master of the
+      state? How shall I, who dealt justice upon him, justly suffer death at
+      your hands? For to be worsted in arms implies injury certainly, but of the
+      body only: the defeated man is not proved to be dishonest by his loss of
+      victory. But he who is corrupted by filthy lucre, contrary to the standard
+      of what is best, (7) is at once injured and involved in shame.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) See above, V. iv. 2.
+
+ (7) Or, as we should say, "in violation of conscience."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Now if he had been your friend, however much he was my national foe, I do
+      confess it had been scarce honourable of me to have stabbed him to death
+      in your presence: but why, I should like to ask, should the man who
+      betrayed you be less your enemy than mine? 'Ah, but,' I hear some one
+      retort, 'he came of his own accord.' I presume, sir, you mean that had he
+      chanced to be slain by somebody at a distance from your state, that
+      somebody would have won your praise; but now, on the ground that he came
+      back here to work mischief on the top of mischief, 'he had the right to
+      live'! (8) In what part of Hellas, tell me, sir, do Hellenes keep a truce
+      with traitors, double-dyed deserters, and tyrants? Moreover, I must remind
+      you that you passed a resolution&mdash;if I mistake not, it stands
+      recorded in your parliamentary minutes&mdash;that 'renegades are liable to
+      be apprehended (9) in any of the allied cities.' Now, here is a renegade
+      restoring himself without any common decree of the allied states: will any
+      one tell me on what ground this person did not deserve to die? What I
+      maintain, sirs, is that if you put me to death, by so doing you will be
+      aiding and abetting your bitterest foe; while, by a verdict sanctioning
+      the justice of my conduct, you will prove your willingness to protect the
+      interests not of yourselves only, but of the whole body of your allies."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Or, "he was wrongfully slain."
+
+ (9) For this right of extradition see Plut. "Lys." xxvii.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans on hearing these pleadings decided that Euphron had only
+      suffered the fate which he deserved. His own countrymen, however, conveyed
+      away the body with the honours due to a brave and good man, and buried him
+      in the market-place, where they still pay pious reverence to his memory as
+      "a founder of the state." So strictly, it would seem, do the mass of
+      mankind confine the term brave and good to those who are the benefactors
+      of themselves.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 366. And so ends the history of Euphron. I return to the point
+      reached at the commencement of this digression. (1) The Phliasians were
+      still fortifying Thyamia, and Chares was still with them, when Oropus (2)
+      was seized by the banished citizens of that place. The Athenians in
+      consequence despatched an expedition in full force to the point of danger,
+      and recalled Chares from Thyamia; whereupon the Sicyonians and the
+      Arcadians seized the opportunity to recapture the harbour of Sicyon.
+      Meanwhile the Athenians, forced to act single-handed, with none of their
+      allies to assist them, retired from Oropus, leaving that town in the hands
+      of the Thebans as a deposit till the case at issue could be formally
+      adjudicated.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See above, VII. ii. 23; iii. 3; Diod. xv. 76.
+
+ (2) See Thuc. viii. 60.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now Lycomedes (3) had discovered that the Athenians were harbouring a
+      grievance against her allies, as follows:&mdash;They felt it hard that,
+      while Athens was put to vast trouble on their account, yet in her need not
+      a man among them stepped forward to render help. Accordingly he persuaded
+      the assembly of Ten Thousand to open negotiations with Athens for the
+      purpose of forming an alliance. (4) At first some of the Athenians were
+      vexed that they, being friends of Lacedaemon, should become allied to her
+      opponents; but on further reflection they discovered it was no less
+      desirable for the Lacedaemonians than for themselves that the Arcadians
+      should become independent of Thebes. That being so, they were quite ready
+      to accept an Arcadian alliance. Lycomedes himself was still engaged on
+      this transaction when, taking his departure from Athens, he died, in a
+      manner which looked like divine intervention.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See above, VII. i. 23.
+
+ (4) This proves that "the Ten Thousand made war and peace in the name
+    of all Arkadia"; cf. "Hell." VII. i. 38; Diod. xv. 59. "They
+    received and listened to the ambassadors of other Greek states";
+    Demosth. "F. L." 220. "They regulated and paid the standing army
+    of the Federation"; "Hell." VII. iv. 22, 23; Diod. xv. 62. "They
+    sat in judgment on political offenders against the collective
+    majority of the Arkadian League"; "Hell." VII. iv. 33; Freeman,
+    "Hist. Fed. Gov." 203, note 1.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Out of the many vessels at his service he had chosen the one he liked
+      best, and by the terms of contract was entitled to land at any point he
+      might desire; but for some reason, selected the exact spot where a body of
+      Mantinean exiles lay. Thus he died; but the alliance on which he had set
+      his heart was already consummated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now an argument was advanced by Demotion (5) in the Assembly of Athens,
+      approving highly of the friendship with the Arcadians, which to his mind
+      was an excellent thing, but arguing that the generals should be instructed
+      to see that Corinth was kept safe for the Athenian people. The
+      Corinthians, hearing this, lost no time in despatching garrisons of their
+      own large enough to take the place of the Athenian garrisons at any point
+      where they might have them, with orders to these latter to retire: "We
+      have no further need of foreign garrisons," they said. The garrisons did
+      as they were bid.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Of Demotion nothing more, I think, is known. Grote ("H. G." x.
+    397) says: "The public debates of the Athenian assembly were not
+    favourable to the success of a scheme like that proposed by
+    Demotion, to which secrecy was indispensable. Compare another
+    scheme" (the attempted surprise of Mitylene, B.C. 428), "divulged
+    in like manner, in Thuc. iii. 3."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the Athenian garrison troops were met together in the city of
+      Corinth, the Corinthian authorities caused proclamation to be made
+      inviting all Athenians who felt themselves wronged to enter their names
+      and cases upon a list, and they would recover their dues. While things
+      were in this state, Chares arrived at Cenchreae with a fleet. Learning
+      what had been done, he told them that he had heard there were designs
+      against the state of Corinth, and had come to render assistance. The
+      authorities, while thanking him politely for his zeal, were not any the
+      more ready to admit the vessels into the harbour, but bade him sail away;
+      and after rendering justice to the infantry troops, they sent them away
+      likewise. Thus the Athenians were quit of Corinth. To the Arcadians, to be
+      sure, they were forced by the terms of their alliance to send an auxiliary
+      force of cavalry, "in case of any foreign attack upon Arcadia." At the
+      same time they were careful not to set foot on Laconian soil for the
+      purposes of war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Corinthians had begun to realise on how slender a thread their
+      political existence hung. They were overmastered by land still as ever,
+      with the further difficulty of Athenian hostility, or quasi-hostility, now
+      added. They resolved to collect bodies of mercenary troops, both infantry
+      and horse. At the head of these they were able at once to guard their
+      state and to inflict much injury on their neighbouring foes. To Thebes,
+      indeed, they sent ambassadors to ascertain whether they would have any
+      prospect of peace if they came to seek it. The Thebans bade them come:
+      "Peace they should have." Whereupon the Corinthians asked that they might
+      be allowed to visit their allies; in making peace they would like to share
+      it with those who cared for it, and would leave those who preferred war to
+      war. This course also the Thebans sanctioned; and so the Corinthians came
+      to Lacedaemon and said:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Men of Lacedaemon, we, your friends, are here to present a petition, and
+      on this wise. If you can discover any safety for us whilst we persist in
+      warlike courses, we beg that you will show it us; but if you recognise the
+      hopelessness of our affairs, we would, in that case, proffer this
+      alternative: if peace is alike conducive to your interests, we beg that
+      you would join us in making peace, since there is no one with whom we
+      would more gladly share our safety than with you; if, on the other hand,
+      you are persuaded that war is more to your interest, permit us at any rate
+      to make peace for ourselves. So saved to-day, perhaps we may live to help
+      you in days to come; whereas, if to-day we be destroyed, plainly we shall
+      never at any time be serviceable again."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians, on hearing these proposals, counselled the Corinthians
+      to arrange a peace on their own account; and as for the rest of their
+      allies, they permitted any who did not care to continue the war along with
+      them to take a respite and recruit themselves. "As for ourselves," they
+      said, "we will go on fighting and accept whatever Heaven has in store for
+      us,"&mdash;adding, "never will we submit to be deprived of our territory
+      of Messene, which we received as an heirloom from our fathers." (6)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) See Isocr. "Or." vi. "Archidamos," S. 70; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii.
+    193.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Satisfied with this answer, the Corinthians set off to Thebes in quest of
+      peace. The Thebans, indeed, asked them to agree on oath, not to peace only
+      but an alliance; to which they answered: "An alliance meant, not peace,
+      but merely an exchange of war. If they liked, they were ready there and
+      then," they repeated, "to establish a just and equitable peace." And the
+      Thebans, admiring the manner in which, albeit in danger, they refused to
+      undertake war against their benefactors, conceded to them and the
+      Phliasians and the rest who came with them to Thebes, peace on the
+      principle that each should hold their own territory. On these terms the
+      oaths were taken.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the Phliasians, in obedience to the compact, at once retired
+      from Thyamia; but the Argives, who had taken the oath of peace on
+      precisely the same terms, finding that they were unable to procure the
+      continuance of the Phliasian exiles in the Trikaranon as a point held
+      within the limits of Argos, (7) took over and garrisoned the place,
+      asserting now that this land was theirs&mdash;land which only a little
+      while before they were ravaging as hostile territory. Further, they
+      refused to submit the case to arbitration in answer to the challenge of
+      the Phliasians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) Or, "as a post held by them within the territory of the state."
+    The passage is perhaps corrupt.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was nearly at the same date that the son of Dionysius (8) (his father,
+      Dionysius the first, being already dead) sent a reinforcement to
+      Lacedaemon of twelve triremes under Timocrates, who on his arrival helped
+      the Lacedaemonians to recover Sellasia, and after that exploit sailed away
+      home.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Concerning Dionysius the first, see above, VII. i. 20 foll. 28.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 366-365. Not long after this the Eleians seized Lasion, (9) a place
+      which in old days was theirs, but at present was attached to the Arcadian
+      league. The Arcadians did not make light of the matter, but immediately
+      summoned their troops and rallied to the rescue. Counter-reliefs came also
+      on the side of Elis&mdash;their Three Hundred, and again their Four
+      Hundred. (10) The Eleians lay encamped during the day face to face with
+      the invader, but on a somewhat more level position. The Arcadians were
+      thereby induced under cover of night to mount on to the summit of the hill
+      overhanging the Eleians, and at day-dawn they began their descent upon the
+      enemy. The Eleians soon caught sight of the enemy advancing from the
+      vantage ground above them, many times their number; but a sense of shame
+      forbade retreat at such a distance. Presently they came to close quarters;
+      there was a hand-to-hand encounter; the Eleians turned and fled; and in
+      retiring down the difficult ground lost many men and many arms.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) See above, VII. i. 26; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 201.
+
+ (10) From the sequel it would appear that the former were a picked
+    corps of infantry and the latter of cavalry. See Thuc. ii. 25;
+    Busolt, op. cit. p. 175 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Flushed with this achievement the Arcadians began marching on the cities
+      of the Acroreia, (11) which, with the exception of Thraustus, they
+      captured, and so reached Olympia. There they made an entrenched camp on
+      the hill of Kronos, established a garrison, and held control over the
+      Olympian hill-country. Margana also, by help of a party inside who gave it
+      up, next fell into their hands.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) The mountainous district of Elis on the borders of Arcadia,  in
+    which the rivers Peneius and Ladon take their rise; see "Dict. of
+    Anct. Geog." s.v.; above, III. ii. 30, IV. ii. 16. Thraustus was
+    one of the four chief townships of the district. For Margana, see
+    above, III. ii. 25, 30, IV. ii. 16, VI. v. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These successive advantages gained by their opponents reacted on the
+      Eleians, and threw them altogether into despair. Meanwhile the Arcadians
+      were steadily advancing upon their capital. (12) At length they arrived,
+      and penetrated into the market-place. Here, however, the cavalry and the
+      rest of the Eleians made a stand, drove the enemy out with some loss, and
+      set up a trophy.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) I.e. Elis.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It should be mentioned that the city of Elis had previously been in a
+      state of disruption. The party of Charopus, Thrasonidas and Argeius were
+      for converting the state into a democracy; the party of Eualcas, Hippias,
+      and Stratolas (13) were for oligarchy. When the Arcadians, backed by a
+      large force, appeared as allies of those who favoured a democratic
+      constitution, the party of Charopus were at once emboldened; and, having
+      obtained the promise of assistance from the Arcadians, they seized the
+      acropolis. The Knights and the Three Hundred did not hesitate, but at once
+      marched up and dislodged them; with the result that about four hundred
+      citizens, with Argeius and Charopus, were banished. Not long afterwards
+      these exiles, with the help of some Arcadians, seized and occupied Pylus;
+      (14) where many of the commons withdrew from the capital to join them,
+      attracted not only by the beauty of the position, but by the great power
+      of the Arcadians, in alliance with them.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See below, VII. iv. 31; Busolt, op. cit. p. 175.
+
+ (14) Pylus, a town in "hollow" Elis, upon the mountain road from Elis
+    to Olympia, at the place where the Ladon flows into the Peneius
+    (Paus. VI. xxii. 5), near the modern village of Agrapidokhori.&mdash;
+    Baedeker, "Greece," p. 320. See Busolt, p. 179.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      There was subsequently another invasion of the territory of the Eleians on
+      the part of the Arcadians, who were influenced by the representations of
+      the exiles that the city would come over to them. But the attempt proved
+      abortive. The Achaeans, who had now become friends with the Eleians, kept
+      firm guard on the capital, so that the Arcadians had to retire without
+      further exploit than that of ravaging the country. Immediately, however,
+      on marching out of Eleian territory they were informed that the men of
+      Pellene were in Elis; whereupon they executed a marvellously long night
+      march and seized the Pellenian township of Olurus (15) (the Pellenians at
+      the date in question having already reverted to their old alliance with
+      Lacedaemon). And now the men of Pellene, in their turn getting wind of
+      what had happened at Olurus, made their way round as best they could, and
+      got into their own city of Pellene; after which there was nothing for it
+      but to carry on war with the Arcadians in Olurus and the whole body of
+      their own commons; and in spite of their small numbers they did not cease
+      till they had reduced Olurus by siege.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) This fortress (placed by Leake at modern Xylokastro) lay at the
+    entrance of the gorge of the Sys, leading from the Aigialos or
+    coast-land into the territory of Pellene, which itself lay about
+    sixty stades from the sea at modern Zougra. For the part played by
+    Pellene as one of the twelve Achaean states at this period, see
+    above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 365. (16) The Arcadians were presently engaged on another campaign
+      against Elis. While they were encamped between Cyllene (17) and the
+      capital the Eleians attacked them, but the Arcadians made a stand and won
+      the battle. Andromachus, the Eleian cavalry general, who was regarded as
+      responsible for the engagement, made an end of himself; and the rest
+      withdrew into the city. This battle cost the life also of another there
+      present&mdash;the Spartan Socleides; since, it will be understood, the
+      Lacedaemonians had by this time become allies of the Eleians. Consequently
+      the Eleians, being sore pressed on their own territory, sent an embassy
+      and begged the Lacedaemonians to organise an expedition against the
+      Arcadians. They were persuaded that in this way they would best arrest the
+      progress of the Arcadians, who would thus be placed between the two foes.
+      In accordance with this suggestion Archidamus marched out with a body of
+      the city troops and seized Cromnus. (18) Here he left a garrison&mdash;three
+      out of the twelve regiments (19)&mdash;and so withdrew homewards. The
+      Arcadians had just ended their Eleian campaign, and, without disbanding
+      their levies, hastened to the rescue, surrounded Cromnus with a double
+      line of trenches, and having so secured their position, proceeded to lay
+      siege to those inside the place. The city of Lacedaemon, annoyed at the
+      siege of their citizens, sent out an army, again under Archidamus, who,
+      when he had come, set about ravaging Arcadia to the best of his power, as
+      also the Sciritid, and did all he could to draw off, if possible, the
+      besieging army. The Arcadians, for all that, were not one whit the more to
+      be stirred: they seemed callous to all his proceedings.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." x. 429 foll.; al. B.C. 364.
+
+ (17) The port town of Elis.
+
+ (18) Cromnus, a township near Megalopolis. See Callisthenes, ap.
+    Athen. 10, p. 452 A. See Schneider's note ad loc.
+
+ (19) Lit. "lochi." See Arnold's note to Thuc. v. 68; below, VII. v.
+    10.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Presently espying a certain rising ground, across which the Arcadians had
+      drawn their outer line of circumvallation, Archidamus proposed to himself
+      to take it. If he were once in command of that knoll, the besiegers at its
+      foot would be forced to retire. Accordingly he set about leading a body of
+      troops round to the point in question, and during this movement the light
+      infantry in advance of Archidamus, advancing at the double, caught sight
+      of the Arcadian Eparitoi (20) outside the stockade and attacked them,
+      while the cavalry made an attempt to enforce their attack simultaneously.
+      The Arcadians did not swerve: in compact order they waited impassively.
+      The Lacedaemonians charged a second time: a second time they swerved not,
+      but on the contrary began advancing. Then, as the hoarse roar and shouting
+      deepened, Archidamus himself advanced in support of his troops. To do so
+      he turned aside along the carriage-road leading to Cromnus, and moved
+      onward in column two abreast, (21) which was his natural order. When they
+      came into close proximity to one another&mdash;Archidamus's troops in
+      column, seeing they were marching along a road; the Arcadians in compact
+      order with shields interlinked&mdash;at this conjuncture the
+      Lacedaemonians were not able to hold out for any length of time against
+      the numbers of the Arcadians. Before long Archidamus had received a wound
+      which pierced through his thigh, whilst death was busy with those who
+      fought in front of him, Polyaenidas and Chilon, who was wedded to the
+      sister of Archidamus, included. The whole of these, numbering no less than
+      thirty, perished in this action. Presently, falling back along the road,
+      they emerged into the open ground, and now with a sense of relief the
+      Lacedaemonians got themselves into battle order, facing the foe. The
+      Arcadians, without altering their position, stood in compact line, and
+      though falling short in actual numbers, were in far better heart&mdash;the
+      moral result of an attack on a retreating enemy and the severe loss
+      inflicted on him. The Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, were sorely
+      down-hearted: Archidamus lay wounded before their eyes; in their ears rang
+      the names of those who had died, the fallen being not only brave men, but,
+      one may say, the flower of Spartan chivalry. The two armies were now close
+      together, when one of the older men lifted up his voice and cried: "Why
+      need we fight, sirs? Why not rather make truce and part friends?" Joyously
+      the words fell on the ears of either host, and they made a truce. The
+      Lacedaemonians picked up their dead and retired; the Arcadians withdrew to
+      the point where their advance originally began, and set up a trophy of
+      victory.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) So the troops of the Arcadian Federation were named. Diodorus
+    (xv. 62) calls them "the select troops," {tous kaloumenous
+    epilektous}.
+
+ (21) See above, III. i. 22.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now, as the Arcadians lay at Cromnus, the Eleians from the capital,
+      advancing in the first instance upon Pylus, fell in with the men of that
+      place, who had been beaten back from Thalamae. (22) Galloping along the
+      road, the cavalry of the Eleians, when they caught sight of them, did not
+      hesitate, but dashed at them at once, and put some to the sword, while
+      others of them fled for safety to a rising knoll. Ere long the Eleian
+      infantry arrived, and succeeded in dislodging this remnant on the hillock
+      also; some they slew, and others, nearly two hundred in number, they took
+      alive, all of whom where either sold, if foreigners, or, if Eleian exiles,
+      put to death. After this the Eleians captured the men of Pylus and the
+      place itself, as no one came to their rescue, and recovered the
+      Marganians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) A strong fortress in an unfrequented situation, defended by
+    narrow passes (Leake, "Morea," ii. 204); it lay probably in the
+    rocky recesses of Mount Scollis (modern Santameri), on the
+    frontier of Achaea, near the modern village of Santameri. See
+    Polyb. iv. 75. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 179.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians presently made a second attempt on Cromnus by a night
+      attack, got possession of the part of the palisading facing the Argives,
+      and at once began summoning their besieged fellow-citizens to come out.
+      Out accordingly came all who happened to be within easy distance, and who
+      took time by the forelock. The rest were not quick enough; a strong
+      Arcadian reinforcement cut them off, and they remained shut up inside, and
+      were eventually taken prisoners and distributed. One portion of them fell
+      to the lot of the Argives, one to the Thebans, (23) one to the Arcadians,
+      and one to the Messenians. The whole number taken, whether true-born
+      Spartans or Perioeci, amounted to more than one hundred.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) "The Thebans must have been soldiers in garrison at Tegea,
+    Megalopolis, or Messene."&mdash;Grote, "H. G." x. 433.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 364. And now that the Arcadians had leisure on the side of Cromnus,
+      they were again able to occupy themselves with the Eleians, and to keep
+      Olympia still more strongly garrisoned. In anticipation of the approaching
+      Olympic year, (24) they began preparations to celebrate the Olympian games
+      in conjunction with the men of Pisa, who claim to be the original
+      presidents of the Temple. (25) Now, when the month of the Olympic Festival&mdash;and
+      not the month only, but the very days, during which the solemn assembly is
+      wont to meet, were come, the Eleians, in pursuance of preparations and
+      invitations to the Achaeans, of which they made no secret, at length
+      proceeded to march along the road to Olympia. The Arcadians had never
+      imagined that they would really attack them; and they were themselves just
+      now engaged with the men of Pisa in carrying out the details of the solemn
+      assembly. They had already completed the chariot-race, and the foot-race
+      of the pentathlon. (26) The competitors entitled to enter for the
+      wrestling match had left the racecourse, and were getting through their
+      bouts in the space between the racecourse and the great altar.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) I.e. "Ol. 104. 1" (July B.C. 364).
+
+ (25) For this claim on the part of the Pisatans (as the old
+    inhabitants), see above, III. ii. 31; Paus. VI. xxii. 2; Diod. xv.
+    78; Busolt, op. cit. p. 154.
+
+ (26) As to the pentathlon, see above, IV. vii. 5. Whether the
+    preceding {ippodromia} was, at this date, a horse or chariot race,
+    or both, I am unable to say.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It must be understood that the Eleians under arms were already close at
+      hand within the sacred enclosure. (27) The Arcadians, without advancing
+      farther to meet them, drew up their troops on the river Cladaus, which
+      flows past the Altis and discharges itself into the Alpheus. Their allies,
+      consisting of two hundred Argive hoplites and about four hundred Athenian
+      cavalry, were there to support them. Presently the Eleians formed into
+      line on the opposite side of the stream, and, having sacrificed, at once
+      began advancing. Though heretofore in matters of war despised by Arcadians
+      and Argives, by Achaeans and Athenians alike, still on this day they led
+      the van of the allied force like the bravest of the brave. Coming into
+      collision with the Arcadians first, they at once put them to flight, and
+      next receiving the attack of the Argive supports, mastered these also.
+      Then having pursued them into the space between the senate-house, the
+      temple of Hestia, and the theatre thereto adjoining, they still kept up
+      the fighting as fiercely as ever, pushing the retreating foe towards the
+      great altar. But now being exposed to missiles from the porticoes and the
+      senate-house and the great temple, (28) while battling with their
+      opponents on the level, some of the Eleians were slain, and amongst others
+      the commander of the Three Hundred himself, Stratolas. At this state of
+      the proceedings they retired to their camp.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (27) "The {temenos} must here be distinguished from the Altis, as
+    meaning the entire breadth of consecrated ground at Olympia, of
+    which the Altis formed a smaller interior portion enclosed with a
+    wall. The Eleians entered into a {temenos} before they crossed the
+    river Kladeus, which flowed through the {temenos}, but alongside
+    the Altis. The tomb of Oenomaus, which was doubtless included in
+    the {temenos}, was on the right bank of the Kladeus (Paus. VI.
+    xxi. 3); while the Altis was on the left bank of the river."&mdash;
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 438, note 1. For the position of the Altis
+    (Paus. V. x. 1) and several of the buildings here mentioned, and
+    the topography of Olympia in general, see Baedeker's "Greece," p.
+    322 foll.; and Dorpfeld's Plan ("Olympia und Umgegend," Berlin,
+    1882), there reproduced.
+
+ (28) Or, "from the porticoes of the senate-house and the great
+    temple."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Arcadians and those with them were so terrified at the thought of the
+      coming day that they gave themselves neither respite nor repose that
+      night, but fell to chopping up the carefully-compacted booths and
+      constructing them into palisades; so that when the Eleians did again
+      advance the next day and saw the strength of the barriers and the number
+      mounted on the temples, they withdrew to their city. They had proved
+      themselves to be warriors of such mettle as a god indeed by the breath of
+      his spirit may raise up and bring to perfection in a single day, but into
+      which it were impossible for mortal men to convert a coward even in a
+      lifetime.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 363. The employment of the sacred treasures of the temple by the
+      Arcadian magistrates (29) as a means of maintaining the Eparitoi (30)
+      aroused protest. The Mantineans were the first to pass a resolution
+      forbidding such use of the sacred property. They set the example
+      themselves of providing the necessary quota for the Troop in question from
+      their state exchequer, and this sum they sent to the federal government.
+      The latter, affirming that the Mantineans were undermining the Arcadian
+      league, retaliated by citing their leading statesmen to appear before the
+      assembly of Ten Thousand; and on their refusal to obey the summons, passed
+      sentence upon them, and sent the Eparitoi to apprehend them as convicted
+      persons. The Mantineans, however, closed their gates, and would not admit
+      the Troop within their walls. Their example was speedily followed: others
+      among the Ten Thousand began to protest against the enormity of so
+      applying the sacred treasures; it was doubly wrong to leave as a perpetual
+      heirloom to their children the imputation of a crime so heinous against
+      the gods. But no sooner was a resolution passed in the general assembly
+      (31) forbidding the use of the sacred moneys for profane purposes than
+      those (members of the league) who could not have afforded to serve as
+      Eparitoi without pay began speedily to melt away; while those of more
+      independent means, with mutual encouragement, began to enrol themselves in
+      the ranks of the Eparitoi&mdash;the feeling being that they ought not to
+      be a mere tool in the hands of the corps, but rather that the corps itself
+      should be their instrument. Those members of the government who had
+      manipulated the sacred money soon saw that when they came to render an
+      account of their stewardship, in all likelihood they would lose their
+      heads. They therefore sent an embassy to Thebes, with instructions to the
+      Theban authorities warning them that, if they did not open a campaign, the
+      Arcadians would in all probability again veer round to Lacedaemon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (29) See above, VII. i. 24. "Were these magistrates, or merely popular
+    leaders?"&mdash;Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 203, note 3.
+
+ (30) Or, "Select Troop." See above.
+
+ (31) "The common formula for a Greek confederation, {to koinon ton
+    'Arkadon}, is used as an equivalent of {oi mupioi}" (here and
+    below, SS. 35, 38)&mdash;Freeman, op. cit. 202, note 4.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans, therefore, began making preparations for opening a campaign,
+      but the party who consulted the best interests of Peloponnese (32)
+      persuaded the general assembly of the Arcadians to send an embassy and
+      tell the Thebans not to advance with an army into Arcadia, unless they
+      sent for them; and whilst this was the language they addressed to Thebes,
+      they reasoned among themselves that they could dispense with war
+      altogether. The presidency over the temple of Zeus, they were persuaded,
+      they might easily dispense with; indeed, it would at once be a more
+      upright and a holier proceeding on their parts to give it back, and with
+      such conduct the god, they thought, might be better pleased. As these were
+      also the views and wishes of the Eleians, both parties agreed to make
+      peace, and a truce was established.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (32) See below, VII. v. 1, {oi kedouenoi tes Peloponnesou}. I regard
+    these phrases as self-laudatory political catchwords.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 362. The oaths were ratified; and amongst those who swore to them
+      were included not only the parties immediately concerned, but the men of
+      Tegea, and the Theban general himself, who was inside Tegea with three
+      hundred heavy infantry of the Boeotians. Under these circumstances the
+      Arcadians in Tegea remained behind feasting and keeping holy day, with
+      outpouring of libations and songs of victory, to celebrate the
+      establishment of peace. Here was an opportunity for the Theban and those
+      of the government who regarded the forthcoming inquiry with apprehension.
+      Aided by the Boeotians and those of the Eparitoi who shared their
+      sentiments, they first closed the gates of the fortress of Tegea, and then
+      set about sending to the various quarters to apprehend those of the better
+      class. But, inasmuch as there were Arcadians present from all the cities,
+      and there was a general desire for peace, those apprehended must needs be
+      many. So much so, that the prison-house was eventually full to
+      overflowing, and the town-hall was full also. Besides the number lodged in
+      prison, a number had escaped by leaping down the walls, and there were
+      others who were suffered to pass through the gates (a laxity easily
+      explained, since no one, excepting those who were anticipating their own
+      downfall, cherished any wrathful feeling against anybody). But what was a
+      source of still graver perplexity to the Theban commander and those acting
+      with him&mdash;of the Mantineans, the very people whom they had set their
+      hearts on catching, they had got but very few. Nearly all of them, owing
+      to the proximity of their city, had, in fact, betaken themselves home.
+      Now, when day came and the Mantineans learned what had happened, they
+      immediately sent and forewarned the other Arcadian states to be ready in
+      arms, and to guard the passes; and they set the example themselves by so
+      doing. They sent at the same time to Tegea and demanded the release of all
+      Mantineans there detained. With regard to the rest of the Arcadians they
+      further claimed that no one should be imprisoned or put to death without
+      trial. If any one had any accusation to bring against any, than by the
+      mouth of their messengers there present they gave notice that the state of
+      Mantinea was ready to offer bail, "Verily and indeed to produce before the
+      general assembly of the Arcadians all who might be summoned into court."
+      The Theban accordingly, on hearing this, was at a loss what to make of the
+      affair, and released his prisoners. Next day, summoning a congress of all
+      the Arcadians who chose to come, he explained, with some show of apology,
+      that he had been altogether deceived; he had heard, he said, that "the
+      Lacedaemonians were under arms on the frontier, and that some of the
+      Arcadians were about to betray Tegea into their hands." His auditors
+      acquitted him for the moment, albeit they knew that as touching themselves
+      he was lying. They sent, however, an embassy to Thebes and there accused
+      him as deserving of death. Epaminondas (who was at that time the general
+      at the head of the war department) is reported to have maintained that the
+      Theban commander had acted far more rightly when he seized than when he
+      let go the prisoners. "Thanks to you," he argued, "we have been brought
+      into a state of war, and then you, without our advice or opinion asked,
+      make peace on your own account; would it not be reasonable to retort upon
+      you the charge of treason in such conduct? Anyhow, be assured," he added,
+      "we shall bring an army into Arcadia, and along with those who share our
+      views carry on the war which we have undertaken."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 362. This answer was duly reported to the general assembly of the
+      Arcadians, and throughout the several states of the league. Consequently
+      the Mantineans, along with those of the Arcadians who had the interests of
+      Peloponnesus at heart, as also the Eleians and the Achaeans, came to the
+      conclusion that the policy of the Thebans was plain. They wished
+      Peloponnesus to be reduced to such an extremity of weakness that it might
+      fall an easy prey into their hands who were minded to enslave it. "Why
+      else," they asked, "should they wish us to fight, except that we may tear
+      each other to pieces, and both sides be driven to look to them for
+      support? or why, when we tell them that we have no need of them at
+      present, do they insist on preparing for a foreign campaign? Is it not
+      plain that these preparations are for an expedition which will do us some
+      mischief?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this mood they sent to Athens, (1) calling on the Athenians for
+      military aid. Ambassadors also went to Lacedaemon on behalf of the
+      Eparitoi, summoning the Lacedaemonians, if they wished to give a helping
+      hand, to put a stop to the proceedings of any power approaching to enslave
+      Peloponnesus. As regards the headship, they came to an arrangement at
+      once, on the principle that each of the allied states should exercise the
+      generalship within its own territory.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) For a treaty of alliance between Athens, the Arkadians, Achaeans,
+    Eleians, and Phliasians, immediately before Mantinea, B.C. 362,
+    {epi Molonos arkhontos}, see Hicks, 94; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p.
+    405. It is preserved on a stele ("broken at bottom; but the top is
+    surmounted by a relief representing Zeus enthroned, with a
+    thunderbolt; a female figure  (= the {Summakhia}?) approaches
+    lifting her veil, while Athena stands by") now standing among the
+    sculptures from the Asklepieion on the Acropolis at Athens. See
+    Milchhofer, p. 47, no. 7, "Die Museum," Athens, 1881. For the
+    date, see Demosth. "c. Polycl." 1207.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      While these matters were in progress, Epaminondas was prosecuting his
+      march at the head of all the Boeotians, with the Euboeans, and a large
+      body of Thessalians, furnished both by Alexander (2) and by his opponents.
+      The Phocians were not represented. Their special agreement only required
+      them to render assistance in case of an attack on Thebes; to assist in a
+      hostile expedition against others was not in the bond. Epaminondas,
+      however, reflected that inside Peloponnesus itself they might count upon
+      the Argives and the Messenians, with that section of the Arcadians which
+      shared their views. These latter were the men of Tegea and Megalopolis, of
+      Asea and Pallantium, with any townships which owing to their small size or
+      their position in the midst of these larger cities were forced to follow
+      their lead.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) For Alexander of Pherae, see above, VI. iv. 34. In B.C. 363 the
+    Thebans had sent an army under Pelopidas into Thessaly to assist
+    their allies among the Thessalians with the Phthiot Achaeans and
+    the Magnetes against Alexander. At Kynos Kephelae Alexander was
+    defeated, but Pelopidas was slain (see Grote, "H. G." x. 420
+    foll.). "His death, as it brought grief, so likewise it produced
+    advantage to the allies; for the Thebans, as soon as they heard of
+    his fall, delayed not their revenge, but presently sent seven
+    thousand foot and seven hundred horse, under the command of
+    Malcitas and Diogiton. And they, finding Alexander weak and
+    without forces, compelled him to restore the cities he had taken,
+    to withdraw his garrisons from the Magnesians and Achaeans of
+    Phthiotos and swear to assist the Thebans against whatsoever
+    enemies they should require."&mdash;Plut. "Pelop." 35 (Clough, ii.
+    236).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Epaminondas advanced with rapid strides; but on reaching Nemea he
+      slackened speed, hoping to catch the Athenians as they passed, and
+      reflecting on the magnitude of such an achievement, whether in stimulating
+      the courage of his own allies, or in plunging his foes into despondency;
+      since, to state the matter concisely, any blow to Athens would be a gain
+      to Thebes. But during his pause at Nemea those who shared the opposite
+      policy had time to converge on Mantinea. Presently the news reached
+      Epaminondas that the Athenians had abandoned the idea of marching by land,
+      and were preparing to bring their supports to Arcadia by sea through
+      Lacedaemon. This being so, he abandoned his base of Nemea and pushed on to
+      Tegea.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That the strategy of the Theban general was fortunate I will not pretend
+      to assert, but in the particular combination of prudence and daring which
+      stamps these exploits, I look upon him as consummate. In the first place,
+      I cannot but admire the sagacity which led him to form his camp within the
+      walls of Tegea, where he was in greater security that he would have been
+      if entrenched outside, and where his future movements were more completely
+      concealed from the enemy. Again, the means to collect material and furnish
+      himself with other necessaries were readier to his hand inside the city;
+      while, thirdly, he was able to keep an eye on the movements of his
+      opponents marching outside, and to watch their successful dispositions as
+      well as their mistakes. More than this: in spite of his sense of
+      superiority to his antagonists, over and over again, when he saw them
+      gaining some advantage in position, he refused to be drawn out to attack
+      them. It was only when he saw plainly that no city was going to give him
+      its adhesion, and that time was slipping by, that he made up his mind that
+      a blow must be struck, failing which, he had nothing to expect save a vast
+      ingloriousness, in place of his former fame. (3) He had ascertained that
+      his antagonists held a strong position round Mantinea, and that they had
+      sent to fetch Agesilaus and the whole Lacedaemonian army. He was further
+      aware that Agesilaus had commenced his advance and was already at Pellene.
+      (4) Accordingly he passed the word of command (5) to his troops to take
+      their evening meal, put himself at their head and advanced straight upon
+      Sparta. Had it not been for the arrival (by some providential chance) of a
+      Cretan, who brought the news to Agesilaus of the enemy's advance, he would
+      have captured the city of Sparta like a nest of young birds absolutely
+      bereft of its natural defenders. As it was, Agesilaus, being forewarned,
+      had time to return to the city before the Thebans came, and here the
+      Spartans made distribution of their scanty force and maintained watch and
+      ward, albeit few enough in numbers, since the whole of their cavalry were
+      away in Arcadia, and so was their foreign brigade, and so were three out
+      of their twelve regiments. (6)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "dull obscurity in place of renown."
+
+ (4) Pellene (or Pellana), a town of Laconia on the Eurotas, and on the
+    road from Sparta to Arcadia; in fact the frontier fortress on the
+    Eurotas, as Sellasia on the Oenus; "Dict. of Anct. Geog." s.v.;
+    see Paus. iii. 20, S. 2; Strab. viii. 386; Polyb. iv. 81, xvi. 37;
+    Plut. "Agis," 8; Leake, "Morea," iii. 14 foll.
+
+ (5) Cf. "Hipparch." iv. 9.
+
+ (6) Lit. "lochi." See above, VII. iv. 20; "Pol. Lac." xi. 4.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Arrived within the city of Sparta, (7) Epaminondas abstained from gaining
+      an entry at a point where his troops would have to fight on level ground
+      and under attack from the houses above; where also their large numbers
+      would give them no superiority over the small numbers of the foemen. But,
+      singling out a position which he conceived would give him the advantage,
+      he occupied it and began his advance against the city upon a downward
+      instead of an upward incline.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) Grote ("H. G." x. 455) says: "Though he crossed the Eurotas and
+    actually entered into the city of Sparta," as the words {epei de
+    egeneto en te polei ton Spartiaton} certainly seem to me to imply.
+    Others interpret "in the close neighbourhood of."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With regard to what subsequently took place, two possible explanations
+      suggest themselves: either it was miraculous, or it may be maintained that
+      there is no resisting the fury of desperation. Archidamus, advancing at
+      the head of but a hundred men, and crossing the one thing which might have
+      been expected to form an obstacle to the enemy, (8) began marching uphill
+      against his antagonists. At this crisis these fire-breathing warriors,
+      these victorious heroes of Leuctra, (9) with their superiority at every
+      point, aided, moreover, by the advantage of their position, did not
+      withstand the attack of Archidamus and those with him, but swerved in
+      flight.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Or, "to serve as his defence"; or, "the one obstacle to his
+    progress," i.e. Archidamus's. It was a miraculous thing that the
+    Thebans did not stop him.
+
+ (9) See Mahaffy, "Hist. Gk. Lit." vol. ii. p. 268, 1st ed. See above,
+    "Hell." VI. iv. 24; Diod. xv. 39, 56.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The vanguard of Epaminondas's troops were cut down; when, however, flushed
+      with the glory of their victory, the citizens followed up their pursuit
+      beyond the right point, they in turn were cut down&mdash;so plainly was
+      the demarking line of victory drawn by the finger of God. So then
+      Archidamus set up a trophy to note the limit of his success, and gave back
+      those who had there fallen of the enemy under a truce. Epaminondas, on his
+      side, reflecting that the Arcadians must already be hastening to the
+      relief of Lacedaemon, and being unwilling to engage them in conjunction
+      with the whole of the Lacedaemonian force, especially now that the star of
+      Sparta's fortune shone, whilst theirs had suffered some eclipse, turned
+      and marched back the way he came with all speed possible into Tegea. There
+      he gave his heavy infantry pause and refreshment, but his cavalry he sent
+      on to Mantinea; he begged them to "have courage and hold on," instructing
+      them that in all likelihood they would find the flocks and herds of the
+      Mantineans and the entire population itself outside their walls,
+      especially as it was the moment for carrying the corn. So they set off.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Athenian cavalry, started from Eleusis, had made their evening meal at
+      the Isthmus, and passing through Cleonae, as chance befell, had arrived at
+      Mantinea and had encamped within the walls in the houses. As soon as the
+      enemy were seen galloping up with evidently hostile intent, the Mantineans
+      fell to praying the Athenian knights to lend them all the succour they
+      could, and they showed them all their cattle outside, and all their
+      labourers, and among them were many children and graybeards who were
+      free-born citizens. The Athenians were touched by this appeal, and, though
+      they had not yet broken fast, neither the men themselves nor their horses,
+      went out eagerly to the rescue. And here we must needs pause to admire the
+      valour of these men also. The enemy whom they had to cope with far
+      outnumbered them, as was plain to see, and the former misadventure of the
+      cavalry in Corinth was not forgotten. (10) But none of these things
+      entered into their calculations now&mdash;nor yet the fact that they were
+      on the point of engaging Thebans and Thessalians, the finest cavalry in
+      the world by all repute. The only thing they thought of was the shame and
+      the dishonour, if, being there, they did not lend a helping hand to their
+      allies. In this mood, so soon as they caught sight of the enemy, they fell
+      with a crash upon him in passionate longing to recover the old ancestral
+      glory. Nor did they fight in vain&mdash;the blows they struck enabled the
+      Mantineans to recover all their property outside, but among those who
+      dealt them died some brave heroes; (11) brave heroes also, it is evident,
+      were those whom they slew, since on either side the weapons wielded were
+      not so short but that they could lunge at one another with effect. The
+      dead bodies of their own men they refused to abandon; and there were some
+      of the enemy's slain whom they restored to him under a flag of truce.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Or, "and in Corinth an untoward incident had been experienced by
+    the cavalry." See Grote, "H. G." x. 458, note 2. Possibly in
+    reference to "Hell." VI. v. 51, 52.
+
+ (11) Probably Xenophon's own son Gryllus was among them.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The thoughts now working in the mind of Epaminondas were such as these:
+      that within a few days he would be forced to retire, as the period of the
+      campaign was drawing to a close; if it ended in his leaving in the lurch
+      those allies whom he came out to assist, they would be besieged by their
+      antagonists. What a blow would that be to his own fair fame, already
+      somewhat tarnished! Had he not been defeated in Lacedaemon, with a large
+      body of heavy infantry, by a handful of men? defeated again at Mantinea,
+      in the cavalry engagement, and himself the main cause finally of a
+      coalition between five great powers&mdash;that is to say, the
+      Lacedaemonians, the Arcadians, the Achaeans, the Eleians, and the
+      Athenians? On all grounds it seemed to him impossible to steal past
+      without a battle. And the more so as he computed the alternatives of
+      victory or death. If the former were his fortune, it would resolve all his
+      perplexities; if death, his end would be noble. How glorious a thing to
+      die in the endeavour to leave behind him, as his last legacy to his
+      fatherland, the empire of Peloponnesus! That such thoughts should pass
+      through his brain strikes me as by no means wonderful, as these are
+      thoughts distinctive to all men of high ambition. Far more wonderful to my
+      mind was the pitch of perfection to which he had brought his army. There
+      was no labour which his troops would shrink from, either by night or by
+      day; there was no danger they would flinch from; and, with the scantiest
+      provisions, their discipline never failed them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And so, when he gave his last orders to them to prepare for impending
+      battle, they obeyed with alacrity. He gave the word; the cavalry fell to
+      whitening their helmets, the heavy infantry of the Arcadians began
+      inscribing their clubs as the crest on their shields, (12) as though they
+      were Thebans, and all were engaged in sharpening their lances and swords
+      and polishing their heavy shields. When the preparations were complete and
+      he had led them out, his next movement is worthy of attention. First, as
+      was natural, he paid heed to their formation, and in so doing seemed to
+      give clear evidence that he intended battle; but no sooner was the army
+      drawn up in the formation which he preferred, than he advanced, not by the
+      shortest route to meet the enemy, but towards the westward-lying mountains
+      which face Tegea, and by this movement created in the enemy an expectation
+      that he would not do battle on that day. In keeping with this expectation,
+      as soon as he arrived at the mountain-region, he extended his phalanx in
+      long line and piled arms under the high cliffs; and to all appearance he
+      was there encamping. The effect of this manouvre on the enemy in general
+      was to relax the prepared bent of their souls for battle, and to weaken
+      their tactical arrangements. Presently, however, wheeling his regiments
+      (which were marching in column) to the front, with the effect of
+      strengthening the beak-like (13) attack which he proposed to lead himself,
+      at the same instant he gave the order, "Shoulder arms, forward," and led
+      the way, the troops following.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) Grote ("H. G." x. 463) has another interpretation.
+
+ (13) Or, "the wedge-like attack of his own division"; see Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 469 foll. I do not, however, think that the attacking
+    column was actually wedge-shaped like the "acies cuneata" of the
+    Romans. It was the unusual depth of the column which gave it the
+    force of an ironclad's ram. Cf. "Cyrop." II. iv. for {eis
+    metopon}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the enemy saw them so unexpectedly approaching, not one of them was
+      able to maintain tranquility: some began running to their divisions, some
+      fell into line, some might be seen bitting and bridling their horses, some
+      donning their cuirasses, and one and all were like men about to receive
+      rather than to inflict a blow. He, the while, with steady impetus pushed
+      forward his armament, like a ship-of-war prow forward. Wherever he brought
+      his solid wedge to bear, he meant to cleave through the opposing mass, and
+      crumble his adversary's host to pieces. With this design he prepared to
+      throw the brunt of the fighting on the strongest half of his army, while
+      he kept the weaker portion of it in the background, knowing certainly that
+      if worsted it would only cause discouragement to his own division and add
+      force to the foe. The cavalry on the side of his opponents were disposed
+      like an ordinary phalanx of heavy infantry, regular in depth and
+      unsupported by foot-soldiers interspersed among the horses. (14)
+      Epaminondas again differed in strengthening the attacking point of his
+      cavalry, besides which he interspersed footmen between their lines in the
+      belief that, when he had once cut through the cavalry, he would have
+      wrested victory from the antagonist along his whole line; so hard is it to
+      find troops who will care to keep their own ground when once they see any
+      of their own side flying. Lastly, to prevent any attempt on the part of
+      the Athenians, who were on the enemy's left wing, to bring up their
+      reliefs in support of the portion next them, he posted bodies of cavalry
+      and heavy infantry on certain hillocks in front of them, intending to
+      create in their minds an apprehension that, in case they offered such
+      assistance, they would be attacked on their own rear by these detachments.
+      Such was the plan of encounter which he formed and executed; nor was he
+      cheated in his hopes. He had so much the mastery at his point of attack
+      that he caused the whole of the enemy's troops to take flight.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) See Rustow and Kochly, p. 176; and for the {amippoi}
+    Harpocration, s.v.; Pollus, i. 131; "Hipparch." v. 13; Thuc. v.
+    58; Herod. vii. 158; Caes. "B. G." i. 48; "B. Civ." iii. 84.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But after he himself had fallen, the rest of the Thebans were not able any
+      longer to turn their victory rightly to account. Though the main battle
+      line of their opponents had given way, not a single man afterwards did the
+      victorious hoplites slay, not an inch forward did they advance from the
+      ground on which the collision took place. Though the cavalry had fled
+      before them, there was no pursuit; not a man, horseman or hoplite, did the
+      conquering cavalry cut down; but, like men who have suffered a defeat, as
+      if panic-stricken (15) they slipped back through the ranks of the fleeing
+      foemen. Only the footmen fighting amongst the cavalry and the light
+      infantry, who had together shared in the victory of the cavalry, found
+      their way round to the left wing as masters of the field, but it cost them
+      dear; here they encountered the Athenians, and most of them were cut down.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) Or, "they timorously slipped back."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The effective result of these achievements was the very opposite of that
+      which the world at large anticipated. Here, where well-nigh the whole of
+      Hellas was met together in one field, and the combatants stood rank
+      against rank confronted, there was no one doubted that, in the event of
+      battle, the conquerors would this day rule; and that those who lost would
+      be their subjects. But God so ordered it that both belligerents alike set
+      up trophies as claiming victory, and neither interfered with the other in
+      the act. Both parties alike gave back their enemy's dead under a truce,
+      and in right of victory; both alike, in symbol of defeat, under a truce
+      took back their dead. And though both claimed to have won the day, neither
+      could show that he had thereby gained any accession of territory, or
+      state, or empire, or was better situated than before the battle.
+      Uncertainty and confusion, indeed, had gained ground, being tenfold
+      greater throughout the length and breadth of Hellas after the battle than
+      before.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this point I lay aside my pen: the sequel of the story may haply
+      commend itself (16) to another.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) Or, "win the attention of some other writer."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+  <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1174 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>
+      Hellenica, by Xenophon
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+
+    body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify}
+    P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; }
+    H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; }
+    hr  { width: 50%; text-align: center;}
+    .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; }
+    blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .mynote    {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;}
+    .toc       { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+    .toc2      { margin-left: 20%;}
+    div.fig    { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; }
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+    .figright  {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;}
+    .pagenum   {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal;
+               margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%;
+               text-align: right;}
+    pre        { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;}
+
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+  <body>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hellenica, by Xenophon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hellenica
+
+Author: Xenophon
+
+Translator: H. G. Dakyns
+
+Release Date: August 21, 2008 [EBook #1174]
+Last Updated: January 15, 2013
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HELLENICA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by John Bickers, and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      HELLENICA
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      By Xenophon
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+           Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+           pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+           and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+           and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+           years before having to move once more, to settle
+           in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+      </pre>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+           The Hellenica is his chronicle of the history of
+           the Hellenes from 411 to 359 B.C., starting as a
+           continuation of Thucydides, and becoming his own
+           brand of work from Book III onwards.
+      </pre>
+    <p>
+      PREPARER'S NOTE
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a four-volume
+      set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though there is doubt about
+      some of these) is:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     Work                                   Number of books
+
+     The Anabasis                                         7
+     The Hellenica                                        7
+     The Cyropaedia                                       8
+     The Memorabilia                                      4
+     The Symposium                                        1
+     The Economist                                        1
+     On Horsemanship                                      1
+     The Sportsman                                        1
+     The Cavalry General                                  1
+     The Apology                                          1
+     On Revenues                                          1
+     The Hiero                                            1
+     The Agesilaus                                        1
+     The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into English
+      using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The diacritical marks
+      have been lost.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      Contents
+    </h2>
+    <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> <b>HELLENICA</b> </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> BOOK I </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> BOOK II </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> BOOK III </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> BOOK IV </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> BOOK V </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> BOOK VI </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> BOOK VII </a>
+          </p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      HELLENICA
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 411. To follow the order of events (1). A few days later Thymochares
+      arrived from Athens with a few ships, when another sea fight between the
+      Lacedaemonians and Athenians at once took place, in which the former,
+      under the command of Agesandridas, gained the victory.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "after these events"; but is hard to conjecture to what
+    events the author refers. For the order of events and the
+    connection between the closing chapter of Thuc. viii. 109, and the
+    opening words of the "Hellenica," see introductory remarks above.
+    The scene of this sea-fight is, I think, the Hellespont.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Another short interval brings us to a morning in early winter, when
+      Dorieus, the son of Diagoras, was entering the Hellespont with fourteen
+      ships from Rhodes at break of day. The Athenian day-watch descrying him,
+      signalled to the generals, and they, with twenty sail, put out to sea to
+      attack him. Dorieus made good his escape, and, as he shook himself free of
+      the narrows, (2) ran his triremes aground off Rhoeteum. When the Athenians
+      had come to close quarters, the fighting commenced, and was sustained at
+      once from ships and shore, until at length the Athenians retired to their
+      main camp at Madytus, having achieved nothing.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Lit. "as he opened" {os enoige}. This is still a mariner's phrase
+    in modern Greek, if I am rightly informed.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Mindarus, while sacrificing to Athena at Ilium, had observed the
+      battle. He at once hastened to the sea, and getting his own triremes
+      afloat, sailed out to pick up the ships with Dorieus. The Athenians on
+      their side put out to meet him, and engaged him off Abydos. From early
+      morning till the afternoon the fight was kept up close to the shore. (3)
+      Victory and defeat hung still in even balance, when Alcibiades came
+      sailing up with eighteen ships. Thereupon the Peloponnesians fled towards
+      Abydos, where, however, Pharnabazus brought them timely assistance. (4)
+      Mounted on horseback, he pushed forward into the sea as far as his horse
+      would let him, doing battle himself, and encouraging his troopers and the
+      infantry alike to play their parts. Then the Peloponnesians, ranging their
+      ships in close-packed order, and drawing up their battle line in proximity
+      to the land, kept up the fight. At length the Athenians, having captured
+      thirty of the enemy's vessels without their crews, and having recovered
+      those of their own which they had previously lost, set sail for Sestos.
+      Here the fleet, with the exception of forty vessels, dispersed in
+      different directions outside the Hellespont, to collect money; while
+      Thrasylus, one of the generals, sailed to Athens to report what had
+      happened, and to beg for a reinforcement of troops and ships. After the
+      above incidents, Tissaphernes arrived in the Hellespont, and received a
+      visit from Alcibiades, who presented him with a single ship, bringing with
+      him tokens of friendship and gifts, whereupon Tissaphernes seized him and
+      shut him up in Sardis, giving out that the king's orders were to go to war
+      with the Athenians. Thirty days later Alcibiades, accompanied by
+      Mantitheus, who had been captured in Caria, managed to procure horses and
+      escaped by night to Clazomenae.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) The original has a somewhat more poetical ring. The author uses
+    the old Attic or Ionic word {eona}. This is a mark of style, of
+    which we shall have many instances. One might perhaps produce
+    something of the effect here by translating: "the battle hugged
+    the strand."
+
+ (4) Or, "came to their aid along the shore."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 410. And now the Athenians at Sestos, hearing that Mindarus was
+      meditating an attack upon them with a squadron of sixty sail, gave him the
+      slip, and under cover of night escaped to Cardia. Hither also Alcibiades
+      repaired from Clazomenae, having with him five triremes and a light skiff;
+      but on learning that the Peloponnesian fleet had left Abydos and was in
+      full sail for Cyzicus, he set off himself by land to Sestos, giving orders
+      to the fleet to sail round and join him there. Presently the vessels
+      arrived, and he was on the point of putting out to sea with everything
+      ready for action, when Theramenes, with a fleet of twenty ships from
+      Macedonia, entered the port, and at the same instant Thrasybulus, with a
+      second fleet of twenty sail from Thasos, both squadrons having been
+      engaged in collecting money. Bidding these officers also follow him with
+      all speed, as soon as they had taken out their large sails and cleared for
+      action, Alcibiades set sail himself for Parium. During the following night
+      the united squadron, consisting now of eighty-six vessels, stood out to
+      sea from Parium, and reached Proconnesus next morning, about the hour of
+      breakfast. Here they learnt that Mindarus was in Cyzicus, and that
+      Pharnabazus, with a body of infantry, was with him. Accordingly they
+      waited the whole of this day at Proconnesus. On the following day
+      Alcibiades summoned an assembly, and addressing the men in terms of
+      encouragement, warned them that a threefold service was expected of them;
+      that they must be ready for a sea fight, a land fight, and a wall fight
+      all at once, "for look you," said he, "we have no money, but the enemy has
+      unlimited supplies from the king."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now, on the previous day, as soon as they were come to moorings, he had
+      collected all the sea-going craft of the island, big and little alike,
+      under his own control, that no one might report the number of his squadron
+      to the enemy, and he had further caused a proclamation to be made, that
+      any one caught sailing across to the opposite coast would be punished with
+      death. When the meeting was over, he got his ships ready for action, and
+      stood out to sea towards Cyzicus in torrents of rain. Off Cyzicus the sky
+      cleared, and the sun shone out and revealed to him the spectacle of
+      Mindarus's vessels, sixty in number, exercising at some distance from the
+      harbour, and, in fact, intercepted by himself. The Peloponnesians,
+      perceiving at a glance the greatly increased number of the Athenian
+      galleys, and noting their proximity to the port, made haste to reach the
+      land, where they brought their vessels to anchor in a body, and prepared
+      to engage the enemy as he sailed to the attack. But Alcibiades, sailing
+      round with twenty of his vessels, came to land and disembarked. Seeing
+      this, Mindarus also landed, and in the engagement which ensued he fell
+      fighting, whilst those who were with him took to flight. As for the
+      enemy's ships, the Athenians succeeded in capturing the whole of them
+      (with the exception of the Syracusan vessels, which were burnt by their
+      crews), and made off with their prizes to Proconnesus. From thence on the
+      following day they sailed to attack Cyzicus. The men of that place, seeing
+      that the Peloponnesians and Pharnabazus had evacuated the town, admitted
+      the Athenians. Here Alcibiades remained twenty days, obtaining large sums
+      of money from the Cyzicenes, but otherwise inflicting no sort of mischief
+      on the community. He then sailed back to Proconnesus, and from there to
+      Perinthus and Selybria. The inhabitants of the former place welcomed his
+      troops into their city, but the Selybrians preferred to give money, and so
+      escape the admission of the troops. Continuing the voyage the squadron
+      reached Chrysopolis in Chalcedonia, (5) where they built a fort, and
+      established a custom-house to collect the tithe dues which they levied on
+      all merchantmen passing through the Straits from the Black Sea. Besides
+      this, a detachment of thirty ships was left there under the two generals,
+      Theramenes and Eubulus, with instructions not only to keep a look-out on
+      the port itself and on all traders passing through the channel, but
+      generally to injure the enemy in any way which might present itself. This
+      done, the rest of the generals hastened back to the Hellespont.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) This is the common spelling, but the coins of Calchedon have the
+    letters {KALKH}, and so the name is written in the best MSS. of
+    Herodotus, Xenophon, and other writers, by whom the place is
+    named. See "Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog." "Chalcedon."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now a despatch from Hippocrates, Mindarus's vice-admiral, (6) had been
+      intercepted on its way to Lacedaemon, and taken to Athens. It ran as
+      follows (in broad Doric): (7) "Ships gone; Mindarus dead; the men
+      starving; at our wits' end what to do."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) "Epistoleus," i.e. secretary or despatch writer, is the Spartan
+    title of the officer second in command to the admiral.
+
+ (7) Reading {'Errei ta kala} (Bergk's conjecture for {kala}) =
+    "timbers," i.e. "ships" (a Doric word). Cf. Aristoph., "Lys."
+    1253, {potta kala}. The despatch continues: {Mindaros apessoua}
+    (al. {apessua}), which is much more racy than the simple word
+    "dead." "M. is gone off." I cannot find the right English or
+    "broad Scotch" equivalent. See Thirlwall, "Hist. Gr." IV. xxix. 88
+    note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Pharnabazus, however, was ready to meet with encouragement the despondency
+      which afflicted the whole Peloponnesian army and their allies. "As long as
+      their own bodies were safe and sound, why need they take to heart the loss
+      of a few wooden hulls? Was there not timber enough and to spare in the
+      king's territory?" And so he presented each man with a cloak and
+      maintenance for a couple of months, after which he armed the sailors and
+      formed them into a coastguard for the security of his own seaboard.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He next called a meeting of the generals and trierarchs of the different
+      States, and instructed them to build just as many new ships in the
+      dockyards of Antandrus as they had respectively lost. He himself was to
+      furnish the funds, and he gave them to understand that they might bring
+      down timber from Mount Ida. While the ships were building, the Syracusans
+      helped the men of Antandrus to finish a section of their walls, and were
+      particularly pleasant on garrison duty; and that is why the Syracusans to
+      this day enjoy the privilege of citizenship, with the title of
+      "benefactors," at Antandrus. Having so arranged these matters, Pharnabazus
+      proceeded at once to the rescue of Chalcedon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was at this date that the Syracusan generals received news from home of
+      their banishment by the democratic party. Accordingly they called a
+      meeting of their separate divisions, and putting forward Hermocrates (8)
+      as their spokesman, proceeded to deplore their misfortune, insisting upon
+      the injustice and the illegality of their banishment. "And now let us
+      admonish you," they added, "to be eager and willing in the future, even as
+      in the past: whatever the word of command may be, show yourselves good men
+      and true: let not the memory of those glorious sea fights fade. Think of
+      those victories you have won, those ships you have captured by your own
+      unaided efforts; forget not that long list of achievements shared by
+      yourselves with others, in all which you proved yourselves invincible
+      under our generalship. It was to a happy combination of our merit and your
+      enthusiasm, displayed alike on land and sea, that you owe the strength and
+      perfection of your discipline."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Hermocrates, the son of Hermon. We first hear of him in Thuc. iv.
+    58 foll. as the chief agent in bringing the Sicilian States
+    together in conference at Gela B.C. 424, with a view to healing
+    their differences and combining to frustrate the dangerous designs
+    of Athens. In 415 B.C., when the attack came, he was again the
+    master spirit in rendering it abortive (Thuc. vi. 72 foll.) In 412
+    B.C. it was he who urged the Sicilians to assist in completing the
+    overthrow of Athens, by sending a squadron to co-operate with the
+    Peloponnesian navy&mdash;for the relief of Miletus, etc. (Thuc. viii.
+    26, 27 foll.) At a later date, in 411 B.C., when the Peloponnesian
+    sailors were ready to mutiny, and "laid all their grievances to
+    the charge of Astyochus (the Spartan admiral), who humoured
+    Tissaphernes for his own gain" (Thuc. viii. 83), Hermocrates took
+    the men's part, and so incurred the hatred of Tissaphernes.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With these words they called upon the men to choose other commanders, who
+      should undertake the duties of their office, until the arrival of their
+      successors. Thereupon the whole assembly, and more particularly the
+      captains and masters of vessels and marines, insisted with loud cries on
+      their continuance in command. The generals replied, "It was not for them
+      to indulge in faction against the State, but rather it was their duty, in
+      case any charges were forthcoming against themselves, at once to render an
+      account." When, however, no one had any kind of accusation to prefer, they
+      yielded to the general demand, and were content to await the arrival of
+      their successors. The names of these were&mdash;Demarchus, the son of
+      Epidocus; Myscon, the son of Mencrates; and Potamis, the son of Gnosis.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The captains, for their part, swore to restore the exiled generals as soon
+      as they themselves should return to Syracuse. At present with a general
+      vote of thanks they despatched them to their several destinations. It
+      particular those who had enjoyed the society of Hermocrates recalled his
+      virtues with regret, his thoroughness and enthusiasm, his frankness and
+      affability, the care with which every morning and evening he was wont to
+      gather in his quarters a group of naval captains and mariners whose
+      ability he recognised. These were his confidants, to whom he communicated
+      what he intended to say or do: they were his pupils, to whom he gave
+      lessons in oratory, now calling upon them to speak extempore, and now
+      again after deliberation. By these means Hermocrates had gained a wide
+      reputation at the council board, where his mastery of language was no less
+      felt than the wisdom of his advice. Appearing at Lacedaemon as the accuser
+      of Tissaphernes, (9) he had carried his case, not only by the testimony of
+      Astyochus, but by the obvious sincerity of his statements, and on the
+      strength of this reputation he now betook himself to Pharnabazus. The
+      latter did not wait to be asked, but at once gave him money, which enabled
+      him to collect friends and triremes, with a view to his ultimate recall to
+      Syracuse. Meanwhile the successors of the Syracusans had arrived at
+      Miletus, where they took charge of the ships and the army.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) The matter referred to is fully explained Thuc. viii. 85.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was at this same season that a revolution occurred in Thasos, involving
+      the expulsion of the philo-Laconian party, with the Laconian governor
+      Eteonicus. The Laconian Pasippidas was charged with having brought the
+      business about in conjunction with Tissaphernes, and was banished from
+      Sparta in consequence. The naval force which he had been collecting from
+      the allies was handed over to Cratesippidas, who was sent out to take his
+      place in Chios.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About the same period, while Thrasylus was still in Athens, Agis (10) made
+      a foraging expedition up to the very walls of the city. But Thrasylus led
+      out the Athenians with the rest of the inhabitants of the city, and drew
+      them up by the side of the Lyceum Gymnasium, ready to engage the enemy if
+      they approached; seeing which, Agis beat a hasty retreat, not however
+      without the loss of some of his supports, a few of whom were cut down by
+      the Athenian light troops. This success disposed the citizens to take a
+      still more favourable view of the objects for which Thrasylus had come;
+      and they passed a decree empowering him to call out a thousand hoplites,
+      one hundred cavalry, and fifty triremes.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) The reader will recollect that we are giving in "the Deceleian"
+    period of the war, 413-404 B.C. The Spartan king was in command of
+    the fortress of Deceleia, only fourteen miles distant from Athens,
+    and erected on a spot within sight of the city. See Thuc. vii. 19,
+    27, 28.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Agis, as he looked out from Deceleia, and saw vessel after
+      vessel laden with corn running down to Piraeus, declared that it was
+      useless for his troops to go on week after week excluding the Athenians
+      from their own land, while no one stopped the source of their corn supply
+      by sea: the best plan would be to send Clearchus, (11) the son of
+      Rhamphius, who was proxenos (12) of the Byzantines, to Chalcedon and
+      Byzantium. The suggestion was approved, and with fifteen vessels duly
+      manned from Megara, or furnished by other allies, Clearchus set out. These
+      were troop-ships rather than swift-sailing men-of-war. Three of them, on
+      reaching the Hellespont, were destroyed by the Athenian ships employed to
+      keep a sharp look-out on all merchant craft in those waters. The other
+      twelve escaped to Sestos, and thence finally reached Byzantium in safety.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Of Clearchus we shall hear more in the sequel, and in the
+    "Anabasis."
+
+ (12) The Proxenus answered pretty nearly to our "Consul," "Agent,"
+    "Resident"; but he differed in this respect, that he was always a
+    member of the foreign State. An Athenian represented Sparta at
+    Athens; a Laconian represented Athens at Sparta, and so forth. See
+    Liddell and Scott.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So closed the year&mdash;a year notable also for the expedition against
+      Sicily of the Carthaginians under Hannibal with one hundred thousand men,
+      and the capture, within three months, of the two Hellenic cities of
+      Selinus and Himera.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 409. Next year (1)... the Athenians fortified Thoricus; and
+      Thrasylus, taking the vessels lately voted him and five thousand of his
+      seamen armed to serve as peltasts, (2) set sail for Samos at the beginning
+      of summer. At Samos he stayed three days, and then continued his voyage to
+      Pygela, where he proceeded to ravage the territory and attack the
+      fortress. Presently a detachment from Miletus came to the rescue of the
+      men of Pygela, and attacking the scattered bands of the Athenian light
+      troops, put them to flight. But to the aid of the light troops came the
+      naval brigade of peltasts, with two companies of heavy infantry, and all
+      but annihilated the whole detachment from Miletus. They captured about two
+      hundred shields, and set up a trophy. Next day they sailed to Notium, and
+      from Notium, after due preparation, marched upon Colophon. The
+      Colophonians capitulated without a blow. The following night they made an
+      incursion into Lydia, where the corn crops were ripe, and burnt several
+      villages, and captured money, slaves, and other booty in large quantity.
+      But Stages, the Persian, who was employed in this neighbourhood, fell in
+      with a reinforcement of cavalry sent to protect the scattered pillaging
+      parties from the Athenian camp, whilst occupied with their individual
+      plunder, and took one trooper prisoner, killing seven others. After this
+      Thrasylus led his troops back to the sea, intending to sail to Ephesus.
+      Meanwhile Tissaphernes, who had wind of this intention, began collecting a
+      large army and despatching cavalry with a summons to the inhabitants one
+      and all to rally to the defence of the goddess Artemis at Ephesus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. here give a suspected passage, which may be rendered
+    thus: "The first of Olympiad 93, celebrated as the year in which
+    the newly-added two-horse race was won by Evagorias the Eleian,
+    and the stadion (200 yards foot-race) by the Cyrenaean Eubotas,
+    when Evarchippus was ephor at Sparta and Euctemon archon at
+    Athens." But Ol. 93, to which these officers,and the addition of
+    the new race at Olympia belong, is the year 408. We must therefore
+    suppose either that this passage has been accidentally inserted in
+    the wrong place by some editor or copyist, or that the author was
+    confused in his dates. The "stadium" is the famous foot-race at
+    Olympia, 606 3/4 English feet in length, run on a course also
+    called the "Stadion," which was exactly a stade long.
+
+ (2) Peltasts, i.e. light infantry armed with the "pelta" or light
+    shield, instead of the heavy {aspis} of the hoplite or heavy
+    infantry soldiers.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the seventeenth day after the incursion above mentioned Thrasylus
+      sailed to Ephesus. He disembarked his troops in two divisions, his heavy
+      infantry in the neighbourhood of Mount Coressus; his cavalry, peltasts,
+      and marines, with the remainder of his force, near the marsh on the other
+      side of the city. At daybreak he pushed forward both divisions. The
+      citizens of Ephesus, on their side, were not slow to protect themselves.
+      They had to aid them the troops brought up by Tissaphernes, as well as two
+      detachments of Syracusans, consisting of the crews of their former twenty
+      vessels and those of five new vessels which had opportunely arrived quite
+      recently under Eucles, the son of Hippon, and Heracleides, the son of
+      Aristogenes, together with two Selinuntian vessels. All these several
+      forces first attacked the heavy infantry near Coressus; these they routed,
+      killing about one hundred of them, and driving the remainder down into the
+      sea. They then turned to deal with the second division on the marsh. Here,
+      too, the Athenians were put to flight, and as many as three hundred of
+      them perished. On this spot the Ephesians erected a trophy, and another at
+      Coressus. The valour of the Syracusans and Selinuntians had been so
+      conspicuous that the citizens presented many of them, both publicly and
+      privately, with prizes for distinction in the field, besides offering the
+      right of residence in their city with certain immunities to all who at any
+      time might wish to live there. To the Selinuntians, indeed, as their own
+      city had lately been destroyed, they offered full citizenship.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Athenians, after picking up their dead under a truce, set sail for
+      Notium, and having there buried the slain, continued their voyage towards
+      Lesbos and the Hellespont. Whilst lying at anchor in the harbour of
+      Methymna, in that island, they caught sight of the Syracusan vessels,
+      five-and-twenty in number, coasting along from Ephesus. They put out to
+      sea to attack them, and captured four ships with their crews, and chased
+      the remainder back to Ephesus. The prisoners were sent by Thrasylus to
+      Athens, with one exception. This was an Athenian, Alcibiades, who was a
+      cousin and fellow-exile of Alcibiades. Him Thrasylus released. (3) From
+      Methymna Thrasylus set sail to Sestos to join the main body of the army,
+      after which the united forces crossed to Lampsacus. And now winter was
+      approaching. It was the winter in which the Syracusan prisoners who had
+      been immured in the stone quarries of Piraeus dug through the rock and
+      escaped one night, some to Decelia and others to Megara. At Lampsacus
+      Alcibiades was anxious to marshal the whole military force there collected
+      in one body, but the old troops refused to be incorporated with those of
+      Thrasylus. "They, who had never yet been beaten, with these newcomers who
+      had just suffered a defeat." So they devoted the winter to fortifying
+      Lampsacus. They also made an expedition against Abydos, where Pharnabazus,
+      coming to the rescue of the place, encountered them with numerous cavalry,
+      but was defeated and forced to flee, Alcibiades pursuing hard with his
+      cavalry and one hundred and twenty infantry under the command of Menander,
+      till darkness intervened. After this battle the soldiers came together of
+      their own accord, and freely fraternised with the troops of Thrasylus.
+      This expedition was followed by other incursions during the winter into
+      the interior, where they found plenty to do ravaging the king's territory.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Reading {apelusen}. Wolf's conjecture for the MSS. {katelousen} =
+    stoned. See Thirlwall, "Hist. Gr." IV. xxix. 93 note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was at this period also that the Lacedaemonians allowed their revolted
+      helots from Malea, who had found an asylum at Coryphasium, to depart under
+      a flag of truce. It was also about the same period that the Achaeans
+      betrayed the colonists of Heracleia Trachinia, when they were all drawn up
+      in battle to meet the hostile Oetaeans, whereby as many as seven hundred
+      of them were lost, together with the governor (4) from Lacedaemon,
+      Labotas. Thus the year came to its close&mdash;a year marked further by a
+      revolt of the Medes from Darius, the king of Persia, followed by renewed
+      submission to his authority.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Technically {armostes} (harmost), i.e. administrator.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 408. The year following is the year in which the temple of Athena, in
+      Phocaea, was struck by lightning and set on fire. (1) With the cessation
+      of winter, in early spring, the Athenians set sail with the whole of their
+      force to Proconnesus, and thence advanced upon Chalcedon and Byzantium,
+      encamping near the former town. The men of Chalcedon, aware of their
+      approach, had taken the precaution to deposit all their pillageable
+      property with their neighbours, the Bithynian Thracians; whereupon
+      Alcibiades put himself at the head of a small body of heavy infantry with
+      the cavalry, and giving orders to the fleet to follow along the coast,
+      marched against the Bithynians and demanded back the property of the
+      Chalcedonians, threatening them with war in case of refusal. The
+      Bithynians delivered up the property. Returning to camp, not only thus
+      enriched, but with the further satisfaction of having secured pledges of
+      good behaviour from the Bithynians, Alcibiades set to work with the whole
+      of his troops to draw lines of circumvallation round Chalcedon from sea to
+      sea, so as to include as much of the river as possible within his wall,
+      which was made of timber. Thereupon the Lacedaemonian governor,
+      Hippocrates, let his troops out of the city and offered battle, and the
+      Athenians, on their side, drew up their forces opposite to receive him;
+      while Pharnabazus, from without the lines of circumvallation, was still
+      advancing with his army and large bodies of horse. Hippocrates and
+      Thrasylus engaged each other with their heavy infantry for a long while,
+      until Alcibiades, with a detachment of infantry and the cavalry,
+      intervened. Presently Hippocrates fell, and the troops under him fled into
+      the city; at the same instant Pharnabazus, unable to effect a junction
+      with the Lacedaemonian leader, owing to the circumscribed nature of the
+      ground and the close proximity of the river to the enemy's lines, retired
+      to the Heracleium, (2) belonging to the Chalcedonians, where his camp lay.
+      After this success Alcibiades set off to the Hellespont and the Chersonese
+      to raise money, and the remaining generals came to terms with Pharnabazus
+      in respect of Chalcedon; according to these, the Persian satrap agreed to
+      pay the Athenians twenty talents (3) in behalf of the town, and to grant
+      their ambassadors a safe conduct up country to the king. It was further
+      stipulated by mutual consent and under oaths provided, that the
+      Chalcedonians should continue the payment of their customary tribute to
+      Athens, being also bound to discharge all outstanding debts. The
+      Athenians, on their side, were bound to desist from all hostilities until
+      the return of their ambassadors from the king. These oaths were not
+      witnessed by Alcibiades, who was now in the neighbourhood of Selybria.
+      Having taken that place, he presently appeared before the walls of
+      Byzantium at the head of the men of Chersonese, who came out with their
+      whole force; he was aided further by troops from Thrace and more than
+      three hundred horse. Accordingly Pharnabazus, insisting that he too must
+      take the oath, decided to remain in Chalcedon, and to await his arrival
+      from Byzantium. Alcibiades came, but was not prepared to bind himself by
+      any oaths, unless Pharnabazus would, on his side, take oaths to himself.
+      After this, oaths were exchanged between them by proxy. Alcibiades took
+      them at Chrysopolis in the presence of two representatives sent by
+      Pharnabazus&mdash;namely, Mitrobates and Arnapes. Pharnabazus took them at
+      Chalcedon in the presence of Euryptolemus and Diotimus, who represented
+      Alcibiades. Both parties bound themselves not only by the general oath,
+      but also interchanged personal pledges of good faith.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. here give the words, "in the ephorate of Pantacles and
+    the archonship of Antigenes, two-and-twenty years from the
+    beginning of the war," but the twenty-second year of the war =
+    B.C. 410; Antigenes archon, B.C. 407 = Ol. 93, 2; the passage must
+    be regarded as a note mis-inserted by some editor or copyist (vide
+    supra, I. 11.)
+
+ (2) I.e. sacred place or temple of Heracles.
+
+ (3) Twenty talents = 4800 pounds; or, more exactly, 4875 pounds.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This done, Pharnabazus left Chalcedon at once, with injunctions that those
+      who were going up to the king as ambassadors should meet him at Cyzicus.
+      The representatives of Athens were Dorotheus, Philodices, Theogenes,
+      Euryptolemus, and Mantitheus; with them were two Argives, Cleostratus and
+      Pyrrholochus. An embassy of the Lacedaemonians was also about to make the
+      journey. This consisted of Pasippidas and his fellows, with whom were
+      Hermocrates, now an exile from Syracuse, and his brother Proxenus. So
+      Pharnabazus put himself at their head. Meanwhile the Athenians prosecuted
+      the siege of Byzantium; lines of circumvallation were drawn; and they
+      diversified the blockade by sharpshooting at long range and occasional
+      assaults upon the walls. Inside the city lay Clearchus, the Lacedaemonian
+      governor, and a body of Perioci with a small detachment of Neodamodes. (4)
+      There was also a body of Megarians under their general Helixus, a
+      Megarian, and another body of Boeotians, with their general Coeratadas.
+      The Athenians, finding presently that they could effect nothing by force,
+      worked upon some of the inhabitants to betray the place. Clearchus,
+      meanwhile, never dreaming that any one would be capable of such an act,
+      had crossed over to the opposite coast to visit Pharnabazus; he had left
+      everything in perfect order, entrusting the government of the city to
+      Coeratadas and Helixus. His mission was to obtain pay for the soldiers
+      from the Persian satrap, and to collect vessels from various quarters.
+      Some were already in the Hellespont, where they had been left as
+      guardships by Pasippidas, or else at Antandrus. Others formed the fleet
+      which Agesandridas, who had formerly served as a marine (5) under
+      Mindarus, now commanded on the Thracian coast. Others Clearchus purposed
+      to have built, and with the whole united squadron to so injure the allies
+      of the Athenians as to draw off the besieging army from Byzantium. But no
+      sooner was he fairly gone than those who were minded to betray the city
+      set to work. Their names were Cydon, Ariston, Anaxicrates, Lycurgus, and
+      Anaxilaus. The last-named was afterwards impeached for treachery in
+      Lacedaemon on the capital charge, and acquitted on the plea that, to begin
+      with, he was not a Lacedaemonian, but a Byzantine, and, so far from having
+      betrayed the city, he had saved it, when he saw women and children
+      perishing of starvation; for Clearchus had given away all the corn in the
+      city to the Lacedaemonian soldiers. It was for these reasons, as Anaxilaus
+      himself admitted, he had introduced the enemy, and not for the sake of
+      money, nor out of hatred to Lacedaemon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) According to the constitution of Lacedaemon the whole government
+    was in Dorian hands. The subject population was divided into (1)
+    Helots, who were State serfs. The children of Helots were at times
+    brought up by Spartans and called "Mothakes"; Helots who had
+    received their liberty were called "Neodamodes" ({neodamodeis}).
+    After the conquest of Messenia this class was very numerous. (2)
+    Perioeci. These were the ancient Achaean inhabitants, living in
+    towns and villages, and managing their own affairs, paying
+    tribute, and serving in the army as heavy-armed soldiers. In 458
+    B.C. they were said to number thirty thousand. The Spartans
+    themselves were divided, like all Dorians, into three tribes,
+    Hylleis, Dymanes, and Pamphyli, each of which tribes was divided
+    into ten "obes," which were again divided into {oikoi} or families
+    possessed of landed properties. In 458 B.C. there were said to be
+    nine thousand such families; but in course of time, through
+    alienation of lands, deaths in war, and other causes, their
+    numbers were much diminished; and in many cases there was a loss
+    of status, so that in the time of Agis III., B.C. 244, we hear of
+    two orders of Spartans, the {omoioi} and the {upomeiones}
+    (inferiors); seven hundred Spartans (families) proper and one
+    hundred landed proprietors. See Mullers "Dorians," vol. ii. bk.
+    iii. ch. x. S. 3 (Eng. trans.); Arist. "Pol." ii. 9, 15; Plut.
+    ("Agis").
+
+ (5) The greek word is {epibates}, which some think was the title of an
+    inferior naval officer in the Spartan service, but there is no
+    proof of this. Cf. Thuc. viii. 61, and Prof. Jowett's note; also
+    Grote, "Hist. of Greece," viii. 27 (2d ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as everything was ready, these people opened the gates leading to
+      the Thracian Square, as it is called, and admitted the Athenian troops
+      with Alcibiades at their head. Helixus and Coeratadas, in complete
+      ignorance of the plot, hastened to the Agora with the whole of the
+      garrison, ready to confront the danger; but finding the enemy in
+      occupation, they had nothing for it but to give themselves up. They were
+      sent off as prisoners to Athens, where Coeratadas, in the midst of the
+      crowd and confusion of debarkation at Piraeus, gave his guards the slip,
+      and made his way in safety to Decelia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 407. Pharnabazus and the ambassadors were passing the winter at
+      Gordium in Phrygia, when they heard of the occurrences at Byzantium.
+      Continuing their journey to the king's court in the commencement of
+      spring, they were met by a former embassy, which was now on its return
+      journey. These were the Lacedaemonian ambassadors, Boeotius and his party,
+      with the other envoys; who told them that the Lacedaemonians had obtained
+      from the king all they wanted. One of the company was Cyrus, the new
+      governor of all the seaboard districts, who was prepared to co-operate
+      with the Lacedaemonians in war. He was the bearer, moreover, of a letter
+      with the royal seal attached. It was addressed to all the populations of
+      Lower Asia, and contained the following words: "I send down Cyrus as
+      'Karanos'" (1)&mdash;that is to say, supreme lord&mdash;"over all those
+      who muster at Castolus." The ambassadors of the Athenians, even while
+      listening to this announcement, and indeed after they had seen Cyrus, were
+      still desirous, if possible, to continue their journey to the king, or,
+      failing that, to return home. Cyrus, however, urged upon Pharnabazus
+      either to deliver them up to himself, or to defer sending them home at
+      present; his object being to prevent the Athenians learning what was going
+      on. Pharnabazus, wishing to escape all blame, for the time being detained
+      them, telling them, at one time, that he would presently escort them up
+      country to the king, and at another time that he would send them safe
+      home. But when three years had elapsed, he prayed Cyrus to let them go,
+      declaring that he had taken an oath to bring them back to the sea, in
+      default of escorting them up to the king. Then at last they received safe
+      conduct to Ariobarzanes, with orders for their further transportation. The
+      latter conducted them a stage further, to Cius in Mysia; and from Cius
+      they set sail to join their main armament.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) {Karanos.} Is this a Greek word, a Doric form, {karanos}, akin to
+    {kara} (cf. {karenon}) = chief? or is it not more likely a Persian
+    or native word, Karanos? and might not the title be akin
+    conceivably to the word {korano}, which occurs on many Indo-
+    Bactrian coins (see A. von Sallet, "Die Nachfolger Alexanders des
+    Grossen," p. 57, etc.)? or is {koiranos} the connecting link? The
+    words translated "that is to say, supreme lord," {to de karanon
+    esti kurion}, look very like a commentator's gloss.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Alcibiades, whose chief desire was to return home to Athens with the
+      troops, immediately set sail for Samos; and from that island, taking
+      twenty of the ships, he sailed to the Ceramic Gulf of Caria, where he
+      collected a hundred talents, and so returned to Samos.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thrasybulus had gone Thrace-wards with thirty ships. In this quarter he
+      reduced various places which had revolted to Lacedaemon, including the
+      island of Thasos, which was in a bad plight, the result of wars,
+      revolutions, and famine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thrasylus, with the rest of the army, sailed back straight to Athens. On
+      his arrival he found that the Athenians had already chosen as their
+      general Alcibiades, who was still in exile, and Thrasybulus, who was also
+      absent, and as a third, from among those at home, Conon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Alcibiades, with the moneys lately collected and his fleet of
+      twenty ships, left Samos and visited Paros. From Paros he stood out to sea
+      across to Gytheum, (2) to keep an eye on the thirty ships of war which, as
+      he was informed, the Lacedaemonians were equipping in that arsenal.
+      Gytheum would also be a favourable point of observation from which to
+      gauge the disposition of his fellow-countrymen and the prospects of his
+      recall. When at length their good disposition seemed to him established,
+      not only by his election as general, but by the messages of invitation
+      which he received in private from his friends, he sailed home, and entered
+      Piraeus on the very day of the festival of the Plunteria, (3) when the
+      statue of Athena is veiled and screened from public gaze. This was a
+      coincidence, as some thought, of evil omen, and unpropitious alike to
+      himself and the State, for no Athenian would transact serious business on
+      such a day.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Gytheum, the port and arsenal of Sparta, situated near the head of
+    the Laconian Gulf (now Marathonisi).
+
+ (3) {ta Plunteria}, or feast of washings, held on the 25th of the
+    month Thargelion, when the image of the goddess Athena was
+    stripped in order that her clothes might be washed by the
+    Praxiergidae; neither assembly nor court was held on that day, and
+    the Temple was closed.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As he sailed into the harbour, two great crowds&mdash;one from the
+      Piraeus, the other from the city (4)&mdash;flocked to meet the vessels.
+      Wonderment, mixed with a desire to see Alcibiades, was the prevailing
+      sentiment of the multitude. Of him they spoke: some asserting that he was
+      the best of citizens, and that in his sole instance banishment had been
+      ill-deserved. He had been the victim of plots, hatched in the brains of
+      people less able than himself, however much they might excel in pestilent
+      speech; men whose one principle of statecraft was to look to their private
+      gains; whereas this man's policy had ever been to uphold the common weal,
+      as much by his private means as by all the power of the State. His own
+      choice, eight years ago, when the charge of impiety in the matter of the
+      mysteries was still fresh, would have been to submit to trial at once. It
+      was his personal foes, who had succeeded in postponing that undeniably
+      just procedure; who waited till his back was turned, and then robbed him
+      of his fatherland. Then it was that, being made the very slave of
+      circumstance, he was driven to court the men he hated most; and at a time
+      when his own life was in daily peril, he must see his dearest friends and
+      fellow-citizens, nay, the very State itself, bent on a suicidal course,
+      and yet, in the exclusion of exile, be unable to lend a helping hand. "It
+      is not men of this stamp," they averred, "who desire changes in affairs
+      and revolution: had he not already guaranteed to him by the Democracy a
+      position higher than that of his equals in age, and scarcely if at all
+      inferior to his seniors? How different was the position of his enemies. It
+      had been the fortune of these, though they were known to be the same men
+      they had always been, to use their lately acquired power for the
+      destruction in the first instance of the better classes; and then, being
+      alone left surviving, to be accepted by their fellow-citizens in the
+      absence of better men."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Or, "collected to meet the vessels from curiosity and a desire to
+    see Alcibiades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Others, however, insisted that for all their past miseries and misfortunes
+      Alcibiades alone was responsible: "If more trials were still in store for
+      the State, here was the master mischief-maker ready at his post to
+      precipitate them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the vessels came to their moorings, close to the land, Alcibiades,
+      from fear of his enemies, was unwilling to disembark at once. Mounting on
+      the quarterdeck, he scanned the multitude, (5) anxious to make certain of
+      the presence of his friends. Presently his eyes lit upon Euryptolemus, the
+      son of Peisianax, who was his cousin, and then on the rest of his
+      relations and other friends. Upon this he landed, and so, in the midst of
+      an escort ready to put down any attempt upon his person, made his way to
+      the city.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "he looked to see if his friends were there."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In the Senate and Public Assembly (6) he made speeches, defending himself
+      against the charge of impiety, and asserting that he had been the victim
+      of injustice, with other like topics, which in the present temper of the
+      assembly no one ventured to gainsay.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Technically the "Boule" ({Boule}) or Senate, and "Ecclesia" or
+    Popular Assembly.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      He was then formally declared leader and chief of the State, with
+      irresponsible powers, as being the sole individual capable of recovering
+      the ancient power and prestige of Athens. Armed with this authority, his
+      first act was to institute anew the processional march to Eleusis; for of
+      late years, owing to the war, the Athenians had been forced to conduct the
+      mysteries by sea. Now, at the head of the troops, he caused them to be
+      conducted once again by land. This done, his next step was to muster an
+      armament of one thousand five hundred heavy infantry, one hundred and
+      fifty cavalry, and one hundred ships; and lastly, within three months of
+      his return, he set sail for Andros, which had revolted from Athens.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The generals chosen to co-operate with him on land were Aristocrates and
+      Adeimantus, the son of Leucophilides. He disembarked his troops on the
+      island of Andros at Gaurium, and routed the Andrian citizens who sallied
+      out from the town to resist the invader; forcing them to return and keep
+      close within their walls, though the number who fell was not large. This
+      defeat was shared by some Lacedaemonians who were in the place. Alcibiades
+      erected a trophy, and after a few days set sail himself for Samos, which
+      became his base of operations in the future conduct of the war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At a date not much earlier than that of the incidents just described, the
+      Lacedaemonians had sent out Lysander as their admiral, in the place of
+      Cratesippidas, whose period of office had expired. The new admiral first
+      visited Rhodes, where he got some ships, and sailed to Cos and Miletus,
+      and from the latter place to Ephesus. At Ephesus he waited with seventy
+      sail, expecting the advent of Cyrus in Sardis, when he at once went up to
+      pay the prince a visit with the ambassadors from Lacedaemon. And now an
+      opportunity was given to denounce the proceedings of Tissaphernes, and at
+      the same time to beg Cyrus himself to show as much zeal as possible in the
+      prosecution of the war. Cyrus replied that not only had he received
+      express injunction from his father to the same effect, but that his own
+      views coincided with their wishes, which he was determined to carry out to
+      the letter. He had, he informed them, brought with him five hundred
+      talents; (1) and if that sum failed, he had still the private revenue,
+      which his father allowed him, to fall back upon, and when this resource
+      was in its turn exhausted, he would coin the gold and silver throne on
+      which he sat, into money for their benefit. (2)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) About 120,000 pounds. One Euboic or Attic talent = sixty minae =
+    six thousand drachmae = 243 pounds 15 shillings of our money.
+
+ (2) Cf. the language of Tissaphernes, Thuc. viii. 81.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      His audience thanked him for what he said, and further begged him to fix
+      the rate of payment for the seamen at one Attic drachma per man, (3)
+      explaining that should this rate of payment be adopted, the sailors of the
+      Athenians would desert, and in the end there would be a saving of
+      expenditure. Cyrus complimented them on the soundness of their arguments,
+      but said that it was not in his power to exceed the injunctions of the
+      king. The terms of agreement were precise, thirty minae (4) a month per
+      vessel to be given, whatever number of vessels the Lacedaemonians might
+      choose to maintain.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) About 9 3/4 pence; a drachma (= six obols) would be very high pay
+    for a sailor&mdash;indeed, just double the usual amount. See Thuc. vi.
+    8 and viii. 29, and Prof. Jowett ad loc. Tissaphernes had, in the
+    winter of 412 B.C., distributed one month's pay among the
+    Peloponnesian ships at this high rate of a drachma a day, "as his
+    envoy had promised at Lacedaemon;" but this he proposed to reduce
+    to half a drachma, "until he had asked the king's leave, promising
+    that if he obtained it, he would pay the entire drachma. On the
+    remonstrance, however, of Hermocrates, the Syracusan general, he
+    promised to each man a payment of somewhat more than three obols."
+
+ (4) Nearly 122 pounds; and thirty minae a month to each ship (the crew
+    of each ship being taken at two hundred) = three obols a day to
+    each man. The terms of agreement to which Cyrus refers may have
+    been specified in the convention mentioned above in chap. iv,
+    which Boeotius and the rest were so proud to have obtained. But
+    see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 192 note (2d ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To this rejoinder Lysander at the moment said nothing. But after dinner,
+      when Cyrus drank to his health, asking him "What he could do to gratify
+      him most?" Lysander replied, "Add an obol (5) to the sailors' pay." After
+      this the pay was raised to four instead of three obols, as it hitherto had
+      been. Nor did the liberality of Cyrus end here; he not only paid up all
+      arrears, but further gave a month's pay in advance, so that, if the
+      enthusiasm of the army had been great before, it was greater than ever
+      now. The Athenians when they heard the news were proportionately
+      depressed, and by help of Tissaphernes despatched ambassadors to Cyrus.
+      That prince, however, refused to receive them, nor were the prayers of
+      Tissaphernes of any avail, however much he insisted that Cyrus should
+      adopt the policy which he himself, on the advice of Alcibiades, had
+      persistently acted on. This was simply not to suffer any single Hellenic
+      state to grow strong at the expense of the rest, but to keep them all weak
+      alike, distracted by internecine strife.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) An obol = one-sixth of a drachma; the Attic obol = rather more
+    than 1 1/2 pence.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Lysander, now that the organisation of his navy was arranged to his
+      satisfaction, beached his squadron of ninety vessels at Ephesus, and sat
+      with hands folded, whilst the vessels dried and underwent repairs.
+      Alcibiades, being informed that Thrasybulus had come south of the
+      Hellespont and was fortifying Phocaea, sailed across to join him, leaving
+      his own pilot Antiochus in command of the fleet, with orders not to attack
+      Lysander's fleet. Antiochus, however, was tempted to leave Notium and sail
+      into the harbour of Ephesus with a couple of ships, his own and another,
+      past the prows of Lysander's squadron. The Spartan at first contented
+      himself with launching a few of his ships, and started in pursuit of the
+      intruder; but when the Athenians came out with other vessels to assist
+      Antiochus, he formed his whole squadron into line of battle, and bore down
+      upon them, whereupon the Athenians followed suit, and getting their
+      remaining triremes under weigh at Notium, stood out to sea as fast as each
+      vessel could clear the point. (6) Thus it befell in the engagement which
+      ensued, that while the enemy was in due order, the Athenians came up in
+      scattered detachments and without concert, and in the end were put to
+      flight with the loss of fifteen ships of war. Of the crews, indeed, the
+      majority escaped, though a certain number fell into the hands of the
+      enemy. Then Lysander collected his vessels, and having erected a trophy on
+      Cape Notium, sailed across to Ephesus, whilst the Athenians retired to
+      Samos.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) {os ekastos enoixen}, for this nautical term see above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On his return to Samos a little later, Alcibiades put out to sea with the
+      whole squadron in the direction of the harbour of Ephesus. At the mouth of
+      the harbour he marshalled his fleet in battle order, and tried to tempt
+      the enemy to an engagement; but as Lysander, conscious of his inferiority
+      in numbers, refused to accept the challenge, he sailed back again to
+      Samos. Shortly after this the Lacedaemonians captured Delphinium and Eion.
+      (7)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) This should probably be Teos, in Ionia, in spite of the MSS.
+    {'Eiona}. The place referred to cannot at any rate be the well-
+    known Eion at the mouth of the Strymon in Thrace.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But now the news of the late disaster at Notium had reached the Athenians
+      at home, and in their indignation they turned upon Alcibiades, to whose
+      negligence and lack of self-command they attributed the destruction of the
+      ships. Accordingly they chose ten new generals&mdash;namely Conon,
+      Diomedon, Leon, Pericles, Erasinides, Aristocrates, Archestratus,
+      Protomachus, Thrasylus, and Aristogenes. Alcibiades, who was moreover in
+      bad odour in the camp, sailed away with a single trireme to his private
+      fortress in the Chersonese.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this Conon, in obedience to a decree of the Athenian people, set
+      sail from Andros with the twenty vessels under his command in that island
+      to Samos, and took command of the whole squadron. To fill the place thus
+      vacated by Conon, Phanosthenes was sent to Andros with four ships. That
+      captain was fortunate enough to intercept and capture two Thurian ships of
+      war, crews and all, and these captives were all imprisoned by the
+      Athenians, with the exception of their leader Dorieus. He was the Rhodian,
+      who some while back had been banished from Athens and from his native city
+      by the Athenians, when sentence of death was passed upon him and his
+      family. This man, who had once enjoyed the right of citizenship among
+      them, they now took pity on and released him without ransom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When Conon had reached Samos he found the armament in a state of great
+      despondency. Accordingly his first measure was to man seventy ships with
+      their full complement, instead of the former hundred and odd vessels. With
+      this squadron he put to sea accompanied by the other generals, and
+      confined himself to making descents first at one point and then at another
+      of the enemy's territory, and to collecting plunder.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And so the year drew to its close: a year signalled further by an invasion
+      of Sicily by the Carthaginians, with one hundred and twenty ships of war
+      and a land force of one hundred and twenty thousand men, which resulted in
+      the capture of Agrigentum. The town was finally reduced to famine after a
+      siege of seven months, the invaders having previously been worsted in
+      battle and forced to sit down before its walls for so long a time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      VI
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 406. In the following year&mdash;the year of the evening eclipse of
+      the moon, and the burning of the old temple of Athena (1) at Athens (2)&mdash;the
+      Lacedaemonians sent out Callicratidas to replace Lysander, whose period of
+      office had now expired. (3) Lysander, when surrendering the squadron to
+      his successor, spoke of himself as the winner of a sea fight, which had
+      left him in undisputed mastery of the sea, and with this boast he handed
+      over the ships to Callicratidas, who retorted, "If you will convey the
+      fleet from Ephesus, keeping Samos (4) on your right" (that is, past where
+      the Athenian navy lay), "and hand it over to me at Miletus, I will admit
+      that you are master of the sea." But Lysander had no mind to interfere in
+      the province of another officer. Thus Callicratidas assumed
+      responsibility. He first manned, in addition to the squadron which he
+      received from Lysander, fifty new vessels furnished by the allies from
+      Chios and Rhodes and elsewhere. When all these contingents were assembled,
+      they formed a total of one hundred and forty sail, and with these he began
+      making preparations for engagement with the enemy. But it was impossible
+      for him not to note the strong current of opposition which he encountered
+      from the friends of Lysander. Not only was there lack of zeal in their
+      service, but they openly disseminated an opinion in the States, that it
+      was the greatest possible blunder on the part of the Lacedaemonians so to
+      change their admirals. Of course, they must from time to time get officers
+      altogether unfit for the post&mdash;men whose nautical knowledge dated
+      from yesterday, and who, moreover, had no notion of dealing with human
+      beings. It would be very odd if this practice of sending out people
+      ignorant of the sea and unknown to the folk of the country did not lead to
+      some catastrophe. Callicratidas at once summoned the Lacedaemonians there
+      present, and addressed them in the following terms:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. as some think, the Erechtheion, which was built partly on the
+    site of the old temple of Athena Polias, destroyed by the
+    Persians. According to Dr. Dorpfeld, a quite separate building of
+    the Doric order, the site of which (S. of the Erechtheion) has
+    lately been discovered.
+
+ (2) The MSS. here add "in the ephorate of Pityas and the archonship of
+    Callias at Athens;" but though the date is probably correct (cf.
+    Leake, "Topography of Athens," vol. i. p. 576 foll.), the words
+    are almost certainly a gloss.
+
+ (3) Here the MSS. add "with the twenty-fourth year of the war,"
+    probably an annotator's gloss; the correct date should be twenty-
+    fifth. Pel. war 26 = B.C. 406. Pel. war 25 ended B.C. 407.
+
+ (4) Lit. on the left (or east) of Samos, looking south from Ephesus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "For my part," he said, "I am content to stay at home: and if Lysander or
+      any one else claim greater experience in nautical affairs than I possess,
+      I have no desire to block his path. Only, being sent out by the State to
+      take command of this fleet, I do not know what is left to me, save to
+      carry out my instructions to the best of my ability. For yourselves, all I
+      beg of you, in reference to my personal ambitions and the kind of charges
+      brought against our common city, and of which you are as well aware as I
+      am, is to state what you consider to be the best course: am I to stay
+      where I am, or shall I sail back home, and explain the position of affairs
+      out here?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No one ventured to suggest any other course than that he should obey the
+      authorities, and do what he was sent to do. Callicratidas then went up to
+      the court of Cyrus to ask for further pay for the sailors, but the answer
+      he got from Cyrus was that he should wait for two days. Callicratidas was
+      annoyed at the rebuff: to dance attendance at the palace gates was little
+      to his taste. In a fit of anger he cried out at the sorry condition of the
+      Hellenes, thus forced to flatter the barbarian for the sake of money. "If
+      ever I get back home," he added, "I will do what in me lies to reconcile
+      the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians." And so he turned and sailed back to
+      Miletus. From Miletus he sent some triremes to Lacedaemon to get money,
+      and convoking the public assembly of the Milesians, addressed them thus:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Men of Miletus, necessity is laid upon me to obey the rulers at home; but
+      for yourselves, whose neighbourhood to the barbarians has exposed you to
+      many evils at their hands, I only ask you to let your zeal in the war bear
+      some proportion to your former sufferings. You should set an example to
+      the rest of the allies, and show us how to inflict the sharpest and
+      swiftest injury on our enemy, whilst we await the return from Lacedaemon
+      of my envoys with the necessary funds. Since one of the last acts of
+      Lysander, before he left us, was to hand back to Cyrus the funds already
+      on the spot, as though we could well dispense with them. I was thus forced
+      to turn to Cyrus, but all I got from him was a series of rebuffs; he
+      refused me an audience, and, for my part, I could not induce myself to
+      hang about his gates like a mendicant. But I give you my word, men of
+      Miletus, that in return for any assistance which you can render us while
+      waiting for these aids, I will requite you richly. Only by God's help let
+      us show these barbarians that we do not need to worship them, in order to
+      punish our foes."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The speech was effective; many members of the assembly arose, and not the
+      least eagerly those who were accused of opposing him. These, in some
+      terror, proposed a vote of money, backed by offers of further private
+      contributions. Furnished with these sums, and having procured from Chios a
+      further remittance of five drachmas (5) a piece as outfit for each seaman,
+      he set sail to Methyma in Lesbos, which was in the hands of the enemy. But
+      as the Methymnaeans were not disposed to come over to him (since there was
+      an Athenian garrison in the place, and the men at the head of affairs were
+      partisans of Athens), he assaulted and took the place by storm. All the
+      property within accordingly became the spoil of the soldiers. The
+      prisoners were collected for sale by Callicratidas in the market-place,
+      where, in answer to the demand of the allies, who called upon him to sell
+      the Methymnaeans also, he made answer, that as long as he was in command,
+      not a single Hellene should be enslaved if he could help it. The next day
+      he set at liberty the free-born captives; the Athenian garrison with the
+      captured slaves he sold. (6) To Conon he sent word:&mdash;He would put a
+      stop to his strumpeting the sea. (7) And catching sight of him, as he put
+      out to sea, at break of day, he gave chase, hoping to cut him off from his
+      passage to Samos, and prevent his taking refuge there.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) About 4d.
+
+ (6) Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 224 (2d ed.), thinks that
+    Callicratidas did not even sell the Athenian garrison, as if the
+    sense of the passage were: "The next day he set at liberty the
+    free-born captives with the Athenian garrison, contenting himself
+    with selling the captive slaves." But I am afraid that no
+    ingenuity of stopping will extract that meaning from the Greek
+    words, which are, {te d' usteraia tous men eleutherous apheke tous
+    de ton 'Athenaion phrourous kai ta andrapoda ta doula panta
+    apedoto}. To spare the Athenian garrison would have been too
+    extraordinary a proceeding even for Callicratidas. The idea
+    probably never entered his head. It was sufficiently noble for him
+    to refuse to sell the Methymnaeans. See the remarks of Mr. W. L.
+    Newman, "The Pol. of Aristotle," vol. i. p. 142.
+
+ (7) I.e. the sea was Sparta's bride.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But Conon, aided by the sailing qualities of his fleet, the rowers of
+      which were the pick of several ships' companies, concentrated in a few
+      vessels, made good his escape, seeking shelter within the harbour of
+      Mitylene in Lesbos, and with him two of the ten generals, Leon and
+      Erasinides. Callicratidas, pursuing him with one hundred and seventy sail,
+      entered the harbour simultaneously; and Conon thus hindered from further
+      or final escape by the too rapid movements of the enemy, was forced to
+      engage inside the harbour, and lost thirty of his ships, though the crews
+      escaped to land. The remaining, forty in number, he hauled up under the
+      walls of the town. Callicratidas, on his side, came to moorings in the
+      harbour; and, having command of the exit, blocked the Athenian within. His
+      next step was to send for the Methymnaeans in force by land, and to
+      transport his army across from Chios. Money also came to him from Cyrus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Conon, finding himself besieged by land and sea, without means of
+      providing himself with corn from any quarter, the city crowded with
+      inhabitants, and aid from Athens, whither no news of the late events could
+      be conveyed, impossible, launched two of the fastest sailing vessels of
+      his squadron. These he manned, before daybreak, with the best rowers whom
+      he could pick out of the fleet, stowing away the marines at the same time
+      in the hold of the ships and closing the port shutters. Every day for four
+      days they held out in this fashion, but at evening as soon as it was dark
+      he disembarked his men, so that the enemy might not suspect what they were
+      after. On the fifth day, having got in a small stock of provisions, when
+      it was already mid-day and the blockaders were paying little or no
+      attention, and some of them even were taking their siesta, the two ships
+      sailed out of the harbour: the one directing her course towards the
+      Hellespont, whilst her companion made for the open sea. Then, on the part
+      of the blockaders, there was a rush to the scene of action, as fast as the
+      several crews could get clear of land, in bustle and confusion, cutting
+      away the anchors, and rousing themselves from sleep, for, as chance would
+      have it, they had been breakfasting on shore. Once on board, however, they
+      were soon in hot pursuit of the ship which had started for the open sea,
+      and ere the sun dipped they overhauled her, and after a successful
+      engagement attached her by cables and towed her back into harbour, crew
+      and all. Her comrade, making for the Hellespont, escaped, and eventually
+      reached Athens with news of the blockade. The first relief was brought to
+      the blockaded fleet by Diomedon, who anchored with twelve vessels in the
+      Mitylenaean Narrows. (8) But a sudden attack of Callicratidas, who bore
+      down upon him without warning, cost him ten of his vessels, Diomedon
+      himself escaping with his own ship and one other.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Or, "Euripus."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now that the position of affairs, including the blockade, was fully known
+      at Athens, a vote was passed to send out a reinforcement of one hundred
+      and ten ships. Every man of ripe age, (9) whether slave or free, was
+      impressed for this service, so that within thirty days the whole one
+      hundred and ten vessels were fully manned and weighed anchor. Amongst
+      those who served in this fleet were also many of the knights. (10) The
+      fleet at once stood out across to Samos, and picked up the Samian vessels
+      in that island. The muster-roll was swelled by the addition of more than
+      thirty others from the rest of the allies, to whom the same principle of
+      conscription applied, as also it did to the ships already engaged on
+      foreign service. The actual total, therefore, when all the contingents
+      were collected, was over one hundred and fifty vessels.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) I.e. from eighteen to sixty years.
+
+ (10) See Boeckh. "P. E. A." Bk. II. chap. xxi. p. 263 (Eng. trans.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Callicratidas, hearing that the relief squadron had already reached Samos,
+      left fifty ships, under command of Eteonicus, in the harbour of Mitylene,
+      and setting sail with the other one hundred and twenty, hove to for the
+      evening meal off Cape Malea in Lesbos, opposite Mitylene. It so happened
+      that the Athenians on this day were supping on the islands of Arginusae,
+      which lie opposite Lesbos. In the night the Spartan not only saw their
+      watch-fires, but received positive information that "these were the
+      Athenians;" and about midnight he got under weigh, intending to fall upon
+      them suddenly. But a violent downpour of rain with thunder and lightning
+      prevented him putting out to sea. By daybreak it had cleared, and he
+      sailed towards Arginusae. On their side, the Athenian squadron stood out
+      to meet him, with their left wing facing towards the open sea, and drawn
+      up in the following order:&mdash;Aristocrates, in command of the left
+      wing, with fifteen ships, led the van; next came Diomedon with fifteen
+      others, and immediately in rear of Aristocrates and Diomedon respectively,
+      as their supports, came Pericles and Erasinides. Parallel with Diomedon
+      were the Samians, with their ten ships drawn up in single line, under the
+      command of a Samian officer named Hippeus. Next to these came the ten
+      vessels of the taxiarchs, also in single line, and supporting them, the
+      three ships of the navarchs, with any other allied vessels in the
+      squadron. The right wing was entrusted to Protomachus with fifteen ships,
+      and next to him (on the extreme right) was Thrasylus with another division
+      of fifteen. Protomachus was supported by Lysias with an equal number of
+      ships, and Thrasylus by Aristogenes. The object of this formation was to
+      prevent the enemy from manouvring so as to break their line by striking
+      them amidships, (11) since they were inferior in sailing power.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Lit. "by the diekplous." Cf. Thuc. i. 49, and Arnold's note, who
+    says: "The 'diecplus' was a breaking through the enemy's line in
+    order by a rapid turning of the vessel to strike the enemy's ship
+    on the side or stern, where it was most defenceless, and so to
+    sink it." So, it seems, "the superiority of nautical skill has
+    passed," as Grote (viii. p. 234) says, "to the Peloponnesians and
+    their allies." Well may the historian add, "How astonished would
+    the Athenian Admiral Phormion have been, if he could have
+    witnessed the fleets and the order of battle at Arginusae!" See
+    Thuc. iv. 11.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians, on the contrary, trusting to their superior
+      seamanship, were formed opposite with their ships all in single line, with
+      the special object of manouvring so as either to break the enemy's line or
+      to wheel round them. Callicratidas commanded the right wing in person.
+      Before the battle the officer who acted as his pilot, the Megarian Hermon,
+      suggested that it might be well to withdraw the fleet as the Athenian
+      ships were far more numerous. But Callicratidas replied that Sparta would
+      be no worse off even if he personally should perish, but to flee would be
+      disgraceful. (12) And now the fleets approached, and for a long space the
+      battle endured. At first the vessels were engaged in crowded masses, and
+      later on in scattered groups. At length Callicratidas, as his vessel
+      dashed her beak into her antagonist, was hurled off into the sea and
+      disappeared. At the same instant Protomachus, with his division on the
+      right, had defeated the enemy's left, and then the flight of the
+      Peloponnesians began towards Chios, though a very considerable body of
+      them made for Phocaea, whilst the Athenians sailed back again to
+      Arginusae. The losses on the side of the Athenians were twenty-five ships,
+      crews and all, with the exception of the few who contrived to reach dry
+      land. On the Peloponnesian side, nine out of the ten Lacedaemonian ships,
+      and more than sixty belonging to the rest of the allied squadron, were
+      lost.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) For the common reading, {oikeitai}, which is ungrammatical,
+    various conjectures have been made, e.g.
+
+      {oikieitai} = "would be none the worse off for citizens,"
+      {oikesetai} = "would be just as well administered without him,"
+
+    but as the readings and their renderings are alike doubtful, I
+    have preferred to leave the matter vague. Cf. Cicero, "De Offic."
+    i. 24; Plutarch, "Lac. Apophth." p. 832.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After consultation the Athenian generals agreed that two captains of
+      triremes, Theramenes and Thrasybulus, accompanied by some of the
+      taxiarchs, should take forty-seven ships and sail to the assistance of the
+      disabled fleet and of the men on board, whilst the rest of the squadron
+      proceeded to attack the enemy's blockading squadron under Eteonicus at
+      Mitylene. In spite of their desire to carry out this resolution, the wind
+      and a violent storm which arose prevented them. So they set up a trophy,
+      and took up their quarters for the night. As to Etenoicus, the details of
+      the engagement were faithfully reported to him by the express
+      despatch-boat in attendance. On receipt of the news, however, he sent the
+      despatch-boat out again the way she came, with an injunction to those on
+      board of her to sail off quickly without exchanging a word with any one.
+      Then on a sudden they were to return garlanded with wreaths of victory and
+      shouting "Callicratidas has won a great sea fight, and the whole Athenian
+      squadron is destroyed." This they did, and Eteonicus, on his side, as soon
+      as the despatch-boat came sailing in, proceeded to offer sacrifice of
+      thanksgiving in honour of the good news. Meanwhile he gave orders that the
+      troops were to take their evening meal, and that the masters of the
+      trading ships were silently to stow away their goods on board the merchant
+      ships and make sail as fast as the favourable breeze could speed them to
+      Chios. The ships of war were to follow suit with what speed they might.
+      This done, he set fire to his camp, and led off the land forces to
+      Methymna. Conon, finding the enemy had made off, and the wind had grown
+      comparatively mild, (13) got his ships afloat, and so fell in with the
+      Athenian squadron, which had by this time set out from Arginusae. To these
+      he explained the proceedings of Eteonicus. The squadron put into Mitylene,
+      and from Mitylene stood across to Chios, and thence, without effecting
+      anything further, sailed back to Samos.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Or, "had changed to a finer quarter."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      VII
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      All the above-named generals, with the exception of Conon, were presently
+      deposed by the home authorities. In addition to Conon two new generals
+      were chosen, Adeimantus and Philocles. Of those concerned in the late
+      victory two never returned to Athens: these were Protomachus and
+      Aristogenes. The other six sailed home. Their names were Pericles,
+      Diomedon, Lysias, Aristocrates, Thrasylus, and Erasinides. On their
+      arrival Archidemus, the leader of the democracy at that date, who had
+      charge of the two obol fund, (1) inflicted a fine on Erasinides, and
+      accused him before the Dicastery (2) of having appropriated money derived
+      from the Hellespont, which belonged to the people. He brought a further
+      charge against him of misconduct while acting as general, and the court
+      sentenced him to imprisonment.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Reading {tes diobelais}, a happy conjecture for the MSS. {tes
+    diokelias}, which is inexplicable. See Grote, "Hist. of Greece,"
+    vol. viii. p. 244 note (2d ed.)
+
+ (2) I.e. a legal tribunal or court of law. At Athens the free citizens
+    constitutionally sworn and impannelled sat as "dicasts"
+    ("jurymen," or rather as a bench of judges) to hear cases
+    ({dikai}). Any particular board of dicasts formed a "dicastery."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These proceedings in the law court were followed by the statement of the
+      generals before the senate (3) touching the late victory and the magnitude
+      of the storm. Timocrates then proposed that the other five generals should
+      be put in custody and handed over to the public assembly. (4) Whereupon
+      the senate committed them all to prison. Then came the meeting of the
+      public assembly, in which others, and more particularly Theramenes,
+      formally accused the generals. He insisted that they ought to show cause
+      why they had not picked up the shipwrecked crews. To prove that there had
+      been no attempt on their part to attach blame to others, he might point,
+      as conclusive testimony, to the despatch sent by the generals themselves
+      to the senate and the people, in which they attributed the whole disaster
+      to the storm, and nothing else. After this the generals each in turn made
+      a defence, which was necessarily limited to a few words, since no right of
+      addressing the assembly at length was allowed by law. Their explanation of
+      the occurrences was that, in order to be free to sail against the enemy
+      themselves, they had devolved the duty of picking up the shipwrecked crews
+      upon certain competent captains of men-of-war, who had themselves been
+      generals in their time, to wit Theramenes and Tharysbulus, and others of
+      like stamp. If blame could attach to any one at all with regard to the
+      duty in question, those to whom their orders had been given were the sole
+      persons they could hold responsible. "But," they went on to say, "we will
+      not, because these very persons have denounced us, invent a lie, and say
+      that Theramenes and Thrasybulus are to blame, when the truth of the matter
+      is that the magnitude of the storm alone prevented the burial of the dead
+      and the rescue of the living." In proof of their contention, they produced
+      the pilots and numerous other witnesses from among those present at the
+      engagement. By these arguments they were in a fair way to persuade the
+      people of their innocence. Indeed many private citizens rose wishing to
+      become bail for the accused, but it was resolved to defer decision till
+      another meeting of the assembly. It was indeed already so late that it
+      would have been impossible to see to count the show of hands. It was
+      further resolved that the senate meanwhile should prepare a measure, to be
+      introduced at the next assembly, as to the mode in which the accused
+      should take their trial.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) This is the Senate or Council of Five Hundred. One of its chief
+    duties was to prepare measures for discussion in the assembly. It
+    had also a certain amount of judicial power, hearing complaints
+    and inflicting fines up to fifty drachmas. It sat daily, a
+    "prytany" of fifty members of each of the ten tribes in rotation
+    holding office for a month in turn.
+
+ (4) This is the great Public Assembly (the Ecclesia), consisting of
+    all genuine Athenian citizens of more than twenty years of age.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Then came the festival of the Aparturia, (5) with its family gatherings of
+      fathers and kinsfolk. Accordingly the party of Theramenes procured numbers
+      of people clad in black apparel, and close-shaven, (6) who were to go in
+      and present themselves before the public assembly in the middle of the
+      festival, as relatives, presumably, of the men who had perished; and they
+      persuaded Callixenus to accuse the generals in the senate. The next step
+      was to convoke the assembly, when the senate laid before it the proposal
+      just passed by their body, at the instance of Callixenus, which ran as
+      follows: "Seeing that both the parties to this case, to wit, the
+      prosecutors of the generals on the one hand, and the accused themselves in
+      their defence on the other, have been heard in the late meeting of the
+      assembly; we propose that the people of Athens now record their votes, one
+      and all, by their tribes; that a couple of voting urns be placed for the
+      convenience of each several tribe; and the public crier in the hearing of
+      each several tribe proclaim the mode of voting as follows: 'Let every one
+      who finds the generals guilty of not rescuing the heroes of the late sea
+      fight deposit his vote in urn No. 1. Let him who is of the contrary
+      opinion deposit his vote in urn No. 2. Further, in the event of the
+      aforesaid generals being found guilty, let death be the penalty. Let the
+      guilty persons be delivered over to the eleven. Let their property be
+      confiscated to the State, with the exception of one tithe, which falls to
+      the goddess.'"
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) An important festival held in October at Athens, and in nearly all
+    Ionic cities. Its objects were (1) the recognition of a common
+    descent from Ion, the son of Apollo Patrous; and (2) the
+    maintenance of the ties of clanship. See Grote, "Hist. of Greece,"
+    vol. viii. p. 260 foll. (2d ed.); Jebb, "Theophr." xviii. 5.
+
+ (6) I.e. in sign of mourning.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now there came forward in the assembly a man, who said that he had escaped
+      drowning by clinging to a meal tub. The poor fellows perishing around him
+      had commissioned him, if he succeeded in saving himself, to tell the
+      people of Athens how bravely they had fought for their fatherland, and how
+      the generals had left them there to drown.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Presently Euryptolemus, the son of Peisianax, and others served a notice
+      of indictment on Callixenus, insisting that his proposal was
+      unconstitutional, and this view of the case was applauded by some members
+      of the assembly. But the majority kept crying out that it was monstrous if
+      the people were to be hindered by any stray individual from doing what
+      seemed to them right. And when Lysicus, embodying the spirit of those
+      cries, formally proposed that if these persons would not abandon their
+      action, they should be tried by the same vote along with the generals: a
+      proposition to which the mob gave vociferous assent; and so these were
+      compelled to abandon their summonses. Again, when some of the Prytanes (7)
+      objected to put a resolution to the vote which was in itself
+      unconstitutional, Callixenus again got up and accused them in the same
+      terms, and the shouting began again. "Yes, summons all who refuse," until
+      the Prytanes, in alarm, all agreed with one exception to permit the
+      voting. This obstinate dissentient was Socrates, the son of Sophroniscus,
+      who insisted that he would do nothing except in accordance with the law.
+      (8) After this Euryptolemus rose and spoke in behalf of the generals. He
+      said:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) Prytanes&mdash;the technical term for the senators of the presiding
+    tribe, who acted as presidents of the assembly. Their chairman for
+    the day was called Epistates.
+
+ (8) For the part played by Socrates see further Xenophon's
+    "Memorabilia," I. i. 18; IV. iv. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "I stand here, men of Athens, partly to accuse Pericles, though he is a
+      close and intimate connection of my own, and Diomedon, who is my friend,
+      and partly to urge certain considerations on their behalf, but chiefly to
+      press upon you what seems to me the best course for the State
+      collectively. I hold them to blame in that they dissuaded their colleagues
+      from their intention to send a despatch to the senate and this assembly,
+      which should have informed you of the orders given to Theramenes and
+      Thrasybulus to take forty-seven ships of war and pick up the shipwrecked
+      crews, and of the neglect of the two officers to carry out those orders.
+      And it follows that though the offence was committed by one or two, the
+      responsibility must be shared by all; and in return for kindness in the
+      past, they are in danger at present of sacrificing their lives to the
+      machinations of these very men, and others whom I could mention. In
+      danger, do I say, of losing their lives? No, not so, if you will suffer me
+      to persuade you to do what is just and right; if you will only adopt such
+      a course as shall enable you best to discover the truth and shall save you
+      from too late repentance, when you find you have transgressed irremediably
+      against heaven and your own selves. In what I urge there is no trap nor
+      plot whereby you can be deceived by me or any other man; it is a
+      straightforward course which will enable you to discover and punish the
+      offender by whatever process you like, collectively or individually. Let
+      them have, if not more, at any rate one whole day to make what defence
+      they can for themselves; and trust to your own unbiased judgment to guide
+      you to the right conclusion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You know, men of Athens, the exceeding stringency of the decree of
+      Cannonus, (9) which orders that man, whosoever he be, who is guilty of
+      treason against the people of Athens, to be put in irons, and so to meet
+      the charge against him before the people. If he be convicted, he is to be
+      thrown into the Barathron and perish, and the property of such an one is
+      to be confiscated, with the exception of the tithe which falls to the
+      goddess. I call upon you to try these generals in accordance with this
+      decree. Yes, and so help me God&mdash;if it please you, begin with my own
+      kinsman Pericles for base would it be on my part to make him of more
+      account than the whole of the State. Or, if you prefer, try them by that
+      other law, which is directed against robbers of temples and betrayers of
+      their country, which says: if a man betray his city or rob a sacred temple
+      of the gods, he shall be tried before a law court, and if he be convicted,
+      his body shall not be buried in Attica, and his goods shall be confiscated
+      to the State. Take your choice as between these two laws, men of Athens,
+      and let the prisoners be tried by one or other. Let three portions of a
+      day be assigned to each respectively, one portion wherein they shall
+      listen to their accusation, a second wherein they shall make their
+      defence, and a third wherein you shall meet and give your votes in due
+      order on the question of their guilt or innocence. By this procedure the
+      malefactors will receive the desert of their misdeeds in full, and those
+      who are innocent will owe you, men of Athens, the recovery of their
+      liberty, in place of unmerited destruction. (10)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) "There was a rule in Attic judicial procedure, called the psephism
+    of Kannonus (originally adopted, we do not know when, on the
+    proposition of a citizen of that name, as a psephism or decree for
+    some particular case, but since generalised into common practice,
+    and grown into great prescriptive reverence), which peremptorily
+    forbade any such collective trial or sentence, and directed that a
+    separate judicial vote should in all cases be taken for or against
+    each accused party." Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 266
+    (2d ed.)
+
+ (10) Reading {adikos apolountai}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "On your side, in trying the accused by recognised legal procedure, you
+      will show that you obey the dictates of pious feeling, and can regard the
+      sanctity of an oath, instead of joining hands with our enemies the
+      Lacedaemonians and fighting their battles. For is it not to fight their
+      battles, if you take their conquerors, the men who deprived them of
+      seventy vessels, and at the moment of victory sent them to perdition
+      untried and in the teeth of the law? What are you afraid of, that you
+      press forward with such hot haste? Do you imagine that you may be robbed
+      of the power of life and death over whom you please, should you condescend
+      to a legal trial? but that you are safe if you take shelter behind an
+      illegality, like the illegality of Callixenus, when he worked upon the
+      senate to propose to this assembly to deal with the accused by a single
+      vote? But consider, you may actually put to death an innocent man, and
+      then repentance will one day visit you too late. Bethink you how painful
+      and unavailing remorse will then be, and more particularly if your error
+      has cost a fellow-creature his life. What a travesty of justice it would
+      be if in the case of a man like Aristarchus, (11) who first tried to
+      destroy the democracy and then betrayed Oenoe to our enemy the Thebans,
+      you granted him a day for his defence, consulting his wishes, and conceded
+      to him all the other benefits of the law; whereas now you are proposing to
+      deprive of these same privileges your own generals, who in every way
+      conformed to your views and defeated your enemies. Do not you, of all men,
+      I implore you, men of Athens, act thus. Why, these laws are your own, to
+      them, beyond all else you owe your greatness. Guard them jealously; in
+      nothing, I implore you, act without their sanction.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) See below, II. iii; also cf. Thuc. viii. 90, 98.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But now, turn for a moment and consider with me the actual occurrences
+      which have created the suspicion of misconduct on the part of our late
+      generals. The sea-fight had been fought and won, and the ships had
+      returned to land, when Diomedon urged that the whole squadron should sail
+      out in line and pick up the wrecks and floating crews. Erasinides was in
+      favour of all the vessels sailing as fast as possible to deal with the
+      enemy's forces at Mitylene. And Thrasylus represented that both objects
+      could be effected, by leaving one division of the fleet there, and with
+      the rest sailing against the enemy; and if this resolution were agreed to,
+      he advised that each of the eight generals should leave three ships of his
+      own division with the ten vessels of the taxiarchs, the ten Samian
+      vessels, and the three belonging to the navarchs. These added together
+      make forty-seven, four for each of the lost vessels, twelve in number.
+      Among the taxiarchs left behind, two were Thrasybulus and Theramenes, the
+      men who in the late meeting of this assembly undertook to accuse the
+      generals. With the remainder of the fleet they were to sail to attack the
+      enemy's fleet. Everything, you must admit, was duly and admirably planned.
+      It was only common justice, therefore, that those whose duty it was to
+      attack the enemy should render an account for all miscarriages of
+      operations against the enemy; while those who were commissioned to pick up
+      the dead and dying should, if they failed to carry out the instructions of
+      the generals, be put on trial to explain the reasons of the failure. This
+      indeed I may say in behalf of both parites. It was really the storm which,
+      in spite of what the generals had planned, prevented anything being done.
+      There are witnesses ready to attest the truth of this: the men who escaped
+      as by a miracle, and among these one of these very generals, who was on a
+      sinking ship and was saved. And this man, who needed picking up as much as
+      anybody at that moment, is, they insist, to be tried by one and the same
+      vote as those who neglected to perform their orders! Once more, I beg you,
+      men of Athens, to accept your victory and your good fortune, instead of
+      behaving like the desperate victims of misfortune and defeat. Recognise
+      the finger of divine necessity; do not incur the reproach of
+      stony-heartedness by discovering treason where there was merely
+      powerlessness, and condemning as guilty those who were prevented by the
+      storm from carrying out their instructions. Nay! you will better satisfy
+      the demands of justice by crowning these conquerors with wreaths of
+      victory than by punishing them with death at the instigation of wicked
+      men."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the conclusion of his speech Euryptolemus proposed, as an amendment,
+      that the prisoners should, in accordance with the decree of Cannonus, be
+      tried each separately, as against the proposal of the senate to try them
+      all by a single vote.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the show of hands the tellers gave the majority in favour of
+      Euryptolemus's amendment, but upon the application of Menecles, who took
+      formal exception (12) to this decision, the show of hands was gone through
+      again, and now the verdict was in favour of the resolution of the senate.
+      At a later date the balloting was made, and by the votes recorded the
+      eight generals were condemned, and the six who were in Athens were put to
+      death.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) For this matter cf. Schomann, "De Comitiis Athen." p. 161 foll.;
+    also Grote, "Hist. of Grece," vol. viii. p. 276 note (2d ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Not long after, repentance seized the Athenians, and they passed a decree
+      authorising the public prosecution of those who had deceived the people,
+      and the appointment of proper securities for their persons until the trial
+      was over. Callixenus was one of those committed for trail. There were,
+      besides Callixenus, four others against whom true bills were declared, and
+      they were all five imprisoned by their sureties. But all subsequently
+      effected their escape before the trial, at the time of the sedition in
+      which Cleophon (13) was killed. Callixenus eventually came back when the
+      party in Piraeus returned to the city, at the date of the amnesty, (14)
+      but only to die of hunger, an object of universal detestation.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Cleophon, the well-known demagogue. For the occasion of his death
+    see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. pp. 166, 310 (2d ed.);
+    Prof. Jebb, "Attic Orators," i. 266, ii. 288. For his character,
+    as popularly conceived, cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 677.
+
+ (14) B.C. 403.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To return to Eteonicus and his troops in Chios. During summer they were
+      well able to support themselves on the fruits of the season, or by
+      labouring for hire in different parts of the island, but with the approach
+      of winter these means of subsistence began to fail. Ill-clad at the same
+      time, and ill-shod, they fell to caballing and arranging plans to attack
+      the city of Chios. It was agreed amongst them, that in order to gauge
+      their numbers, every member of the conspiracy should carry a reed.
+      Eteonicus got wind of the design, but was at a loss how to deal with it,
+      considering the number of these reed-bearers. To make an open attack upon
+      them seemed dangerous. It would probably lead to a rush to arms, in which
+      the conspirators would seize the city and commence hostilities, and, in
+      the event of their success, everything hitherto achieved would be lost. Or
+      again, the destruction on his part of many fellow-creatures and allies was
+      a terrible alternative, which would place the Spartans in an unenviable
+      light with regard to the rest of Hellas, and render the soldiers
+      ill-disposed to the cause in hand. Accordingly he took with him fifteen
+      men, armed with daggers, and marched through the city. Falling in with one
+      of the reed-bearers, a man suffering from ophthalmia, who was returning
+      from the surgeon's house, he put him to death. This led to some uproar,
+      and people asked why the man was thus slain. By Eteonicus's orders the
+      answer was set afloat, "because he carried a reed." As the explanation
+      circulated, one reed-bearer after another threw away the symbol, each one
+      saying to himself, as he heard the reason given, "I have better not be
+      seen with this." After a while Eteonicus called a meeting of the Chians,
+      and imposed upon them a contribution of money, on the ground that with pay
+      in their pockets the sailors would have no temptation to revolutionary
+      projects. The Chians acquiesced. Whereupon Eteonicus promptly ordered his
+      crews to get on board their vessels. He then rowed alongside each ship in
+      turn, and addressed the men at some length in terms of encouragement and
+      cheery admonition, just as though he knew nothing of what had taken place,
+      and so distributed a month's pay to every man on board.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this the Chians and the other allies held a meeting in Ephesus, and,
+      considering the present posture of affairs, determined to send ambassadors
+      to Lacedaemon with a statement of the facts, and a request that Lysander
+      might be sent out to take command of the fleet. Lysander's high reputation
+      among the allies dated back to his former period of office, when as
+      admiral he had won the naval victory of Notium. The ambassadors
+      accordingly were despatched, accompanied by envoys also from Cyrus,
+      charged with the same message. The Lacedaemonians responded by sending
+      them Lysander as second in command, (1) with Aracus as admiral, since it
+      was contrary to their custom that the same man should be admiral twice. At
+      the same time the fleet was entrusted to Lysander. (2)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Epistoleus. See above.
+
+ (2) "At this date the war had lasted five-and-twenty years." So the
+    MSS. read. The words are probably an interpolation.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was in this year (3) that Cyrus put Autoboesaces and Mitraeus to death.
+      These were sons of the sister of Dariaeus (4) (the daughter of Xerxes, the
+      father of Darius). (5) He put them to death for neglecting, when they met
+      him, to thrust their hands into the sleeve (or "kore") which is a tribute
+      of respect paid to the king alone. This "kore" is longer than the ordinary
+      sleeve, so long in fact that a man with his hand inside is rendered
+      helpless. In consequence of this act on the part of Cyrus, Hieramenes (6)
+      and his wife urged upon Dariaeus the danger of overlooking such excessive
+      insolence on the part of the young prince, and Dariaeus, on the plea of
+      sickness, sent a special embassy to summon Cyrus to his bedside.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) B.C. 406.
+
+ (4) Dariaeus, i.e. Darius, but the spelling of the name is correct,
+    and occurs in Ctesias, though in the "Anabasis" we have the
+    spelling Darius.
+
+ (5) These words look like the note of a foolish and ignorant scribe.
+    He ought to have written, "The daughter of Artaxerxes and own
+    sister of Darius, commonly so called."
+
+ (6) For Hieramenes cf. Thuc. viii. 95, and Prof. Jowett ad loc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 405. In the following year (7) Lysander arrived at Ephesus, and sent
+      for Eteonicus with his ships from Chios, and collected all other vessels
+      elsewhere to be found. His time was now devoted to refitting the old ships
+      and having new ones built in Antandrus. He also made a journey to the
+      court of Cyrus with a request for money. All Cyrus could say was, that not
+      only the money sent by the king was spent, but much more besides; and he
+      pointed out the various sums which each of the admirals had received, but
+      at the same time he gave him what he asked for. Furnished with this money,
+      Lysander appointed captains to the different men-of-war, and remitted to
+      the sailors their arrears of pay. Meanwhile the Athenian generals, on
+      their side, were devoting their energies to the improvements of their navy
+      at Samos.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) The MSS. add "during the ephorate of Archytas and the archonship
+    at Athens of Alexias," which, though correct enough, is probably
+    an interpolation.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was now Cyrus's turn to send for Lysander. It was the moment at which
+      the envoy from his father had arrived with the message: "Your father is on
+      his sick-bed and desires your presence." The king lay at Thamneria, in
+      Media, near the territory of the Cadusians, against whom he had marched to
+      put down a revolt. When Lysander presented himself, Cyrus was urgent with
+      him not to engage the Athenians at sea unless he had many more ships than
+      they. "The king," he added, "and I have plenty of wealth, so that, as far
+      as money goes, you can man plenty of vessels." He then consigned to him
+      all the tributes from the several cities which belonged to him personally,
+      and gave him the ready money which he had as a gift; and finally,
+      reminding him of the sincere friendship he entertained towards the state
+      of Lacedaemon, as well as to himself personally, he set out up country to
+      visit his father. Lysander, finding himself thus left with the complete
+      control of the property of Cyrus (during the absence of that prince, so
+      summoned to the bedside of his father), was able to distribute pay to his
+      troops, after which he set sail for the Ceramic Gulf of Caria. Here he
+      stormed a city in alliance with the Athenians named Cedreae, and on the
+      following day's assault took it, and reduced the inhabitants to slavery.
+      These were of a mixed Hellene and barbaric stock. From Cedreae he
+      continued his voyage to Rhodes. The Athenians meanwhile, using Samos as
+      their base of operations, were employed in devastating the king's
+      territory, or in swooping down upon Chios and Ephesus, and in general were
+      preparing for a naval battle, having but lately chosen three new generals
+      in addition to those already in office, whose names were Menander, Tydeus,
+      and Cephisodotus. Now Lysander, leaving Rhodes, and coasting along Ionia,
+      made his way to the Hellespont, having an eye to the passage of vessels
+      through the Straits, and, in a more hostile sense, on the cities which had
+      revolted from Sparta. The Athenians also set sail from Chios, but stood
+      out to open sea, since the seaboard of Asia was hostile to them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lysander was again on the move; leaving Abydos, he passed up channel to
+      Lampsacus, which town was allied with Athens; the men of Abydos and the
+      rest of the troops advancing by land, under the command of the
+      Lacedaemonian Thorax. They then attacked and took by storm the town, which
+      was wealthy, and with its stores of wine and wheat and other commodities
+      was pillaged by the soldiery. All free-born persons, however, were without
+      exception released by Lysander. And now the Athenian fleet, following
+      close on his heels, came to moorings at Elaeus, in the Chersonesus, one
+      hundred and eighty sail in all. It was not until they had reached this
+      place, and were getting their early meal, that the news of what had
+      happened at Lampsacus reached them. Then they instantly set sail again to
+      Sestos, and, having halted long enough merely to take in stores, sailed on
+      further to Aegospotami, a point facing Lampsacus, where the Hellespont is
+      not quite two miles (8) broad. Here they took their evening meal.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Lit. fifteen stades.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The night following, or rather early next morning, with the first streak
+      of dawn, Lysander gave the signal for the men to take their breakfasts and
+      get on board their vessels; and so, having got all ready for a naval
+      engagement, with his ports closed and movable bulwarks attached, he issued
+      the order that no one was to stir from his post or put out to sea. As the
+      sun rose the Athenians drew up their vessels facing the harbour, in line
+      of battle ready for action; but Lysander declining to come out to meet
+      them, as the day advanced they retired again to Aegospotami. Then Lysander
+      ordered the swiftest of his ships to follow the Athenians, and as soon as
+      the crews had disembarked, to watch what they did, sail back, and report
+      to him. Until these look-outs returned he would permit no disembarkation
+      from his ships. This performance he repeated for four successive days, and
+      each day the Athenians put out to sea and challenged an engagement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But now Alcibiades, from one of his fortresses, could espy the position of
+      his fellow-countrymen, moored on an open beach beyond reach of any city,
+      and forced to send for supplies to Sestos, which was nearly two miles
+      distant, while their enemies were safely lodged in a harbour, with a city
+      adjoining, and everything within reach. The situation did not please him,
+      and he advised them to shift their anchorage to Sestos, where they would
+      have the advantage of a harbour and a city. "Once there," he concluded,
+      "you can engage the enemy whenever it suits you." But the generals, and
+      more particularly Tydeus and Menander, bade him go about his business. "We
+      are generals now&mdash;not you," they said; and so he went away. And now
+      for five days in succession the Athenians had sailed out to offer battle,
+      and for the fifth time retired, followed by the same swift sailors of the
+      enemy. But this time Lysander's orders to the vessels so sent in pursuit
+      were, that as soon as they saw the enemy's crew fairly disembarked and
+      dispersed along the shores of the Chersonesus (a practice, it should be
+      mentioned, which had grown upon them from day to day owing to the distance
+      at which eatables had to be purchased, and out of sheer contempt, no
+      doubt, of Lysander, who refused to accept battle), they were to begin
+      their return voyage, and when in mid-channel to hoist a shield. The orders
+      were punctually carried out, and Lysander at once signalled to his whole
+      squadron to put across with all speed, while Thorax, with the land forces,
+      was to march parallel with the fleet along the coast. Aware of the enemy's
+      fleet, which he could see bearing down upon him, Conon had only time to
+      signal to the crews to join their ships and rally to the rescue with all
+      their might. But the men were scattered far and wide, and some of the
+      vessels had only two out of their three banks of rowers, some only a
+      single one, while others again were completely empty. Conon's own ship,
+      with seven others in attendance on him and the "Paralus," (9) put out to
+      sea, a little cluster of nine vessels, with their full complement of men;
+      but every one of the remaining one hundred and seventy-one vessels were
+      captured by Lysander on the beach. As to the men themselves, the large
+      majority of them were easily made prisoners on shore, a few only escaping
+      to the small fortresses of the neighbourhood. Meanwhile Conon and his nine
+      vessels made good their escape. For himself, knowing that the fortune of
+      Athens was ruined, he put into Abarnis, the promontory of Lampsacus, and
+      there picked up the great sails of Lysander's ships, and then with eight
+      ships set sail himself to seek refuge with Evagoras in Cyprus, while the
+      "Paralus" started for Athens with tidings of what had taken place.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) The "Paralus"&mdash;the Athenian sacred vessel; cf. Thuc. iii. 33 et
+    passim.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Lysander, on his side, conveyed the ships and prisoners and all other
+      spoil back to Lampsacus, having on board some of the Athenian generals,
+      notably Philocles and Adeimantus. On the very day of these achievements he
+      despatched Theopompus, a Milesian privateersman, to Lacedaemon to report
+      what had taken place. This envoy arrived within three days and delivered
+      his message. Lysander's next step was to convene the allies and bid them
+      deliberate as to the treatment of the prisoners. Many were the accusations
+      here levied against the Athenians. There was talk of crimes committed
+      against the law of Hellas, and of cruelties sanctioned by popular decrees;
+      which, had they conquered in the late sea-fight, would have been carried
+      out; such as the proposal to cut off the right hand of every prisoner
+      taken alive, and lastly the ill-treatment of two captured men-of-war, a
+      Corinthian and an Andrian vessel, when every man on board had been hurled
+      headlong down the cliff. Philocles was the very general of the Athenians
+      who had so ruthlessly destroyed those men. Many other tales were told; and
+      at length a resolution was passed to put all the Athenian prisoners, with
+      the exception of Adeimantus, to death. He alone, it was pleaded, had taken
+      exception to the proposal to cut off the prisoners' hands. On the other
+      hand, he was himself accused by some people of having betrayed the fleet.
+      As to Philocles, Lysander put to him one question, as the officer who had
+      thrown (10) the Corinthians and Andrians down the cliff: What fate did the
+      man deserve to suffer who had embarked on so cruel a course of illegality
+      against Hellenes? and so delivered him to the executioner.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Reading {os... katekremnise}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When he had set the affairs of Lampsacus in order, Lysander sailed to
+      Byzantium and Chalcedon, where the inhabitants, having first dismissed the
+      Athenian garrison under a flag of truce, admitted him within their walls.
+      Those citizens of Byzantium, who had betrayed Byzantium into the hands of
+      Alcibiades, fled as exiles into Pontus, but subsequently betaking
+      themselves to Athens, became Athenian citizens. In dealing with the
+      Athenian garrisons, and indeed with all Athenians wheresoever found,
+      Lysander made it a rule to give them safe conduct to Athens, and to Athens
+      only, in the certainty that the larger the number collected within the
+      city and Piraeus, the more quickly the want of necessaries of life would
+      make itself felt. And now, leaving Sthenelaus, a Laconian, as
+      governor-general of Byzantium and Chalcedon, he sailed back himself to
+      Lampsacus and devoted himself to refitting his ships.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was night when the "Paralus" reached Athens with her evil tidings, on
+      receipt of which a bitter wail of woe broke forth. From Piraeus, following
+      the line of the long walls up to the heart of the city, it swept and
+      swelled, as each man to his neighbour passed on the news. On that night no
+      man slept. There was mourning and sorrow for those that were lost, but the
+      lamentation for the dead was merged in even deeper sorrow for themselves,
+      as they pictured the evils they were about to suffer, the like of which
+      they themselves had inflicted upon the men of Melos, who were colonists of
+      the Lacedaemonians, when they mastered them by siege. Or on the men of
+      Histiaea; on Scione and Torone; on the Aeginetans, and many another
+      Hellene city. (1) On the following day the public assembly met, and, after
+      debate, it was resolved to block up all the harbours save one, to put the
+      walls in a state of defence, to post guards at various points, and to make
+      all other necessary preparations for a siege. Such were the concerns of
+      the men of Athens.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) With regard to these painful recollections, see (1) for the siege
+    and surrender of Melos (in B.C. 416), Thuc. v. 114, 116; and cf.
+    Aristoph. "Birds," 186; Plut. ("Lysander," 14); (2) for the
+    ejection of the Histiaeans, an incident of the recovery of Euboea
+    in 445 B.C., see Thuc. i. 14; Plut. ("Pericles," 23); (3) for the
+    matter of Scione, which revolted in 423 B.C., and was for a long
+    time a source of disagreement between the Athenians and
+    Lacedaemonians, until finally captured by the former in 421 B.C.,
+    when the citizens were slain and the city given to the Plataeans,
+    see Thuc. iv. 120-122, 129-133; v. 18, 32; (4) for Torone see
+    Thuc. ib., and also v. 3; (5) for the expulsion of the Aeginetans
+    in 431 B.C. see Thuc. ii. 27.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Lysander presently left the Hellespont with two hundred sail and arrived
+      at Lesbos, where he established a new order of things in Mitylene and the
+      other cities of the island. Meanwhile he despatched Eteonicus with a
+      squadron of ten ships to the northern coasts, (2) where that officer
+      brought about a revolution of affairs which placed the whole region in the
+      hands of Lacedaemon. Indeed, in a moment of time, after the sea-fight, the
+      whole of Hellas had revolted from Athens, with the solitary exception of
+      the men of Samos. These, having massacred the notables, (3) held the state
+      under their control. After a while Lysander sent messages to Agis at
+      Deceleia, and to Lacedaemon, announcing his approach with a squadron of
+      two hundred sail.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Lit. "the Thraceward districts." See above, p. 16.
+
+ (3) Or, "since they had slain their notables, held the state under
+    popular control." See Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 303
+    note 3 (2d ed.), who thinks that the incident referred to is the
+    violent democratic revolution in Samos described in Thuc. viii.
+    21, B.C. 412.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In obedience to a general order of Pausanias, the other king of
+      Lacedaemon, a levy in force of the Lacedaemonians and all the rest of
+      Peloponnesus, except the Argives, was set in motion for a campaign. As
+      soon as the several contingents had arrived, the king put himself at their
+      head and marched against Athens, encamping in the gymnasium of the
+      Academy, (4) as it is called. Lysander had now reached Aegina, where,
+      having got together as many of the former inhabitants as possible, he
+      formally reinstated them in their city; and what he did in behalf of the
+      Aeginetans, he did also in behalf of the Melians, and of the rest who had
+      been deprived of their countries. He then pillaged the island of Salamis,
+      and finally came to moorings off Piraeus with one hundred and fifty ships
+      of the line, and established a strict blockade against all merchant ships
+      entering that harbour.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) For this most illustrious of Athenian gymnasia, which still
+    retains its name, see Leake, "Topography of Athens," i. 195 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Athenians, finding themselves besieged by land and sea, were in sore
+      perplexity what to do. Without ships, without allies, without provisions,
+      the belief gained hold upon them that there was no way of escape. They
+      must now, in their turn, suffer what they had themselves inflincted upon
+      others; not in retaliation, indeed, for ills received, but out of sheer
+      insolence, overriding the citizens of petty states, and for no better
+      reason than that these were allies of the very men now at their gates. In
+      this frame of mind they enfranchised those who at any time had lost their
+      civil rights, and schooled themselves to endurance; and, albeit many
+      succumbed to starvation, no thought of truce or reconciliation with their
+      foes was breathed. (5) But when the stock of corn was absolutely
+      insufficient, they sent an embassage to Agis, proposing to become allies
+      of the Lacedaemonians on the sole condition of keeping their fortification
+      walls and Piraeus; and to draw up articles of treaty on these terms. Agis
+      bade them betake themselves to Lacedaemon, seeing that he had no authority
+      to act himself. With this answer the ambassadors returned to Athens, and
+      were forthwith sent on to Lacedaemon. On reaching Sellasia, (6) a town in
+      (7) Laconian territory, they waited till they got their answer from the
+      ephors, who, having learnt their terms (which were identical to those
+      already proposed to Agis), bade them instantly to be gone, and, if they
+      really desired peace, to come with other proposals, the fruit of happier
+      reflection. Thus the ambassadors returned home, and reported the result of
+      their embassage, whereupon despondency fell upon all. It was a painful
+      reflection that in the end they would be sold into slavery; and meanwhile,
+      pending the return of a second embassy, many must needs fall victims to
+      starvation. The razing of their fortifications was not a solution which
+      any one cared to recommend. A senator, Archestratus, had indeed put the
+      question in the senate, whether it were not best to make peace with the
+      Lacedaemonians on such terms as they were willing to propose; but he was
+      thrown into prison. The Laconian proposals referred to involved the
+      destruction of both long walls for a space of more than a mile. And a
+      decree had been passed, making it illegal to submit any such proposition
+      about the walls. Things having reached this pass, Theramenes made a
+      proposal in the public assembly as follows: If they chose to send him as
+      an ambassador to Lysander, he would go and find out why the Lacedaemonians
+      were so unyielding about the walls; whether it was they really intended to
+      enslave the city, or merely that they wanted a guarantee of good faith.
+      Despatched accordingly, he lingered on with Lysander for three whole
+      months and more, watching for the time when the Athenians, at the last
+      pinch of starvation, would be willing to accede to any terms that might be
+      offered. At last, in the fourth month, he returned and reported to the
+      public assembly that Lysander had detained him all this while, and had
+      ended by bidding him betake himself to Lacedaemon, since he had no
+      authority himself to answer his questions, which must be addressed
+      directly to the ephors. After this Theramenes was chosen with nine others
+      to go to Lacedaemon as ambassadors with full powers. Meanwhile Lysander
+      had sent an Athenian exile, named Aristoteles, in company of certain
+      Lacedaemonians, to Sparta to report to the board of ephors how he had
+      answered Theramenes, that they, and they alone, had supreme authority in
+      matters of peace and war.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "they refused to treat for peace."
+
+ (6) Sellasia, the bulwark of Sparta in the valley of the Oenus.
+
+ (7) The MSS. have "in the neighbourhood of," which words are
+    inappropriate at this date, though they may well have been added
+    by some annotator after the Cleomenic war and the battle of
+    Sellasia, B.C. 222, when Antigonus of Macedon destroyed the place
+    in the interests of the Achaean League.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Theramenes and his companions presently reached Sellasia, and being there
+      questioned as to the reason of their visit, replied that they had full
+      powers to treat of peace. After which the ephors ordered them to be
+      summoned to their presence. On their arrival a general assembly was
+      convened, in which the Corinthians and Thebans more particularly, though
+      their views were shared by many other Hellenes also, urged the meeting not
+      to come to terms with the Athenians, but to destroy them. The
+      Lacedaemonians replied that they would never reduce to slavery a city
+      which was itself an integral portion of Hellas, and had performed a great
+      and noble service to Hellas in the most perilous of emergencies. On the
+      contrary, they were willing to offer peace on the terms now specified&mdash;namely,
+      "That the long walls and the fortifications of Piraeus should be
+      destroyed; that the Athenian fleet, with the exception of twelve vessels,
+      should be surrendered; that the exiles should be restored; and lastly,
+      that the Athenians should acknowledge the headship of Sparta in peace and
+      war, leaving to her the choice of friends and foes, and following her lead
+      by land and sea." Such were the terms which Theramenes and the rest who
+      acted with him were able to report on their return to Athens. As they
+      entered the city, a vast crowd met them, trembling lest their mission have
+      proved fruitless. For indeed delay was no longer possible, so long already
+      was the list of victims daily perishing from starvation. On the day
+      following, the ambassadors delivered their report, stating the terms upon
+      which the Lacedaemonians were willing to make peace. Theramenes acted as
+      spokesman, insisting that they ought to obey the Lacedaemonians and pull
+      down the walls. A small minority raised their voice in opposition, but the
+      majority were strongly in favour of the proposition, and the resolution
+      was passed to accept the peace. After that, Lysander sailed into the
+      Piraeus, and the exiles were readmitted. And so they fell to levelling the
+      fortifications and walls with much enthusiasm, to the accompaniment of
+      female flute-players, deeming that day the beginning of liberty to Greece.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus the year drew to its close (8)&mdash;during its middle months took
+      place the accession of Dionysius, the son of Hermocrates the Syracusan, to
+      the tyranny of Syracuse; an incident itself preceded by a victory gained
+      over the Carthaginians by the Syracusans; the reduction of Agrigentum
+      through famine by the Carthaginians themselves; and the exodus of the
+      Sicilian Greeks from that city.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) For the puzzling chronology of this paragraph see Grote, "Hist. of
+    Greece," vol. x. p 619 (2d ed.) If genuine, the words may perhaps
+    have slipt out of their natural place in chapter i. above, in
+    front of the words "in the following year Lysander arrived," etc.
+    L. Dindorf brackets them as spurious. Xen., "Hist. Gr." ed.
+    tertia, Lipsiae, MDCCCLXXII. For the incidents referred to see
+    above; Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. x. pp. 582, 598 (2d ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 404. In the following year (1) the people passed a resolution to
+      choose thirty men who were to draft a constitution based on the ancestral
+      laws of the State. The following were chosen to act on this committee:&mdash;Polychares,
+      Critias, Melobius, Hippolochus, Eucleides, Hiero, Mnesilochus, Chremo,
+      Theramenes, Aresias, Diocles, Phaedrias, Chaereleos, Anaetius, Piso,
+      Sophocles, Erastosthenes, Charicles, Onomacles, Theognis, Aeschines,
+      Theogones, Cleomedes, Erasistratus, Pheido, Dracontides, Eumathes,
+      Aristoteles, Hippomachus, Mnesitheides. After these transactions, Lysander
+      set sail for Samos; and Agis withdrew the land force from Deceleia and
+      disbanded the troops, dismissing the contingents to their several cities.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. here add "it was that year of the Olympiad cycle in which
+    Crocinas, a Thessalian, won the Stadium; when Endius was ephor at
+    Sparta, and Pythodorus archon at Athens, though the Athenians
+    indeed do not call the year by that archon's name, since he was
+    elected during the oligarchy, but prefer to speak of the year of
+    'anarchy'; the aforesaid oligarchy originated thus,"&mdash;which,
+    though correct, probably was not written by Xenophon. The year of
+    anarchy might perhaps be better rendered "the year without
+    archons."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In was at this date, about the time of the solar eclipse, (2) that
+      Lycophron of Pherae, who was ambitious of ruling over the whole of
+      Thessaly, defeated those sections of the Thessalians who opposed him, such
+      as the men of Larissa and others, and slew many of them. It was also about
+      this date that Dionysius, now tyrant of Syracuse, was defeated by the
+      Carthaginians and lost Gela and Camarina. And again, a little later, the
+      men of Leontini, who previously had been amalgamated with the Syracusans,
+      separated themselves from Syracuse and Dionysius, and asserted their
+      independence, and returned to their native city. Another incident of this
+      period was the sudden despatch and introduction of Syracusan horse into
+      Catana by Dionysius.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) This took place on 2d September B.C. 404.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now the Samians, though besieged by Lysander on all sides, were at first
+      unwilling to come to terms. But at the last moment, when Lysander was on
+      the point of assaulting the town, they accepted the terms, which allowed
+      every free man to leave the island, but not to carry away any part of his
+      property, except the clothes on his back. On these conditions they marched
+      out. The city and all it contained was then delivered over to its ancient
+      citizens by Lysander, who finally appointed ten governors to garrison the
+      island. (3) After which, he disbanded the allied fleet, dismissing them to
+      their respective cities, while he himself, with the Lacedaemonian
+      squadron, set sail for Laconia, bringing with him the prows of the
+      conquered vessels and the whole navy of Piraeus, with the exception of
+      twelve ships. He also brought the crowns which he had received from the
+      cities as private gifts, and a sum of four hundred and seventy talents (4)
+      in silver (the surplus of the tribute money which Cyrus had assigned to
+      him for the prosecution of the war), besides other property, the fruit of
+      his military exploits. All these things Lysander delivered to the
+      Lacedaemonians in the latter end of summer. (5)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) A council of ten, or "decarchy." See Grote, "H. G." viii. 323 (1st
+    ed.)
+
+ (4) About 112,800 pounds.
+
+ (5) The MSS. add "a summer, the close of which coincided with the
+    termination of a war which had lasted twenty-eight and a half
+    years, as the list of annual ephors, appended in order, serves to
+    show. Aenesias is the first name. The war began during his
+    ephorate, in the fifteenth year of the thirty years' truce after
+    the capture of Euboea. His successors were Brasidas, Isanor,
+    Sostratidas, Exarchus, Agesistratus, Angenidas, Onomacles,
+    Zeuxippus, Pityas, Pleistolas, Cleinomachus, Harchus, Leon,
+    Chaerilas, Patesiadas, Cleosthenes, Lycarius, Eperatus,
+    Onomantius, Alexippidas, Misgolaidas, Isias, Aracus, Euarchippus,
+    Pantacles, Pityas, Archytas, and lastly, Endius, during whose year
+    of office Lysander sailed home in triumph, after performing the
+    exploits above recorded,"&mdash;the interpolation, probably, of some
+    editor or copyist, the words "twenty-eight and a half" being
+    probably a mistake on his part for "twenty-seven and a half." Cf.
+    Thuc. v. 26; also Buchsenschutz, Einleitung, p. 8 of his school
+    edition of the "Hellenica."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thirty had been chosen almost immediately after the long walls and the
+      fortifications round Piraeus had been razed. They were chosen for the
+      express purpose of compiling a code of laws for the future constitution of
+      the State. The laws were always on the point of being published, yet they
+      were never forthcoming; and the thirty compilers contented themselves
+      meanwhile with appointing a senate and the other magistracies as suited
+      their fancy best. That done, they turned their attention, in the first
+      instance, to such persons as were well known to have made their living as
+      informers (6) under the democracy, and to be thorns in the side of all
+      respectable people. These they laid hold on and prosecuted on the capital
+      charge. The new senate gladly recorded its vote of condemnation against
+      them; and the rest of the world, conscious of bearing no resemblance to
+      them, seemed scarcely vexed. But the Thirty did not stop there. Presently
+      they began to deliberate by what means they could get the city under their
+      absolute control, in order that they might work their will upon it. Here
+      again they proceeded tentatively; in the first instance, they sent (two of
+      their number), Aeschines and Aristoteles, to Lacedaemon, and persuaded
+      Lysander to support them in getting a Lacedaemonian garrison despatched to
+      Athens. They only needed it until they had got the "malignants" out of the
+      way, and had established the constitution; and they would undertake to
+      maintain these troops at their own cost. Lysander was not deaf to their
+      persuasions, and by his co-operation their request was granted. A
+      bodyguard, with Callibius as governor, was sent.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Lit. "by sycophancy," i.e. calumnious accusation&mdash;the sycophant's
+    trade. For a description of this pest of Athenian life cf. "Dem."
+    in Arist. 1, S. 52; quoted in Jebb, "Attic Orators," chap. xxix.
+    14; cf. Aristoph. "Ach." 904; Xen. "Mem." II. ix. 1.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now that they had got the garrison, they fell to flattering Callibius
+      with all servile flattery, in order that he might give countenance to
+      their doings. Thus they prevailed on him to allow some of the guards, whom
+      they selected, to accompany them, while they proceeded to lay hands on
+      whom they would; no longer confining themselves to base folk and people of
+      no account, but boldly laying hands on those who they felt sure would
+      least easily brook being thrust aside, or, if a spirit of opposition
+      seized them, could command the largest number of partisans.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These were early days; as yet Critias was of one mind with Theramenes, and
+      the two were friends. But the time came when, in proportion as Critias was
+      ready to rush headlong into wholesale carnage, like one who thirsted for
+      the blood of the democracy, which had banished him, Theramenes balked and
+      thwarted him. It was barely reasonable, he argued, to put people to death,
+      who had never done a thing wrong to respectable people in their lives,
+      simply because they had enjoyed influence and honour under the democracy.
+      "Why, you and I, Critias," he would add, "have said and done many things
+      ere now for the sake of popularity." To which the other (for the terms of
+      friendly intimacy still subsisted) would retort, "There is no choice left
+      to us, since we intend to take the lion's share, but to get rid of those
+      who are best able to hinder us. If you imagine, because we are thirty
+      instead of one, our government requires one whit the less careful guarding
+      than an actual tyranny, you must be very innocent."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So things went on. Day after day the list of persons put to death for no
+      just reason grew longer. Day after day the signs of resentment were more
+      significant in the groups of citizens banding together and forecasting the
+      character of this future constitution; till at length Theramenes spoke
+      again, protesting:&mdash;There was no help for it but to associate with
+      themselves a sufficient number of persons in the conduct of affairs, or
+      the oligarchy would certainly come to an end. Critias and the rest of the
+      Thirty, whose fears had already converted Theramenes into a dangerous
+      popular idol, proceeded at once to draw up a list of three thousand
+      citizens; fit and proper persons to have a share in the conduct of
+      affairs. But Theramenes was not wholly satisfied, "indeed he must say, for
+      himself, he regarded it as ridiculous, that in their effort to associate
+      the better classes with themselves in power, they should fix on just that
+      particular number, three thousand, as if that figure had some necessary
+      connection with the exact number of gentlemen in the State, making it
+      impossible to discover any respectability outside or rascality within the
+      magic number. And in the second place," he continued, "I see we are trying
+      to do two things, diametrically opposed; we are manufacturing a
+      government, which is based on force, and at the same time inferior in
+      strength to those whom we propose to govern." That was what he said, but
+      what his colleagues did, was to institute a military inspection or review.
+      The Three Thousand were drawn up in the Agora, and the rest of the
+      citizens, who were not included in the list, elsewhere in various quarters
+      of the city. The order to take arms was given; (7) but while the men's
+      backs were turned, at the bidding of the Thirty, the Laconian guards, with
+      those of the citizens who shared their views, appeared on the scene and
+      took away the arms of all except the Three Thousand, carried them up to
+      the Acropolis, and safely deposited them in the temple.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) Or, "a summons to the 'place d'armes' was given; but." Or, "the
+    order to seize the arms was given, and." It is clear from
+    Aristoph. "Acharn." 1050, that the citizens kept their weapons at
+    home. On the other hand, it was a custom not to come to any
+    meeting in arms. See Thuc. vi. 58. It seems probable that while
+    the men were being reviewed in the market-place and elsewhere, the
+    ruling party gave orders to seize their weapons (which they had
+    left at home), and this was done except in the case of the Three
+    Thousand. Cf. Arnold, "Thuc." II. 2. 5; and IV. 91.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The ground being thus cleared, as it were, and feeling that they had it in
+      their power to do what they pleased, they embarked on a course of
+      wholesale butchery, to which many were sacrificed to the merest hatred,
+      many to the accident of possessing riches. Presently the question rose,
+      How they were to get money to pay their guards? and to meet this
+      difficulty a resolution was passed empowering each of the committee to
+      seize on one of the resident aliens apiece, to put his victim to death,
+      and to confiscate his property. Theramenes was invited, or rather told to
+      seize some one or other. "Choose whom you will, only let it be done." To
+      which he made answer, it hardly seemed to him a noble or worthy course on
+      the part of those who claimed to be the elite of society to go beyond the
+      informers (8) in injustice. "Yesterday they, to-day we; with this
+      difference, the victim of the informer must live as a source of income;
+      our innocents must die that we may get their wealth. Surely their method
+      was innocent in comparison with ours."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) See above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The rest of the Thirty, who had come to regard Theramenes as an obstacle
+      to any course they might wish to adopt, proceeded to plot against him.
+      They addressed themselves to the members of the senate in private, here a
+      man and there a man, and denounced him as the marplot of the constitution.
+      Then they issued an order to the young men, picking out the most audacious
+      characters they could find, to be present, each with a dagger hidden in
+      the hollow of the armpit; and so called a meeting of the senate. When
+      Theramenes had taken his place, Critias got up and addressed the meeting:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If," said he, "any member of this council, here seated, imagines that an
+      undue amount of blood has been shed, let me remind him that with changes
+      of constitution such things can not be avoided. It is the rule everywhere,
+      but more particularly at Athens it was inevitable there should be found a
+      specially large number of persons sworn foes to any constitutional change
+      in the direction of oligarchy, and this for two reasons. First, because
+      the population of this city, compared with other Hellenic cities, is
+      enormously large; and again, owing to the length of time during which the
+      people has battened upon liberty. Now, as to two points we are clear. The
+      first is that democracy is a form of government detestable to persons like
+      ourselves&mdash;to us and to you; the next is that the people of Athens
+      could never be got to be friendly to our friends and saviours, the
+      Lacedaemonians. But on the loyalty of the better classes the
+      Lacedaemonians can count. And that is our reason for establishing an
+      oligarchical constitution with their concurrence. That is why we do our
+      best to rid us of every one whom we perceive to be opposed to the
+      oligarchy; and, in our opinion, if one of ourselves should elect to
+      undermine this constitution of ours, he would deserve punishment. Do you
+      not agree? And the case," he continued, "is no imaginary one. The offender
+      is here present&mdash;Theramenes. And what we say of him is, that he is
+      bent upon destroying yourselves and us by every means in his power. These
+      are not baseless charges; but if you will consider it, you will find them
+      amply established in this unmeasured censure of the present posture of
+      affairs, and his persistent opposition to us, his colleagues, if ever we
+      seek to get rid of any of these demagogues. Had this been his guiding
+      principle of action from the beginning, in spite of hostility, at least he
+      would have escaped all imputation of villainy. Why, this is the very man
+      who originated our friendly and confidential relations with Lacedaemon.
+      This is the very man who authorised the abolition of the democracy, who
+      urged us on to inflict punishment on the earliest batch of prisoners
+      brought before us. But to-day all is changed; now you and we are out of
+      odour with the people, and he accordingly has ceased to be pleased with
+      our proceedings. The explanation is obvious. In case of a catastrophe, how
+      much pleasanter for him once again to light upon his legs, and leave us to
+      render account for our past performances.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I contend that this man is fairly entitled to render his account also,
+      not only as an ordinary enemy, but as a traitor to yourselves and us. And
+      let us add, not only is treason more formidable than open war, in
+      proportion as it is harder to guard against a hidden assassin than an open
+      foe, but it bears the impress of a more enduring hostility, inasmuch as
+      men fight their enemies and come to terms with them again and are fast
+      friends; but whoever heard of reconciliation with a traitor? There he
+      stands unmasked; he has forfeited our confidence for evermore. But to show
+      you that these are no new tactics of his, to prove to you that he is a
+      traitor in grain, I will recall to your memories some points in his past
+      history.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "He began by being held in high honour by the democracy; but taking a leaf
+      out of his father's, Hagnon's, book, he next showed a most headlong
+      anxiety to transform the democracy into the Four Hundred, and, in fact,
+      for a time held the first place in that body. But presently, detecting the
+      formation of rival power to the oligarchs, round he shifted; and we find
+      him next a ringleader of the popular party in assailing them. It must be
+      admitted, he has well earned his nickname 'Buskin.' (9) Yes, Theramenes!
+      clever you may be, but the man who deserves to live should not show his
+      cleverness in leading on his associates into trouble, and when some
+      obstacle presents itself, at once veer round; but like a pilot on
+      shipboard, he ought then to redouble his efforts, until the wind is fair.
+      Else, how in the name of wonderment are those mariners to reach the haven
+      where they would be, if at the first contrary wind or tide they turn about
+      and sail in the opposite direction? Death and destruction are concomitants
+      of constitutional changes and revolution, no doubt; but you are such an
+      impersonation of change, that, as you twist and turn and double, you deal
+      destruction on all sides. At one swoop you are the ruin of a thousand
+      oligarchs at the hands of the people, and at another of a thousand
+      democrats at the hands of the better classes. Why, sirs, this is the man
+      to whom the orders were given by the generals, in the sea-fight off
+      Lesbos, to pick up the crews of the disabled vessels; and who, neglecting
+      to obey orders, turned round and accused the generals; and to save himself
+      murdered them! What, I ask you, of a man who so openly studied the art of
+      self-seeking, deaf alike to the pleas of honour and to the claims of
+      friendship? Would not leniency towards such a creature be misplaced? Can
+      it be our duty at all to spare him? Ought we not rather, when we know the
+      doublings of his nature, to guard against them, lest we enable him
+      presently to practise on ourselves? The case is clear. We therefore hereby
+      cite this man before you, as a conspirator and traitor against yourselves
+      and us. The reasonableness of our conduct, one further reflection may make
+      clear. No one, I take it, will dispute the splendour, the perfection of
+      the Laconian constitution. Imagine one of the ephors there in Sparta, in
+      lieu of devoted obedience to the majority, taking on himself to find fault
+      with the government and to oppose all measures. Do you not think that the
+      ephors themselves, and the whole commonwealth besides, would hold this
+      renegade worthy of condign punishment? So, too, by the same token, if you
+      are wise, do you spare yourselves, not him. For what does the alternative
+      mean? I will tell you. His preservation will cause the courage of many who
+      hold opposite views to your own to rise; his destruction will cut off the
+      last hopes of all your enemies, whether within or without the city."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) An annotator seems to have added here the words, occurring in the
+    MSS., "the buskin which seems to fit both legs equally, but is
+    constant to neither," unless, indeed, they are an original
+    "marginal note" of the author. For the character of Theramenes, as
+    popularly conceived, cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 538, 968 foll., and
+    Thuc. viii. 92; and Prof. Jowett, "Thuc." vol. ii. pp. 523, 524.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With these words he sat down, but Theramenes rose and said: "Sirs, with
+      your permission I will first touch upon the charge against me which
+      Critias has mentioned last. The assertion is that as the accuser of the
+      generals I was their murderer. Now I presume it was not I who began the
+      attack upon them, but it was they who asserted that in spite of the orders
+      given me I had neglected to pick up the unfortunates in the sea-fight off
+      Lesbos. All I did was to defend myself. My defence was that the storm was
+      too violent to permit any vessel to ride at sea, much more therefore to
+      pick up the men, and this defence was accepted by my fellow-citizens as
+      highly reasonable, while the generals seemed to be condemned out of their
+      own mouths. For while they kept on asserting that it was possible to save
+      the men, the fact still remained that they abandoned them to their fate,
+      set sail, and were gone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "However, I am not surprised, I confess, at this grave misconception (10)
+      on the part of Critias, for at the date of these occurrences he was not in
+      Athens. He was away in Thessaly, laying the foundations of a democracy
+      with Prometheus, and arming the Penestae (11) against their masters.
+      Heaven forbid that any of his transactions there should be re-enacted
+      here. However, I must say, I do heartily concur with him on one point.
+      Whoever desires to exclude you from the government, or to strength the
+      hands of your secret foes, deserves and ought to meet with condign
+      punishment; but who is most capable of so doing? That you will best
+      discover, I think, by looking a little more closely into the past and the
+      present conduct of each of us. Well, then! up to the moment at which you
+      were formed into a senatorial body, when the magistracies were appointed,
+      and certain notorious 'informers' were brought to trial, we all held the
+      same views. But later on, when our friends yonder began to hale
+      respectable honest folk to prison and to death, I, on my side, began to
+      differ from them. From the moment when Leon of Salamis, (12) a man of high
+      and well-deserved reputation, was put to death, though he had not
+      committed the shadow of a crime, I knew that all his equals must tremble
+      for themselves, and, so trembling, be driven into opposition to the new
+      constitution. In the same way, when Niceratus, (13) the son of Nicias, was
+      arrested; a wealthy man, who, no more than his father, had never done
+      anything that could be called popular or democratic in his life; it did
+      not require much insight to discover that his compeers would be converted
+      into our foes. But to go a step further: when it came to Antiphon (14)
+      falling at our hands&mdash;Antiphon, who during the war contributed two
+      fast-sailing men-of-war out of his own resources, it was then plain to me,
+      that all who had ever been zealous and patriotic must eye us with
+      suspicion. Once more I could not help speaking out in opposition to my
+      colleagues when they suggested that each of us ought to seize some one
+      resident alien. (15) For what could be more certain than that their
+      death-warrant would turn the whole resident foreign population into
+      enemies of the constitution. I spoke out again when they insisted on
+      depriving the populace of their arms; it being no part of my creed that we
+      ought to take the strength out of the city; nor, indeed, so far as I could
+      see, had the Lacedaemonians stept between us and destruction merely that
+      we might become a handful of people, powerless to aid them in the day of
+      need. Had that been their object, they might have swept us away to the
+      last man. A few more weeks, or even days, would have sufficed to
+      extinguish us quietly by famine. Nor, again, can I say that the
+      importation of mercenary foreign guards was altogether to my taste, when
+      it would have been so easy for us to add to our own body a sufficient
+      number of fellow-citizens to ensure our supremacy as governors over those
+      we essayed to govern. But when I saw what an army of malcontents this
+      government had raised up within the city walls, besides another daily
+      increasing host of exiles without, I could not but regard the banishment
+      of people like Thrasybulus and Anytus and Alcibiades (16) as impolitic.
+      Had our object been to strengthen the rival power, we could hardly have
+      set about it better than by providing the populace with the competent
+      leaders whom they needed, and the would-be leaders themselves with an army
+      of willing adherents.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Reading with Cobet {paranenomikenai}.
+
+ (11) I.e. serfs&mdash;Penestae being the local name in Thessaly for the
+    villein class. Like the {Eilotes} in Laconia, they were originally
+    a conquered tribe, afterwards increased by prisoners of war, and
+    formed a link between the freemen and born slaves.
+
+ (12) Cf. "Mem." IV. iv. 3; Plat. "Apol." 8. 32.
+
+ (13) Cf. Lysias, "Or." 18. 6.
+
+ (14) Probably the son of Lysidonides. See Thirlwall, "Hist. of
+    Greece," vol. iv. p. 179 (ed. 1847); also Lysias, "Or." 12. contra
+    Eratosth. According to Lysias, Theramenes, when a member of the
+    first Oligarchy, betrayed his own closest friends, Antiphon and
+    Archeptolemus. See Prof. Jebb, "Attic Orators," I. x. p. 266.
+
+ (15) The resident aliens, or {metoikoi}, "metics," so technically
+    called.
+
+ (16) Isocr. "De Bigis," 355; and Prof. Jebb's "Attic Orators," ii.
+    230. In the defence of his father's career, which the younger
+    Alcibiades, the defendant in this case (B.C. 397 probably) has
+    occasion to make, he reminds the court, that under the Thirty,
+    others were banished from Athens, but his father was driven out of
+    the civilised world of Hellas itself, and finally murdered. See
+    Plutarch, "Alcibiades," ad fin.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "I ask then is the man who tenders such advice in the full light of day
+      justly to be regarded as a traitor, and not as a benefactor? Surely
+      Critias, the peacemaker, the man who hinders the creation of many enemies,
+      whose counsels tend to the acquistion of yet more friends, (17) cannot be
+      accused of strengthening the hands of the enemy. Much more truly may the
+      imputation be retorted on those who wrongfully appropriate their
+      neighbours' goods and put to death those who have done no wrong. These are
+      they who cause our adversaries to grow and multiply, and who in very truth
+      are traitors, not to their friends only, but to themselves, spurred on by
+      sordid love of gain.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) Or, "the peacemaker, the healer of differences, the cementer of
+    new alliances, cannot," etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "I might prove the truth of what I say in many ways, but I beg you to look
+      at the matter thus. With which condition of affairs here in Athens do you
+      think will Thrasybulus and Anytus and the other exiles be the better
+      pleased? That which I have pictured as desirable, or that which my
+      colleagues yonder are producing? For my part I cannot doubt but that, as
+      things now are, they are saying to themselves, 'Our allies muster thick
+      and fast.' But were the real strength, the pith and fibre of this city,
+      kindly disposed to us, they would find it an uphill task even to get a
+      foothold anywhere in the country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Then, with regard to what he said of me and my propensity to be for ever
+      changing sides, let me draw your attention to the following facts. Was it
+      not the people itself, the democracy, who voted the constitution of the
+      Four Hundred? This they did, because they had learned to think that the
+      Lacedaemonians would trust any other form of government rather than a
+      democracy. But when the efforts of Lacedaemon were not a whit relaxed,
+      when Aristoteles, Melanthius, and Aristarchus, (18) and the rest of them
+      acting as generals, were plainly minded to construct an intrenched
+      fortress on the mole for the purpose of admitting the enemy, and so
+      getting the city under the power of themselves and their associates; (19)
+      because I got wind of these schemes, and nipped them in the bud, is that
+      to be a traitor to one's friends?
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Cf. Thuc. viii. 90-92, for the behaviour of the Lacedaemonian
+    party at Athens and the fortification of Eetioneia in B.C. 411.
+
+ (19) I.e. of the political clubs.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Then he threw in my teeth the nickname 'Buskin,' as descriptive of an
+      endeavour on my part to fit both parties. But what of the man who pleases
+      neither? What in heaven's name are we to call him? Yes! you&mdash;Critias?
+      Under the democracy you were looked upon as the most arrant hater of the
+      people, and under the aristocracy you have proved yourself the bitterest
+      foe of everything respectable. Yes! Critias, I am, and ever have been, a
+      foe of those who think that a democracy cannot reach perfection until
+      slaves and those who, from poverty, would sell the city for a drachma, can
+      get their drachma a day. (20) But not less am I, and ever have been, a
+      pronounced opponent of those who do not think there can possibly exist a
+      perfect oligarchy until the State is subjected to the despotism of a few.
+      On the contrary, my own ambition has been to combine with those who are
+      rich enough to possess a horse and shield, and to use them for the benefit
+      of the State. (21) That was my ideal in the old days, and I hold to it
+      without a shadow of turning still. If you can imagine when and where, in
+      conjunction with despots or demagogues, I have set to my hand to deprive
+      honest gentlefolk of their citizenship, pray speak. If you can convict me
+      of such crimes at present, or can prove my perpetration of them in the
+      past, I admit that I deserve to die, and by the worst of deaths."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) I.e. may enjoy the senatorial stipend of a drachma a day = 9 3/4
+    pence.
+
+ (21) See Thuc. viii. 97, for a momentary realisation of that "duly
+    attempered compound of Oligarchy and Democracy" which Thucydides
+    praises, and which Theramenes here refers to. It threw the power
+    into the hands of the wealthier upper classes to the exclusion of
+    the {nautikos okhlos}. See Prof. Jowett, vol. ii. note, ad loc.
+    cit.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With these words he ceased, and the loud murmur of the applause which
+      followed marked the favourable impression produced upon the senate. It was
+      plain to Critias, that if he allowed his adversary's fate to be decided by
+      formal voting, Theramenes would escape, and life to himself would become
+      intolerable. Accordingly he stepped forward and spoke a word or two in the
+      ears of the Thirty. This done, he went out and gave an order to the
+      attendants with the daggers to stand close to the bar in full view of the
+      senators. Again he entered and addressed the senate thus: "I hold it to be
+      the duty of a good president, when he sees the friends about him being
+      made the dupes of some delusion, to intervene. That at any rate is what I
+      propose to do. Indeed our friends here standing by the bar say that if we
+      propose to acquit a man so openly bent upon the ruin of the oligarchy,
+      they do not mean to let us do so. Now there is a clause in the new code
+      forbidding any of the Three Thousand to be put to death without your vote;
+      but the Thirty have power of life and death over all outside that list.
+      Accordingly," he proceeded, "I herewith strike this man, Theramenes, off
+      the list; and this with the concurrence of my colleagues. And now," he
+      continued, "we condemn him to death."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hearing these words Theramenes sprang upon the altar of Hestia,
+      exclaiming: "And I, sirs, supplicate you for the barest forms of law and
+      justice. Let it not be in the power of Critias to strike off either me, or
+      any one of you whom he will. But in my case, in what may be your case, if
+      we are tried, let our trial be in accordance with the law they have made
+      concerning those on the list. I know," he added, "but too well, that this
+      altar will not protect me; but I will make it plain that these men are as
+      impious towards the gods as they are nefarious towards men. Yet I do
+      marvel, good sirs and honest gentlemen, for so you are, that you will not
+      help yourselves, and that too when you must see that the name of every one
+      of you is as easily erased as mine."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when he had got so far, the voice of the herald was heard giving the
+      order to the Eleven to seize Theramenes. They at that instant entered with
+      their satellites&mdash;at their head Satyrus, the boldest and most
+      shameless of the body&mdash;and Critias exclaimed, addressing the Eleven,
+      "We deliver over to you Theramenes yonder, who has been condemned
+      according to the law. Do you take him and lead him away to the proper
+      place, and do there with him what remains to do." As Critias uttered the
+      words, Satyrus laid hold upon Theramenes to drag him from the altar, and
+      the attendants lent their aid. But he, as was natural, called upon gods
+      and men to witness what was happening. The senators the while kept
+      silence, seeing the companions of Satyrus at the bar, and the whole front
+      of the senate house crowded with the foreign guards, nor did they need to
+      be told that there were daggers in reserve among those present.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And so Theramenes was dragged through the Agora, in vehement and loud
+      tones proclaiming the wrongs that he was suffering. One word, which is
+      said to have fallen from his lips, I cite. It is this: Satyrus, bade him
+      "Be silent, or he would rue the day;" to which he made answer, "And if I
+      be silent, shall I not rue it?" Also, when they brought him the hemlock,
+      and the time was come to drink the fatal draught, they tell how he
+      playfully jerked out the dregs from the bottom of the cup, like one who
+      plays "Cottabos," (22) with the words, "This to the lovely Critias." These
+      are but "apophthegms" (23) too trivial, it may be thought, to find a place
+      in history. Yet I must deem it an admirable trait in this man's character,
+      if at such a moment, when death confronted him, neither his wits forsook
+      him, nor could the childlike sportiveness vanish from his soul.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) "A Sicilian game much in vogue at the drinking parties of young
+    men at Athens. The simplest mode was when each threw the wine left
+    in his cup so as to strike smartly in a metal basin, at the same
+    time invoking his mistress's name; if all fell into the basin and
+    the sound was clear, it was a sign he stood well with her."&mdash;
+    Liddell and Scott, sub. v. For the origin of the game compare
+    curiously enough the first line of the first Elegy of Critias
+    himself, who was a poet and political philosopher, as well as a
+    politician:&mdash;
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "{Kottabos ek Sikeles esti khthonos, euprepes ergon on skopon es latagon
+      toxa kathistametha.}" Bergk. "Poetae Lyr. Graec." Pars II. xxx.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) Or, "these are sayings too slight, perhaps, to deserve record;
+    yet," etc. By an "apophthegm" was meant originally a terse
+    (sententious) remark, but the word has somewhat altered in
+    meaning.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So Theramenes met his death; and, now that this obstacle was removed, the
+      Thirty, feeling that they had it in their power to play the tyrant without
+      fear, issued an order forbidding all, whose names were not on the list, to
+      set foot within the city. Retirement in the country districts was no
+      protection, thither the prosecutor followed them, and thence dragged them,
+      that their farms and properties might fall to the possession of the Thirty
+      and their friends. Even Piraeus was not safe; of those who sought refuge
+      there, many were driven forth in similar fashion, until Megara and Thebes
+      overflowed with the crowd of refugees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Presently Thrasybulus, with about seventy followers, sallied out from
+      Thebes, and made himself master of the fortress of Phyle. (1) The weather
+      was brilliant, and the Thirty marched out of the city to repel the
+      invader; with them were the Three Thousand and the Knights. When they
+      reached the place, some of the young men, in the foolhardiness of youth,
+      made a dash at the fortress, but without effect; all they got was wounds,
+      and so retired. The intention of the Thirty now was to blockade the place;
+      by shutting off all the avenues of supplies, they thought to force the
+      garrison to capitulate. But this project was interrupted by a steady
+      downfall of snow that night and the following day. Baffled by this
+      all-pervading enemy they beat a retreat to the city, but not without the
+      sacrifice of many of their camp-followers, who fell a prey to the men in
+      Phyle. The next anxiety of the government in Athens was to secure the
+      farms and country houses against the plunderings and forays to which they
+      would be exposed, if there were no armed force to protect them. With this
+      object a protecting force was despatched to the "boundary estates," (2)
+      about two miles south of Phyle. This corps consisted of the Lacedaemonian
+      guards, or nearly all of them, and two divisions of horse. (3) They
+      encamped in a wild and broken district, and the round of their duties
+      commenced.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) "A strong fortress (the remains of which still exist) commanding
+    the narrow pass across Mount Parnes, through which runs the direct
+    road from Thebes to Athens, past Acharnae. The precipitous rock on
+    which it stands can only be approached by a ridge on the eastern
+    side. The height commands a magnificent view of the whole Athenian
+    plain, of the city itself, of Mount Hymettus, and the Saronic
+    Gulf,"&mdash;"Dict. of Geog., The demi of the Diacria and Mount
+    Parnes."
+
+ (2) Cf. Boeckh, "P. E. A." p. 63, Eng. ed.
+
+ (3) Lit. tribes, each of the ten tribes furnishing about one hundred
+    horse.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But by this time the small garrison above them had increased tenfold,
+      until there were now something like seven hundred men collected in Phyle;
+      and with these Thrasybulus one night descended. When he was not quite half
+      a mile from the enemy's encampment he grounded arms, and a deep silence
+      was maintained until it drew towards day. In a little while the men
+      opposite, one by one, were getting to their legs or leaving the camp for
+      necessary purposes, while a suppressed din and murmur arose, caused by the
+      grooms currying and combing their horses. This was the moment for
+      Thrasybulus and his men to snatch up their arms and make a dash at the
+      enemy's position. Some they felled on the spot; and routing the whole
+      body, pursued them six or seven furlongs, killing one hundred and twenty
+      hoplites and more. Of the cavalry, Nicostratus, "the beautiful," as men
+      called him, and two others besides were slain; they were caught while
+      still in their beds. Returning from the pursuit, the victors set up a
+      trophy, got together all the arms they had taken, besides baggage, and
+      retired again to Phyle. A reinforcement of horse sent from the city could
+      not discover the vestige of a foe; but waited on the scene of battle until
+      the bodies of the slain had been picked up by their relatives, when they
+      withdrew again to the city.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this the Thirty, who had begun to realise the insecurity of their
+      position, were anxious to appropriate Eleusis, so that an asylum might be
+      ready for them against the day of need. With this view an order was issued
+      to the Knights; and Critias, with the rest of the Thirty, visited Eleusis.
+      There they held a review of the Eleusians in the presence of the Knights;
+      (4) and, on the pretext of wishing to discover how many they were, and how
+      large a garrison they would further require, they ordered the townsfolk to
+      enter their names. As each man did so he had to retire by a postern
+      leading to the sea. But on the sea-beach this side there were lines of
+      cavalry drawn up in waiting, and as each man appeared he was handcuffed by
+      the satellites of the Thirty. When all had so been seized and secured,
+      they gave orders to Lysimachus, the commander of the cavalry, to take them
+      off to the city and deliver them over to the Eleven. Next day they
+      summoned the heavy armed who were on the list, and the rest of the Knights
+      (5) to the Odeum, and Critias rose and addressed them. He said: "Sirs, the
+      constitution, the lines of which we are laying down, is a work undertaken
+      in your interests no less than ours; it is incumbent on you therefore to
+      participate in its dangers, even as you will partake of its honours. We
+      expect you therefore, in reference to these Eleusians here, who have been
+      seized and secured, to vote their condemnation, so that our hopes and
+      fears may be identical." Then, pointing to a particular spot, he said
+      peremptorily, "You will please deposit your votes there within sight of
+      all." It must be understood that the Laconian guards were present at the
+      time, and armed to the teeth, and filling one-half of the Odeum. As to the
+      proceedings themselves, they found acceptance with those members of the
+      State, besides the Thirty, who could be satisfied with a simple policy of
+      self-aggrandisement.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Or, "in the cavalry quarters," cf. {en tois ikhthusin} = in the
+    fish market. Or, "at the review of the horse."
+
+ (5) For the various Odeums at Athens vide Prof. Jebb, "Theophr."
+    xviii. 235, 236. The one here named was near the fountain
+    Callirhoe by the Ilissus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But now Thrasybulus at the head of his followers, by this time about one
+      thousand strong, descended from Phyle and reached Piraeus in the night.
+      The Thirty, on their side, informed of this new move, were not slow to
+      rally to the rescue, with the Laconian guards, supported by their own
+      cavalry and hoplites. And so they advanced, marching down along the broad
+      carriage road which leads into Piraeus. The men from Phyle seemed at first
+      inclined to dispute their passage, but as the wide circuit of the walls
+      needed a defence beyond the reach of their still scanty numbers, they fell
+      back in a compact body upon Munychia. (6) Then the troops from the city
+      poured into the Agora of Hippodmus. (7) Here they formed in line,
+      stretching along and filling the street which leads to the temple of
+      Artemis and the Bendideum. (8) This line must have been at least fifty
+      shields deep; and in this formation they at once began to march up. As to
+      the men of Phyle, they too blocked the street at the opposite end, and
+      facing the foe. They presented only a thin line, not more than ten deep,
+      though behind these, certainly, were ranged a body of targeteers and
+      light-armed javelin men, who were again supported by an artillery of
+      stone-throwers&mdash;a tolerably numerous division drawn from the
+      population of the port and district itself. While his antagonists were
+      still advancing, Thrasybulus gave the order to ground their heavy shields,
+      and having done so himself, whilst retaining the rest of his arms, he
+      stood in the midst, and thus addressed them: "Men and fellow-citizens, I
+      wish to inform some, and to remind others of you, that of the men you see
+      advancing beneath us there, the right division are the very men we routed
+      and pursued only five days ago; while on the extreme left there you see
+      the Thirty. These are the men who have not spared to rob us of our city,
+      though we did no wrong; who have hounded us from our homes; who have set
+      the seal of proscription on our dearest friends. But to-day the wheel of
+      fortune has revolved; that has come about which least of all they looked
+      for, which most of all we prayed for. Here we stand with our good swords
+      in our hands, face to face with our foes; and the gods themselves are with
+      us, seeing that we were arrested in the midst of our peaceful pursuits; at
+      any moment, whilst we supped, or slept, or marketed, sentence of
+      banishment was passed upon us: we had done no wrong&mdash;nay, many of us
+      were not even resident in the country. To-day, therefore, I repeat, the
+      gods do visibly fight upon our side; the great gods, who raise a tempest
+      even in the midst of calm for our benefit, and when we lay to our hand to
+      fight, enable our little company to set up the trophy of victory over the
+      multitude of our foes. On this day they have brought us hither to a place
+      where the steep ascent must needs hinder our foes from reaching with lance
+      or arrow further than our foremost ranks; but we with our volley of spears
+      and arrows and stones cannot fail to reach them with terrible effect. Had
+      we been forced to meet them vanguard to vanguard, on an equal footing, who
+      could have been surprised? But as it is, all I say to you is, let fly your
+      missiles with a will in right brave style. No one can miss his mark when
+      the road is full of them. To avoid our darts they must be for ever ducking
+      and skulking beneath their shields; but we will rain blows upon them in
+      their blindness; we will leap upon them and lay them low. But, O sirs! let
+      me call upon you so to bear yourselves that each shall be conscious to
+      himself that victory was won by him and him alone. Victory&mdash;which,
+      God willing, shall this day restore to us the land of our fathers, our
+      homes, our freedom, and the rewards of civic life, our children, if
+      children we have, our darlings, and our wives! Thrice happy those among us
+      who as conquerors shall look upon this gladdest of all days. Nor less
+      fortunate the man who falls to-day. Not all the wealth in the world shall
+      purchase him a monument so glorious. At the right instant I will strike
+      the keynote of the paean; then, with an invocation to the God of battle,
+      (9) and in return for the wanton insults they put upon us, let us with one
+      accord wreak vengeance on yonder men."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) The citadel quarter of Piraeus.
+
+ (7) Named after the famous architect Hippodamus, who built the town.
+    It was situated near where the two long walls joined the wall of
+    Piraeus; a broad street led from it up to the citadel of Munychia.
+
+ (8) I.e. the temple of Bendis (the Thracian Artemis). Cf. Plat. "Rep."
+    327, 354; and Prof. Jowett, "Plato," vol. iii. pp. 193, 226.
+
+ (9) Lit. "Enyalius," in Homer an epithet of Ares; at another date (cf.
+    Aristoph. "Peace," 456) looked upon as a distinct divinity.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Having so spoken, he turned round, facing the foemen, and kept quiet, for
+      the order passed by the soothsayer enjoined on them, not to charge before
+      one of their side was slain or wounded. "As soon as that happens," said
+      the seer, "we will lead you onwards, and the victory shall be yours; but
+      for myself, if I err not, death is waiting." And herein he spoke truly,
+      for they had barely resumed their arms when he himself as though he were
+      driven by some fatal hand, leapt out in front of the ranks, and so
+      springing into the midst of the foe, was slain, and lies now buried at the
+      passage of the Cephisus. But the rest were victorious, and pursued the
+      routed enemy down to the level ground. There fell in this engagement, out
+      of the number of the Thirty, Critias himself and Hippomachus, and with
+      them Charmides, (10) the son of Glaucon, one of the ten archons in
+      Piraeus, and of the rest about seventy men. The arms of the slain were
+      taken; but, as fellow-citizens, the conquerors forebore to despoil them of
+      their coats. This being done, they proceeded to give back the dead under
+      cover of a truce, when the men, on either side, in numbers stept forward
+      and conversed with one another. Then Cleocritus (he was the Herald of the
+      Initiated, (11) a truly "sweet-voiced herald," if ever there was), caused
+      a deep silence to reign, and addressed their late combatants as follows:
+      "Fellow-citizens&mdash;Why do you drive us forth? why would you slay us?
+      what evil have we wrought you at any time? or is it a crime that we have
+      shared with you in the most solemn rites and sacrifices, and in festivals
+      of the fairest: we have been companions in the chorus, the school, the
+      army. We have braved a thousand dangers with you by land and sea in behalf
+      of our common safety, our common liberty. By the gods of our fathers, by
+      the gods of our mothers, by the hallowed names of kinship, intermarriage,
+      comradeship, those three bonds which knit the hearts of so many of us, bow
+      in reverence before God and man, and cease to sin against the land of our
+      fathers: cease to obey these most unhallowed Thirty, who for the sake of
+      private gain have in eight months slain almost more men than the
+      Peloponnesians together in ten years of warfare. See, we have it in our
+      power to live as citizens in peace; it is only these men, who lay upon us
+      this most foul burthen, this hideous horror of fratricidal war, loathed of
+      God and man. Ah! be well assured, for these men slain by our hands this
+      day, ye are not the sole mourners. There are among them some whose deaths
+      have wrung from us also many a bitter tear."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) He was cousin to Critias, and uncle by the mother's side to
+    Plato, who introduces him in the dialogue, which bears his name
+    (and treats of Temperance), as a very young man at the beginning
+    of the Peloponnesian War. We hear more of him also from Xenophon
+    himself in the "Memorabilia," iii. 6. 7; and as one of the
+    interlocutors in the "Symposium."
+
+ (11) I.e. of the Eleusinian mysteries. He had not only a loud voice,
+    but a big body. Cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 1237.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So he spoke, but the officers and leaders of the defeated army who were
+      left, unwilling that their troops should listen to such topics at that
+      moment, led them back to the city. But the next day the Thirty, in deep
+      down-heartedness and desolation, sat in the council chamber. The Three
+      Thousand, wherever their several divisions were posted, were everywhere a
+      prey to discord. Those who were implicated in deeds of violence, and whose
+      fears could not sleep, protested hotly that to yield to the party in
+      Piraeus were preposterous. Those on the other hand who had faith in their
+      own innocence, argued in their own minds, and tried to convince their
+      neighbours that they could well dispense with most of their present evils.
+      "Why yield obedience to these Thirty?" they asked, "Why assign to them the
+      privilege of destroying the State?" In the end they voted a resolution to
+      depose the government, and to elect another. This was a board of ten,
+      elected one from each tribe.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 403. As to the Thirty, they retired to Eleusis; but the Ten, assisted
+      by the cavalry officers, had enough to do to keep watch over the men in
+      the city, whose anarchy and mutual distrust were rampant. The Knights did
+      not return to quarters at night, but slept out in the Odeum, keeping their
+      horses and shields close beside them; indeed the distrust was so great
+      that from evening onwards they patrolled the walls on foot with their
+      shields, and at break of day mounted their horses, at every moment fearing
+      some sudden attack upon them by the men in Piraeus. These latter were now
+      so numerous, and of so mixed a company, that it was difficult to find arms
+      for all. Some had to be content with shields of wood, others of
+      wicker-work, which they spent their time in coating with whitening. Before
+      ten days had elapsed guarantees were given, securing full citizenship,
+      with equality of taxation and tribute to all, even foreigners, who would
+      take part in the fighting. Thus they were presently able to take the
+      field, with large detachments both of heavy infantry and light-armed
+      troops, besides a division of cavalry, about seventy in number. Their
+      system was to push forward foraging parties in quest of wood and fruits,
+      returning at nightfall to Piraeus. Of the city party no one ventured to
+      take the field under arms; only, from time to time, the cavalry would
+      capture stray pillagers from Piraeus or inflict some damage on the main
+      body of their opponents. Once they fell in with a party belonging to the
+      deme Aexone, (12) marching to their own farms in search of provisions.
+      These, in spite of many prayers for mercy and the strong disapprobation of
+      many of the knights, were ruthlessly slaughtered by Lysimachus, the
+      general of cavalry. The men of Piraeus retaliated by putting to death a
+      horseman, named Callistratus, of the tribe Leontis, whom they captured in
+      the country. Indeed their courage ran so high at present that they even
+      meditated an assault upon the city walls. And here perhaps the reader will
+      pardon the record of a somewhat ingenious device on the part of the city
+      engineer, who, aware of the enemy's intention to advance his batteries
+      along the racecourse, which slopes from the Lyceum, had all the carts and
+      waggons which were to be found laden with blocks of stone, each one a
+      cartload in itself, and so sent them to deposit their freights "pele-mele"
+      on the course in question. The annoyance created by these separate blocks
+      of stone was enormous, and quite out of proportion to the simplicity of
+      the contrivance.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) On the coast south of Phalerum, celebrated for its fisheries. Cf.
+    "Athen." vii. 325.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But it was to Lacedaemon that men's eyes now turned. The Thirty despatched
+      one set of ambassadors from Eleusis, while another set representing the
+      government of the city, that is to say the men on the list, was despatched
+      to summon the Lacedaemonians to their aid, on the plea that the people had
+      revolted from Sparta. At Sparta, Lysander, taking into account the
+      possibility of speedily reducing the party in Piraeus by blockading them
+      by land and sea, and so cutting them off from all supplies, supported the
+      application, and negotiated the loan of one hundred talents (13) to his
+      clients, backed by the appointment of himself as harmost on land, and of
+      his brother, Libys, as admiral of the fleet. And so proceeding to the
+      scene of action at Eleusis, he got together a large body of Peloponnesian
+      hoplites, whilst his brother, the admiral, kept watch and ward by sea to
+      prevent the importation of supplies into Piraeus by water. Thus the men in
+      Piraeus were soon again reduced to their former helplessness, while the
+      ardour of the city folk rose to a proportionally high pitch under the
+      auspices of Lysander.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) 24,375 pounds, reckoning one tal. = 243 pounds 15 shillings.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Things were progressing after this sort when King Pausanias intervened.
+      Touched by a certain envy of Lysander&mdash;(who seemed, by a final stroke
+      of achievement, about to reach the pinnacle of popularity, with Athens
+      laid like a pocket dependency at his feet)&mdash;the king persuaded three
+      of the ephors to support him, and forthwith called out the ban. With him
+      marched contingents of all the allied States, except the Boeotians and
+      Corinthians. These maintained, that to undertake such an expedition
+      against the Athenians, in whose conduct they saw nothing contrary to the
+      treaty, was inconsistent with their oaths. But if that was the language
+      held by them, the secret of their behaviour lay deeper; they seemed to be
+      aware of a desire on the part of the Lacedaemonians to annex the soil of
+      the Athenians and to reduce the state to vassalage. Pausanias encamped on
+      the Halipedon, (14) as the sandy flat is called, with his right wing
+      resting on Piraeus, and Lysander and his mercenaries forming the left. His
+      first act was to send an embassage to the party in Piraeus, calling upon
+      them to retire peacably to their homes; when they refused to obey, he
+      made, as far as mere noise went, the semblance of an attack, with
+      sufficient show of fight to prevent his kindly disposition being too
+      apparent. But gaining nothing by the feint, he was forced to retire. Next
+      day he took two Laconian regiments, with three tribes of Athenian horse,
+      and crossed over to the Mute (15) Harbour, examining the lie of the ground
+      to discover how and where it would be easiest to draw lines of
+      circumvallation round Piraeus. As he turned his back to retire, a party of
+      the enemy sallied out and caused him annoyance. Nettled at the liberty, he
+      ordered the cavalry to charge at the gallop, supported by the
+      ten-year-service (16) infantry, whilst he himself, with the rest of the
+      troops, followed close, holding quietly back in reserve. They cut down
+      about thirty of the enemy's light troops and pursued the rest hotly to the
+      theatre in Piraeus. Here, as chance would have it, the whole light and
+      heavy infantry of the Piraeus men were getting under arms; and in an
+      instant their light troops rushed out and dashed at the assailants; thick
+      and fast flew missiles of all sorts&mdash;javelins, arrows and sling
+      stones. The Lacedaemonians finding the number of their wounded increasing
+      every minute, and sorely called, slowly fell back step by step, eyeing
+      their opponents. These meanwhile resolutely pressed on. Here fell Chaeron
+      and Thibrachus, both polemarchs, here also Lacrates, an Olympic victor,
+      and other Lacedaemonians, all of whom now lie entombed before the city
+      gates in the Ceramicus. (17)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) The Halipedon is the long stretch of flat sandy land between
+    Piraeus Phalerum and the city.
+
+ (15) Perhaps the landlocked creek just round the promontory of
+    Eetioneia, as Leake conjectures, "Topog. of Athens," p. 389. See
+    also Prof. Jowett's note, "Thuc." v. 2; vol. ii. p. 286.
+
+ (16) I.e. who had already seen ten years of service, i.e. over twenty-
+    eight, as the Spartan was eligible to serve at eighteen. Cf. Xen.
+    "Hell." III. iv. 23; VI. iv. 176.
+
+ (17) The outer Ceramicus, "the most beautiful spot outside the walls."
+    Cf. Thuc. ii. 34; through it passes the street of the tombs on the
+    sacred road; and here was the place of burial for all persons
+    honoured with a public funeral. Cf. Arist. "Birds," 395.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Watching how matters went, Thrasybulus began his advance with the whole of
+      his heavy infantry to support his light troops and quickly fell into line
+      eight deep, acting as a screen to the rest of his troops. Pausanias, on
+      his side, had retired, sorely pressed, about half a mile towards a bit of
+      rising ground, where he sent orders to the Lacedaemonians and the other
+      allied troops to bring up reinforcements. Here, on this slope, he reformed
+      his troops, giving his phalanx the full depth, and advanced against the
+      Athenians, who did not hesitate to receive him at close quarters, but
+      presently had to give way; one portion being forced into the mud and clay
+      at Halae, (18) while the others wavered and broke their line; one hundred
+      and fifty of them were left dead on the field, whereupon Pausanias set up
+      a trophy and retired. Not even so, were his feelings embittered against
+      his adversary. On the contrary he sent secretly and instructed the men of
+      Piraeus, what sort of terms they should propose to himself and the ephors
+      in attendance. To this advice they listened. He also fostered a division
+      in the party within the city. A deputation, acting on his orders, sought
+      an audience of him and the ephors. It had all the appearance of a mass
+      meeting. In approaching the Spartan authorities, they had no desire or
+      occasion, they stated, to look upon the men of Piraeus as enemies, they
+      would prefer a general reconciliation and the friendship of both sides
+      with Lacedaemon. The propositions were favourably received, and by no less
+      a person than Nauclidas. He was present as ephor, in accordance with the
+      custom which obliges two members of that board to serve on all military
+      expeditions with the king, and with his colleague shared the political
+      views represented by Pausanias, rather than those of Lysander and his
+      party. Thus the authorities were quite ready to despatch to Lacedaemon the
+      representatives of Piraeus, carrying their terms of truce with the
+      Lacedaemonians, as also two private individuals belonging to the city
+      party, whose names were Cephisophon and Meletus. This double deputation,
+      however, had no sooner set out to Lacedaemon than the "de facto"
+      government of the city followed suit, by sending a third set of
+      representatives to state on their behalf: that they were prepared to
+      deliver up themselves and the fortifications in their possession to the
+      Lacedaemonians, to do with them what they liked. "Are the men of Piraeus,"
+      they asked, "prepared to surrender Piraeus and Munychia in the same way?
+      If they are sincere in their profession of friendship to Lacedaemon, they
+      ought to do so." The ephors and the members of assembly at Sparta (19)
+      gave audience to these several parties, and sent out fifteen commissioners
+      to Athens empowered, in conjunction with Pausanias, to discover the best
+      settlement possible. The terms (20) arrived at were that a general peace
+      between the rival parties should be established, liberty to return to
+      their own homes being granted to all, with the exception of the Thirty,
+      the Eleven, and the Ten who had been governors in Piraeus; but a proviso
+      was added, enabling any of the city party who feared to remain at Athens
+      to find a home in Eleusis.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Halae, the salt marshy ground immediately behind the great
+    harbour of Piraeus, but outside the fortification lines.
+
+ (19) Cf. "Hell." VI. iii. 3, {oi ekkletoi}.
+
+ (20) Cf. Prof. Jebb, "Orators," i. 262, note 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now that everything was happily concluded, Pausanias disbanded his
+      army, and the men from Piraeus marched up under arms into the acropolis
+      and offered sacrifice to Athena. When they were come down, the generals
+      called a meeting of the Ecclesia, (21) and Thrasybulus made a speech in
+      which, addressing the city party, he said: "Men of the city! I have one
+      piece of advice I would tender to you; it is that you should learn to know
+      yourselves, and towards the attainment of that self-knowledge I would have
+      you make a careful computation of your good qualities and satisfy
+      yourselves on the strength of which of these it is that you claim to rule
+      over us. Is it that you are more just than ourselves? Yet the people, who
+      are poorer&mdash;have never wronged you for the purposes of plunder; but
+      you, whose wealth would outweight the whole of ours, have wrought many a
+      shameful deed for the sake of gain. If, then, you have no monopoly of
+      justice, can it be on the score of courage that you are warranted to hold
+      your heads so high? If so, what fairer test of courage will you propose
+      than the arbitrament of war&mdash;the war just ended? Or do you claim
+      superiority of intelligence?&mdash;you, who with all your wealth of arms
+      and walls, money and Peloponnesian allies, have been paralysed by men who
+      had none of these things to aid them! Or is it on these Laconian friends
+      of yours that you pride yourselves? What! when these same friends have
+      dealt by you as men deal by vicious dogs. You know how that is. They put a
+      heavy collar round the neck of the brutes and hand them over muzzled to
+      their masters. So too have the Lacedaemonians handed you over to the
+      people, this very people whom you have injured; and now they have turned
+      their backs and are gone. But" (turning to the mass) "do not misconceive
+      me. It is not for me, sirs, coldly to beg of you, in no respect to violate
+      your solemn undertakings. I go further; I beg you, to crown your list of
+      exploits by one final display of virtue. Show the world that you can be
+      faithful to your oaths, and flawless in your conduct." By these and other
+      kindred arguments he impressed upon them that there was no need for
+      anarchy or disorder, seeing that there were the ancient laws ready for
+      use. And so he broke up (22) the assembly.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) I.e. the Public Assembly, see above; and reading with Sauppe
+    after Cobet {ekklesian epoiesan}, which words are supposed to have
+    dropt out of the MSS. Or, keeping to the MSS., translate "When the
+    generals were come down, Thrasybulus," etc. See next note.
+
+ (22) The Greek words are {antestese ten ekklesian} (an odd phrase for
+    the more technical {eluse} or {dieluse ten ekklesian}). Or,
+    accepting the MSS. reading above (see last note), translate "he
+    set up (i.e. restored) the Assembly." So Mr. J. G. Philpotts, Mr.
+    Herbert Hailstone, and others.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At this auspicious moment, then, they reappointed the several magistrates;
+      the constitution began to work afresh, and civic life was recommenced. At
+      a subsequent period, on receiving information that the party at Eleusis
+      were collecting a body of mercenaries, they marched out with their whole
+      force against them, and put to death their generals, who came out to
+      parley. These removed, they introduced to the others their friends and
+      connections, and so persuaded them to come to terms and be reconciled. The
+      oath they bound themselves by consisted of a simple asseveration: "We will
+      remember past offences no more;" and to this day (23) the two parties live
+      amicably together as good citizens, and the democracy is steadfast to its
+      oaths.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) It would be interesting to know the date at which the author
+    penned these words. Was this portion of the "Hellenica" written
+    before the expedition of Cyrus? i.e. in the interval between the
+    formal restoration of the Democracy, September B.C. 403, and March
+    B.C. 401. The remaining books of the "Hellenica" were clearly
+    written after that expedition, since reference is made to it quite
+    early in Bk. III. i. 2. Practically, then, the first volume of
+    Xenophon's "History of Hellenic Affairs" ends here. This history
+    is resumed in Bk. III. i. 3. after the Cyreian expedition  (of
+    which episode we have a detailed account in the "Anabasis" from
+    March B.C. 401 down to March B.C. 399, when the remnant of the Ten
+    Thousand was handed over to the Spartan general Thibron in Asia).
+    Some incidents belonging to B.C. 402 are referred to in the
+    opening paragraphs of "Hellenica," III. i. 1, 2, but only as an
+    introduction to the new matter; and with regard to the historian
+    himself, it is clear that "a change has come o'er the spirit of
+    his dream." This change of view is marked by a change of style in
+    writing. I have thought it legitimate, under the circumstances, to
+    follow the chronological order of events, and instead of
+    continuing the "Hellenica," at this point to insert the
+    "Anabasis." My next volume will contain the remaining books of the
+    "Hellenica" and the rest of Xenophon's "historical" writings.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 403-402. Thus the civil strife at Athens had an end. At a subsequent
+      date Cyrus sent messengers to Lacedaemon, claiming requital in kind for
+      the service which he had lately rendered in the war with Athens. (1) The
+      demand seemed to the ephorate just and reasonable. Accordingly they
+      ordered Samius, (2) who was admiral at the time, to put himself at the
+      disposition of Cyrus for any service which he might require. Samius
+      himself needed no persuasion to carry out the wishes of Cyrus. With his
+      own fleet, accompanied by that of Cyrus, he sailed round to Cilicia, and
+      so made it impossible for Syennesis, the ruler of that province, to oppose
+      Cyrus by land in his advance against the king his brother.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "what Cyrus himself had been to the Lacedaemonians let the
+    Lacedaemonians in their turn be to Cyrus."
+
+ (2) Samius (Diod. Sic. xiv. 19). But see "Anab." I. iv. 2, where
+    Pythagoras is named as admiral. Possibly the one officer succeeded
+    the other.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 401. The particulars of the expedition are to be found in the pages
+      of the Syracusan Themistogenes, (3) who describes the mustering of the
+      armament, and the advance of Cyrus at the head of his troops; and then the
+      battle, and death of Cyrus himself, and the consequent retreat of the
+      Hellenes while effecting their escape to the sea. (4)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Lit. "as to how then Cyrus collected an army and with it went up
+    against his brother, and how the battle was fought and how he
+    died, and how in the sequel the Hellenes escaped to the sea (all
+    this), is written by (or 'for,' or 'in honour of') Themistogenes
+    the Syracusan." My impression is that Xenophon's "Anabasis," or a
+    portion of the work so named, was edited originally by
+    Themistogenes. See "Philol. Museum," vol. i. p. 489; L. Dindorf,
+    {Xen. Ell.}, Ox. MDCCCLIII., node ad loc. {Themistogenei}. Cf.
+    Diod. Sic. xiv. 19-31, 37, after Ephorus and Theopompus probably.
+
+ (4) At Trapezus, March 10, B.C. 400.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 400. It was in recognition of the service which he had rendered in
+      this affair, that Tissaphernes was despatched to Lower Asia by the king
+      his master. He came as satrap, not only of his own provinces, but of those
+      which had belonged to Cyrus; and he at once demanded the absolute
+      submission of the Ionic cities, without exception, to his authority. These
+      communities, partly from a desire to maintain their freedom, and partly
+      from fear of Tissaphernes himself, whom they had rejected in favour of
+      Cyrus during the lifetime of that prince, were loth to admit the satrap
+      within their gates. They thought it better to send an embassy to the
+      Lacedaemonians, calling upon them as representatives and leaders (5) of
+      the Hellenic world to look to the interests of their petitioners, who were
+      Hellenes also, albeit they lived in Asia, and not to suffer their country
+      to be ravaged and themselves enslaved.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) {Prostatai}, "patrons and protectors."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In answer to this appeal, the Lacedaemonians sent out Thibron (6) as
+      governor, providing him with a body of troops, consisting of one thousand
+      neodamodes (7) (i.e. enfranchised helots) and four thousand
+      Peloponnesians. In addition to these, Thibron himself applied to the
+      Athenians for a detachment of three hundred horse, for whose service-money
+      he would hold himself responsible. The Athenians in answer sent him some
+      of the knights who had served under the Thirty, (8) thinking that the
+      people of Athens would be well rid of them if they went abroad and
+      perished there.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) "As harmost." See "Anab." ad fin.
+
+ (7) See "Hell." I. iii. 15; Thuc. vii. 58.
+
+ (8) See "Hell." II. iv. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 400-399. On their arrival in Asia, Thibron further collected
+      contingents from the Hellenic cities on the continent; for at this time
+      the word of a Lacedaemonian was law. He had only to command, and every
+      city must needs obey. (9) But although he had this armament, Thibron, when
+      he saw the cavalry, had no mind to descend into the plain. If he succeeded
+      in protecting from pillage the particular district in which he chanced to
+      be, he was quite content. It was only when the troops (10) who had taken
+      part in the expedition of Cyrus had joined him on their safe return, that
+      he assumed a bolder attitude. He was now ready to confront Tissaphernes,
+      army against army, on the level ground, and won over a number of cities.
+      Pergamum came in of her own accord. So did Teuthrania and Halisarna. These
+      were under the government of Eurysthenes and Procles, (11) the descendants
+      of Demaratus the Lacedaemonian, who in days of old had received this
+      territory as a gift from the Persian monarch in return for his share in
+      the campaign against Hellas. Gorgion and Gongylus, two brothers, also gave
+      in their adhesion; they were lords, the one of Gambreum and
+      Palae-Gambreum, the other of Myrina and Gryneum, four cities which, like
+      those above named, had originally been gifts from the king to an earlier
+      Gongylus&mdash;the sole Eretrian who "joined the Mede," and in consequence
+      was banished. Other cities which were too weak to resist, Thibron took by
+      force of arms. In the case of one he was not so successful. This was the
+      Egyptian (12) Larisa, as it is called, which refused to capitulate, and
+      was forthwith invested and subjected to a regular siege. When all other
+      attempts to take it failed, he set about digging a tank or reservoir, and
+      in connection with the tank an underground channel, by means of which he
+      proposed to draw off the water supply of the inhabitants. In this he was
+      baffled by frequent sallies of the besieged, and a continual discharge of
+      timber and stones into the cutting. He retaliated by the construction of a
+      wooden tortoise which he erected over the tank; but once more the tortoise
+      was burnt to a cinder in a successful night attack on the part of the men
+      of Larisa. These ineffectual efforts induced the ephors to send a despatch
+      bidding Thibron give up Larisa and march upon Caria.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) See "Anab." VI. vi. 12.
+
+ (10) March B.C. 399. See the final sentence of the "Anabasis."
+
+ (11) See "Anab." VII. viii. 8-16.
+
+ (12) Seventy stades S.E. of Cyme in the Aeolid. See Strabo, xiii. 621.
+    For the origin of the name cf. "Cyrop." VII. i. 45.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      He had already reached Ephesus, and was on the point of marching into
+      Caria, when Dercylidas arrived to take command of his army. The new
+      general was a man whose genius for invention had won him the nickname of
+      Sisyphus. Thus it was that Thibron returned home, where on his arrival he
+      was fined and banished, the allies accusing him of allowing his troops to
+      plunder their friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dercylidas was not slow to perceive and turn to account the jealousy which
+      subsisted between Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus. Coming to terms with the
+      former, he marched into the territory of the latter, preferring, as he
+      said, to be at war with one of the pair at a time, rather than the two
+      together. His hostility, indeed, to Pharnabazus was an old story, dating
+      back to a period during the naval command (13) of Lysander, when he was
+      himself governor in Abydos; where, thanks to Pharnabazus, he had got into
+      trouble with his superior officer, and had been made to stand "with his
+      shield on his arm"&mdash;a stigma on his honour which no true
+      Lacedaemonian would forgive, since this is the punishment of
+      insubordination. (14) For this reason, doubtless, Dercylidas had the
+      greater satisfaction in marching against Pharnabazus. From the moment he
+      assumed command there was a marked difference for the better between his
+      methods and those of his predecessor. Thus he contrived to conduct his
+      troops into that portion of the Aeolid which belonged to Pharnabazus,
+      through the heart of friendly territory without injury to the allies.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Technically "navarchy," in B.C. 408-407. "Hell." I. v. 1.
+
+ (14) See Plut. "Aristid." 23 (Clough, ii. p. 309).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This district of Aeolis belonged to Pharnabazus, (15) but had been held as
+      a satrapy under him by a Dardanian named Zenis whilst he was alive; but
+      when Zenis fell sick and died, Pharnabazus made preparation to give the
+      satrapy to another. Then Mania the wife of Zenis, herself also a
+      Dardanian, fitted out an expedition, and taking with her gifts wherewith
+      to make a present to Pharnabazus himself, and to gratify his concubines
+      and those whose power was greatest with Pharnabazus, set forth on her
+      journey. When she had obtained audience with him she spoke as follows: "O
+      Pharnabazus, thou knowest that thy servant my husband was in all respects
+      friendly to thee; moreover, he paid my lord the tributes which were thy
+      due, so that thou didst praise and honour him. Now therefore, if I do thee
+      service as faithfully as my husband, why needest thou to appoint another
+      satrap?&mdash;nay but, if in any matter I please thee not, is it not in
+      thy power to take from me the government on that day, and to give it to
+      another?" When he had heard her words, Pharnabazus decided that the woman
+      ought to be satrap. She, as soon as she was mistress of the territory,
+      never ceased to render the tribute in due season, even as her husband
+      before her had done. Moreover, whenever she came to the court of
+      Pharnabazus she brought him gifts continually, and whenever Pharnabazus
+      went down to visit her provinces she welcomed him with all fair and
+      courteous entertainment beyond what his other viceroys were wont to do.
+      The cities also which had been left to her by her husband, she guarded
+      safely for him; while of those cities that owed her no allegiance, she
+      acquired, on the seaboard, Larisa and Hamaxitus and Colonae&mdash;attacking
+      their walls by aid of Hellenic mercenaries, whilst she herself sat in her
+      carriage and watched the spectacle. Nor was she sparing of her gifts to
+      those who won her admiration; and thus she furnished herself with a
+      mercenary force of exceptional splendour. She also went with Pharnabazus
+      on his campaigns, even when, on pretext of some injury done to the king's
+      territory, Mysians or Pisidians were the object of attack. In requital,
+      Pharnabazus paid her magnificent honour, and at times invited her to
+      assist him with her counsel. (16)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) I.e. as suzerain.
+
+ (16) Grote, "H. G." ix. 292; cf. Herod. viii. 69.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now when Mania was more than forty years old, the husband of her own
+      daughter, Meidias&mdash;flustered by the suggestions of certain people who
+      said that it was monstrous a woman should rule and he remain a private
+      person (17)&mdash;found his way into her presence, as the story goes, and
+      strangled her. For Mania, albeit she carefully guarded herself against all
+      ordinary comers, as behoved her in the exercise of her "tyranny," trusted
+      in Meidias, and, as a woman might her own son-in-law, was ready to greet
+      him at all times with open arms. He also murdered her son, a youth of
+      marvellous beauty, who was about seventeen years of age. He next seized
+      upon the strong cities of Scepsis and Gergithes, in which lay for the most
+      part the property and wealth of Mania. As for the other cities of the
+      satrapy, they would not receive the usurper, their garrisons keeping them
+      safely for Pharnabazus. Thereupon Meidias sent gifts to Pharnabazus, and
+      claimed to hold the district even as Mania had held it; to whom the other
+      answered, "Keep your gifts and guard them safely until that day when I
+      shall come in person and take both you and them together"; adding, "What
+      care I to live longer if I avenge not myself for the murder of Mania!"
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) Or, "his brains whimsied with insinuations."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Just at the critical moment Dercylidas arrived, and in a single day
+      received the adhesion of the three seaboard cities Larisa, Hamaxitus, and
+      Colonae&mdash;which threw open their gates to him. Then he sent messengers
+      to the cities of the Aeolid also, offering them freedom if they would
+      receive him within their walls and become allies. Accordingly the men of
+      Neandria and Ilium and Cocylium lent willing ears; for since the death of
+      Mania their Hellenic garrisons had been treated but ill. But the commander
+      of the garrison in Cebrene, a place of some strength, bethinking him that
+      if he should succeed in guarding that city for Pharnabazus, he would
+      receive honour at his hands, refused to admit Dercylidas. Whereupon the
+      latter, in a rage, prepared to take the place by force; but when he came
+      to sacrifice, on the first day the victims would not yield good omens; on
+      the second, and again upon the third day, it was the same story. Thus for
+      as many as four days he persevered in sacrificing, cherishing wrath the
+      while&mdash;for he was in haste to become master of the whole Aeolid
+      before Pharnabazus came to the succour of the district.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile a certain Sicyonian captain, Athenadas by name, said to himself:
+      "Dercylidas does but trifle to waste his time here, whilst I with my own
+      hand can draw off their water from the men of Cybrene"; wherewith he ran
+      forward with his division and essayed to choke up the spring which
+      supplied the city. But the garrison sallied out and covered the Sicyonian
+      himself with wounds, besides killing two of his men. Indeed, they plied
+      their swords and missiles with such good effect that the whole company was
+      forced to beat a retreat. Dercylidas was not a little annoyed, thinking
+      that now the spirit of the besiegers would certainly die away; but whilst
+      he was in this mood, behold! there arrived from the beleaguered fortress
+      emissaries of the Hellenes, who stated that the action taken by the
+      commandant was not to their taste; for themselves, they would far rather
+      be joined in bonds of fellowship with Hellenes than with barbarians. While
+      the matter was still under discussion there came a messenger also from the
+      commandant, to say that whatever the former deputation had proposed he, on
+      his side, was ready to endorse. Accordingly Dercylidas, who, it so
+      happened, had at length obtained favourable omens on that day, marched his
+      force without more ado up to the gates of the city, which were flung open
+      by those within; and so he entered. (18) Here, then, he was content to
+      appoint a garrison, and without further stay advanced upon Scepsis and
+      Gergithes.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Grote ("H. G." ix. 294) says: "The reader will remark how
+    Xenophon shapes the narrative in such a manner as to inculcate the
+    pious duty in a general of obeying the warnings furnished by the
+    sacrifice&mdash;either for action or for inaction.... Such an
+    inference is never (I believe) to be found suggested in
+    Thucydides." See Brietenbach, "Xen. Hell." I et II, praef. in
+    alteram ed. p. xvii.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now Meidias, partly expecting the hostile advance of Pharnabazus, and
+      partly mistrusting the citizens&mdash;for to such a pass things had come&mdash;sent
+      to Dercylidas, proposing to meet him in conference provided he might take
+      security of hostages. In answer to this suggestion the other sent him one
+      man from each of the cities of the allies, and bade him take his pick of
+      these, whichsoever and how many soever he chose, as hostages for his own
+      security. Meidias selected ten, and so went out. In conversation with
+      Dercylidas, he asked him on what terms he would accept his alliance. The
+      other answered: "The terms are that you grant the citizens freedom and
+      self-government." The words were scarcely out of his mouth before he began
+      marching upon Scepsis. Whereupon Meidias, perceiving it was vain to hinder
+      him in the teeth of the citizens, suffered him to enter. That done,
+      Dercylidas offered sacrifice to Athena in the citadel of the Scepsians,
+      turned out the bodyguards of Meidias, and handed over the city to the
+      citizens. And so, having admonished them to regulate their civic life as
+      Hellenes and free men ought, he left the place and continued his advance
+      against Gergithes. On this last march he was escorted by many of the
+      Scepsians themselves; such was the honour they paid him and so great their
+      satisfaction at his exploits. Meidias also followed close at his side,
+      petitioning that he would hand over the city of Gergithians to himself. To
+      whom Dercylidas only made reply, that he should not fail to obtain any of
+      his just rights. And whilst the words were yet upon his lips, he was
+      drawing close to the gates, with Meidias at his side. Behind him followed
+      the troops, marching two and two in peaceful fashion. The defenders of
+      Gergithes from their towers&mdash;which were extraordinarily high&mdash;espied
+      Meidias in company of the Spartan, and abstained from shooting. And
+      Dercylidas said: "Bid them open the gates, Meidias, when you shall lead
+      the way, and I will enter the temple along with you and do sacrifice to
+      Athena." And Meidias, though he shrank from opening the gates, yet in
+      terror of finding himself on a sudden seized, reluctantly gave the order
+      to open the gates. As soon as he was entered in, the Spartan, still taking
+      Meidias with him, marched up to the citadel and there ordered the main
+      body of his soldiers to take up their position round the walls, whilst he
+      with those about him did sacrifice to Athena. When the sacrifice was ended
+      he ordered Meidias's bodyguard to pile arms (19) in the van of his troops.
+      Here for the future they would serve as mercenaries, since Meidias their
+      former master stood no longer in need of their protection. The latter,
+      being at his wits' end what to do, exclaimed: "Look you, I will now leave
+      you; I go to make preparation for my guest." But the other replied:
+      "Heaven forbid! Ill were it that I who have offered sacrifice should be
+      treated as a guest by you. I rather should be the entertainer and you the
+      guest. Pray stay with us, and while the supper is preparing, you and I can
+      consider our obligations, and perform them."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) I.e. take up a position, or "to order arms," whilst he addressed
+    them; not probably "to ground arms," as if likely to be mutinous.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When they were seated Dercylidas put certain questions: "Tell me, Meidias,
+      did your father leave you heir to his estates?" "Certainly he did,"
+      answered the other. "And how many dwelling-houses have you? what landed
+      estates? how much pasturage?" The other began running off an inventory,
+      whilst some of the Scepsians who were present kept interposing, "He is
+      lying to you, Dercylidas." "Nay, you take too minute a view of matters,"
+      replied the Spartan. When the inventory of the paternal property was
+      completed, he proceeded: "Tell me, Meidias, to whom did Mania belong?" A
+      chorus of voices rejoined, "To Pharnabazus." "Then must her property have
+      belonged to Pharnabazus too." "Certainly," they answered. "Then it must
+      now be ours," he remarked, "by right of conquest, since Pharnabazus is at
+      war with us. Will some one of you escort me to the place where the
+      property of Mania and Pharnabazus lies?" So the rest led the way to the
+      dwelling-place of Mania which Meidias had taken from her, and Meidias
+      followed too. When he was entered, Dercylidas summoned the stewards, and
+      bidding his attendants seize them, gave them to understand that, if
+      detected stealing anything which belonged to Mania, they would lose their
+      heads on the spot. The stewards proceeded to point out the treasures, and
+      he, when he had looked through the whole store, bolted and barred the
+      doors, affixing his seal, and setting a watch. As he went out he found at
+      the doors certain of the generals (20) and captains, and said to them:
+      "Here, sirs, we have pay ready made for the army&mdash;a year's pay nearly
+      for eight thousand men&mdash;and if we can win anything besides, there
+      will be so much the more." This he said, knowing that those who heard it
+      would be all the more amenable to discipline, and would yield him a more
+      flattering obedience. Then Meidias asked, "And where am I to live,
+      Dercylidas?" "Where you have the very best right to live," replied the
+      other, "in your native town of Scepsis, and in your father's house."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) Lit. "of the taxiarchs and lochagoi."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Such were the exploits of Dercylidas: nine cities taken in eight days. Two
+      considerations now began to occupy his mind: how was he to avoid falling
+      into the fatal error of Thibron and becoming a burthen to his allies,
+      whilst wintering in a friendly country? how, again, was he to prevent
+      Pharnabazus from overriding the Hellenic states in pure contempt with his
+      cavalry? Accordingly he sent to Pharnabazus and put it to him point-blank:
+      Which will you have, peace or war? Whereupon Pharnabazus, who could not
+      but perceive that the whole Aeolid had now been converted practically into
+      a fortified base of operations, which threatened his own homestead of
+      Phrygia, chose peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 399-398. This being so, Dercylidas advanced into Bithynian Thrace,
+      and there spent the winter; nor did Pharnabazus exhibit a shadow of
+      annoyance, since the Bithynians were perpetually at war with himself. For
+      the most part, Dercylidas continued to harry (1) Bithynia in perfect
+      security, and found provisions without stint. Presently he was joined from
+      the other side of the straits by some Odrysian allies sent by Seuthes; (2)
+      they numbered two hundred horse and three hundred peltasts. These fellows
+      pitched upon a site a little more than a couple of miles (3) from the
+      Hellenic force, where they entrenched themselves; then having got from
+      Dercylidas some heavy infantry soldiers to act as guards of their
+      encampment, they devoted themselves to plundering, and succeeded in
+      capturing an ample store of slaves and other wealth. Presently their camp
+      was full of prisoners, when one morning the Bithynians, having ascertained
+      the actual numbers of the marauding parties as well as of the Hellenes
+      left as guards behind, collected in large masses of light troops and
+      cavalry, and attacked the garrison, who were not more than two hundred
+      strong. As soon as they came close enough, they began discharging spears
+      and other missiles on the little body, who on their side continued to be
+      wounded and shot down, but were quite unable to retaliate, cooped up as
+      they were within a palisading barely six feet high, until in desperation
+      they tore down their defences with their own hands, and dashed at the
+      enemy. These had nothing to do but to draw back from the point of egress,
+      and being light troops easily escaped beyond the grasp of heavy-armed men,
+      while ever and again, from one point of vantage or another, they poured
+      their shower of javelins, and at every sally laid many a brave man low,
+      till at length, like sheep penned in a fold, the defenders were shot down
+      almost to a man. A remnant, it is true, did escape, consisting of some
+      fifteen who, seeing the turn affairs were taking, had already made off in
+      the middle of the fighting. Slipping through their assailants' fingers,
+      (4) to the small concern of the Bithynians, they reached the main Hellenic
+      camp in safety. The Bithynians, satisfied with their achievement, part of
+      which consisted in cutting down the tent guards of the Odrysian Thracians
+      and recovering all their prisoners, made off without delay; so that by the
+      time the Hellenes got wind of the affair and rallied to the rescue, they
+      found nothing left in the camp save only the stripped corpses of the
+      slain. When the Odrysians themselves returned, they fell to burying their
+      own dead, quaffing copious draughts of wine in their honour and holding
+      horse-races; but for the future they deemed it advisable to camp along
+      with the Hellenes. Thus they harried and burned Bithynia the winter
+      through.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) {Pheson kai agon}, i.e. "there was plenty of live stock to lift
+    and chattels to make away with."
+
+ (2) For Seuthes see "Anab." VII. i. 5; and below, IV. viii. 26.
+
+ (3) Lit. "twenty stades."
+
+ (4) Or, "slipping through the enemy's fingers, who took no heed of
+    them, they," etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 398. With the commencement of spring Dercylidas turned his back upon
+      the Bithynians and came to Lampsacus. Whilst at this place envoys reached
+      him from the home authorities. These were Aracus, Naubates, and
+      Antisthenes. They were sent to inquire generally into the condition of
+      affairs in Asia, and to inform Dercylidas of the extension of his office
+      for another year. They had been further commissioned by the ephors to
+      summon a meeting of the soldiers and inform them that the ephors held them
+      to blame for their former doings, though for their present avoidance of
+      evil conduct they must needs praise them; and for the future they must
+      understand that while no repetition of misdoing would be tolerated, all
+      just and upright dealing by the allies would receive its meed of praise.
+      The soldiers were therefore summoned, and the envoys delivered their
+      message, to which the leader of the Cyreians answered: "Nay, men of
+      Lacedaemon, listen; we are the same to-day as we were last year; only our
+      general of to-day is different from our general in the past. If to-day we
+      have avoided our offence of yesterday, the cause is not far to seek; you
+      may discover it for yourselves."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Aracus and the other envoys shared the hospitality of Dercylidas's tent,
+      and one of the party chanced to mention how they had left an embassy from
+      the men of Chersonese in Lacedaemon. According to their statement, he
+      added, it was impossible for them to till their land nowadays, so
+      perpetually were they robbed and plundered by the Thracians; whereas the
+      peninsula needed only to be walled across from sea to sea, and there would
+      be abundance of good land to cultivate&mdash;enough for themselves and as
+      many others from Lacedaemon as cared to come. "So that it would not
+      surprise us," continued the envoys, "if a Lacedaemonian were actually sent
+      out from Sparta with a force to carry out the project." Dercylidas kept
+      his ears open but his counsel close, and so sent forward the commissioners
+      to Ephesus. (5) It pleased him to picture their progress through the
+      Hellenic cities, and the spectacle of peace and prosperity which would
+      everywhere greet their eyes. When he knew that his stay was to be
+      prolonged, he sent again to Pharnabazus and offered him once more as an
+      alternative either the prolongation of the winter truce or war. And once
+      again Pharnabazus chose truce. It was thus that Dercylidas was able to
+      leave the cities in the neighbourhood of the satrap (6) in peace and
+      friendship. Crossing the Hellespont himself he brought his army into
+      Europe, and marching through Thrace, which was also friendly, was
+      entertained by Seuthes, (7) and so reached the Chersonese.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 301.
+
+ (6) Or, reading after Cobet, {tas peri ekeina poleis}&mdash;"the cities of
+    that neighbourhood."
+
+ (7) See "Anab." VII. vii. 51.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This district, he soon discovered, not only contained something like a
+      dozen cities, (8) but was singularly fertile. The soil was of the best,
+      but ruined by the ravages of the Thracians, precisely as he had been told.
+      Accordingly, having measured and found the breadth of the isthmus barely
+      four miles, (9) he no longer hesitated. Having offered sacrifice, he
+      commenced his line of wall, distributing the area to the soldiers in
+      detachments, and promising to award them prizes for their industry&mdash;a
+      first prize for the section first completed, and the rest as each
+      detachment of workers might deserve. By this means the whole wall begun in
+      spring was finished before autumn. Within these lines he established
+      eleven cities, with numerous harbours, abundance of good arable land, and
+      plenty of land under plantation, besides magnificent grazing grounds for
+      sheep and cattle of every kind.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Lit. "eleven or twelve cities." For the natural productivity, see
+    "Anab." V. vi. 25.
+
+ (9) Lit. "thirty-seven stades." Mod. Gallipoli. See Herod. vi. 36;
+    Plut. "Pericl." xix.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Having finished the work, he crossed back again into Asia, and on a tour
+      of inspection, found the cities for the most part in a thriving condition;
+      but when he came to Atarneus he discovered that certain exiles from Chios
+      had got possession of the stronghold, which served them as a convenient
+      base for pillaging and plundering Ionia; and this, in fact, was their
+      means of livelihood. Being further informed of the large supplies of grain
+      which they had inside, he proceeded to draw entrenchments around the place
+      with a view to a regular investment, and by this means he reduced it in
+      eight months. Then having appointed Draco of Pellene (10) commandant, he
+      stocked the fortress with an abundance of provisions of all sorts, to
+      serve him as a halting-place when he chanced to pass that way, and so
+      withdrew to Ephesus, which is three days' journey from Sardis.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Cf. Isocr. "Panegyr." 70; Jebb. "Att. Or." ii. p. 161. Of Pellene
+    (or Pellana) in Laconia, not Pellene in Achaia? though that is the
+    opinion of Grote and Thirlwall.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 397. Up to this date peace had been maintained between Tissaphernes
+      and Dercylidas, as also between the Hellenes and the barbarians in those
+      parts. But the time came when an embassy arrived at Lacedaemon from the
+      Ionic cities, protesting that Tissaphernes might, if he chose, leave the
+      Hellenic cities independent. "Our idea," they added, "is, that if Caria,
+      the home of Tissaphernes, felt the pinch of war, the satrap would very
+      soon agree to grant us independence." The ephors, on hearing this, sent a
+      despatch to Dercylidas, and bade him cross the frontier with his army into
+      Caria, whilst Pharax the admiral coasted round with the fleet. These
+      orders were carried out. Meanwhile a visitor had reached Tissaphernes.
+      This was not less a person than Pharnabazus. His coming was partly owing
+      to the fact that Tissaphernes had been appointed general-in-chief, and
+      party in order to testify his readiness to make common cause with his
+      brother satrap in fighting and expelling the Hellenes from the king's
+      territory; for if his heart was stirred by jealousy on account of the
+      generalship bestowed upon his rival, he was not the less aggrieved at
+      finding himself robbed of the Aeolid. Tissaphernes, lending willing ears
+      to the proposal, had answered: "First cross over with me in Caria, and
+      then we will take counsel on these matters." But being arrived in Caria,
+      they determined to establish garrisons of some strength in the various
+      fortresses, and so crossed back again into Ionia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hearing that the satraps had recrossed the Maeander, Dercylidas grew
+      apprehensive for the district which lay there unprotected. "If
+      Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus," he said to Pharax, "chose to make a
+      descent, they could harry the country right and left." In this mind he
+      followed suit, and recrossed the frontier too. And now as they marched on,
+      preserving no sort of battle order&mdash;on the supposition that the enemy
+      had got far ahead of them into the district of Ephesus&mdash;suddenly they
+      caught sight of his scouts perched on some monumental structures facing
+      them. To send up scouts into similar edifices and towers on their own side
+      was the work of a few moments, and before them lay revealed the long lines
+      of troops drawn up just where their road lay. These were the Carians, with
+      their white shields, and the whole Persian troops there present, with all
+      the Hellenic contingents belonging to either satrap. Besides these there
+      was a great cloud of cavalry: on the right wing the squadrons of
+      Tissaphernes, and on the left those of Pharnabazus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Seeing how matters lay, Dercylidas ordered the generals of brigade and
+      captains to form into line as quickly as possible, eight deep, placing the
+      light infantry on the fringe of battle, with the cavalry&mdash;such
+      cavalry, that is, and of such numerical strength, as he chanced to have.
+      Meanwhile, as general, he sacrificed. (11) During this interval the troops
+      from Peloponnese kept quiet in preparation as for battle. Not so the
+      troops from Priene and Achilleum, from the islands and the Ionic cities,
+      some of whom left their arms in the corn, which stood thick and deep in
+      the plain of the Maeander, and took to their heels; while those who
+      remained at their posts gave evident signs that their steadiness would not
+      last. Pharnabazus, it was reported, had given orders to engage; but
+      Tissaphernes, who recalled his experience of his own exploits with the
+      Cyreian army, and assumed that all other Hellenes were of similar mettle,
+      had no desire to engage, but sent to Dercylidas saying, he should be glad
+      to meet him in conference. So Dercylidas, attended by the pick of his
+      troops, horse and foot, in personal attendance on himself, (12) went
+      forward to meet the envoys. He told them that for his own part he had made
+      his preparations to engage, as they themselves might see, but still, if
+      the satraps were minded to meet in conference, he had nothing to say
+      against it&mdash;"Only, in that case, there must be mutual exchange of
+      hostages and other pledges."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) I.e. according to custom on the eve of battle. See "Pol. Lac."
+    xiii. 8.
+
+ (12) Lit. "they were splendid fellows to look at." See "Anab." II.
+    iii. 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When this proposal had been agreed to and carried out, the two armies
+      retired for the night&mdash;the Asiatics to Tralles in Caria, the Hellenes
+      to Leucophrys, where was a temple (13) of Artemis of great sanctity, and a
+      sandy-bottomed lake more than a furlong in extent, fed by a spring of
+      ever-flowing water fit for drinking and warm. For the moment so much was
+      effected. On the next day they met at the place appointed, and it was
+      agreed that they should mutually ascertain the terms on which either party
+      was willing to make peace. On his side, Dercylidas insisted that the king
+      should grant independence to the Hellenic cities; while Tissaphernes and
+      Pharnabazus demanded the evacuation of the country by the Hellenic army,
+      and the withdrawal of the Lacedaemonian governors from the cities. After
+      this interchange of ideas a truce was entered into, so as to allow time
+      for the reports of the proceedings to be sent by Dercylidas to Lacedaemon,
+      and by Tissaphernes to the king.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Lately unearthed. See "Class. Rev." v. 8, p. 391.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 401 (?). Whilst such was the conduct of affairs in Asia under the
+      guidance of Dercylidas, the Lacedaemonians at home were at the same time
+      no less busily employed with other matters. They cherished a long-standing
+      embitterment against the Eleians, the grounds of which were that the
+      Eleians had once (14) contracted an alliance with the Athenians, Argives,
+      and Mantineans; moreover, on pretence of a sentence registered against the
+      Lacedaemonians, they had excluded them from the horse-race and gymnastic
+      contests. Nor was that the sum of their offending. They had taken and
+      scourged Lichas, (15) under the following circumstances:&mdash;Being a
+      Spartan, he had formally consigned his chariot to the Thebans, and when
+      the Thebans were proclaimed victors he stepped forward to crown his
+      charioteer; whereupon, in spite of his grey hairs, the Eleians put those
+      indignities upon him and expelled him from the festival. Again, at a date
+      subsequent to that occurrence, Agis being sent to offer sacrifice to
+      Olympian Zeus in accordance with the bidding of an oracle, the Eleians
+      would not suffer him to offer prayer for victory in war, asserting that
+      the ancient law and custom (16) forbade Hellenes to consult the god for
+      war with Hellenes; and Agis was forced to go away without offering the
+      sacrifice.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) In 421 B.C. (see Thuc. v. 31); for the second charge, see Thuc.
+    v. 49 foll.
+
+ (15) See "Mem." I. ii. 61; Thuc. v. 50; and Jowett, note ad loc. vol.
+    ii. p. 314.
+
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 311 note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In consequence of all these annoyances the ephors and the Assembly
+      determined "to bring the men of Elis to their senses." Thereupon they sent
+      an embassy to that state, announcing that the authorities of Lacedaemon
+      deemed it just and right that they should leave the country (17) townships
+      in the territory of Elis free and independent. This the Eleians flatly
+      refused to do. The cities in question were theirs by right of war.
+      Thereupon the ephors called out the ban. The leader of the expedition was
+      Agis. He invaded Elis through Achaia (18) by the Larisus; but the army had
+      hardly set foot on the enemy's soil and the work of devastation begun,
+      when an earthquake took place, and Agis, taking this as a sign from
+      Heaven, marched back again out of the country and disbanded his army.
+      Thereat the men of Elis were much more emboldened, and sent embassies to
+      various cities which they knew to be hostile to the Lacedaemonians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) Lit. "perioecid."
+
+ (18) From the north. The Larisus is the frontier stream between Achaia
+    and Elis. See Strabo, viii. 387.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The year had not completed its revolution (19) ere the ephors again called
+      out the ban against Elis, and the invading host of Agis was this time
+      swelled by the rest of the allies, including the Athenians; the Boeotians
+      and Corinthians alone excepted. The Spartan king now entered through
+      Aulon, (20) and the men of Lepreum (21) at once revolted from the Eleians
+      and gave in their adhesion to the Spartan, and simultaneously with these
+      the Macistians and their next-door neighbours the Epitalians. As he
+      crossed the river further adhesions followed, on the part of the
+      Letrinians, the Amphidolians, and the Marganians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) Al. "on the coming round of the next year." See Jowett (note to
+    Thuc. i. 31), vol. ii. p. 33.
+
+ (20) On the south. For the history, see Busolt, "Die Laked." pp.
+    146-200. "The river" is the Alpheus.
+
+ (21) See below, VI. v. 11; Paus. IV. xv. 8.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 400 (?). Upon this he pushed on into Olympian territory and did
+      sacrifice to Olympian Zeus. There was no attempt to stay his proceedings
+      now. After sacrifice he marched against the capital, (22) devastating and
+      burning the country as he went. Multitudes of cattle, multitudes of
+      slaves, were the fruits of conquest yielded, insomuch that the fame
+      thereof spread, and many more Arcadians and Achaeans flocked to join the
+      standard of the invader and to share in the plunder. In fact, the
+      expedition became one enormous foray. Here was the chance to fill all the
+      granaries of Peloponnese with corn. When he had reached the capital, the
+      beautiful suburbs and gymnasia became a spoil to the troops; but the city
+      itself, though it lay open before him a defenceless and unwalled town, he
+      kept aloof from. He would not, rather than could not, take it. Such was
+      the explanation given. Thus the country was a prey to devastation, and the
+      invaders massed round Cyllene.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) I.e. Elis, of which Cyllene is the port town. For the wealth of
+    the district, see Polyb. iv. 73; and below, VII. iv. 33.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Then the friends of a certain Xenias&mdash;a man of whom it was said that
+      he might measure the silver coin, inherited from his father, by the bushel&mdash;wishing
+      to be the leading instrument in bringing over the state to Lacedaemon,
+      rushed out of the house, sword in hand, and began a work of butchery.
+      Amongst other victims they killed a man who strongly resembled the leader
+      of the democratic party, Thrasydaeus. (23) Everyone believed it was really
+      Thrasydaeus who was slain. The popular party were panic-stricken, and
+      stirred neither hand nor foot. On their side, the cut-throats poured their
+      armed bands into the market-place. But Thrasydaeus was laid asleep the
+      while where the fumes of wine had overpowered him. When the people came to
+      discover that their hero was not dead, they crowded round his house this
+      side and that, (24) like a swarm of bees clinging to their leader; and as
+      soon as Thrasydaeus had put himself in the van, with the people at his
+      back, a battle was fought, and the people won. And those who had laid
+      their hands to deeds of butchery went as exiles to the Lacedaemonians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) See Paus. III. viii. 4. He was a friend of Lysias ("Vit. X. Orat.
+    835").
+
+ (24) The house was filled to overflowing by the clustering close-
+    packed crowd.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After a while Agis himself retired, recrossing the Alpheus; but he was
+      careful to leave a garrison in Epitalium near that river, with Lysippus as
+      governor, and the exiles from Elis along with him. Having done so, he
+      disbanded his army and returned home himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 400-399 (?). (25) During the rest of the summer and the ensuing
+      winter the territory of the Eleians was ravaged and ransacked by Lysippus
+      and his troops, until Thrasydaeus, the following summer, sent to
+      Lacedaemon and agreed to dismantle the walls of Phea and Cyllene, and to
+      grant autonomy to the Triphylian townships (26)&mdash;together with Phrixa
+      and Epitalium, the Letrinians, Amphidolians, and Marganians; and besides
+      these to the Acroreians and to Lasion, a place claimed by the Arcadians.
+      With regard to Epeium, a town midway between Heraea and Macistus, the
+      Eleians claimed the right to keep it, on the plea that they had purchased
+      the whole district from its then owners, for thirty talents, (27) which
+      sum they had actually paid. But the Lacedaemonians, acting on the
+      principle "that a purchase which forcibly deprives the weaker party of his
+      possession is no more justifiable than a seizure by violence," compelled
+      them to emancipate Epeium also. From the presidency of the temple of
+      Olympian Zeus, however, they did not oust them; not that it belonged to
+      Elis of ancient right, but because the rival claimants, (28) it was felt,
+      were "villagers," hardly equal to the exercise of the presidency. After
+      these concessions, peace and alliance between the Eleians and the
+      Lacedaemonians were established, and the war between Elis and Sparta
+      ceased.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (25) Grote ("H. G." ix. 316) discusses the date of this war between
+    Elis and Sparta, which he thinks, reaches over three different
+    years, 402-400 B.C. But Curtius (vol. iv. Eng. tr. p. 196)
+    disagrees: "The Eleian war must have occurred in 401-400 B.C., and
+    Grote rightly conjectures that the Eleians were anxious to bring
+    it to a close before the celebration of the festival. But he errs
+    in extending its duration over three years." See Diod. xiv. 17.
+    24; Paus. III. viii. 2 foll.
+
+ (26) Grote remarks: "There is something perplexing in Xenophon's
+    description of the Triphylian townships which the Eleians
+    surrendered" ("H. G." ix. 315). I adopt Grote's emend. {kai
+    Phrixan}. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 176.
+
+ (27) = 7,312 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (28) I.e. the men of the Pisatid. See below, VII. iv. 28; Busolt, op.
+    cit. p 156.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this Agis came to Delphi and offered as a sacrifice a tenth of the
+      spoil. On his return journey he fell ill at Heraea&mdash;being by this
+      time an old man&mdash;and was carried back to Lacedaemon. He survived the
+      journey, but being there arrived, death speedily overtook him. He was
+      buried with a sepulchre transcending in solemnity the lot of ordinary
+      mortality. (1)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See "Ages." xi. 16; "Pol. Lac." xv. 9.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the holy days of mourning were accomplished, and it was necessary to
+      choose another king, there were rival claimants to the throne. Leotychides
+      claimed it as the son, Agesilaus as the brother, of Agis. Then Leotychides
+      protested: "Yet consider, Agesilaus, the law bids not 'the king's
+      brother,' but 'the king's son' to be king; only if there chance to be no
+      son, in that case shall the brother of the king be king." Agesilaus: "Then
+      must I needs be king." Leotychides: "How so, seeing that I am not dead?"
+      Agesilaus: "Because he whom you call your father denied you, saying,
+      'Leotychides is no son of mine.'" Leotychides: "Nay, but my mother, who
+      would know far better than he, said, and still to-day says, I am."
+      Agesilaus: "Nay, but the god himself, Poteidan, laid his finger on thy
+      falsity when by his earthquake he drove forth thy father from the bridal
+      chamber into the light of day; and time, 'that tells no lies,' as the
+      proverb has it, bare witness to the witness of the god; for just ten
+      months from the moment at which he fled and was no more seen within that
+      chamber, you were born." (2) So they reasoned together.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) I have followed Sauppe as usual, but see Hartman ("Anal. Xen." p.
+    327) for a discussion of the whole passage. He thinks Xenophon
+    wrote {ex ou gar toi ephugen} ({o sos pater}, i.e. adulterer) {ek
+    to thalamo dekato meni tu ephus}. The Doric {ek to thalamo} was
+    corrupted into {en to thalamo} and {kai ephane} inserted. This
+    corrupt reading Plutarch had before him, and hence his distorted
+    version of the story.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Diopethes, (3) a great authority upon oracles, supported Leotychides.
+      There was an oracle of Apollo, he urged, which said "Beware of the lame
+      reign." But Diopethes was met by Lysander, who in behalf of Agesilaus
+      demurred to this interpretation put upon the language of the god. If they
+      were to beware of a lame reign, it meant not, beware lest a man stumble
+      and halt, but rather, beware of him in whose veins flows not the blood of
+      Heracles; most assuredly the kingdom would halt, and that would be a lame
+      reign in very deed, whensoever the descendants of Heracles should cease to
+      lead the state. Such were the arguments on either side, after hearing
+      which the city chose Agesilaus to be king.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See Plut. "Ages." ii. 4; "Lys." xxii. (Clough, iv. 3; iii. 129);
+    Paus. III. viii. 5.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now Agesilaus had not been seated on the throne one year when, as he
+      sacrificed one of the appointed sacrifices in behalf of the city, (4) the
+      soothsayer warned him, saying: "The gods reveal a conspiracy of the most
+      fearful character"; and when the king sacrificed a second time, he said:
+      "The aspect of the victims is now even yet more terrible"; but when he had
+      sacrificed for the third time, the soothsayer exclaimed: "O Agesilaus, the
+      sign is given to me, even as though we were in the very midst of the
+      enemy." Thereupon they sacrificed to the deities who avert evil and work
+      salvation, and so barely obtained good omens and ceased sacrificing. Nor
+      had five days elapsed after the sacrifices were ended, ere one came
+      bringing information to the ephors of a conspiracy, and named Cinadon as
+      the ringleader; a young man robust of body as of soul, but not one of the
+      peers. (5) Accordingly the ephors questioned their informant: "How say you
+      the occurrence is to take place?" and he who gave the information
+      answered: "Cinadon took me to the limit of the market-place, and bade me
+      count how many Spartans there were in the market-place; and I counted&mdash;'king,
+      ephors, and elders, and others&mdash;maybe forty. But tell me, Cinadon,' I
+      said to him, 'why have you bidden me count them?' and he answered me:
+      'Those men, I would have you know, are your sworn foes; and all those
+      others, more than four thousand, congregated there are your natural
+      allies.' Then he took and showed me in the streets, here one and there two
+      of 'our enemies,' as we chanced to come across them, and all the rest 'our
+      natural allies'; and so again running through the list of Spartans to be
+      found in the country districts, he still kept harping on that string:
+      'Look you, on each estate one foeman&mdash;the master&mdash;and all the
+      rest allies.'" The ephors asked: "How many do you reckon are in the secret
+      of this matter?" The informant answered: "On that point also he gave me to
+      understand that there were by no means many in their secret who were prime
+      movers of the affair, but those few to be depended on; 'and to make up,'
+      said he, 'we ourselves are in their secret, all the rest of them&mdash;helots,
+      enfranchised, inferiors, provincials, one and all. (6) Note their
+      demeanour when Spartans chance to be the topic of their talk. Not one of
+      them can conceal the delight it would give him if he might eat up every
+      Spartan raw.'" (7) Then, as the inquiry went on, the question came: "And
+      where did they propose to find arms?" The answer followed: "He explained
+      that those of us, of course, who are enrolled in regiments have arms of
+      our own already, and as for the mass&mdash;he led the way to the war
+      foundry, and showed me scores and scores of knives, of swords, of spits,
+      hatchets, and axes, and reaping-hooks. 'Anything or everything,' he told
+      me, 'which men use to delve in earth, cut timber, or quarry stone, would
+      serve our purpose; nay, the instruments used for other arts would in nine
+      cases out of ten furnish weapons enough and to spare, especially when
+      dealing with unarmed antagonists.'" Once more being asked what time the
+      affair was to come off, he replied his orders were "not to leave the
+      city."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) "Pol. Lac." xv. 2.
+
+ (5) For the {omoioi}, see Muller, "Dorians," iii. 5, 7 (vol. ii. p.
+    84); Grote, "H. G." ix. 345, note 2.
+
+ (6) For the neodamodes, hypomeiones, perioeci, see Arnold, "Thuc." v.
+    34; Muller, "Dorians," ii. 43, 84, 18; Busolt, op. cit. p 16.
+
+ (7) See "Anab." IV. viii. 14; and Hom. "Il." iv. 34.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As the result of their inquiry the ephors were persuaded that the man's
+      statements were based upon things he had really seen, (8) and they were so
+      alarmed that they did not even venture to summon the Little Assembly, (9)
+      as it was named; but holding informal meetings among themselves&mdash;a
+      few senators here and a few there&mdash;they determined to send Cinadon
+      and others of the young men to Aulon, with instructions to apprehend
+      certain of the inhabitants and helots, whose names were written on the
+      scytale (or scroll). (10) He had further instructions to capture another
+      resident in Aulon; this was a woman, the fashionable beauty of the place&mdash;supposed
+      to be the arch-corruptress of all Lacedaemonians, young and old, who
+      visited Aulon. It was not the first mission of the sort on which Cinadon
+      had been employed by the ephors. It was natural, therefore, that the
+      ephors should entrust him with the scytale on which the names of the suspects
+      were inscribed; and in answer to his inquiry which of the young men he was
+      to take with him, they said: "Go and order the eldest of the Hippagretae
+      (11) (or commanders of horse) to let you have six or seven who chance to
+      be there." But they had taken care to let the commander know whom he was
+      to send, and that those sent should also know that their business was to
+      capture Cinadon. Further, the authorities instructed Cinadon that they
+      would send three waggons to save bringing back his captives on foot&mdash;concealing
+      as deeply as possible the fact that he, and he alone, was the object of
+      the mission. Their reason for not securing him in the city was that they
+      did not really know the extent of the mischief; and they wished, in the
+      first instance, to learn from Cinadon who his accomplices were before
+      these latter could discover they were informed against and effect their
+      escape. His captors were to secure him first, and having learnt from him
+      the names of his confederates, to write them down and send them as quickly
+      as possible to the ephors. The ephors, indeed, were so much concerned
+      about the whole occurrence that they further sent a company of horse to
+      assist their agents at Aulon. (12) As soon as the capture was effected,
+      and one of the horsemen was back with the list of names taken down on the
+      information of Cinadon, they lost no time in apprehending the soothsayer
+      Tisamenus and the rest who were the principals in the conspiracy. When
+      Cinadon (13) himself was brought back and cross-examined, and had made a
+      full confession of the whole plot, his plans, and his accomplices, they
+      put to him one final question: "What was your object in undertaking this
+      business?" He answered: "I wished to be inferior to no man in Lacedaemon."
+      Let that be as it might, his fate was to be taken out forthwith in irons,
+      just as he was, and to be placed with his two hands and his neck in the
+      collar, and so under scourge and goad to be driven, himself and his
+      accomplices, round the city. Thus upon the heads of those was visited the
+      penalty of their offences.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) "And pointed to a well-concerted plan."
+
+ (9) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 348.
+
+ (10) See Thuc. i. 131; Plut. "Lys." 19 (Clough, iii. p. 125).
+
+ (11) "The Hippagretes (or commander of the three hundred guards called
+    horsemen, though they were not really mounted)." Grote, "H. G."
+    vol. ix. p. 349; see "Pol. Lac." iv. 3.
+
+ (12) Or, "to those on the way to Aulon."
+
+ (13) See for Cinadon's case, Arist. "Pol." v. 7, 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 397. (1) It was after the incidents just recorded that a Syracusan
+      named Herodas brought news to Lacedaemon. He had chanced to be in
+      Phoenicia with a certain shipowner, and was struck by the number of
+      Phoenician triremes which he observed, some coming into harbour from other
+      ports, others already there with their ships' companies complete, while
+      others again were still completing their equipments. Nor was it only what
+      he saw, but he had heard say further that there were to be three hundred
+      of these vessels all told; whereupon he had taken passage on the first
+      sailing ship bound for Hellas. He was in haste to lay this information
+      before the Lacedaemonians, feeling sure that the king and Tissaphernes
+      were concerned in these preparations&mdash;though where the fleet was to
+      act, or against whom, he would not venture to predict.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 353, for chronology, etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These reports threw the Lacedaemonians into a flutter of expectation and
+      anxiety. They summoned a meeting of the allies, and began to deliberate as
+      to what ought to be done. Lysander, convinced of the enormous superiority
+      of the Hellenic navy, and with regard to land forces drawing an obvious
+      inference from the exploits and final deliverance of the troops with
+      Cyrus, persuaded Agesilaus, to undertake a campaign into Asia, provided
+      the authorities would furnish him with thirty Spartans, two thousand of
+      the enfranchised, (2) and contingents of the allies amounting to six
+      thousand men. Apart from these calculations, Lysander had a personal
+      object: he wished to accompany the king himself, and by his aid to
+      re-establish the decarchies originally set up by himself in the different
+      cities, but at a later date expelled through the action of the ephors, who
+      had issued a fiat re-establishing the old order of constitution.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Technically, "neodamodes."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 396. To this offer on the part of Agesilaus to undertake such an
+      expedition the Lacedaemonians responded by presenting him with all he
+      asked for, and six months' provisions besides. When the hour of departure
+      came he offered all such sacrifices as are necessary, and lastly those
+      "before crossing the border," (3) and so set out. This done, he despatched
+      to the several states (4) messengers with directions as to the numbers to
+      be sent from each, and the points of rendezvous; but for himself he was
+      minded to go and do sacrifice at Aulis, even as Agamemnon had offered
+      sacrifice in that place ere he set sail for Troy. But when he had reached
+      the place and had begun to sacrifice, the Boeotarchs (5) being apprised of
+      his design, sent a body of cavalry and bade him desist from further
+      sacrificing; (6) and lighting upon victims already offered, they hurled
+      them from off the altars, scattering the fragments. Then Agesilaus,
+      calling the gods to witness, got on board his trireme in bitter
+      indignation, and sailed away. Arrived at Geraestus, he there collected as
+      large a portion of his troops as possible, and with the armada made sail
+      for Ephesus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) "Pol. Lac." xiii. 2 foll.
+
+ (4) Or, "To the several cities he had already despatched messengers
+    with directions," etc.; see Paus. III. ix. 1-3.
+
+ (5) See Freeman, "Hist. of Federal Government," ch. iv. "Constitution
+    of the Boeotian League," pp. 162, 163. The Boeotarchs, as
+    representatives of the several Boeotian cities, were the supreme
+    military commanders of the League, and, as it would appear, the
+    general administrators of Federal affairs. "The Boeotarchs of
+    course command at Delion, but they also act as administrative
+    magistrates of the League by hindering Agesilaus from sacrificing
+    at Aulis."
+
+ (6) Plut. "Ages." vi.; "Pelop." xxi. See Breitenb. op. cit. Praef. p.
+    xvi.; and below, III. v. 5; VI. iv. 23.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When he had reached that city the first move was made by Tissaphernes, who
+      sent asking, "With what purpose he was come thither?" And the Spartan king
+      made answer: "With the intention that the cities in Asia shall be
+      independent even as are the cities in our quarter of Hellas." In answer to
+      this Tissaphernes said: "If you on your part choose to make a truce whilst
+      I send ambassadors to the king, I think you may well arrange the matter,
+      and sail back home again, if so you will." "Willing enough should I be,"
+      replied Agesilaus, "were I not persuaded that you are cheating me." "Nay,
+      but it is open to you," replied the satrap, "to exact a surety for the
+      execution of the terms... 'Provided always that you, Tissaphernes, carry
+      out what you say without deceit, we on our side will abstain from injuring
+      your dominion in any respect whatever during the truce.'" (7) Accordingly
+      in the presence of three commissioners&mdash;Herippidas, Dercylidas, and
+      Megillus&mdash;Tissaphernes took an oath in the words prescribed: "Verily
+      and indeed, I will effect peace honestly and without guile." To which the
+      commissioners, on behalf of Agesilaus, swore a counter-oath: "Verily and
+      indeed, provided Tissaphernes so acts, we on our side will observe the
+      truce."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) For this corrupt passage, see Hartman, "Anal. Xen." p. 332; also
+    Otto Keller's critical edition of the "Hellenica" (Lips,
+    MDCCCLXXX.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Tissaphernes at once gave the lie to what he had sworn. Instead of
+      adhering to peace he sent up to demand a large army from the king, in
+      addition to what he already had. But Agesilaus, though he was fully alive
+      to these proceedings, adhered as rigidly as ever to the truce.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To keep quiet and enjoy leisure was his duty, in the exercise of which he
+      wore away the time at Ephesus. But in reference to the organisation of the
+      several states it was a season of vehement constitutional disturbance in
+      the several cities; that is to say, there were neither democracies as in
+      the old days of the Athenians, nor yet were there decarchies as in the
+      days of Lysander. But here was Lysander back again. Every one recognised
+      him, and flocked to him with petitions for one favour or another, which he
+      was to obtain for them from Agesilaus. A crowd of suitors danced
+      attendance on his heels, and formed so conspicuous a retinue that
+      Agesilaus, any one would have supposed, was the private person and
+      Lysander the king. All this was maddening to Agesilaus, as was presently
+      plain. As to the rest of the Thirty, jealousy did not suffer them to keep
+      silence, and they put it plainly to Agesilaus that the super-regal
+      splendour in which Lysander lived was a violation of the constitution. So
+      when Lysander took upon himself to introduce some of his petitioners to
+      Agesilaus, the latter turned them a deaf ear. Their being aided and
+      abetted by Lysander was sufficient; he sent them away discomfited. At
+      length, as time after time things turned out contrary to his wishes,
+      Lysander himself perceived the position of affairs. He now no longer
+      suffered that crowd to follow him, and gave those who asked him help in
+      anything plainly to understand that they would gain nothing, but rather be
+      losers, by his intervention. But being bitterly annoyed at the degradation
+      put upon him, he came to the king and said to him: "Ah, Agesilaus, how
+      well you know the art of humbling your friends!" "Ay, indeed," the king
+      replied; "those of them whose one idea it is to appear greater than
+      myself; if I did not know how also to requite with honour those who work
+      for my good, I should be ashamed." And Lysander said: "maybe there is more
+      reason in your doings than ever guided my conduct;" adding, "Grant me for
+      the rest one favour, so shall I cease to blush at the loss of my influence
+      with you, and you will cease to be embarrassed by my presence. Send me off
+      on a mission somewhere; wherever I am I will strive to be of service to
+      you." Such was the proposal of Lysander. Agesilaus resolved to act upon
+      it, and despatched Lysander to the Hellespont. And this is what befell.
+      (8) Lysander, being made aware of a slight which had been put upon
+      Spithridates the Persian by Pharnabazus, got into conversation with the
+      injured man, and so worked upon him that he was persuaded to bring his
+      children and his personal belongings, and with a couple of hundred troops
+      to revolt. The next step was to deposit all the goods safely in Cyzicus,
+      and the last to get on shipboard with Spithridates and his son, and so to
+      present himself with his Persian friends to Agesilaus. Agesilaus, on his
+      side, was delighted at the transaction, and set himself at once to get
+      information about Pharnabazus, his territory and his government.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) See "Ages." iii. 3; "Anab." VI. v. 7.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Tissaphernes had waxed bolder. A large body of troops had been
+      sent down by the king. On the strength of that he declared war against
+      Agesilaus, if he did not instantly withdraw his troops from Asia. The
+      Lacedaemonians there (9) present, no less than the allies, received the
+      news with profound vexation, persuaded as they were that Agesilaus had no
+      force capable of competing with the king's grand armament. But a smile lit
+      up the face of Agesilaus as he bade the ambassadors return to Tissaphernes
+      and tell him that he was much in his debt for the perjury by which he had
+      won the enmity of Heaven and made the very gods themselves allies of
+      Hellas. He at once issued a general order to the troops to equip
+      themselves for a forward movement. He warned the cities through which he
+      must pass in an advance upon Caria, to have markets in readiness, and
+      lastly, he despatched a message to the Ionian, Aeolian, and Hellespontine
+      communities to send their contingents to join him at Ephesus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) I.e. at Ephesus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Tissaphernes, putting together the facts that Agesilaus had no cavalry and
+      that Caria was a region unadapted to that arm, and persuaded in his own
+      mind also that the Spartan could not but cherish wrath against himself
+      personally for his chicanery, felt convinced that he was really intending
+      to invade Caria, and that the satrap's palace was his final goal.
+      Accordingly he transferred the whole of his infantry to that province, and
+      proceeded to lead his cavalry round into the plain of the Maeander. Here
+      he conceived himself capable of trampling the Hellenes under foot with his
+      horsemen before they could reach the craggy districts where no cavalry
+      could operate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, instead of marching straight into Caria, Agesilaus turned sharp off
+      in the opposite direction towards Phrygia. Picking up various detachments
+      of troops which met him on his march, he steadily advanced, laying cities
+      prostrate before him, and by the unexpectedness of his attack reaping a
+      golden harvest of spoil. As a rule the march was prosecuted safely; but
+      not far from Dascylium his advanced guard of cavalry were pushing on
+      towards a knoll to take a survey of the state of things in front, when, as
+      chance would have it, a detachment of cavalry sent forward by Pharnabazus&mdash;the
+      corps, in fact, of Rhathines and his natural brother Bagaeus&mdash;just
+      about equal to the Hellenes in number, also came galloping up to the very
+      knoll in question. The two bodies found themselves face to face not one
+      hundred and fifty yards (10) apart, and for the first moment or two stood
+      stock still. The Hellenic horse were drawn up like an ordinary phalanx
+      four deep, the barbarians presenting a narrow front of twelve or
+      thereabouts, and a very disproportionate depth. There was a moment's
+      pause, and then the barbarians, taking the initiative, charged. There was
+      a hand-to-hand tussle, in which any Hellene who succeeded in striking his
+      man shivered his lance with the blow, while the Persian troopers, armed
+      with cornel-wood javelins, speedily despatched a dozen men and a couple of
+      horses. (11) At this point the Hellenic cavalry turned and fled. But as
+      Agesilaus came up to the rescue with his heavy infantry, the Asiatics were
+      forced in their turn to withdraw, with the loss of one man slain. This
+      cavalry engagement gave them pause. Agesilaus on the day following it
+      offered sacrifice. "Was he to continue his advance?" But the victims
+      proved hopeless. (12) There was nothing for it after this manifestation
+      but to turn and march towards the sea. It was clear enough to his mind
+      that without a proper cavalry force it would be impossible to conduct a
+      campaign in the flat country. Cavalry, therefore, he must get, or be
+      driven to mere guerilla warfare. With this view he drew up a list of all
+      the wealthiest inhabitants belonging to the several cities of those parts.
+      Their duty would be to support a body of cavalry, with the proviso,
+      however, that any one contributing a horse, arms, and rider, up to the
+      standard, would be exempted from personal service. The effect was
+      instantaneous. The zeal with which the recipients of these orders
+      responded could hardly have been greater if they had been seeking
+      substitutes to die for them.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Lit. "four plethra."
+
+ (11) See Xenophon's treatise "On Horsemanship," xii. 12.
+
+ (12) Lit. "lobeless," i.e. with a lobe of the liver wanting&mdash;a bad
+    sign.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 395. After this, at the first indication of spring, he collected the
+      whole of his army at Ephesus. But the army needed training. With that
+      object he proposed a series of prizes&mdash;prizes to the heavy infantry
+      regiments, to be won by those who presented their men in the best
+      condition; prizes for the cavalry regiments which could ride best; prizes
+      for those divisions of peltasts and archers which proved most efficient in
+      their respective duties. And now the gymnasiums were a sight to see,
+      thronged as they were, one and all, with warriors stripping for exercise;
+      or again, the hippodrome crowded with horses and riders performing their
+      evolutions; or the javelin men and archers going through their peculiar
+      drill. In fact, the whole city where he lay presented under his hands a
+      spectacle not to be forgotten. The market-place literally teemed with
+      horses, arms, and accoutrements of all sorts for sale. The bronze-worker,
+      the carpenter, the smith, the leather-cutter, the painter and embosser,
+      were all busily engaged in fabricating the implements of war; so that the
+      city of Ephesus itself was fairly converted into a military workshop. (13)
+      It would have done a man's heart good to see those long lines of soldiers
+      with Agesilaus at their head, as they stepped gaily be-garlanded from the
+      gymnasiums to dedicate their wreaths to the goddess Artemis. Nor can I
+      well conceive of elements more fraught with hope than were here combined.
+      Here were reverence and piety towards Heaven; here practice in war and
+      military training; here discipline with habitual obedience to authority.
+      But contempt for one's enemy will infuse a kind of strength in battle. So
+      the Spartan leader argued; and with a view to its production he ordered
+      the quartermasters to put up the prisoners who had been captured by his
+      foraging bands for auction, stripped naked; so that his Hellenic soldiery,
+      as they looked at the white skins which had never been bared to sun and
+      wind, the soft limbs unused to toil through constant riding in carriages,
+      came to the conclusion that war with such adversaries would differ little
+      from a fight with women.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See Plut. "Marc." (Clough, ii. 262); Polyb. "Hist." x. 20.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      By this date a full year had elapsed since the embarkation of Agesilaus,
+      and the time had come for the Thirty with Lysander to sail back home, and
+      for their successors, with Herippidas, to arrive. Among these Agesilaus
+      appointed Xenocles and another to the command of the cavalry, Scythes to
+      that of the heavy infantry of the enfranchised, (14) Herippidas to that of
+      the Cyreians, and Migdon to that of the contingents from the states.
+      Agesilaus gave them to understand that he intended to lead them forthwith
+      by the most expeditious route against the stronghold of the country, (15)
+      so that without further ceremony they might prepare their minds and bodies
+      for the tug of battle. Tissaphernes, however, was firmly persuaded that
+      this was only talk intended to deceive him; Agesilaus would this time
+      certainly invade Caria. Accordingly he repeated his former tactics,
+      transporting his infantry bodily into Caria and posting his cavalry in the
+      valley of the Maeander. But Agesilaus was as good as his word, and at once
+      invaded the district of Sardis. A three days' march through a region
+      denuded of the enemy threw large supplies into his hands. On the fourth
+      day the cavalry of the enemy approached. Their general ordered the officer
+      in charge of his baggage-train to cross the Pactolus and encamp, while his
+      troopers, catching sight of stragglers from the Hellenic force scattered
+      in pursuit of booty, put several of them to the sword. Perceiving which,
+      Agesilaus ordered his cavalry to the rescue; and the Persians on their
+      side, seeing their advance, collected together in battle order to receive
+      them, with dense squadrons of horse, troop upon troop. The Spartan,
+      reflecting that the enemy had as yet no infantry to support him, whilst he
+      had all branches of the service to depend upon, concluded that the
+      critical moment had arrived at which to risk an engagement. In this mood
+      he sacrificed, and began advancing his main line of battle against the
+      serried lines of cavalry in front of him, at the same time ordering the
+      flower of his heavy infantry&mdash;the ten-years-service men (16)&mdash;to
+      close with them at a run, and the peltasts to bring up their supports at
+      the double. The order passed to his cavalry was to charge in confidence
+      that he and the whole body of his troops were close behind them. The
+      cavalry charge was received by the Persians without flinching, but
+      presently finding themselves environed by the full tide of war they
+      swerved. Some found a speedy grave within the river, but the mass of them
+      gradually made good their escape. The Hellenes followed close on the heels
+      of the flying foe and captured his camp. here the peltasts not unnaturally
+      fell to pillaging; whereupon Agesilaus planted his troops so as to form a
+      cordon enclosing the property of friends and foes alike. The spoil taken
+      was considerable; it fetched more than seventy talents, (17) not to
+      mention the famous camels, subsequently brought over by Agesilaus into
+      Hellas, which were captured here. At the moment of the battle Tissaphernes
+      lay in Sardis. Hence the Persians argued that they had been betrayed by
+      the satrap. And the king of Persia, coming to a like conclusion himself
+      that Tissaphernes was to blame for the evil turn of his affairs, sent down
+      Tithraustes and beheaded him. (18)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) The neodamodes.
+
+ (15) I.e. Lydia. See Plut. "Ages." x. (Clough, iv. 11).
+
+ (16) See note to "Hell." II. iv. 32.
+
+ (17) = 17,062 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (18) See Diod. xiv. 80.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This done, Tithraustes sent an embassy to Agesilaus with a message as
+      follows: "The author of all our trouble, yours and ours, Agesilaus, has
+      paid the penalty of his misdoings; the king therefore asks of you first
+      that you should sail back home in peace; secondly, that the cities in Asia
+      secured in their autonomy should continue to render him the ancient
+      tribute." To this proposition Agesilaus made answer that "without the
+      authorities at home he could do nothing in the matter." "Then do you, at
+      least," replied Tithraustes, "while awaiting advice from Lacedaemon,
+      withdraw into the territory of Pharnabazus. Have I not avenged you of your
+      enemy?" "While, then, I am on my way thither," rejoined Agesilaus, "will
+      you support my army with provisions?" On this wise Tithraustes handed him
+      thirty talents, (19) which the other took, and forthwith began his march
+      into Phrygia (the Phrygia of Pharnabazus). He lay in the plain district
+      above Cyme, (20) when a message reached him from the home authorities,
+      giving him absolute disposal of the naval forces, (21) with the right to
+      appoint the admiral of his choice. This course the Lacedaemonians were led
+      to adopt by the following considerations: If, they argued, the same man
+      were in command of both services, the land force would be greatly
+      strengthened through the concentration of the double force at any point
+      necessary; and the navy likewise would be far more useful through the
+      immediate presence and co-operation of the land force where needed.
+      Apprised of these measures, Agesilaus in the first instance sent an order
+      to the cities on the islands and the seaboard to fit out as many ships of
+      war as they severally might deem desirable. The result was a new navy,
+      consisting of the vessels thus voluntarily furnished by the states, with
+      others presented by private persons out of courtesy to their commander,
+      and amounting in all to a fleet of one hundred and twenty sail. The
+      admiral whom he selected was Peisander, his wife's brother, a man of
+      genuine ambition and of a vigorous spirit, but not sufficiently expert in
+      the details of equipment to achieve a great naval success. Thus while
+      Peisander set off to attend to naval matters, Agesilaus continued his
+      march whither he was bound to Phrygia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) = 7,312 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (20) See "Cyrop." VII. i. 45.
+
+ (21) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 327, note 3; Arist. "Pol." ii. 9, 33.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But now Tithraustes seemed to have discovered in Agesilaus a disposition
+      to despise the fortunes of the Persian monarch&mdash;he evidently had no
+      intention to withdraw from Asia; on the contrary, he was cherishing hopes
+      vast enough to include the capture of the king himself. Being at his wits'
+      end how to manage matters, he resolved to send Timocrates the Rhodian to
+      Hellas with a gift of gold worthy fifty silver talents, (1) and enjoined
+      upon him to endeavour to exchange solemn pledges with the leading men in
+      the several states, binding them to undertake a war against Lacedaemon.
+      Timocrates arrived and began to dole out his presents. In Thebes he gave
+      gifts to Androcleidas, Ismenias, and Galaxidorus; in Corinth to Timolaus
+      and Polyanthes; in Argos to Cylon and his party. The Athenians, (2) though
+      they took no share of the gold, were none the less eager for the war,
+      being of opinion that empire was theirs by right. (3) The recipients of
+      the moneys forthwith began covertly to attack the Lacedaemonians in their
+      respective states, and, when they had brought these to a sufficient pitch
+      of hatred, bound together the most important of them in a confederacy.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) = 12,187 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (2) See Paus. III. ix. 8; Plut. "Ages." xv.
+
+ (3) Reading {nomizontes auton to arkhein} with Sauppe; or if, as
+    Breitinbach suggests, {enomizon de oukh outon to arkhesthai},
+    translate "but thought it was not for them to take the
+    initiative."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But it was clear to the leaders in Thebes that, unless some one struck the
+      first blow, the Lacedaemonians would never be brought to break the truce
+      with their allies. They therefore persuaded the Opuntian Locrians (4) to
+      levy moneys on a debatable district, (5) jointly claimed by the Phocians
+      and themselves, when the Phocians would be sure to retaliate by an attack
+      on Locris. These expectations were fulfilled. The Phocians immediately
+      invaded Locris and seized moneys on their side with ample interest. Then
+      Androcleidas and his friends lost no time in persuading the Thebans to
+      assist the Locrians, on the ground that it was no debatable district which
+      had been entered by the Phocians, but the admittedly friendly and allied
+      territory of Locris itself. The counter-invasion of Phocis and pillage of
+      their country by the Thebans promptly induced the Phocians to send an
+      embassy to Lacedaemon. In claiming assistance they explained that the war
+      was not of their own seeking, but that they had attacked the Locrians in
+      self-defence. On their side the Lacedaemonians were glad enough to seize a
+      pretext for marching upon the Thebans, against whom they cherished a
+      long-standing bitterness. They had not forgotten the claim which the
+      Thebans had set up to a tithe for Apollo in Deceleia, (6) nor yet their
+      refusal to support Lacedaemon in the attack on Piraeus; (7) and they
+      accused them further of having persuaded the Corinthians not to join that
+      expedition. Nor did they fail to call to mind some later proceedings of
+      the Thebans&mdash;their refusal to allow Agesilaus to sacrifice in Aulis;
+      (8) their snatching the victims already offered and hurling them from the
+      altars; their refusal to join the same general in a campaign directed even
+      against Asia. (9) The Lacedaemonians further reasoned that now, if ever,
+      was the favourable moment to conduct an expedition against the Thebans,
+      and once for all to put a stop to their insolent behaviour towards them.
+      Affairs in Asia were prospering under the strong arm of Agesilaus, and in
+      Hellas they had no other war on hand to trammel their movements. Such,
+      therefore, being the general view of the situation adopted at Lacedaemon,
+      the ephors proceeded to call out the ban. Meanwhile they despatched
+      Lysander to Phocis with orders to put himself at the head of the Phocians
+      along with the Oetaeans, Heracleotes, Melians, and Aenianians, and to
+      march upon Haliartus; before the walls of which place Pausanias, the
+      destined leader of the expedition, undertook to present himself at the
+      head of the Lacedaemonians and other Peloponnesian forces by a specified
+      date. Lysander not only carried out his instructions to the letter, but
+      going a little beyond them, succeeded in detaching Orchomenus from Thebes.
+      (10) Pausanias, on the other hand, after finding the sacrifice for
+      crossing the frontier favourable, sat down at Tegea and set about
+      despatching to and fro the commandants of allied troops whilst contentedly
+      awaiting the soldiers from the provincial (11) districts of Laconia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) For an alliance between Athens and the Locrians, B.C. 395, see
+    Hicks, 67; and below, IV. ii. 17.
+
+ (5) Lit. "the." See Paus. III. ix. 9.
+
+ (6) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 309, 403; viii. 355.
+
+ (7) "Hell." II. iv. 30, B.C. 403.
+
+ (8) See above, III. iv. 3; and below, VII. i. 34.
+
+ (9) See Paus. III. ix. 1-3.
+
+ (10) See Freeman, op. cit. p. 167, "Ill feeling between Thebes and
+    other towns."&mdash;"Against Thebes, backed by Sparta, resistance was
+    hopeless. It was not till long after that, at last  (in 395 B.C.),
+    on a favourable opportunity during the Corinthian war, Orchomenos
+    openly seceded." And for the prior "state of disaffection towards
+    Thebes on the part of the smaller cities," see "Mem." III. v. 2,
+    in reference to B.C. 407.
+
+ (11) Lit. "perioecid."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now that it was fully plain to the Thebans that the Lacedaemonians
+      would invade their territory, they sent ambassadors to Athens, who spoke
+      as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Men of Athens, it is a mistake on your part to blame us for certain harsh
+      resolutions concerning Athens at the conclusion of the war. (12) That vote
+      was not authorised by the state of Thebes. It was the utterance merely of
+      one man, (13) who was at that time seated in the congress of the allies. A
+      more important fact is that when the Lacedaemonians summoned us to attack
+      Piraeus (14) the collective state of Thebes passed a resolution refusing
+      to join in the campaign. As then you are to a large extent the cause of
+      the resentment which the Lacedaemonians feel towards us, we consider it
+      only fair that you in your turn should render us assistance. Still more do
+      we demand of you, sirs, who were of the city party at that date, to enter
+      heart and soul into war with the Lacedaemonians. For what were their
+      services to you? They first deliberately converted you into an oligarchy
+      and placed you in hostility to the democracy, and then they came with a
+      great force under guise of being your allies, and delivered you over to
+      the majority, so that, for any service they rendered you, you were all
+      dead men; and you owe your lives to our friends here, the people of
+      Athens. (15)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; and below, VI. v. 35.
+
+ (13) Plut. "Lys." xv. "Erianthus the Theban gave his vote to pull down
+    the city, and turn the country into sheep-pasture."&mdash;Clough, iii.
+    121.
+
+ (14) See "Hell." II. iv. 30.
+
+ (15) See "Hell." II. iv. 38, 40, 41.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But to pass on&mdash;we all know, men of Athens, that you would like to
+      recover the empire which you formerly possessed; and how can you compass
+      your object better than by coming to the aid yourselves of the victims of
+      Lacedaemonian injustice? Is it their wide empire of which you are afraid?
+      Let not that make cowards of you&mdash;much rather let it embolden you as
+      you lay to heart and ponder your own case. When your empire was widest
+      then the crop of your enemies was thickest. Only so long as they found no
+      opportunity to revolt did they keep their hatred of you dark; but no
+      sooner had they found a champion in Lacedaemon than they at once showed
+      what they really felt towards you. So too to-day. Let us show plainly that
+      we mean to stand shoulder to shoulder (16) embattled against the
+      Lacedaemonians; and haters enough of them&mdash;whole armies&mdash;never
+      fear, will be forthcoming. To prove the truth of this assertion you need
+      only to count upon your fingers. How many friends have they left to them
+      to-day? The Argives have been, are, and ever will be, hostile to them. Of
+      course. But the Eleians? Why, the Eleians have quite lately (17) been
+      robbed of so much territory and so many cities that their friendship is
+      converted into hatred. And what shall we say of the Corinthians? the
+      Arcadians? the Achaeans? In the war which Sparta waged against you, there
+      was no toil, no danger, no expense, which those peoples did not share, in
+      obedience to the dulcet coaxings (18) and persuasions of that power. The
+      Lacedaemonians gained what they wanted, and then not one fractional
+      portion of empire, honour, or wealth did these faithful followers come in
+      for. That is not all. They have no scruple in appointing their helots (19)
+      as governors, and on the free necks of their alies, in the day of their
+      good fortune, they have planted the tyrant's heel.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) Lit. "shield to shield."
+
+ (17) Lit. "to-day," "nowadays."
+
+ (18) {mala liparoumenoi}. See Thuc. i. 66 foll.; vi. 88.
+
+ (19) See "Pol. Lac." xiv.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Then again take the case of those whom they have detached from
+      yourselves. In the most patent way they have cajoled and cheated them; in
+      place of freedom they have presented them with a twofold slavery. The
+      allies are tyrannised over by the governor and tyrannised over by the ten
+      commissioners set up by Lysander over every city. (20) And to come lastly
+      to the great king. In spite of all the enormous contributions with which
+      he aided them to gain a mastery over you, is the lord of Asia one whit
+      better off to-day than if he had taken exactly the opposite course and
+      joined you in reducing them?
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) Grote ("H. G." ix. 323), referring to this passage, and to
+    "Hell." VI. iii. 8-11, notes the change in Spartan habits between
+    405 and 394 B.C. (i.e. between the victory of Aegospotami and the
+    defeat of Cnidos), when Sparta possessed a large public revenue
+    derived from the tribute of the dependent cities. For her earlier
+    condition, 432 B.C., cf. Thuc. i. 80. For her subsequent
+    condition, 334 B.C., cf. Arist. "Pol." ii. 6, 23.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Is it not clear that you have only to step forward once again as the
+      champions of this crowd of sufferers from injustice, and you will attain
+      to a pinnacle of power quite unprecedented? In the days of your old empire
+      you were leaders of the maritime powers merely&mdash;that is clear; but
+      your new empire to-day will be universal. You will have at your backs not
+      only your former subjects, but ourselves, and the Peloponnesians, and the
+      king himself, with all that mighty power which is his. We do not deny that
+      we were serviceable allies enough to Lacedaemon, as you will bear us
+      witness; but this we say:&mdash;If we helped the Lacedaemonians vigorously
+      in the past, everything tends to show that we shall help you still more
+      vigorously to-day; for our swords will be unsheathed, not in behalf of
+      islanders, or Syracusans, or men of alien stock, as happened in the late
+      war, but of ourselves, suffering under a sense of wrong. And there is
+      another important fact which you ought to realise: this selfish system of
+      organised greed which is Sparta's will fall more readily to pieces than
+      your own late empire. Yours was the proud assertion of naval empire over
+      subjects powerless by sea. Theirs is the selfish sway of a minority
+      asserting dominion over states equally well armed with themselves, and
+      many times more numerous. Here our remarks end. Do not forget, however,
+      men of Athens, that as far as we can understand the matter, the field to
+      which we invite you is destined to prove far richer in blessings to your
+      own state of Athens than to ours, Thebes."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these words the speaker ended. Among the Athenians, speaker after
+      speaker spoke in favour of the proposition, (21) and finally a unanimous
+      resolution was passed voting assistance to the Thebans. Thrasybulus, in an
+      answer communicating the resolution, pointed out with pride that in spite
+      of the unfortified condition of Piraeus, Athens would not shrink from
+      repaying her former debt of gratitude to Thebes with interest. "You," he
+      added, "refused to join in a campaign against us; we are prepared to fight
+      your battles with you against the enemy, if he attacks you." Thus the
+      Thebans returned home and made preparations to defend themselves, whilst
+      the Athenians made ready to assist them.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) For the alliance between Boeotia and Athens, B.C. 395, see
+    Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 6; Hicks, op. cit. 65; Lys. "pro Man." S.
+    13; Jebb, "Att. Or." i. p. 247; and the two speeches of the same
+    orator Lysias against Alcibiades (son of the famous Alcibiades),
+    on a Charge of Desertion ("Or." xiv.), and on a Charge of Failure
+    to Serve ("Or." xv.)&mdash;Jebb, op. cit. i. p. 256 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now the Lacedaemonians no longer hesitated. Pausanias the king
+      advanced into Boeotia with the home army and the whole of the
+      Peloponnesian contingents, saving only the Corinthians, who declined to
+      serve. Lysander, at the head of the army supplied by Phocis and Orchomenus
+      and the other strong places in those parts, had already reached Haliartus,
+      in front of Pausanias. Being arrived, he refused to sit down quietly and
+      await the arrival of the army from Lacedaemon, but at once marched with
+      what troops he had against the walls of Haliartus; and in the first
+      instance he tried to persuade the citizens to detach themselves from
+      Thebes and to assume autonomy, but the intention was cut short by certain
+      Thebans within the fortress. Whereupon Lysander attacked the place. The
+      Thebans were made aware, (22) and hurried to the rescue with heavy
+      infantry and cavalry. Then, whether it was that the army of relief fell
+      upon Lysander unawares, or that with clear knowledge of his approach he
+      preferred to await the enemy, with intent to crush him, is uncertain. This
+      only is clear: a battle was fought beside the walls, and a trophy still
+      exists to mark the victory of the townsfolk before the gates of Haliartus.
+      Lysander was slain, and the rest fled to the mountains, the Thebans hotly
+      pursuing. But when the pursuit had led them to some considerable height,
+      and they were fairly environed and hemmed in by difficult ground and
+      narrow space, then the heavy infantry turned to bay, and greeted them with
+      a shower of darts and missiles. First two or three men dropped who had
+      been foremost of the pursuers, and then upon the rest they poured volleys
+      of stones down the precipitous incline, and pressed on their late pursuers
+      with much zeal, until the Thebans turned tail and quitted the deadly
+      slope, leaving behind them more than a couple of hundred corpses.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) See Plut. "Lys." xxviii. (Clough, iii. 137).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On this day, thereafter, the hearts of the Thebans failed them as they
+      counted their losses and found them equal to their gains; but the next day
+      they discovered that during the night the Phocians and the rest of them
+      had made off to their several homes, whereupon they fell to pluming
+      themselves highly on their achievement. But presently Pausanias appeared
+      at the head of the Lacedaemonian army, and once more their dangers seemed
+      to thicken round them. Deep, we are told, was the silence and abasement
+      which reigned in their host. It was not until the third day, when the
+      Athenians arrived (23) and were duely drawn up beside them, whilst
+      Pausanias neither attacked nor offered battle, that at length the
+      confidence of the Thebans took a larger range. Pausanias, on his side,
+      having summoned his generals and commanders of fifties, (24) deliberated
+      whether to give battle or to content himself with picking up the bodies of
+      Lysander and those who fell with him, under cover of a truce.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) See Dem. "On the Crown," 258.
+
+ (24) Lit. "polemarchs and penteconters"&mdash;"colonels and lieutenants."
+    See "Pol. Lac." xi.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The considerations which weighed upon the minds of Pausanias and the other
+      high officers of the Lacedaemonians seem to have been that Lysander was
+      dead and his defeated army in retreat; while, as far as they themselves
+      were concerned, the Corinthian contingent was absolutely wanting, and the
+      zeal of the troops there present at the lowest ebb. They further reasoned
+      that the enemy's cavalry was numerous and theirs the reverse; whilst,
+      weightiest of all, there lay the dead right under the walls, so that if
+      they had been ever so much stronger it would have been no easy task to
+      pick up the bodies within range of the towers of Haliartus. On all these
+      grounds they determined to ask for a flag of truce, in order to pick up
+      the bodies of the slain. These, however, the Thebans were not disposed to
+      give back unless they agreed to retire from their territory. The terms
+      were gladly accepted by the Lacedaemonians, who at once picked up the
+      corpses of the slain, and prepared to quit the territory of Boeotia. The
+      preliminaries were transacted, and the retreat commenced. Despondent
+      indeed was the demeanour of the Lacedaemonians, in contrast with the
+      insolent bearing of the Thebans, who visited the slightest attempt to
+      trespass on their private estates with blows and chased the offenders back
+      on to the high roads unflinchingly. Such was the conclusion of the
+      campaign of the Lacedaemonians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As for Pausanias, on his arrival at home he was tried on the capital
+      charge. The heads of indictment set forth that he had failed to reach
+      Haliartus as soon as Lysander, in spite of his undertaking to be there on
+      the same day: that, instead of using any endeavour to pick up the bodies
+      of the slain by force of arms, he had asked for a flag of truce: that at
+      an earlier date, when he had got the popular government of Athens fairly
+      in his grip at Piraeus, he had suffered it to slip through his fingers and
+      escape. Besides this, (25) he failed to present himself at the trial, and
+      a sentence of death was passed upon him. He escaped to Tegea and there
+      died of an illness whilst still in exile. Thus closes the chapter of
+      events enacted on the soil of Hellas. To return to Asia and Agesilaus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (25) Or, add, "as a further gravamen."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 395. With the fall of the year Agesilaus reached Phrygia&mdash;the
+      Phrygia of Pharnabazus&mdash;and proceeded to burn and harry the district.
+      City after city was taken, some by force and some by voluntary surrender.
+      To a proposal of Spithridates to lead him into Paphlagonia, (1) where he
+      would introduce the king of the country to him in conference and obtain
+      his alliance, he readily acceded. It was a long-cherished ambition of
+      Agesilaus to alienate some one of the subject nations from the Persian
+      monarch, and he pushed forward eagerly.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Hartman ("An. Xen." p. 339), who suggests {Otun auto} for {sun
+    auto}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On his arrival in Paphlagonia, King Otys (2) came, and an alliance was
+      made. (The fact was, he had been summoned by the king to Susa and had not
+      gone up.) More than that, through the persuasion of Spithridates he left
+      behind as a parting gift to Agesilaus one thousand cavalry and a couple of
+      thousand peltasts. Agesilaus was anxious in some way to show his gratitude
+      to Spithridates for such help, and spoke as follows:&mdash;"Tell me," he
+      said to Spithridates, "would you not like to give your daughter to King
+      Otys?" "Much more would I like to give her," he answered, "than he to take
+      her&mdash;I an outcast wanderer, and he lord of a vast territory and
+      forces." Nothing more was said at the time about the marriage; but when
+      Otys was on the point of departure and came to bid farewell, Agesilaus,
+      having taken care that Spithridates should be out of the way, in the
+      presence of the Thirty broached the subject: (3) "Can you tell me, Otys,
+      to what sort of family Spithridates belongs?" "To one of the noblest in
+      Persia," replied the king. Agesilaus: "Have you observed how beautiful his
+      son is?" Otys: "To be sure; last evening I was supping with him."
+      Agesilaus: "And they tell me his daughter is yet more beautiful." Otys:
+      "That may well be; beautiful she is." Agesilaus: "For my part, as you have
+      proved so good a friend to us, I should like to advise you to take this
+      girl to wife. Not only is she very beautiful&mdash;and what more should a
+      husband ask for?&mdash;but her father is of noble family, and has a force
+      at his back large enough to retaliate on Pharnabazus for an injury. He has
+      made the satrap, as you see, a fugitive and a vagabond in his own vast
+      territory. I need not tell you," he added, "that a man who can so chastise
+      an enemy is well able to benefit a friend; and of this be assured: by such
+      an alliance you will gain not the connection of Spithridates alone, but of
+      myself and the Lacedaemonians, and, as we are the leaders of Hellas, of
+      the rest of Hellas also. And what a wedding yours will be! Were ever
+      nuptials celebrated on so grand a scale before? Was ever bride led home by
+      such an escort of cavalry and light-armed troops and heavy infantry, as
+      shall escort your wife home to your palace?" Otys asked: "Is Spithridates
+      of one mind with you in this proposal?" and Agesilaus answered: "In good
+      sooth he did not bid me make it for him. And for my own part in the
+      matter, though it is, I admit, a rare pleasure to requite an enemy, yet I
+      had far rather at any time discover some good fortune for my friends."
+      Otys: "Why not ask if your project pleases Spithridates too?" Then
+      Agesilaus, turning to Herippidas and the rest of the Thirty, bade them go
+      to Spithridates; "and give him such good instruction," he added, "that he
+      shall wish what we wish." The Thirty rose and retired to administer their
+      lesson. But they seemed to tarry a long time, and Agesilaus asked: "What
+      say you, King Otys&mdash;shall we summon him hither ourselves? You, I feel
+      certain, are better able to persuade him than the whole Thirty put
+      together." Thereupon Agesilaus summoned Spithridates and the others. As
+      they came forward, Herippidas promptly delivered himself thus: "I spare
+      you the details, Agesilaus. To make a long story short, Spithridates says,
+      'He will be glad to do whatever pleases you.'" Then Agesilaus, turning
+      first to one and then to the other: "What pleases me," said he, "is that
+      you should wed a daughter&mdash;and you a wife&mdash;so happily. (4) But,"
+      he added, "I do not see how we can well bring home the bride by land till
+      spring." "No, not by land," the suitor answered, "but you might, if you
+      chose, conduct her home at once by sea." Thereupon they exchanged pledges
+      to ratify the compact; and so sent Otys rejoicing on his way.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) See "Ages." iii. 4, where he is called Cotys.
+
+ (3) I.e. "Spartan counsellors."
+
+ (4) Or, "and may the wedding be blest!"
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Agesilaus, who had not failed to note the king's impatience, at once
+      fitted out a ship of war and gave orders to Callias, a Lacedaemonian, to
+      escort the maiden to her new home; after which he himself began his march
+      on Dascylium. Here was the palace of Pharnabazus. It lay in the midst of
+      abundant supplies. Here, too, were most fair hunting grounds, offering the
+      hunter choice between enclosed parks (5) and a wide expanse of field and
+      fell; and all around there flowed a river full of fish of every sort; and
+      for the sportsman versed in fowling, winged game in abundance.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Lit. "paradises." See "Anab." I. ii. 7; "Cyrop." I. iv. 11.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In these quarters the Spartan king passed the winter, collecting supplies
+      for the army either on the spot or by a system of forage. On one of these
+      occasions the troops, who had grown reckless and scornful of the enemy
+      through long immunity from attack, whilst engaged in collecting supplies
+      were scattered over the flat country, when Pharnabazus fell upon them with
+      two scythe-chariots and about four hundred horse. Seeing him thus
+      advancing, the Hellenes ran together, mustering possibly seven hundred
+      men. The Persian did not hesitate, but placing his chariots in front,
+      supported by himself and the cavalry, he gave the command to charge. The
+      scythe-chariots charged and scattered the compact mass, and speedily the
+      cavalry had laid low in the dust about a hundred men, while the rest
+      retreated hastily, under cover of Agesilaus and his hoplites, who were
+      fortunately near.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was the third or fourth day after this that Spithridates made a
+      discovery: Pharnabazus lay encamped in Caue, a large village not more than
+      eighteen miles (6) away. This news he lost no time in reporting to
+      Herippidas. The latter, who was longing for some brilliant exploit, begged
+      Agesilaus to furnish him with two thousand hoplites, an equal number of
+      peltasts, and some cavalry&mdash;the latter to consist of the horsemen of
+      Spithridates, the Paphlagonians, and as many Hellene troopers as he might
+      perchance persuade to follow him. Having got the promise of them from
+      Agesilaus, he proceeded to take the auspices. Towards late afternoon he
+      obtained favourable omens and broke off the sacrifice. Thereupon he
+      ordered the troops to get their evening meal, after which they were to
+      present themselves in front of the camp. But by the time darkness had
+      closed in, not one half of them had come out. To abandon the project was
+      to call down the ridicule of the rest of the Thirty. So he set out with
+      the force to hand, and about daylight, falling on the camp of Pharnabazus,
+      put many of his advanced guard of Mysians to the sword. The men themselves
+      made good their escape in different directions, but the camp was taken,
+      and with it divers goblets and other gear such as a man like Pharnabazus
+      would have, not to speak of much baggage and many baggage animals. It was
+      the dread of being surrounded and besieged, if he should establish himself
+      for long at any one spot, which induced Pharnabazus to flee in gipsy
+      fashion from point to point over the country, carefully obliterating his
+      encampments. Now as the Paphlagonians and Spithridates brought back the
+      captured property, they were met by Herippidas with his brigadiers and
+      captains, who stopped them and (7) relieved them of all they had; the
+      object being to have as large a list as possible of captures to deliver
+      over to the officers who superintended the sale of booty. (8) This
+      treatment the Asiatics found intolerable. They deemed themselves at once
+      injured and insulted, got their kit together in the night, and made off in
+      the direction of Sardis to join Ariaeus without mistrust, seeing that he
+      too had revolted and gone to war with the king. On Agesilaus himself no
+      heavier blow fell during the whole campaign than the desertion of
+      Spithridates and Megabates and the Paphlagonians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
+
+ (7) Or, "captains posted to intercept them, who relieved..." See
+    "Anab." IV. i. 14.
+
+ (8) See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 11, for these officers.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now there was a certain man of Cyzicus, Apollophanes by name; he was an
+      old friend of Pharnabazus, and at this time had become a friend also of
+      Agesilaus. (9) This man informed Agesilaus that he thought he could bring
+      about a meeting between him and Pharnabazus, which might tend to
+      friendship; and having so got ear of him, he obtained pledges of good
+      faith between his two friends, and presented himself with Pharnabazus at
+      the trysting-place, where Agesilaus with the Thirty around him awaited
+      their coming, reclined upon a grassy sward. Pharnabazus presently arrived
+      clad in costliest apparel; but just as his attendants were about to spread
+      at his feet the carpets on which the Persians delicately seat themselves,
+      he was touched with a sense of shame at his own luxury in sight of the
+      simplicity of Agesilaus, and he also without further ceremony seated
+      himself on the bare ground. And first the two bade one another hail, and
+      then Pharnabazus stretched out his right hand and Agesilaus his to meet
+      him, and the conversation began. Pharnabazus, as the elder of the two,
+      spoke first. "Agesilaus," he said, "and all you Lacedaemonians here
+      present, while you were at war with the Athenians I was your friend and
+      ally; it was I who furnished the wealth that made your navy strong on sea;
+      on land I fought on horseback by your side, and pursued your enemies into
+      the sea. (10) As to duplicity like that of Tissaphernes, I challenge you
+      to accuse me of having played you false by word or deed. Such have I ever
+      been; and in return how am I treated by yourselves to-day?&mdash;in such
+      sort that I cannot even sup in my own country unless, like the wild
+      animals, I pick up the scraps you chance to leave. The beautiful palaces
+      which my father left me as an heirloom, the parks (11) full of trees and
+      beasts of the chase in which my heart rejoiced, lie before my eyes hacked
+      to pieces, burnt to ashes. Maybe I do not comprehend the first principles
+      of justice and holiness; do you then explain to me how all this resembles
+      the conduct of men who know how to repay a simple debt of gratitude." He
+      ceased, and the Thirty were ashamed before him and kept silence. (12)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) "Ages." v. 4; Plut. "Ages." xi. (Clough, iv. p. 14).
+
+ (10) See "Hell." I. i. 6.
+
+ (11) Lit. "paradises."
+
+ (12) Theopompus of Chios, the historian (b. B.C. 378, fl. B.C. 333),
+    "in the eleventh book  (of his {Suntazis Ellenikon}) borrowed
+    Xenophon's lively account of the interview between Agesilaus and
+    Pharnabazus (Apollonius apud Euseb. B, "Praep. Evang." p. 465)."
+    See "Hist. Lit. of Anc. Gr.," Muller and Donaldson, ii. p. 380.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At length, after some pause, Agesilaus spoke. "I think you are aware," he
+      said, "Pharnabazus, that within the states of Hellas the folk of one
+      community contract relations of friendship and hospitality with one
+      another; (13) but if these states should go to war, then each man will
+      side with his fatherland, and friend will find himself pitted against
+      friend in the field of battle, and, if it so betide, the one may even deal
+      the other his death-blow. So too we to-day, being at war with your
+      sovereign lord the king, must needs regard as our enemy all that he calls
+      his; not but that with yourself personally we should esteem it our high
+      fortune to be friends. If indeed it were merely an exchange of service&mdash;were
+      you asked to give up your lord the king and to take us as your masters in
+      his stead, I could not so advise you; but the fact is, by joining with us
+      it is in your power to-day to bow your head to no man, to call no man
+      master, to reap the produce of your own domain in freedom&mdash;freedom,
+      which to my mind is more precious than all riches. Not that we bid you to
+      become a beggar for the sake of freedom, but rather to use our friendship
+      to increase not the king's authority, but your own, by subduing those who
+      are your fellow-slaves to-day, and who to-morrow shall be your willing
+      subjects. Well, then, freedom given and wealth added&mdash;what more would
+      you desire to fill the cup of happiness to overflowing?" Pharnabazus
+      replied: "Shall I tell you plainly what I will do?" "That were but kind
+      and courteous on your part," he answered. "Thus it stands with me, then,"
+      said Pharnabazus. "If the king should send another general, and if he
+      should wish to rank me under this new man's orders, I, for my part, am
+      willing to accept your friendship and alliance; but if he offers me the
+      supreme command&mdash;why, then, I plainly tell you, there is a certain
+      something in the very name ambition which whispers me that I shall war
+      against you to the best of my ability." (14) When he heard that, Agesilaus
+      seized the satrap's hand, exclaiming: "Ah, best of mortals, may the day
+      arrive which sends us such a friend! Of one thing rest assured. This
+      instant I leave your territory with what haste I may, and for the future&mdash;even
+      in case of war&mdash;as long as we can find foes elsewhere our hands shall
+      hold aloof from you and yours."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Or, add, "we call them guest friends."
+
+ (14) Or, "so subtle a force, it seems, is the love of honour that."
+    Grote, "H. G." ix. 386; cf. Herod. iii. 57 for "ambition,"
+    {philotimia}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And with these words he broke up the meeting. Pharnabazus mounted his
+      horse and rode away, but his son by Parapita, who was still in the bloom
+      of youth, lingered behind; then, running up to Agesilaus, he exclaimed:
+      "See, I choose you as my friend." "And I accept you," replied the king.
+      "Remember, then," the lad answered, and with the word presented the
+      beautiful javelin in his hand to Agesilaus, who received it, and
+      unclasping a splendid trapping (15) which his secretary, Idaeus, had round
+      the neck of his charger, he gave it in return to the youth; whereupon the
+      boy leapt on his horse's back and galloped after his father. (16) At a
+      later date, during the absence of Pharnabazus abroad, this same youth, the
+      son of Parapita, was deprived of the government by his brother and driven
+      into exile. Then Agesilaus took great interest in him, and as he had a
+      strong attachment to the son of Eualces, an Athenian, Agesilaus did all he
+      could to have this friend of his, who was the tallest of the boys,
+      admitted to the two hundred yards race at Olympia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) {phalara}, bosses of gold, silver, or other metals, cast or
+    chased, with some appropriate device in relief, which were worn as
+    an ornamental trapping for horses, affixed to the head-stall or to
+    a throat-collar, or to a martingale over the chest.&mdash;Rich's
+    "Companion to Lat. Dict. and Greek Lex.," s.v.
+
+ (16) See Grote, ix. 387; Plut. "Ages." xiv. (Clough, iv. 15); "Ages."
+    iii. 5. The incident is idealised in the "Cyrop." I. iv. 26 foll.
+    See "Lyra Heroica": CXXV. A Ballad of East and West&mdash;the incident
+    of the "turquoise-studded rein."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 394. But to return to the actual moment. Agesilaus was as good as his
+      word, and at once marched out of the territory of Pharnabazus. The season
+      verged on spring. Reaching the plain of Thebe, (17) he encamped in the
+      neighbourhood of the temple of Artemis of Astyra, (18) and there employed
+      himself in collecting troops from every side, in addition to those which
+      he already had, so as to form a complete armament. These preparations were
+      pressed forward with a view to penetrating as far as possible into the
+      interior. He was persuaded that every tribe or nation placed in his rear
+      might be considered as alienated from the king.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) "Anab." VII. viii. 7.
+
+ (18) Vide Strab. xiii. 606, 613. Seventy stades from Thebe.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Such were the concerns and projects of Agesilaus. Meanwhile the
+      Lacedaemonians at home were quite alive to the fact that moneys had been
+      sent into Hellas, and that the bigger states were leagued together to
+      declare war against them. It was hard to avoid the conclusion that Sparta
+      herself was in actual danger, and that a campaign was inevitable. While
+      busy, therefore, with preparations themselves, they lost no time in
+      despatching Epicydidas to fetch Agesilaus. That officer, on his arrival,
+      explained the position of affairs, and concluded by delivering a
+      peremptory summons of the state recalling him to the assistance of the
+      fatherland without delay. The announcement could not but come as a
+      grievous blow to Agesilaus, as he reflected on the vanished hopes, and the
+      honours plucked from his grasp. Still, he summoned the allies and
+      announced to them the contents of the despatch from home. "To aid our
+      fatherland," he added, "is an imperative duty. If, however, matters turn
+      out well on the other side, rely upon it, friends and allies, I will not
+      forget you, but I shall be back anon to carry out your wishes." When they
+      heard the announcement many wept, and they passed a resolution, one and
+      all, to assist Agesilaus in assisting Lacedaemon; if matters turned out
+      well there, they undertook to take him as their leader and come back again
+      to Asia; and so they fell to making preparations to follow him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Agesilaus, on his side, determined to leave behind him in Asia Euxenus as
+      governor, and with him a garrison numbering no less than four thousand
+      troops, which would enable him to protect the states in Asia. But for
+      himself, as on the one hand he could see that the majority of the soldiers
+      would far rather stay behind than undertake service against
+      fellow-Hellenes, and on the other hand he wished to take as fine and large
+      an army with him as he could, he offered prizes first to that state or
+      city which should continue the best corps of troops, and secondly to that
+      captain of mercenaries who should join the expedition with the best
+      equipped battalion of heavy infantry, archers, and light infantry. On the
+      same principle he informed the chief cavalry officers that the general who
+      succeeded in presenting the best accoutred and best mounted regiment would
+      receive from himself some victorious distinction. "The final
+      adjudication," he said, "would not be made until they had crossed from
+      Asia into Europe and had reached the Chersonese; and this with a view to
+      impress upon them that the prizes were not for show but for real
+      campaigners." (1) These consisted for the most part of infantry or cavalry
+      arms and accoutrements tastefully furnished, besides which there were
+      chaplets of gold. The whole, useful and ornamental alike, must have cost
+      nearly a thousand pounds, (2) but as the result of this outlay, no doubt,
+      arms of great value were procured for the expedition. (3) When the
+      Hellespont was crossed the judges were appointed. The Lacedaemonians were
+      represented by Menascus, Herippidas, and Orsippus, and the allies by one
+      member from each state. As soon as the adjudication was complete, the army
+      commenced its march with Agesilaus at its head, following the very route
+      taken by the great king when he invaded Hellas.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, "that the perfection of equipment was regarded as anticipative
+    of actual service in the field." Cobet suggests for {eukrinein}
+    {dieukrinein}; cf. "Oecon." viii. 6.
+
+ (2) Lit. "at least four talents" = 975 pounds.
+
+ (3) Or, "beyond which, the arms and material to equip the expedition
+    were no doubt highly costly."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile the ephors had called out the ban, and as Agesipolis was still a
+      boy, the state called upon Aristodemus, who was of the royal family and
+      guardian of the young king, to lead the expedition; and now that the
+      Lacedaemonians were ready to take the field and the forces of their
+      opponents were duly mustered, the latter met (4) to consider the most
+      advantageous method of doing battle.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) At Corinth. See above, III. iv. 11; below, V. iv. 61, where the
+    victory of Nixos is described but not localised.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Timolaus of Corinth spoke: "Soldiers of the allied forces," he said, "the
+      growth of Lacedaemon seems to me just like that of some mighty river&mdash;at
+      its sources small and easily crossed, but as it farther and farther
+      advances, other rivers discharge themselves into its channel, and its
+      stream grows ever more formidable. So is it with the Lacedaemonians. Take
+      them at the starting-point and they are but a single community, but as
+      they advance and attach city after city they grow more numerous and more
+      resistless. I observe that when people wish to take wasps' nests&mdash;if
+      they try to capture the creatures on the wing, they are liable to be
+      attacked by half the hive; whereas, if they apply fire to them ere they
+      leave their homes, they will master them without scathe themselves. On
+      this principle I think it best to bring about the battle within the hive
+      itself, or, short of that, as close to Lacedaemon as possible." (5)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "if not actually at Lacedaemon, then at least as near as
+    possible to the hornet's nest."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The arguments of the speaker were deemed sound, and a resolution was
+      passed in that sense; but before it could be carried out there were
+      various arrangements to be made. There was the question of headship. Then,
+      again, what was the proper depth of line to be given to the different army
+      corps? for if any particular state or states gave too great a depth to
+      their battle line they would enable the enemy to turn their flank. Whilst
+      they were debating these points, the Lacedaemonians had incorporated the
+      men of Tegea and the men of Mantinea, and were ready to debouch into the
+      bimarine region. (6) And as the two armies advanced almost at the same
+      time, the Corinthians and the rest reached the Nemea, (7) and the
+      Lacedaemonians and their allies occupied Sicyon. The Lacedaemonians
+      entered by Epieiceia, and at first were severely handled by the
+      light-armed troops of the enemy, who discharged stones and arrows from the
+      vantage-ground on their right; but as they dropped down upon the Gulf of
+      Corinth they advanced steadily onwards through the flat country, felling
+      timber and burning the fair land. Their rivals, on their side, after a
+      certain forward movement, (8) paused and encamped, placing the ravine in
+      front of them; but still the Lacedaemonians advanced, and it was only when
+      they were within ten furlongs (9) of the hostile position that they
+      followed suit and encamped, and then they remained quiet.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) I.e. "the shores of the Corinthian Gulf." Or, "upon the strand or
+    coast road or coast land of Achaia"  (aliter {ten aigialon}(?) the
+    Strand of the Corinthian Gulf, the old name of this part of
+    Achaia).
+
+ (7) Or, "the district of Nemea."
+
+ (8) {epelthontes}, but see Grote ("H. G." ix. 425 note), who prefers
+    {apelthontes} = retreated and encamped.
+
+ (9) Lit. "ten stades." For the numbers below, see Grote, "H. G." ix.
+    422, note 1.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And here I may state the numbers on either side. The Lacedaemonian
+      heavy-armed infantry levies amounted to six thousand men. Of Eleians,
+      Triphylians, Acroreians, and Lasionians, there must have been nearly three
+      thousand, with fifteen hundred Sicyonians, while Epidaurus, Troezen,
+      Hermione, and Halieis (10) contributed at least another three thousand. To
+      these heavy infantry troops must be added six hundred Lacedaemonian
+      cavalry, a body of Cretan archers about three hundred strong, besides
+      another force of slingers, at least four hundred in all, consisting of
+      Marganians, Letrinians, and Amphidolians. The men of Phlius were not
+      represented. Their plea was they were keeping "holy truce." That was the
+      total of the forces on the Lacedaemonian side. There was collected on the
+      enemy's side six thousand Athenian heavy infantry, with about, as was
+      stated, seven thousand Argives, and in the absence of the men of
+      Orchomenus something like five thousand Boeotians. There were besides
+      three thousand Corinthians, and again from the whole of Euboea at least
+      three thousand. These formed the heavy infantry. Of cavalry the Boeotians,
+      again in the absence of the Orchomenians, furnished eight hundred, the
+      Athenians (11) six hundred, the Chalcidians of Euboea one hundred, the
+      Opuntian Locrians (12) fifty. Their light troops, including those of the
+      Corinthians, were more numerous, as the Ozolian Locrians, the Melians, and
+      Arcarnanians (13) helped to swell their numbers.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Halieis, a seafaring people (Strabo, viii. 373) and town on the
+    coast of Hermionis; Herod. vii. 137; Thuc. i. 105, ii. 56, iv. 45;
+    Diod. xi. 78; "Hell." VI. ii. 3.
+
+ (11) For a treaty between Athens and Eretria, B.C. 395, see Hicks, 66;
+    and below, "Hell." IV. iii. 15; Hicks, 68, 69; Diod. xiv. 82.
+
+ (12) See above, "Hell." III. v. 3.
+
+ (13) See below, "Hell." IV. vi. 1; ib. vii. 1; VI. v. 23.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such was the strength of the two armies. The Boeotians, as long as they
+      occupied the left wing, showed no anxiety to join battle, but after a
+      rearrangement which gave them the right, placing the Athenians opposite
+      the Lacedaemonians, and themselves opposite the Achaeans, at once, we are
+      told, (14) the victims proved favourable, and the order was passed along
+      the lines to prepare for immediate action. The Boeotians, in the first
+      place, abandoning the rule of sixteen deep, chose to give their division
+      the fullest possible depth, and, moreover, kept veering more and more to
+      their right, with the intention of overlapping their opponent's flank. The
+      consequence was that the Athenians, to avoid being absolutely severed,
+      were forced to follow suit, and edged towards the right, though they
+      recognised the risk they ran of having their flank turned. For a while the
+      Lacedaemonians had no idea of the advance of the enemy, owing to the rough
+      nature of the ground, (15) but the notes of the paean at length announced
+      to them the fact, and without an instant's delay the answering order
+      "prepare for battle" ran along the different sections of their army. As
+      soon as their troops were drawn up, according to the tactical disposition
+      of the various generals of foreign brigades, the order was passed to
+      "follow the lead," and then the Lacedaemonians on their side also began
+      edging to their right, and eventually stretched out their wing so far that
+      only six out of the ten regimental divisions of the Athenians confronted
+      the Lacedaemonians, the other four finding themselves face to face with
+      the men of Tegea. And now when they were less than a furlong (16) apart,
+      the Lacedaemonians sacrificed in customary fashion a kid to the huntress
+      goddess, (17) and advanced upon their opponents, wheeling round their
+      overlapping columns to outflank his left. As the two armies closed, the
+      allies of Lacedaemon were as a rule fairly borne down by their opponents.
+      The men of Pellene alone, steadily confronting the Thespiaeans, held their
+      ground, and the dead of either side strewed the position. (18) As to the
+      Lacedaemonians themselves: crushing that portion of the Athenian troops
+      which lay immediately in front of them, and at the same time encircling
+      them with their overlapping right, they slew man after man of them; and,
+      absolutely unscathed themselves, their unbroken columns continued their
+      march, and so passed behind the four remaining divisions (19) of the
+      Athenians before these latter had returned from their own victorious
+      pursuit. Whereby the four divisions in question also emerged from battle
+      intact, except for the casualties inflicted by the Tegeans in the first
+      clash of the engagement. The troops next encountered by the Lacedaemonians
+      were the Argives retiring. These they fell foul of, and the senior
+      polemarch was just on the point of closing with them "breast to breast"
+      when some one, it is said, shouted, "Let their front ranks pass." This was
+      done, and as the Argives raced past, their enemies thrust at their
+      unprotected (20) sides and killed many of them. The Corinthians were
+      caught in the same way as they retired, and when their turn had passed,
+      once more the Lacedaemonians lit upon a portion of the Theban division
+      retiring from the pursuit, and strewed the field with their dead. The end
+      of it all was that the defeated troops in the first instance made for
+      safety to the walls of their city, but the Corinthians within closed the
+      gates, whereupon the troops took up quarters once again in their old
+      encampment. The Lacedaemonians on their side withdrew to the point at
+      which they first closed with the enemy, and there set up a trophy of
+      victory. So the battle ended.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) Or, "then they lost no time in discovering that the victims
+    proved favourable."
+
+ (15) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 428; cf. Lys. "pro Mant." 20.
+
+ (16) Lit. "a stade."
+
+ (17) Lit. "our Lady of the Chase." See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 8.
+
+ (18) Lit. "men on either side kept dropping at their post."
+
+ (19) Lit. "tribes."
+
+ (20) I.e. "right."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Agesilaus was rapidly hastening with his reinforcements from
+      Asia. He had reached Amphipolis when Dercylidas brought the news of this
+      fresh victory of the Lacedaemonians; their own loss had been eight men,
+      that of the enemy considerable. It was his business at the same time to
+      explain that not a few of the allies had fallen also. Agesilaus asked,
+      "Would it not be opportune, Dercylidas, if the cities that have furnished
+      us with contingents could hear of this victory as soon as possible?" And
+      Dercylidas replied: "The news at any rate is likely to put them in better
+      heart." Then said the king: "As you were an eye-witness there could hardly
+      be a better bearer of the news than yourself." To this proposal Dercylidas
+      lent a willing ear&mdash;to travel abroad (1) was his special delight&mdash;and
+      he replied, "Yes, under your orders." "Then you have my orders," the king
+      said. "And you may further inform the states from myself that we have not
+      forgotten our promise; if all goes well over here we shall be with them
+      again ere long." So Dercylidas set off on his travels, in the first
+      instance to the Hellespont; (2) while Agesilaus crossed Macedonia, and
+      arrived in Thessaly. And now the men of Larissa, Crannon, Scotussa, and
+      Pharsalus, who were allies of the Boeotians&mdash;and in fact all the
+      Thessalians except the exiles for the time being&mdash;hung on his heels
+      (3) and did him damage.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 4.
+
+ (2) See below, "Hell." IV. viii. 3.
+
+ (3) See "Ages." ii. 2; Grote, "H. G." ix. 420, note 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      For some while he marched his troops in a hollow square, (4) posting half
+      his cavalry in front and half on his rear; but finding that the
+      Thessalians checked his passage by repeated charges from behind, he
+      strengthened his rearguard by sending round the cavalry from his van, with
+      the exception of his own personal escort. (5) The two armies stood
+      confronted in battle order; but the Thessalians, not liking the notion of
+      a cavalry engagement with heavy infantry, turned, and step by step
+      retreated, while the others followed them with considerable caution.
+      Agesilaus, perceiving the error under which both alike laboured, now sent
+      his own personal guard of stalwart troopers with orders that both they and
+      the rest of the horsemen should charge at full gallop, (6) and not give
+      the enemy the chance to recoil. The Thessalians were taken aback by this
+      unexpected onslaught, and half of them never thought of wheeling about,
+      whilst those who did essay to do so presented the flanks of their horses
+      to the charge, (7) and were made prisoners. Still Polymarchus of
+      Pharsalus, the general in command of their cavalry, rallied his men for an
+      instant, and fell, sword in hand, with his immediate followers. This was
+      the signal for a flight so precipitate on the part of the Thessalians,
+      that their dead and dying lined the road, and prisoners were taken; nor
+      was any halt made until they reached Mount Narthacius. Here, then, midway
+      between Pras and Narthacius, Agesilaus set up a trophy, halting for the
+      moment, in unfeigned satisfaction at the exploit. It was from antagonists
+      who prided themselves on their cavalry beyond everything that he had
+      wrested victory, with a body of cavalry of his own mustering. Next day he
+      crossed the mountains of Achaea Phthiotis, and for the future continued
+      his march through friendly territory until he reached the confines of
+      Boeotia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) See Rustow and Kochly, S. 187 foll.
+
+ (5) See Thuc. v. 72; Herod. vi. 56, viii. 124.
+
+ (6) Lit. "and bids them pass the order to the others and themselves to
+    charge," etc.
+
+ (7) See "Horsemanship," vii. 16; Polyb. iv. 8.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here, at the entrance of that territory, the sun (in partial eclipse) (8)
+      seemed to appear in a crescent shape, and the news reached him of the
+      defeat of the Lacedaemonians in a naval engagement, and the death of the
+      admiral Peisander. Details of the disaster were not wanting. The
+      engagement of the hostile fleets took place off Cnidus. Pharnabazus, the
+      Persian admiral, was present with the Phoenician fleet, and in front of
+      him were ranged the ships of the Hellenic squadron under Conon. Peisander
+      had ventured to draw out his squadron to meet the combined fleets, though
+      the numerical inferiority of his fleet to that of the Hellenic navy under
+      Conon was conspicuous, and he had the mortification of seeing the allies
+      who formed his left wing take to flight immediately. He himself came to
+      close quarters with the enemy, and was driven on shore, on board his
+      trireme, under pressure of the hostile rams. The rest, as many as were
+      driven to shore, deserted their ships and sought safety as best they could
+      in the territory of Cnidus. The admiral alone stuck to his ship, and fell
+      sword in hand.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) B.C. 394, August 14.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was impossible for Agesilaus not to feel depressed by those tidings at
+      first; on further reflection, however, it seemed to him that the moral
+      quality of more than half his troops well entitled them to share in the
+      sunshine of success, but in the day of trouble, when things looked black,
+      he was not bound to take them into his confidence. Accordingly he turned
+      round and gave out that he had received news that Peisander was dead, but
+      that he had fallen in the arms of victory in a sea-fight; and suiting his
+      action to the word, he proceeded to offer sacrifice in return for good
+      tidings, (9) distributing portions of the victims to a large number of
+      recipients. So it befell that in the first skirmish with the enemy the
+      troops of Agesilaus gained the upper hand, in consequence of the report
+      that the Lacedaemonians had won a victory by sea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) "Splendide mendax." For the ethics of the matter, see "Mem." IV.
+    ii. 17; "Cyrop." I. vi. 31.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To confront Agesilaus stood an army composed of the Boeotians, Athenians,
+      Argives, Corinthians, Aenianians, Euboeans, and both divisions of the
+      Locrians. Agesilaus on his side had with him a division (10) of
+      Lacedaemonians, which had crossed from Corinth, also half the division
+      from Orchomenus; besides which there were the neodamodes (11) from
+      Lacedaemon, on service with him already; and in addition to these the
+      foreign contingent under Herippidas; (12) and again the quota furnished by
+      the Hellenic cities in Asia, with others from the cities in Europe which
+      he had brought over during his progress; and lastly, there were additional
+      levies from the spot&mdash;Orchomenian and Phocian heavy infantry. In
+      light-armed troops, it must be admitted, the numbers told heavily in
+      favour of Agesilaus, but the cavalry (13) on both sides were fairly
+      balanced.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Lit. "a mora"; for the numbers, see "Ages." ii. 6; Plut. "Ages."
+    17; Grote, "H. G." ix. 433.
+
+ (11) I.e. "enfranchised helots."
+
+ (12) See "Ages." ii. 10, 11; and above, "Hell." III. iv. 20.
+
+ (13) See Hicks, op. cit. 68.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such were the forces of either party. I will describe the battle itself,
+      if only on account of certain features which distinguish it from the
+      battles of our time. The two armies met on the plain of Coronea&mdash;the
+      troops of Agesilaus advancing from the Cephisus, the Thebans and their
+      allies from the slopes of Helicon. Agesilaus commanded his own right in
+      person, with the men of Orchomenus on his extreme left. The Thebans formed
+      their own right, while the Argives held their left. As they drew together,
+      for a while deep silence reigned on either side; but when they were not
+      more than a furlong (14) apart, with the loud hurrah (15) the Thebans,
+      quickening to a run, rushed furiously (16) to close quarters; and now
+      there was barely a hundred yards (17) breadth between the two armies, when
+      Herippidas with his foreign brigade, and with them the Ionians, Aeolians,
+      and Hellespontines, darted out from the Spartans' battle-lines to greet
+      their onset. One and all of the above played their part in the first rush
+      forward; in another instant they were (18) within spear-thrust of the
+      enemy, and had routed the section immediately before them. As to the
+      Argives, they actually declined to receive the attack of Agesilaus, and
+      betook themselves in flight to Helicon. At this moment some of the foreign
+      division were already in the act of crowning Agesilaus with the wreath of
+      victory, when some one brought him word that the Thebans had cut through
+      the Orchomenians and were in among the baggage train. At this the Spartan
+      general immediately turned his army right about and advanced against them.
+      The Thebans, on their side, catching sight of their allies withdrawn in
+      flight to the base of the Helicon, and anxious to get across to their own
+      friends, formed in close order and tramped forward stoutly.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) Lit. "a stade."
+
+ (15) Lit. "Alalah."
+
+ (16) Like a tornado.
+
+ (17) Lit. "about three plethra."
+
+ (18) Or, "All these made up the attacking columns... and coming
+    within... routed..."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At this point no one will dispute the valour of Agesilaus, but he
+      certainly did not choose the safest course. It was open to him to make way
+      for the enemy to pass, which done, he might have hung upon his heels and
+      mastered his rear. This, however, he refused to do, preferring to crash
+      full front against the Thebans. Thereupon, with close interlock of shield
+      wedged in with shield, they shoved, they fought, they dealt death, (19)
+      they breathed out life, till at last a portion of the Thebans broke their
+      way through towards Helicon, but paid for that departure by the loss of
+      many lives. And now the victory of Agesilaus was fairly won, and he
+      himself, wounded, had been carried back to the main line, when a party of
+      horse came galloping up to tell him that something like eighty of the
+      enemy, under arms, were sheltering under the temple, and they asked what
+      they ought to do. Agesilaus, though he was covered with wounds, did not,
+      for all that, forget his duty to God. He gave orders to let them retire
+      unscathed, and would not suffer any injury to be done to them. And now,
+      seeing it was already late, they took their suppers and retired to rest.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) Or, "they slew, they were slain." In illustration of this famous
+    passage, twice again worked up in "Ages." ii. 12, and "Cyrop."
+    VII. i. 38, commented on by Longinus, {peri upsous}, 19, and
+    copied by Dio Cassius, 47, 45, I venture to quote a passage from
+    Mr. Rudyard Kipling, "With the Main Guard," p. 57, Mulvaney
+    loquitur: "The Tyrone was pushin' an' pushin' in, an' our men was
+    sweerin' at thim, an' Crook was workin' away in front av us all,
+    his sword-arm swingin' like a pump-handle an' his revolver
+    spittin' like a cat. But the strange thing av ut was the quiet
+    that lay upon. 'Twas like a fight in a dhrame&mdash;excipt for thim
+    that wus dead."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But with the morning Gylis the polemarch received orders to draw up the
+      troops in battle order, and to set up a trophy, every man crowned with a
+      wreath in honour of the god, and all the pipers piping. Thus they busied
+      themselves in the Spartan camp. On their side the Thebans sent heralds
+      asking to bury their dead, under a truce; and in this wise a truce was
+      made. Agesilaus withdrew to Delphi, where on arrival he offered to the god
+      a tithe of the produce of his spoils&mdash;no less than a hundred talents.
+      (20) Gylis the polemarch meanwhile withdrew into Phocis at the head of his
+      troops, and from that district made a hostile advance into Locris. Here
+      nearly a whole day was spent by the men in freely helping themselves to
+      goods and chattels out of the villages and pillaging the corn; (21) but as
+      it drew towards evening the troops began to retire, with the
+      Lacedaemonians in the rear. The Locrians hung upon their heels with a
+      heavy pelt of stones and javelins. Thereupon the Lacedaemonians turned
+      short round and gave chase, laying some of their assailants low. Then the
+      Locrians ceased clinging to their rear, but continued their volleys from
+      the vantage-ground above. The Lacedaemonians again made efforts to pursue
+      their persistent foes even up the slope. At last darkness descended on
+      them, and as they retired man after man dropped, succumbing to the sheer
+      difficulty of the ground; some in their inability to see what lay in
+      front, or else shot down by the enemy's missiles. It was then that Gylis
+      the polemarch met his end, as also Pelles, who was on his personal staff,
+      and the whole of the Spartans present without exception&mdash;eighteen or
+      thereabouts&mdash;perished, either crushed by stones or succumbing to
+      other wounds. Indeed, except for timely aid brought from the camp where
+      the men were supping, the chances are that not a man would have escaped to
+      tell the tale.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) = 25,000 pounds nearly.
+
+ (21) Or, "not to speak of provisions."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This incident ended the campaign. The army as a whole was disbanded, the
+      contingents retiring to their several cities, and Agesilaus home across
+      the Gulf by sea.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 393. Subsequently (1) the war between the two parties recommenced.
+      The Athenians, Boeotians, Argives, and the other allies made Corinth the
+      base of their operations; the Lacedaemonians and their allies held Sicyon
+      as theirs. As to the Corinthians, they had to face the fact that, owing to
+      their proximity to the seat of war, it was their territory which was
+      ravaged and their people who perished, while the rest of the allies abode
+      in peace and reaped the fruits of their lands in due season. Hence the
+      majority of them, including the better class, desired peace, and gathering
+      into knots they indoctrinated one another with these views.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) B.C. 393. See Grote, ix. p. 455, note 2 foll.; "Hell." IV. viii.
+    7.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 392. (2) On the other hand, it could hardly escape the notice of the
+      allied powers, the Argives, Athenians, and Boeotians, as also those of the
+      Corinthians themselves who had received a share of the king's moneys, or
+      for whatever reason were most directly interested in the war, that if they
+      did not promptly put the peace party out of the way, ten chances to one
+      the old laconising policy would again hold the field. It seemed there was
+      nothing for it but the remedy of the knife. There was a refinement of
+      wickedness in the plan adopted. With most people the life even of a
+      legally condemned criminal is held sacred during a solemn season, but
+      these men deliberately selected the last day of the Eucleia, (3) when they
+      might reckon on capturing more victims in the crowded market-place, for
+      their murderous purposes. Their agents were supplied with the names of
+      those to be gotten rid of, the signal was given, and then, drawing their
+      daggers, they fell to work. Here a man was struck down standing in the
+      centre of a group of talkers, and there another seated; a third while
+      peacably enjoying himself at the play; a fourth actually whilst
+      officiating as a judge at some dramatic contest. (4) When what was taking
+      place became known, there was a general flight on the part of the better
+      classes. Some fled to the images of the gods in the market-place, others
+      to the altars; and here these unhallowed miscreants, ringleaders and
+      followers alike, utterly regardless of duty and law, fell to butchering
+      their victims even within the sacred precincts of the gods; so that even
+      some of those against whom no hand was lifted&mdash;honest, law-abiding
+      folk&mdash;were filled with sore amazement at sight of such impiety. In
+      this way many of the elder citizens, as mustering more thickly in the
+      market-place, were done to death. The younger men, acting on a suspicion
+      conceived by one of their number, Pasimelus, as to what was going to take
+      place, kept quiet in the Kraneion; (5) but hearing screams and shouting
+      and being joined anon by some who had escaped from the affair, they took
+      the hint, and, running up along the slope of the Acrocorinthus, succeeded
+      in repelling an attack of the Argives and the rest. While they were still
+      deliberating what they ought to do, down fell a capital from its column&mdash;without
+      assignable cause, whether of earthquake or wind. Also, when they
+      sacrificed, the aspect of the victims was such that the soothsayers said
+      it was better to descend from that position.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Others assign the incidents of this whole chapter iv. to B.C. 393.
+
+ (3) The festival of Artemis Eucleia.
+
+ (4) See Diod. xiv. 86.
+
+ (5) See Paus. II. ii. 4.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So they retired, in the first instance prepared to go into exile beyond
+      the territory of Corinth. It was only upon the persuasion of their friends
+      and the earnest entreaties of their mothers and sisters who came out to
+      them, supported by the solemn assurance of the men in power themselves,
+      who swore to guarantee them against evil consequences, that some of them
+      finally consented to return home. Presented to their eyes was the
+      spectacle of a tyranny in full exercise, and to their minds the
+      consciousness of the obliteration of their city, seeing that boundaries
+      were plucked up and the land of their fathers had come to be re-entitled
+      by the name of Argos instead of Corinth; and furthermore, compulsion was
+      put upon them to share in the constitution in vogue at Argos, for which
+      they had little appetite, while in their own city they wielded less power
+      than the resident aliens. So that a party sprang up among them whose creed
+      was, that life was not worth living on such terms: their endeavour must be
+      to make their fatherland once more the Corinth of old days&mdash;to
+      restore freedom to their city, purified from the murderer and his
+      pollution and fairly rooted in good order and legality. (6) It was a
+      design worth the venture: if they succeeded they would become the saviours
+      of their country; if not&mdash;why, in the effort to grasp the fairest
+      flower of happiness, they would but overreach, and find instead a glorious
+      termination to existence.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) {eunomia}. See "Pol. Ath." i. 8; Arist. "Pol." iv. 8, 6; iii. 9,
+    8; v. 7, 4.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was in furtherance of this design that two men&mdash;Pasimelus and
+      Alcimenes&mdash;undertook to creep through a watercourse and effect a
+      meeting with Praxitas the polemarch of the Lacedaemonians, who was on
+      garrison duty with his own division in Sicyon. They told him they could
+      give him ingress at a point in the long walls leading to Lechaeum.
+      Praxitas, knowing from previous experience that the two men might be
+      relied upon, believed their statement; and having arranged for the further
+      detention in Sicyon of the division which was on the point of departure,
+      he busied himself with plans for the enterprise. When the two men, partly
+      by chance and partly by contrivance, came to be on guard at the gate where
+      the tophy now stands, without further ado Praxitas presented himself with
+      his division, taking with him also the men of Sicyon and the whole of the
+      Corinthian exiles. (7) Having reached the gate, he had a qualm of
+      misgiving, and hesitated to step inside until he had first sent in a man
+      on whom he could rely to take a look at things within. The two Corinthians
+      introduced him, and made so simple and straightforward a representation
+      (8) that the visitor was convinced, and reported everything as free of
+      pitfalls as the two had asserted. Then the polemarch entered, but owing to
+      the wide space between the double walls, as soon as they came to form in
+      line within, the intruders were impressed by the paucity of their numbers.
+      They therefore erected a stockade, and dug as good a trench as they could
+      in front of them, pending the arrival of reinforcements from the allies.
+      In their rear, moreover, lay the guard of the Boeotians in the harbour.
+      Thus they passed the whole day which followed the night of ingress without
+      striking a blow.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Or, "showed him the place in so straightforward a manner."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the next day, however, the Argive troops arrived in all haste, hurrying
+      to the rescue, and found the enemy duly drawn up. The Lacedaemonians were
+      on their own right, the men of Sicyon next, and leaning against the
+      eastern wall the Corinthian exiles, one hundred and fifty strong. (9)
+      Their opponents marshalled their lines face to face in correspondence:
+      Iphicrates with his mercenaries abutting on the eastern wall; next to them
+      the Argives, whilst the Corinthians of the city held their left. In the
+      pride inspired by numbers they began advancing at once. They overpowered
+      the Sicyonians, and tearing asunder the stockade, pursued them to the sea
+      and here slew numbers of them. At that instant Pasimachus, the cavalry
+      general, at the head of a handful of troopers, seeing the Sicyonians sore
+      presed, made fast the horses of his troops to the trees, and relieving the
+      Sicyonians of their heavy infantry shields, advanced with his volunteers
+      against the Argives. The latter, seeing the Sigmas on the shields and
+      taking them to be "Sicyonians," had not the slightest fear. Whereupon, as
+      the story goes, Pasimachus, exclaiming in his broad Doric, "By the twin
+      gods! these Sigmas will cheat you, you Argives," came to close quarters,
+      and in that battle of a handful against a host, was slain himself with all
+      his followers. In another quarter of the field, however, the Corinthian
+      exiles had got the better of their opponents and worked their way up, so
+      that they were now touching the city circumvallation walls.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) See Grote, ix. p. 333 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians, on their side, perceiving the discomfiture of the
+      Sicyonians, sprang out with timely aid, keeping the palisade-work on their
+      left. But the Argives, discovering that the Lacedaemonians were behind
+      them, wheeled round and came racing back, pouring out of the palisade at
+      full speed. Their extreme right, with unprotected flanks exposed, fell
+      victims to the Lacedaemonians; the rest, hugging the wall, made good their
+      retreat in dense masses towards the city. Here they encountered the
+      Corinthian exiles, and discovering that they had fallen upon foes, swerved
+      aside in the reverse direction. In this predicament some mounted by the
+      ladders of the city wall, and, leaping down from its summit, were
+      destroyed; (10) others yielded up their lives, thrust through, as they
+      jostled at the foot of the steps; others again were literally trampled
+      under one another's feet and suffocated.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Or, "plunged from its summit into perdition." See Thuc. ii. 4.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians had no difficulty in the choice of victims; for at that
+      instant a work was assigned to them to do, (11) such as they could hardly
+      have hoped or prayed for. To find delivered into their hands a mob of
+      helpless enemies, in an ecstasy of terror, presenting their unarmed sides
+      in such sort that none turned to defend himself, but each victim rather
+      seemed to contribute what he could towards his own destruction&mdash;if
+      that was not divine interposition, I know now what to call it. Miracle or
+      not, in that little space so many fell, and the corpses lay piled so
+      thick, that eyes familiar with the stacking of corn or wood or piles of
+      stones were called upon to gaze at layers of human bodies. Nor did the
+      guard of the Boeotians in the port itself (12) escape death; some were
+      slain upon the ramparts, others on the roofs of the dock-houses, which
+      they had scaled for refuge. Nothing remained but for the Corinthians and
+      Argives to carry away their dead under cover of a truce; whilst the allies
+      of Lacedaemon poured in their reinforcements. When these were collected,
+      Praxitas decided in the first place to raze enough of the walls to allow a
+      free broadway for an army on march. This done, he put himself at the head
+      of his troops and advanced on the road to Megara, taking by assault, first
+      Sidus and next Crommyon. Leaving garrisons in these two fortresses, he
+      retraced his steps, and finally fortifying Epieiceia as a garrison outpost
+      to protect the territory of the allies, he at once disbanded his troops
+      and himself withdrew to Lacedaemon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Or, "Heaven assigned to them a work..." Lit. "The God..."
+
+ (12) I.e. "of Lechaeum."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 392-391. (13) After this the great armaments of both belligerents had
+      ceased to exist. The states merely furnished garrisons&mdash;the one set
+      at Corinth, the other set at Sicyon&mdash;and were content to guard the
+      walls. Though even so, a vigorous war was carried on by dint of the
+      mercenary troops with which both sides were furnished.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) So Grote and Curtius; al. B.C. 393.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      A signal incident in the period was the invasion of Phlius by Iphicrates.
+      He laid an ambuscade, and with a small body of troops adopting a system of
+      guerilla war, took occasion of an unguarded sally of the citizens of
+      Phlius to inflict such losses on them, that though they had never
+      previously received the Lacedaemonians within their walls, they received
+      them now. They had hitherto feared to do so lest it might lead to the
+      restoration of the banished members of their community, who gave out that
+      they owed their exile to their Lacedaemonian sympathies; (14) but they
+      were now in such abject fear of the Corinthian party that they sent to
+      fetch the Lacedaemonians, and delivered the city and citadel to their safe
+      keeping. These latter, however, well disposed to the exiles of Phlius, did
+      not, at the time they held the city, so much as breathe the thought of
+      bringing back the exiles; on the contrary, as soon as the city seemed to
+      have recovered its confidence, they took their departure, leaving city and
+      laws precisely as they had found them on their entry.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) Lit. "laconism."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To return to Iphicrates and his men: they frequently extended their
+      incursions even into Arcadia in many directions, (15) following their
+      usual guerilla tactics, but also making assaults on fortified posts. The
+      heavy infantry of the Arcadians positively refused to face them in the
+      field, so profound was the terror in which they held these light troops.
+      In compensation, the light troops themselves entertained a wholesome dread
+      of the Lacedaemonians, and did not venture to approach even within
+      javelin-range of their heavy infantry. They had been taught a lesson when,
+      within that distance, some of the younger hoplites had made a dash at
+      them, catching and putting some of them to the sword. But however profound
+      the contempt of the Lacedaemonians for these light troops, their contempt
+      for their own allies was deeper. (On one occasion (16) a reinforcement of
+      Mantineans had sallied from the walls between Corinth and Lechaeum to
+      engage the peltasts, and had no sooner come under attack than they
+      swerved, losing some of their men as they made good their retreat. The
+      Lacedaemonians were unkind enough to poke fun at these unfortunates. "Our
+      allies," they said, "stand in as much awe of these peltasts as children of
+      the bogies and hobgoblins of their nurses." For themselves, starting from
+      Lechaeum, they found no difficulty in marching right round the city of
+      Corinth with a single Lacedaemonian division and the Corinthian exiles.)
+      (17)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) See Thuc. ii. 4.
+
+ (16) See Grote, ix. 472 note. Lechaeum was not taken by the
+    Lacedaemonians until the Corinthian long walls had been rebuilt by
+    the Athenians. Possibly the incidents in this section (S. 17)
+    occurred after the capture of Lechaeum. The historian introduces
+    them parenthetically, as it were, in illustration of his main
+    topic&mdash;the success of the peltasts.
+
+ (17) Or, adopting Schneider's conjecture, {estratopedeuonto}, add "and
+    encamping."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Athenians, on their side, who felt the power of the Lacedaemonians to
+      be dangerously close, now that the walls of Corinth had been laid open,
+      and even apprehended a direct attack upon themselves, determined to
+      rebuild the portion of the wall severed by Praxitas. Accordingly they set
+      out with their whole force, including a suite of stonelayers, masons, and
+      carpenters, and within a few days erected a quite splendid wall on the
+      side facing Sicyon towards the west, (18) and then proceeded with more
+      leisure to the completion of the eastern portion.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) See Thuc. vi. 98.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To turn once more to the other side: the Lacedaemonians, indignant at the
+      notion that the Argives should be gathering the produce of their lands in
+      peace at home, as if war were a pastime, marched against them. Agesilaus
+      commanded the expedition, and after ravaging their territory from one end
+      to the other, crossed their frontier at Tenea (19) and swooped down upon
+      Corinth, taking the walls which had been lately rebuilt by the Athenians.
+      He was supported on the sea side by his brother Teleutias (20) with a
+      naval force of about twelve triremes, and the mother of both was able to
+      congratulate herself on the joint success of both her sons; one having
+      captured the enemy's walls by land and the other his ships and naval
+      arsenal by sea, on the same day. These achievements sufficed Agesilaus for
+      the present; he disbanded the army of the allies and led the state troops
+      home.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) Reading {Tenean}, Koppen's emendation for {tegean}. In the
+    parallel passage ("Ages." ii. 17) the text has {kata ta stena}.
+    See Grote, "H. G." ix. 471.
+
+ (20) See below, IV. viii. 11.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 390. (1) Subsequently the Lacedaemonians made a second expedition
+      against Corinth. They heard from the exiles that the citizens contrived to
+      preserve all their cattle in Peiraeum; indeed, large numbers derived their
+      subsistence from the place. Agesilaus was again in command of the
+      expedition. In the first instance he advanced upon the Isthmus. It was the
+      month of the Isthmian games, (2) and here he found the Argives engaged in
+      conducting the sacrifice to Poseidon, as if Corinth were Argos. So when
+      they perceived the approach of Agesilaus, the Argives and their friends
+      left the offerings as they lay, including the preparations for the
+      breakfast, and retired with undisguised alarm into the city by the
+      Cenchrean road. (3) Agesilaus, though he observed the movement, refrained
+      from giving chase, but taking up his quarters in the temple, there
+      proceeded to offer victims to the god himself, and waited until the
+      Corinthian exiles had celebrated the sacrifice to Poseidon, along with the
+      games. But no sooner had Agesilaus turned his back and retired, than the
+      Argives returned and celebrated the Isthmian games afresh; so that in this
+      particular year there were cases in which the same competitors were twice
+      defeated in this or that contest, or conversely, the same man was
+      proclaimed victor twice over.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Al. B.C. 392. The historian omits the overtures for peace, B.C.
+    391 (or 391-390) referred to in Andoc. "De Pace." See Jebb, "Att.
+    Or." i. 83, 108; Grote, "H. G." ix. 474; Curtius, "H. G." Eng. tr.
+    iv. 261.
+
+ (2) Grote and Curtius believe these to be the Isthmian games of 390
+    B.C., not of 392 B.C., as Sauppe and others suppose. See Peter,
+    "Chron. Table," p. 89, note 183; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 468, note on
+    VIII. 9, 1.
+
+ (3) Lit. "road to Cenchreae."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the fourth day Agesilaus led his troops against Peiraeum, but finding
+      it strongly defended, he made a sudden retrograde march after the morning
+      meal in the direction of the capital, as though he calculated on the
+      betrayal of the city. The Corinthians, in apprehension of some such
+      possible catastrophe, sent to summon Iphicrates with the larger portion of
+      his light infantry. These passed by duly in the night, not unobserved,
+      however, by Agesilaus, who at once turned round at break of day and
+      advanced on Piraeum. He himself kept to the low ground by the hot springs,
+      (4) sending a division to scale the top of the pass. That night he
+      encamped at the hot springs, while the division bivouacked in the open, in
+      possession of the pass. Here Agesilaus distinguished himself by an
+      invention as seasonable as it was simple. Among those who carried
+      provisions for the division not one had thought of bringing fire. The
+      altitude was considerable; there had been a fall of rain and hail towards
+      evening and the temperature was low; besides which, the scaling party were
+      clad in thin garments suited to the summer season. There they sat
+      shivering in the dark, with scarcely heart to attack their suppers, when
+      Agesilaus sent up to them as many as ten porters carrying fire in earthen
+      pots. One found his way up one way, one another, and presently there were
+      many bonfires blazing&mdash;magnificently enough, since there was plenty
+      of wood to hand; so that all fell to oiling themselves and many supped
+      over again. The same night the sky was lit up by the blaze of the temple
+      of Poseidon&mdash;set on fire no one knows how.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Near mod. Lutraki.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the men in Piraeum perceived that the pass was occupied, they at once
+      abandoned all thought of self-defence and fled for refuge to the Heraion
+      (5)&mdash;men and women, slaves and free-born, with the greater part of
+      their flocks and herds. Agesilaus, with the main body, meanwhile pursued
+      his march by the sea-shore, and the division, simultaneously descending
+      from the heights, captured the fortified position of Oenoe, appropriating
+      its contents. Indeed, all the troops on that day reaped a rich harvest in
+      the supplies they brought in from various farmsteads. Presently those who
+      had escaped into the Heraion came out, offering to leave it to Agesilaus
+      to decide what he would do with them. He decided to deliver up to the
+      exiles all those concerned with the late butchery, and that all else
+      should be sold. And so from the Heraion streamed out a long line of
+      prisoners, whilst from other sides embassies arrived in numbers; and
+      amongst these a deputation from the Boeotians, anxious to learn what they
+      should do to obtain peace. These latter Agesilaus, with a certain
+      loftiness of manner, affected not even to see, although Pharax, (6) their
+      proxenus, stood by their side to introduce them. Seated in a circular
+      edifice on the margin of the lake, (7) he surveyed the host of captives
+      and valuables as they were brought out. Beside the prisoners, to guard
+      them, stepped the Lacedaemonian warriors from the camp, carrying their
+      spears&mdash;and themselves plucked all gaze their way, so readily will
+      success and the transient fortune of the moment rivet attention. But even
+      while Agesilaus was still thus seated, wearing a look betokening
+      satisfaction at some great achievement, a horseman came galloping up; the
+      flanks of his charger streamed with sweat. To the many inquiries what news
+      he brought, the rider responded never a word; but being now close beside
+      Agesilaus, he leaped from his horse, and running up to him with lowering
+      visage narrated the disaster of the Spartan division (8) at Lechaeum. At
+      these tidings the king sprang instantly from his seat, clutching his
+      spear, and bade his herald summon to a meeting the generals, captains of
+      fifties, and commanders of foreign brigades. (9) When these had rapidly
+      assembled he bade them, seeing that the morning meal had not yet been
+      tasted, to swallow hastily what they could, and with all possible speed to
+      overtake him. But for himself, he, with the officers of the royal staff,
+      (10) set off at once without breakfast. His bodyguard, with their heavy
+      arms, accompanied him with all speed&mdash;himself in advance, the
+      officers following behind. In this fashion he had already passed beyond
+      the warm springs, and was well within the plateau of Lechaeum, when three
+      horsemen rode up with further news: the dead bodies had been picked up. On
+      receipt of these tidings he commanded the troops to order arms, and having
+      rested them a little space, led them back again to the Heraion. The next
+      day he spent in disposing of the captured property. (11)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "Heraeum," i.e. sanctuary of Hera, on a promontory so called.
+    See Leake, "Morea," iii. 317.
+
+ (6) See "Hell." III. ii. 12, if the same.
+
+ (7) Or, "on the round pavilion by the lake" (mod. Vuliasmeni).
+
+ (8) Technically "mora."
+
+ (9) Lit. the polemarchs, penteconters, and xenagoi.
+
+ (10) See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 1.
+
+ (11) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 480, in reference to "Ages." vii. 6.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The ambassadors of the Boeotians were then summoned, and, being asked to
+      explain the object of their coming, made no further mention of the word
+      "peace," but replied that, if there was nothing to hinder it, they wished
+      to have a pass to their own soldiers within the capital. The king answered
+      with a smile: "I know your desire is not so much to see your soldiers as
+      to feast your eyes on the good fortune of your friends, and to measure its
+      magnitude. Wait then, I will conduct you myself; with me you will be
+      better able to discover the true value of what has taken place." And he
+      was as good as his word. Next day he sacrificed, and led his army up to
+      the gates of Corinth. The trophy he respected, but not one tree did he
+      leave standing&mdash;chopping and burning, as proof positive that no one
+      dared to face him in the field. And having so done, he encamped about
+      Lechaeum; and as to the Theban ambassadors, in lieu of letting them pass
+      into the city, he sent them off by sea across to Creusis.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But in proportion to the unwontedness of such a calamity befalling
+      Lacedaemonians, a widespread mourning fell upon the whole Laconian army,
+      those alone excepted whose sons or fathers or brothers had died at their
+      post. The bearing of these resembled that of conquerors, (12) as with
+      bright faces they moved freely to and fro, glorying in their domestic
+      sorrow. Now the tragic fate which befell the division was on this wise: It
+      was the unvaried custom of the men of Amyclae to return home at the
+      Hyacinthia, (13) to join in the sacred paean, a custom not to be
+      interrupted by active service or absence from home or for any other
+      reason. So, too, on this occasion, Agesilaus had left behind all the
+      Amyclaeans serving in any part of his army at Lechaeum. At the right
+      moment the general in command of the garrison at that place had posted the
+      garrison troops of the allies to guard the walls during his absence, and
+      put himself at the head of his division of heavy infantry with that of the
+      cavalry, (14) and led the Amyclaeans past the walls of Corinth. Arrived at
+      a point within three miles or so (15) of Sicyon, the polemarch turned back
+      himself in the direction of Lechaeum with his heavy infantry regiment, six
+      hundred strong, giving orders to the cavalry commandant to escort the
+      Amyclaeans with his division as far as they required, and then to turn and
+      overtake him. It cannot be said that the Lacedaemonians were ignorant of
+      the large number of light troops and heavy infantry inside Corinth, but
+      owing to their former successes they arrogantly presumed that no one would
+      attack them. Within the capital of the Corinthians, however, their scant
+      numbers&mdash;a thin line of heavy infantry unsupported by light infantry
+      or cavalry&mdash;had been noted; and Callias, the son of Hipponicus, (16)
+      who was in command of the Athenian hoplites, and Iphicrates at the head of
+      his peltasts, saw no risk in attacking with the light brigade. Since if
+      the enemy continued his march by the high road, he would be cut up by
+      showers of javelins on his exposed right flank; or if he were tempted to
+      take the offensive, they with their peltasts, the nimblest of all light
+      troops, would easily slip out of the grasp of his hoplites.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 488.
+
+ (13) Observed on three days of the month Hecatombaeus (= July). See
+    Muller's "Dorians," ii. 360. For Amyclae, see Leake, "Morea," i.
+    ch. iv. p. 145 foll.; Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279.
+
+ (14) See below, "Hell." VI. iv. 12; and "Pol. Lac." xi. 4, xiii. 4.
+
+ (15) Lit. "twenty or thirty stades."
+
+ (16) See Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With this clearly-conceived idea they led out their troops; and while
+      Callias drew up his heavy infantry in line at no great distance from the
+      city, Iphicrates and his peltasts made a dash at the returning division.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians were presently within range of the javelins. (17) Here
+      a man was wounded, and there another dropped, not to rise again. Each time
+      orders were given to the attendant shield-bearers (18) to pick up the men
+      and bear them into Lechaeum; and these indeed were the only members of the
+      mora who were, strictly speaking, saved. Then the polemarch ordered the
+      ten-years-service men (19) to charge and drive off their assailants.
+      Charge, however, as they might, they took nothing by their pains&mdash;not
+      a man could they come at within javelin range. Being heavy infantry
+      opposed to light troops, before they could get to close quarters the
+      enemy's word of command sounded "Retire!" whilst as soon as their own
+      ranks fell back, scattered as they were in consequence of a charge where
+      each man's individual speed had told, Iphicrates and his men turned right
+      about and renewed the javelin attack, while others, running alongside,
+      harassed their exposed flank. At the very first charge the assailants had
+      shot down nine or ten, and, encouraged by this success, pressed on with
+      increasing audacity. These attacks told so severely that the polemarch a
+      second time gave the order (and this time for the fifteen-years-service
+      men) to charge. The order was promptly obeyed, but on retiring they lost
+      more men than on the first occasion, and it was not until the pick and
+      flower of the division had succumbed that they were joined by their
+      returning cavalry, in whose company they once again attempted a charge.
+      The light infantry gave way, but the attack of the cavalry was feebly
+      enforced. Instead of pressing home the charge until at least they had
+      sabred some of the enemy, they kept their horses abreast of their infantry
+      skirmishers, (20) charging and wheeling side by side.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 467, note on the improvements of
+    Iphicrates.
+
+ (18) Grote, "H. G." ix. 484; cf. "Hell." IV. viii. 39; "Anab." IV. ii.
+    20; Herod. ix. 10-29.
+
+ (19) Youngest rank and file, between eighteen and twenty-eight years
+    of age, who formed the first line. The Spartan was liable to
+    service at the age of eighteen. From twenty-eight to thirty-three
+    he would belong to the fifteen-years-service division (the second
+    line); and so on. See below, IV. vi. 10.
+
+ (20) See Thuc. iv. 125.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Again and again the monotonous tale of doing and suffering repeated
+      itself, except that as their own ranks grew thinner and their courage
+      ebbed, the courage of their assailants grew bolder and their numbers
+      increased. In desperation they massed compactly upon the narrow slope of a
+      hillock, distant a couple of furlongs (21) or so from the sea, and a
+      couple of miles (22) perhaps from Lechaeum. Their friends in Lechaeum,
+      perceiving them, embarked in boats and sailed round until they were
+      immediately under the hillock. And now, in the very slough of despair,
+      being so sorely troubled as man after man dropped dead, and unable to
+      strike a blow, to crown their distress they saw the enemy's heavy infantry
+      advancing. Then they took to flight; some of them threw themselves into
+      the sea; others&mdash;a mere handful&mdash;escaped with the cavalry into
+      Lechaeum. The death-roll, including those who fell in the second fight and
+      the final flight, must have numbered two hundred and fifty slain, or
+      thereabouts. (23) Such is the tale of the destruction of the Lacedaemonian
+      mora.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) Lit. "two stades."
+
+ (22) Lit. "sixteen or seventeen stades."
+
+ (23) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 486.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Subsequently, with the mutilated fragment of the division, Agesilaus
+      turned his back upon Lechaeum, leaving another division behind to garrison
+      that port. On his passage homewards, as he wound his way through the
+      various cities, he made a point of arriving at each as late in the day as
+      possible, renewing his march as early as possible next morning. Leaving
+      Orchomenus at the first streak of dawn, he passed Mantinea still under
+      cover of darkness. The spectacle of the Mantineans rejoicing at their
+      misfortune would have been too severe an ordeal for his soldiers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Iphicrates had not yet reached the summit of his good fortune. Success
+      followed upon success. Lacedaemonian garrisons had been placed in Sidus
+      and Crommyon by Praxitas when he took these fortresses, and again in
+      Oenoe, when Peiraeum was taken quite lately by Agesilaus. One and all of
+      these now fell into the hands of Iphicrates. Lechaeum still held out,
+      garrisoned as it was by the Lacedaemonians and their allies; while the
+      Corinthian exiles, unable since (24) the disaster of the mora any longer
+      to pass freely by land from Sicyon, had the sea passage still open to
+      them, and using Lechaeum as their base, (25) kept up a game of mutual
+      annoyance with the party in the capital.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) Lit. "owing to."
+
+ (25) The illustrative incidents narrated in chapter iv. 17 may belong
+    to this period.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      VI
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 390-389. (1) At a later date the Achaeans, being in possession of
+      Calydon, a town from old times belonging to Aetolia, and having further
+      incorporated the Calydonians as citizens, (2) were under the necessity of
+      garrisoning their new possession. The reason was, that the Arcarnanians
+      were threatening the place with an army, and were aided by contingents
+      from Athens and Boeotia, who were anxious to help their allies. (3) Under
+      the strain of this combined attack the Achaeans despatched ambassadors to
+      Lacedaemon, who on arrival complained of the unfair conduct of Lacedaemon
+      towards themselves. "We, sirs," they said, "are ever ready to serve in
+      your armies, in obedience to whatever orders you choose to issue; we
+      follow you whithersoever you think fit to lead; but when it comes to our
+      being beleaguered by the Acarnanians, with their allies the Athenians and
+      Boeotians, you show not the slightest concern. Understand, then, that if
+      things go on thus we cannot hold out; but either we must give up all part
+      in the war in Peloponnesus and cross over in full force to engage the
+      Arcarnanians, or we must make peace with them on whatever terms we can."
+      This language was a tacit threat that if they failed to obtain the
+      assistance they felt entitled to from Lacedaemon they would quit the
+      alliance.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) According to others (who suppose that the Isthmia and the events
+    recorded in chapter v. 1-19 above belong to B.C. 392), we have now
+    reached B.C. 391.
+
+ (2) Or, "having conferred a city organisation on the Calydonians."
+
+ (3) See Thuc. ii. 68.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The ephors and the assembly concluded that there was no alternative but to
+      assist the Achaeans in their campaign against the Acarnanians. Accordingly
+      they sent out Agesilaus with two divisions and the proper complement of
+      allies. The Achaeans none the less marched out in full force themselves.
+      No sooner had Agesilaus crossed the gulf than there was a general flight
+      of the population from the country districts into the towns, whilst the
+      flocks and herds were driven into remote districts that they might not be
+      captured by the troops. Being now arrived on the frontier of the enemy's
+      territory, Agesilaus sent to the general assembly of the Acarnanians at
+      Stratus, (4) warning them that unless they chose to give up their alliance
+      with the Boeotians and Athenians, and to take instead themselves and their
+      allies, he would ravage their territory through its length and breadth,
+      and not spare a single thing. When they turned a deaf ear to this summons,
+      the other proceeded to do what he threatened, systematically laying the
+      district waste, felling the timber and cutting down the fruit-trees, while
+      slowly moving on at the rate of ten or twelve furlongs a day. The
+      Acarnanians, owing to the snail-like progress of the enemy, were lulled
+      into a sense of security. They even began bringing down their cattle from
+      their alps, and devoted themselves to the tillage of far the greater
+      portion of their fields. But Agesilaus only waited till their rash
+      confidence reached its climax; then on the fifteenth or sixteenth day
+      after he had first entered the country he sacrificed at early dawn, and
+      before evening had traversed eighteen miles (5) or so of country to the
+      lake (6) round which were collected nearly all the flocks and herds of the
+      Acarnanians, and so captured a vast quantity of cattle, horses, and
+      grazing stock of all kinds, besides numerous slaves.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) "The Akarnanians had, in early times, occupied the hill of Olpai
+    as a place for judicial proceedings common to the whole nation"
+    (see Thuc. iii. 105). "But in Thucydides' own time Stratos had
+    attained its position as the greatest city of Akarnania, and
+    probably the Federal Assemblies were already held there" (Thuc.
+    ii. 80). "In the days of Agesilaos we find Stratos still more
+    distinctly marked as the place of Federal meeting."&mdash;Freeman,
+    "Hist. Fed. Gov." ch. iv. p. 148 foll., "On the constitution of
+    the League."
+
+ (5) Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
+
+ (6) See Thuc. ii. 80; vi. 106.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Having secured this prize, he stayed on the spot the whole of the
+      following day, and devoted himself to disposing of the captured property
+      by public sale. While he was thus engaged, a large body of Arcarnanian
+      light infantry appeared, and availing themselves of the position in which
+      Agesilaus was encamped against the mountain side, assailed him with
+      volleys of sling-stones and rocks from the razor-edge of the mountain,
+      without suffering any scathe themselves. By this means they succeeded in
+      dislodging and forcing his troops down into the level plain, and that too
+      at an hour when the whole camp was engaged in preparations for the evening
+      meal. As night drew on, the Acarnanians retired; sentinels were posted,
+      and the troops slept in peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next day Agesilaus led off his army. The exit from the plain and
+      meadow-land round the lake was a narrow aperture through a close
+      encircling range of hills. In occupation of this mountain barrier the
+      Acarnanians, from the vantage-ground above, poured down a continuous pelt
+      of stones and other missiles, or, creeping down to the fringes, dogged and
+      annoyed them so much that the army was no longer able to proceed. If the
+      heavy infantry or cavalry made sallies from the main line they did no harm
+      to their assailants, for the Acarnanians had only to retire and they had
+      quickly gained their strongholds. It was too severe a task, Agesilaus
+      thought, to force his way through the narrow pass so sorely beset. He made
+      up his mind, therefore, to charge that portion of the enemy who dogged his
+      left, though these were pretty numerous. The range of hills on this side
+      was more accessible to heavy infantry and horse alike. During the interval
+      needed for the inspection of victims, the Acarnanians kept plying them
+      with javelins and bullets, and, coming into close proximity, wounded man
+      after man. But presently came the word of command, "Advance!" and the
+      fifteen-years-service men of the heavy infantry (7) ran forward,
+      accompanied by the cavalry, at a round pace, the general himself steadily
+      following with the rest of the column. Those of the Acarnanians who had
+      crept down the mountain side at that instant in the midst of their
+      sharpshooting turned and fled, and as they climbed the steep, man after
+      man was slain. When, however, the top of the pass was reached, there stood
+      the hoplites of the Acarnanians drawn up in battle line, and supported by
+      the mass of their light infantry. There they steadily waited, keeping up a
+      continuous discharge of missiles the while, or launching their long
+      spears; whereby they dealt wounds to the cavalry troopers and death in
+      some cases to the horses. But when they were all but within the clutches
+      of the advancing heavy infantry (8) of the Lacedaemonians their firmness
+      forsook them; they swerved and fled, and there died of them on that day
+      about three hundred. So ended the affair.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) I.e. "the first two ranks." See above, IV. v. 14.
+
+ (8) See "Ages." ii. 20, for an extraordinary discrepancy.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Agesilaus set up a trophy of victory, and afterwards making a tour of the
+      country, he visited it with fire and sword. (9) Occasionally, in obedience
+      to pressure put upon him by the Achaeans, he would assault some city, but
+      did not capture a single one. And now, as the season of autumn rapidly
+      approached, he prepared to leave the country; whereupon the Achaeans, who
+      looked upon his exploits as abortive, seeing that not a single city,
+      willingly or unwillingly, had as yet been detached from their opponents,
+      begged him, as the smallest service he could render them, at any rate to
+      stay long enough in the country to prevent the Acarnanians from sowing
+      their corn. He answered that the course they suggested ran counter to
+      expediency. "You forget," he said, "that I mean to invade your enemies
+      again next summer; and therefore the larger their sowing now, the stronger
+      will be their appetite for peace hereafter." With this retort he withdrew
+      overland through Aetolia, and by roads, moreover, which no army, small or
+      great, could possibly have traversed without the consent of the
+      inhabitants. The Aetolians, however, were only too glad to yield the
+      Spartan king a free passage, cherishing hopes as they did that he would
+      aid them to recover Naupactus. On reaching Rhium (10) he crossed the gulf
+      at that point and returned homewards, the more direct passage from Calydon
+      to Peloponnesus being effectually barred by an Athenian squadron stationed
+      at Oeniadae.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) Or lit. "burning and felling."
+
+ (10) Or Antirrhium (as more commonly called).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      VII
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 389-388. (1) On the expiration of winter, and in fulfilment of his
+      promise to the Achaeans, Agesilaus called out the ban once more with early
+      spring to invade the Acarnanians. The latter were apprised of his
+      intention, and, being persuaded that owing to the midland situation of
+      their cities they would just as truly be blockaded by an enemy who chose
+      to destroy their corn as they would be if besieged with entrenchments in
+      regular form, they sent ambassadors to Lacedaemon, and made peace with the
+      Achaeans and alliance with the Lacedaemonians. Thus closes this page of
+      history concerning the affairs of Arcarnania.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) According to others, B.C. 390.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To turn to the next. There was a feeling on the part of the Lacedaemonians
+      (2) that no expedition against Athens or Boeotia would be safe so long as
+      a state so important and so close to their own frontier as Argos remained
+      in open hostility behind them. Accordingly they called out the ban against
+      Argos. Now when Agesipolis learnt that the duty of leadership devolved on
+      him, and, moreover, that the sacrifices before crossing the frontier were
+      favourable, he went to Olympia and consulted the will of the god. "Would
+      it be lawful to him," he inquired, "not to accept the holy truce, on the
+      ground that the Argives made the season for it (3) depend not on a fixed
+      date, but on the prospect of a Lacedaemonian invasion?" The god indicated
+      to the inquirer that he might lawfully repudiate any holy truce which was
+      fraudulently antedated. (4) Not content with this, the young king, on
+      leaving Olympia, went at once to Delphi, and at that shrine put the same
+      question to Apollo: "Were his views in accordance with his Father's as
+      touching the holy truce?"&mdash;to which the son of Zeus made answer:
+      "Yea, altogether in accordance." (5)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Or, "It was agreed by the Lacedaemonians."
+
+ (3) I.e. "the season of the Carneia."
+
+ (4) Or, "wrongfully put forward." See below, V. i. 29; iii. 28; Paus.
+    III. v. 8; Jebb. "Att. Or." i. p. 131; Grote, "H. G." ix. 494
+    foll.; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 315; note to Thuc. V. liv. 3.
+
+ (5) Grote; cf. Aristot. "Rhet." ii. 33.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Then without further hesitation, picking up his army at Phlius (where,
+      during his absence to visit the temples, the troops had been collecting),
+      he advanced by Nemea into the enemy's territory. The Argives, on their
+      side, perceiving that they would be unable to hinder his advance, in
+      accordance with their custom sent a couple of heralds, garlanded, and
+      presented their usual plea of a holy truce. Agesipolis answered them
+      curtly that the gods were not satisfied with the justice of their plea,
+      and, refusing to accept the truce, pushed forward, causing thereby great
+      perplexity and consternation throughout the rural districts and the
+      capital itself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But while he was getting his evening meal that first evening in the Argive
+      territory&mdash;just at the moment when the after-dinner libation had been
+      poured out&mdash;the god sent an earthquake; and with one consent the
+      Lacedaemonians, beginning with the officers of the royal quarters, sang
+      the sacred hymn of Poseidon. The soldiers, in general, expected to
+      retreat, arguing that, on the occurrence of an earthquake once before,
+      Agis had retired from Elis. But Agesipolis held another view: if the god
+      had sent his earthquake at the moment when he was meditating invasion, he
+      should have understood that the god forbade his entrance; but now, when
+      the invasion was a thing effected, he must needs take it as a signal of
+      his approval. (6) Accordingly next morning he sacrificed to Poseidon, and
+      advanced a short distance further into the country.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Or, "interpret the signal as a summons to advance."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The late expedition of Agesilaus into Argos (7) was still fresh in men's
+      minds, and Agesipolis was eager to ascertain from the soldiers how close
+      his predecessor had advanced to the fortification walls; or again, how far
+      he had gone in ravaging the open country&mdash;not unlike a competitor in
+      the pentathlon, (8) eager to cap the performance of his rival in each
+      event. On one occasion it was only the discharge of missiles from the
+      towers which forced him to recross the trenches round the walls; on
+      another, profiting by the absence of the majority of the Argives in
+      Laconian territory, he came so close to the gates that their officers
+      actually shut out their own Boeotian cavalry on the point of entering, in
+      terror lest the Lacedaemonians might pour into the town in company, and
+      these Boeotian troopers were forced to cling, like bats to a wall, under
+      each coign of vantage beneath the battlements. Had it not been for the
+      accidental absence of the Cretans, (9) who had gone off on a raid to
+      Nauplia, without a doubt numbers of men and horses would have been shot
+      down. At a later date, while encamping in the neighbourhood of the
+      Enclosures, (10) a thunder-bolt fell into his camp. One or two men were
+      struck, while others died from the effect of the concussion on their
+      brains. At a still later period he was anxious to fortify some sort of
+      garrison outpost in the pass of Celusa, (11) but upon offering sacrifice
+      the victims proved lobeless, (12) and he was constrained to lead back and
+      disband his army&mdash;not without serious injury inflicted on the
+      Argives, as the result of an invasion which had taken them wholly by
+      surprise.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) See above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
+
+ (8) The pentathlon of Olympia and the other great games consisted of
+    five contests, in the following order&mdash;(1) leaping, (2) discus-
+    throwing, (3) javelin-throwing, (4) running, (5) wrestling. Cf.
+    Simonides, {alma podokeien diskon akonta palen}, where, "metri
+    gratia," the order is inverted. The competitors were drawn in
+    pairs. The odd man who drew a bye in any particular round or heat
+    was called the "ephedros." The successful athletes of the pairs,
+    that is, those who had won any three events out of five, would
+    then again be drawn against each other, and so on until only two
+    were left, between whom the final heat took place. See, for an
+    exhaustive discussion of the subject, Prof. Percy Gardner, "The
+    Pentathlon of the Greeks" ("Journal of Hellenic Studies," vol. i.
+    9, p. 210 foll. pl. viii.), from whom this note is taken.
+
+ (9) See Thuc. vii. 57.
+
+ (10) {peri tas eirktas}&mdash;what these were no one knows, possibly a
+    stone quarry used as a prison. Cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 19; "Mem." II.
+    i. 5; see Grote, "H. G." ix. 497; Paus. III. v.. 8.
+
+ (11) Or Celossa. See Strabo, viii. 382.
+
+ (12) I.e. "hopeless." See above, III. iv. 15.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      VIII
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      394 B.C. Such were the land operations in the war. Meanwhile another
+      series of events was being enacted on the sea and within the seaboard
+      cities; and these I will now narrate in detail. But I shall confine my pen
+      to the more memorable incidents, and others of less account I shall pass
+      over.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the first place, then, Pharnabazus and Conon, after defeating the
+      Lacedaemonians in the naval engagement of Cnidus, commenced a tour of
+      inspection round the islands and the maritime states, expelling from them,
+      as they visited them, one after another the Spartan governors. (1)
+      Everywhere they gave consolatory assurances to the citizens that they had
+      no intention of establishing fortress citadels within their walls, or in
+      any way interfering with their self-government. (2) Such words fell
+      soothingly upon the ears of those to whom they were addressed; the
+      proposals were courteously accepted; all were eager to present Pharnabazus
+      with gifts of friendship and hospitality. The satrap, indeed, was only
+      applying the instructions of his master Conon on these matters&mdash;who
+      had taught him that if he acted thus all the states would be friendly to
+      him, whereas, if he showed any intention to enslave them, the smallest of
+      them would, as Conon insisted, be capable of causing a world of trouble,
+      and the chances were, if apprehensions were once excited, he would find
+      himself face to face with a coalition of united Hellas. To these
+      admonitions Pharnabazus lent a willing ear.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "the Laconian harmosts."
+
+ (2) See Hicks, 70, "Honours to Konon," Inscript. found at Erythrae in
+    Ionia. Cf. Diod. xiv. 84.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Accordingly, when disembarking at Ephesus, he presented Conon with a fleet
+      of forty sail, (3) and having further instructed him to meet him at
+      Sestos, (4) set off himself by land along the coast to visit his own
+      provinces. For here it should be mentioned that his old enemy Dercylidas
+      happened to be in Abydos at the time of the sea-fight; (5) nor had he at a
+      later date suffered eclipse with the other governors, (6) but on the
+      contrary, had kept tight hold of Abydos and still preserved it in
+      attachment to Lacedaemon. The course he had adopted was to summon a
+      meeting of the Abydenians, when he made them a speech as follows: "Sirs,
+      to-day it is possible for you, who have before been friends to my city, to
+      appear as benefactors of the Lacedaemonians. For a man to prove faithful
+      to his friends in the heyday of their good fortune is no great marvel; but
+      to prove steadfast when his friends are in misfortune&mdash;that is a
+      service monumental for all time. But do not mistake me. It does not follow
+      that, because we have been defeated in a great sea-fight, we are therefore
+      annihilated. (7) Certainly not. Even in old days, you will admit, when
+      Athens was mistress of the sea, our state was not powerless to benefit
+      friends or chastise enemies. Moreover, in proportion as the rest of the
+      cities have joined hands with fortune to turn their backs upon us, so much
+      the more certainly will the grandeur of your fidelity shine forth. Or, is
+      any one haunted by the fear that we may find ourselves blockaded by land
+      and sea?&mdash;let him consider that at present there is no Hellenic navy
+      whatever on the seas, and if the barbarian attempts to clutch the empire
+      of the sea, Hellas will not sit by and suffer it; so that, if only in
+      self-defence, she must inevitably take your side."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See Diod. xiv. 83.
+
+ (4) See above, "Hell." II. i. 27 foll.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." IV. iii. 3.
+
+ (6) Lit. "harmosts."
+
+ (7) Or, "we are beaten, ergo, it is all over with us."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      To this the Abydenians lent no deaf ears, but rather responded with
+      willingness approaching enthusiasm&mdash;extending the hand of fellowship
+      to the ex-governors, some of whom were already flocking to Abydos as a
+      harbour of refuge, whilst others they sent to summon from a distance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So when a number of efficient and serviceable men had been collected,
+      Dercylidas ventured to cross over to Sestos&mdash;lying, as it does, not
+      more than a mile (8) distant, directly facing Abydos. There he not only
+      set about collecting those who held lands in the Chersonese through
+      Lacedaemonian influence, but extended his welcome also to the governors
+      (9) who had been driven out of European states. (10) He insisted that, if
+      they came to think of it, not even was their case desperate, reminding
+      them that even in Asia, which originally belonged to the Persian monarch,
+      places were to be found&mdash;such as the little state of Temnos, or
+      Aegae, and others, capable of administering their affairs, unsubjected to
+      the king of Persia. "But," he added, "if you want a strong impregnable
+      position, I cannot conceive what better you can find than Sestos. Why, it
+      would need a combined naval and military force to invest that port." By
+      these and such like arguments he rescued them from the lethargy of
+      despair.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Lit. "eight stades."
+
+ (9) Lit. "harmosts."
+
+ (10) See Demos. "de Cor." 96.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now when Pharnabazus found Abydos and Sestos so conditioned, he gave them
+      to understand that unless they chose to eject the Lacedaemonians, he would
+      bring war to bear upon them; and when they refused to obey, having first
+      assigned to Conon as his business to keep the sea closed against them, he
+      proceeded in person to ravage the territory of the men of Abydos.
+      Presently, finding himself no nearer the fulfilment of his object&mdash;which
+      was their reduction&mdash;he set off home himself and left it to Conon the
+      while so to conciliate the Hellespontine states that as large a naval
+      power as possible might be mustered against the coming spring. In his
+      wrath against the Lacedaemonians, in return for the treatment he had
+      received from them, his paramount object was to invade their territory and
+      exact what vengeance he could.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 393. The winter was thus fully taken up with preparations; but with
+      the approach of spring, Pharnabazus and Conon, with a large fleet fully
+      manned, and a foreign mercenary brigade to boot, threaded their way
+      through the islands to Melos. (11) This island was to serve as a base of
+      operations against Lacedaemon. And in the first instance he sailed down to
+      Pherae (12) and ravaged that district, after which he made successive
+      descents at various other points on the seaboard, and did what injury he
+      could. But in apprehension of the harbourless character of the coast,
+      coupled with the enemy's facility of reinforcement and his own scarcity of
+      supplies, he very soon turned back and sailed away, until finally he came
+      to moorings in the harbour of Phoenicus in Cythera. The occupants of the
+      city of the Cytherians, in terror of being taken by storm, evacuated the
+      walls. To dismiss these under a flag of truce across to Laconia was his
+      first step; his second was to repair the fortress in question and to leave
+      a garrison in the island under an Athenian governor&mdash;Nicophemus.
+      After this he set sail to the Isthmus of Corinth, where he delivered an
+      exhortation to the allies begging them to prosecute the war vigorously,
+      and to show themselves faithful to the Great King; and so, having left
+      them all the moneys he had with him, set off on his voyage home.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) See Lys. xix. "de bon. Arist." 19 foll.; and Hicks, 71, "Honours
+    to Dionysios I. and his court"; Grote, "H. G." ix. 453.
+
+ (12) Mod. Kalamata.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But Conon had a proposal to make:&mdash;If Pharnabazus would allow him to
+      keep the fleet, he would undertake, in the first place, to support it free
+      of expense from the islands; besides which, he would sail to his own
+      country and help his fellow-citizens the Athenians to rebuild their long
+      walls and the fortifications round Piraeus. No heavier blow, he insisted,
+      could well be inflicted on Lacedaemon. "In this way, I can assure you," he
+      added, "you will win the eternal gratitude of the Athenians and wreak
+      consummate vengeance on the Lacedaemonians, since at one stroke you will
+      render null and void that on which they have bestowed their utmost
+      labour." These arguments so far weighed with Pharnabazus that he
+      despatched Conon to Athens with alacrity, and further supplied him with
+      funds for the restoration of the walls. Thus it was that Conon, on his
+      arrival at Athens, was able to rebuild a large portion of the walls&mdash;partly
+      by lending his own crews, and partly by giving pay to carpenters and
+      stone-masons, and meeting all the necessary expenses. There were other
+      portions of the walls which the Athenians and Boeotians and other states
+      raised as a joint voluntary undertaking.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nor must it be forgotten that the Corinthians, with the funds left them by
+      Pharnabazus, manned a fleet&mdash;the command of which they entrusted to
+      their admiral Agathinus&mdash;and so were undisputed masters of the sea
+      within the gulf round Achaia and Lechaeum.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 393-391. The Lacedaemonians, in opposition, fitted out a fleet under
+      the command of Podanemus. That officer, in an attack of no great moment,
+      lost his life, and Pollis, (13) his second in command, was presently in
+      his turn obliged to retire, being wounded, whereupon Herippidas took
+      command of the vessels. On the other hand, Proaenus the Corinthian, who
+      had relieved Agathinus, evacuated Rhium, and the Lacedaemonians recovered
+      that post. Subsequently Teleutias succeeded to Herippidas's fleet, and it
+      was then the turn of that admiral to dominate the gulf. (14)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See "Hell." I. i. 23.
+
+ (14) According to Grote ("H. G." ix. 471, note 2), this section
+    summarises the Lacedaemonian maritime operations in the Corinthian
+    Gulf from the late autumn of 393 B.C. till the appointment of
+    Teleutias in the spring or early summer of 391 B.C., the year of
+    the expedition of Agesilaus recounted above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 392. The Lacedaemonians were well informed of the proceedings of
+      Conon. They knew that he was not only restoring the fortifications of
+      Athens by help of the king's gold, but maintaining a fleet at his expense
+      besides, and conciliating the islands and seaboard cities towards Athens.
+      If, therefore, they could indoctrinate Tiribazus&mdash;who was a general
+      of the king&mdash;with their sentiments, they believed they could not fail
+      either to draw him aside to their own interests, or, at any rate, to put a
+      stop to his feeding Conon's navy. With this intention they sent Antalcidas
+      to Tiribazus: (15) his orders were to carry out this policy and, if
+      possible, to arrange a peace between Lacedaemon and the king. The
+      Athenians, getting wind of this, sent a counter-embassy, consisting of
+      Hermogenes, Dion, Callisthenes, and Callimedon, with Conon himself. They
+      at the same time invited the attendance of ambassadors from the allies,
+      and there were also present representatives of the Boeotians, of Corinth,
+      and of Argos. When they had arrived at their destination, Antalcidas
+      explained to Tiribazus the object of his visit: he wished, if possible, to
+      cement a peace between the state he represented and the king&mdash;a
+      peace, moreover, exactly suited to the aspirations of the king himself; in
+      other words, the Lacedaemonians gave up all claim to the Hellenic cities
+      in Asia as against the king, while for their own part they were content
+      that all the islands and other cities should be independent. "Such being
+      our unbiased wishes," he continued, "for what earthly reason should (the
+      Hellenes or) the king go to war with us? or why should he expend his
+      money? The king is guaranteed against attack on the part of Hellas, since
+      the Athenians are powerless apart from our hegemony, and we are powerless
+      so long as the separate states are independent." The proposals of
+      Antalcidas sounded very pleasantly in the ears of Tiribazus, but to the
+      opponents of Sparta they were the merest talk. The Athenians were
+      apprehensive of an agreement which provided for the independence of the
+      cities in the islands, whereby they might be deprived of Lemnos, Imbros,
+      and Scyros. The Thebans, again, were afraid of being compelled to let the
+      Boeotian states go free. The Argives did not see how such treaty contracts
+      and covenants were compatible with the realisation of their own great
+      object&mdash;the absorption of Corinth by Argos. And so it came to pass
+      that this peace (16) proved abortive, and the representatives departed
+      each to his own home.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) See Plut. "Ages." xxiii. (Clough, iv. p. 27); and for the date
+    B.C. 392 (al. B.C. 393) see Grote, "H. G." ix. 498.
+
+ (16) See Andoc. "de Pace"; Jebb, "Attic Or." i. 83, 128 foll. Prof.
+    Jebb assigns this speech to B.C. 390 rather than B.C. 391. See
+    also Grote, "H. G." ix. 499; Diod. xiv. 110.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Tiribazus, on his side, thought it hardly consistent with his own safety
+      to adopt the cause of the Lacedaemonians without the concurrence of the
+      king&mdash;a scruple which did not prevent him from privately presenting
+      Antalcidas with a sum of money, in hopes that when the Athenians and their
+      allies discovered that the Lacedaemonians had the wherewithal to furnish a
+      fleet, they might perhaps be more disposed to desire peace. Further,
+      accepting the statements of the Lacedaemonians as true, he took on himself
+      to secure the person of Conon, as guilty of wrongdoing towards the king,
+      and shut him up. (17) That done, he set off up country to the king to
+      recount the proposals of Lacedaemon, with his own subsequent capture of
+      Conon as a mischievous man, and to ask for further guidance on all these
+      matters.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) See Diod. xiv. 85; and Corn. Nep. 5.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the arrival of Tiribazus at the palace, the king sent down Struthas to
+      take charge of the seaboard district. The latter, however, was a strong
+      partisan of Athens and her allies, since he found it impossible to forget
+      the long list of evils which the king's country had suffered at the hands
+      of Agesilaus; so that the Lacedaemonians, contrasting the hostile
+      disposition of the new satrap towards themselves with his friendliness to
+      the Athenians, sent Thibron to deal with him by force of arms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 391. (18) That general crossed over and established his base of
+      operations in Ephesus and the towns in the plain of the Maeander&mdash;Priene,
+      Leucophrys, and Achilleum&mdash;and proceeded to harry the king's
+      territory, sparing neither live nor dead chattels. But as time went on,
+      Struthas, who could not but note the disorderly, and indeed recklessly
+      scornful manner in which the Lacedaemonian brought up his supports on each
+      occasion, despatched a body of cavalry into the plain. Their orders were
+      to gallop down and scour the plain, making a clean sweep (19) of all they
+      could lay their hands on. Thibron, as it befell, had just finished
+      breakfast, and was returning to the mess with Thersander the flute-player.
+      The latter was not only a good flute-player, but, as affecting
+      Lacedaemonian manners, laid claim to personal prowess. Struthas, then,
+      seeing the disorderly advance of the supports and the paucity of the
+      vanguard, appeared suddenly at the head of a large body of cavalry, all in
+      orderly array. Thibron and Thersander were the first to be cut down, and
+      when these had fallen the rest of the troops were easily turned. A mere
+      chase ensued, in which man after man was felled to earth, though a remnant
+      contrived to escape into the friendly cities; still larger numbers owed
+      their safety to their late discovery of the business on hand. Nor, indeed,
+      was this the first time the Spartan commander had rushed to the field,
+      without even issuing a general order. So ends the history of these events.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Al. B.C. 392, al. B.C. 390.
+
+ (19) See "Hell." VII. i. 40; "Cyrop." I. iv. 17; III. iii. 23; "Anab."
+    VI. iii. 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 390. (20) We pass on to the arrival at Lacedaemon of a party of
+      Rhodian exiles expelled by the popular party. They insisted that it was
+      not equitable to allow the Athenians to subjugate Rhodes and thus build up
+      so vast a power. The Lacedaemonians were alive to the fact that the fate
+      of Rhodes depended on which party in the state prevailed: if the democracy
+      were to dominate, the whole island must fall into the hands of Athens; if
+      the wealthier classes, (21) into their own. Accordingly they fitted out
+      for them a fleet of eight vessels, and put Ecdicus in command of it as
+      admiral.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) Grote, "H. G." ix. 504; al. B.C. 391.
+
+ (21) Or, "the Lacedaemonians were not slow to perceive that the whole
+    island of Rhodes was destined to fall either into the hands of
+    Athens or of themselves, according as the democracy or the
+    wealthier classes respectively dominated."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At the same time they despatched another officer on board these vessels
+      named Diphridas, on a separate mission. His orders were to cross over into
+      Asia and to secure the states which had received Thibron. He was also to
+      pick up the survivors of Thibron's army, and with these troops, aided by a
+      second army which he would collect from any other quarter open to him, he
+      was to prosecute the war against Struthas. Diphridas followed out his
+      instructions, and amongst other achievements was fortunate enough to
+      capture Tigranes, (22) the son-in-law of Struthas, with his wife, on their
+      road to Sardis. The sum paid for their ransom was so large that he at once
+      had the wherewithal to pay his mercenaries. Diphridas was no less
+      attractive than his predecessor Thibron; but he was of a more orderly
+      temperament, steadier, and incomparably more enterprising as a general;
+      the secret of this superiority being that he was a man over whom the
+      pleasures of the body exercised no sway. He became readily absorbed in the
+      business before him&mdash;whatever he had to do he did it with a will.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) See "Anab." VII. viii. 9 for a similar exploit.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Ecdicus having reached Cnidus, there learned that the democracy in Rhones
+      were entirely masters of the situation. They were dominant by land and
+      sea; indeed they possessed a fleet twice the size of his own. He was
+      therefore content to keep quiet in Cnidus until the Lacedaemonians,
+      perceiving that his force was too small to allow him to benefit their
+      friends, determined to relieve him. With this view they ordered Teleutias
+      to take the twelve ships which formed his squadron (at present in the gulf
+      adjoining Achaia and Lechaeum), (23) and to feel his way round to Ecdicus:
+      that officer he was to send home. For himself, he was to undertake
+      personally to protect the interests of all who cared to be their friends,
+      whilst injuring the enemy by every possible means.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) See above, IV. viii. 11.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So then Teleutias, having reached Samos, where he added some vessels to
+      his fleet, set sail to Cnidus. At this point Ecdicus returned home, and
+      Teleutias, continuing his voyage, reached Rhodes, at the head now of
+      seven-and-twenty vessels. It was during this portion of the voyage that he
+      fell in with Philocrates, the son of Ephialtes, who was sailing from
+      Athens to Cyprus with ten triremes, in aid of their ally Evagoras. (24)
+      The whole flotilla fell into the Spartan's hands&mdash;a curious instance,
+      it may be added, of cross purposes on the part of both belligerents. Here
+      were the Athenians, supposed to be on friendly terms with the king,
+      engaged in sending an allied force to support Evagoras, who was at open
+      war with him; and here again was Teleutias, the representative of a people
+      at war with Persia, engaged in crippling a fleet which had been despatched
+      on a mission hostile to their adversary. Teleutias put back into Cnidus to
+      dispose of his captives, and so eventually reached Rhodes, where his
+      arrival brought timely aid to the party in favour of Lacedaemon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) See Diod. xiv. 98; Hicks, 72; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p. 397;
+    Isoc. "Evag." 54-57; Paus. I. iii. 1; Lys. "de bon. Ar." 20; Dem.
+    p. 161.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 389. (25) And now the Athenians, fully impressed with the belief that
+      their rivals were laying the basis of a new naval supremacy, despatched
+      Thrasybulus the Steirian to check them, with a fleet of forty sail. That
+      officer set sail, but abstained from bringing aid to Rhodes, and for good
+      reasons. In Rhodes the Lacedaemonian party had hold of the fortress, and
+      would be out of reach of his attack, especially as Teleutias was close at
+      hand to aid them with his fleet. On the other hand, his own friends ran no
+      danger of succumbing to the enemy, as they held the cities and were
+      numerically much stronger, and they had established their superiority in
+      the field. Consequently he made for the Hellespont, where, in the absence
+      of any rival power, he hoped to achieve some stroke of good fortune for
+      his city. Thus, in the first place, having detected the rivalries existing
+      between Medocus, (26) the king of the Odrysians, and Seuthes, (27) the
+      rival ruler of the seaboard, he reconciled them to each other, and made
+      them friends and allies of Athens; in the belief that if he secured their
+      friendship the Hellenic cities on the Thracian coast would show greater
+      proclivity to Athens. Such being the happy state of affairs not only in
+      Europe but as regards the states in Asia also, thanks to the friendly
+      attitude of the king to his fellow-citizens, he sailed into Byzantium and
+      sold the tithe-duty levied on vessels arriving from the Euxine. By another
+      stroke he converted the oligarchy of Byzantium into a democracy. The
+      result of this was that the Byzantine demos (28) were no longer sorry to
+      see as vast a concourse of Athenians in their city as possible. Having so
+      done, and having further won the friendship of the men of Calchedon, he
+      set sail south of the Hellespont. Arrived at Lesbos, he found all the
+      cities devoted to Lacedaemon with the exception of Mytilene. He was
+      therefore loth to attack any of the former until he had organised a force
+      within the latter. This force consisted of four hundred hoplites,
+      furnished from his own vessels, and a corps of exiles from the different
+      cities who had sought shelter in Mytilene; to which he added a stout
+      contingent, the pick of the Mytileneian citizens themselves. He stirred
+      the ardour of the several contingents by suitable appeals: representing to
+      the men of Mytilene that by their capture of the cities they would at once
+      become the chiefs and patrons of Lesbos; to the exiles he made it appear
+      that if they would but unite to attack each several city in turn, they
+      might all reckon on their particular restoration; while he needed only to
+      remind his own warriors that the acquisition of Lesbos meant not only the
+      attachment of a friendly city, but the discovery of a mine of wealth. The
+      exhortations ended and the contingents organised, he advanced against
+      Methymna.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (25) Grote, "H. G." ix. 507.
+
+ (26) Al. Amedocus.
+
+ (27) For Seuthes, see above, "Hell." III. ii. 2, if the same.
+
+ (28) For the varying fortunes of the democrats at Byzantium in 408
+    B.C. and 405 B.C., see above, ("Hell." I. iii. 18; II. ii. 2); for
+    the present moment, 390-389 B.C., see Demosth. "c. Lept." 475; for
+    the admission of Byzantium into the new naval confederacy in 378
+    B.C., see Hicks, 68; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 19; and for B.C. 363,
+    Isocr. "Phil." 53; Diod. xv. 79; and for its commercial
+    prosperity, Polyb. iv. 38-47.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Therimachus, who chanced to be the Lacedaemonian governor at the time, on
+      hearing of the meditated attack of Thrasybulus, had taken a body of
+      marines from his vessels, and, aided by the citizens of Methymna
+      themselves, along with all the Mytileneian exiles to be found in that
+      place, advanced to meet the enemy on their borders. A battle was fought
+      and Therimachus was slain, a fate shared by several of the exiles of his
+      party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As a result (29) of his victory the Athenian general succeeded in winning
+      the adhesion of some of the states; or, where adhesion was refused, he
+      could at least raise supplies for his soldiers by freebooting expeditions,
+      and so hastened to reach his goal, which was the island of Rhodes. His
+      chief concern was to support as powerful an army as possible in those
+      parts, and with this object he proceeded to levy money aids, visiting
+      various cities, until he finally reached Aspendus, and came to moorings in
+      the river Eurymedon. The money was safely collected from the Aspendians,
+      and the work completed, when, taking occasion of some depredations (30) of
+      the soldiers on the farmsteads, the people of the place in a fit of
+      irritation burst into the general's quarters at night and butchered him in
+      his tent.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (29) According to some critics, B.C. 389 is only now reached.
+
+ (30) See Diod. xiv. 94.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So perished Thrasybulus, (31) a good and great man by all admission. In
+      room of him the Athenians chose Agyrrhius, (32) who was despatched to take
+      command of the fleet. And now the Lacedaemonians&mdash;alive to the fact
+      that the sale of the Euxine tithe-dues had been negotiated in Byzantium by
+      Athens; aware also that as long as the Athenians kept hold on Calchedon
+      the loyalty of the other Hellespontine cities was secured to them (at any
+      rate while Pharnabazus remained their friend)&mdash;felt that the state of
+      affairs demanded their serious attention. They attached no blame indeed to
+      Dercylidas. Anaxibius, however, through the friendship of the ephors,
+      contrived to get himself appointed as governor, on a mission to Abydos.
+      With the requisite funds and ships, he promised to exert such hostile
+      pressure upon Athens that at least her prospects in the Hellespont would
+      cease to be so sunny. His friends the ephors granted him in return for
+      these promises three ships of war and funds to support a thousand
+      mercenaries, and so they despatched him on his mission. Reaching Abydos,
+      he set about improving his naval and military position. First he collected
+      a foreign brigade, by help of which he drew off some of the Aeolid cities
+      from Pharnabazus. Next he set on foot a series of retaliatory expeditions
+      against the states which attacked Abydos, marching upon them and ravaging
+      their territories; and lastly, manning three vessels besides those which
+      he already held in the harbour of Abydos, he intercepted and brought into
+      port all the merchant ships of Athens or of her allies which he could lay
+      hands on.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (31) "Thus perished the citizen to whom, more than any one else,
+    Athens owed not only her renovated democracy, but its wise,
+    generous, and harmonious working, after renovation."&mdash;Grote, "H.
+    G." ix. 509.
+
+ (32) For this statesman, see Demosth. "c. Timocr." 742; Andoc. "de
+    Myst." 133; Aristot. "Ath. Pol." 41, and Mr. Kenyon's notes ad
+    loc.; Aristoph. "Eccles." 102, and the Schol. ad loc.; Diod. xiv.
+    99; Curtius, "H. G." Eng tr. iv. 280.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Getting wind of these proceedings, the Athenians, fearing lest the fair
+      foundation laid for them by Thrasybulus in the Hellespont should be
+      ruined, sent out Iphicrates with eight vessels and twelve hundred
+      peltasts. The majority of them (33) consisted of troops which he had
+      commanded at Corinth. In explanation it may be stated that the Argives,
+      when once they had appropriated Corinth and incorporated it with Argos,
+      gave out they had no further need of Iphicrates and his troops; the real
+      fact being that he had put to death some of the partisans of Argos. (34)
+      And so it was he turned his back on Corinth and found himself at home in
+      Athens at the present crisis.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (33) Or, "The mass of them."
+
+ (34) See Grote, "H. G." ix. p. 491 note. The "Argolising" or philo-
+    Argeian party, as opposed to the philo-Laconian party. See above,
+    "Hell." IV. iv. 6.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 389-388. When Iphicrates first reached the Chersonese he and
+      Anaxibius carried on war against each other by the despatch of guerilla or
+      piratic bands across the straits. But as time wore on, information reached
+      him of the departure of Anaxibius to Antandrus, accompanied by his
+      mercenaries and his own bodyguard of Laconians and two hundred Abydenian
+      hoplites. Hearing further that Anaxibius had won the friendly adhesion of
+      Antandrus, Iphicrates conjectured that after establishing a garrison in
+      that place he would make the best of his way back, if only to bring the
+      Abydenians home again. He therefore crossed in the night, selecting a
+      desert point on the Abydene coast, from which he scaled the hills above
+      the town and planted himself in ambuscade within their folds. The triremes
+      which brought him across had orders at break of day to coast up northwards
+      along the Chersonese, which would suggest the notion that he was only out
+      on one of his customary voyages to collect money. The sequel more than
+      fulfilled his expectations. Anaxibius began his return march, and if
+      report speaks truly, he did so notwithstanding that the victims were
+      against his marching that day; contemptuously disregarding the warning,
+      and satisfied that his march lay all along through a friendly country and
+      was directed to a friendly city. Besides which, those whom he met assured
+      him that Iphicrates was off on a voyage to Proconnesus: hence the unusual
+      absence of precaution on the march. On his side Iphicrates saw the chance,
+      but, so long as the troops of Anaxibius lingered on the level bottoms,
+      refused to spring from his lair, waiting for the moment when the Abydenian
+      division in the van was safely landed in the plain of Cremaste, at the
+      point where the gold mines stand; the main column following on the
+      downward slope, and Anaxibius with his Laconians just beginning the
+      descent. At that instant Iphicrates set his ambuscade in motion, and
+      dashed against the Spartan at full speed. The latter quickly discerned
+      that there was no hope of escape as he scanned the long straggling line of
+      his attenuated column. The troops in advance, he was persuaded, would
+      never be able to come back to his aid up the face of that acclivity;
+      besides which, he observed the utter bewilderment of the whole body at
+      sight of the ambuscade. He therefore turned to those next him, and spoke
+      as follows: "Sirs, it is good for me to die on this spot, where honour
+      bids me; but for you, sirs, yonder your path lies, haste and save
+      yourselves (35) before the enemy can close with us." As the words died on
+      his lips he took from the hands of his attendant shield-bearer his heavy
+      shield, and there, at his post, unflinchingly fought and fell; not quite
+      alone, for by his side faithfully lingered a favourite youth, and of the
+      Lacedaemonian governors who had rallied to Abydos from their several
+      cities yet other twelve fought and fell beside the pair. The rest fled,
+      dropping down one by one as the army pursued them to the walls of the
+      city. The death-roll amounted to something like fifty hoplites of the
+      Abydenians, and of the rest two hundred. After this exploit Iphicrates
+      returned to the Chersonese. (36)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (35) Or, "sauve qui peut."
+
+ (36) See Hicks, 76; and below, "Hell." V. i. 31.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 388. Such was the state of affairs in the Hellespont, so far at least
+      as Athens and Sparta are concerned. Eteonicus was once more in Aegina; and
+      notwithstanding that the Aeginetans and Athenians had up to this time held
+      commercial intercourse, yet now that the war was plainly to be fought out
+      on the sea, that officer, with the concurrence of the ephorate, gave
+      permission to any one who liked to plunder Attica. (1) The Athenians
+      retaliated by despatching a body of hoplites under their general
+      Pamphilus, who constructed a fort against the Aeginetans, (2) and
+      proceeded to blockade them by land and sea with ten warships. Teleutias,
+      however, while threading his way among the islands in question of
+      contributions, had chanced to reach a point where he received information
+      of the turn in affairs with regard to the construction of the fortress,
+      whereupon he came to the rescue of the beleaguered Aeginetans, and so far
+      succeeded that he drove off the enemy's blockading squadron. But Pamphilus
+      kept a firm hold on the offensive fortress, and was not to be dislodged.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, "determined to let slip the hounds of war;" or, more
+    prosaically, "issued letters of marque." See Grote, "H. G." ix.
+    517.
+
+ (2) I.e. in Aegina as an {epiteikhisma}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this the new admiral Hierax arrived from Lacedaemon. The naval force
+      was transferred into his successor's hands, and under the happiest
+      auspices Teleutias set sail for home. As he descended to the seashore to
+      start on his homeward voyage there was not one among his soldiers who had
+      not a warm shake of the hand for their old admiral. Here one presented him
+      with a crown, and there another with a victor's wreath; and those who
+      arrived too late, still, as the ship weighed anchor, threw garlands into
+      the sea and wafted him many a blessing with prayerful lips. I am well
+      aware that in the above incident I have no memorable story of munificence,
+      peril, or invention to narrate, but in all sincerity I protest that a man
+      may find food for reflection in the inquiry what Teleutias had done to
+      create such a disposition in his subordinates. Here we are brought face to
+      face with a true man's work more worthy of account than multitudes of
+      riches or adventure. (3)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 518: "The ideal of government as it
+    presented itself to Xenophon was the paternal despotism or
+    something like it," {to ethelonton arkhein}. Cf. "Cyrop." passim,
+    "Heiro," and his various other compositions.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The new admiral Hierax, taking with him the larger portion of the fleet,
+      set sail once more for Rhodes. He left behind him twelve vessels in Aegina
+      under his vice-admiral Gorgopas, who was now installed as governor of that
+      island. In consequence of this chance the Athenian troops inside the
+      fortres were more blockaded than the Aeginetans themselves, so much so
+      that a vote was passed by the Athenian assembly, in obedience to which a
+      large fleet was manned, and the garrison, after four months' sojourn in
+      Aegina, were brought back. But this was no sooner done than they began to
+      be harassed by Gorgopas and the privateers again. To operate against these
+      they fitted out thirteen vessels, choosing Eunomus as admiral in command.
+      Hierax was still in Rhodes when the Lacedaemonians sent out a new admiral,
+      Antalcidas; they believed that they could not find a better mode of
+      gratifying Tiribazus. Accordingly Antalcidas, after visiting Aegina in
+      order to pick up the vessels under Gorgopas, set sail for Ephesus. At this
+      point he sent back Gorgopas with his twelve ships to Aegina, and appointed
+      his vice-admiral Nicolochus to command the remainder of the fleet.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nicolochus was to relieve Abydos, and thither set sail; but in the course
+      of the voyage turned aside to Tenedos, where he ravaged the territory,
+      and, with the money so secured, sailed on to Abydos. The Athenian generals
+      (4) on their side, collecting from Samothrace, Thasos, and the fortresses
+      in that quarter, hastened to the relief of Tenedos; but, finding that
+      Nicolochus had continued his voyage to Abydos, they selected the
+      Chersonese as their base, and proceeded to blockade him and his fleet of
+      five-and-twenty vessels with the two-and-thirty vessels under their joint
+      command.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) And among the rest Iphicrates and Diotimus. See below, S. 25;
+    above, IV. viii. 39.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Gorgopas, returning from Ephesus, fell in with the Athenian
+      admiral Eunomus, and, shunning an encounter at the moment, sought shelter
+      in Aegina, which he reached a little before sunset; and at once
+      disembarking his men, set them down to their evening meal; whilst Eunomus
+      on his side, after hanging back for a little while, sailed away. Night
+      fell, and the Athenian, showing the customary signal light to prevent his
+      squadron straggling, led the way in the darkness. Gorgopas instantly got
+      his men on board again, and, taking the lantern for his guide, followed
+      the Athenians, craftily lagging behind a little space, so as not to show
+      himself or raise any suspicion of his presence. In place of the usual cry
+      the boatswains timed the rowers by a clink of stones, and silently the
+      oars slid, feathering through the waves (5); and just when the squadron of
+      Eunomus was touching the coast, off Cape Zoster (6) in Attica, the Spartan
+      sounded the bugle-note for the charge. Some of Eunomus's vessels were in
+      the act of discharging their crews, others were still getting to their
+      moorings, whilst others were as yet only bearing down to land. The
+      engagement was fought by the light of the moon, and Gorgopas captured four
+      triremes, which he tied astern, and so set sail with his prizes in tow
+      towards Aegina. The rest of the Athenian squadron made their escape into
+      the harbour of Piraeus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Lit. "the boatswains employing a clink of stones and a sliding
+    motion of the oars."
+
+ (6) I.e. "Cape Girdle," mod. Cape Karvura. See Tozer, "Geog. of
+    Greece," pp. 78, 372.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was after these events that Chabrias (7) commenced his voyage to
+      Cyprus, bringing relief to Evagoras. His force consisted at first of eight
+      hundred light troops and ten triremes, but was further increased by other
+      vessels from Athens and a body of heavy infantry. Thus reinforced, the
+      admiral chose a night and landed in Aegina; and secreted himself in
+      ambuscade with his light troops in hollow ground some way beyond the
+      temple of Heracles. At break of day, as prearranged, the Athenian hoplites
+      made their appearance under command of Demaenetus, and began mounting up
+      between two and three miles (8) beyond the Kerakleion at Tripurgia, as it
+      is called. The news soon reached Gorgopas, who sallied out to the rescue
+      with the Aeginetans and the marines of his vessels, being further
+      accompanied by eight Spartans who happened to be with him. Not content
+      with these he issued orders inviting any of the ships' crews, who were
+      free men, to join the relief party. A large number of these sailors
+      responded. They armed themselves as best they could, and the advance
+      commenced. When the vanguard were well past the ambuscade, Chabrias and
+      his men sprang up from their hiding-place, and poured a volley of javelins
+      and stones upon the enemy. At the same moment the hoplites, who had
+      disembarked, (9) were advancing, so that the Spartan vanguard, in the
+      absence of anything like collective action, were speedily cut down, and
+      among them fell Gorgopas with the Lacedaemonians. At their fall the rest
+      of course turned and fled. One hundred and fifty Aeginetans were numbered
+      among the slain, while the loss incurred by the foreigners, metics, and
+      sailors who had joined the relief party, reached a total of two hundred.
+      After this the Athenians sailed the sea as freely as in the times of
+      actual peace. Nor would anything induce the sailors to row a single stroke
+      for Eteonicus&mdash;even under pressure&mdash;since he had no pay to give.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) According to Diod. xiv. 92, Chabrias had been for some time in
+    Corinth. See also above, IV. viii. 24.
+
+ (8) Lit. "about sixteen stades."
+
+ (9) Or, reading {oi anabebekotes}, "who had scaled the height." See
+    Hartman, "Anal. Xen." p. 364.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Subsequently the Lacedaemonians despatched Teleutias once again to take
+      command of the squadron, and when the sailors saw it was he who had come,
+      they were overjoyed. He summoned a meeting and addressed them thus:
+      "Soldiers, I am back again, but I bring with me no money. Yet if God be
+      willing, and your zeal flag not, I will endeavour to supply you with
+      provisions without stint. Be well assured, as often as I find myself in
+      command of you, I have but one prayer&mdash;that your lives may be spared
+      no less than mine; and as for the necessaries of existence, perhaps it
+      would astonish you if I said I would rather you should have them than I.
+      Yet by the gods I swear I would welcome two days' starvation in order to
+      spare you one. Was not my door open in old days to every comer? Open again
+      it shall stand now; and so it shall be; where your own board overflows,
+      you shall look in and mark the luxury of your general; but if at other
+      times you see him bearing up against cold and heat and sleepless nights,
+      you must apply the lesson to yourselves and study to endure those evils. I
+      do not bid you do aught of this for self-mortification's sake, but that
+      you may derive some after-blessing from it. Soldiers, let Lacedaemon, our
+      own mother-city, be to you an example. Her good fortune is reputed to
+      stand high. That you know; and you know too, that she purchased her glory
+      and her greatness not by faint-heartedness, but by choosing to suffer pain
+      and incur dangers in the day of need. 'Like city,' I say, 'like citizens.'
+      You, too, as I can bear you witness, have been in times past brave; but
+      to-day must we strive to be better than ourselves. So shall we share our
+      pains without repining, and when fortune smiles, mingle our joys; for
+      indeed the sweetest thing of all surely is to flatter no man, Hellene or
+      Barbarian, for the sake of hire; we will suffice to ourselves, and from a
+      source to which honour pre-eminently invites us; since, I need not remind
+      you, abundance won from the enemy in war furnishes forth not bodily
+      nutrition only, but a feast of glory the wide world over."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So he spoke, and with one voice they all shouted to him to issue what
+      orders he thought fit; they would not fail him in willing service. The
+      general's sacrifice was just concluded, and he answered: "Good, then, my
+      men; go now, as doubtless you were minded, and take your evening meal, and
+      next provide yourselves, please, with one day's food. After that repair to
+      your ships without delay, for we have a voyage on hand, whither God wills,
+      and must arrive in time." So then, when the men returned, he embarked them
+      on their ships, and sailed under cover of night for the great harbour of
+      Piraeus: at one time he gave the rowers rest, passing the order to take a
+      snatch of sleep; at another he pushed forward towards his goal with rise
+      and fall of oars. If any one supposes that there was a touch of madness in
+      such an expedition&mdash;with but twelve triremes to attack an enemy
+      possessed of a large fleet&mdash;he should consider the calculations of
+      Teleutias. He was under the firm persuasion that the Athenians were more
+      careless than ever about their navy in the harbour since the death of
+      Gorgopas; and in case of finding warships riding at anchor&mdash;even so,
+      there was less danger, he conjectured, in attacking twenty ships in the
+      port of Athens than ten elsewhere; for, whereas, anywhere outside the
+      harbour the sailors would certainly be quartered on board, at Athens it
+      was easy to divine that the captains and officers would be sleeping at
+      their homes, and the crews located here and there in different quarters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This minded he set sail, and when he was five or six furlongs (10) distant
+      from the harbour he lay on his oars and rested. But with the first streak
+      of dawn he led the way, the rest following. The admiral's orders to the
+      crews were explicit. They were on no account to sink any merchant vessel;
+      they were equally to avoid damaging (11) their own vessels, but if at any
+      point they espied a warship at her moorings they must try and cripple her.
+      The trading vessels, provided they had got their cargoes on board, they
+      must seize and tow out of the harbour; those of larger tonnage they were
+      to board wherever they could and capture the crews. Some of his men
+      actually jumped on to the Deigma quay, (12) where they seized hold of
+      various traders and pilots and deposited them bodily on board ship. So the
+      Spartan admiral carried out his programme.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Lit. "five or six stades."
+
+ (11) See Hartman, "Anal. Xen." pp. 365, 366.
+
+ (12) See Grote ("H. G." ix. 523): cf. Thuc. ii. 94, the attempt of
+    Brasidas on the port of Megara. For the wealth of Piraeus, Grote
+    "H. G." ix. 351. See below, "Pol. Ath." i. 17; "Rev." iii. 13.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As to the Athenians, meanwhile, some of them who got wind of what was
+      happening rushed from indoors outside to see what the commotion meant,
+      others from the streets home to get their arms, and others again were off
+      to the city with the news. The whole of Athens rallied to the rescue at
+      that instant, heavy infantry and cavalry alike, the apprehension being
+      that Piraeus was taken. But the Spartan sent off the captured vessels to
+      Aegina, telling off three or four of his triremes to convoy them thither;
+      with the rest he followed along the coast of Attica, and emerging in
+      seemingly innocent fashion from the harbour, captured a number of fishing
+      smacks, and passage boats laden with passengers crossing to Piraeus from
+      the islands; and finally, on reaching Sunium he captured some merchantmen
+      laden with corn or other merchandise. After these performances he sailed
+      back to Aegina, where he sold his prizes, and with the proceeds was able
+      to provide his troops with a month's pay, and for the future was free to
+      cruise about and make what reprisals chance cast in his way. By such a
+      procedure he was able to support a full quota of mariners on board his
+      squadron, and procured to himself the prompt and enthusiastic service of
+      his troops.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 388-387. Antalcidas had now returned from the Persian court with
+      Tiribazus. The negotiations had been successful. He had secured the
+      alliance of the Persian king and his military co-operation in case the
+      Athenians and their allies refused to abide by the peace which the king
+      dictated. But learning that his second in command, Nicolochus, was being
+      blockaded with his fleet by Iphicrates and Diotimus (13) in Abydos, he set
+      off at once by land for that city. Being come thither he took the fleet
+      one night and put out to sea, having first spread a story that he had
+      invitations from a party in Calchedon; but as a matter of fact he came to
+      anchorage in Percote and there kept quiet. Meanwhile the Athenian forces
+      under Demaenetus and Dionysius and Leontichus and Phanias had got wind of
+      his movement, and were in hot pursuit towards Proconnesus. As soon as they
+      were well past, the Spartan veered round and returned to Abydos, trusting
+      to information brought him of the approach of Polyxenus with the Syracusan
+      (14) and Italian squadron of twenty ships, which he wished to pick up and
+      incorporate with his own.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See above; Lysias, "de bon. Arist." (Jebb, "Att. Or." i. p. 327).
+
+ (14) See below, VI. ii. 4 foll; Hicks, 71, 84, 88.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      A little later the Athenian Thrasybulus (15) (of Collytus) was making his
+      way up with eight ships from Thrace, his object being to effect a junction
+      with the main Athenian squadron. The scouts signalled the approach of
+      eight triremes, whereupon Antalcidas, embarking his marines on board
+      twelve of the fastest sailers of his fleet, ordered them to make up their
+      full complements, where defective, from the remaining vessels; and so lay
+      to, skulking in his lair with all possible secrecy. As soon as the enemy's
+      vessels came sailing past he gave chase; and they catching sight of him
+      took to flight. With his swiftest sailors he speedily overhauled their
+      laggards, and ordering his vanguard to let these alone, he followed hard
+      on those ahead. But when the foremost had fallen into his clutches, the
+      enemy's hinder vessels, seeing their leaders taken one by one, out of
+      sheer despondency fell an easy prey to the slower sailers of the foe, so
+      that not one of the eight vessels escaped.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) His name occurs on the famous stele of the new Athenian
+    confederacy, B.C. 378. See Hicks, 81; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 17;
+    Demos. "de. Cor." p. 301; Arist. "Rhet." ii. 23; Demos. "c.
+    Timocr." 742.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Presently the Syracusan squadron of twenty vessels joined him, and again
+      another squadron from Ionia, or rather so much of that district as lay
+      under the control of Tiribazus. The full quota of the contingent was
+      further made up from the territory of Ariobarzanes (which whom Antalcidas
+      kept up a friendship of long standing), in the absence of Pharnabazus, who
+      by this date had already been summoned up country on the occasion of his
+      marriage with the king's daughter. With this fleet, which, from whatever
+      sources derived, amounted to more than eighty sail, Antalcidas ruled the
+      seas, and was in a position not only to cut off the passage of vessels
+      bound to Athens from the Euxine, but to convoy them into the harbours of
+      Sparta's allies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Athenians could not but watch with alarm the growth of the enemy's
+      fleet, and began to fear a repetition of their former discomfiture. To be
+      trampled under foot by the hostile power seemed indeed no remote
+      possibility, now that the Lacedaemonians had procured an ally in the
+      person of the Persian monarch, and they were in little less than a state
+      of siege themselves, pestered as they were by privateers from Aegina. On
+      all these grounds the Athenians became passionately desirous of peace.
+      (16) The Lacedaemonians were equally out of humour with the war for
+      various reasons&mdash;what with their garrison duties, one mora at
+      Lechaeum and another at Orchomenus, and the necessity of keeping watch and
+      ward on the states, if loyal not to lose them, if disaffected to prevent
+      their revolt; not to mention that reciprocity of annoyance (17) of which
+      Corinth was the centre. So again the Argives had a strong appetite for
+      peace; they knew that the ban had been called out against them, and, it
+      was plain, that no fictitious alteration of the calendar would any longer
+      stand them in good stead. Hence, when Tiribazus issued a summons calling
+      on all who were willing to listen to the terms of peace sent down by the
+      king (18) to present themselves, the invitation was promptly accepted. At
+      the opening of the conclave (19) Tiribazus pointed to the king's seal
+      attached to the document, and proceeded to read the contents, which ran as
+      follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) See, at this point, Grote on the financial condition of Athens
+    and the "Theorikon," "H. G." ix. 525.
+
+ (17) Or, "that give-and-take of hard knocks."
+
+ (18) See Hicks, 76.
+
+ (19) At Sardis, doubtless.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "The king, Artaxerxes, deems it just that the cities in Asia, with the
+      islands of Clazomenae and Cyprus, should belong to himself; the rest of
+      the Hellenic cities he thinks it just to leave independent, both small and
+      great, with the exception of Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros, which three are
+      to belong to Athens as of yore. Should any of the parties concerned not
+      accept this peace, I, Artaxerxes, will war against him or them with those
+      who share my views. This will I do by land and by sea, with ships and with
+      money."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After listening to the above declaration the ambassadors from the several
+      states proceeded to report the same to their respective governments. One
+      and all of these took the oaths (20) to ratify and confirm the terms
+      unreservedly, with the exception of the Thebans, who claimed to take the
+      oaths in behalf of all Boeotians. This claim Agesilaus repudiated: unless
+      they chose to take the oaths in precise conformity with the words of the
+      king's edict, which insisted on "the future autonomy of each state, small
+      or great," he would not admit them. To this the Theban ambassadors made no
+      other reply, except that the instructions they had received were
+      different. "Pray go, then," Agesilaus retorted, "and ask the question; and
+      you may inform your countrymen that if they will not comply, they will be
+      excluded from the treaty." The Theban ambassadors departed, but Agesilaus,
+      out of hatred to the Thebans, took active measures at once. Having got the
+      consent of the ephors he forthwith offered sacrifice. The offerings for
+      crossing the frontier were propitious, and he pushed on to Tegea. From
+      Tegea he despatched some of the knights right and left to visit the
+      perioeci and hasten their mobilisation, and at the same time sent
+      commanders of foreign brigades to the allied cities on a similar errand.
+      But before he had started from Tegea the answer from Thebes arrived; the
+      point was yielded, they would suffer the states to be independent. Under
+      these circumstances the Lacedaemonians returned home, and the Thebans were
+      forced to accept the truce unconditionally, and to recognise the autonomy
+      of the Boeotian cities. (21) But now the Corinthians were by no means
+      disposed to part with the garrison of the Argives. Accordingly Agesilaus
+      had a word of warning for both. To the former he said, "if they did not
+      forthwith dismiss the Argives," and to the latter, "if they did not
+      instantly quit Corinth," he would march an army into their territories.
+      The terror of both was so great that the Argives marched out of Corinth,
+      and Corinth was once again left to herself; (22) whereupon the "butchers"
+      (23) and their accomplices in the deed of blood determined to retire from
+      Corinth, and the rest of the citizens welcomed back their late exiles
+      voluntarily.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) At Sparta, doubtless.
+
+ (21) See Freeman, op. cit. pp. 168, 169.
+
+ (22) See "Ages." ii. 21; Grote, "H. G." ix. 537.
+
+ (23) {oi sphageis}, a party catchword (in reference to the incidents
+    narrated above, "Hell." IV. iv. 2). See below, {ton bareon
+    demagogon}, "Hell." V. ii. 7; {oi kedomenoi tes Peloponnesou},
+    "Hell." VII. v. 1; above, {oi sphageis}, "Hell." III. ii. 27, of
+    the philo-Laconian oligarchs in Elis. See Dem. "c. Lept." 473.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now that the transactions were complete, and the states were bound by
+      their oaths to abide by the peace sent down to them by the king, the
+      immediate result was a general disarmament, military and naval forces
+      being alike disbanded; and so it was that the Lacedaemonians and
+      Athenians, with their allies, found themselves in the enjoyment of peace
+      for the first time since the period of hostilities subsequent to the
+      demolition of the walls of Athens. From a condition which, during the war,
+      can only be described as a sort of even balance with their antagonists,
+      the Lacedaemonians now emerged; and reached a pinnacle of glory consequent
+      upon the Peace of Antalcidas, (24) so called. As guarantors of the peace
+      presented by Hellas to the king, and as administrators personally of the
+      autonomy of the states, they had added Corinth to their alliance; they had
+      obtained the independence of the states of Boeotia at the expense of
+      Thebes, (25) which meant the gratification of an old ambition; and lastly,
+      by calling out the ban in case the Argives refused to evacuate Corinth,
+      they had put a stop to the appropriation of that city by the Argives.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) Or, more correctly, the peace "under," or "at the date of," {ep
+    'Antalkidou}. See Grote, "H. G." x. 1, note 1.
+
+ (25) Or, "they had made the states of Boeotia independent of Thebes."
+    See Grote, "H. G." x. 44.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 386. Indeed the late events had so entirely shaped themselves in
+      conformity with the wishes of the Lacedaemonians, that they determined to
+      go a step farther and chastise those of their allies who either had borne
+      hard on them during the war, or otherwise had shown themselves less
+      favourable to Lacedaemon than to her enemies. (1) Chastisement was not
+      all; they must lay down such secure foundations for the future as should
+      render the like disloyalty impossible again. (2) As the first step towards
+      this policy they sent a dictatorial message to the Mantinaeans, and bade
+      them raze their fortifications, on the sole ground that they could not
+      otherwise trust them not to side with their enemies. Many things in their
+      conduct, they alleged, from time to time, had not escaped their notice:
+      their frequent despatches of corn to the Argives while at war with
+      Lacedaemon; at other times their refusal to furnish contingents during a
+      campaign, on the pretext of some holy truce or other; (3) or if they did
+      reluctantly take the field&mdash;the miserable inefficiency of their
+      service. "But, more than that," they added, "we note the jealousy with
+      which you eye any good fortune which may betide our state; the extravagant
+      pleasure (4) you exhibit at the sudden descent of some disaster."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Hartman, "An. Xen." p. 367 foll.; Busolt, "Die Lak." p. 129
+    foll.
+
+ (2) Or, "they determined to chastise... and reduce to such order
+    that disloyalty should be impossible."
+
+ (3) See above, "Hell." IV. ii. 16.
+
+ (4) Ib. IV. v. 18.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This very year, moreover, it was commonly said, (5) saw the expiration, as
+      far as the Mantineans were concerned, of the thirty years' truce,
+      consequent upon the battle of Mantinea. On their refusal, therefore, to
+      raze their fortification walls the ban was called out against them.
+      Agesilaus begged the state to absolve him from the conduct of this war on
+      the plea that the city of Mantinea had done frequent service to his father
+      (6) in his Messenian wars. Accordingly Agesipolis led the expedition&mdash;in
+      spite of the cordial relations of his father Pausanias (7) with the
+      leaders of the popular party in Mantinea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) As to this point, see Curtius, "H. G." V. v. (iv. 305 note, Eng.
+    trans.) There appears to be some confusion. According to Thuc. v.
+    81, "When the Argives deserted the alliance  (with Mantinea,
+    Athens, and Elis, making a new treaty of alliance with Lacedaemon
+    for fifty years) the Mantineans held out for a time, but without
+    the Argives they were helpless, and so they came to terms with the
+    Lacedaemonians, and gave up their claims to supremacy over the
+    cities in Arcadia, which had been subject to them.... These
+    changes were effected at the close of winter  (418 B.C.) towards
+    the approach of spring  (417 B.C.), and so ended the fourteenth
+    year of the war." Jowett. According to Diod. xv. 5, the
+    Lacedaemonians attacked Mantinea within two years after the Peace
+    of Antalcidas, apparently in 386 B.C. According to Thuc. v. 82,
+    and "C. I. A. 50, in B.C. 417 Argos had reverted to her alliance
+    with Athens, and an attempt to connect the city with the sea by
+    long walls was made, certain other states in Peloponnese being
+    privy to the project" (Thuc. v. 83)&mdash;an attempt frustrated by
+    Lacedaemon early in B.C. 416. Is it possible that a treaty of
+    alliance between Mantinea and Lacedaemon for thirty years was
+    formally signed in B.C. 416?
+
+ (6) I.e. Archidamus.
+
+ (7) See above, "Hell." III. v. 25.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 385. The first move of the invader was to subject the enemy's
+      territory to devastation; but failing by such means to induce them to raze
+      their walls, he proceeded to draw lines of circumvallation round the city,
+      keeping half his troops under arms to screen the entrenching parties
+      whilst the other half pushed on the work with the spade. As soon as the
+      trench was completed, he experienced no further difficulty in building a
+      wall round the city. Aware, however, of the existence of a huge supply of
+      corn inside the town, the result of the bountiful harvest of the preceding
+      year, and averse to the notion of wearing out the city of Lacedaemon and
+      her allies by tedious campaigning, he hit upon the expedient of damming up
+      the river which flowed through the town.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was a stream of no inconsiderable size. (8) By erecting a barrier at
+      its exit from the town he caused the water to rise above the basements of
+      the private dwellings and the foundations of the fortification walls.
+      Then, as the lower layers of bricks became saturated and refused their
+      support to the rows above, the wall began to crack and soon to totter to
+      its fall. The citizens for some time tried to prop it with pieces of
+      timber, and used other devices to avert the imminent ruin of their tower;
+      but finding themselves overmatched by the water, and in dread lest the
+      fall at some point or other of the circular wall (9) might deliver them
+      captive to the spear of the enemy, they signified their consent to raze
+      their walls. But the Lacedaemonians now steadily refused any form of
+      truce, except on the further condition that the Mantineans would suffer
+      themselves to be broken up and distributed into villages. They, looking
+      the necessity in the face, consented to do even that. The sympathisers
+      with Argos among them, and the leaders of their democracy, thought their
+      fate was sealed. Then the father treated with the son, Pausanias with
+      Agesipolis, on their behalf, and obtained immunity for them&mdash;sixty in
+      number&mdash;on condition that they should quit the city. The
+      Lacedaemonian troops stood lining the road on both sides, beginning from
+      the gates, and watched the outgoers; and with their spears in their hands,
+      in spite of bitter hatred, kept aloof from them with less difficulty than
+      the Mantineans of the better classes themselves&mdash;a weighty testimony
+      to the power of Spartan discipline, be it said. In conclusion, the wall
+      was razed, and Mantinea split up into four parts, (10) assuming once again
+      its primitive condition as regards inhabitants. The first feeling was one
+      of annoyance at the necessity of pulling down their present houses and
+      erecting others, yet when the owners (11) found themselves located so much
+      nearer their estates round about the villages, in the full enjoyment of
+      aristocracy, and rid for ever of "those troublesome demagogues," they were
+      delighted with the turn which affairs had taken. It became the custom for
+      Sparta to send them, not one commander of contingents, (12) but four, one
+      for each village; and the zeal displayed, now that the quotas for military
+      service were furnished from the several village centres, was far greater
+      than it had been under the democratic system. So the transactions in
+      connection with Mantinea were brought to a conclusion, and thereby one
+      lesson of wisdom was taught mankind&mdash;not to conduct a river through a
+      fortress town.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) I.e. the Ophis. See Leake, "Morea," III. xxiv. p. 71; Pausan.
+    "Arcad." 8; Grote, "H. G." x. 48, note 2.
+
+ (9) Or, "in the circuit of the wall."
+
+ (10) See Diod. xv. 5; Strab. viii. 337; Ephor. fr. 138, ed. Did.; and
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 51.
+
+ (11) Or, "holders of properties." The historian is referring not to
+    the population at large, I think, but to the rich landowners, i.e.
+    the {Beltistoi}, and is not so partial as Grote supposes ("H. G."
+    x. 51 foll.)
+
+ (12) Technically {zenagoi}, Lacedaemonian officers who commanded the
+    contingents of the several allies. See above, "Hell." III. v. 7;
+    Thuc. ii. 76; and Arnold's note ad loc.; also C. R. Kennedy, "ap.
+    Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities," s.v.; Muller, "Dorians,"
+    ii. 250, Eng. tr.; Busolt, "Die Lak." p. 125.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 384-383. To pass on. The party in exile from Phlius, seeing the
+      severe scrutiny to which the behaviour of the allies of Lacedaemon during
+      the late war was being subjected, felt that their opportunity had come.
+      They repaired to Lacedaemon, and laid great emphasis on the fact that, so
+      long as they had been in power themselves at home, "their city used to
+      welcome Lacedaemonians within her walls, and her citizens flocked to the
+      campaign under their leadership; but no sooner had they been driven into
+      exile than a change had come. The men of Phlius now flatly refused to
+      follow Lacedaemon anywhere; the Lacedaemonians, alone of all men living,
+      must not be admitted within their gates." After listening to their story,
+      the ephors agreed that the matter demanded attention. Then they sent to
+      the state of Phlius a message to this effect; the Phliasian exiles were
+      friends of Lacedaemon; nor did it appear that they owed their exile to any
+      misdoing. Under the circumstances, Lacedaemon claimed their recall from
+      banishment, not by force, but as a concession voluntarily granted. When
+      the matter was thus stated, the Phliasians were not without alarm that an
+      army might march upon Phlius, and a party inside the town might admit the
+      enemy within the walls; for within the walls of Phlius were to be found
+      many who, either as blood relations or for other reasons, were partisans
+      of the exiles, and as so often happens, at any rate in the majority of
+      states, there was a revolutionary party who, in their ardour to reform,
+      would welcome gladly their restoration. Owing to fears of this character,
+      a formal decree was passed: to welcome home the exiles, and to restore to
+      them all undisputed property, the purchasers of the same being indemnified
+      from the treasury of the state; and in the event of any ambiguity or
+      question arising between the parties, the same to be determined before a
+      court of justice. Such was the position of affairs in connection with the
+      Phliasian exiles at the date in question.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 383. (13) And now from yet another quarter ambassadors arrived at
+      Lacedaemon: that is to say, from Acanthus and Apollonia, the two largest
+      and most important states of the Olynthian confederacy. The ephorate,
+      after learning from them the object of their visit, presented them to the
+      assembly and the allies, in presence of whom Cleigenes of Acanthus made a
+      speech to this effect:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Al. B.C. 382.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Men of Lacedaemon and of the allied states," he said, "are you aware of a
+      silent but portentous growth within the bosom of Hellas? (14) Few here
+      need to be told that for size and importance Olynthus now stands at the
+      head of the Thracian cities. But are you aware that the citizens of
+      Olynthus had already brought over several states by the bribe of joint
+      citizenship and common laws; that they have forcibly annexed some of the
+      larger states; and that, so encouraged, they have taken in hand further to
+      free the cities of Macedonia from Amyntas the king of the Macedonians;
+      that, as soon as their immediate neighbours had shown compliance, they at
+      once proceeded to attack larger and more distant communities; so much so,
+      that when we started to come hither, we left them masters not only of many
+      other places, but of Pella itself, the capital of Macedonia. Amyntas, (15)
+      we saw plainly, must ere long withdraw from his cities, and was in fact
+      already all but in name an outcast from Macedonia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) Or, "are you aware of a new power growing up in Hellas?"
+
+ (15) For Amyntas's reign, see Diod. xiv. 89, 92; xv. 19; Isocr.
+    "Panegyr." 126, "Archid." 46.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "The Olynthians have actually sent to ourselves and to the men of
+      Apollonia a joint embassy, warning us of their intention to attack us if
+      we refuse to present ourselves at Olynthus with a military contingent.
+      Now, for our parts, men of Lacedaemon, we desire nothing better than to
+      abide by our ancestral laws and institutions, to be free and independent
+      citizens; but if aid from without is going to fail us, we too must follow
+      the rest and coalesce with the Olynthians. Why, even now they muster no
+      less than eight hundred (16) heavy infantry and a considerably larger body
+      of light infantry, while their cavalry, when we have joined them, will
+      exceed one thousand men. At the date of our departure we left embassies
+      from Athens and Boeotia in Olynthus, and we were told that the Olynthians
+      themselves had passed a formal resolution to return the compliment. They
+      were to send an embassy on their side to the aforesaid states to treat of
+      an alliance. And yet, if the power of the Athenians and the Thebans is to
+      be further increased by such an accession of strength, look to it," the
+      speaker added, "whether hereafter you will find things so easy to manage
+      in that quarter.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." x. 72; Thirlwall, "H. G." v. 12 (ch. xxxvii).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "They hold Potidaea, the key to the isthmus of Pallene, and therefore, you
+      can well believe, they can command the states within that peninsula. If
+      you want any further proof of the abject terror of those states, you have
+      it in the fact that notwithstanding the bitter hatred which they bear to
+      Olynthus, not one of them has dared to send ambassadors along with us to
+      apprise you of these matters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Reflect, how you can reconcile your anxiety to prevent the unification of
+      Boeotia with your neglect to hinder the solidifying of a far larger power&mdash;a
+      power destined, moreover, to become formidable not on land only, but by
+      sea? For what is to stop it, when the soil itself supplies timber for
+      shipbuilding, (17) and there are rich revenues derived from numerous
+      harbours and commercial centres?&mdash;it cannot but be that abundance of
+      food and abundance of population will go hand in hand. Nor have we yet
+      reached the limits of Olynthian expansion; there are their neighbours to
+      be thought of&mdash;the kingless or independent Thracians. These are
+      already to-day the devoted servants of Olynthus, and when it comes to
+      their being actually under her, that means at once another vast accession
+      of strength to her. With the Thracians in her train, the gold mines of
+      Pangaeus would stretch out to her the hand of welcome.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) See Hicks, 74, for a treaty between Amyntas and the Chalcidians,
+    B.C. 390-389: "The article of the treaty between Amyntas III.,
+    father of Philip, and the Chalcidians, about timber, etc., reminds
+    us that South Macedonia, the Chalcidic peninsula, and Amphipolis
+    were the chief sources whence Athens derived timber for her
+    dockyards." Thuc. iv. 108; Diod. xx. 46; Boeckh, "P. E. A." p.
+    250; and for a treaty between Athens and Amyntas, B.C. 382, see
+    Hicks, 77; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 397, 423.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "In making these assertions, we are but uttering remarks ten thousand
+      times repeated in the democracy of Olynthus. And as to their confident
+      spirit, who shall attempt to describe it? It is God, for aught I know,
+      who, with the growth of a new capacity, gives increase also to the proud
+      thoughts and vast designs of humanity. For ourselves, men of Lacedaemon
+      and of the allied states, our task is completed. We have played our parts
+      in announcing to you how things stand there. To you it is left to
+      determine whether what we have described is worthy of your concern. One
+      only thing further you ought to recognise: the power we have spoken of as
+      great is not as yet invincible, for those states which are involuntary
+      participants in the citizenship of Olynthus will, in prospect of any rival
+      power appearing in the field, speedily fall away. On the contrary, let
+      them be once closely knit and welded together by the privileges of
+      intermarriage and reciprocal rights of holding property in land&mdash;which
+      have already become enactments; let them discover that it is a gain to
+      them to follow in the wake of conquerors (just as the Arcadians, (18) for
+      instance, find it profitable to march in your ranks, whereby they save
+      their own property and pillage their neighbours'); let these things come
+      to pass, and perhaps you may find the knot no longer so easy to unloose."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) For the point of the comparison, see Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov."
+    ch. iv. "Real nature of the Olynthian scheme," pp. 190 foll., and
+    note 2, p. 197; also Grote, "H. G." x. 67 foll., 278 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At the conclusion of this address, the Lacedaemonians requested the allies
+      to speak, bidding them give their joint advice as to the best course to be
+      pursued in the interests of Peloponnese and the allies. Thereupon many
+      members, and especially those who wished to gratify the Lacedaemonians,
+      agreed in counselling active measures; and it was resolved that the states
+      should severally send contingents to form a total of ten thousand men.
+      Proposals were also made to allow any state, so wishing, to give money
+      instead of men, at the rate of three Aeginetan obols (19) a day per man;
+      or where the contingent consisted of cavalry, the pay given for one
+      horseman was to be the equivalent to that of four hoplites; while, in the
+      event of any defaulting in service, the Lacedaemonians should be allowed
+      to mulct the said state of a stater per man per diem. These resolutions
+      were passed, and the deputies from Acanthus rose again. They argued that,
+      though excellent, these resolutions were not of a nature to be rapidly
+      carried into effect. Would it not be better, they asked, pending the
+      mobilisation of the troops, to despatch an officer at once in command of a
+      force from Lacedaemon and the other states, not too large to start
+      immediately. The effect would be instantaneous, for the states which had
+      not yet given in their adhesion to Olynthus would be brought to a
+      standstill, and those already forcibly enrolled would be shaken in their
+      alliance. These further resolutions being also passed, the Lacedaemonians
+      despatched Eudamidas, accompanied by a body of neodamodes, with perioeci
+      and Sciritae, (20) to the number of two thousand odd. Eudamidas lost no
+      time in setting out, having obtained leave from the ephors for his brother
+      Phoebidas to follow later with the remainder of the troops assigned to
+      him. Pushing on himself to the Thracian territory, he set about
+      despatching garrisons to various cities at their request. He also secured
+      the voluntary adhesion of Potidaea, although already a member of the
+      Olynthian alliance; and this town now served as his base of operations for
+      carrying on war on a scale adapted to his somewhat limited armament.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) I.e. "rather more than sixpence a day for a hoplite, and two
+    shillings for a horseman." "The Aeginetan stater weighed about 196
+    grains, rather more than two of our shillings, and was divided
+    into two drachms of 98 grains, each of which contained six obols
+    of about 16 grains each." See Percy Gardner, "Types of Greek
+    Coins," "Hist. Int." p. 8; Jowett, note to Thuc. III. lxx. 4, vol.
+    i. pp. 201, 202.
+
+ (20) Or, "new citizens, provincials, and Sciritae."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Phoebidas, when the remaining portion of his brother's forces was duly
+      mustered, put himself at their head and commenced his march. On reaching
+      Thebes the troops encamped outside the city, round the gymnasium. Faction
+      was rife within the city. The two polemarchs in office, Ismenias and
+      Leontiades, were diametrically opposed, (21) being the respective heads of
+      antagonistic political clubs. Hence it was that, while Ismenias, ever
+      inspired by hatred to the Lacedaemonians, would not come anywhere near the
+      Spartan general, Leontiades, on the other hand, was assiduous in courting
+      him; and when a sufficient intimacy was established between them, he made
+      a proposal as follows: "You have it in your power," he said, addressing
+      Phoebidas, "this very day to confer supreme benefit on your country.
+      Follow me with your hoplites, and I will introduce you into the citadel.
+      That done, you may rest assured Thebes will be completely under the thumb
+      of Lacedaemon and of us, your friends. At present, as you see, there is a
+      proclamation forbidding any Theban to take service with you against
+      Olynthus, but we will change all that. You have only to act with us as we
+      suggest, and we shall at once be able to furnish you with large supplies
+      of infantry and cavalry, so that you will join your brother with a
+      magnificent reinforcement, and pending his proposed reduction of Olynthus,
+      you will have accomplished the reduction of a far larger state than that&mdash;to
+      wit, this city of Thebes."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) See Grote, "H. G." vol. x. p. 80: "We have little or no
+    information respecting the government of Thebes," etc. The "locus
+    classicus" seems to be Plut. "de Genio Socratis." See Freeman, op.
+    cit. ch. iv. S. 2, "Of the Boeotian League," pp. 154-184; and, in
+    reference to the seizure of the Kadmeia, p. 170.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The imagination of Phoebidas was kindled as he listened to the tempting
+      proposal. To do a brilliant deed was far dearer to him than life; (22) on
+      the other hand, he had no reasoning capacity, and would seem to have been
+      deficient altogether in sound sense. The consent of the Spartan secured,
+      Leontiades bade him set his troops in motion, as if everything were ready
+      for his departure. "And anon, when the hour is come," added the Theban, "I
+      will be with you, and show you the way myself."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) Or, "Renown was his mistress." See Grote, "H. G." x. 84.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The senate was seated in the arcade or stoa in the market-place, since the
+      Cadmeia was in possession of the women who were celebrating the
+      Thesmophoria. (23) It was noon of a hot summer's day; scarcely a soul was
+      stirring in the streets. This was the moment for Leontiades. He mounted on
+      horseback and galloped off to overtake Phoebidas. He turned him back, and
+      led him without further delay into the acropolis. Having posted Phoebidas
+      and his soldiers inside, he handed him the key of the gates, and warning
+      him not to suffer any one to enter into the citadel without a pass from
+      himself, he straightway betook himself to the senate. Arrived there, he
+      delivered himself thus: "Sirs, the Lacedaemonians are in possession of the
+      citadel; but that is no cause for despondency, since, as they assure us,
+      they have no hostile intention, except, indeed, towards any one who has an
+      appetite for war. For myself, and acting in obedience to the law, which
+      empowers the polemarch to apprehend all persons suspected of capital
+      crimes, I hereby seize the person of Ismenias as an arch-fomenter of war.
+      I call upon you, sirs, who are captains of companies, and you who are
+      ranked with them, to do your duty. Arise and secure the prisoner, and lead
+      him away to the place appointed."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) An ancient festival held by women in honour of Demeter and
+    Persephone ({to Thesmophoro}), who gave the first impulse to civil
+    society, lawful marriage, etc. See Herod. ii. 171; Diod. v. 5.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Those who were privy to the affair, it will be understood, presented
+      themselves, and the orders were promptly carried out. Of those not in the
+      secret, but opposed to the party of Leontiades, some sought refuge at once
+      outside the city in terror for their lives; whilst the rest, albeit they
+      retired to their houses at first, yet when they found that Ismenias was
+      imprisoned in the Cadmeia, and further delay seemed dangerous, retreated
+      to Athens. These were the men who shared the views of Androcleidas and
+      Ismenias, and they must have numbered about three hundred.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now that the transactions were concluded, another polemarch was chosen in
+      place of Ismenias, and Leontiades at once set out to Lacedaemon. There he
+      found the ephors and the mass of the community highly incensed against
+      Phoebidas, "who had failed to execute the orders assigned to him by the
+      state." Against this general indignation, however, Agesilaus protested.
+      (24) If mischief had been wrought to Lacedaemon by this deed, it was just
+      that the doer of it should be punished; but, if good, it was a
+      time-honoured custom to allow full scope for impromptu acts of this
+      character. "The sole point you have to look to," he urged, "is whether
+      what has been done is good or evil." After this, however, Leontiades
+      presented himself to the assembly (25) and addressed the members as
+      follows: "Sirs, Lacedaemonians, the hostile attitude of Thebes towards
+      you, before the occurrence of late events, was a topic constantly on your
+      lips, since time upon time your eyes were called upon to witness her
+      friendly bearing to your foes in contrast with her hatred of your friends.
+      Can it be denied that Thebes refused to take part with you in the campaign
+      against your direst enemy, the democracy in Piraeus; and balanced that
+      lukewarmness by on onslaught on the Phocians, whose sole crime was
+      cordiality to yourselves? (26) Nor is that all. In full knowledge that you
+      were likely to be engaged in war with Olynthus, she proceeded at once to
+      make an alliance with that city. So that up to the last moment you were in
+      constant expectation of hearing that the whole of Boeotia was laid at the
+      feet of Thebes. With the late incidents all is changed. You need fear
+      Thebes no longer. One brief despatch (27) in cipher will suffice to
+      procure a dutiful subservience to your every wish in that quarter,
+      provided only you will take as kindly an interest in us as we in you."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) See "Ages." vii.
+
+ (25) "Select Committee." See "Hell." II. iv. 38; and below, VI. iii.
+    3.
+
+ (26) See above, "Hell." III. v. 4.
+
+ (27) Lit. "scytale."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This appeal told upon the meeting, and the Lacedaemonians (28) resolved
+      formally, now that the citadel had been taken, to keep it, and to put
+      Ismenias on his trial. In consequence of this resolution a body of
+      commissioners (29) was despatched, three Lacedaemonians and one for each
+      of the allied states, great and small alike. The court of inquiry thus
+      constituted, the sittings commenced, and an indictment was preferred
+      against Ismenias. He was accused of playing into the hands of the
+      barbarian; of seeking amity with the Persians to the detriment of Hellas;
+      of accepting sums of money as bribes from the king; and, finally, of
+      being, along with Androcleidas, the prime cause of the whole intestine
+      trouble to which Hellas was a prey. Each of these charges was met by the
+      defendant, but to no purpose, since he failed to disabuse the court of
+      their conviction that the grandeur of his designs was only equalled by
+      their wickedness. (30) The verdict was given against him, and he was put
+      to death. The party of Leontiades thus possessed the city; and went beyond
+      the injunctions given them in the eager performance of their services.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (28) See Grote, "H. G." vol. x. p. 85; Diod. xv. 20; Plut. "Pelop."
+    vi.; ib. "de Genio Socratis," V. vii. 6 A; Cor. Nep. "Pelop." 1.
+
+ (29) Lit. "Dicasts."
+
+ (30) Or, "that he was a magnificent malefactor." See Grote, "H. G."
+    vol. ix. p. 420, "the great wicked man" (Clarendon's epithets for
+    Cromwell); Plato, "Meno." 90 B; "Republic," 336 A, "a rich and
+    mighty man." See also Plut. "Ages." xxxii. 2, Agesilaus's
+    exclamation at sight of Epaminondas, {o tou megalopragmonos
+    anthropou}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 382. As a result of these transactions the Lacedaemonians pressed on
+      the combined campaign against Olynthus with still greater enthusiasm. They
+      not only set out Teleutias as governor, but by their united efforts
+      furnished him with an aggregate army of ten thousand men. (31) They also
+      sent despatches to the allied states, calling upon them to support
+      Teleutias in accordance with the resolution of the allies. All the states
+      were ready to display devotion to Teleutias, and to do him service, since
+      he was a man who never forgot a service rendered him. Nor was Thebes an
+      exception; for was not the governor a brother of Agesilaus? Thebes,
+      therefore, was enthusiastic in sending her contribution of heavy infantry
+      and cavalry. The Spartan conducted his march slowly and surely, taking the
+      utmost pains to avoid injuring his friends, and to collect as large a
+      force as possible. He also sent a message in advance to Amyntas, begging
+      him, if he were truly desirous of recovering his empire, to raise a body
+      of mercenaries, and to distribute sums of money among the neighbouring
+      kings with a view to their alliance. Nor was that all. He sent also to
+      Derdas, the ruler of Elimia, pointing out to him that the Olynthians,
+      having laid at their feet the great power of Macedonia, would certainly
+      not suffer his lesser power to escape unless they were stayed up by force
+      in arms in their career of insolence. Proceeding thus, by the time he had
+      reached the territory of the allied powers he was at the head of a very
+      considerable army. At Potidaea he halted to make the necessary disposition
+      of his troops, and thence advanced into the territory of the enemy. As he
+      approached the hostile city, he abstained from felling and firing alike,
+      being persuaded that to do so was only to create difficulties in his own
+      path, whether advancing or retreating; it would be time enough, when he
+      retired from Olynthus, to fell the trees and lay them as a barrier in the
+      path of any assailant in the rear.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (31) Lit. "sent out along with him the combined force of ten thousand
+    men," in ref to S. 20 above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Being now within a mile or so (32) of the city he came to a halt. The left
+      division was under his personal command, for it suited him to advance in a
+      line opposite the gate from which the enemy sallied; the other division of
+      the allies stretched away to the right. The cavalry were thus distributed:
+      the Laconians, Thebans, and all the Macedonians present were posted on the
+      right. With his own division he kept Derdas and his troopers, four hundred
+      strong. This he did partly out of genuine admiration for this body of
+      horse, and partly as a mark of courtesy to Derdas, which should make him
+      not regret his coming.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (32) Lit. "ten stades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Presently the enemy issued forth and formed in line opposite, under cover
+      of their walls. Then their cavalry formed in close order and commenced the
+      attack. Dashing down upon the Laconians and Boeotians they dismounted
+      Polycharmus, the Lacedaemonian cavalry general, inflicting a hundred
+      wounds on him as he lay on the ground, and cut down others, and finally
+      put to flight the cavalry on the right wing. The flight of these troopers
+      infected the infantry in close proximity to them, who in turn swerved; and
+      it looked as if the whole army was about to be worsted, when Derdas at the
+      head of his cavalry dashed straight at the gates of Olynthus, Teleutias
+      supporting him with the troops of his division. The Olynthian cavalry,
+      seeing how matters were going, and in dread of finding the gates closed
+      upon them, wheeled round and retired with alacrity. Thus it was that
+      Derdas had his chance to cut down man after man as their cavalry ran the
+      gauntlet past him. In the same way, too, the infantry of the Olynthians
+      retreated within their city, though, owing to the closeness of the walls
+      in their case, their loss was trifling. Teleutias claimed the victory, and
+      a trophy was duly erected, after which he turned his back on Olynthus and
+      devoted himself to felling the fruit-trees. This was the campaign of the
+      summer. He now dismissed both the Macedonians and the cavalry force of
+      Derdas. Incursions, however, on the part of the Olynthians themselves
+      against the states allied to Lacedaemon were frequent; lands were
+      pillaged, and people put to the sword.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 381. With the first symptoms of approaching spring the Olynthian
+      cavalry, six hundred strong, had swooped into the territory of Apollonia&mdash;about
+      the middle of the day&mdash;and dispersing over the district, were
+      employed in pillaging; but as luck would have it, Derdas had arrived that
+      day with his troopers, and was breakfasting in Apollonia. He noted the
+      enemy's incursion, but kept quiet, biding his time; his horses were ready
+      saddled, and his troopers armed cap-a-pied. As the Olynthians came
+      galloping up contemptuously, not only into the suburbs, but to the very
+      gates of the city, he seized his opportunity, and with his compact and
+      well-ordered squadron dashed out; whereupon the invaders took to flight.
+      Having once turned them, Derdas gave them no respite, pursuing and
+      slaughtering them for ten miles or more, (1) until he had driven them for
+      shelter within the very ramparts of Olynthus. Report said that Derdas slew
+      something like eighty men in this affair. After this the Olynthians were
+      more disposed to keep to their walls, contenting themselves with tilling
+      the merest corner of their territory.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "ninety stades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Time advanced, and Teleutias was in conduct of another expedition against
+      the city of Olynthus. His object was to destroy any timber (2) still left
+      standing, or fields still cultivated in the hostile territory. This
+      brought out the Olynthian cavalry, who, stealthily advancing, crossed the
+      river which washes the walls of the town, and again continued their silent
+      march right up to the adversary's camp. At sight of an audacity which
+      nettled him, Teleutias at once ordered Tlemonidas, the officer commanding
+      his light infantry division, to charge the assailants at the run. On their
+      side the men of Olynthus, seeing the rapid approach of the light infantry,
+      wheeled and quietly retired until they had recrossed the river, drawing
+      the enemy on, who followed with conspicuous hardihood. Arrogating to
+      themselves the position of pursuers towards fugitives, they did not
+      hesitate to cross the river which stood between them and their prey. Then
+      the Olynthian cavalry, choosing a favourable moment, when those who had
+      crossed seemed easy to deal with, wheeled and attacked them, putting
+      Tlemonidas himself to the sword with more than a hundred others of his
+      company. Teleutias, when he saw what was happening, snatched up his arms
+      in a fit of anger and began leading his hoplites swiftly forward, ordering
+      at the same time his peltasts and cavalry to give chase and not to
+      slacken. Their fate was the fate of many before and since, who, in the
+      ardour of pursuit, have come too close to the enemy's walls and found it
+      hard to get back again. Under a hail of missiles from the walls they were
+      forced to retire in disorder and with the necessity of guarding themselves
+      against the missiles. At this juncture the Olynthians sent out their
+      cavalry at full gallop, backed by supports of light infantry; and finally
+      their heavy infantry reserves poured out and fell upon the enemy's lines,
+      now in thorough confusion. Here Teleutias fell fighting, and when that
+      happened, without further pause the troops immediately about him swerved.
+      Not one soul longer cared to make a stand, but the flight became general,
+      some fleeing towards Spartolus, others in the direction of Acanthus, a
+      third set seeking refuge within the walls of Apollonia, and the majority
+      within those of Potidaea. As the tide of fugitives broke into several
+      streams, so also the pursuers divided the work between them; this way and
+      that they poured, dealing death wholesale. So perished the pith and kernel
+      of the armament.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) I.e. fruit-trees.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such calamities are not indeed without a moral. The lesson they are meant
+      to teach mankind, I think, is plain. If in a general sense one ought not
+      to punish any one, even one's own slave, in anger&mdash;since the master
+      in his wrath may easily incur worse evil himself than he inflicts&mdash;so,
+      in the case of antagonists in war, to attack an enemy under the influence
+      of passion rather than of judgment is an absolute error. For wrath is but
+      a blind impulse devoid of foresight, whereas to the penetrating eye of
+      reason a blow parried may be better than a wound inflicted. (3)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See, for the same sentiment, "Horsemanship," vi. 13. See also
+    Plut. "Pel." and "Marc." (Clough, ii. p. 278).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the news of what had happened reached Lacedaemon it was agreed, after
+      due deliberation, that a force should be sent, and of no trifling
+      description, if only to quench the victors' pride, and to prevent their
+      own achievements from becoming null and void. In this determination they
+      sent out King Agesipolis, as general, attended, like Agesilaus (4) on his
+      Asiatic campaign, by thirty Spartans. (5) Volunteers flocked to his
+      standard. They were partly the pick and flower of the provincials, (6)
+      partly foreigners of the class called Trophimoi, (7) or lastly, bastard
+      sons of Spartans, comely and beautiful of limb, and well versed in the
+      lore of Spartan chivalry. The ranks of this invading force were further
+      swelled by volunteers from the allied states, the Thessalians notably
+      contributing a corps of cavalry. All were animated by the desire of
+      becoming known to Agesipolis, so that even Amyntas and Derdas in zeal of
+      service outdid themselves. With this promise of success Agesipolis marched
+      forward against Olynthus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) See above, "Hell." III. iv. 2.
+
+ (5) Lit. "Spartiates." The new army was sent out B.C. 380, according
+    to Grote.
+
+ (6) Lit. "beautiful and brave of the Perioeci."
+
+ (7) Xenophon's own sons educated at Sparta would belong to this class.
+    See Grote, "H. G." x. 91.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile the state of Phlius, complimented by Agesipolis on the amount of
+      the funds contributed by them to his expedition and the celerity with
+      which the money had been raised, and in full belief that while one king
+      was in the field they were secure against the hostile attack of the other
+      (since it was hardly to be expected that both kings should be absent from
+      Sparta at one moment), boldly desisted from doing justice by her lately
+      reinstated citizens. On the one hand, these exiles claimed that points in
+      dispute should be determined before an impartial court of justice; the
+      citizens, on the other, insisted on the claimants submitting the cases for
+      trial in the city itself. And when the latter demurred to that solution,
+      asking "What sort of trial that would be where the offenders were also the
+      judges?" they appealed to deaf ears. Consequently the restored party
+      appealed at Sparta, to prefer a complaint against their city. They were
+      accompanied by other members of the community, who stated that many of the
+      Phliasians themselves besides the appellants recognised the injustice of
+      their treatment. The state of Phlius was indignant at this manouvre, and
+      retaliated by imposing a fine on all who had betaken themselves to
+      Lacedaemon without a mandate from the state. Those who incurred the fine
+      hesitated to return home; they preferred to stay where they were and
+      enforce their views: "It is quite plain now who were the perpetrators of
+      all the violence&mdash;the very people who originally drove us into exile,
+      and shut their gates upon Lacedaemon; the confiscators of our property one
+      day, the ruthless opponents of its restoration the next. Who else but they
+      have now brought it about that we should be fined for appearing at
+      Lacedaemon? and for what purpose but to deter any one else for the future
+      from venturing to expose the proceedings at Phlius?" Thus far the
+      appellants. And in good sooth the conduct of the men of Phlius did seem to
+      savour of insolence; so much so that the ephors called out the ban against
+      them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 380. Nor was Agesilaus otherwise than well satisfied with this
+      decision, not only on the ground of old relations of friendly hospitality
+      between his father Archidamus and the party of Podanemus, who were
+      numbered among the restored exiles at this time, but because personally he
+      was bound by similar ties himself towards the adherents of Procles, son of
+      Hipponicus. The border sacrifices proving favourable, the march commenced
+      at once. As he advanced, embassy after embassy met him, and would fain by
+      presents of money avert invasion. But the king answered that the purpose
+      of his march was not to commit wrongdoing, but to protect the victims of
+      injustice. Then the petitioners offered to do anything, only they begged
+      him to forgo invasion. Again he replied&mdash;How could he trust to their
+      words when they had lied to him already? He must have the warrant of acts,
+      not promises. And being asked, "What act (would satisfy him)?" he answered
+      once more, saying, "The same which you performed aforetime, and suffered
+      no wrong at our hands"&mdash;in other words, the surrender of the
+      acropolis. (8) But to this they could not bring themselves. Whereupon he
+      invaded the territory of Phlius, and promptly drawing lines of
+      circumvallation, commenced the siege. Many of the Lacedaemonians objected,
+      for the sake of a mere handful of wretched people, so to embroil
+      themselves with a state of over five thousand men. (9) For, indeed, to
+      leave no doubt on this score, the men of Phlius met regularly in assembly
+      in full view of those outside. But Agesilaus was not to be beaten by this
+      move. Whenever any of the townsmen came out, drawn by friendship or
+      kinship with the exiles, in every case the king's instructions were to
+      place the public messes (10) at the service of the visitors, and, if they
+      were willing to go through the course of gymnastic training, to give them
+      enough to procure necessaries. All members of these classes were, by the
+      general's strict injunctions, further to be provided with arms, and loans
+      were to be raised for the purpose without delay. Presently the
+      superintendents of this branch of the service were able to turn out a
+      detachment of over a thousand men, in the prime of bodily perfection, well
+      disciplined and splendidly armed, so that in the end the Lacedaemonians
+      affirmed: "Fellow-soldiers of this stamp are too good to lose." Such were
+      the concerns of Agesilaus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) See above, IV. iv. 15.
+
+ (9) See Grote, "H. G." x. 45, note 4; and below, V. iv. 13.
+
+ (10) See "Pol. Lac." v.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Agesipolis on leaving Macedonia advanced straight upon Olynthus
+      and took up a strategical position in front of the town. Finding that no
+      one came out to oppose him, he occupied himself for the present with
+      pillaging any remnant of the district still intact, and with marching into
+      the territory allied with the enemy, where he destroyed the corn. The town
+      of Torone he attacked and took by storm. But while he was so engaged, in
+      the height of mid-summer he was attacked by a burning fever. In this
+      condition his mind reverted to a scene once visited, the temple of
+      Dionysus at Aphytis, and a longing for its cool and sparkling waters and
+      embowered shades (11) seized him. To this spot accordingly he was carried,
+      still living, but only to breathe his last outside the sacred shrine,
+      within a week of the day on which he sickened. His body was laid in honey
+      and conveyed home to Sparta, where he obtained royal sepulchre.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Lit. "shady tabernacles."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the news reached Agesilaus he displayed none of the satisfaction
+      which might possibly have been expected at the removal of an antagonist.
+      On the contrary, he wept and pined for the companionship so severed, it
+      being the fashion at Sparta for the kings when at home to mess together
+      and to share the same quarters. Moreover, Agesipolis was admirably suited
+      to Agesilaus, sharing with the merriment of youth in tales of the chase
+      and horsemanship and boyish loves; (12) while, to crown all, the touch of
+      reverence due from younger to elder was not wanting in their common life.
+      In place of Agesipolis, the Lacedaemonians despatched Polybiades as
+      governor to Olynthus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) See "Ages." viii. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 379. Agesilaus had already exceeded the time during which the
+      supplies of food in Phlius were expected to last. The difference, in fact,
+      between self-command and mere appetite is so great that the men of Phlius
+      had only to pass a resolution to cut down the food expenditure by one
+      half, and by doing so were able to prolong the siege for twice the
+      calculated period. But if the contrast between self-restraint and appetite
+      is so great, no less startling is that between boldness and
+      faint-heartedness. A Phliasian named Delphion, a real hero, it would seem,
+      took to himself three hundred Phliasians, and not only succeeded in
+      preventing the peace-party from carrying out their wishes, but was equal
+      to the task of incarcerating and keeping safely under lock and key those
+      whom he mistrusted. Nor did his ability end there. He succeeded in forcing
+      the mob of citizens to perform garrison duty, and by vigorous patrolling
+      kept them constant to the work. Over and over again, accompanied by his
+      personal attendants, he would dash out of the walls and drive in the
+      enemy's outposts, first at one point and then at another of the
+      beleaguering circle. But the time eventually came when, search as they
+      might by every means, these picked defenders (13) could find no further
+      store of food within the walls, and they were forced to send to Agesilaus,
+      requesting a truce for an embassy to visit Sparta, adding that they were
+      resolved to leave it to the discretion of the authorities at Lacedaemon to
+      do with their city what they liked. Agesilaus granted a pass to the
+      embassy, but, at the same time, he was so angry at their setting his
+      personal authority aside, that he sent to his friends at home and arranged
+      that the fate of Phlius should be left to his discretion. Meanwhile he
+      proceeded to tighten the cordon of investment, so as to render it
+      impossible that a single soul inside the city should escape. In spite of
+      this, however, Delphion, with one comrade, a branded dare-devil, who had
+      shown great dexterity in relieving the besieging parties of their arms,
+      escaped by night. Presently the deputation returned with the answer from
+      Lacedaemon that the state simply left it entirely to the discretion of
+      Agesilaus to decide the fate of Phlius as seemed to him best. Then
+      Agesilaus announced his verdict. A board of one hundred&mdash;fifty taken
+      from the restored exiles, fifty from those within the city&mdash;were in
+      the first place to make inquisition as to who deserved to live and who to
+      die, after which they were to lay down laws as the basis of a new
+      constitution. Pending the carrying out of these transactions, he left a
+      detachment of troops to garrison the place for six months, with pay for
+      that period. After this he dismissed the allied forces, and led the state
+      (14) division home. Thus the transactions concerning Phlius were brought
+      to a conclusion, having occupied altogether one year and eight months.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See below, "Hell." VII. i. 19.
+
+ (14) {to politokon}, the citizen army. See above, IV. iv. 19; "Pol.
+    Lac." xi.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Polybiades had reduced the citizens of Olynthus to the last
+      stage of misery through famine. Unable to supply themselves with corn from
+      their own land, or to import it by sea, they were forced to send an
+      embassy to Lacedaemon to sue for peace. The plenipotentiaries on their
+      arrival accepted articles of agreement by which they bound themselves to
+      have the same friends and the same foes as Lacedaemon, to follow her lead,
+      and to be enrolled among her allies; and so, having taken an oath to abide
+      by these terms, they returned home.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On every side the affairs of Lacedaemon had signally prospered: Thebes and
+      the rest of the Boeotian states lay absolutely at her feet; Corinth had
+      become her most faithful ally; Argos, unable longer to avail herself of
+      the subterfuge of a movable calendar, was humbled to the dust; Athens was
+      isolated; and, lastly, those of her own allies who displayed a hostile
+      feeling towards her had been punished; so that, to all outward appearance,
+      the foundations of her empire were at length absolutely well and firmly
+      laid.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Abundant examples might be found, alike in Hellenic and in foreign
+      history, to prove that the Divine powers mark what is done amiss, winking
+      neither at impiety nor at the commission of unhallowed acts; but at
+      present I confine myself to the facts before me. (1) The Lacedaemonians,
+      who had pledged themselves by oath to leave the states independent, had
+      laid violent hands on the acropolis of Thebes, and were eventually
+      punished by the victims of that iniquity single-handed&mdash;the
+      Lacedaemonians, be it noted, who had never before been mastered by living
+      man; and not they alone, but those citizens of Thebes who introduced them
+      to their acropolis, and who wished to enslave their city to Lacedaemon,
+      that they might play the tyrant themselves&mdash;how fared it with them? A
+      bare score of the fugitives were sufficient to destroy their government.
+      How this happened I will now narrate in detail.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, "it is of my own subject that I must now speak." For the
+    "peripety," or sudden reversal of circumstances, on which the plot
+    of the "Hellenica" hinges, see Grote, "H. G." x. 100-108. Cf.
+    Soph. "Oed. Tyr." 450; "Antig." 1066; Thuc. v. 116; "Hellenica
+    Essays," "Xenophon," p. 382 foll. This passage is perhaps the key
+    to the historian's position.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      There was a man named Phyllidas&mdash;he was secretary to Archias, that
+      is, to the polemarchs. (2) Beyond his official duties, he had rendered his
+      chief other services, and all apparently in an exemplary fashion. A visit
+      to Athens in pursuance of some business brought this man into contact with
+      a former acquaintance of his, Melon, one of the exiles who had fled for
+      safety to Athens. Melon had various questions to ask touching the sort of
+      tyranny practised by Archias in the exercise of the polemarchy, and by
+      Philip. He soon discovered that affairs at home were still more detestable
+      to Phyllidas than to himself. It only remained to exchange pledges, and to
+      arrange the details of what was to be done. After a certain interval
+      Melon, accompanied by six of the trustiest comrades he could find among
+      his fellow-exiles, set off for Thebes. They were armed with nothing but
+      daggers, and first of all crept into the neighbourhood under cover of
+      night. The whole of the next day they lay concealed in a desert place, and
+      drew near to the city gates in the guise of labourers returning home with
+      the latest comers from the fields. Having got safely within the city, they
+      spent the whole of that night at the house of a man named Charon, and
+      again the next day in the same fashion. Phyllidas meanwhile was busily
+      taken up with the concerns of the polemarchs, who were to celebrate a
+      feast of Aphrodite on going out of office. Amongst other things, the
+      secretary was to take this opportunity of fulfilling an old undertaking,
+      which was the introduction of certain women to the polemarchs. They were
+      to be the most majestic and the most beautiful to be found in Thebes. The
+      polemarchs, on their side (and the character of the men is sufficiently
+      marked), were looking forward to the pleasures of the night with joyful
+      anticipation. Supper was over, and thanks to the zeal with which the
+      master of the ceremonies responded to their mood, they were speedily
+      intoxicated. To their oft-repeated orders to introduce their mistresses,
+      he went out and fetched Melon and the rest, three of them dressed up as
+      ladies and the rest as their attendant maidens. Having brought them into
+      the treasury of the polemarchs' residence, (3) he returned himself and
+      announced to Archias and his friends that the women would not present
+      themselves as long as any of the attendants remained in the room;
+      whereupon they promptly bade all withdraw, and Phyllidas, furnishing the
+      servants with a stoup of wine, sent them off to the house of one of them.
+      And now at last he introduced the mistresses, and led them to their seats
+      beside their respective lords. It was preconcerted that as soon as they
+      were seated they were to throw aside their veils and strike home. That is
+      one version of the death of the polemarchs. (4) According to another,
+      Melon and his friends came in as revellers, and so despatched their
+      victims.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Lit. "to Archias and his (polemarchs)"; but the Greek phrase does
+    not, as the English would, imply that there were actually more
+    than two polemarchs, viz. Archias and Philippus. Hypates and
+    Leontiades belonged to the faction, but were neither of them
+    polemarchs.
+
+ (3) Lit. "Polemarcheion."
+
+ (4) Or, "and so, according to the prevalent version of the matter, the
+    polemarchs were slain. But some say that..."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      That over, Phyllidas, with three of the band, set off to the house of
+      Leontiades. Arrived there, he knocked on the door, and sent in word that
+      he had a message from the polemarchs. Leontiades, as chance befell, was
+      still reclining in privacy after dinner, and his wife was seated beside
+      him working wools. The fidelity of Phyllidas was well known to him, and he
+      gave orders to admit him at once. They entered, slew Leontiades, and with
+      threats silenced his wife. As they went out they ordered the door to be
+      shut, threatening that if they found it open they would kill every one in
+      the house. And now that this deed was done, Phyllidas, with two of the
+      band, presented himself at the prison, telling the gaoler he had brought a
+      man from the polemarchs to be locked up. The gaoler opened the door, and
+      was at once despatched, and the prisoners were released. These they
+      speedily supplied with arms taken from the armoury in the stoa, and then
+      led them to the Ampheion, (5) and bade them take up a position there,
+      after which they at once made a proclamation calling on all Thebans to
+      come out, horse and foot, seeing that the tyrants were dead. The citizens,
+      indeed, as long as it was night, not knowing whom or what to trust, kept
+      quiet, but when day dawned and revealed what had occurred, the summons was
+      responded to with alacrity, heavy infantry and cavalry under arms alike
+      sallying forth. Horsemen were also despatched by the now restored exiles
+      to the two Athenian generals on the frontier; and they, being aware of the
+      object of the message (promptly responded). (6)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) See plan of Thebes, "Dict. Geog."; Arrian, "Anab." i. 8; Aesch.
+    "Sept. c. Theb." 528.
+
+ (6) Supply {epeboethoun}. There is a lacuna in the MSS. at this point.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the other hand, the Lacedaemonian governor in the citadel, as soon as
+      that night's proclamation reached his ears, was not slow to send to
+      Plataeae (7) and Thespiae for reinforcements. The approach of the
+      Plataeans was perceived by the Theban cavalry, who met them and killed a
+      score of them and more, and after that achievement returned to the city,
+      to find the Athenians from the frontier already arrived. Then they
+      assaulted the acropolis. The troops within recognised the paucity of their
+      own numbers, whilst the zeal of their opponents (one and all advancing to
+      the attack) was plainly visible, and loud were the proclamations,
+      promising rewards to those who should be first to scale the walls. All
+      this so worked upon their fears that they agreed to evacuate the place if
+      the citizens would allow them a safe-conduct to retire with their arms. To
+      this request the others gladly yielded, and they made a truce. Oaths were
+      taken on the terms aforesaid, and the citizens dismissed their
+      adversaries. For all that, as the garrison retired, those of them who were
+      recognised as personal foes were seized and put to death. Some were
+      rescued through the good offices of the Athenian reinforcements from the
+      frontier, who smuggled them across and saved them. The Thebans were not
+      content with putting the men to death; if any of them had children, these
+      also were sacrificed to their vengeance.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) This city had been refounded in B.C. 386 (Isocr. "Plat." 20, 21).
+    See Freeman, op. cit. ch. iv. p. 170: "Its restoration implied not
+    only a loss of Theban supremacy, but the actual loss of that
+    portion of the existing Theban territory which had formerly formed
+    the Plataian district."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 378. When the news of these proceedings reached Sparta the first
+      thing the Lacedaemonians did was to put to death the governor, who had
+      abandoned the Cadmeia instead of awaiting reinforcements, and the next was
+      to call out the ban against Thebes. Agesilaus had little taste to head the
+      expedition; he pointed out that he had seen more than forty years'
+      service, (8) and that the exemption from foreign duty applicable to others
+      at that age was applicable on the same principle to the king. Such were
+      the ostensible grounds on which he excused himself from the present
+      expedition, but his real objections lay deeper. He felt certain that if he
+      led the expedition his fellow-citizens would say: "Agesilaus caused all
+      this trouble to the state in order to aid and abet tyrants." Therefore he
+      preferred to leave his countrymen to settle the matter themselves as they
+      liked. Accordingly the ephors, instructed by the Theban exiles who had
+      escaped the late massacres, despatched Cleombrotus. He had not commanded
+      before, and it was the depth of winter.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) And was therefore more than fifty-eight years old at this date.
+    See "Ages." i. 6.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now while Chabrias, with a body of Athenian peltasts, kept watch and ward
+      over the road through Eleutherae, Cleombrotus made his way up by the
+      direct route to Plataeae. His column of light infantry, pushing forward in
+      advance, fell upon the men who had been released from the Theban prison,
+      guarding the summit, to the number of about one hundred and fifty. These,
+      with the exception of one or two who escaped, were cut down by the
+      peltasts, and Cleombrotus descended in person upon Plataeae, which was
+      still friendly to Sparta. Presently he reached Thespiae, and that was the
+      base for an advance upon Cynoscephalae, where he encamped on Theban
+      territory. Here he halted sixteen days, and then again fell back upon
+      Thespiae. At this latter place he now left Sphodrias as governor, with a
+      third portion of each of the contingents of the allies, handing over to
+      him all the moneys he had brought with him from home, with directions to
+      supplement his force with a contingent of mercenaries.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      While Sphodrias was so employed, Cleombrotus himself commenced his
+      homeward march, following the road through Creusis at the head of his own
+      moiety of the troops, who indeed were in considerable perplexity to
+      discover whether they were at war with the Thebans or at peace, seeing
+      that the general had led his army into Theban territory, had inflicted the
+      minimum of mischief, and again retired. No sooner, however, was his back
+      turned than a violent wind storm assailed him in his rear, which some
+      construed as an omen clearly significant of what was about to take place.
+      Many a blow this assailant dealt them, and as the general and his army,
+      crossing from Creusis, scaled that face of the mountain (9) which
+      stretches seaward, the blast hurled headlong from the precipices a string
+      of asses, baggage and all: countless arms were wrested from the bearers'
+      grasp and whirled into the sea; finally, numbers of the men, unable to
+      march with their arms, deposited them at different points of the pass,
+      first filling the hollow of their shields with stones. For the moment,
+      then, they halted at Aegosthena, on Megarian soil, and supped as best they
+      could. Next day they returned and recovered their arms. After this
+      adventure the contingents lost no time in returning to their several
+      homes, as Cleombrotus disbanded them.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) I.e. "Cithaeron."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile at Athens and Thebes alike fear reigned. To the Athenians the
+      strength of the Lacedaemonians was unmistakable: the war was plainly no
+      longer confined to Corinth; on the contrary, the Lacedaemonians had
+      ventured to skirt Athenian territory and to invade Thebes. They were so
+      worked upon by their alarm that the two generals who had been privy to the
+      insurrection of Melon against Leontiades and his party had to suffer: the
+      one was formally tried and put to death; the other, refusing to abide his
+      trial, was banished.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The apprehensions of the Thebans were of a different sort: their fear was
+      rather lest they should find themselves in single-handed war with
+      Lacedaemon. To prevent this they hit upon the following expedient. They
+      worked upon Sphodrias, (10) the Spartan governor left in Thespiae, by
+      offering him, as at least was suspected, a substantial sum, in return for
+      which he was to make an incursion into Attica; their great object being to
+      involve Athens and Lacedaemon in hostilities. Sphodrias lent a willing
+      ear, and, pretending that he could easily capture Piraeus in its present
+      gateless condition, gave his troops an early evening meal and marched out
+      of Thespiae, saying that he would reach Piraeus before daybreak. As a
+      matter of fact day overtook him at Thria, nor did he take any pains even
+      to draw a veil over his intentions; on the contrary, being forced to turn
+      aside, he amused himself by recklessly lifting cattle and sacking houses.
+      Meanwhile some who chanced upon him in the night had fled to the city and
+      brought news to the men of Athens that a large body of troops was
+      approaching. It needs no saying with what speed the cavalry and heavy
+      infantry armed themselves and stood on guard to protect the city. As
+      chance befell, there were some Lacedaemonian ambassadors in Athens at the
+      moment, at the house of Callias their proxenos; their names were
+      Etymocles, Aristolochus, and Ocyllus. Immediately on receipt of the news
+      the Athenians seized these three and imprisoned them, as not improbably
+      concerned in the plot. Utterly taken aback by the affair themselves, the
+      ambassadors pleaded that, had they been aware of an attempt to seize
+      Piraeus, they would hardly have been so foolish as to put themselves into
+      the power of the Athenians, or have selected the house of their proxenos
+      for protection, where they were so easily to be found. It would, they
+      further urged, soon be plain to the Athenians themselves that the state of
+      Lacedaemon was quite as little cognisant of these proceedings as they.
+      "You will hear before long"&mdash;such was their confident prediction&mdash;"that
+      Sphodrias has paid for his behaviour by his life." On this wise the
+      ambassadors were acquitted of all concern in the matter and dismissed.
+      Sphodrias himself was recalled and indicted by the ephors on the capital
+      charge, and, in spite of his refusal to face the trial, he was acquitted.
+      This miscarriage of justice, as it seemed to many, who described it as
+      unprecedented in Lacedaemon, has an explanation.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) See Plut. "Pel." xiv. (Clough, ii. p. 214).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Sphodrias had a son named Cleonymus. He was just at the age when youth
+      emerges from boyhood, very handsome and of high repute among his fellows.
+      To this youth Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, was passionately attached.
+      Now the friends of Cleombrotus, as comrades of Sphodrias, were disposed to
+      acquit him; but they feared Agesilaus and his friends, not to mention the
+      intermediate party, for the enormity of his proceeding was clear. So when
+      Sphodrias addressed his son Cleonymus: "You have it in your power, my son,
+      to save your father, if you will, by begging Archidamus to dispose
+      Agesilaus favourably to me at my trial." Thus instructed, the youth did
+      not shrink from visiting Archidamus, and implored him for his sake to save
+      his father. Now when Archidamus saw how Cleonymus wept, he too was melted
+      to tears as he stood beside him, but to his petition he made answer thus:
+      "Nay, Cleonymus, it is the bare truth I tell you, I cannot so much as look
+      my father in the face; (11) if I wished anything transacted for me in the
+      city I would beg assistance from the whole world sooner than from my
+      father. Still, since it is you who bid me, rest assured I will do my best
+      to bring this about for you as you desire." He then left the common hall
+      (12) and retired home to rest, but with dawn he arose and kept watch that
+      his father might not go out without his knowledge. Presently, when he saw
+      him ready to go forth, first some citizen was present, and then another
+      and another; and in each case he stepped aside, while they held his father
+      in conversation. By and by a stranger would come, and then another; and so
+      it went on until he even found himself making way for a string of
+      petitioning attendants. At last, when his father had turned his back on
+      the Eurotas, and was entering his house again, he was fain to turn his
+      back also and be gone without so much as accosting him. The next day he
+      fared no better: all happened as on the previous day. Now Agesilaus,
+      although he had his suspicions why his son went to and fro in this way,
+      asked no questions, but left him to take his own course. Archidamus, on
+      his side, was longing, as was natural, to see his friend Cleonymus; but
+      how he was to visit him, without having held the desired conversation with
+      his father, he knew not. The friends of Sphodrias, observing that he who
+      was once so frequent a visitor had ceased coming, were in agony; he must
+      surely have been deterred by the reproaches of his father. At last,
+      however, Archidamus dared to go to his father, and said, "Father,
+      Cleonymus bids me ask you to save his father; grant me this boon, if
+      possible, I beg you." He answered: "For yourself, my son, I can make
+      excuse, but how shall my city make excuse for me if I fail to condemn that
+      man who, for his own base purpose, traffics to the injury of the state?"
+      For the moment the other made no reply, but retired crestfallen before the
+      verdict of justice. Afterwards, whether the thought was his own or that he
+      was prompted by some other, he came and said, "Father, if Sphodrias had
+      done no wrong you would have released him, that I know; but now, if he has
+      done something wrong, may he not be excused by you for our sakes?" And the
+      father answered: "If it can be done without loss of honour on our parts,
+      so shall it be." At that word the young man, in deep despondency, turned
+      and went. Now one of the friends of Sphodrias, conversing with Etymocles,
+      remarked to him: "You are all bent on putting Sphodrias to death, I take
+      it, you friends of Agesilaus?" And Etymocles replied: "If that be so, we
+      all are bent on one thing, and Agesilaus on another, since in all his
+      conversations he still harps upon one string: that Sphodrias has done a
+      wrong there is no denying, yet Sphodrias is a man who, from boyhood to
+      ripe manhood, (13) was ever constant to the call of honour. To put such a
+      man as that to death is hard; nay, Sparta needs such soldiers." The other
+      accordingly went off and reported what he had just heard to Cleonymus; and
+      he in the joy of his heart went straightway to Archidamus and said: "Now
+      we know that you care for us; rest assured, Archidamus, that we in turn
+      will take great pains that you shall never have cause to blush for our
+      friendship." Nor did his acts belie his words; but so long as he lived he
+      was ever faithful to the code of Spartan chivalry; and at Leuctra,
+      fighting in front of the king side by side with Deinon the polemarch,
+      thrice fell or ever he yielded up his breath&mdash;foremost of the
+      citizens amidst the foe. And so, albeit he caused his friend the bitterest
+      sorrow, yet to that which he had promised he was faithful, seeing he
+      wrought Archidamus no shame, but contrariwise shed lustre on him. (14) In
+      this way Sphodrias obtained his acquittal.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) See "Cyrop." I. iv. 12.
+
+ (12) Lit. "the Philition." See "Pol. Lac." iii. 6.
+
+ (13) Lit. "who, whether as child, boy, or young man"; and for the
+    three stages of growth, see "Pol. Lac." ii. iii. iv.
+
+ (14) I.e. both in life and in death.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At Athens the friends of Boeotia were not slow to instruct the people that
+      his countrymen, so far from punishing Sphodrias, had even applauded him
+      for his designs on Athens; and in consequence of this the Athenians not
+      only furnished Piraeus with gates, but set to work to build a fleet, and
+      displayed great zeal in sending aid to the Boeotians. (15) The
+      Lacedaemonians, on their side, called out the ban against the Thebans; and
+      being persuaded that in Agesilaus they would find a more prudent general
+      than Cleombrotus had proved, they begged the former to undertake the
+      expedition. (16) He, replying that the wish of the state was for him law,
+      began making preparations to take the field.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) For the new Athenian confederacy of Delos of this year, B.C. 378,
+    see "Pol. Lac." xiv. 6; "Rev." v. 6; Diod. xv. 28-30; Plut.
+    "Pelop." xv.; Hicks, 78, 81; and for an alliance between Athens
+    and Chalcis in Euboea, see Hicks, 79; and for a treaty with Chios,
+    Hicks, 80.
+
+ (16) See "Ages." ii. 22.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now he had come to the conclusion that without the occupation of Mount
+      Cithaeron any attack on Thebes would be difficult. Learning then that the
+      men of Cleitor were just now at war with the men of Orchomenus, (17) and
+      were maintaining a foreign brigade, he came to an understanding with the
+      Cleitorians that in the event of his needing it, this force would be at
+      his service; and as soon as the sacrifices for crossing the frontier
+      proved favourable, he sent to the commander of the Cleitorian mercenaries,
+      and handing him a month's pay, ordered him to occupy Cithaeron with his
+      men. This was before he himself reached Tegea. Meanwhile he sent a message
+      to the men of Orchomenus that so long as the campaign lasted they must
+      cease from war. If any city during his campaign abroad took on itself to
+      march against another city, his first duty, he declared, would be to march
+      against such offending city in accordance with a decree of the allies.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) In Arcadia. See Busolt, "Die Lak." 120 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Thus crossing Cithaeron he reached Thespiae, (18) and from that base made
+      the territory of Thebes his objective. Finding the great plain fenced
+      round with ditch and palisade, as also the most valuable portions of the
+      country, he adopted the plan of shifting his encampment from one place to
+      another. Regularly each day, after the morning meal, he marched out his
+      troops and ravaged the territory, confining himself to his own side of the
+      palisadings and trench. The appearance of Agesilaus at any point whatever
+      was a signal to the enemy, who within the circuit of his entrenchment kept
+      moving in parallel line to the invader, and was ever ready to defend the
+      threatened point. On one occasion, the Spartan king having retired and
+      being well on the road back to camp, the Theban cavalry, hitherto
+      invisible, suddenly dashed out, following one of the regularly constructed
+      roads out of the entrenchment. Taking advantage of the enemy's position&mdash;his
+      light troops breaking off to supper or busily preparing the meal, and the
+      cavalry, some of them on their legs just (19) dismounted, and others in
+      the act of mounting&mdash;on they rode, pressing the charge home. Man
+      after man of the light troops was cut down; and three cavalry troopers
+      besides&mdash;two Spartans, Cleas and Epicydidas by name, and the third a
+      provincial (20) named Eudicus, who had not had time to mount their horses,
+      and whose fate was shared by some Theban (21) exiles. But presently
+      Agesilaus wheeled about and advanced with his heavy infantry to the
+      succour; his cavalry dashed at the enemy's cavalry, and the flower of the
+      heavy infantry, the ten-years-service men, charged by their side. The
+      Theban cavalry at that instant looked like men who had been imbibing too
+      freely in the noontide heat&mdash;that is to say, they awaited the charge
+      long enough to hurl their spears; but the volley sped without effect, and
+      wheeling about within that distance they left twelve of their number dead
+      upon the field.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) By Cynoscephalae. See "Ages." ii. 22.
+
+ (19) Read, after Courier, {arti} for the vulg. {eti}; or, better
+    still, adopt Hartman's emendation (op. cit. p. 379), {ton men ede
+    katabebekoton ton de katabainonton}, and translate "some&mdash;already
+    dismounted, and others dismounting."
+
+ (20) Lit. "one of the perioeci."
+
+ (21) Reading {Thebaion} after Dind. for {'Athenaion}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Agesilaus had not failed to note with what regularity the enemy presented
+      himself after the morning meal. Turning the observation to account, he
+      offered sacrifice with day's dawn, and marched with all possible speed,
+      and so crossed within the palisadings, through what might have been a
+      desert, as far as defence or sign of living being went. Once well inside,
+      he proceeded to cut down and set on fire everything up to the city gates.
+      After this exploit he beat a retreat, retiring into Thespiae, where he
+      fortified their citadel for them. Here he left Phoebidas as governor,
+      while he himself crossed the passes back into Megara. Arrived here he
+      disbanded the allies, and led the city troops homewards.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After the departure of Agesilaus, Phoebidas devoted himself to harrying
+      the Thebans by sending out robber bands, and laid waste their land by a
+      system of regular incursions. The Thebans, on their side, desiring to
+      retaliate, marched out with their whole force into the territory of
+      Thespiae. But once well inside the district they found themselves closely
+      beset by Phoebidas and his light troops, who would not give them the
+      slightest chance to scatter from their main body, so that the Thebans,
+      heartily vexed at the turn their foray had taken, beat a retreat quicker
+      than they had come. The muleteers threw away with their own hands the
+      fruits they had captured, in their anxiety to get home as quickly as
+      possible; so dire a dread had fallen upon the invading army. This was the
+      chance for the Spartan to press home his attack boldly, keeping his light
+      division in close attendance on himself, and leaving the heavy infantry
+      under orders to follow him in battle order. He was in hopes even that he
+      might put the enemy to complete rout, so valiantly did he lead the
+      advance, encouraging the light troops to "come to a close grip with the
+      invadors," or summoning the heavy infantry of the Thespiaeans to "bring up
+      their supports." Presently the Theban cavalry as they retired found
+      themselves face to face with an impassable glen or ravine, where in the
+      first instance they collected in a mob, and next wheeled right-about-face
+      in sheer resourcelessness where to cross. The handful of light troops who
+      formed the Spartan vanguard took fright at the Thebans and fled, and the
+      Theban horsemen seeing this put in practice the lesson of attack which the
+      fugitives taught them. As for Phoebidas himself, he and two or three with
+      him fell sword in hand, whereupon his mercenary troops all took to their
+      heels.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the stream of fugitives reached the Thespiaean heavy infantry
+      reserves, they too, in spite of much boasting beforehand that they would
+      never yield to Thebans, took to flight, though there was now absolutely no
+      pursuit whatever, for it was now late. The number slain was not large,
+      but, for all that, the men of Thespiae did not come to a standstill until
+      they found themselves safe inside their walls. As a sequel, the hopes and
+      spirits of the Thebans were again kindled into new life, and they made
+      campaigns against Thespiae and the other provincial cities of Boeotia.
+      (22) It must be admitted that in each case the democratical party retired
+      from these cities to Thebes; since absolute governments had been
+      established in all of them on the pattern previously adopted at Thebes;
+      and the result was that the friends of Lacedaemon in these cities also
+      needed her assistance. (23) After the death of Phoebidas the
+      Lacedaemonians despatched a polemarch with a division by sea to form the
+      garrison of Thespiae.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) Lit. "their other perioecid cities." For the significance of this
+    title as applied by the Thebans (and perhaps commonly) to the
+    other cities of Boeotia, see Freeman, op. cit. ch. iv. pp. 157,
+    173 foll.
+
+ (23) See Grote, "H. G." x. 174; Freeman, op. cit. iv. 171, 172.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 377. With the advent of spring (24) the ephors again called out the
+      ban against Thebes, and requested Agesilaus to lead the expedition, as on
+      the former campaign. He, holding to his former theory with regard to the
+      invasion, even before sacrificing the customary frontier sacrifice, sent a
+      despatch to the polemarch at Thespiae, with orders to seize the pass which
+      commands the road over Cithaeron, and to guard it against his arrival.
+      Then, having once more crossed the pass and reached Plataeae, he again
+      made a feint of marching first into Thespiae, and so sent a despatch
+      ordering supplies to be in readiness, and all embassies to be waiting his
+      arrival there; so that the Thebans concentrated their attention on the
+      approaches from Thespiae, which they strongly guarded. Next morning,
+      however, Agesilaus sacrificed at daybreak and set out on the road to
+      Erythrae, (25) and completing in one day what was a good two days' march
+      for an army, gave the Thebans the slip, and crossed their palisade-work at
+      Scolus before the enemy had arrived from the closely-guarded point at
+      which he had effected his entrance formerly. This done he proceeded to
+      ravage the eastward-facing districts of the city of Thebes as far as the
+      territory of Tanagra, for at that date Tanagra was still in the hands of
+      Hypatodorus and his party, who were friends of the Lacedaemonians. After
+      that he turned to retire, keeping the walls of Thebes on his left. But the
+      Thebans, who had stolen, as it were, upon the scene, drew up at the spot
+      called "The Old Wife's Breast," (26) keeping the trench and palisading in
+      their rear: they were persuaded that here, if anywhere, lay their chance
+      to risk a decisive engagement, the ground at this point being somewhat
+      narrow and difficult to traverse. Agesilaus, however, in view of the
+      situation, refused to accept the challenge. Instead of marching upon them
+      he turned sharp off in the direction of the city; and the Thebans, in
+      alarm for the city in its undefended state, abandoned the favourable
+      ground on which they were drawn up in battle line, and retired at the
+      double towards the city along the road to Potniae, which seemed the safer
+      route. This last move of Agesilaus may be described as a stroke of genius:
+      (27) while it allowed him to retire to a distance, it forced the enemy
+      themselves to retreat at the double. In spite of this, however, one or two
+      of the polemarchs, with their divisions, charged the foe as he raced past.
+      But again the Thebans, from the vantage-ground of their heights, sent
+      volleys of spears upon the assailants, which cost one of the polemarchs,
+      Alypetus, his life. He fell pierced by a spear. But again from this
+      particular crest the Thebans on their side were forced to turn in flight;
+      so much so that the Sciritae, with some of the cavalry, scaled up and
+      speedily cut down the rearmost ranks of the Thebans as they galloped past
+      into the city. When, however, they were close under cover of their walls
+      the Thebans turned, and the Sciritae seeing them retreated at more than a
+      steady walking pace. No one, it is true, was slain; but the Thebans all
+      the same set up a trophy in record of the incident at the point where the
+      scaling party had been forced to retreat.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) See for affairs of Delos, never actually named by Xenophon,
+    between B.C. 377 and 374, the Sandwich Marble in Trinity College,
+    Cambridge; Boeckh, "C. I. G" 158, and "P. E. A." ii. p. 78 foll.;
+    Hicks, 82.
+
+ (25) Erythrae (Redlands) stands between Hysiae and Scolus, east of
+    Katzula.&mdash;Leake, "N. Gr." ii. 329. See Herod. ix. 15, 25; Thuc.
+    iii. 24; Paus. IX. ii. 1; Strab. IX. ii.
+
+ (26) Lit. "Graos Stethos."
+
+ (27) Or, "and this move of Agesilaus was regarded as a very pretty
+    one."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now, since the hour was come, Agesilaus fell back and encamped on the
+      very site on which he had seen the enemy drawn up in battle array. Next
+      day he retired by the road to Thespiae. The light troops, who formed a
+      free corps in the pay of the Thebans, hung audaciously at his heels. Their
+      shouts could be heard calling out to Chabrias (28) for not bringing up his
+      supports; when the cavalry of the Olynthians (who now contributed a
+      contingent in accordance with their oaths) (29) wheeled round on them,
+      caught the pursuers in the heat of their pursuit, and drove them uphill,
+      putting large numbers of them to the sword&mdash;so quickly are infantry
+      overhauled by cavalry on steep ground which can be ridden over. Being
+      arrived within the walls of Thespiae, Agesilaus found the citizens in a
+      state of party feud, the men of Lacedaemonian proclivities desiring to put
+      their political opponents, one of whom was Menon, to death (30)&mdash;a
+      proceeding which Agesilaus would not sanction. After having healed their
+      differences and bound them over by solemn oath to keep the peace with one
+      another, he at once retired, taking his old route across Cithaeron to
+      Megara. Here once more he disbanded the allies, and at the head of the
+      city troops himself marched back to Sparta.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (28) For the exploits of Chabrias, who commanded a division of mixed
+    Athenians and mercenaries (see above, S. 14), see Dem. "c. Lept."
+    479; Polyaen. ii. 1, 2; Diod. xv. 32, 33, who gives interesting
+    details; Grote, "H. G." x. 172 foll.
+
+ (29) See above, "Hell." V. iii. 26.
+
+ (30) Or, "under the pretext of furthering Laconian interests there was
+    a desire to put political opponents to death." For "Menon," Diod.
+    conj. "Melon."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans had not gathered in the fruits of their soil for two years
+      now, and began to be sorely pinched for want of corn; they therefore sent
+      a body of men on board a couple of triremes to Pagasae, with ten talents
+      (31) in hand for the purchase of corn. But while these commissioners were
+      engaged in effecting their purchases, Alcetas, the Lacedaemonian who was
+      garrisoning Oreus, (32) fitted out three triremes, taking precautions that
+      no rumour of his proceedings should leak out. As soon as the corn was
+      shipped and the vessels under weigh, he captured not only the corn but the
+      triremes, escort and all, numbering no less than three hundred men. This
+      done he locked up his prisoners in the citadel, where he himself was also
+      quartered. Now there was a youth, the son of a native of Oreus, fair of
+      mien and of gentle breeding, (33) who danced attendance on the commandant:
+      and the latter must needs leave the citadel and go down to busy himself
+      with this youth. This was a piece of carelessness which the prisoners did
+      not fail to observe, and turned to good account by seizing the citadel,
+      whereupon the town revolted, and the Thebans experienced no further
+      difficulty in obtaining corn supplies.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (31) = 2,437 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (32) Oreus, formerly called Histiaea, in the north of Euboea. See
+    Thuc. vii. 57, viii. 95; Diod. xv. 30; Grote, "H. G." ix. 263. For
+    Pagasae at the north extremity of the Pagasaean Gulf, "the cradle
+    of Greek navigation," see Tozer, "Geog. Gr." vi. p. 124; Strab.
+    IX. v. 15.
+
+ (33) Or, "beautiful and brave if ever youth was."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 376. At the return of spring Agesilaus lay sick&mdash;a bedridden
+      invalid. The history of the case is this: During the withdrawal of his
+      army from Thebes the year before, when at Megara, while mounting from the
+      Aphrodision (34) to the Government house he ruptured a vein or other
+      vessel of the body. This was followed by a rush of blood to his sound leg.
+      The knee was much swelled, and the pain intolerable, until a Syracusan
+      surgeon made an incision in the vein near the ankle. The blood thus let
+      flowed night and day; do what they could to stop the discharge, all
+      failed, till the patient fainted away; then it ceased. In this plight
+      Agesilaus was conveyed home on a litter to Lacedaemon, and remained an
+      invalid the rest of that summer and throughout the winter.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (34) Pausanius (I. xi. 6) mentions a temple of Aphrodite
+    {'Epistrophoa} (Verticordia), on the way up to the Carian
+    Acropolis of Megara.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But to resume: at the first burst of spring the Lacedaemonians again
+      called out the ban, and gave orders to Cleombrotus to lead the expedition.
+      The king found himself presently with his troops at the foot of Cithaeron,
+      and his light infantry advanced to occupy the pass which commands the
+      road. But here they found a detachment of Thebans and Athenians already in
+      occupation of the desired height, who for a while suffered them to
+      approach; but when they were close upon them, sprang from their position
+      and charged, putting about forty to the sword. This incident was
+      sufficient to convince Cleombrotus that to invade Thebes by this mountain
+      passage was out of the question, and in this faith he led back and
+      disbanded his troops.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The allies met in Lacedaemon, and arguments were adduced on the part of
+      the allies to show that faintheartedness would very soon lead to their
+      being absolutely worn out by the war. They had got it in their power, it
+      was urged, to fit out a fleet far outnumbering that of Athens, and to
+      reduce that city by starvation; it was open to them, in the self-same
+      ships, to carry an army across into Theban territory, and they had a
+      choice of routes&mdash;the road into Phocis, or, if they preferred, by
+      Creusis. After thus carefully considering the matter they manned a fleet
+      of sixty triremes, and Pollis was appointed admiral in command. Nor indeed
+      were their expectations altogether belied. The Athenians were soon so
+      closely blockaded that their corn vessels could get no farther than
+      Geraestus; (35) there was no inducing them to coast down father south,
+      with a Lacedaemonian navy hovering about Aegina and Ceos and Andros. The
+      Athenians, making a virtue of necessity, manned their ships in person,
+      gave battle to Pollis under the leadership of Chabrias, and came out of
+      the sea-fight (36) victorious.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (35) The promontory at the southern extremity of Euboea.
+
+ (36) Battle of Naxos, B.C. 376. For interesting details, see Diod. xv.
+    35, 35.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 375. Then the corn supplies flowed freely into Athens. The
+      Lacedaemonians, on their side, were preparing to transport an army across
+      the water into Boeotia, when the Thebans sent a request to the Athenians
+      urging them to despatch an armament round Peloponnesus, under the
+      persuasion that if this were done the Lacedaemonians would find it
+      impossible at once to guard their own or the allied territory in that part
+      of the world, and at the same time to convery an army of any size to
+      operate against Thebes. The proposals fell in with the present temper of
+      the Athenians, irritated with Lacedaemon on account of the exploit of
+      Sphodrias. Accordingly they eagerly manned a fleet of sixty vessels,
+      appointing Timotheus as admiral in command, and despatched it on a cruise
+      round Peloponnesus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans, seeing that there had been no hostile invasion of their
+      territory for so long (neither during the campaign of Cleombrotus nor now,
+      (37) whilst Timotheus prosecuted his coasting voyage), felt emboldened to
+      carry out a campaign on their own account against the provincial cities;
+      (38) and one by one they again recovered them.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (37) Lit. "nor at the date of Timotherus's periplus." To the historian
+    writing of the events of this period several years later, the
+    coasting voyage of Timotheus is a single incident ({periepleuse}),
+    and as Grote ("H. G." x. 185, note 3) observes, the words may
+    "include not simply the time which Timotheus took in actually
+    circumnavigating Peloponnesos, but the year which he spent
+    afterwards in the Ionian sea, and the time which he occupied in
+    performing his exploits near Korkyra, Leukas, and the
+    neighbourhood generally." For the character and exploits of
+    Timotheus, son of Conon, see Isocr. "Or." xv. "On the Antidosis,"
+    SS. 101-139; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii. p. 140 foll.; Rehdantz, "Vit.
+    Iphicr. Chabr. Timoth. Atheniensium."
+
+ (38) Or, "the cities round about their territory," lit. "the perioecid
+    cities." For the import of the epithet, see V. iv. 46; Freeman,
+    op. cit. iv. 173, note 1, in reference to Grote, "H. G." x. 183,
+    note 4. For the battle of Tegyra see Grote, ib. 182; Plut.
+    "Pelop." 17; Diod. xv. 57 ("evidently this battle," Grote);
+    Callisthenes, fr. 3, ed. Did. Cf. Steph. Byz., {Tegura}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Timotheus in his cruise reached Corcyra, and reduced it at a blow. That
+      done, he neither enslaved the inhabitants nor drove them into exile, nor
+      changed their laws. And of this conduct he reaped the benefit of the
+      increased cordiality (39) of all the cities of those parts. The
+      Lacedaemonians thereupon fitted out and despatched a counter fleet, with
+      Nicolochus in command, an officer of consummate boldness. This admiral no
+      sooner caught sight of Timotheus's fleet than without hesitation, and in
+      spite of the absence of six Ambraciot vessels which formed part of his
+      squadron, he gave battle, with fifty-five ships to the enemy's sixty. The
+      result was a defeat at the moment, and Timotheus set up a trophy at
+      Alyzia. But as soon as the six missing Ambraciot vessels had reinforced
+      him&mdash;the ships of Timotheus meanwhile being docked and undergoing
+      repairs&mdash;he bore down upon Alyzia in search of the Athenian, and as
+      Timotheus refused to put out to meet him, the Lacedaemonian in turn set up
+      a trophy on the nearest group of islands.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (39) The Corcyraeans, Acarnanians, and Cephallenians join the alliance
+    B.C. 375; see Hicks, 83. "This decree dates from the autumn of
+    B.C. 375, immediately after Timotheos's visit to Korkyra (Xen.
+    'Hell.' V. iv. 64). The result was that the names of Korkyra,
+    Kephallenia, and Akarnania were inscribed upon the list (No. 81),
+    and an alliance was made with them." (See "C. I. A." ii. p. 399
+    foll.; Hicks, loc. cit.; "Hell." VI. v. 23); "C. I. A." ii. 14.
+    The tablet is in the Asclepeian collection at the entrance of the
+    Acropolis at Athens. See Milchofer, "Die Museum Athens," 1881, p.
+    45.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 374. Timotheus, after repairing his original squadron and manning
+      more vessels from Corcyra, found himself at the head of more than seventy
+      ships. His naval superiority was undisputed, but he was forced to send to
+      Athens for moneys, seeing his fleet was large and his wants not trifling.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 374. The Athenians and Lacedaemonians were thus engaged. But to
+      return to the Thebans. After the subjugation of the cities in Boeotia,
+      they extended the area of aggression and marched into Phocis. The
+      Phocians, on their side, sent an embassy to Lacedaemon, and pleaded that
+      without assistance from that power they must inevitably yield to Thebes.
+      The Lacedaemonians in response conveyed by sea into the territory of
+      Phocis their king Cleombrotus, at the head of four regiments and the
+      contingents of the allies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About the same time Polydamus of Pharsalus arrived from Thessaly to
+      address the general assembly (1) of Lacedaemon. He was a man of high
+      repute throughout the whole of Thessaly, while in his native city he was
+      regarded as so true a gentleman that the faction-ridden Pharsalians were
+      content to entrust the citadel to his keeping, and to allow their revenues
+      to pass through his hands. It was his privilege to disburse the money
+      needed for sacred rites or other expenditure, within the limits of their
+      written law and constitution. Out of these moneys this faithful steward of
+      the state was able to garrison and guard in safety for the citizens their
+      capital. Every year he rendered an account of his administration in
+      general. If there was a deficit he made it up out of his own pocket, and
+      when the revenues expanded he paid himself back. For the rest, his
+      hospitality to foreigners and his magnificence were on a true Thessalian
+      scale. Such was the style and character of the man who now arrived in
+      Lacedaemon and spoke as follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) {pros to koinon}, "h.e. vel ad ad senatum vel ad ephoros vel ad
+    concionem."&mdash;Sturz, "Lex. Xen." s.v.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Men of Lacedaemon, it is in my capacity as 'proxenos' and 'benefactor'
+      (titles borne by my ancestry from time immemorial) that I claim, or rather
+      am bound, in case of any difficulty to come to you, and, in case of any
+      complication dangerous to your interests in Thessaly, to give you warning.
+      The name of Jason, I feel sure, is not unknown to Lacedaemonian ears. His
+      power as a prince is sufficiently large, and his fame widespread. It is of
+      Jason I have to speak. Under cover of a treaty of peace he has lately
+      conferred with me, and this is the substance of what he urged:
+      'Polydamas,' he said, 'if I chose I could lay your city at my feet, even
+      against its will, as the following considerations will prove to you. See,'
+      he went on, 'the majority and the most important of the states of Thessaly
+      are my allies. I subdued them in campaigns in which you took their side in
+      opposition to myself. Again, you do not need to be told that I have six
+      thousand mercenaries who are a match in themselves, I take it, for any
+      single state. It is not the mere numbers on which I insist. No doubt as
+      large an army could be raised in other quarters; but these citizen armies
+      have this defect&mdash;they include men who are already advanced in years,
+      with others whose beards are scarcely grown. Again, it is only a fraction
+      of the citizens who attend to bodily training in a state, whereas with me
+      no one takes mercenary service who is not as capable of endurance as
+      myself.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And here, Lacedaemonians, I must tell you what is the bare truth. This
+      Jason is a man stout of limb and robust of body, with an insatiable
+      appetite for toil. Equally true is it that he tests the mettle of those
+      with him day by day. He is always at their head, whether on a field-day
+      under arms, or in the gymnasium, or on some military expedition. The weak
+      members of the corps he weeds out, but those whom he sees bear themselves
+      stout-heartedly in the face of war, like true lovers of danger and of
+      toil, he honours with double, treble, and quadruple pay, or with other
+      gifts. On the bed of sickness they will not lack attendance, nor honour in
+      their graves. Thus every foreigner in his service knows that his valour in
+      war may obtain for him a livelihood&mdash;a life replete at once with
+      honour and abundance. (2)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Or, "a life satisfying at once to soul and body."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Then with some parade he pointed out to me what I knew before, that the
+      Maracians, and the Dolopians, and Alcetas the hyparch (3) in Epirus, were
+      already subject to his sway; 'so that I may fairly ask you, Polydamas,' he
+      proceeded, 'what I have to apprehend that I should not look on your future
+      subjugation as mere child's play. Perhaps some one who did not know me,
+      and what manner of man I am, might put it to me: "Well! Jason, if all you
+      say be true, why do you hesitate? why do you not march at once against
+      Pharsalia?" For the good reason, I reply, that it suits me better to win
+      you voluntarily than to annex you against your wills. Since, if you are
+      forced, you will always be planning all the mischief you can against me,
+      and I on my side shall be striving to diminish your power; whereas if you
+      throw in your lot with mine trustfully and willingly, it is certain we
+      shall do what we can to help each other. I see and know, Polydamas, that
+      your country fixes her eyes on one man only, and that is yourself: what I
+      guarantee you, therefore, is that, if you will dispose her lovingly to
+      myself, I on my side will raise you up to be the greatest man in Hellas
+      next to me. Listen, while I tell you what it is in which I offer you the
+      second prize. Listen, and accept nothing which does not approve itself as
+      true to your own reasoning. First, is it not plain to us both, that with
+      the adhesion of Pharsalus and the swarm of pettier states dependent on
+      yourselves, I shall with infinite ease become Tagos (4) of all the
+      Thessalians; and then the corollary&mdash;Thessaly so united&mdash;sixteen
+      thousand cavalry and more than ten thousand heavy infantry leap into life.
+      Indeed, when I contemplate the physique and proud carriage of these men, I
+      cannot but persuade myself that, with proper handling, there is not a
+      nation or tribe of men to which Thessalians would deign to yield
+      submission. Look at the broad expanse of Thessaly and consider: when once
+      a Tagos is established here, all the tribes in a circle round will lie
+      stilled in subjection; and almost every member of each of these tribes is
+      an archer born, so that in the light infantry division of the service our
+      power must needs excel. Furthermore, the Boeotians and all the rest of the
+      world in arms against Lacedaemon are my allies; they clamour to follow my
+      banner, if only I will free them from Sparta's yoke. So again the
+      Athenians, I make sure, will do all they can to gain our alliance; but
+      with them I do not think we will make friends, for my persuasion is that
+      empire by sea will be even easier to acquire than empire by land; and to
+      show you the justice of this reasoning I would have you weigh the
+      following considerations. With Macedonia, which is the timber-yard (5) of
+      the Athenian navy, in our hands we shall be able to construct a far larger
+      fleet than theirs. That stands to reason. And as to men, which will be the
+      better able to man vessels, think you&mdash;Athens, or ourselves with our
+      stalwart and numerous Penestae? (6) Which will better support mariners&mdash;a
+      nation which, like our own, out of her abundance exports her corn to
+      foreign parts, or Athens, which, but for foreign purchases, has not enough
+      to support herself? And so as to wealth in general it is only natural, is
+      it not, that we, who do not look to a string of little islands for
+      supplies, but gather the fruits of continental peoples, should find our
+      resources more copious? As soon as the scattered powers of Thessaly are
+      gathered into a principality, all the tribes around, I repeat, will become
+      our tributaries. I need not tell you that the king of Persia reaps the
+      fruits, not of islands, but of a continent, and he is the wealthiest of
+      men! But the reduction of Persia will be still more practicable, I
+      imagine, than that of Hellas, for there the men, save one, are better
+      versed in slavery than in prowess. Nor have I forgotten, during the
+      advance of Cyrus, and afterwards under Agesilaus, how scant the force was
+      before which the Persian quailed.'
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "his underlord in Epirus." By hyparch, I suppose, is implied
+    that Alcetas regarded Jason as his suzerain. Diodorus (xv. 13, 36)
+    speaks of him as "king" of the Molossians.
+
+ (4) Or, "Prince," and below, "Thessaly so converted into a
+    Principality." "The Tagos of Thessaly was not a King, because his
+    office was not hereditary or even permanent; neither was he
+    exactly a Tyrant, because his office had some sort of legal
+    sanction. But he came much nearer to the character either of a
+    King or of a Tyrant than to that of a Federal President like the
+    General of the Achaians.... Jason of Pherai acts throughout
+    like a King, and his will seems at least as uncontrolled as that
+    of his brother sovereign beyond the Kambunian hills. Even Jason
+    seems to have been looked upon as a Tyrant (see below, 'Hell.' VI.
+    iv. 32); possibly, like the Athenian Demos, he himself did not
+    refuse the name" (cf. Arist. "Pol." iii. 4, 9).&mdash;Freeman, "Hist.
+    Fed. Gov." "No True Federation in Thessaly," iv. pp. 152 foll.
+
+ (5) See above, and Hicks, 74.
+
+ (6) Or, "peasantry."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Such, Lacedaemonians, were the glowing arguments of Jason. In answer I
+      told him that what he urged was well worth weighing, but that we, the
+      friends of Lacedaemon, should so, without a quarrel, desert her and rush
+      into the arms of her opponents, seemed to me sheer madness. Whereat he
+      praised me, and said that now must he needs cling all the closer to me if
+      that were my disposition, and so charged me to come to you and tell you
+      the plain truth, which is, that he is minded to march against Pharsalus if
+      we will not hearken to him. Accordingly he bade me demand assistance from
+      you; 'and if they suffer you,' (7) he added, 'so to work upon them that
+      they will send you a force sufficient to do battle with me, it is well: we
+      will abide by war's arbitrament, nor quarrel with the consequence; but if
+      in your eyes that aid is insufficient, look to yourself. How shall you
+      longer be held blameless before that fatherland which honours you and in
+      which you fare so well?' (8)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) Or, reading {theoi}, after Cobet; translate "if providentially
+    they should send you."
+
+ (8) Reading {kai e su pratteis}, after Cobet. The chief MSS. give {ouk
+    ede anegkletos an dikaios eies en te patridi e se tima kai su
+    prattois ta kratista}, which might be rendered either, "and how be
+    doing best for yourself?"  (lit. "and you would not be doing best
+    for yourself," {ouk an} carried on from previous clause), or
+    (taking {prattois} as pure optative), "may you be guided to adopt
+    the course best for yourself!" "may the best fortune attend you!
+    Farewell." See Otto Keller, op. cit. ad loc. for various
+    emendations.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "These are the matters," Polydamas continued, "which have brought me to
+      Lacedaemon. I have told you the whole story; it is based partly on what I
+      see to be the case, and partly on what I have heard from yonder man. My
+      firm belief is, men of Lacedaemon, that if you are likely to despatch a
+      force sufficient, not in my eyes only, but in the eyes of all the rest of
+      Thessaly, to cope with Jason in war, the states will revolt from him, for
+      they are all in alarm as to the future development of the man's power; but
+      if you think a company of newly-enfranchised slaves and any amateur
+      general will suffice, I advise you to rest in peace. You may take my word
+      for it, you will have a great power to contend against, and a man who is
+      so prudent a general that, in all he essays to do, be it an affair of
+      secrecy, or speed, or force, he is wont to hit the mark of his endeavours:
+      one who is skilled, should occasion serve, to make the night of equal
+      service to him with the day; (9) or, if speed be needful, will labour on
+      while breakfasting or taking an evening meal. And as for repose, he thinks
+      that the time for it has come when the goal is reached or the business on
+      hand accomplished. And to this same practice he has habituated those about
+      him. Right well he knows how to reward the expectations of his soldiers,
+      when by the extra toil which makes the difference they have achieved
+      success; so that in his school all have laid to heart that maxim, 'Pain
+      first and pleasure after.' (10) And in regard to pleasure of the senses,
+      of all men I know, he is the most continent; so that these also are
+      powerless to make him idle at the expense of duty. You must consider the
+      matter then and tell me, as befits you, what you can and will do."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) See "Cyrop." III. i. 19.
+
+ (10) For this sentiment, see "Mem." II. i. 20 et passim.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such were the representations of Polydamas. The Lacedaemonians, for the
+      time being, deferred their answer; but after calculating the next day and
+      the day following how many divisions (11) they had on foreign service, and
+      how many ships on the coast of Laconia to deal with the foreign squadron
+      of the Athenians, and taking also into account the war with their
+      neighbours, they gave their answer to Polydamas: "For the present they
+      would not be able to send him sufficient aid: under the circumstances they
+      advised him to go back and make the best settlement he could of his own
+      affairs and those of his city." He, thanking the Lacedaemonians for their
+      straightforwardness, withdrew.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Lit. "morai."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The citadel of Pharsalus he begged Jason not to force him to give up: his
+      desire was to preserve it for those who had entrusted it to his safe
+      keeping; his own sons Jason was free to take as hostages, and he would do
+      his best to procure for him the voluntary adhesion of his city by
+      persuasion, and in every way to further his appointment as Tagos of
+      Thessaly. Accordingly, after interchange of solemn assurances between the
+      pair, the Pharsalians were let alone and in peace, and ere long Jason was,
+      by general consent, appointed Tagos of all the Thessalians. Once fairly
+      vested with that authority, he drew up a list of the cavalry and heavy
+      infantry which the several states were capable of furnishing as their
+      quota, with the result that his cavalry, inclusive of allies, numbered
+      more than eight thousand, while his infantry force was computed at not
+      less than twenty thousand; and his light troops would have been a match
+      for those of the whole world&mdash;the mere enumeration of their cities
+      would be a labour in itself. (12) His next act was a summons to all the
+      dwellers round (13) to pay tribute exactly the amount imposed in the days
+      of Scopas. (14) And here in this state of accomplishment we may leave
+      these matters. I return to the point reached when this digression into the
+      affairs of Jason began.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) See "Cyrop." I. i. 5.
+
+ (13) Lit. perioeci.
+
+ (14) It is conjectured that the Scopadae ruled at Pherae and Cranusa
+    in the earlier half of the fifth century B.C.; see, for the change
+    of dynasty, what is said of Lycophron of Pherae in "Hell." II.
+    iii. 4. There was a famous Scopas, son of Creon, to whom Simonides
+    addressed his poem&mdash;
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      {Andr' agathon men alatheos genesthai khalepon khersin te kai posi kai noo
+      tetragonon, aneu psogou tetugmenon.}
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      a sentiment criticised by Plato, "Protag." 359 A. "Now Simonides says to
+      Scopas, the son of Creon, the Thessalian:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      'Hardly on the one hand can a man become truly good; built four-square in
+      hands and feet and mind, a work without a flaw.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Do you know the poem?"&mdash;Jowett, "Plat." i. 153. But whether this
+      Scopas is the Scopas of our text and a hero of Jason's is not clear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 374. The Lacedaemonians and their allies were collecting in Phocia,
+      and the Thebans, after retreating into their own territory, were guarding
+      the approaches. At this juncture the Athenians, seeing the Thebans growing
+      strong at their expense without contributing a single penny to the
+      maintenance of the fleet, while they themselves, what with money
+      contributions, and piratical attacks from Aegina, and the garrisoning of
+      their territory, were being pared to the bone, conceived a desire to cease
+      from war. In this mood they sent an embassy to Lacedaemon and concluded
+      peace. (1)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Curtius, "H. G." vol. iv. p. 376 (Eng. trans.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 374-373. This done, two of the ambassadors, in obedience to a decree
+      of the state, set sail at once from Laconian territory, bearing orders to
+      Timotheus to sail home, since peace was established. That officer, while
+      obeying his orders, availed himself of the homeward voyage to land certain
+      Zacynthian exiles (2) on their native soil, whereupon the Zacynthian city
+      party sent to Lacedaemon and complained of the treatment they had received
+      from Timotheus; and the Lacedaemonians, without further consideration,
+      decided that the Athenians were in the wrong, and proceeded to equip
+      another navy, and at length collected from Laconia itself, from Corinth,
+      Leucas, (3) Ambracia, Elis, Zacynthus, Achaia, Epidaurus, Troezen,
+      Hermione, and Halieis, a force amounting to sixty sail. In command of this
+      squadron they appointed Mnasippus admiral, with orders to attack Corcyra,
+      and in general to look after their interests in those seas. They,
+      moreover, sent an embassy to Dionysius, instructing him that his interests
+      would be advanced by the withdrawal of Corcyra from Athenian hands.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) See Hicks, 81, p. 142.
+
+ (3) Ibid. 81, 86.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 373. Accordingly Mnasippus set sail, as soon as his squadron was
+      ready, direct to Corcyra; he took with him, besides his troops from
+      Lacedaemon, a body of mercenaries, making a total in all of no less than
+      fifteen hundred men. His disembarked, and soon became master of the
+      island, the country district falling a prey to the spoiler. It was in a
+      high state of cultivation, and rich with fruit-trees, not to speak of
+      magnificent dwelling-houses and wine-cellars fitted up on the farms: so
+      that, it was said, the soldiers reached such a pitch of luxury that they
+      refused to drink wine which had not a fine bouquet. A crowd of slaves,
+      too, and fat beasts were captured on the estates.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The general's next move was to encamp with his land forces about
+      three-quarters of a mile (4) from the city district, so that any
+      Corcyraean who attempted to leave the city to go into the country would
+      certainly be cut off on that side. The fleet he stationed on the other
+      side of the city, at a point where he calculated on detecting and
+      preventing the approach of convoys. Besides which he established a
+      blockade in front of the harbour when the weather permitted. In this way
+      the city was completely invested.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Lit. "five stades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Corcyraeans, on their side, were in the sorest straits. They could get
+      nothing from their soil owing to the vice in which they were gripped by
+      land, whilst owing to the predominance of the enemy at sea nothing could
+      be imported. Accordingly they sent to the Athenians and begged for their
+      assistance. They urged upon them that it would be a great mistake if they
+      suffered themselves to be robbed of Corcyra. If they did so, they would
+      not only throw away a great advantage to themselves, but add a
+      considerable strength to their enemy; since, with the exception of Athens,
+      no state was capable of furnishing a larger fleet or revenue. Moreover,
+      Corcyra lay favourably (5) for commanding the Corinthian gulf and the
+      cities which line its shores; it was splendidly situated for injuring the
+      rural districts of Laconia, and still more splendidly in relation to the
+      opposite shores of the continent of Epirus, and the passage between
+      Peloponnesus and Sicily.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) See Thuc. i. 36.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This appeal did not fall on deaf ears. The Athenians were persuaded that
+      the matter demanded their most serious attention, and they at once
+      despatched Stesicles as general, (6) with about six hundred peltasts. They
+      also requested Alcetas to help them in getting their troops across. Thus
+      under cover of night the whole body were conveyed across to a point in the
+      open country, and found their way into the city. Nor was that all. The
+      Athenians passed a decree to man sixty ships of war, and elected (7)
+      Timotheus admiral. The latter, being unable to man the fleet on the spot,
+      set sail on a cruise to the islands and tried to make up the complements
+      of his crews from those quarters. He evidently looked upon it as no light
+      matter to sail round Peloponnesus as if on a voyage of pleasure, and to
+      attack a fleet in the perfection of training. (8) To the Athenians,
+      however, it seemed that he was wasting the precious time seasonable for
+      the coastal voyage, and they were not disposed to condone such an error,
+      but deposed him, appointing Iphicrates in his stead. The new general was
+      no sooner appointed than he set about getting his vessels manned with the
+      utmost activity, putting pressure on the trierarchs. He further procured
+      from the Athenians for his use not only any vessels cruising on the coast
+      of Attica, but the Paralus and Salaminia (9) also, remarking that, if
+      things turned out well yonder, he would soon send them back plenty of
+      ships. Thus his numbers grew to something like seventy sail.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) The name of the general was Ctesicles, according to Diod. xv. 47.
+    Read {strategon} for {tagon}, with Breitenbach, Cobet, etc. For
+    Alcetas, see above, "Hell." VI. i. 7.
+
+ (7) I.e. by show of hands, {ekheirotonoun}.
+
+ (8) See Jowett, note to Thuc. VIII. xcv. 2, ii. p. 525.
+
+ (9) The two sacred galleys. See Thuc. iii. 33; Aristoph. "Birds," 147
+    foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile the Corcyraeans were sore beset with famine: desertion became
+      every day more frequent, so much so that Mnasippus caused proclamation to
+      be made by herald that all deserters would be sold there and then; (10)
+      and when that had no effect in lessening the stream of runaways, he ended
+      by driving them back with the lash. Those within the walls, however, were
+      not disposed to receive these miserable slaves within the lines, and
+      numbers died outside. Mnasippus, not blind to what was happening, soon
+      persuaded himself that he had as good as got the city into his possession:
+      and he began to try experiments on his mercenaries. Some of them he had
+      already paid off; (11) others still in his service had as much as two
+      months' pay owing to them by the general, who, if report spoke true, had
+      no lack of money, since the majority of the states, not caring for a
+      campaign across the seas, sent him hard cash instead of men. But now the
+      beleaguered citizens, who could espy from their towers that the outposts
+      were less carefully guarded than formerly, and the men scattered about the
+      rural districts, made a sortie, capturing some and cutting down others.
+      Mnasippus, perceiving the attack, donned his armour, and, with all the
+      heavy troops he had, rushed to the rescue, giving orders to the captains
+      and brigadiers (12) to lead out the mercenaries. Some of the captains
+      answered that it was not so easy to command obedience when the necessaries
+      of life were lacking; whereat the Spartan struck one man with his staff,
+      and another with the butt of his spear. Without spirit and full of
+      resentment against their general, the men mustered&mdash;a condition very
+      unfavourable to success in battle. Having drawn up the troops, the general
+      in person repulsed the division of the enemy which was opposite the gates,
+      and pursued them closely; but these, rallying close under their walls,
+      turned right about, and from under cover of the tombs kept up a continuous
+      discharge of darts and other missiles; other detachments, dashing out at
+      other gates, meanwhile fell heavily on the flanks of the enemy. The
+      Lacedaemonians, being drawn up eight deep, and thinking that the wing of
+      their phalanx was of inadequate strength, essayed to wheel around; but as
+      soon as they began the movement the Corcyraeans attacked them as if they
+      were fleeing, and they were then unable to recover themselves, (13) while
+      the troops next in position abandoned themselves to flight. Mnasippus,
+      unable to succour those who were being pressed owing to the attack of the
+      enemy immediately in front, found himself left from moment to moment with
+      decreasing numbers. At last the Corcyraeans collected, and with one united
+      effort made a final rush upon Mnasippus and his men, whose numbers were
+      now considerably reduced. At the same instant the townsmen, (14) eagerly
+      noticing the posture of affairs, rushed out to play their part. First
+      Mnasippus was slain, and then the pursuit became general; nor could the
+      pursuers well have failed to capture the camp, barricade and all, had they
+      not caught sight of the mob of traffickers with a long array of attendants
+      and slaves, and thinking that here was a prize indeed, desisted from
+      further chase.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Or, "he would knock them all down to the hammer."
+
+ (11) Or, "cut off from their pay."
+
+ (12) Lit. "lochagoi and taxiarchs."
+
+ (13) Or, "to retaliate"; or, "to complete the movement."
+
+ (14) Reading, after Dindorf, {oi politai}, or, if with the MSS., {oi
+    oplitai}; translate "the heavy-armed among the assailants saw
+    their advantage and pressed on."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Corcyraeans were well content for the moment to set up a trophy and to
+      give back the enemy's dead under a flag of truce; but the
+      after-consequences were even more important to them in the revival of
+      strength and spirits which were sunk in despondency. The rumour spread
+      that Iphicrates would soon be there&mdash;he was even at the doors; and in
+      fact the Corcyraeans themselves were manning a fleet. So Hypermenes, who
+      was second in command to Mnasippus and the bearer of his despatches,
+      manned every vessel of the fleet as full as it would hold, and then
+      sailing round to the entrenched camp, filled all the transports with
+      prisoners and valuables and other stock, and sent them off. He himself,
+      with his marines and the survivors of his troops, kept watch over the
+      entrenchments; but at last even this remnant in the excess of panic and
+      confusion got on board the men-of-war and sailed off, leaving behind them
+      vast quantities of corn and wine, with numerous prisoners and invalided
+      soldiers. The fact was, they were sorely afraid of being caught by the
+      Athenians in the island, and so they made safely off to Leucas.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Iphicrates had commenced his voyage of circumnavigation, partly
+      voyaging and partly making every preparation for an engagement. He at once
+      left his large sails behind him, as the voyage was only to be the prelude
+      of a battle; his flying jibs, even if there was a good breeze, were but
+      little used, since by making his progress depend on sheer rowing, he hoped
+      at once to improve the physique of his men and the speed of his attack.
+      Often when the squadron was about to put into shore for the purpose of
+      breakfast or supper, he would seize the moment, and draw back the leading
+      wing of the column from the land off the point in question; and then
+      facing round again with the triremes posted well in line, prow for prow,
+      at a given signal let loose the whole fleet in a stoutly contested race
+      for the shore. Great was the triumph in being the first to take in water
+      or whatever else they might need, or the first to breakfast; just as it
+      was a heavy penalty on the late-comers, not only to come short in all
+      these objects of desire, but to have to put out to sea with the rest as
+      soon as the signal was given; since the first-comers had altogether a
+      quiet time of it, whilst the hindmost must get through the whole business
+      in hot haste. So again, in the matter of outposts, if he chanced to be
+      getting the morning meal on hostile territory, pickets would be posted, as
+      was right and proper, on the land; but, apart from these, he would raise
+      his masts and keep look-out men on the maintops. These commanded of course
+      a far wider prospect from their lofty perches than the outposts on the
+      level ground. So too, when he dined or slept he had no fires burning in
+      the camp at night, but only a beacon kindled in front of the encampment to
+      prevent any unseen approach; and frequently in fine weather he put out to
+      sea immediately after the evening meal, when, if the breeze favoured, they
+      ran along and took their rest simultaneously, or if they depended on oars
+      he gave his mariners repose by turns. During the voyage in daytime he
+      would at one time signal to "sail in column," and at another signal
+      "abreast in line." So that whilst they prosecuted the voyage they at the
+      same time became (both as to theory and practice) well versed in all the
+      details of an engagement before they reached the open sea&mdash;a sea, as
+      they imagined, occupied by their foes. For the most part they breakfasted
+      and dined on hostile territory; but as he confined himself to bare
+      necessaries he was always too quick for the enemy. Before the hostile
+      reinforcement would come up he had finished his business and was out to
+      sea again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the date of Mnasippus's death he chanced to be off Sphagiae in Laconian
+      territory. Reaching Elis, and coasting past the mouth of the Alpheus, he
+      came to moorings under Cape Ichthus, (15) as it is called. The next day he
+      put out from that port for Cephallenia, so drawing up his line and
+      conducting the voyage that he might be prepared in every detail to engage
+      if necessary. The tale about Mnasippus and his demise had reached him, but
+      he had not heard it from an eye-witness, and suspected that it might have
+      been invented to deceive him and throw him off his guard. He was therefore
+      on the look-out. It was, in fact, only on arrival in Cephallenia that he
+      learned the news in an explicit form, and gave his troops rest.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) Cape Fish, mod. Cape Katakolon, protecting harbour of Pyrgos in
+    Elis.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I am well aware that all these details of practice and manouvring are
+      customary in anticipation of a sea-fight, but what I single out for praise
+      in the case before us is the skill with which the Athenian admiral
+      attained a twofold object. Bearing in mind that it was his duty to reach a
+      certain point at which he expected to fight a naval battle without delay,
+      it was a happy discovery on his part not to allow tactical skill, on the
+      one hand, to be sacrificed to the pace of sailing, (16) nor, on the other,
+      the need of training to interfere with the date of arrival.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) Lit. "the voyage."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After reducing the towns of Cephallenia, Iphicrates sailed to Corcyra.
+      There the first news he heard was that the triremes sent by Dionysius were
+      expected to relieve the Lacedaemonians. On receipt of this information he
+      set off in person and surveyed the country, in order to find a spot from
+      which it would be possible to see the vessels approaching and to signal to
+      the city. Here he stationed his look-out men. A code of signals was agreed
+      upon to signify "vessels in sight," "mooring," etc.; which done he gave
+      his orders to twenty of his captains of men-of-war who were to follow him
+      at a given word of command. Any one who failed to follow him must not
+      grumble at the penalty; that he warned them. Presently the vessels were
+      signalled approaching; the word of command was given, and then the
+      enthusiasm was a sight to see&mdash;every man of the crews told off for
+      the expedition racing to join his ship and embark. Sailing to the point
+      where the enemy's vessels lay, he had no difficulty in capturing the
+      crews, who had disembarked from all the ships with one exception. The
+      exception was that of Melanippus the Rhodian, who had advised the other
+      captains not to stop at this point, and had then manned his own vessel and
+      sailed off. Thus he encountered the ships of Iphicrates, but contrived to
+      slip through his fingers, while the whole of the Syracusan vessels were
+      captured, crews and all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having cut the beaks off the prows, Iphicrates bore down into the harbour
+      of Corcyra with the captured triremes in tow. With the captive crews
+      themselves he came to an agreement that each should pay a fixed sum as
+      ransom, with one exception, that of Crinippus, their commander. Him he
+      kept under guard, with the intention apparently of exacting a handsome sum
+      in his case or else of selling him. The prisoner, however, from vexation
+      of spirit, put an end to his own life. The rest were sent about their
+      business by Iphicrates, who accepted the Corcyraeans as sureties for the
+      money. His own sailors he supported for the most part as labourers on the
+      lands of the Corcyraeans, while at the head of his light infantry and the
+      hoplites of the contingent he crossed over into Acarnania, and there lent
+      his aid to any friendly state that needed his services; besides which he
+      went to war with the Thyrians, (17) a sturdy race of warriors in
+      possession of a strong fortress.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) Thyreum (or Thyrium), in Acarnania, a chief city at the time of
+    the Roman wars in Greece; and according to Polybius (xxxviii. 5),
+    a meeting-place of the League on one occasion. See "Dict. Anct.
+    Geog." s.v.; Freeman, op. cit. iv. 148; cf. Paus. IV. xxvi. 3, in
+    reference to the Messenians and Naupactus; Grote, "H. G." x. 212.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 372. Having attached to his squadron the navy also of Corcyra, with a
+      fleet numbering now about ninety ships he set sail, in the first instance
+      to Cephallenia, where he exacted money&mdash;which was in some cases
+      voluntarily paid, in others forcibly extorted. In the next place he began
+      making preparations partly to harass the territory of the Lacedaemonians,
+      and partly to win over voluntarily the other states in that quarter which
+      were hostile to Athens; or in case of refusal to go to war with them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The whole conduct of the campaign reflects, I think, the highest credit on
+      Iphicrates. If his strategy was admirable, so too was the instinct which
+      led him to advise the association with himself of two such colleagues as
+      Callistratus and Chabrias&mdash;the former a popular orator but no great
+      friend of himself politically, (18) the other a man of high military
+      reputation. Either he looked upon them as men of unusual sagacity, and
+      wished to profit by their advice, in which case I commend the good sense
+      of the arrangement, or they were, in his belief, antagonists, in which
+      case the determination to approve himself a consummate general, neither
+      indolent nor incautious, was bold, I admit, but indicative of a laudable
+      self-confidence. Here, however, we must part with Iphicrates and his
+      achievements to return to Athens.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Reading with the MSS. {ou mala epitedeion onta}. See Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 206. Boeckh ("P. E. A.," trans. Cornewall Lewis, p. 419)
+    wished to read {eu mala} for {ou mala k.t.l.}, in which case
+    translate "the former a popular orator, and a man of singular
+    capacity"; and for {epitedeion} in that sense, see "Hipparch." i.
+    8; for {eu mala}, see "Hipparch." i. 25. For details concerning
+    Callistratus, see Dindorf, op. cit. note ad. loc.; Curtius, "H.
+    G." iv. 367, 381 foll., v. 90. For Chabrias, Rehdantz, op. cit. In
+    the next sentence I have again adhered to the reading of the MSS.,
+    but the passage is commonly regarded as corrupt; see Otto Keller,
+    op. cit. p. 215 for various emendations.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Athenians, forced to witness the expatriation from Boeotia of their
+      friends the Plataeans (who had sought an asylum with themselves), forced
+      also to listen to the supplications of the Thespiaeans (who begged them
+      not to suffer them to be robbed of their city), could no longer regard the
+      Thebans with favour; (1) though, when it came to a direct declaration of
+      war, they were checked in part by a feeling of shame, and partly by
+      considerations of expediency. Still, to go hand in hand with them, to be a
+      party to their proceedings, this they absolutely refused, now that they
+      saw them marching against time-honoured friends of the city like the
+      Phocians, and blotting out states whose loyalty in the great Persian war
+      was conspicuous no less than their friendship to Athens. Accordingly the
+      People passed a decree to make peace; but in the first instance they sent
+      an embassy to Thebes, inviting that state to join them if it pleased them
+      on an embassy which they proposed to send to Lacedaemon to treat of peace.
+      In the next place they despatched such an embassy on their own account.
+      Among the commissioners appointed were Callias the son of Hipponicus,
+      Autocles the son of Strombichides, Demostratus the son of Aristophon,
+      Aristocles, Cephisodotus, (2) Melanopus, and Lycaethus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Plataea destroyed in B.C. 373. See Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 397.
+
+ (2) See below, "Hell." VII. i. 12; Hicks, 87.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 371. (These were formally introduced to the Deputies of the
+      Lacedaemonians and the allies. (3)) Nor ought the name of Callistratus to
+      be omitted. That statesman and orator was present. He had obtained
+      furlough from Iphicrates on an undertaking either to send money for the
+      fleet or to arrange a peace. Hence his arrival in Athens and transactions
+      in behalf of peace. After being introduced to the assembly (4) of the
+      Lacedaemonians and to the allies, Callias, (5) who was the dadouchos (or
+      torch-holder) in the mysteries, made the first speech. He was a man just
+      as well pleased to praise himself as to hear himself praised by others. He
+      opened the proceedings as follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) The bracketed words read like an annotator's comment, or possibly
+    they are a note by the author.
+
+ (4) See above, "Hell." II. iv. 38.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." IV. v. 13; Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.;
+    Xen. "Symp."; Plat. "Protag."; Andoc. "de Myst." If this is one
+    and the same person he must have been an elderly man at this date,
+    371 B.C.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Lacedaemonians, the duty of representing you as proxenos at Athens is a
+      privilege which I am not the first member of my family to enjoy; my
+      father's father held it as an heirloom of our family and handed it down as
+      a heritage to his descendants. If you will permit me, I should like to
+      show you the disposition of my fatherland towards yourselves. If in times
+      of war she chooses us as her generals, so when her heart is set upon quiet
+      she sends us out as her messengers of peace. I myself have twice already
+      (6) stood here to treat for conclusion of war, and on both embassies
+      succeeded in arranging a mutually agreeable peace. Now for the third time
+      I am come, and I flatter myself that to-day again I shall obtain a
+      reconciliation, and on grounds exceptionally just. My eyes bear witness
+      that our hearts are in accord; you and we alike are pained at the
+      effacement of Plataeae and Thespiae. Is it not then reasonable that out of
+      agreement should spring concord rather than discord? It is never the part,
+      I take it, of wise men to raise the standard of war for the sake of petty
+      differences; but where there is nothing but unanimity they must be
+      marvellous folk who refuse the bond of peace. But I go further. It were
+      just and right on our parts even to refuse to bear arms against each
+      other; since, as the story runs, the first strangers to whom our
+      forefather Triptolemus showed the unspeakable mystic rites of Demeter and
+      Core, the mother and the maiden, were your ancestors;&mdash;I speak of
+      Heracles, the first founder of your state, and of your two citizens, the
+      great twin sons of Zeus&mdash;and to Peloponnesus first he gave as a gift
+      the seed of Demeter's corn-fruits. How, then, can it be just or right
+      either that you should come and ravage the corn crops of those from whom
+      you got the sacred seed of corn, or that we should not desire that they to
+      whom the gift was given should share abundantly of this boon? But if, as
+      it would seem, it is a fixed decree of heaven that war shall never cease
+      among men, yet ought we&mdash;your people and our people&mdash;to be as
+      slow as possible to begin it, and being in it, as swift as possible to
+      bring it to an end."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) B.C. 387 and 374; see Curtius, "H. G." vol. iv. p. 376 (Eng. ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After him Autocles (7) spoke: he was of repute as a versatile lawyer and
+      orator, and addressed the meeting as follows: "Lacedaemonians, I do not
+      conceal from myself that what I am about to say is not calculated to
+      please you, but it seems to me that, if you wish the friendship which we
+      are cementing to last as long as possible, we are wise to show each other
+      the underlying causes of our wars. Now, you are perpetually saying that
+      the states ought to be independent; but it is you yourselves who most of
+      all stand in the way of independence&mdash;your first and last stipulation
+      with the allied states being that they should follow you whithersoever you
+      choose to lead; and yet what has this principle of follow-my-leader got to
+      do with independent action? (8) Again, you pick quarrels without
+      consulting your allies, and lead them against those whom you account
+      enemies; so that in many cases, with all their vaunted independence, they
+      are forced to march against their greatest friends; and, what is still
+      more opposed to independence than all else, you are for ever setting up
+      here your decarchies and there your thirty commissioners, and your chief
+      aim in appointing these officers and governors seems to be, not that they
+      should fulfil their office and govern legally, but that they should be
+      able to keep the cities under their heels by sheer force. So that it looks
+      as if you delighted in despotisms rather than free constitutions. Let us
+      go back to the date (9) at which the Persian king enjoined the
+      independence of the states. At that time you made no secret of your
+      conviction that the Thebans, if they did not suffer each state to govern
+      itself and to use the laws of its own choice, would be failing to act in
+      the spirit of the king's rescript. But no sooner had you got hold of
+      Cadmeia than you would not suffer the Thebans themselves to be
+      independent. Now, if the maintenance of friendship be an object, it is no
+      use for people to claim justice from others while they themselves are
+      doing all they can to prove the selfishness of their aims."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) For the political views of Autocles, see Curtius, "H. G." iv. 387,
+    v. 94 (Eng. tr.); see also Grote, "H. G." x. 225.
+
+ (8) Or, "what consistency is there between these precepts of yours and
+    political independence?"
+
+ (9) Sixteen years before&mdash;B.C. 387. See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 5.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These remarks were received in absolute silence, yet in the hearts of
+      those who were annoyed with Lacedaemon they stirred pleasure. After
+      Autocles spoke Callistratus: "Trespasses, men of Lacedaemon, have been
+      committed on both sides, yours and ours, I am free to confess; but still
+      it is not my view that because a man has done wrong we can never again
+      have dealings with him. Experience tells me that no man can go very far
+      without a slip, and it seems to me that sometimes the transgressor by
+      reason of his transgression becomes more tractable, especially if he be
+      chastened through the error he has committed, as has been the case with
+      us. And so on your own case I see that ungenerous acts have sometimes
+      reaped their own proper reward: blow has been met by counter-blow; and as
+      a specimen I take the seizure of the Cadmeia in Thebes. To-day, at any
+      rate, the very cities whose independence you strove for have, since your
+      unrighteous treatment of Thebes, fallen one and all of them again into her
+      power. (10) We are schooled now, both of us, to know that grasping brings
+      not gain. We are prepared, I hope, to be once more moderate under the
+      influence of a mutual friendship. Some, I know, in their desire to render
+      our peace (11) abortive accuse us falsely, as though we were come hither,
+      not seeking friendship, but because we dread the arrival of some (12)
+      Antalcidas with moneys from the king. But consider, what arrant nonsense
+      they talk! Was it not, pray, the great king who demanded that all the
+      states in Hellas should be independent? and what have we Athenians, who
+      are in full agreement with the king, both in word and deed, to fear from
+      him? Or is it conceivable that he prefers spending money in making others
+      great to finding his favourite projects realised without expense?
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Reading, with Breitenbach and Hartman, {as} instead of {os
+    espoudasate k.t.l.}
+
+ (11) Or, more lit. "to avert the peace" as an ill-omened thing.
+
+ (12) Without inserting {tis}, as Hartman proposes ("An. Xen." p. 387),
+    that, I think, is the sense. Antalcidas is the arch-diplomat&mdash;a
+    name to conjure with, like that of Bismarck in modern European
+    politics. But see Grote, "H. G." x. 213, note 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Well! what is it really that has brought us here? No especial need or
+      difficulty in our affairs. That you may discover by a glance at our
+      maritime condition, or, if you prefer, at the present posture of our
+      affairs on land. Well, then, how does the matter stand? It is obvious that
+      some of our allies please us no better than they please you; (13) and,
+      possibly, in return for your former preservation of us, we may be credited
+      with a desire to point out to you the soundness of our policy.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See, for this corrupt passage, Otto Keller, op. cit. p. 219;
+    Hartman, op. cit. p. 387; and Breitenbach, n. ad loc. In the next
+    sentence I should like to adopt Hartman's emendation (ib.) {on
+    orthos egnote} for the MSS. {a orthos egnomen}, and translate "we
+    may like to prove to you the soundness of your policy at the
+    time." For the "preservation" referred to, see below, VI. v. 35,
+    and above, II. ii. 20.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But, to revert once more to the topic of expediency and common interests.
+      It is admitted, I presume, that, looking at the states collectively, half
+      support your views, half ours; and in every single state one party is for
+      Sparta and another for Athens. Suppose, then, we were to shake hands, from
+      what quarter can we reasonably anticipate danger and trouble? To put the
+      case in so many words, so long as you are our friends no one can vex us by
+      land; no one, whilst we are your supports, can injure you by sea. Wars
+      like tempests gather and grow to a head from time to time, and again they
+      are dispelled. That we all know. Some future day, if not to-day, we shall
+      crave, both of us, for peace. Why, then, need we wait for that moment,
+      holding on until we expire under the multitude of our ills, rather than
+      take time by the forelock and, before some irremediable mischief betide,
+      make peace? I cannot admire the man who, because he has entered the lists
+      and has scored many a victory and obtained to himself renown, is so eaten
+      up with the spirit of rivalry that he must needs go on until he is beaten
+      and all his training is made futile. Nor again do I praise the gambler
+      who, if he makes one good stroke of luck, insists on doubling the stakes.
+      Such conduct in the majority of cases must end in absolute collapse. Let
+      us lay the lesson of these to heart, and forbear to enter into any such
+      lists as theirs for life or death; but, while we are yet in the heyday of
+      our strength and fortune, shake hands in mutual amity. So assuredly shall
+      we through you and you through us attain to an unprecedented pinnacle of
+      glory throughout Hellas."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The arguments of the speakers were approved, and the Lacedaemonians passed
+      a resolution to accept peace on a threefold basis: the withdrawal of the
+      governors from the cities, (14) the disbanding of armaments naval and
+      military, and the guarantee of independence to the states. "If any state
+      transgressed these stipulations, it lay at the option of any power
+      whatsoever to aid the states so injured, while, conversely, to bring such
+      aid was not compulsory on any power against its will." On these terms the
+      oaths were administered and accepted by the Lacedaemonians on behalf of
+      themselves and their allies, and by the Athenians and their allies
+      separately state by state. The Thebans had entered their individual name
+      among the states which accepted the oaths, but their ambassadors came the
+      next day with instructions to alter the name of the signatories,
+      substituting for Thebans Boeotians. (15) But Agesilaus answered to this
+      demand that he would alter nothing of what they had in the first instance
+      sworn to and subscribed. If they did not wish to be included in the
+      treaty, he was willing to erase their name at their bidding. So it came to
+      pass that the rest of the world made peace, the sole point of dispute
+      being confined to the Thebans; and the Athenians came to the conclusion
+      that there was a fair prospect of the Thebans being now literally
+      decimated. (16) As to the Thebans themselves, they retired from Sparta in
+      utter despondency.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) Grote ("H. G." x. 236) thinks that Diod. xv. 38 ({exagogeis})
+    belongs to this time, not to the peace between Athens and Sparta
+    in 374 B.C.
+
+ (15) See, for a clear explanation of the matter, Freeman, "Hist. Red.
+    Gov." iv. p. 175, note 3, in reference to Grote, ib. x. 231 note,
+    and Paus. IX. xiii. 2; Plut. "Ages." 28; Thirlwall, "H. G." v. p
+    69 note.
+
+ (16) Or, "as the saying is, taken and tithed." See below, VI. v. 35,
+    and for the origin of the saying, Herod. vii. 132.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In consequence of the peace the Athenians proceeded to withdraw their
+      garrisons from the different sates, and sent to recall Iphicrates with his
+      fleet; besides which they forced him to restore everything captured
+      subsequently to the late solemn undertaking at Lacedaemon. The
+      Lacedaemonians acted differently. Although they withdrew their governors
+      and garrisons from the other states, in Phocis they did not do so. Here
+      Cleombrotus was quartered with his army, and had sent to ask directions
+      from the home authorities. A speaker, Prothous, maintained that their
+      business was to disband the army in accordance with their oaths, and then
+      to send round invitations to the states to contribute what each felt
+      individually disposed, and lay such sum in the temple of Apollo; after
+      which, if any attempt to hinder the independence of the states on any side
+      were manifested, it would be time enough then again to invite all who
+      cared to protect the principle of autonomy to march against its opponents.
+      "In this way," he added, "I think the goodwill of heaven will be secured,
+      and the states will suffer least annoyance." But the Assembly, on hearing
+      these views, agreed that this man was talking nonsense. Puppets in the
+      hands of fate! (1) An unseen power, it would seem, was already driving
+      them onwards; so they sent instructions to Cleombrotus not to disband the
+      army, but to march straight against the Thebans if they refused to
+      recognise the autonomy of the states. (Cleombrotus, it is understood, had,
+      on hearing the news of the establishment of peace, sent to the ephorate to
+      ask for guidance; and then they sent him the above instructions, bidding
+      him under the circumstances named to march upon Thebes. (2))
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Grote, "H. G." x. 237: "The miso-Theban impulse now drove them
+    on with a fury which overcame all other thoughts... a
+    misguiding inspiration sent by the gods&mdash;like that of the Homeric
+    Ate."
+
+ (2) This passage reads like an earlier version for which the above was
+    substituted by the author.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Spartan king soon perceived that, so far from leaving the Boeotian
+      states their autonomy, the Thebans were not even preparing to disband
+      their army, clearly in view of a general engagement; he therefore felt
+      justified in marching his troops into Boeotia. The point of ingress which
+      he adopted was not that which the Thebans anticipated from Phocis, and
+      where they were keeping guard at a defile; but, marching through Thisbae
+      by a mountainous and unsuspected route, he arrived before Creusis, taking
+      that fortress and capturing twelve Theban war-vessels besides. After this
+      achievement he advanced from the seaboard and encamped in Leuctra on
+      Thespian territory. The Thebans encamped in a rising ground immediately
+      opposite at no great distance, and were supported by no allies except the
+      Boeotians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this juncture the friends of Cleombrotus came to him and urged upon him
+      strong reasons for delivering battle. "If you let the Thebans escape
+      without a battle," they said, "you will run great risks of suffering the
+      extreme penalty at the hands of the state. People will call to mind
+      against you the time when you reached Cynoscephelae and did not ravage a
+      square foot of Theban territory; and again, a subsequent expedition when
+      you were driven back foiled in your attempt to make an entry into the
+      enemy's country&mdash;while Agesilaus on each occasion found his entry by
+      Mount Cithaeron. If then you have any care for yourself, or any attachment
+      to your fatherland, march you against the enemy." That was what his
+      friends urged. As to his opponents, what they said was, "Now our fine
+      friend will show whether he really is so concerned on behalf of the
+      Thebans as he is said to be."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cleombrotus, with these words ringing in his ears, felt driven (3) to join
+      battle. On their side the leaders of Thebes calculated that, if they did
+      not fight, their provincial cities (4) would hold aloof from them and
+      Thebes itself would be besieged; while, if the commonalty of Thebes failed
+      to get supplies, there was every prospect that the city itself would turn
+      against them; and, seeing that many of them had already tasted the
+      bitterness of exile, they came to the conclusion that it was better for
+      them to die on the field of battle than to renew that experience. Besides
+      this they were somewhat encouraged by the recital of an oracle which
+      predicted that the Lacedaemonians would be defeated on the spot where the
+      monument of the maidens stood, who, as the story goes, being violated by
+      certain Lacedaemonians, had slain themselves. (5) This sepulchral monument
+      the Thebans decked with ornaments before the battle. Furthermore, tidings
+      were brought them from the city that all the temples had opened of their
+      own accord; and the priestesses asserted that the gods revealed victory.
+      Again, from the Heracleion men said that the arms had disappeared, as
+      though Heracles himself had sallied forth to battle. It is true that
+      another interpretation (6) of these marvels made them out to be one and
+      all the artifices of the leaders of Thebes. However this may be,
+      everything in the battle turned out adverse to the Lacedaemonians; while
+      fortune herself lent aid to the Thebans and crowned their efforts with
+      success. Cleombrotus held his last council "whether to fight or not,"
+      after the morning meal. In the heat of noon a little goes a long way; and
+      the people said that it took a somewhat provocative effect on their
+      spirits. (7)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "was provoked."
+
+ (4) Lit. "perioecid." See Thuc. iv. 76, Arnold's note, and "Hell." V.
+    iv. 46, 63.
+
+ (5) See Diod. xv. 54; Paus. IX. xiii. 3; Plut. "Pelop." xx.
+
+ (6) Or, "it is true that some people made out these marvels."
+
+ (7) Or, "they were somewhat excited by it."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Both sides were now arming, and there was the unmistakeable signs of
+      approaching battle, when, as the first incident, there issued from the
+      Boeotian lines a long train bent on departure&mdash;these were the
+      furnishers of the market, a detachment of baggage bearers, and in general
+      such people as had no inclination to join in the fight. These were met on
+      their retreat and attacked by the mercenary troops under Hiero, who got
+      round them by a circular movement. (8) The mercenaries were supported by
+      the Phocian light infantry and some squadrons of Heracleot and Phliasian
+      cavalry, who fell upon the retiring train and turned them back, pursuing
+      them and driving them into the camp of the Boeotians. The immediate effect
+      was to make the Boeotian portion of the army more numerous and closer
+      packed than before. The next feature of the combat was that in consequence
+      of the flat space of plain (9) between the opposing armies, the
+      Lacedaemonians posted their cavalry in front of their squares of infantry,
+      and the Thebans followed suit. Only there was this difference&mdash;the
+      Theban cavalry was in a high state of training and efficiency, owing to
+      their war with the Orchomenians and again their war with Thespiae, whilst
+      the cavalry of the Lacedaemonians was at its worst at this period. (10)
+      The horses were reared and kept by the wealthiest members of the state;
+      but whenever the ban was called out, an appointed trooper appeared who
+      took the horse with any sort of arms which might be presented to him, and
+      set off on the expedition at a moment's notice. Moreover, these troopers
+      were the least able-bodied of the men: raw recruits set simply astride
+      their horses, and devoid of soldierly ambition. Such was the cavalry of
+      either antagonist.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Or, "surrounded them."
+
+ (9) See Rustow and Kochly, op. cit. p. 173.
+
+ (10) See "Hipparch." ix. 4; also "Cyrop." VIII. viii.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The heavy infantry of the Lacedaemonians, it is said, advanced by sections
+      three files abreast, (11) allowing a total depth to the whole line of not
+      more than twelve. The Thebans were formed in close order of not less than
+      fifty shields deep, calculating that victory gained over the king's
+      division of the army implied the easy conquest of the rest.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) It would appear that the "enomoty" (section) numbered thirty-six
+    files. See "Pol. Lac." xi. 4; xiii. 4. For further details as to
+    the tactical order of the Thebans, see Diod. xv. 55; Plut.
+    "Pelop." xxiii.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Cleombrotus had hardly begun to lead his division against the foe when,
+      before in fact the troops with him were aware of his advance, the cavalry
+      had already come into collision, and that of the Lacedaemonians was
+      speedily worsted. In their flight they became involved with their own
+      heavy infantry; and to make matters worse, the Theban regiments were
+      already attacking vigorously. Still strong evidence exists for supposing
+      that Cleombrotus and his division were, in the first instance, victorious
+      in the battle, if we consider the fact that they could never have picked
+      him up and brought him back alive unless his vanguard had been masters of
+      the situation for the moment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When, however, Deinon the polemarch and Sphodrias, a member of the king's
+      council, with his son Cleonymus, (12) had fallen, then it was that the
+      cavalry and the polemarch's adjutants, (13) as they are called, with the
+      rest, under pressure of the mass against them, began retreating; and the
+      left wing of the Lacedaemonians, seeing the right borne down in this way,
+      also swerved. Still, in spite of the numbers slain, and broken as they
+      were, as soon as they had crossed the trench which protected their camp in
+      front, they grounded arms on the spot (14) whence they had rushed to
+      battle. This camp, it must be borne in mind, did not lie at all on the
+      level, but was pitched on a somewhat steep incline. At this juncture there
+      were some of the Lacedaemonians who, looking upon such a disaster as
+      intolerable, maintained that they ought to prevent the enemy from erecting
+      a trophy, and try to recover the dead not under a flag of truce but by
+      another battle. The polemarchs, however, seeing that nearly a thousand men
+      of the total Lacedaemonian troops were slain; seeing also that of the
+      seven hundred Spartans themselves who were on the field something like
+      four hundred lay dead; (15) aware, further, of the despondency which
+      reigned among the allies, and the general disinclination on their parts to
+      fight longer (a frame of mind not far removed in some instances from
+      positive satisfaction at what had taken place)&mdash;under the
+      circumstances, I say, the polemarchs called a council of the ablest
+      representatives of the shattered army (16) and deliberated as to what
+      should be done. Finally the unanimous opinion was to pick up the dead
+      under a flag of truce, and they sent a herald to treat for terms. The
+      Thebans after that set up a trophy and gave back the bodies under a truce.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) See above, V. iv. 33.
+
+ (13) {sumphoreis}. For the readings of this corrupt passage see Otto
+    Keller.
+
+ (14) Or, "in orderly way." See Curt. "H. G." iv. 400.
+
+ (15) See "Ages." ii. 24.
+
+ (16) {tous epikairiotatous}. See above, III. iii. 10; "Cyrop." VII.
+    iv. 4; VIII. iv. 32, vi. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After these events, a messenger was despatched to Lacedaemon with news of
+      the calamity. He reached his destination on the last day of the
+      gymnopaediae, (17) just when the chorus of grown men had entered the
+      theatre. The ephors heard the mournful tidings not without grief and pain,
+      as needs they must, I take it; but for all that they did not dismiss the
+      chorus, but allowed the contest to run out its natural course. What they
+      did was to deliver the names of those who had fallen to their friends and
+      families, with a word of warning to the women not to make any loud
+      lamentations but to bear their sorrow in silence; and the next day it was
+      a striking spectacle to see those who had relations among the slain moving
+      to and fro in public with bright and radiant looks, whilst of those whose
+      friends were reported to be living barely a man was to be seen, and these
+      flitted by with lowered heads and scowling brows, as if in humiliation.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (17) The festival was celebrated annually about midsummer. See Herod.
+    vi. 67; Thuc. v. 82, and Arnold's note; Pollux. iv. 105; Athen.
+    xiv. 30, xv. 22; Muller, "Dorians," ii. 389.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this the ephors proceeded to call out the ban, including the
+      forty-years-service men of the two remaining regiments; (18) and they
+      proceeded further to despatch the reserves of the same age belonging to
+      the six regiments already on foreign service. Hitherto the Phocian
+      campaign had only drawn upon the thirty-five-years-service list. Besides
+      these they now ordered out on active service the troops retained at the
+      beginning of the campaign in attendance on the magistrates at the
+      government offices. Agesilaus being still disabled by his infirmity, the
+      city imposed the duty of command upon his son Archidamus. The new general
+      found eager co-operators in the men of Tegea. The friends of Stasippus at
+      this date were still living, (19) and they were stanch in their
+      Lacedaemonian proclivities, and wielded considerable power in their state.
+      Not less stoutly did the Mantineans from their villages under their
+      aristocratic form of government flock to the Spartan standard. Besides
+      Tegea and Mantinea, the Corinthians and Sicyonians, the Phliasians and
+      Achaeans were equally enthusiastic to joining the campaign, whilst other
+      states sent out soldiers. Then came the fitting out and manning of ships
+      of war on the part of the Lacedaemonians themselves and of the
+      Corinthians, whilst the Sicyonians were requested to furnish a supply of
+      vessels on board of which it was proposed to transport the army across the
+      gulf. And so, finally, Archidamus was able to offer the sacrifices usual
+      at the moment of crossing the frontier. But to return to Thebes.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) I.e. every one up to fifty-eight years of age.
+
+ (19) See below, VI. v. 9.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Immediately after the battle the Thebans sent a messenger to Athens
+      wearing a chaplet. Whilst insisting on the magnitude of the victory they
+      at the same time called upon the Athenians to send them aid, for now the
+      opportunity had come to wreak vengeance on the Lacedaemonians for all the
+      evil they had done to Athens. As it chanced, the senate of the Athenians
+      was holding a session on the Acropolis. As soon as the news was reported,
+      the annoyance caused by its announcement was unmistakeable. They neither
+      invited the herald to accept of hospitality nor sent back one word in
+      reply to the request for assistance. And so the herald turned his back on
+      Athens and departed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But there was Jason still to look to, and he was their ally. To him then
+      the Thebans sent, and earnestly besought his aid, their thoughts running
+      on the possible turn which events might take. Jason on his side at once
+      proceeded to man a fleet, with the apparent intention of sending
+      assistance by sea, besides which he got together his foreign brigade and
+      his own cavalry; and although the Phocians and he were implacable enemies,
+      (20) he marched through their territory to Boeotia. Appearing like a
+      vision to many of the states before his approach was even announced&mdash;at
+      any rate before levies could be mustered from a dozen different points&mdash;he
+      had stolen a march upon them and was a long way ahead, giving proof that
+      expedition is sometimes a better tool to work with than sheer force.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) Or, "though the Phocians maintained a war 'a outrance' with him."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When he arrived in Boeotia the Thebans urged upon him that now was the
+      right moment to attack the Lacedaemonians: he with his foreign brigade
+      from the upper ground, they face to face in front; but Jason dissuaded
+      them from their intention. He reminded them that after a noble achievement
+      won it was not worth their while to play for so high a stake, involving a
+      still greater achievement or else the loss of victory already gained. "Do
+      you not see," he urged, "that your success followed close on the heels of
+      necessity? You ought then to reflect that the Lacedaemonians in their
+      distress, with a choice between life and death, will fight it out with
+      reckless desperation. Providence, as it seems, ofttimes delights to make
+      the little ones great and the great ones small." (21)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (21) Cf. "Anab." III. ii. 10.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      By such arguments he diverted the Thebans from the desperate adventure.
+      But for the Lacedaemonians also he had words of advice, insisting on the
+      difference between an army defeated and an army flushed with victory. "If
+      you are minded," he said, "to forget this disaster, my advice to you is to
+      take time to recover breath and recruit your energies. When you have grown
+      stronger then give battle to these unconquered veterans. (22) At present,"
+      he continued, "you know without my telling you that among your own allies
+      there are some who are already discussing terms of friendship with your
+      foes. My advice is this: by all means endeavour to obtain a truce. This,"
+      he added, "is my own ambition: I want to save you, on the ground of my
+      father's friendship with yourselves, and as being myself your
+      representative." (23) Such was the tenor of his speech, but the secret of
+      action was perhaps to be found in a desire to make these mutual
+      antagonists put their dependence on himself alone. Whatever his motive,
+      the Lacedaemonians took his advice, and commissioned him to procure a
+      truce.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) Or, "the invincibles."
+
+ (23) Lit. "your proxenos."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the news arrived that the terms were arranged, the polemarchs
+      passed an order round: the troops were to take their evening meal, get
+      their kit together, and be ready to set off that night, so as to scale the
+      passes of Cithaeron by next morning. After supper, before the hour of
+      sleep, the order to march was given, and with the generals at their head
+      the troops advanced as the shades of evening fell, along the road to
+      Creusis, trusting rather to the chance of their escaping notice, than to
+      the truce itself. It was weary marching in the dead of night, making their
+      retreat in fear, and along a difficult road, until they fell in with
+      Archidamus's army of relief. At this point, then, Archidamus waited till
+      all the allies had arrived, and so led the whole of the united armies back
+      to Corinth, from which point he dismissed the allies and led his
+      fellow-citizens home.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Jason took his departure from Boeotia through Phocis, where he captured
+      the suburbs of Hyampolis (24) and ravaged the country districts, putting
+      many to the sword. Content with this, he traversed the rest of Phocis
+      without meddling or making. Arrived at Heraclea, (25) he knocked down the
+      fortress of the Heracleots, showing that he was not troubled by any
+      apprehension lest when the pass was thrown open somebody or other might
+      march against his own power at some future date. Rather was he haunted by
+      the notion that some one or other might one day seize Heraclea, which
+      commanded the pass, and bar his passage into Hellas&mdash;should Hellas
+      ever be his goal. (26) At the moment of his return to Thessaly he had
+      reached the zenith of his greatness. He was the lawfully constituted
+      Prince (27) of Thessaly, and he had under him a large mercenary force of
+      infantry and cavalry, and all in the highest perfection of training. For
+      this twofold reason he might claim the title great. But he was still
+      greater as the head of a vast alliance. Those who were prepared to fight
+      his battles were numerous, and he might still count upon the help of many
+      more eager to do so; but I call Jason greatest among his contemporaries,
+      because not one among them could afford to look down upon him. (28)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) An ancient town in Phocis (see Hom. "Il." ii. 521) on the road
+    leading from Orchomenus to Opus, and commanding a pass from Locris
+    into Phocis and Boeotia. See Herod. viii. 28; Paus. ix. 35, S. 5;
+    Strab. ix. 424; "Dict. of Geog." s.v.
+
+ (25) Or, "Heracleia Trachinia," a fortress city founded (as a colony)
+    by the Lacedaemonians in B.C. 426, to command the approach to
+    Thermopylae from Thessaly, and to protect the Trachinians and the
+    neighbouring Dorians from the Oetean mountaineers. See "Dict. of
+    Geog." "Trachis"; Thuc. iii. 92, 93, v. 51, 52; Diod. xii. 59.
+
+ (26) B.C. 370. The following sections 28-37 form an episode concerning
+    Thessalian affairs between B.C. 370 and B.C. 359.
+
+ (27) Lit. "Tagos."
+
+ (28) For a similar verbal climax see below, VI. v. 47.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 370. The Pythian games were now approaching, and an order went round
+      the cities from Jason to make preparation for the solemn sacrifice of
+      oxen, sheep and goats, and swine. It was reported that although the
+      requisitions upon the several cities were moderate, the number of beeves
+      did not fall short of a thousand, while the rest of the sacrificial beasts
+      exceeded ten times that number. He issued a proclamation also to this
+      effect: a golden wreath of victory should be given to whichever city could
+      produce the best-bred bull to head the procession in honour of the god.
+      And lastly there was an order issued to all the Thessalians to be ready
+      for a campaign at the date of the Pythian games. His intention, as people
+      said, was to act as manager of the solemn assembly and games in person.
+      What the thought was that passed through his mind with reference to the
+      sacred money, remains to this day uncertain; only, a tale is rife to the
+      effect that in answer to the inquiry of the Delphians, "What ought we to
+      do, if he takes any of the treasures of the god?" the god made answer, "He
+      would see to that himself." This great man, his brain teeming with vast
+      designs of this high sort, came now to his end. He had ordered a military
+      inspection. The cavalry of the Pheraeans were to pass muster before him.
+      He was already seated, delivering answers to all petitioners, when seven
+      striplings approached, quarrelling, as it seemed, about some matter.
+      Suddenly by these seven the Prince was despatched; his throat gashed, his
+      body gored with wounds. Stoutly his guard rushed to the rescue with their
+      long spears, and one of the seven, while still in the act of aiming a blow
+      at Jason, was thrust through with a lance and died; a second, in the act
+      of mounting his horse, was caught, and dropped dead, the recipient of many
+      wounds. The rest leaped on the horses which they had ready waiting and
+      escaped. To whatever city of Hellas they came honours were almost
+      universally accorded them. The whole incident proves clearly that the
+      Hellenes stood in much alarm of Jason. They looked upon him as a tyrant in
+      embryo.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So Jason was dead; and his brothers Polydorus and Polyphron were appointed
+      princes (29) in his place. But of these twain, as they journeyed together
+      to Larissa, Polydorus was slain in the night, as he slept, by his brother
+      Polyphron, it was thought; since a death so sudden, without obvious cause,
+      could hardly be otherwise accounted for.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (29) Lit. "Tagoi."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Polyphron governed for a year, and by the year's end he had refashioned
+      his princedom into the likeness of a tyranny. In Pharsalus he put to death
+      Polydamas (30) and eight other of the best citizens; and from Larissa he
+      drove many into exile. But while he was thus employed, he, in his turn,
+      was done to death by Alexander, who slew him to avenge Polydorus and to
+      destroy the tyranny. This man now assumed the reins of office, and had no
+      sooner done so than he showed himself a harsh prince to the Thessalians:
+      harsh too and hostile to the Thebans and Athenians, (31) and an
+      unprincipled freebooter everywhere by land and by sea. But if that was his
+      character, he too was doomed to perish shortly. The perpetrators of the
+      deed were his wife's brothers. (32) The counsellor of it and the inspiring
+      soul was the wife herself. She it was who reported to them that Alexander
+      had designs against them; who hid them within the house a whole day; who
+      welcomed home her husband deep in his cups and laid him to rest, and then
+      while the lamp still burned brought out the prince's sword. It was she
+      also who, perceiving her brothers shrank bank, fearing to go in and attack
+      Alexander, said to them, "If you do not be quick and do the deed, I will
+      wake him up!" After they had gone in, she, too, it was who caught and
+      pulled to the door, clinging fast to the knocker till the breath was out
+      of her husband's body. (33) Her fierce hatred against the man is variously
+      explained. By some it was said to date from the day when Alexander, having
+      imprisoned his own favourite&mdash;who was a fair young stripling&mdash;when
+      his wife supplicated him to release the boy, brought him forth and stabbed
+      him in the throat. Others say it originated through his sending to Thebes
+      and seeking the hand of the wife of Jason in marriage, because his own
+      wife bore him no children. These are the various causes assigned to
+      explain the treason of his wife against him. Of the brothers who executed
+      it, the eldest, Tisiphonus, in virtue of his seniority accepted, and up to
+      the date of this history (34) succeeded in holding, the government.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (30) See above, VI. i. 2 foll.
+
+ (31) See Dem. "c. Aristocr." 120; Diod. xv. 60 foll.
+
+ (32) B.C. 359 or 358.
+
+ (33) The woman's name was Thebe. See Diod. xvi. 14; Cicero, "de
+    Inven." II. xlix. 144; "de Div." I. xxv. 52; "de Off." II. vii.
+    25; Ovid, "Ibis," iii. 21 foll.
+
+ (34) Or, "portion of my work;" lit. "argument," {logos}. See
+    {Kuprianos, Peri ton 'Ell}: p. 111.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The above is a sketch of Thessalian affairs, including the incidents
+      connected with Jason, and those subsequent to his death, down to the
+      government of Tisiphonus. I now return to the point at which we digressed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 371. Archidamus, after the relief of the army defeated at Leuctra,
+      had led back the united forces. When he was gone, the Athenians, impressed
+      by the fact that the Peloponessians still felt under an obligation to
+      follow the Lacedaemonians to the field, whilst Sparta herself was by no
+      means as yet reduced to a condition resembling that to which she had
+      reduced Athens, sent invitations to those states which cared to
+      participate in the peace authorised by the great king. (1) A congress met,
+      and they passed a resolution in conjunction with those who wished to make
+      common cause with them to bind themselves by oath as follows: "I will
+      abide by the treaty terms as conveyed in the king's rescript, as also by
+      the decrees of the Athenians and the allies. If any one marches against
+      any city among those which have accepted this oath, I will render
+      assistance to that city with all my strength." The oath gave general
+      satisfaction, the Eleians alone gainsaying its terms and protesting that
+      it was not right to make either the Marganians or the Scilluntians or the
+      Triphylians independent, since these cities belonged to them, and were a
+      part of Elis. (2) The Athenians, however, and the others passed the decree
+      in the precise language of the king's rescript: that all states&mdash;great
+      and small alike&mdash;were to be independent; and they sent out
+      administrators of the oath, and enjoined upon them to administer it to the
+      highest authorities in each state. This oath they all, with the exception
+      of the Eleians, swore to.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. in B.C. 387, the peace "of" Antalcidas. See Grote, "H. G." x.
+    274.
+
+ (2) See Busolt, op. cit. p. 186.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 371-370. As an immediate consequence of this agreement, the
+      Mantineans, on the assumption that they were now absolutely independent,
+      met in a body and passed a decree to make Mantinea into a single state and
+      to fortify the town. (3) The proceeding was not overlooked by the
+      Lacedaemonians, who thought it would be hard if this were done without
+      their consent. Accordingly they despatched Agesilaus as ambassador to the
+      Mantineans, choosing him as the recognised ancestral friend of that
+      people. When the ambassador arrived, however, the chief magistrates had no
+      inclination to summon a meeting of the commons to listen to him, but urged
+      him to make a statement of his wishes to themselves. He, on his side, was
+      ready to undertake for himself and in their interests that, if they would
+      at present desist from their fortification work, he would bring it about
+      that the defensive walls should be built with the sanction of Lacedaemon
+      and without cost. Their answer was, that it was impossible to hold back,
+      since a decree had been passed by the whole state of Mantinea to build at
+      once. Whereupon Agesilaus went off in high dudgeon; though as to sending
+      troops to stop them, (4) the idea seemed impracticable, as the peace was
+      based upon the principle of autonomy. Meanwhile the Mantineans received
+      help from several of the Arcadian states in the building of their walls;
+      and the Eleians contributed actually three talents (5) of silver to cover
+      the expense of their construction. And here leaving the Mantineans thus
+      engaged, we will turn to the men of Tegea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) For the restoration of Mantinea, see Freeman, "Fed. Gov." iv. p.
+    198; Grote, "H. G." x. 283 foll.
+
+ (4) See above, V. ii. 1, sub anno B.C. 386.
+
+ (5) = 731 pounds: 5 shillings. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 199.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      There were in Tegea two political parties. The one was the party of
+      Callibius and Proxenus, who were for drawing together the whole Arcadian
+      population in a confederacy, (6) in which all measures carried in the
+      common assembly should be held valid for the individual component states.
+      The programme of the other (Stasippus's) party was to leave Tegea
+      undisturbed and in the enjoyment of the old national laws. Perpetually
+      defeated in the Sacred College, (7) the party of Callibius and Proxenus
+      were persuaded that if only the commons met they would gain an easy
+      victory by an appeal to the multitude; and in this faith they proceeded to
+      march out the citizen soldiers. (8) At sight of this Stasippus and his
+      friends on their side armed in opposition, and proved not inferior in
+      numbers. The result was a collision and battle, in which Proxenus and some
+      few others with him were slain and the rest put to flight; though the
+      conquerors did not pursue, for Stasippus was a man who did not care to
+      stain his hands with the blood of his fellow-citizens. (9)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Although the historian does not recount the foundation of
+    Megalopolis (see Pausanias and Diodorus), the mention of the
+    common assembly of the League {en to koino} in this passage and,
+    still more, of the Ten Thousand (below, "Hell." VII. i. 38),
+    implies it. See Freeman, op. cit. iv. 197 foll.; Grote, "H. G." x.
+    306 foll., ii. 599; "Dict. of Geog." "Megalopolis." As to the date
+    of its foundation Pausanias (VIII. xxvii. 8) says "a few months
+    after the battle of Leuctra," before midsummer B.C. 370; Diodorus
+    (xv. 72) says B.C. 368. The great city was not built in a day.
+    Messene, according to Paus. IV. xxvii. 5, was founded between the
+    midsummers of B.C. 370 and B.C. 369.
+
+ (7) Lit. "in the Thearoi." For the Theari, see Thuc. v. 47, Arnold's
+    note; and "C. I. G." 1756 foll.; and for the revolution at Tegea
+    here recounted, see Grote, "H. G." x. 285 foll.
+
+ (8) Or, "they mustered under arms."
+
+ (9) Or, "opposed to a wholesale slaughter of the citizens."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Callibius and his friends had retired under the fortification walls and
+      gates facing Mantinea; but, as their opponents made no further attempts
+      against them, they here collected together and remained quiet. Some while
+      ago they had sent messages to the Mantineans demanding assistance, but now
+      they were ready to discuss terms of reconciliation with the party of
+      Stasippus. Presently they saw the Mantineans advancing; whereupon some of
+      them sprang to the walls, and began calling to them to bring succour with
+      all speed. With shouts they urged upon them to make haste, whilst others
+      threw open wide the gates to them. Stasippus and his party, perceiving
+      what was happening, poured out by the gates leading to Pallantium, (10)
+      and, outspeeding their pursuers, succeeded in reaching the temple of
+      Artemis, where they found shelter, and, shutting to the doors, kept quiet.
+      Following close upon their heels, however, their foes scaled the temple,
+      tore off the roof, and began striking them down with the tiles. They,
+      recognising that there was no choice, called upon their assailants to
+      desist, and undertook to come forth. Then their opponents, capturing them
+      like birds in a fowler's hand, bound them with chains, threw them on to
+      the prisoner's van, (11) and led them off to Tegea. Here with the
+      Mantineans they sentenced and put them to death.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Pallantium, one of the most ancient towns of Arcadia, in the
+    Maenalia (Paus. VIII. xliv. 5; Livy, i. 5), situated somewhat
+    south of the modern Tripolitza (see "Dict. of Anc. Geog."); like
+    Asea and Eutaea it helped to found Megalopolis (Paus. VIII. xxvii.
+    3, where for {'Iasaia} read {'Asea}); below, VII. v. 5; Busolt,
+    op. cit. p. 125.
+
+ (11) For the sequel of the matter, see above, "Hell." VI. iv. 18;
+    Busolt, op. cit. p. 134.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The outcome of these proceedings was the banishment to Lacedaemon of the
+      Tegeans who formed the party of Stasippus, numbering eight hundred; but as
+      a sequel to what had taken place, the Lacedaemonians determined that they
+      were bound by their oaths to aid the banished Tegeans and to avenge the
+      slain. With this purpose they marched against the Mantineans, on the
+      ground that they had violated their oaths in marching against Tegea with
+      an armed force. The ephors called out the ban and the state commanded
+      Agesilaus to head the expedition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile most of the Arcadian contingents were mustering at Asea. (12)
+      The Orchomenians not only refused to take part in the Arcadian league, on
+      account of their personal hatred to Mantinea, but had actually welcomed
+      within their city a mercenary force under Polytropus, which had been
+      collected at Corinth. The Mantineans themselves were forced to stay at
+      home to keep an eye on these. The men of Heraea and Lepreum made common
+      cause with the Lacedaemonians in a campaign against Mantinea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) Asea is placed by Leake ("Travels in Morea," i. 84; iii. 34) near
+    Frangovrysi, a little south of Pallantium.
+
+    Heraea, the most important town of Arcadia in the Cynuria, near
+    Elis, on the high road to Olympia, and commanding other main
+    roads. See Leake, "Peloponnesiaca," p. 1 foll.; "Morea," ii. 91.
+
+    Lepreum, chief town of the Triphylia (Herod. iv. 148, ix. 28;
+    Thuc. v. 31; above, III. ii. 25; Paus. V. v. 3; Polyb. iv. 77
+    foll.; Strab. viii. 345), near modern Strovitzi; Leake, "Morea,"
+    i. 56; Dodwell, "Tour," ii. 347.
+
+    Eutaea is placed by Leake between Asea and Pallantium at Barbitza
+    ("Morea," iii. 31); but see Grote, "H. G." x. 288.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Finding the frontier sacrifices favourable, Agesilaus began his march at
+      once upon Arcadia. He began by occupying the border city of Eutaea, where
+      he found the old men, women, and children dwelling in their houses, while
+      the rest of the population of a military age were off to join the Arcadian
+      league. In spite of this he did not stir a finger unjustly against the
+      city, but suffered the inhabitants to continue in their homes undisturbed.
+      The troops took all they needed, and paid for it in return; if any pillage
+      had occurred on his first entrance into the town, the property was hunted
+      up and restored by the Spartan king. Whilst awaiting the arrival of
+      Polytropus's mercenaries, he amused himself by repairing such portions of
+      their walls as necessity demanded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile the Mantineans had taken the field against Orchomenus; but from
+      the walls of that city the invaders had some difficulty in retiring, and
+      lost some of their men. On their retreat they found themselves in Elymia;
+      (13) here the heavy infantry of the Orchomenians ceased to follow them;
+      but Polytropus and his troops continued to assail their rear with much
+      audacity. At this conjuncture, seeing at a glance that either they must
+      beat back the foe or suffer their own men to be shot down, the Mantineans
+      turned right about and met the assailant in a hand-to-hand encounter.
+      Polytropus fell fighting on that battlefield; and of the rest who took to
+      flight, many would have shared his fate, but for the opportune arrival of
+      the Phliasian cavalry, who swooped round to the conqueror's rear and
+      checked him in his pursuit. (14)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Elymia, mentioned only by Xenophon, must have been on the
+    confines of the Mantinice and Orchomenus, probably at Levidhi.&mdash;
+    Leake, "Morea," iii. 75; "Peloponn." p. 229.
+
+ (14) See "Cyrop." VII. i. 36.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Content with this achievement, the Mantineans retired homewards; while
+      Agesilaus, to whom the news was brought, no longer expecting that the
+      Orchomenian mercenaries could effect a junction with himself, determined
+      to advance without further delay. (15) On the first day he encamped for
+      the evening meal in the open country of Tegea, and the day following
+      crossed into Mantinean territory. Here he encamped under the
+      westward-facing (16) mountains of Mantinea, and employed himself in
+      ravaging the country district and sacking the farmsteads; while the troops
+      of the Arcadians who were mustered in Asea stole by night into Tegea. The
+      next day Agesilaus shifted his position, encamping about two miles' (17)
+      distance from Mantinea; and the Arcadians, issuing from Tegea and clinging
+      to the mountains between Mantinea and that city, appeared with large
+      bodies of heavy infantry, wishing to effect a junction with the
+      Mantineans. The Argives, it is true, supported them, but they were not in
+      full force. And here counsellors were to be found who urged on Agesilaus
+      to attack these troops separately; but fearing lest, in proportion as he
+      pressed on to engage them, the Mantineans might issue from the city behind
+      and attack him on flank and rear, he decided it was best to let the two
+      bodies coalesce, and then, if they would accept battle, to engage them on
+      an open and fair field.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) See "Ages." ii. 23.
+
+ (16) See Leake, "Morea," iii. 73.
+
+ (17) Lit. "twenty stades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And so ere long the Arcadians had effected their object and were united
+      with the Mantineans. The next incident was the sudden apparition at break
+      of day, as Agesilaus was sacrificing in front of the camp, of a body of
+      troops. These proved to be the light infantry from Orchomenus, who in
+      company with the Phliasian cavalry had during the night made their way
+      across past the town of Mantinea; and so caused the mass of the army to
+      rush to their ranks, and Agesilaus himself to retire within the lines.
+      Presently, however, the newcomers were recognised as friends; and as the
+      sacrifices were favourable, Agesilaus led his army forward a stage farther
+      after breakfast. As the shades of evening descended he encamped unobserved
+      within the fold of the hills behind the Mantinean territory, with
+      mountains in close proximity all round. (18)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (18) Lit. "within the hindmost bosom of the Mantinice." In reference
+    to the position, Leake ("Morea," iii. 75) says: "The northern bay
+     (of the Mantinic plain between Mantinea and the Argon) corresponds
+    better by its proximity to Mantinea; by Mount Alesium it was
+    equally hidden from the city, while its small dimensions, and the
+    nearness of the incumbent mountains, rendered it a more hazardous
+    position to an army under the circumstances of that of Agesilaus"
+     (than had he encamped in the Argon itself). For the Argon (or
+    Inert Plain), see Leake, ib. 54 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the next morning, as day broke, he sacrificed in front of the army; and
+      observing a mustering of men from the city of Mantinea on the hills which
+      overhung the rear of his army, he decided that he must lead his troops out
+      of the hollow by the quickest route. But he feared lest, if he himself led
+      off, the enemy might fall upon his rear. In this dilemma he kept quiet;
+      presenting a hostile front to the enemy, he sent orders to his rear to
+      face about to the right, (19) and so getting into line behind his main
+      body, to move forward upon him; and in this way he at once extricated his
+      troops from their cramped position and kept continually adding to the
+      weight and solidity of his line. As soon as the phalanx was doubled in
+      depth he emerged upon the level ground, with his heavy infantry battalions
+      in this order, and then again extended his line until his troops were once
+      more nine or ten shields deep. But the Mantineans were no longer so ready
+      to come out. The arguments of the Eleians who had lent them their
+      co-operation had prevailed: that it was better not to engage until the
+      arrival of the Thebans. The Thebans, it was certain, would soon be with
+      them; for had they not borrowed ten talents (20) from Elis in order to be
+      able to send aid? The Arcadians with this information before them kept
+      quiet inside Mantinea. On his side Agesilaus was anxious to lead off his
+      troops, seeing it was midwinter; but, to avoid seeming to hurry his
+      departure out of fear, he preferred to remain three days longer and no
+      great distance from Mantinea. On the fourth day, after an early morning
+      meal, the retreat commenced. His intention was to encamp on the same
+      ground which he had made his starting-point on leaving Eutaea. But as none
+      of the Arcadians appeared, he marched with all speed and reached Eutaea
+      itself, although very late, that day; being anxious to lead off his troops
+      without catching a glimpse of the enemy's watch-fires, so as to silence
+      the tongues of any one pretending that he withdrew in flight. His main
+      object was in fact achieved. To some extent he had recovered the state
+      from its late despondency, since he had invaded Arcadia and ravaged the
+      country without any one caring to offer him battle. But, once arrived on
+      Laconian soil, he dismissed the Spartan troops to their homes and
+      disbanded the provincials (21) to their several cities.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) See "Anab." IV. iii. 29; "Pol. Lac." xi. 10.
+
+ (20) 2,437 pounds: 10 shillings. See Busult, op. cit. p. 199.
+
+ (21) Lit. "perioeci"; and below, SS. 25, 32.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 370-369. The Arcadians, now that Agesilaus had retired, realising
+      that he had disbanded his troops, while they themselves were fully
+      mustered, marched upon Heraea, the citizens of which town had not only
+      refused to join the Arcadian league, but had joined the Lacedaemonians in
+      their invasion of Arcadia. For this reason they entered the country,
+      burning the homesteads and cutting down the fruit-trees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile news came of the arrival of the Theban reinforcements at
+      Mantinea, on the strength of which they left Heraea and hastened to
+      fraternise (22) with their Theban friends. When they were met together,
+      the Thebans, on their side, were well content with the posture of affairs:
+      they had duly brought their succour, and no enemy was any longer to be
+      discovered in the country; so they made preparations to return home. But
+      the Arcadians, Argives and Eleians were eager in urging them to lead the
+      united forces forthwith into Laconia: they dwelt proudly on their own
+      numbers, extolling above measure the armament of Thebes. And, indeed, the
+      Boeotians one and all were resolute in their military manouvres and
+      devotion to arms, (23) exulting in the victory of Leuctra. In the wake of
+      Thebes followed the Phocians, who were now their subjects, Euboeans from
+      all the townships of the island, both sections of the Locrians, the
+      Acarnanians, (24) and the men of Heraclea and of Melis; while their force
+      was further swelled by Thessalian cavalry and light infantry. With the
+      full consciousness of facts like these, and further justifying their
+      appeal by dwelling on the desolate condition of Lacedaemon, deserted by
+      her troops, they entreated them not to turn back without invading the
+      territory of Laconia. But the Thebans, albeit they listened to their
+      prayers, urged arguments on the other side. In the first place, Laconia
+      was by all accounts most difficult to invade; and their belief was that
+      garrisons were posted at all the points most easily approached. (As a
+      matter of fact, Ischolaus was posted at Oeum in the Sciritid, with a
+      garrison of neodamodes and about four hundred of the youngest of the
+      Tegean exiles; and there was a second outpost on Leuctrum above the
+      Maleatid. (25)) Again it occurred to the Thebans that the Lacedaemonian
+      forces, though disbanded, would not take long to muster, and once
+      collected they would fight nowhere better than on their own native soil.
+      Putting all these considerations together, they were not by any means
+      impatient to march upon Lacedaemon. A strong counter-impulse, however, was
+      presently given by the arrival of messengers from Caryae, giving positive
+      information as to the defenceless condition of the country, and offering
+      to act as guides themselves; they were ready to lose their lives if they
+      were convicted of perfidy. A further impulse in the same direction was
+      given by the presence of some of the provincials, (26) with invitations
+      and promises of revolt, if only they would appear in the country. These
+      people further stated that even at the present moment, on a summons of the
+      Spartans proper, the provincials did not care to render them assistance.
+      With all these arguments and persuasions echoing from all sides, the
+      Thebans at last yielded, and invaded. They chose the Caryan route
+      themselves, while the Arcadians entered by Oeum in the Sciritid. (27)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) Or, "effect a junction with."
+
+ (23) Or, "in practising gymnastics about the place of arms." See "Pol.
+    Lac." xii. 5.
+
+ (24) See "Hell." IV. vii. 1; "Ages." ii. 20. For a sketch of the
+    relations of Acarnania to Athens and Sparta, see Hicks, No. 83, p.
+    150; and above, "Hell." V. iv. 64.
+
+ (25) Leuctrum, a fortress of the district Aegytis on the confines of
+    Arcadia and Laconia ("in the direction of Mount Lycaeum," Thuc. v.
+    54). See Leake, "Morea," ii. 322; also "Peloponn." p. 248, in
+    which place he corrects his former view as to the situation of
+    Leuctrum and the Maleatid.
+
+    Oeum or Ium, the chief town of the Sciritis, probably stood in the
+    Klisura or series of narrow passes through the watershed of the
+    mountains forming the natural boundary between Laconia and Arcadia
+    (in the direct line north from Sparta to Tegea), "Dict. of Anc.
+    Geog." s.v. Leake says ("Morea," iii. 19, 30 foll.) near the
+    modern village of Kolina; Baedeker ("Greece," p. 269) says perhaps
+    at Palaeogoulas.
+
+    Caryae. This frontier town was apparently (near Arachova) on the
+    road from Thyrea (in the direction of the Argolid) to Sparta
+    (Thuc. v. 55; Paus. III. x. 7; Livy, xxxiv. 26, but see Leake,
+    "Morea," iii. 30; "Peloponn." p. 342).
+
+    Sellasia, probably rightly placed "half an hour above Vourlia"
+    (Baedeker, "Greece," p. 269). The famous battle of Sellasia, in
+    the spring of B.C. 221, in which the united Macedonians under
+    Antigonus and the Achaeans finally broke the power of Sparta, was
+    fought in the little valley where the stream Gorgylus joins the
+    river Oenus and the Khan of Krevatas now stands. For a plan, see
+    "Dict. of Anc. Geog." s.v.
+
+ (26) "Perioeci."
+
+ (27) Diodorus (xv. 64) gives more details; he makes the invaders
+    converge upon Sellasia by four separate routes. See Leake,
+    "Morea," iii. 29 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      By all accounts Ischolaus made a mistake in not advancing to meet them on
+      the difficult ground above Oeum. Had he done so, not a man, it is
+      believed, would have scaled the passes there. But for the present, wishing
+      to turn the help of the men of Oeum to good account, he waited down in the
+      village; and so the invading Arcadians scaled the heights in a body. At
+      this crisis Ischolaus and his men, as long as they fought face to face
+      with their foes, held the superiority; but, presently, when the enemy,
+      from rear and flank, and even from the dwelling-houses up which they
+      scaled, rained blows and missiles upon them, then and there Ischolaus met
+      his end, and every man besides, save only one or two who, failing to be
+      recognised, effected their escape.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After these achievements the Arcadians marched to join the Thebans at
+      Caryae, and the Thebans, hearing what wonders the Arcadians had performed,
+      commenced their descent with far greater confidence. Their first exploit
+      was to burn and ravage the district of Sellasia, but finding themselves
+      ere long in the flat land within the sacred enclosure of Apollo, they
+      encamped for the night, and the next day continued their march along the
+      Eurotas. When they came to the bridge they made no attempt to cross it to
+      attack the city, for they caught sight of the heavy infantry in the temple
+      of Alea (28) ready to meet them. So, keeping the Eurotas on their right,
+      they tramped along, burning and pillaging homesteads stocked with numerous
+      stores. The feelings of the citizens may well be imagined. The women who
+      had never set eyes upon a foe (29) could scarcely contain themselves as
+      they beheld the cloud of smoke. The Spartan warriors, inhabiting a city
+      without fortifications, posted at intervals, here one and there another,
+      were in truth what they appeared to be&mdash;the veriest handful. And
+      these kept watch and ward. The authorities passed a resolution to announce
+      to the helots that whosoever among them chose to take arms and join a
+      regiment should have his freedom guaranteed to him by solemn pledges in
+      return for assistance in the common war. (30) More than six thousand
+      helots, it is said, enrolled themselves, so that a new terror was excited
+      by the very incorporation of these men, whose numbers seemed to be
+      excessive. But when it was found that the mercenaries from Orchomenus
+      remained faithful, and reinforcements came to Lacedaemon from Phlius,
+      Corinth, Epidaurus, and Pellene, and some other states, the dread of these
+      new levies was speedily diminished.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (28) See Pausanias, III. xix. 7.
+
+ (29) See Plutarch, "Ages." xxxi. 3 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 38); Aristot.
+    "Pol." ii. 9-10.
+
+ (30) See below, VII. ii. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The enemy in his advance came to Amyclae. (31) Here he crossed the
+      Eurotas. The Thebans wherever they encamped at once formed a stockade of
+      the fruit-trees they had felled, as thickly piled as possible, and so kept
+      ever on their guard. The Arcadians did nothing of the sort. They left
+      their camping-ground and took themselves off to attack the homesteads and
+      loot. On the third or fourth day after their arrival the cavalry advanced,
+      squadron by squadron, as far as the racecourse, (32) within the sacred
+      enclosure of Gaiaochos. These consisted of the entire Theban cavalry and
+      the Eleians, with as many of the Phocian or Thessalian or Locrian cavalry
+      as were present. The cavalry of the Lacedaemonians, looking a mere
+      handful, were drawn up to meet them. They had posted an ambuscade chosen
+      from their heavy infantry, the younger men, about three hundred in number,
+      in the house of the Tyndarids (33); and while the cavalry charged, out
+      rushed the three hundred at the same instant at full pace. The enemy did
+      not wait to receive the double charge, but swerved, and at sight of that
+      many also of the infantry took to headlong flight. But the pursuers
+      presently paused; the Theban army remained motionless; and both parties
+      returned to their camps. And now the hope, the confidence strengthened
+      that an attack upon the city itself would never come; nor did it. The
+      invading army broke up from their ground, and marched off on the road to
+      Helos and Gytheum. (34) The unwalled cities were consigned to the flames,
+      but Gytheum, where the Lacedaemonians had their naval arsenal, was
+      subjected to assault for three days. Certain of the provincials (35) also
+      joined in this attack, and shared the campaign with the Thebans and their
+      friends.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (31) For this ancient (Achaean) town, see Paus. III. ii. 6; Polyb. v.
+    19. It lay only twenty stades (a little more than two miles) from
+    the city of Sparta.
+
+ (32) Or, "hippodrome." See Paus. III. ii. 6.
+
+ (33) Paus. III. xvi. 2.
+
+ (34) See Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279. Was Gytheum taken? See Grote,
+    "H. G." x. 305; Curt. "H. G." Eng. trans. iv. 431.
+
+ (35) "Perioeci." See above, III. iii. 6; VI. v. 25; below, VII. ii. 2;
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 301. It is a pity that the historian should
+    hurry us off to Athens just at this point. The style here is
+    suggestive of notes ({upomnemata}) unexpanded.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The news of these proceedings set the Athenians deeply pondering what they
+      ought to do concerning the Lacedaemonians, and they held an assembly in
+      accordance with a resolution of the senate. It chanced that the
+      ambassadors of the Lacedaemonians and the allies still faithful to
+      Lacedaemon were present. The Lacedaemonian ambassadors were Aracus,
+      Ocyllus, Pharax, Etymocles, and Olontheus, and from the nature of the case
+      they all used, roughly speaking, similar arguments. They reminded the
+      Athenians how they had often in old days stood happily together, shoulder
+      to shoulder, in more than one great crisis. They (the Lacedaemonians), on
+      their side, had helped to expel the tyrant from Athens, and the Athenians,
+      when Lacedaemon was besieged by the Messenians, had heartily leant her a
+      helping hand. (36) Then they fell to enumerating all the blessings that
+      marked the season when the two states shared a common policy, hinting how
+      in common they had warred against the barbarians, and more boldly
+      recalling how the Athenians with the full consent and advice of the
+      Lacedaemonians were chosen by united Hellas leaders of the common navy
+      (37) and guardians of all the common treasure, while they themselves were
+      selected by all the Hellenes as confessedly the rightful leaders on land;
+      and this also not without the full consent and concurrence of the
+      Athenians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (36) In reference (1) to the expulsion of the Peisistratidae (Herod.
+    v. 64); (2) the "third" Messenian war (Thuc. i. 102).
+
+ (37) See "Revenues," v. 6.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      One of the speakers ventured on a remark somewhat to this strain: "If you
+      and we, sirs, can only agree, there is hope to-day that the old saying may
+      be fulfilled, and Thebes be 'taken and tithed.'" (38) The Athenians,
+      however, were not in the humour to listen to that style of argument. A
+      sort of suppressed murmur ran through the assembly which seemed to say,
+      "That language may be well enough now; but when they were well off they
+      pressed hard enough on us." But of all the pleas put forward by the
+      Lacedaemonians, the weightiest appeared to be this: that when they had
+      reduced the Athenians by war, and the Thebans wished to wipe Athens off
+      the face of the earth, they (the Lacedaemonians) themselves had opposed
+      the measure. (39) If that was the argument of most weight, the reasoning
+      which was the most commonly urged was to the effect that "the solemn oaths
+      necessitated the aid demanded. Sparta had done no wrong to justify this
+      invasion on the part of the Arcadians and their allies. All she had done
+      was to assist the men of Tegea when (40) the Mantineans had marched
+      against that township contrary to their solemn oaths." Again, for the
+      second time, at these expressions a confused din ran through the assembly,
+      half the audience maintaining that the Mantineans were justified in
+      supporting Proxenus and his friends, who were put to death by the party
+      with Stasippus; the other half that they were wrong in bringing an armed
+      force against the men of Tegea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (38) Or, "the Thebans be decimated"; for the phrase see above, "Hell."
+    VI. iii. 20.
+
+ (39) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; and "Hell." III. v. 8.
+
+ (40) Lit. "because," {oti}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Whilst these distinctions were being drawn by the assembly itself,
+      Cleiteles the Corinthian got up and spoke as follows: "I daresay, men of
+      Athens, there is a double answer to the question, Who began the
+      wrongdoing? But take the case of ourselves. Since peace began, no one can
+      accuse us either of wantonly attacking any city, or of seizing the wealth
+      of any, or of ravaging a foreign territory. In spite of which the Thebans
+      have come into our country and cut down our fruit-trees, burnt to the
+      ground our houses, filched and torn to pieces our cattle and our goods.
+      How then, I put it to you, will you not be acting contrary to your solemn
+      oaths if you refuse your aid to us, who are so manifestly the victims of
+      wrongdoings? Yes; and when I say solemn oaths, I speak of oaths and
+      undertakings which you yourselves took great pains to exact from all of
+      us." At that point a murmur of applause greeted Cleiteles, the Athenians
+      feeling the truth and justice of the speaker's language.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He sat down, and then Procles of Phlius got up and spoke as follows: "What
+      would happen, men of Athens, if the Lacedaemonians were well out of the
+      way? The answer to that question is obvious. You would be the first object
+      of Theban invasion. Clearly; for they must feel that you and you alone
+      stand in the path between them and empire over Hellas. If this be so, I do
+      not consider that you are more supporting Lacedaemon by a campaign in her
+      behalf than you are helping yourselves. For imagine the Thebans, your own
+      sworn foes and next-door neighbours, masters of Hellas! You will find it a
+      painful and onerous exchange indeed for the distant antagonism of Sparta.
+      As a mere matter of self-interest, now is the time to help yourselves,
+      while you may still reckon upon allies, instead of waiting until they are
+      lost, and you are forced to fight a life-and-death battle with the Thebans
+      single-handed. But the fear suggests itself, that should the
+      Lacedaemonians escape now, they will live to cause you trouble at some
+      future date. Lay this maxim to heart, then, that it is not the potential
+      greatness of those we benefit, but of those we injure, which causes
+      apprehension. And this other also, that it behoves individuals and states
+      alike so to better their position (41) while yet in the zenith of their
+      strength that, in the day of weakness, when it comes, they may find some
+      succour and support in what their former labours have achieved. (42) To
+      you now, at this time, a heaven-sent opportunity is presented. In return
+      for assistance to the Lacedaemonians in their need, you may win their
+      sincere, unhesitating friendship for all time. Yes, I say it deliberately,
+      for the acceptance of these benefits at your hands will not be in the
+      presence of one or two chance witnesses. The all-seeing gods, in whose
+      sight to-morrow is even as to-day, will be cognisant of these things. The
+      knowledge of them will be jointly attested by allies and enemies; nay, by
+      Hellenes and barbarians alike, since to not one of them is what we are
+      doing a matter of unconcern. If, then, in the presence of these witnesses,
+      the Lacedaemonians should prove base towards you, no one will ever again
+      be eager in their cause. But our hope, our expectation should rather be
+      that they will prove themselves good men and not base; since they beyond
+      all others would seem persistently to have cherished a high endeavour,
+      reaching forth after true praise, and holding aloof from ugly deeds.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (41) Lit. "to acquire some good."
+
+ (42) Or, "for what," etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But there are further considerations which it were well you should lay to
+      heart. If danger were ever again to visit Hellas from the barbarian world
+      outside, in whom would you place your confidence if not in the
+      Lacedaemonians? Whom would you choose to stand at your right hand in
+      battle if not these, whose soldiers at Thermopylae to a man preferred to
+      fall at their posts rather than save their lives by giving the barbarian
+      free passage into Hellas? Is it not right, then, considering for what
+      thing's sake they displayed that bravery in your companionship,
+      considering also the good hope there is that they will prove the like
+      again&mdash;is it not just that you and we should lend them all
+      countenance and goodwill? Nay, even for us their allies' sake, who are
+      present, it would be worth your while to manifest this goodwill. Need you
+      be assured that precisely those who continue faithful to them in their
+      misfortunes would in like manner be ashamed not to requite you with
+      gratitude? And if we seem to be but small states, who are willing to share
+      their dangers with them, lay to heart that there is a speedy cure for this
+      defect: with the accession of your city the reproach that, in spite of all
+      our assistance, we are but small cities, will cease to be.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For my part, men of Athens, I have hitherto on hearsay admired and envied
+      this great state, whither, I was told, every one who was wronged or stood
+      in terror of aught needed only to betake himself and he would obtain
+      assistance. To-day I no longer hear, I am present myself and see these
+      famous citizens of Lacedaemon here, and by their side their trustiest
+      friends, who have come to you, and ask you in their day of need to give
+      them help. I see Thebans also, the same who in days bygone failed to
+      persuade the Lacedaemonians to reduce you to absolute slavery, (43) to-day
+      asking you to suffer those who saved you to be destroyed.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (43) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; III. v. 8, in reference to B.C. 405.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "That was a great deed and of fair renown, attributed in old story to your
+      ancestors, that they did not suffer those Argives who died on the Cadmeia
+      (44) to lie unburied; but a fairer wreath of glory would you weave for
+      your own brows if you suffer not these still living Lacedaemonians to be
+      trampled under the heel of insolence and destroyed. Fair, also, was that
+      achievement when you stayed the insolence of Eurystheus and saved the sons
+      of Heracles; (45) but fairer still than that will your deed be if you
+      rescue from destruction, not the primal authors (46) merely, but the whole
+      city which they founded; fairest of all, if because yesterday the
+      Lacedaemonians won you your preservation by a vote which cost them
+      nothing, you to-day shall bring them help with arms, and at the price of
+      peril. It is a proud day for some of us to stand here and give what aid we
+      can in pleading for assistance to brave men. What, then, must you feel,
+      who in very deed are able to render that assistance! How generous on your
+      parts, who have been so often the friends and foes of Lacedaemon, to
+      forget the injury and remember only the good they have done! How noble of
+      you to repay, not for yourselves only, but for the sake of Hellas, the
+      debt due to those who proved themselves good men and true in her behalf!"
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (44) In reference to the Seven against Thebes, see Herod. IX. xxvii.
+    4; Isoc. "Paneg." 55.
+
+ (45) Herod. IX. xxvii. 3; see Isoc. "Paneg." 56. "The greatness of
+    Sparta was founded by the succour which Athens lent to the
+    Heraklid invaders of the Peloponnese&mdash;a recollection which ought
+    to restrain Sparta from injuring or claiming to rule Athens.
+    Argos, Thebes, Sparta were in early times, as they are now, the
+    foremost cities of Hellas; but Athens was the greatest of them all
+    &mdash;the avenger of Argos, the chastiser of Thebes, the patron of
+    those who founded Sparta."&mdash;Jebb, "Att. Or." ii. 154.
+
+ (46) Plut. "Lyc." vi.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After these speeches the Athenians deliberated, and though there was
+      opposition, the arguments of gainsayers (47) fell upon deaf ears. The
+      assembly finally passed a decree to send assistance to Lacedaemon in
+      force, and they chose Iphicrates general. Then followed the preliminary
+      sacrifices, and then the general's order to his troops to take the evening
+      meal in the grove of the Academy. (48) But the general himself, it is
+      said, was in no hurry to leave the city; many were found at their posts
+      before him. Presently, however, he put himself at the head of his troops,
+      and the men followed cheerily, in firm persuasion that he was about to
+      lead them to some noble exploit. On arrival at Corinth he frittered away
+      some days, and there was a momentary outburst of discontent at so much
+      waste of precious time; but as soon as he led the troops out of Corinth
+      there was an obvious rebound. The men responded to all orders with
+      enthusiasm, heartily following their general's lead, and attacking
+      whatever fortified place he might confront them with.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (47) As to the anti-Laconian or Boeotian party at Athens, see Curtius,
+    "H. G." vol. v. ch. ii. (Eng. tr.)
+
+ (48) See Baedeker, "Greece," p. 103.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      And now reverting to the hostile forces on Laconian territory, we find
+      that the Arcadians, Argives, and Eleians had retired in large numbers.
+      They had every inducement so to do since their homes bordered on Laconia;
+      and off they went, driving or carrying whatever they had looted. The
+      Thebans and the rest were no less anxious to get out of the country,
+      though for other reasons, partly because the army was melting away under
+      their eyes day by day, partly because the necessities of life were growing
+      daily scantier, so much had been either fairly eaten up and pillaged or
+      else recklessly squandered and reduced to ashes. Besides this, it was
+      winter; so that on every ground there was a general desire by this time to
+      get away home.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the enemy began his retreat from Laconian soil, Iphicrates
+      imitated his movement, and began leading back his troops out of Arcadia
+      into Corinthia. Iphicrates exhibited much good generalship, no doubt, with
+      which I have no sort of fault to find. But it is not so with that final
+      feature of the campaign to which we are now come. Here I find his strategy
+      either meaningless in intent or inadequate in execution. He made an
+      attempt to keep guard at Oneion, in order to prevent the Boeotians making
+      their way out homewards; but left meanwhile far the best passage through
+      Cenchreae unguarded. Again, when he wished to discover whether or not the
+      Thebans had passed Oneion, he sent out on a reconnaissance the whole of
+      the Athenian and Corinthian cavalry; whereas, for the object in view, the
+      eyes of a small detachment would have been as useful as a whole regiment;
+      (49) and when it came to falling back, clearly the smaller number had a
+      better chance of hitting on a traversable road, and so effecting the
+      desired movement quietly. But the height of folly seems to have been
+      reached when he threw into the path of the enemy a large body of troops
+      which were still too weak to cope with him. As a matter of fact, this body
+      of cavalry, owing to their very numbers, could not help covering a large
+      space of ground; and when it became necessary to retire, had to cling to a
+      series of difficult positions in succession, so that they lost not fewer
+      than twenty horsemen. (50) It was thus the Thebans effected their object
+      and retired from Peloponnese.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (49) See "Hipparch." viii. 10 foll.
+
+ (50) See Diod. xv. 63; Plut. "Pelop." 24.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK VII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      I
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 369. In the following year (1) plenipotentiary ambassadors (2) from
+      the Lacedaemonians and their allies arrived at Athens to consider and take
+      counsel in what way the alliance between Athens and Lacedaemon might be
+      best cemented. It was urged by many speakers, foreigners and Athenians
+      also, that the alliance ought to be based on the principle of absolute
+      equality, (3) "share and share alike," when Procles of Phlius put forward
+      the following argument:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. the official year from spring to spring. See Peter, "Chron.
+    Table" 95, note 215; see Grote, "H. G." x. 346, note 1.
+
+ (2) See Hicks, 89.
+
+ (3) For the phrase {epi toi isois kai omoiois}, implying "share and
+    share alike," see Thuc. i. 145, etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Since you have already decided, men of Athens, that it is good to secure
+      the friendship of Lacedaemon, the point, as it appears to me, which you
+      ought now to consider is, by what means this friendship may be made to
+      last as long as possible. The probability is, that we shall hold together
+      best by making a treaty which shall suit the best interests of both
+      parties. On most points we have, I believe, a tolerable unanimity, but
+      there remains the question of leadership. The preliminary decree of your
+      senate anticipates a division of the hegemony, crediting you with the
+      chief maritime power, Lacedaemon with the chief power on land; and to me,
+      personally, I confess, that seems a division not more established by human
+      invention than preordained by some divine naturalness or happy fortune.
+      For, in the first place, you have a geographical position pre-eminently
+      adapted for naval supremacy; most of the states to whom the sea is
+      important are massed round your own, and all of these are inferior to you
+      in strength. Besides, you have harbours and roadsteads, without which it
+      is not possible to turn a naval power to account. Again, you have many
+      ships of war. To extend your naval empire is a traditional policy; all the
+      arts and sciences connected with these matters you possess as home
+      products, and, what is more, in skill and experience of nautical affairs
+      you are far ahead of the rest of the world. The majority of you derive
+      your livelihood from the sea, or things connected with it; so that in the
+      very act of minding your own affairs you are training yourselves to enter
+      the lists of naval combat. (4) Again, no other power in the world can send
+      out a larger collective fleet, and that is no insignificant point in
+      reference to the question of leadership. The nucleus of strength first
+      gained becomes a rallying-point, round which the rest of the world will
+      gladly congregate. Furthermore, your good fortune in this department must
+      be looked upon as a definite gift of God: for, consider among the
+      numberless great sea-fights which you have fought how few you have lost,
+      how many you have won. It is only rational, then, that your allies should
+      much prefer to share this particular risk with you. Indeed, to show you
+      how natural and vital to you is this maritime study, the following
+      reflection may serve. For several years the Lacedaemonians, when at war
+      with you in old days, dominated your territory, but they made no progress
+      towards destroying you. At last God granted them one day to push forward
+      their dominion on the sea, and then in an instant you completely succumbed
+      to them. (5) Is it not self-evident that your safety altogether depends
+      upon the sea? The sea is your natural element&mdash;your birthright; it
+      would be base indeed to entrust the hegemony of it to the Lacedaemonians,
+      and the more so, since, as they themselves admit, they are far less
+      acquainted with this business than yourselves; and, secondly, your risk in
+      naval battles would not be for equal stakes&mdash;theirs involving only
+      the loss of the men on board their ships, but yours, that of your children
+      and your wives and the entire state.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) See "Pol. Ath." i. 19 foll.
+
+ (5) See "Hell." II. i.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "And if this is a fair statement of your position, turn, now, and consider
+      that of the Lacedaemonians. The first point to notice is, that they are an
+      inland power; as long as they are dominant on land it does not matter how
+      much they are cut off from the sea&mdash;they can carry on existence
+      happily enough. This they so fully recognise, that from boyhood they
+      devote themselves to training for a soldier's life. The keystone of this
+      training is obedience to command, (6) and in this they hold the same
+      pre-eminence on land which you hold on the sea. Just as you with your
+      fleets, so they on land can, at a moment's notice, put the largest army in
+      the field; and with the like consequence, that their allies, as is only
+      rational, attach themselves to them with undying courage. (7) Further, God
+      has granted them to enjoy on land a like good fortune to that vouchsafed
+      to you on sea. Among all the many contests they have entered into, it is
+      surprising in how few they have failed, in how many they have been
+      successful. The same unflagging attention which you pay to maritime
+      affairs is required from them on land, and, as the facts of history
+      reveal, it is no less indispensable to them. Thus, although you were at
+      war with them for several years and gained many a naval victory over them,
+      you never advanced a step nearer to reducing them. But once worsted on
+      land, in an instant they were confronted with a danger affecting the very
+      lives of child and wife, and vital to the interests of the entire state.
+      We may very well understand, then, the strangeness, not to say
+      monstrosity, in their eyes, of surrendering to others the military
+      leadership on land, in matters which they have made their special study
+      for so long and with such eminent success. I end where I began. I agree
+      absolutely with the preliminary decrees of your own senate, which I
+      consider the solution most advantageous to both parties. My prayer (8) is
+      that you may be guided in your deliberations to that conclusion which is
+      best for each and all of us."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Or, "the spirit of discipline." See "Mem." III. v. 16; IV. iv. 15;
+    Thuc. ii. 39; "Pol. Lac." viii.
+
+ (7) Or, "with unlimited confidence."
+
+ (8) See above, "Hell." VI. i. 13, {kai su prattois ta kratista}, "and
+    so may the best fortune attend you!"&mdash;if that reading and
+    rendering be adopted.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such were the words of the orator, and the sentiments of his speech were
+      vehemently applauded by the Athenians no less than by the Lacedaemonians
+      who were present. Then Cephisodotus (9) stepped forward and addressed the
+      assembly. He said, "Men of Athens, do you not see how you are being
+      deluded? Lend me your ears, and I will prove it to you in a moment. There
+      is no doubt about your leadership by sea: it is already secured. But
+      suppose the Lacedaemonians in alliance with you: it is plain they will
+      send you admirals and captains, and possibly marines, of Laconian breed;
+      but who will the sailors be? Helots obviously, or mercenaries of some
+      sort. These are the folk over whom you will exercise your leadership.
+      Reverse the case. The Lacedaemonians have issued a general order summoning
+      you to join them in the field; it is plain again, you will be sending your
+      heavy infantry and your cavalry. You see what follows. You have invented a
+      pretty machine, by which they become leaders of your very selves, and you
+      become the leaders either of their slaves or of the dregs of their state.
+      I should like to put a question to the Lacedaemonian Timocrates seated
+      yonder. Did you not say just now, Sir, that you came to make an alliance
+      on terms of absolute equality, 'share and share alike'? Answer me." "I did
+      say so." "Well, then, here is a plan by which you get the perfection of
+      equality. I cannot conceive of anything more fair and impartial than that
+      'turn and turn about' each of us should command the navy, each the army;
+      whereby whatever advantage there may be in maritime or military command we
+      may each of us share."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) See above, "Hell." VI. iii. 2; Hicks, 87.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These arguments were successful. The Athenians were converted, and passed
+      a decree vesting the command in either state (10) for periods of five days
+      alternately.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) See "Revenues," v. 7.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 369. (11) The campaign was commenced by both Athenians and
+      Lacedaemonians with their allies, marching upon Corinth, where it was
+      resolved to keep watch and ward over Oneion jointly. On the advance of the
+      Thebans and their allies the troops were drawn out to defend the pass.
+      They were posted in detachments at different points, the most assailable
+      of which was assigned to the Lacedaemonians and the men of Pellene. (12)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) See Grote, "H. G." x. 349 foll.; al. B.C. 368.
+
+ (12) "During the wars of Epameinondas Pellene adhered firmly to her
+    Spartan policy, at a time when other cities were, to say the
+    least, less strenuous in the Spartan cause."&mdash;Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
+    Gov." p. 241. Afterwards Pellene is found temporarily on the
+    Theban side ("Hell." VII. ii. 11).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans and their allies, finding themselves within three or four
+      miles (13) of the troops guarding the pass, encamped in the flat ground
+      below; but presently, after a careful calculation of the time it would
+      take to start and reach the goal in the gloaming, they advanced against
+      the Lacedaemonian outposts. In spite of the difficulty they timed their
+      movements to a nicety, and fell upon the Lacedaemonians and Pellenians
+      just at the interval when the night pickets were turning in and the men
+      were leaving their shakedowns and retiring for necessary purposes. (14)
+      This was the instant for the Thebans to fling themselves upon them; they
+      plied their weapons with good effect, blow upon blow. Order was pitted
+      against disorder, preparation against disarray. When, however, those who
+      escaped from the thick of the business had retired to the nearest rising
+      ground, the Lacedaemonian polemarch, who might have taken as many heavy,
+      or light, infantry of the allies as he wanted, and thus have held the
+      position (no bad one, since it enabled him to get his supplies safely
+      enough from Cenchreae), failed to do so. On the contrary, and in spite of
+      the great perplexity of the Thebans as to how they were to get down from
+      the high level facing Sicyon or else retire the way they came, the Spartan
+      general made a truce, which in the opinion of the majority, seemed more in
+      favour of the Thebans than himself, and so he withdrew his division and
+      fell back.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) Lit. "thirty stades."
+
+ (14) Or, "intent on their personal concerns." See "Hell." II. iv. 6;
+    "Hipparch." vii. 12.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans were now free to descend without hindrance, which they did;
+      and, effecting a junction with their allies the Arcadians, Argives, and
+      Eleians, at once attacked (15) Sicyon and Pellene, and, marching on
+      Epidaurus, laid waste the whole territory of that people. Returning from
+      that exploit with a consummate disdain for all their opponents, when they
+      found themselves near the city of Corinth they advanced at the double
+      against the gate facing towards Phlius; intending if they found it open to
+      rush in. However, a body of light troops sallied out of the city to the
+      rescue, and met the advance of the Theban picked corps (16) not one
+      hundred and fifty yards (17) from the walls. Mounting on the monuments and
+      commanding eminences, with volleys of sling stones and arrows they laid
+      low a pretty large number in the van of the attack, and routing them, gave
+      chase for three or four furlongs' (18) distance. After this incident the
+      Corinthians dragged the corpses of the slain to the wall, and finally gave
+      them up under a flag of truce, erecting a trophy to record the victory. As
+      a result of this occurrence the allies of the Lacedaemonians took fresh
+      heart.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) And took (apparently); see below; Diod. xv. 69.
+
+ (16) See "Anab." III. iv. 43; and above, "Hell." V. iii. 23.
+
+ (17) Lit. "four plethra."
+
+ (18) LIt. "three or four stades."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At the date of the above transactions the Lacedeamonians were cheered by
+      the arrival of a naval reinforcement from Dionysius, consisting of more
+      than twenty warships, which conveyed a body of Celts and Iberians and
+      about fifty cavalry. The day following, the Thebans and the rest of the
+      allies, posted, at intervals, in battle order, and completely filling the
+      flat land down to the sea on one side, and up to the knolls on the other
+      which form the buttresses of the city, proceeded to destroy everything
+      precious they could lay their hands on in the plain. The Athenian and
+      Corinthian cavalry, eyeing the strength, physical and numerical, of their
+      antagonists, kept at a safe distance from their armament. But the little
+      body of cavalry lately arrived from Dionysius spread out in a long thin
+      line, and one at one point and one at another galloped along the front,
+      discharging their missiles as they dashed forward, and when the enemy
+      rushed against them, retired, and again wheeling about, showered another
+      volley. Even while so engaged they would dismount from their horses and
+      take breath; and if their foemen galloped up while they were so
+      dismounted, in an instant they had leapt on their horses' backs and were
+      in full retreat. Or if, again, a party pursued them some distance from the
+      main body, as soon as they turned to retire, they would press upon them,
+      and discharging volleys of missiles, made terrible work, forcing the whole
+      army to advance and retire, merely to keep pace with the movements of
+      fifty horsemen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 369-368. After this the Thebans remained only a few more days and
+      then turned back homewards; and the rest likewise to their several homes.
+      Thereupon the troops sent by Dionysius attacked Sicyon. Engaging the
+      Sicyonians in the flat country, they defeated them, killing about seventy
+      men and capturing by assault the fortres of Derae. (19) After these
+      achievements this first reinforcement from Dionysius re-embarked and set
+      sail for Syracuse.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (19) "East of Sicyon was Epieiceia (see above, "Hell." IV. ii. 14, iv.
+    13) on the river Nemea. In the same direction was the fortress
+    Derae." ("Dict. Anct. Geog." "Topography of Sicyonia"), al. Gerae.
+    So Leake ("Morea," iii. 376), who conjectures that this fortress
+    was in the maritime plain.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Up to this time the Thebans and all the states which had revolted from
+      Lacedaemon had acted together in perfect harmony, and were content to
+      campaign under the leadership of Thebes; but now a certain Lycomedes, (20)
+      a Mantinean, broke the spell. Inferior in birth and position to none,
+      while in wealth superior, he was for the rest a man of high ambition. This
+      man was able to inspire the Arcadians with high thoughts by reminding them
+      that to Arcadians alone the Peloponnese was in a literal sense a
+      fatherland; since they and they alone were the indigenous inhabitants of
+      its sacred soil, and the Arcadian stock the largest among the Hellenic
+      tribes&mdash;a good stock, moreover, and of incomparable physique. And
+      then he set himself to panegyrise them as the bravest of the brave,
+      adducing as evidence, if evidence were needed, the patent fact, that every
+      one in need of help invariably turned to the Arcadians. (21) Never in old
+      days had the Lacedaemonians yet invaded Athens without the Arcadians. "If
+      then," he added, "you are wise, you will be somewhat chary of following at
+      the beck and call of anybody, or it will be the old story again. As when
+      you marched in the train of Sparta you only enhanced her power, so to-day,
+      if you follow Theban guidance without thought or purpose instead of
+      claiming a division of the headship, you will speedily find, perhaps, in
+      her only a second edition of Lacedaemon." (22)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) For the plan of an Arcadian Federation and the part played by
+    Lycomedes, its true author, "who certainly merits thereby a high
+    place among the statesmen of Greece," see Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
+    Gov." ch. iv. p. 199 foll.
+
+ (21) For this claim on the part of the Arcadians, see "Anab." VI. ii.
+    10 foll.
+
+ (22) Or, "Lacedaemonians under another name."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These words uttered in the ears of the Arcadians were sufficient to puff
+      them up with pride. They were lavish in their love of Lycomedes, and
+      thought there was no one his equal. He became their hero; he had only to
+      give his orders, and they appointed their magistrates (23) at his bidding.
+      But, indeed, a series of brilliant exploits entitled the Arcadians to
+      magnify themselves. The first of these arose out of an invasion of
+      Epidaurus by the Argives, which seemed likely to end in their finding
+      their escape barred by Chabrias and his foreign brigade with the Athenians
+      and Corinthians. Only, at the critical moment the Arcadians came to the
+      rescue and extricated the Argives, who were closely besieged, and this in
+      spite not only of the enemy, but of the savage nature of the ground
+      itself. Again they marched on Asine (24) in Laconian territory, and
+      defeated the Lacedaemonian garrison, putting the polemarch Geranor, who
+      was a Spartan, to the sword, and sacking the suburbs of the town. Indeed,
+      whenever or wherever they had a mind to send an invading force, neither
+      night nor wintry weather, nor length of road nor mountain barrier could
+      stay their march. So that at this date they regarded their prowess as
+      invincible. (25) The Thebans, it will be understood, could not but feel a
+      touch of jealousy at these pretensions, and their former friendship to the
+      Arcadians lost its ardour. With the Eleians, indeed, matters were worse.
+      The revelation came to them when they demanded back from the Arcadians
+      certain cities (26) of which the Lacedaemonians had deprived them. They
+      discovered that their views were held of no account, but that the
+      Triphylians and the rest who had revolted from them were to be made much
+      of, because they claimed to be Arcadians. (27) Hence, as contrasted with
+      the Thebans, the Eleians cherished feelings towards their late friends
+      which were positively hostile.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) {arkhontas}, see below, "Hell." VII. iv. 33. The formal title of
+    these Federal magistrates may or may not have been {arkhontes};
+    Freeman, "H. F. G." 203, note 6.
+
+ (24) See Grote, "H. G." x. 356.
+
+ (25) Or, "regarded themselves as the very perfection of soldiery."
+
+ (26) In reference to "Hell." III. ii. 25 foll., see Freeman, op. cit.
+    p. 201, and below, "Hell." VII. iv. 12 (B.C. 365); Busolt, op.
+    cit. p. 186 foll., in reference to Lasion.
+
+ (27) Busolt, p. 150.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 368. Self-esteem amounting to arrogance&mdash;such was the spirit
+      which animated each section of the allies, when a new phase was introduced
+      by the arrival of Philiscus (28) of Abydos on an embassy from Ariobarzanes
+      (29) with large sums of money. This agent's first step was to assemble a
+      congress of Thebans, allies, and Lacedaemonians at Delphi to treat of
+      peace. On their arrival, without attempting to communicate or take counsel
+      with the god as to how peace might be re-established, they fell to
+      deliberating unassisted; and when the Thebans refused to acquiesce in the
+      dependency of Messene (30) upon Lacedaemon, Philiscus set about collecting
+      a large foreign brigade to side with Lacedaemon and to prosecute the war.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (28) See Hicks, 84, p. 152; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 51; Grote, "H. G."
+    x. 357; Curtius, "H. G." (Eng. tr.) iv. 458; Diod. xv. 90.
+
+ (29) See above, V. i. 28; "Ages." ii. 26.
+
+ (30) See Hicks, 86.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Whilst these matters were still pending, the second reinforcements from
+      Dionysius (31) arrived. There was a difference of opinion as to where the
+      troops should be employed, the Athenians insisting that they ought to
+      march into Thessaly to oppose the Thebans, the Lacedaemonians being in
+      favour of Laconia; and among the allies this latter opinion carried the
+      day. The reinforcement from Dionysius accordingly sailed round to Laconia,
+      where Archidamus incorporated them with the state troops and opened the
+      campaign. Caryae he took by storm, and put every one captured to the
+      sword, and from this point marching straight upon the Parrhasians of
+      Arcadia, he set about ravaging the country along with his Syracusan
+      supporters.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (31) See above, SS. 20, 22, p. 191 foll. The date is B.C. 368
+    according to Grote, "H. G." x. 362 foll.; al. B.C. 367.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Presently when the Arcadians and Argives arrived with succours, he
+      retreated and encamped on the knolls above Medea. (32) While he was there,
+      Cissidas, the officer in charge of the reinforcement from Dionysius, made
+      the announcement that the period for his stay abroad had elapsed; and the
+      words were no sooner out of his lips than off he set on the road to
+      Sparta. The march itself, however, was not effected without delays, for he
+      was met and cut off by a body of Messenians at a narrow pass, and was
+      forced in these straits to send to Archidamus and beg for assistance,
+      which the latter tendered. When they had got as far as the bend (33) on
+      the road to Eutresia, there were the Arcadians and Argives advancing upon
+      Laconia and apparently intending, like the Messenians, to shut the Spartan
+      off from the homeward road.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (32) Or, "Melea," or "Malea." E. Curtius conjectures {Meleas} for
+    {Medeas} of the MSS., and probably the place referred to is the
+    township of Malea in the Aegytis (Pausan. VIII. xxvii. 4); see
+    above, "Hell." VI. v. 24, "the Maleatid." See Dind. "Hist. Gr.,"
+    Ox. MDCCCLIII., note ad loc.; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 459; Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 362.
+
+ (33) Or, "the resting-place"; cf. mod. "Khan." L. and S. cf. Arist.
+    "Frogs," 113. "Medea," below, is probably "Malea," (see last
+    note).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Archidamus, debouching upon a flat space of ground where the roads to
+      Eutresia and Medea converge, drew up his troops and offered battle. When
+      happened then is thus told:&mdash;He passed in front of the regiments and
+      addressed them in terms of encouragement thus: "Fellow-citizens, the day
+      has come which calls upon us to prove ourselves brave men and look the
+      world in the face with level eyes. (34) Now are we to deliver to those who
+      come after us our fatherland intact as we received it from our fathers;
+      now will we cease hanging our heads in shame before our children and
+      wives, our old men and our foreign friends, in sight of whom in days of
+      old we shone forth conspicuous beyond all other Hellenes."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (34) See Plut. "Ages." 53 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 41).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The words were scarcely uttered (so runs the tale), when out of the clear
+      sky came lightnings and thunderings, (35) with propitious manifestation to
+      him; and it so happened that on his right wing there stood a sacred
+      enclosure and a statue of Heracles, his great ancestor. As the result of
+      all these things, so deep a strength and courage came into the hearts of
+      his soldiers, as they tell, that the generals had hard work to restrain
+      their men as they pushed forward to the front. Presently, when Archidamus
+      led the advance, a few only of the enemy cared to await them at the
+      spear's point, and were slain; the mass of them fled, and fleeing fell.
+      Many were cut down by the cavalry, many by the Celts. When the battle
+      ceased and a trophy had been erected, the Spartan at once despatched home
+      Demoteles, the herald, with the news. He had to announce not only the
+      greatness of the victory, but the startling fact that, while the enemy's
+      dead were numerous, not one single Lacedaemonian had been slain. (36)
+      Those in Sparta to whom the news was brought, as says the story, when they
+      heard it, one and all, beginning with Agesilaus, and, after him, the
+      elders and the ephors, wept for joy&mdash;so close akin are tears to joy
+      and pain alike. There were others hardly less pleased than the
+      Lacedaemonians themselves at the misfortune which had overtaken the
+      Arcadians: these were the Thebans and Eleians&mdash;so offensive to them
+      had the boastful behaviour of these men become.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (35) See Xen. "Apolog." 12; Homer, "Il." ii. 353; "Od." xx. 113 foll.
+
+ (36) According to Diod. xv. 72, ten thousand of the enemy fell.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The problem perpetually working in the minds of the Thebans was how they
+      were to compass the headship of Hellas; and they persuaded themselves
+      that, if they sent an embassy to the King of Persia, they could not but
+      gain some advantage by his help. Accordingly they did not delay, but
+      called together the allies, on the plea that Euthycles the Lacedaemonian
+      was already at the Persian court. The commissioners sent up were, on the
+      part of the Thebans, Pelopidas; (37) on the part of the Arcadians,
+      Antiochus, the pancratiast; and on that of the Eleians, Archidamus. There
+      was also an Argive in attendance. The Athenians on their side, getting
+      wind of the matter, sent up two commissioners, Timagoras and Leon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (37) See Plut. "Pelop." 30 (Clough, vol. ii. p. 230). For the date see
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 365, 379; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 460.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When they arrived at the Persian court the influence of Pelopidas was
+      preponderant with the Persian. He could point out that, besides the fact
+      that the Thebans alone among all the Hellenes had fought on the king's
+      side at Plataeae, (38) they had never subsequently engaged in military
+      service against the Persians; nay, the very ground of Lacedaemonian
+      hostility to them was that they had refused to march against the Persian
+      king with Agesilaus, (39) and would not even suffer him to sacrifice to
+      Artemis at Aulis (where Agamemnon sacrificed before he set sail for Asia
+      and captured Troy). In addition, there were two things which contributed
+      to raise the prestige of Thebes, and redounded to the honour of Pelopidas.
+      These were the victory of the Thebans at Leuctra, and the indisputable
+      fact that they had invaded and laid waste the territory of Laconia.
+      Pelopidas went on to point out that the Argives and Arcadians had lately
+      been defeated in battle by the Lacedaemonians, when his own countrymen
+      were not there to assist. The Athenian Timagoras supported all these
+      statements of the Theban by independent testimony, and stood second in
+      honour after Pelopidas.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (38) See Thuc. iii. 58, 59, 60.
+
+ (39) See above, "Hell." III. iv. 3; Lincke, "Zur. Xen. Krit." p. 315.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At this point of the proceedings Pelopidas was asked by the king, what
+      special clause he desired inserted in the royal rescript. He replied as
+      follows: "Messene to be independent of Lacedaemon, and the Athenians to
+      lay up their ships of war. Should either power refuse compliance in these
+      respects, such refusal to be a casus belli; and any state refusing to take
+      part in the military proceedings consequent, to be herself the first
+      object of attack." These clauses were drawn up and read to the
+      ambassadors, when Leon, in the hearing of the king, exclaimed: "Upon my
+      word! Athenians, it strikes me it is high time you looked for some other
+      friend than the great king." The secretary reported the comment of the
+      Athenian envoy, and produced presently an altered copy of the document,
+      with a clause inserted: "If the Athenians have any better and juster views
+      to propound, let them come to the Persian court and explain them." (40)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (40) See Grote, "H. G." x. 402; and "Ages." viii. 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Thus the ambassadors returned each to his own home and were variously
+      received. Timagoras, on the indictment of Leon, who proved that his
+      fellow-commissioner not only refused to lodge with him at the king's
+      court, but in every way played into the hands of Pelopidas, was put to
+      death. Of the other joint commissioners, the Eleian, Archidamus, was loud
+      in his praises of the king and his policy, because he had shown a
+      preference to Elis over the Arcadians; while for a converse reason,
+      because the Arcadian league was slighted, Antiochus not only refused to
+      accept any gift, but brought back as his report to the general assembly of
+      the Ten Thousand, (41) that the king appeared to have a large army of
+      confectioners and pastry-cooks, butlers and doorkeepers; but as for men
+      capable of doing battle with Hellenes, he had looked carefully, and could
+      not discover any. Besides all which, even the report of his wealth seemed
+      to him, he said, bombastic nonsense. "Why, the golden plane-tree that is
+      so belauded is not big enough to furnish shade to a single grasshopper."
+      (42)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (41) See above, VI. v. 6; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." 202; Demosth. "F.
+    L." 220, etc.
+
+ (42) Or, "the golden plane-tree they romance about would not suffice
+    to," etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At Thebes a conference of the states had been convened to listen to the
+      great king's letter. The Persian who bore the missive merely pointed to
+      the royal seal, and read the document; whereupon the Thebans invited all,
+      who wished to be their friends, to take an oath to what they had just
+      heard, as binding on the king and on themselves. To which the ambassadors
+      from the states replied that they had been sent to listen to a report, not
+      to take oaths; if oaths were wanted, they recommended the Thebans to send
+      ambassadors to the several states. The Arcadian Lycomedes, moreover, added
+      that the congress ought not to be held at Thebes at all, but at the seat
+      of war, wherever that might be. This remark brought down the wrath of the
+      Thebans on the speaker; they exclaimed that he was bent on breaking up the
+      alliance. Whereupon the Arcadian refused to take a seat in the congress at
+      all, and got up and betook himself off there and then, accompanied by all
+      the Arcadian envoys. Since, therefore, the assembled representatives
+      refused to take the oaths at Thebes, the Thebans sent to the different
+      states, one by one in turn, urging each to undertake solemnly to act in
+      accordance with the great king's rescript. They were persuaded that no
+      individual state would venture to quarrel with themselves and the Persian
+      monarch at once. As a matter of fact, however, when they arrived at
+      Corinth&mdash;which was the first stated vist&mdash;the Corinthians stood
+      out and gave as their answer, that they had no desire for any common oath
+      or undertaking with the king. The rest of the states followed suit, giving
+      answers of a similar tenor, so that this striving after empire on the part
+      of Pelopidas and the Thebans melted like a cloud-castle into air.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 367. (43) But Epaminondas was bent on one more effort. With a view to
+      forcing the Arcadians and the rest of the allies to pay better heed to
+      Thebes, he desired first to secure the adhesion of the Achaeans, and
+      decided to march an army into Achaea. Accordingly, he persuaded the Argive
+      Peisias, who was at the head of military affairs in Argos, to seize and
+      occupy Oneion in advance. Persias, having ascertained that only a sorry
+      guard was maintained over Oneion by Naucles, the general commanding the
+      Lacedaemonian foreign brigade, and by Timomachus the Athenian, under cover
+      of night seized and occupied with two thousand heavy infantry the rising
+      ground above Cenchreae, taking with him provisions for seven days. Within
+      the interval the Thebans arrived and surmounted the pass of Oneion;
+      whereupon the allied troops with Epaminondas at their head, advanced into
+      Achaea. The result of the campaign was that the better classes of Achaea
+      gave in their adhesion to him; and on his personal authority Epaminondas
+      insisted that there should be no driving of the aristocrats into exile,
+      nor any modification of the constitution. He was content to take a pledge
+      of fealty from the Achaeans to this effect: "Verily and indeed we will be
+      your allies, and follow whithersoever the Thebans lead." (44)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (43) B.C. 367, according to Grote, "H. G." x. 365, note 1; al. B.C.
+    366.
+
+ (44) See Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 241: "We read of local
+    oligarchies (in the several cities of Achaia) which Epameinondas
+    found and left in possession, but which the home government of
+    Thebes thought good to expel, and to substitute democracies under
+    the protection of Theban harmosts. This policy did not answer, as
+    the large bodies of exiles thus formed contrived to recover the
+    cities, and to bring them to a far more decided Spartan
+    partisanship than before."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So he departed home. The Arcadians, however, and the partisans of the
+      opposite faction in Thebes were ready with an indictment against him:
+      "Epaminondas," they said, "had merely swept and garnished Achaea for the
+      Lacedaemonians, and then gone off." The Thebans accordingly resolved to
+      send governors (45) into the states of Achaea; and those officers on
+      arrival joined with the commonalty and drove out the better folk, and set
+      up democracies throughout Achaea. On their side, these exiles coalesced,
+      and, marching upon each separate state in turn, for they were pretty
+      numerous, speedily won their restoration and dominated the states. As the
+      party thus reinstated no longer steered a middle course, but went heart
+      and soul into an alliance with Lacedaemon, the Arcadians found themselves
+      between the upper and the nether millstone&mdash;that is to say, the
+      Lacedaemonians and the Achaeans.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (45) Lit. "harmosts."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At Sicyon, hitherto, (46) the constitution was based on the ancient laws;
+      but at this date Euphron (who during the Lacedaemonian days had been the
+      greatest man in Sicyon, and whose ambition it was to hold a like
+      pre-eminence under their opponents) addressed himself to the Argives and
+      Arcadians as follows: "If the wealthiest classes should ever come into
+      power in Sicyon, without a doubt the city would take the first opportunity
+      of readopting a Laconian policy; whereas, if a democracy be set up," he
+      added, "you may rest assured Sicyon will hold fast by you. All I ask you
+      is to stand by me; I will do the rest. It is I who will call a meeting of
+      the people; and by that selfsame act I shall give you a pledge of my good
+      faith and present you with a state firm in its alliance. All this, be
+      assured," he added, "I do because, like yourselves, I have long ill
+      brooked the pride of Lacedaemon, and shall be glad to escape the yoke of
+      bondage."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (46) See Grote, "H. G." x. 379.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These proposals found favour with the Arcadians and the Argives, who
+      gladly gave the assistance demanded. Euphron straightway, in the
+      market-place, in the presence of the two powers concerned, (47) proceeded
+      to convene the Demos, as if there were to be a new constitution, based on
+      the principle of equality. (48) When the convention met, he bade them
+      appoint generals: they might choose whom they liked. Whereupon they
+      elected Euphron himself, Hippodamus, Cleander, Acrisius, and Lysander.
+      When these matters were arranged he appointed Adeas, his own son, over the
+      foreign brigade, in place of the former commander, Lysimenes, whom he
+      removed. His next step was promptly to secure the fidelity of the foreign
+      mercenaries by various acts of kindness, and to attach others; and he
+      spared neither the public nor the sacred moneys for this object. He had,
+      to aid him, further, the property of all the citizens whom he exiled on
+      the ground of Laconism, and of this without scruple he in every case
+      availed himself. As for his colleagues in office, some he treacherously
+      put to death, others he exiled, by which means he got everything under his
+      own power, and was now a tyrant without disguise. The method by which he
+      got the allies to connive at his doings was twofold. Partly he worked on
+      them by pecuniary aid, partly by the readiness with which he lent the
+      support of his foreign troops on any campaign to which they might invite
+      him.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (47) Lit. "the Argives and the Arcadians."
+
+ (48) Lit. "on fair and equal terms." See Thuc. v. 79.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      II
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 366. Matters had so far progressed that the Argives had already
+      fortified the Trikaranon above the Heraion as an outpost to threaten
+      Phlius, while the Sicyonians were engaged in fortifying Thyamia (1) on
+      their frontier; and between the two the Phliasians were severely pinched.
+      They began to suffer from dearth of necessaries; but, in spite of all,
+      remained unshaken in their alliance. It is the habit of historians, I
+      know, to record with admiration each noble achievement of the larger
+      powers, but to me it seems a still more worthy task to bring to light the
+      great exploits of even a little state found faithful in the performance of
+      fair deeds.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) "Thyamia is placed by Ross on the lofty hill of Spiria, the
+    northern prolongation of Tricaranum, between the villages Stimanga
+    and Skrapani."&mdash;"Dict. Anct. Geog." "Phlius."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 370-369. Now these Phliasians were friends of Lacedaemon while at the
+      zenith of her power. After her disaster on the field of Leuctra, when many
+      of the Perioeci, and the helots to a man, revolted; when, more than that,
+      the allies, save only quite a few, forsook her; (2) and when united
+      Hellas, so to speak, was marching on her&mdash;these Phliasians remained
+      stanch in their allegiance; and, in spite of the hostility of the most
+      powerful states of the Peloponnese, to wit the Arcardians and the Argives,
+      they insisted on coming to her aid. It fell to their lot to cross into
+      Prasiae as the rearguard of the reinforcements, which consisted of the men
+      of Corinth, of Epidaurus and of Troezen, of Hermione, Halieis, and Sicyon
+      and Pellene, in the days before any of these had revolted. (3) Not even
+      when the commander of the foreign brigade, picking up the divisions
+      already across, left them behind and was gone&mdash;not even so did they
+      flinch or turn back, but hired a guide from Prasiae, and though the enemy
+      was massed round Amyclae, slipped through his ranks, as best they could,
+      and so reached Sparta. It was then that the Lacedaemonians, besides other
+      honours conferred upon them, sent them an ox as a gift of hospitality.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) See above, "VI." v. 29.
+
+ (3) See "Hell." VII. i. 18.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 369. Later on, when the enemy had retired from Laconia, the Argives,
+      ill brooking so much zeal for Lacedaemon on the part of Phlius, marched in
+      full force against the little state, and fell to ravaging their territory.
+      Even then they remained undaunted; and when the enemy turned to retire,
+      destroying all that he could lay hands upon, out dashed the cavalry of the
+      Phliasians and dogged his retreat. And notwithstanding that the Argive's
+      rear consisted of the whole of his cavalry, with some companies of
+      infantry to support them, they attacked him, sixty in number, and routed
+      his whole rearguard. They slew, indeed, but a few of them; but, having so
+      slain that handful, they paused and erected a trophy in full sight of the
+      Argive army with as little concern as if they had cut down their enemies
+      to a man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Once again the Lacedaemonians and their allies were guarding Oneion, (4)
+      and the Thebans were threatening to scale the pass. The Arcadians and
+      Eleians (5) were moving forwards through Nemea to effect a junction with
+      the Thebans, when a hint was conveyed to them by some Phliasian exiles,
+      "Only show yourselves before Phlius and the town is yours." An agreement
+      was made, and in the dead of night a party consisting of the exiles
+      themselves and others with them, about six hundred in number, planted
+      themselves close under the walls with scaling-ladders. Presently the
+      scouts from the Trikaranon signalled to the city that the enemy was
+      advancing. The citizens were all attention; their eyes fixed upon their
+      scouts. Meanwhile the traitors within were likewise signalling to those
+      seated under lee of the walls "to scale"; and these, scaling up, seized
+      the arms of the guards, which they found abandoned, and fell to pursuing
+      the day sentinels, ten in number (one out of each squad of five being
+      always left on day duty). (6) One of these was put to the sword as he lay
+      asleep, and a second as he was escaping to the Heraion; but the other
+      eight day-pickets leapt down the wall on the side towards the city, one
+      after another. The scaling party now found themselves in undisputed
+      possession of the citadel. But the shouting had reached the city below:
+      the citizens rallied to the rescue; and the enemy began by sallying forth
+      from the citadel, and did battle in the forefront of the gate leading down
+      to the city. By and by, being strongly beleaguered by the ever-increasing
+      reinforcements of the citizens, they retired, falling back upon the
+      citadel; and the citizens along with the enemy forced their way in. The
+      centre of the citadel was speedily deserted; for the enemy scaled the
+      walls and towers, and showered blows and missiles upon the citizens below.
+      These defended themselves from the ground, or pressed the encounter home
+      by climbing the ladders which led to the walls. Once masters of certain
+      towers on this side and the other of the invaders, the citizens came to
+      close quarters with them with reckless desperation. The invaders, pushed
+      and pommelled by dint of such audacity and hard hitting, were cooped up
+      like sheep into narrower and narrower space. But at that critical moment
+      the Arcadians and the Argives were circling round the city, and had begun
+      to dig through the walls of the citadel from its upper side. (7) Of the
+      citizens inside some were beating down their assailants on the wall; (8)
+      others, those of them who were climbing up from outside and were still on
+      the scaling-ladders, whilst a third set were delivering battle against
+      those who had mounted the towers. These last had found fire in the men's
+      quarters, and were engaged in setting the towers and all ablaze, bringing
+      up sheaves of corn and grass&mdash;an ample harvesting, as luck would have
+      it, garnered off the citadel itself. Thereupon the occupants of the
+      towers, in terror of the flames, leapt down one by one, while those on the
+      walls, under the blows of the defenders, tumbled off with similar
+      expedition; and as soon as they had once begun to yield, the whole
+      citadel, in almost less time than it takes to tell, was cleared of the
+      enemy. In an instant out dashed the cavalry, and the enemy, seeing them,
+      beat a hasty retreat, leaving behind scaling-ladders and dead, besides
+      some comrades hopelessly maimed. In fact, the enemy, what between those
+      who were slain inside and those who leapt from the walls, lost not less
+      than eighty men. And now it was a goodly sight to see the brave men grasp
+      one another by the hand and pledge each other on their preservation,
+      whilst the women brought them drink and cried for joy. Not one there
+      present but in very sooth was overcome by laughter mixed with tears. (9)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) B.C. 369? al. B.C. 368. See above, "Hell." VII. i. 15; Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 346.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." VII. i. 18, and below, S. 8.
+
+ (6) Or, "one member of both the squads of five was left behind"&mdash;i.e.
+    two out of the ten could not keep up with the rest in their
+    flight, and were taken and killed; one indeed had not started, but
+    was killed in sleep.
+
+ (7) Or, "downwards" (L. and S.); or, "in front," "von vorn" (Buchs).
+
+ (8) Reading, {tous eti toi teikhous}. See Otto Keller for various
+    emendations of the passage.
+
+ (9) In true Homeric fashion, as Pollux (ii. 64) observes. See Homer,
+    "Il." vi. 484. See above, VII. i. 32; "Cyrop." VII. v. 32;
+    "Hiero," iii. 5; "Sym." ii. 24; "Antony and Cleopatra," III. ii.
+    43.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Next year also (10) Phlius was invaded by the Argives and all the
+      Arcadians. The reason of this perpetually-renewed attack on Phlius is not
+      far to seek: partly it was the result of spleen, partly the little
+      township stood midway between them, and they cherished the hope that
+      through want of the necessaries of life they would bring it over. During
+      this invasion the cavalry and the picked troop of the Phliasians, assisted
+      by some Athenian knights, made another famous charge at the crossing of
+      the river. (11) They made it so hot for the enemy that for the rest of
+      that day he was forced to retire under the mountain ridges, and to hold
+      aloof as if afraid to trample down the corn-crops of a friendly people on
+      the flat below.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) B.C. 368 (or 367).
+
+ (11) The Asopus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Again another time (12) the Theban commander in Sicyon marched out against
+      Phlius, taking with him the garrison under his personal command, with the
+      Sicyonians and Pellenians (for at the date of the incident these states
+      followed in the wake of Thebes). Euphron was there also with his
+      mercenaries, about two thousand in number, to share the fortunes of the
+      field. The mass of the troops began their descent on the Heraion by the
+      Trikaranon, intending to ravage the flat bottom below. At the gate leading
+      to Corinth the Theban general left his Sicyonians and Pellenians on the
+      height, to prevent the Phliasians getting behind him at this point and so
+      over the heads of his troops as they lay at the Heraion beneath. (13) As
+      soon as the citizens of Phlius found that hostile troops were advancing on
+      their corn-land, out dashed the cavalry with the chosen band of the
+      Phliasians and gave battle, not suffering the enemy to penetrate into the
+      plain. The best part of the day was spent in taking long shots at one
+      another on that field; Euphron pushing his attack down to the point where
+      cavalry could operate, the citizens retaliating as far as the Heraion.
+      Presently the time to withdraw had come, and the enemy began to retire,
+      following the circle of the Trikaranon; the short cut to reach the
+      Pellenians being barred by the ravine which runs in front of the walls.
+      The Phliasians escorted their retreating foes a little way up the steep,
+      and then turning off dashed along the road beside the walls, making for
+      the Pellenians and those with them; whereupon the Theban, perceiving the
+      haste of the Phliasians, began racing with his infantry to outspeed them
+      and bring succour to the Pellenians. The cavalry, however, arrived first
+      and fell to attacking the Pellenians, who received and withstood the
+      shock, and the cavalry drew back. A second time they charged, and were
+      supported by some infantry detachments, which had now come up. It ended in
+      a hand-to-hand fight; and eventually the enemy gave way. On the field lay
+      dead some Sicyonians, and of the Pellenians many a good man. In record of
+      the feat the Phliasians began to raise a trophy, as well they might; and
+      loud and clear the paean rang. As to the Theban and Euphron, they and all
+      their men stood by and stared at the proceedings, like men who had raced
+      to see a sight. After all was over the one party retired to Sicyon and the
+      other withdrew into their city.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) B.C. 367 (or 366).
+
+ (13) Lit. "above the Heraion" (where his main body lay).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      That too was another noble exploit of the Phliasians, when they took the
+      Pellenian Proxenus prisoner and, although suffering from scarcity at the
+      time, sent him back without a ransom. "As generous as brave," such is
+      their well-earned title who were capable of such performance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The heroic resolution with which these men maintained their loyalty to
+      their friends is manifest. When excluded from the fruits of their own
+      soil, they contrived to live, partly by helping themselves from the
+      enemy's territory, partly by purchasing from Corinth, though to reach that
+      market they must run the gauntlet of a thousand risks; and having reached
+      it their troubles began afresh. There were difficulties in providing the
+      requisite sum, difficulties in arranging with the purveyors, and it was
+      barely possible to find sureties for the very beasts which should carry
+      home their marketing. They had reached the depth of despair, and were
+      absolutely at a loss what to do, when they arranged with Chares to escort
+      their convoy. Once safe inside Phlius, they begged him to help them to
+      convey their useless and sick folk to Pellene. (14) These they left at
+      that place; and after making purchases and packing as many beasts of
+      burthen as they could, they set off to return in the night, not in
+      ignorance that they would be laid in wait for by the enemy, but persuaded
+      that the want of provisions was a worse evil than mere fighting.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) What is the date of this incident? See above, "Hell." VII. ii. 3;
+    below VII. iv. 17.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The men of Phlius pushed forward with Chares; presently they stumbled on
+      the enemy and at once grappled to their work. Pressing hard on the foe,
+      they called cheerily to one another, and shouted at the same time to
+      Chares to bring up his aid. In short, the victory was theirs; and the
+      enemy was driven off the road; and so they got themselves and their
+      supplies safely home. The long night-watching superinduced sleep which
+      lasted well into the next day. But Chares was no sooner out of bed then he
+      was accosted by the cavalry and the pick of the heavy infantry with the
+      following appeal: "Chares, to-day you have it in your power to perform the
+      noblest deed of arms. The Sicyonians are fortifying an outpost on our
+      borders, they have plenty of stone-masons but a mere handful of hoplites.
+      We the knights of Phlius and we the flower of our infantry force will lead
+      the way; and you shall follow after with your mercenaries. Perhaps when
+      you appear on the scene you will find the whole thing finished, or perhaps
+      your coming will send the enemy flying, as happened at Pellene. If you do
+      not like the sound of these proposals, sacrifice and take counsel of the
+      gods. Our belief is that the gods will bid you yet more emphatically than
+      we to take this step. Only this, Chares, you must well consider, that if
+      you do take it you will have established an outpost on the enemy's
+      frontier; you will have saved from perdition a friendly city; you will win
+      eternal glory in your own fatherland; and among friends and foes alike no
+      name will be heralded with louder praise than that of Chares."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chares was persuaded, and proceeded to offer sacrifice. Meanwhile the
+      Phliasian cavalry were donning their breastplates and bridling their
+      horses, and the heavy infantry made every preparation for the march. Then
+      they took their arms, fell into line, and tramped off to the place of
+      sacrifice. Chares with the soothsayer stepped forward to meet them,
+      announcing that the victims were favourable. "Only wait for us," they
+      exclaimed; "we will sally forth with you at once." The heralds' cry "To
+      arms!" was sounded, and with a zeal which was almost miraculous the
+      mercenaries themselves rushed out. As soon as Chares began the march, the
+      Phliasian cavalry and infantry got in front of him. At first they led off
+      at a smart pace; presently they began to bowl (15) along more quickly, and
+      finally the cavalry were tearing over the ground might and main, whilst
+      the infantry, at the greatest pace compatible with keeping their ranks,
+      tore after them; and behind them, again, came Chares zealously following
+      up in their rear. There only remained a brief interval of daylight before
+      the sun went down, and they came upon the enemy in the fortress, some
+      washing, some cooking a savoury meal, others kneading their bread, others
+      making their beds. These, when they saw the vehemence of the attack, at
+      once, in utter panic, took to flight, leaving behind all their provisions
+      for the brave fellows who took their place. They, as their reward, made a
+      fine supper off these stores and others which had come from home, pouring
+      out libations for their good fortune and chanting the battle-hymn; after
+      which they posted pickets for the night and slumbered well. The messenger
+      with the news of their success at Thyamia arrived at Corinth in the night.
+      The citizens of that state with hearty friendship at once ordered out by
+      herald all the oxen and beasts of burthen, which they loaded with food and
+      brought to Phlius; and all the while the fortress was building day by day
+      these convoys of food were duly despatched.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) See "Anab." VII. iii. 46.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      III
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But on this topic enough, perhaps, has been said to demonstrate the
+      loyalty of the men of Phlius to their friends, their bravery in war, and,
+      lastly, their steadfastness in maintaining their alliance in spite of
+      famine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 367-366. It seems to have been somewhere about this date that Aeneas
+      the Stymphalian, (1) who had become general of the Arcadians, finding that
+      the state of affairs in Sicyon was intolerable, marched up with his army
+      into the acropolis. Here he summoned a meeting of the Sicyonian
+      aristocrats already within the walls, and sent to fetch those others who
+      had been banished without a decree of the people. (2) Euphron, taking
+      fright at these proceedings, fled for safety to the harbour-town of
+      Sicyon. Hither he summoned Pasimelus from Corinth, and by his
+      instrumentality handed over the harbour to the Lacedaemonians. Once more
+      reappearing in his old character, he began to pose as an ally of Sparta.
+      He asserted that his fidelity to Lacedaemon had never been interrupted;
+      for when the votes were given in the city whether Sicyon should give up
+      her allegiance to Lacedaemon, "I, with one or two others," said he, "voted
+      against the measure; but afterwards these people betrayed me, and in my
+      desire to avenge myself on them I set up a democracy. At present all
+      traitors to yourselves are banished&mdash;I have seen to that. If only I
+      could get the power into my own hands, I would go over to you, city and
+      all, at once. All that I can do at present, I have done; I have
+      surrendered to you this harbour." That was what Euphron said to his
+      audience there, but of the many who heard his words, how many really
+      believed his words is by no means evident. However, since I have begun the
+      story of Euphron, I desire to bring it to its close.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Is this man the famous writer {o taktikos}, a portion of whose
+    works, the "Treatise on Siege Operations," has been preserved
+     (recently re-edited by Arnold Hug&mdash;"Commentarius Poliorceticus,"
+    Lips. Trubner, 1884)? So Casaubon supposed. Cf. "Com. Pol." 27,
+    where the writer mentions {paneia} as the Arcadian term for
+    "panics." Readers of the "Anabasis" will recollect the tragic end
+    of another Aeneas, also of Stymphalus, an Arcadian officer. On the
+    official title {strategos} (general), Freeman ("Hist. Fed. Gov."
+    204) notes that "at the head of the whole League there seems to
+    have been, as in so many other cases, a single Federal general."
+    Cf. Diod. xv. 62.
+
+ (2) See above, VII. i. 46.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Faction and party strife ran high in Sicyon between the better classes and
+      the people, when Euphron, getting a body of foreign troops from Athens,
+      once more obtained his restoration. The city, with the help of the
+      commons, he was master of, but the Theban governor held the citadel.
+      Euphron, perceiving that he would never be able to dominate the state
+      whilst the Thebans held the acropolis, collected money and set off to
+      Thebes, intending to persuade the Thebans to expel the aristocrats and
+      once again to hand over the city to himself. But the former exiles, having
+      got wind of this journey of his, and of the whole intrigue, set off
+      themselves to Thebes in front of him. (3) When, however, they saw the
+      terms of intimacy on which he associated with the Theban authorities, in
+      terror of his succeeding in his mission some of them staked their lives on
+      the attempt and stabbed Euphron in the Cadmeia, where the magistrates and
+      senate were seated. The magistrates, indeed, could not but indict the
+      perpetrators of the deed before the senate, and spoke as follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "on an opposition journey."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Fellow-citizens, it is our duty to arraign these murderers of Euphron,
+      the men before you, on the capital charge. Mankind may be said to fall
+      into two classes: there are the wise and temperate, (4) who are incapable
+      of any wrong and unhallowed deed; and there are the base, the bad, who do
+      indeed such things, but try to escape the notice of their fellows. The men
+      before you are exceptional. They have so far exceeded all the rest of men
+      in audacity and foul villainy that, in the very presence of the
+      magistrates and of yourselves, who alone have the power of life and death,
+      they have taken the law into their own hands, (5) and have slain this man.
+      But they stand now before the bar of justice, and they must needs pay the
+      extreme penalty; for, if you spare them, what visitor will have courage to
+      approach the city? Nay, what will become of the city itself, if license is
+      to be given to any one who chooses to murder those who come here, before
+      they have even explained the object of their visit? It is our part, then,
+      to prosecute these men as arch-villains and miscreants, whose contempt for
+      law and justice is only matched by the supreme indifference with which
+      they treat this city. It is your part, now that you have heard the
+      charges, to impose upon them that penalty which seems to be the measure of
+      their guilt."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Lit. "the sound of soul."
+
+ (5) Or, "they have been judge and jury both, and executioners to
+    boot."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such were the words of the magistrates. Among the men thus accused, all
+      save one denied immediate participation in the act. It was not their hands
+      that had dealt the blow. This one not only confessed the deed, but made a
+      defence in words somewhat as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As to treating you with indifference, men of Thebes, that is not possible
+      for a man who knows that with you lies the power to deal with him as you
+      list. Ask rather on what I based my confidence when I slew the man; and be
+      well assured that, in the first place, I based it on the conviction that I
+      was doing right; next, that your verdict will also be right and just. I
+      knew assuredly how you dealt with Archias (6) and Hypates and that company
+      whom you detected in conduct similar to that of Euphron: you did not stay
+      for formal voting, but at the first opportunity within your reach you
+      guided the sword of vengeance, believing that by the verdict of mankind a
+      sentence of death had already been passed against the conspicuously
+      profane person, the manifest traitor, and him who lays to his hand to
+      become a tyrant. See, then, what follows. Euphron was liable on each of
+      these several counts: he was a conspicuously profane person, who took into
+      his keeping temples rich in votive offerings of gold and silver, and swept
+      them bare of their sacred treasures; he was an arrant traitor&mdash;for
+      what treason could be more manifest than Euphron's? First he was the bosom
+      friend of Lacedaemon, but presently chose you in their stead; and, after
+      exchange of solemn pledges between yourselves and him, once more turned
+      round and played the traitor to you, and delivered up the harbour to your
+      enemies. Lastly, he was most undisguisedly a tyrant, who made not free men
+      only, but free fellow-citizens his slaves; who put to death, or drove into
+      exile, or robbed of their wealth and property, not malefactors, note you,
+      but the mere victims of his whim and fancy; and these were ever the better
+      folk. Once again restored by the help of your sworn foes and antagonists,
+      the Athenians, to his native town of Sicyon, the first thing he did was to
+      take up arms against the governor from Thebes; but, finding himself
+      powerless to drive him from the acropolis, he collected money and betook
+      himself hither. Now, if it were proved that he had mustered armed bands to
+      attack you, I venture to say, you would have thanked me that I slew him.
+      What then, when he came furnished with vile moneys, to corrupt you
+      therewith, to bribe you to make him once more lord and master of the
+      state? How shall I, who dealt justice upon him, justly suffer death at
+      your hands? For to be worsted in arms implies injury certainly, but of the
+      body only: the defeated man is not proved to be dishonest by his loss of
+      victory. But he who is corrupted by filthy lucre, contrary to the standard
+      of what is best, (7) is at once injured and involved in shame.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) See above, V. iv. 2.
+
+ (7) Or, as we should say, "in violation of conscience."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Now if he had been your friend, however much he was my national foe, I do
+      confess it had been scarce honourable of me to have stabbed him to death
+      in your presence: but why, I should like to ask, should the man who
+      betrayed you be less your enemy than mine? 'Ah, but,' I hear some one
+      retort, 'he came of his own accord.' I presume, sir, you mean that had he
+      chanced to be slain by somebody at a distance from your state, that
+      somebody would have won your praise; but now, on the ground that he came
+      back here to work mischief on the top of mischief, 'he had the right to
+      live'! (8) In what part of Hellas, tell me, sir, do Hellenes keep a truce
+      with traitors, double-dyed deserters, and tyrants? Moreover, I must remind
+      you that you passed a resolution&mdash;if I mistake not, it stands
+      recorded in your parliamentary minutes&mdash;that 'renegades are liable to
+      be apprehended (9) in any of the allied cities.' Now, here is a renegade
+      restoring himself without any common decree of the allied states: will any
+      one tell me on what ground this person did not deserve to die? What I
+      maintain, sirs, is that if you put me to death, by so doing you will be
+      aiding and abetting your bitterest foe; while, by a verdict sanctioning
+      the justice of my conduct, you will prove your willingness to protect the
+      interests not of yourselves only, but of the whole body of your allies."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Or, "he was wrongfully slain."
+
+ (9) For this right of extradition see Plut. "Lys." xxvii.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans on hearing these pleadings decided that Euphron had only
+      suffered the fate which he deserved. His own countrymen, however, conveyed
+      away the body with the honours due to a brave and good man, and buried him
+      in the market-place, where they still pay pious reverence to his memory as
+      "a founder of the state." So strictly, it would seem, do the mass of
+      mankind confine the term brave and good to those who are the benefactors
+      of themselves.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      IV
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 366. And so ends the history of Euphron. I return to the point
+      reached at the commencement of this digression. (1) The Phliasians were
+      still fortifying Thyamia, and Chares was still with them, when Oropus (2)
+      was seized by the banished citizens of that place. The Athenians in
+      consequence despatched an expedition in full force to the point of danger,
+      and recalled Chares from Thyamia; whereupon the Sicyonians and the
+      Arcadians seized the opportunity to recapture the harbour of Sicyon.
+      Meanwhile the Athenians, forced to act single-handed, with none of their
+      allies to assist them, retired from Oropus, leaving that town in the hands
+      of the Thebans as a deposit till the case at issue could be formally
+      adjudicated.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See above, VII. ii. 23; iii. 3; Diod. xv. 76.
+
+ (2) See Thuc. viii. 60.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now Lycomedes (3) had discovered that the Athenians were harbouring a
+      grievance against her allies, as follows:&mdash;They felt it hard that,
+      while Athens was put to vast trouble on their account, yet in her need not
+      a man among them stepped forward to render help. Accordingly he persuaded
+      the assembly of Ten Thousand to open negotiations with Athens for the
+      purpose of forming an alliance. (4) At first some of the Athenians were
+      vexed that they, being friends of Lacedaemon, should become allied to her
+      opponents; but on further reflection they discovered it was no less
+      desirable for the Lacedaemonians than for themselves that the Arcadians
+      should become independent of Thebes. That being so, they were quite ready
+      to accept an Arcadian alliance. Lycomedes himself was still engaged on
+      this transaction when, taking his departure from Athens, he died, in a
+      manner which looked like divine intervention.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See above, VII. i. 23.
+
+ (4) This proves that "the Ten Thousand made war and peace in the name
+    of all Arkadia"; cf. "Hell." VII. i. 38; Diod. xv. 59. "They
+    received and listened to the ambassadors of other Greek states";
+    Demosth. "F. L." 220. "They regulated and paid the standing army
+    of the Federation"; "Hell." VII. iv. 22, 23; Diod. xv. 62. "They
+    sat in judgment on political offenders against the collective
+    majority of the Arkadian League"; "Hell." VII. iv. 33; Freeman,
+    "Hist. Fed. Gov." 203, note 1.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Out of the many vessels at his service he had chosen the one he liked
+      best, and by the terms of contract was entitled to land at any point he
+      might desire; but for some reason, selected the exact spot where a body of
+      Mantinean exiles lay. Thus he died; but the alliance on which he had set
+      his heart was already consummated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now an argument was advanced by Demotion (5) in the Assembly of Athens,
+      approving highly of the friendship with the Arcadians, which to his mind
+      was an excellent thing, but arguing that the generals should be instructed
+      to see that Corinth was kept safe for the Athenian people. The
+      Corinthians, hearing this, lost no time in despatching garrisons of their
+      own large enough to take the place of the Athenian garrisons at any point
+      where they might have them, with orders to these latter to retire: "We
+      have no further need of foreign garrisons," they said. The garrisons did
+      as they were bid.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Of Demotion nothing more, I think, is known. Grote ("H. G." x.
+    397) says: "The public debates of the Athenian assembly were not
+    favourable to the success of a scheme like that proposed by
+    Demotion, to which secrecy was indispensable. Compare another
+    scheme" (the attempted surprise of Mitylene, B.C. 428), "divulged
+    in like manner, in Thuc. iii. 3."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the Athenian garrison troops were met together in the city of
+      Corinth, the Corinthian authorities caused proclamation to be made
+      inviting all Athenians who felt themselves wronged to enter their names
+      and cases upon a list, and they would recover their dues. While things
+      were in this state, Chares arrived at Cenchreae with a fleet. Learning
+      what had been done, he told them that he had heard there were designs
+      against the state of Corinth, and had come to render assistance. The
+      authorities, while thanking him politely for his zeal, were not any the
+      more ready to admit the vessels into the harbour, but bade him sail away;
+      and after rendering justice to the infantry troops, they sent them away
+      likewise. Thus the Athenians were quit of Corinth. To the Arcadians, to be
+      sure, they were forced by the terms of their alliance to send an auxiliary
+      force of cavalry, "in case of any foreign attack upon Arcadia." At the
+      same time they were careful not to set foot on Laconian soil for the
+      purposes of war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Corinthians had begun to realise on how slender a thread their
+      political existence hung. They were overmastered by land still as ever,
+      with the further difficulty of Athenian hostility, or quasi-hostility, now
+      added. They resolved to collect bodies of mercenary troops, both infantry
+      and horse. At the head of these they were able at once to guard their
+      state and to inflict much injury on their neighbouring foes. To Thebes,
+      indeed, they sent ambassadors to ascertain whether they would have any
+      prospect of peace if they came to seek it. The Thebans bade them come:
+      "Peace they should have." Whereupon the Corinthians asked that they might
+      be allowed to visit their allies; in making peace they would like to share
+      it with those who cared for it, and would leave those who preferred war to
+      war. This course also the Thebans sanctioned; and so the Corinthians came
+      to Lacedaemon and said:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Men of Lacedaemon, we, your friends, are here to present a petition, and
+      on this wise. If you can discover any safety for us whilst we persist in
+      warlike courses, we beg that you will show it us; but if you recognise the
+      hopelessness of our affairs, we would, in that case, proffer this
+      alternative: if peace is alike conducive to your interests, we beg that
+      you would join us in making peace, since there is no one with whom we
+      would more gladly share our safety than with you; if, on the other hand,
+      you are persuaded that war is more to your interest, permit us at any rate
+      to make peace for ourselves. So saved to-day, perhaps we may live to help
+      you in days to come; whereas, if to-day we be destroyed, plainly we shall
+      never at any time be serviceable again."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians, on hearing these proposals, counselled the Corinthians
+      to arrange a peace on their own account; and as for the rest of their
+      allies, they permitted any who did not care to continue the war along with
+      them to take a respite and recruit themselves. "As for ourselves," they
+      said, "we will go on fighting and accept whatever Heaven has in store for
+      us,"&mdash;adding, "never will we submit to be deprived of our territory
+      of Messene, which we received as an heirloom from our fathers." (6)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) See Isocr. "Or." vi. "Archidamos," S. 70; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii.
+    193.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Satisfied with this answer, the Corinthians set off to Thebes in quest of
+      peace. The Thebans, indeed, asked them to agree on oath, not to peace only
+      but an alliance; to which they answered: "An alliance meant, not peace,
+      but merely an exchange of war. If they liked, they were ready there and
+      then," they repeated, "to establish a just and equitable peace." And the
+      Thebans, admiring the manner in which, albeit in danger, they refused to
+      undertake war against their benefactors, conceded to them and the
+      Phliasians and the rest who came with them to Thebes, peace on the
+      principle that each should hold their own territory. On these terms the
+      oaths were taken.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the Phliasians, in obedience to the compact, at once retired
+      from Thyamia; but the Argives, who had taken the oath of peace on
+      precisely the same terms, finding that they were unable to procure the
+      continuance of the Phliasian exiles in the Trikaranon as a point held
+      within the limits of Argos, (7) took over and garrisoned the place,
+      asserting now that this land was theirs&mdash;land which only a little
+      while before they were ravaging as hostile territory. Further, they
+      refused to submit the case to arbitration in answer to the challenge of
+      the Phliasians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) Or, "as a post held by them within the territory of the state."
+    The passage is perhaps corrupt.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was nearly at the same date that the son of Dionysius (8) (his father,
+      Dionysius the first, being already dead) sent a reinforcement to
+      Lacedaemon of twelve triremes under Timocrates, who on his arrival helped
+      the Lacedaemonians to recover Sellasia, and after that exploit sailed away
+      home.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Concerning Dionysius the first, see above, VII. i. 20 foll. 28.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 366-365. Not long after this the Eleians seized Lasion, (9) a place
+      which in old days was theirs, but at present was attached to the Arcadian
+      league. The Arcadians did not make light of the matter, but immediately
+      summoned their troops and rallied to the rescue. Counter-reliefs came also
+      on the side of Elis&mdash;their Three Hundred, and again their Four
+      Hundred. (10) The Eleians lay encamped during the day face to face with
+      the invader, but on a somewhat more level position. The Arcadians were
+      thereby induced under cover of night to mount on to the summit of the hill
+      overhanging the Eleians, and at day-dawn they began their descent upon the
+      enemy. The Eleians soon caught sight of the enemy advancing from the
+      vantage ground above them, many times their number; but a sense of shame
+      forbade retreat at such a distance. Presently they came to close quarters;
+      there was a hand-to-hand encounter; the Eleians turned and fled; and in
+      retiring down the difficult ground lost many men and many arms.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) See above, VII. i. 26; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 201.
+
+ (10) From the sequel it would appear that the former were a picked
+    corps of infantry and the latter of cavalry. See Thuc. ii. 25;
+    Busolt, op. cit. p. 175 foll.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Flushed with this achievement the Arcadians began marching on the cities
+      of the Acroreia, (11) which, with the exception of Thraustus, they
+      captured, and so reached Olympia. There they made an entrenched camp on
+      the hill of Kronos, established a garrison, and held control over the
+      Olympian hill-country. Margana also, by help of a party inside who gave it
+      up, next fell into their hands.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) The mountainous district of Elis on the borders of Arcadia,  in
+    which the rivers Peneius and Ladon take their rise; see "Dict. of
+    Anct. Geog." s.v.; above, III. ii. 30, IV. ii. 16. Thraustus was
+    one of the four chief townships of the district. For Margana, see
+    above, III. ii. 25, 30, IV. ii. 16, VI. v. 2.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These successive advantages gained by their opponents reacted on the
+      Eleians, and threw them altogether into despair. Meanwhile the Arcadians
+      were steadily advancing upon their capital. (12) At length they arrived,
+      and penetrated into the market-place. Here, however, the cavalry and the
+      rest of the Eleians made a stand, drove the enemy out with some loss, and
+      set up a trophy.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) I.e. Elis.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It should be mentioned that the city of Elis had previously been in a
+      state of disruption. The party of Charopus, Thrasonidas and Argeius were
+      for converting the state into a democracy; the party of Eualcas, Hippias,
+      and Stratolas (13) were for oligarchy. When the Arcadians, backed by a
+      large force, appeared as allies of those who favoured a democratic
+      constitution, the party of Charopus were at once emboldened; and, having
+      obtained the promise of assistance from the Arcadians, they seized the
+      acropolis. The Knights and the Three Hundred did not hesitate, but at once
+      marched up and dislodged them; with the result that about four hundred
+      citizens, with Argeius and Charopus, were banished. Not long afterwards
+      these exiles, with the help of some Arcadians, seized and occupied Pylus;
+      (14) where many of the commons withdrew from the capital to join them,
+      attracted not only by the beauty of the position, but by the great power
+      of the Arcadians, in alliance with them.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (13) See below, VII. iv. 31; Busolt, op. cit. p. 175.
+
+ (14) Pylus, a town in "hollow" Elis, upon the mountain road from Elis
+    to Olympia, at the place where the Ladon flows into the Peneius
+    (Paus. VI. xxii. 5), near the modern village of Agrapidokhori.&mdash;
+    Baedeker, "Greece," p. 320. See Busolt, p. 179.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      There was subsequently another invasion of the territory of the Eleians on
+      the part of the Arcadians, who were influenced by the representations of
+      the exiles that the city would come over to them. But the attempt proved
+      abortive. The Achaeans, who had now become friends with the Eleians, kept
+      firm guard on the capital, so that the Arcadians had to retire without
+      further exploit than that of ravaging the country. Immediately, however,
+      on marching out of Eleian territory they were informed that the men of
+      Pellene were in Elis; whereupon they executed a marvellously long night
+      march and seized the Pellenian township of Olurus (15) (the Pellenians at
+      the date in question having already reverted to their old alliance with
+      Lacedaemon). And now the men of Pellene, in their turn getting wind of
+      what had happened at Olurus, made their way round as best they could, and
+      got into their own city of Pellene; after which there was nothing for it
+      but to carry on war with the Arcadians in Olurus and the whole body of
+      their own commons; and in spite of their small numbers they did not cease
+      till they had reduced Olurus by siege.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) This fortress (placed by Leake at modern Xylokastro) lay at the
+    entrance of the gorge of the Sys, leading from the Aigialos or
+    coast-land into the territory of Pellene, which itself lay about
+    sixty stades from the sea at modern Zougra. For the part played by
+    Pellene as one of the twelve Achaean states at this period, see
+    above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 365. (16) The Arcadians were presently engaged on another campaign
+      against Elis. While they were encamped between Cyllene (17) and the
+      capital the Eleians attacked them, but the Arcadians made a stand and won
+      the battle. Andromachus, the Eleian cavalry general, who was regarded as
+      responsible for the engagement, made an end of himself; and the rest
+      withdrew into the city. This battle cost the life also of another there
+      present&mdash;the Spartan Socleides; since, it will be understood, the
+      Lacedaemonians had by this time become allies of the Eleians. Consequently
+      the Eleians, being sore pressed on their own territory, sent an embassy
+      and begged the Lacedaemonians to organise an expedition against the
+      Arcadians. They were persuaded that in this way they would best arrest the
+      progress of the Arcadians, who would thus be placed between the two foes.
+      In accordance with this suggestion Archidamus marched out with a body of
+      the city troops and seized Cromnus. (18) Here he left a garrison&mdash;three
+      out of the twelve regiments (19)&mdash;and so withdrew homewards. The
+      Arcadians had just ended their Eleian campaign, and, without disbanding
+      their levies, hastened to the rescue, surrounded Cromnus with a double
+      line of trenches, and having so secured their position, proceeded to lay
+      siege to those inside the place. The city of Lacedaemon, annoyed at the
+      siege of their citizens, sent out an army, again under Archidamus, who,
+      when he had come, set about ravaging Arcadia to the best of his power, as
+      also the Sciritid, and did all he could to draw off, if possible, the
+      besieging army. The Arcadians, for all that, were not one whit the more to
+      be stirred: they seemed callous to all his proceedings.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." x. 429 foll.; al. B.C. 364.
+
+ (17) The port town of Elis.
+
+ (18) Cromnus, a township near Megalopolis. See Callisthenes, ap.
+    Athen. 10, p. 452 A. See Schneider's note ad loc.
+
+ (19) Lit. "lochi." See Arnold's note to Thuc. v. 68; below, VII. v.
+    10.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Presently espying a certain rising ground, across which the Arcadians had
+      drawn their outer line of circumvallation, Archidamus proposed to himself
+      to take it. If he were once in command of that knoll, the besiegers at its
+      foot would be forced to retire. Accordingly he set about leading a body of
+      troops round to the point in question, and during this movement the light
+      infantry in advance of Archidamus, advancing at the double, caught sight
+      of the Arcadian Eparitoi (20) outside the stockade and attacked them,
+      while the cavalry made an attempt to enforce their attack simultaneously.
+      The Arcadians did not swerve: in compact order they waited impassively.
+      The Lacedaemonians charged a second time: a second time they swerved not,
+      but on the contrary began advancing. Then, as the hoarse roar and shouting
+      deepened, Archidamus himself advanced in support of his troops. To do so
+      he turned aside along the carriage-road leading to Cromnus, and moved
+      onward in column two abreast, (21) which was his natural order. When they
+      came into close proximity to one another&mdash;Archidamus's troops in
+      column, seeing they were marching along a road; the Arcadians in compact
+      order with shields interlinked&mdash;at this conjuncture the
+      Lacedaemonians were not able to hold out for any length of time against
+      the numbers of the Arcadians. Before long Archidamus had received a wound
+      which pierced through his thigh, whilst death was busy with those who
+      fought in front of him, Polyaenidas and Chilon, who was wedded to the
+      sister of Archidamus, included. The whole of these, numbering no less than
+      thirty, perished in this action. Presently, falling back along the road,
+      they emerged into the open ground, and now with a sense of relief the
+      Lacedaemonians got themselves into battle order, facing the foe. The
+      Arcadians, without altering their position, stood in compact line, and
+      though falling short in actual numbers, were in far better heart&mdash;the
+      moral result of an attack on a retreating enemy and the severe loss
+      inflicted on him. The Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, were sorely
+      down-hearted: Archidamus lay wounded before their eyes; in their ears rang
+      the names of those who had died, the fallen being not only brave men, but,
+      one may say, the flower of Spartan chivalry. The two armies were now close
+      together, when one of the older men lifted up his voice and cried: "Why
+      need we fight, sirs? Why not rather make truce and part friends?" Joyously
+      the words fell on the ears of either host, and they made a truce. The
+      Lacedaemonians picked up their dead and retired; the Arcadians withdrew to
+      the point where their advance originally began, and set up a trophy of
+      victory.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (20) So the troops of the Arcadian Federation were named. Diodorus
+    (xv. 62) calls them "the select troops," {tous kaloumenous
+    epilektous}.
+
+ (21) See above, III. i. 22.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now, as the Arcadians lay at Cromnus, the Eleians from the capital,
+      advancing in the first instance upon Pylus, fell in with the men of that
+      place, who had been beaten back from Thalamae. (22) Galloping along the
+      road, the cavalry of the Eleians, when they caught sight of them, did not
+      hesitate, but dashed at them at once, and put some to the sword, while
+      others of them fled for safety to a rising knoll. Ere long the Eleian
+      infantry arrived, and succeeded in dislodging this remnant on the hillock
+      also; some they slew, and others, nearly two hundred in number, they took
+      alive, all of whom where either sold, if foreigners, or, if Eleian exiles,
+      put to death. After this the Eleians captured the men of Pylus and the
+      place itself, as no one came to their rescue, and recovered the
+      Marganians.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (22) A strong fortress in an unfrequented situation, defended by
+    narrow passes (Leake, "Morea," ii. 204); it lay probably in the
+    rocky recesses of Mount Scollis (modern Santameri), on the
+    frontier of Achaea, near the modern village of Santameri. See
+    Polyb. iv. 75. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 179.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Lacedaemonians presently made a second attempt on Cromnus by a night
+      attack, got possession of the part of the palisading facing the Argives,
+      and at once began summoning their besieged fellow-citizens to come out.
+      Out accordingly came all who happened to be within easy distance, and who
+      took time by the forelock. The rest were not quick enough; a strong
+      Arcadian reinforcement cut them off, and they remained shut up inside, and
+      were eventually taken prisoners and distributed. One portion of them fell
+      to the lot of the Argives, one to the Thebans, (23) one to the Arcadians,
+      and one to the Messenians. The whole number taken, whether true-born
+      Spartans or Perioeci, amounted to more than one hundred.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (23) "The Thebans must have been soldiers in garrison at Tegea,
+    Megalopolis, or Messene."&mdash;Grote, "H. G." x. 433.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 364. And now that the Arcadians had leisure on the side of Cromnus,
+      they were again able to occupy themselves with the Eleians, and to keep
+      Olympia still more strongly garrisoned. In anticipation of the approaching
+      Olympic year, (24) they began preparations to celebrate the Olympian games
+      in conjunction with the men of Pisa, who claim to be the original
+      presidents of the Temple. (25) Now, when the month of the Olympic Festival&mdash;and
+      not the month only, but the very days, during which the solemn assembly is
+      wont to meet, were come, the Eleians, in pursuance of preparations and
+      invitations to the Achaeans, of which they made no secret, at length
+      proceeded to march along the road to Olympia. The Arcadians had never
+      imagined that they would really attack them; and they were themselves just
+      now engaged with the men of Pisa in carrying out the details of the solemn
+      assembly. They had already completed the chariot-race, and the foot-race
+      of the pentathlon. (26) The competitors entitled to enter for the
+      wrestling match had left the racecourse, and were getting through their
+      bouts in the space between the racecourse and the great altar.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (24) I.e. "Ol. 104. 1" (July B.C. 364).
+
+ (25) For this claim on the part of the Pisatans (as the old
+    inhabitants), see above, III. ii. 31; Paus. VI. xxii. 2; Diod. xv.
+    78; Busolt, op. cit. p. 154.
+
+ (26) As to the pentathlon, see above, IV. vii. 5. Whether the
+    preceding {ippodromia} was, at this date, a horse or chariot race,
+    or both, I am unable to say.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It must be understood that the Eleians under arms were already close at
+      hand within the sacred enclosure. (27) The Arcadians, without advancing
+      farther to meet them, drew up their troops on the river Cladaus, which
+      flows past the Altis and discharges itself into the Alpheus. Their allies,
+      consisting of two hundred Argive hoplites and about four hundred Athenian
+      cavalry, were there to support them. Presently the Eleians formed into
+      line on the opposite side of the stream, and, having sacrificed, at once
+      began advancing. Though heretofore in matters of war despised by Arcadians
+      and Argives, by Achaeans and Athenians alike, still on this day they led
+      the van of the allied force like the bravest of the brave. Coming into
+      collision with the Arcadians first, they at once put them to flight, and
+      next receiving the attack of the Argive supports, mastered these also.
+      Then having pursued them into the space between the senate-house, the
+      temple of Hestia, and the theatre thereto adjoining, they still kept up
+      the fighting as fiercely as ever, pushing the retreating foe towards the
+      great altar. But now being exposed to missiles from the porticoes and the
+      senate-house and the great temple, (28) while battling with their
+      opponents on the level, some of the Eleians were slain, and amongst others
+      the commander of the Three Hundred himself, Stratolas. At this state of
+      the proceedings they retired to their camp.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (27) "The {temenos} must here be distinguished from the Altis, as
+    meaning the entire breadth of consecrated ground at Olympia, of
+    which the Altis formed a smaller interior portion enclosed with a
+    wall. The Eleians entered into a {temenos} before they crossed the
+    river Kladeus, which flowed through the {temenos}, but alongside
+    the Altis. The tomb of Oenomaus, which was doubtless included in
+    the {temenos}, was on the right bank of the Kladeus (Paus. VI.
+    xxi. 3); while the Altis was on the left bank of the river."&mdash;
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 438, note 1. For the position of the Altis
+    (Paus. V. x. 1) and several of the buildings here mentioned, and
+    the topography of Olympia in general, see Baedeker's "Greece," p.
+    322 foll.; and Dorpfeld's Plan ("Olympia und Umgegend," Berlin,
+    1882), there reproduced.
+
+ (28) Or, "from the porticoes of the senate-house and the great
+    temple."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Arcadians and those with them were so terrified at the thought of the
+      coming day that they gave themselves neither respite nor repose that
+      night, but fell to chopping up the carefully-compacted booths and
+      constructing them into palisades; so that when the Eleians did again
+      advance the next day and saw the strength of the barriers and the number
+      mounted on the temples, they withdrew to their city. They had proved
+      themselves to be warriors of such mettle as a god indeed by the breath of
+      his spirit may raise up and bring to perfection in a single day, but into
+      which it were impossible for mortal men to convert a coward even in a
+      lifetime.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 363. The employment of the sacred treasures of the temple by the
+      Arcadian magistrates (29) as a means of maintaining the Eparitoi (30)
+      aroused protest. The Mantineans were the first to pass a resolution
+      forbidding such use of the sacred property. They set the example
+      themselves of providing the necessary quota for the Troop in question from
+      their state exchequer, and this sum they sent to the federal government.
+      The latter, affirming that the Mantineans were undermining the Arcadian
+      league, retaliated by citing their leading statesmen to appear before the
+      assembly of Ten Thousand; and on their refusal to obey the summons, passed
+      sentence upon them, and sent the Eparitoi to apprehend them as convicted
+      persons. The Mantineans, however, closed their gates, and would not admit
+      the Troop within their walls. Their example was speedily followed: others
+      among the Ten Thousand began to protest against the enormity of so
+      applying the sacred treasures; it was doubly wrong to leave as a perpetual
+      heirloom to their children the imputation of a crime so heinous against
+      the gods. But no sooner was a resolution passed in the general assembly
+      (31) forbidding the use of the sacred moneys for profane purposes than
+      those (members of the league) who could not have afforded to serve as
+      Eparitoi without pay began speedily to melt away; while those of more
+      independent means, with mutual encouragement, began to enrol themselves in
+      the ranks of the Eparitoi&mdash;the feeling being that they ought not to
+      be a mere tool in the hands of the corps, but rather that the corps itself
+      should be their instrument. Those members of the government who had
+      manipulated the sacred money soon saw that when they came to render an
+      account of their stewardship, in all likelihood they would lose their
+      heads. They therefore sent an embassy to Thebes, with instructions to the
+      Theban authorities warning them that, if they did not open a campaign, the
+      Arcadians would in all probability again veer round to Lacedaemon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (29) See above, VII. i. 24. "Were these magistrates, or merely popular
+    leaders?"&mdash;Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 203, note 3.
+
+ (30) Or, "Select Troop." See above.
+
+ (31) "The common formula for a Greek confederation, {to koinon ton
+    'Arkadon}, is used as an equivalent of {oi mupioi}" (here and
+    below, SS. 35, 38)&mdash;Freeman, op. cit. 202, note 4.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thebans, therefore, began making preparations for opening a campaign,
+      but the party who consulted the best interests of Peloponnese (32)
+      persuaded the general assembly of the Arcadians to send an embassy and
+      tell the Thebans not to advance with an army into Arcadia, unless they
+      sent for them; and whilst this was the language they addressed to Thebes,
+      they reasoned among themselves that they could dispense with war
+      altogether. The presidency over the temple of Zeus, they were persuaded,
+      they might easily dispense with; indeed, it would at once be a more
+      upright and a holier proceeding on their parts to give it back, and with
+      such conduct the god, they thought, might be better pleased. As these were
+      also the views and wishes of the Eleians, both parties agreed to make
+      peace, and a truce was established.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (32) See below, VII. v. 1, {oi kedouenoi tes Peloponnesou}. I regard
+    these phrases as self-laudatory political catchwords.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 362. The oaths were ratified; and amongst those who swore to them
+      were included not only the parties immediately concerned, but the men of
+      Tegea, and the Theban general himself, who was inside Tegea with three
+      hundred heavy infantry of the Boeotians. Under these circumstances the
+      Arcadians in Tegea remained behind feasting and keeping holy day, with
+      outpouring of libations and songs of victory, to celebrate the
+      establishment of peace. Here was an opportunity for the Theban and those
+      of the government who regarded the forthcoming inquiry with apprehension.
+      Aided by the Boeotians and those of the Eparitoi who shared their
+      sentiments, they first closed the gates of the fortress of Tegea, and then
+      set about sending to the various quarters to apprehend those of the better
+      class. But, inasmuch as there were Arcadians present from all the cities,
+      and there was a general desire for peace, those apprehended must needs be
+      many. So much so, that the prison-house was eventually full to
+      overflowing, and the town-hall was full also. Besides the number lodged in
+      prison, a number had escaped by leaping down the walls, and there were
+      others who were suffered to pass through the gates (a laxity easily
+      explained, since no one, excepting those who were anticipating their own
+      downfall, cherished any wrathful feeling against anybody). But what was a
+      source of still graver perplexity to the Theban commander and those acting
+      with him&mdash;of the Mantineans, the very people whom they had set their
+      hearts on catching, they had got but very few. Nearly all of them, owing
+      to the proximity of their city, had, in fact, betaken themselves home.
+      Now, when day came and the Mantineans learned what had happened, they
+      immediately sent and forewarned the other Arcadian states to be ready in
+      arms, and to guard the passes; and they set the example themselves by so
+      doing. They sent at the same time to Tegea and demanded the release of all
+      Mantineans there detained. With regard to the rest of the Arcadians they
+      further claimed that no one should be imprisoned or put to death without
+      trial. If any one had any accusation to bring against any, than by the
+      mouth of their messengers there present they gave notice that the state of
+      Mantinea was ready to offer bail, "Verily and indeed to produce before the
+      general assembly of the Arcadians all who might be summoned into court."
+      The Theban accordingly, on hearing this, was at a loss what to make of the
+      affair, and released his prisoners. Next day, summoning a congress of all
+      the Arcadians who chose to come, he explained, with some show of apology,
+      that he had been altogether deceived; he had heard, he said, that "the
+      Lacedaemonians were under arms on the frontier, and that some of the
+      Arcadians were about to betray Tegea into their hands." His auditors
+      acquitted him for the moment, albeit they knew that as touching themselves
+      he was lying. They sent, however, an embassy to Thebes and there accused
+      him as deserving of death. Epaminondas (who was at that time the general
+      at the head of the war department) is reported to have maintained that the
+      Theban commander had acted far more rightly when he seized than when he
+      let go the prisoners. "Thanks to you," he argued, "we have been brought
+      into a state of war, and then you, without our advice or opinion asked,
+      make peace on your own account; would it not be reasonable to retort upon
+      you the charge of treason in such conduct? Anyhow, be assured," he added,
+      "we shall bring an army into Arcadia, and along with those who share our
+      views carry on the war which we have undertaken."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      V
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      B.C. 362. This answer was duly reported to the general assembly of the
+      Arcadians, and throughout the several states of the league. Consequently
+      the Mantineans, along with those of the Arcadians who had the interests of
+      Peloponnesus at heart, as also the Eleians and the Achaeans, came to the
+      conclusion that the policy of the Thebans was plain. They wished
+      Peloponnesus to be reduced to such an extremity of weakness that it might
+      fall an easy prey into their hands who were minded to enslave it. "Why
+      else," they asked, "should they wish us to fight, except that we may tear
+      each other to pieces, and both sides be driven to look to them for
+      support? or why, when we tell them that we have no need of them at
+      present, do they insist on preparing for a foreign campaign? Is it not
+      plain that these preparations are for an expedition which will do us some
+      mischief?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this mood they sent to Athens, (1) calling on the Athenians for
+      military aid. Ambassadors also went to Lacedaemon on behalf of the
+      Eparitoi, summoning the Lacedaemonians, if they wished to give a helping
+      hand, to put a stop to the proceedings of any power approaching to enslave
+      Peloponnesus. As regards the headship, they came to an arrangement at
+      once, on the principle that each of the allied states should exercise the
+      generalship within its own territory.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) For a treaty of alliance between Athens, the Arkadians, Achaeans,
+    Eleians, and Phliasians, immediately before Mantinea, B.C. 362,
+    {epi Molonos arkhontos}, see Hicks, 94; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p.
+    405. It is preserved on a stele ("broken at bottom; but the top is
+    surmounted by a relief representing Zeus enthroned, with a
+    thunderbolt; a female figure  (= the {Summakhia}?) approaches
+    lifting her veil, while Athena stands by") now standing among the
+    sculptures from the Asklepieion on the Acropolis at Athens. See
+    Milchhofer, p. 47, no. 7, "Die Museum," Athens, 1881. For the
+    date, see Demosth. "c. Polycl." 1207.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      While these matters were in progress, Epaminondas was prosecuting his
+      march at the head of all the Boeotians, with the Euboeans, and a large
+      body of Thessalians, furnished both by Alexander (2) and by his opponents.
+      The Phocians were not represented. Their special agreement only required
+      them to render assistance in case of an attack on Thebes; to assist in a
+      hostile expedition against others was not in the bond. Epaminondas,
+      however, reflected that inside Peloponnesus itself they might count upon
+      the Argives and the Messenians, with that section of the Arcadians which
+      shared their views. These latter were the men of Tegea and Megalopolis, of
+      Asea and Pallantium, with any townships which owing to their small size or
+      their position in the midst of these larger cities were forced to follow
+      their lead.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) For Alexander of Pherae, see above, VI. iv. 34. In B.C. 363 the
+    Thebans had sent an army under Pelopidas into Thessaly to assist
+    their allies among the Thessalians with the Phthiot Achaeans and
+    the Magnetes against Alexander. At Kynos Kephelae Alexander was
+    defeated, but Pelopidas was slain (see Grote, "H. G." x. 420
+    foll.). "His death, as it brought grief, so likewise it produced
+    advantage to the allies; for the Thebans, as soon as they heard of
+    his fall, delayed not their revenge, but presently sent seven
+    thousand foot and seven hundred horse, under the command of
+    Malcitas and Diogiton. And they, finding Alexander weak and
+    without forces, compelled him to restore the cities he had taken,
+    to withdraw his garrisons from the Magnesians and Achaeans of
+    Phthiotos and swear to assist the Thebans against whatsoever
+    enemies they should require."&mdash;Plut. "Pelop." 35 (Clough, ii.
+    236).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Epaminondas advanced with rapid strides; but on reaching Nemea he
+      slackened speed, hoping to catch the Athenians as they passed, and
+      reflecting on the magnitude of such an achievement, whether in stimulating
+      the courage of his own allies, or in plunging his foes into despondency;
+      since, to state the matter concisely, any blow to Athens would be a gain
+      to Thebes. But during his pause at Nemea those who shared the opposite
+      policy had time to converge on Mantinea. Presently the news reached
+      Epaminondas that the Athenians had abandoned the idea of marching by land,
+      and were preparing to bring their supports to Arcadia by sea through
+      Lacedaemon. This being so, he abandoned his base of Nemea and pushed on to
+      Tegea.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That the strategy of the Theban general was fortunate I will not pretend
+      to assert, but in the particular combination of prudence and daring which
+      stamps these exploits, I look upon him as consummate. In the first place,
+      I cannot but admire the sagacity which led him to form his camp within the
+      walls of Tegea, where he was in greater security that he would have been
+      if entrenched outside, and where his future movements were more completely
+      concealed from the enemy. Again, the means to collect material and furnish
+      himself with other necessaries were readier to his hand inside the city;
+      while, thirdly, he was able to keep an eye on the movements of his
+      opponents marching outside, and to watch their successful dispositions as
+      well as their mistakes. More than this: in spite of his sense of
+      superiority to his antagonists, over and over again, when he saw them
+      gaining some advantage in position, he refused to be drawn out to attack
+      them. It was only when he saw plainly that no city was going to give him
+      its adhesion, and that time was slipping by, that he made up his mind that
+      a blow must be struck, failing which, he had nothing to expect save a vast
+      ingloriousness, in place of his former fame. (3) He had ascertained that
+      his antagonists held a strong position round Mantinea, and that they had
+      sent to fetch Agesilaus and the whole Lacedaemonian army. He was further
+      aware that Agesilaus had commenced his advance and was already at Pellene.
+      (4) Accordingly he passed the word of command (5) to his troops to take
+      their evening meal, put himself at their head and advanced straight upon
+      Sparta. Had it not been for the arrival (by some providential chance) of a
+      Cretan, who brought the news to Agesilaus of the enemy's advance, he would
+      have captured the city of Sparta like a nest of young birds absolutely
+      bereft of its natural defenders. As it was, Agesilaus, being forewarned,
+      had time to return to the city before the Thebans came, and here the
+      Spartans made distribution of their scanty force and maintained watch and
+      ward, albeit few enough in numbers, since the whole of their cavalry were
+      away in Arcadia, and so was their foreign brigade, and so were three out
+      of their twelve regiments. (6)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "dull obscurity in place of renown."
+
+ (4) Pellene (or Pellana), a town of Laconia on the Eurotas, and on the
+    road from Sparta to Arcadia; in fact the frontier fortress on the
+    Eurotas, as Sellasia on the Oenus; "Dict. of Anct. Geog." s.v.;
+    see Paus. iii. 20, S. 2; Strab. viii. 386; Polyb. iv. 81, xvi. 37;
+    Plut. "Agis," 8; Leake, "Morea," iii. 14 foll.
+
+ (5) Cf. "Hipparch." iv. 9.
+
+ (6) Lit. "lochi." See above, VII. iv. 20; "Pol. Lac." xi. 4.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Arrived within the city of Sparta, (7) Epaminondas abstained from gaining
+      an entry at a point where his troops would have to fight on level ground
+      and under attack from the houses above; where also their large numbers
+      would give them no superiority over the small numbers of the foemen. But,
+      singling out a position which he conceived would give him the advantage,
+      he occupied it and began his advance against the city upon a downward
+      instead of an upward incline.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) Grote ("H. G." x. 455) says: "Though he crossed the Eurotas and
+    actually entered into the city of Sparta," as the words {epei de
+    egeneto en te polei ton Spartiaton} certainly seem to me to imply.
+    Others interpret "in the close neighbourhood of."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With regard to what subsequently took place, two possible explanations
+      suggest themselves: either it was miraculous, or it may be maintained that
+      there is no resisting the fury of desperation. Archidamus, advancing at
+      the head of but a hundred men, and crossing the one thing which might have
+      been expected to form an obstacle to the enemy, (8) began marching uphill
+      against his antagonists. At this crisis these fire-breathing warriors,
+      these victorious heroes of Leuctra, (9) with their superiority at every
+      point, aided, moreover, by the advantage of their position, did not
+      withstand the attack of Archidamus and those with him, but swerved in
+      flight.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) Or, "to serve as his defence"; or, "the one obstacle to his
+    progress," i.e. Archidamus's. It was a miraculous thing that the
+    Thebans did not stop him.
+
+ (9) See Mahaffy, "Hist. Gk. Lit." vol. ii. p. 268, 1st ed. See above,
+    "Hell." VI. iv. 24; Diod. xv. 39, 56.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The vanguard of Epaminondas's troops were cut down; when, however, flushed
+      with the glory of their victory, the citizens followed up their pursuit
+      beyond the right point, they in turn were cut down&mdash;so plainly was
+      the demarking line of victory drawn by the finger of God. So then
+      Archidamus set up a trophy to note the limit of his success, and gave back
+      those who had there fallen of the enemy under a truce. Epaminondas, on his
+      side, reflecting that the Arcadians must already be hastening to the
+      relief of Lacedaemon, and being unwilling to engage them in conjunction
+      with the whole of the Lacedaemonian force, especially now that the star of
+      Sparta's fortune shone, whilst theirs had suffered some eclipse, turned
+      and marched back the way he came with all speed possible into Tegea. There
+      he gave his heavy infantry pause and refreshment, but his cavalry he sent
+      on to Mantinea; he begged them to "have courage and hold on," instructing
+      them that in all likelihood they would find the flocks and herds of the
+      Mantineans and the entire population itself outside their walls,
+      especially as it was the moment for carrying the corn. So they set off.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Athenian cavalry, started from Eleusis, had made their evening meal at
+      the Isthmus, and passing through Cleonae, as chance befell, had arrived at
+      Mantinea and had encamped within the walls in the houses. As soon as the
+      enemy were seen galloping up with evidently hostile intent, the Mantineans
+      fell to praying the Athenian knights to lend them all the succour they
+      could, and they showed them all their cattle outside, and all their
+      labourers, and among them were many children and graybeards who were
+      free-born citizens. The Athenians were touched by this appeal, and, though
+      they had not yet broken fast, neither the men themselves nor their horses,
+      went out eagerly to the rescue. And here we must needs pause to admire the
+      valour of these men also. The enemy whom they had to cope with far
+      outnumbered them, as was plain to see, and the former misadventure of the
+      cavalry in Corinth was not forgotten. (10) But none of these things
+      entered into their calculations now&mdash;nor yet the fact that they were
+      on the point of engaging Thebans and Thessalians, the finest cavalry in
+      the world by all repute. The only thing they thought of was the shame and
+      the dishonour, if, being there, they did not lend a helping hand to their
+      allies. In this mood, so soon as they caught sight of the enemy, they fell
+      with a crash upon him in passionate longing to recover the old ancestral
+      glory. Nor did they fight in vain&mdash;the blows they struck enabled the
+      Mantineans to recover all their property outside, but among those who
+      dealt them died some brave heroes; (11) brave heroes also, it is evident,
+      were those whom they slew, since on either side the weapons wielded were
+      not so short but that they could lunge at one another with effect. The
+      dead bodies of their own men they refused to abandon; and there were some
+      of the enemy's slain whom they restored to him under a flag of truce.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Or, "and in Corinth an untoward incident had been experienced by
+    the cavalry." See Grote, "H. G." x. 458, note 2. Possibly in
+    reference to "Hell." VI. v. 51, 52.
+
+ (11) Probably Xenophon's own son Gryllus was among them.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The thoughts now working in the mind of Epaminondas were such as these:
+      that within a few days he would be forced to retire, as the period of the
+      campaign was drawing to a close; if it ended in his leaving in the lurch
+      those allies whom he came out to assist, they would be besieged by their
+      antagonists. What a blow would that be to his own fair fame, already
+      somewhat tarnished! Had he not been defeated in Lacedaemon, with a large
+      body of heavy infantry, by a handful of men? defeated again at Mantinea,
+      in the cavalry engagement, and himself the main cause finally of a
+      coalition between five great powers&mdash;that is to say, the
+      Lacedaemonians, the Arcadians, the Achaeans, the Eleians, and the
+      Athenians? On all grounds it seemed to him impossible to steal past
+      without a battle. And the more so as he computed the alternatives of
+      victory or death. If the former were his fortune, it would resolve all his
+      perplexities; if death, his end would be noble. How glorious a thing to
+      die in the endeavour to leave behind him, as his last legacy to his
+      fatherland, the empire of Peloponnesus! That such thoughts should pass
+      through his brain strikes me as by no means wonderful, as these are
+      thoughts distinctive to all men of high ambition. Far more wonderful to my
+      mind was the pitch of perfection to which he had brought his army. There
+      was no labour which his troops would shrink from, either by night or by
+      day; there was no danger they would flinch from; and, with the scantiest
+      provisions, their discipline never failed them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And so, when he gave his last orders to them to prepare for impending
+      battle, they obeyed with alacrity. He gave the word; the cavalry fell to
+      whitening their helmets, the heavy infantry of the Arcadians began
+      inscribing their clubs as the crest on their shields, (12) as though they
+      were Thebans, and all were engaged in sharpening their lances and swords
+      and polishing their heavy shields. When the preparations were complete and
+      he had led them out, his next movement is worthy of attention. First, as
+      was natural, he paid heed to their formation, and in so doing seemed to
+      give clear evidence that he intended battle; but no sooner was the army
+      drawn up in the formation which he preferred, than he advanced, not by the
+      shortest route to meet the enemy, but towards the westward-lying mountains
+      which face Tegea, and by this movement created in the enemy an expectation
+      that he would not do battle on that day. In keeping with this expectation,
+      as soon as he arrived at the mountain-region, he extended his phalanx in
+      long line and piled arms under the high cliffs; and to all appearance he
+      was there encamping. The effect of this manouvre on the enemy in general
+      was to relax the prepared bent of their souls for battle, and to weaken
+      their tactical arrangements. Presently, however, wheeling his regiments
+      (which were marching in column) to the front, with the effect of
+      strengthening the beak-like (13) attack which he proposed to lead himself,
+      at the same instant he gave the order, "Shoulder arms, forward," and led
+      the way, the troops following.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (12) Grote ("H. G." x. 463) has another interpretation.
+
+ (13) Or, "the wedge-like attack of his own division"; see Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 469 foll. I do not, however, think that the attacking
+    column was actually wedge-shaped like the "acies cuneata" of the
+    Romans. It was the unusual depth of the column which gave it the
+    force of an ironclad's ram. Cf. "Cyrop." II. iv. for {eis
+    metopon}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the enemy saw them so unexpectedly approaching, not one of them was
+      able to maintain tranquility: some began running to their divisions, some
+      fell into line, some might be seen bitting and bridling their horses, some
+      donning their cuirasses, and one and all were like men about to receive
+      rather than to inflict a blow. He, the while, with steady impetus pushed
+      forward his armament, like a ship-of-war prow forward. Wherever he brought
+      his solid wedge to bear, he meant to cleave through the opposing mass, and
+      crumble his adversary's host to pieces. With this design he prepared to
+      throw the brunt of the fighting on the strongest half of his army, while
+      he kept the weaker portion of it in the background, knowing certainly that
+      if worsted it would only cause discouragement to his own division and add
+      force to the foe. The cavalry on the side of his opponents were disposed
+      like an ordinary phalanx of heavy infantry, regular in depth and
+      unsupported by foot-soldiers interspersed among the horses. (14)
+      Epaminondas again differed in strengthening the attacking point of his
+      cavalry, besides which he interspersed footmen between their lines in the
+      belief that, when he had once cut through the cavalry, he would have
+      wrested victory from the antagonist along his whole line; so hard is it to
+      find troops who will care to keep their own ground when once they see any
+      of their own side flying. Lastly, to prevent any attempt on the part of
+      the Athenians, who were on the enemy's left wing, to bring up their
+      reliefs in support of the portion next them, he posted bodies of cavalry
+      and heavy infantry on certain hillocks in front of them, intending to
+      create in their minds an apprehension that, in case they offered such
+      assistance, they would be attacked on their own rear by these detachments.
+      Such was the plan of encounter which he formed and executed; nor was he
+      cheated in his hopes. He had so much the mastery at his point of attack
+      that he caused the whole of the enemy's troops to take flight.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (14) See Rustow and Kochly, p. 176; and for the {amippoi}
+    Harpocration, s.v.; Pollus, i. 131; "Hipparch." v. 13; Thuc. v.
+    58; Herod. vii. 158; Caes. "B. G." i. 48; "B. Civ." iii. 84.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But after he himself had fallen, the rest of the Thebans were not able any
+      longer to turn their victory rightly to account. Though the main battle
+      line of their opponents had given way, not a single man afterwards did the
+      victorious hoplites slay, not an inch forward did they advance from the
+      ground on which the collision took place. Though the cavalry had fled
+      before them, there was no pursuit; not a man, horseman or hoplite, did the
+      conquering cavalry cut down; but, like men who have suffered a defeat, as
+      if panic-stricken (15) they slipped back through the ranks of the fleeing
+      foemen. Only the footmen fighting amongst the cavalry and the light
+      infantry, who had together shared in the victory of the cavalry, found
+      their way round to the left wing as masters of the field, but it cost them
+      dear; here they encountered the Athenians, and most of them were cut down.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (15) Or, "they timorously slipped back."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The effective result of these achievements was the very opposite of that
+      which the world at large anticipated. Here, where well-nigh the whole of
+      Hellas was met together in one field, and the combatants stood rank
+      against rank confronted, there was no one doubted that, in the event of
+      battle, the conquerors would this day rule; and that those who lost would
+      be their subjects. But God so ordered it that both belligerents alike set
+      up trophies as claiming victory, and neither interfered with the other in
+      the act. Both parties alike gave back their enemy's dead under a truce,
+      and in right of victory; both alike, in symbol of defeat, under a truce
+      took back their dead. And though both claimed to have won the day, neither
+      could show that he had thereby gained any accession of territory, or
+      state, or empire, or was better situated than before the battle.
+      Uncertainty and confusion, indeed, had gained ground, being tenfold
+      greater throughout the length and breadth of Hellas after the battle than
+      before.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this point I lay aside my pen: the sequel of the story may haply
+      commend itself (16) to another.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (16) Or, "win the attention of some other writer."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hellenica, by Xenophon
+
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+</html>
diff --git a/old/1174.txt b/old/1174.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hellenica, by Xenophon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hellenica
+
+Author: Xenophon
+
+Translator: H. G. Dakyns
+
+Posting Date: August 21, 2008 [EBook #1174]
+Release Date: January, 1998
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HELLENICA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by John Bickers
+
+
+
+
+
+HELLENICA
+
+By Xenophon
+
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+
+
+
+
+          Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+          pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+          and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+          and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+          years before having to move once more, to settle
+          in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+
+          The Hellenica is his chronicle of the history of
+          the Hellenes from 411 to 359 B.C., starting as a
+          continuation of Thucydides, and becoming his own
+          brand of work from Book III onwards.
+
+
+
+PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though there is
+doubt about some of these) is:
+
+     Work                                   Number of books
+
+     The Anabasis                                         7
+     The Hellenica                                        7
+     The Cyropaedia                                       8
+     The Memorabilia                                      4
+     The Symposium                                        1
+     The Economist                                        1
+     On Horsemanship                                      1
+     The Sportsman                                        1
+     The Cavalry General                                  1
+     The Apology                                          1
+     On Revenues                                          1
+     The Hiero                                            1
+     The Agesilaus                                        1
+     The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into English
+using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The diacritical marks
+have been lost.
+
+
+
+
+
+HELLENICA
+
+
+
+
+BOOK I
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 411. To follow the order of events (1). A few days later
+Thymochares arrived from Athens with a few ships, when another sea fight
+between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians at once took place, in which
+the former, under the command of Agesandridas, gained the victory.
+
+ (1) Lit. "after these events"; but is hard to conjecture to what
+    events the author refers. For the order of events and the
+    connection between the closing chapter of Thuc. viii. 109, and the
+    opening words of the "Hellenica," see introductory remarks above.
+    The scene of this sea-fight is, I think, the Hellespont.
+
+Another short interval brings us to a morning in early winter, when
+Dorieus, the son of Diagoras, was entering the Hellespont with fourteen
+ships from Rhodes at break of day. The Athenian day-watch descrying him,
+signalled to the generals, and they, with twenty sail, put out to sea to
+attack him. Dorieus made good his escape, and, as he shook himself free
+of the narrows, (2) ran his triremes aground off Rhoeteum. When the
+Athenians had come to close quarters, the fighting commenced, and was
+sustained at once from ships and shore, until at length the Athenians
+retired to their main camp at Madytus, having achieved nothing.
+
+ (2) Lit. "as he opened" {os enoige}. This is still a mariner's phrase
+    in modern Greek, if I am rightly informed.
+
+Meanwhile Mindarus, while sacrificing to Athena at Ilium, had observed
+the battle. He at once hastened to the sea, and getting his own triremes
+afloat, sailed out to pick up the ships with Dorieus. The Athenians on
+their side put out to meet him, and engaged him off Abydos. From early
+morning till the afternoon the fight was kept up close to the shore.
+(3) Victory and defeat hung still in even balance, when Alcibiades
+came sailing up with eighteen ships. Thereupon the Peloponnesians
+fled towards Abydos, where, however, Pharnabazus brought them timely
+assistance. (4) Mounted on horseback, he pushed forward into the sea as
+far as his horse would let him, doing battle himself, and encouraging
+his troopers and the infantry alike to play their parts. Then the
+Peloponnesians, ranging their ships in close-packed order, and drawing
+up their battle line in proximity to the land, kept up the fight. At
+length the Athenians, having captured thirty of the enemy's vessels
+without their crews, and having recovered those of their own which
+they had previously lost, set sail for Sestos. Here the fleet, with the
+exception of forty vessels, dispersed in different directions outside
+the Hellespont, to collect money; while Thrasylus, one of the generals,
+sailed to Athens to report what had happened, and to beg for a
+reinforcement of troops and ships. After the above incidents,
+Tissaphernes arrived in the Hellespont, and received a visit from
+Alcibiades, who presented him with a single ship, bringing with him
+tokens of friendship and gifts, whereupon Tissaphernes seized him and
+shut him up in Sardis, giving out that the king's orders were to go to
+war with the Athenians. Thirty days later Alcibiades, accompanied by
+Mantitheus, who had been captured in Caria, managed to procure horses
+and escaped by night to Clazomenae.
+
+ (3) The original has a somewhat more poetical ring. The author uses
+    the old Attic or Ionic word {eona}. This is a mark of style, of
+    which we shall have many instances. One might perhaps produce
+    something of the effect here by translating: "the battle hugged
+    the strand."
+
+ (4) Or, "came to their aid along the shore."
+
+B.C. 410. And now the Athenians at Sestos, hearing that Mindarus was
+meditating an attack upon them with a squadron of sixty sail, gave
+him the slip, and under cover of night escaped to Cardia. Hither also
+Alcibiades repaired from Clazomenae, having with him five triremes and
+a light skiff; but on learning that the Peloponnesian fleet had left
+Abydos and was in full sail for Cyzicus, he set off himself by land to
+Sestos, giving orders to the fleet to sail round and join him there.
+Presently the vessels arrived, and he was on the point of putting out to
+sea with everything ready for action, when Theramenes, with a fleet of
+twenty ships from Macedonia, entered the port, and at the same instant
+Thrasybulus, with a second fleet of twenty sail from Thasos, both
+squadrons having been engaged in collecting money. Bidding these
+officers also follow him with all speed, as soon as they had taken out
+their large sails and cleared for action, Alcibiades set sail himself
+for Parium. During the following night the united squadron, consisting
+now of eighty-six vessels, stood out to sea from Parium, and reached
+Proconnesus next morning, about the hour of breakfast. Here they learnt
+that Mindarus was in Cyzicus, and that Pharnabazus, with a body of
+infantry, was with him. Accordingly they waited the whole of this day at
+Proconnesus. On the following day Alcibiades summoned an assembly,
+and addressing the men in terms of encouragement, warned them that a
+threefold service was expected of them; that they must be ready for a
+sea fight, a land fight, and a wall fight all at once, "for look you,"
+said he, "we have no money, but the enemy has unlimited supplies from
+the king."
+
+Now, on the previous day, as soon as they were come to moorings, he had
+collected all the sea-going craft of the island, big and little alike,
+under his own control, that no one might report the number of his
+squadron to the enemy, and he had further caused a proclamation to be
+made, that any one caught sailing across to the opposite coast would be
+punished with death. When the meeting was over, he got his ships ready
+for action, and stood out to sea towards Cyzicus in torrents of rain.
+Off Cyzicus the sky cleared, and the sun shone out and revealed to him
+the spectacle of Mindarus's vessels, sixty in number, exercising at some
+distance from the harbour, and, in fact, intercepted by himself. The
+Peloponnesians, perceiving at a glance the greatly increased number of
+the Athenian galleys, and noting their proximity to the port, made haste
+to reach the land, where they brought their vessels to anchor in a
+body, and prepared to engage the enemy as he sailed to the attack. But
+Alcibiades, sailing round with twenty of his vessels, came to land and
+disembarked. Seeing this, Mindarus also landed, and in the engagement
+which ensued he fell fighting, whilst those who were with him took to
+flight. As for the enemy's ships, the Athenians succeeded in capturing
+the whole of them (with the exception of the Syracusan vessels,
+which were burnt by their crews), and made off with their prizes to
+Proconnesus. From thence on the following day they sailed to attack
+Cyzicus. The men of that place, seeing that the Peloponnesians and
+Pharnabazus had evacuated the town, admitted the Athenians. Here
+Alcibiades remained twenty days, obtaining large sums of money from
+the Cyzicenes, but otherwise inflicting no sort of mischief on the
+community. He then sailed back to Proconnesus, and from there to
+Perinthus and Selybria. The inhabitants of the former place welcomed his
+troops into their city, but the Selybrians preferred to give money,
+and so escape the admission of the troops. Continuing the voyage the
+squadron reached Chrysopolis in Chalcedonia, (5) where they built a
+fort, and established a custom-house to collect the tithe dues which
+they levied on all merchantmen passing through the Straits from the
+Black Sea. Besides this, a detachment of thirty ships was left there
+under the two generals, Theramenes and Eubulus, with instructions not
+only to keep a look-out on the port itself and on all traders passing
+through the channel, but generally to injure the enemy in any way which
+might present itself. This done, the rest of the generals hastened back
+to the Hellespont.
+
+ (5) This is the common spelling, but the coins of Calchedon have the
+    letters {KALKH}, and so the name is written in the best MSS. of
+    Herodotus, Xenophon, and other writers, by whom the place is
+    named. See "Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog." "Chalcedon."
+
+Now a despatch from Hippocrates, Mindarus's vice-admiral, (6) had been
+intercepted on its way to Lacedaemon, and taken to Athens. It ran
+as follows (in broad Doric): (7) "Ships gone; Mindarus dead; the men
+starving; at our wits' end what to do."
+
+ (6) "Epistoleus," i.e. secretary or despatch writer, is the Spartan
+    title of the officer second in command to the admiral.
+
+ (7) Reading {'Errei ta kala} (Bergk's conjecture for {kala}) =
+    "timbers," i.e. "ships" (a Doric word). Cf. Aristoph., "Lys."
+    1253, {potta kala}. The despatch continues: {Mindaros apessoua}
+    (al. {apessua}), which is much more racy than the simple word
+    "dead." "M. is gone off." I cannot find the right English or
+    "broad Scotch" equivalent. See Thirlwall, "Hist. Gr." IV. xxix. 88
+    note.
+
+Pharnabazus, however, was ready to meet with encouragement the
+despondency which afflicted the whole Peloponnesian army and their
+allies. "As long as their own bodies were safe and sound, why need
+they take to heart the loss of a few wooden hulls? Was there not timber
+enough and to spare in the king's territory?" And so he presented each
+man with a cloak and maintenance for a couple of months, after which he
+armed the sailors and formed them into a coastguard for the security of
+his own seaboard.
+
+He next called a meeting of the generals and trierarchs of the different
+States, and instructed them to build just as many new ships in the
+dockyards of Antandrus as they had respectively lost. He himself was to
+furnish the funds, and he gave them to understand that they might
+bring down timber from Mount Ida. While the ships were building, the
+Syracusans helped the men of Antandrus to finish a section of their
+walls, and were particularly pleasant on garrison duty; and that is why
+the Syracusans to this day enjoy the privilege of citizenship, with the
+title of "benefactors," at Antandrus. Having so arranged these matters,
+Pharnabazus proceeded at once to the rescue of Chalcedon.
+
+It was at this date that the Syracusan generals received news from home
+of their banishment by the democratic party. Accordingly they called a
+meeting of their separate divisions, and putting forward Hermocrates
+(8) as their spokesman, proceeded to deplore their misfortune, insisting
+upon the injustice and the illegality of their banishment. "And now let
+us admonish you," they added, "to be eager and willing in the future,
+even as in the past: whatever the word of command may be, show
+yourselves good men and true: let not the memory of those glorious sea
+fights fade. Think of those victories you have won, those ships you
+have captured by your own unaided efforts; forget not that long list of
+achievements shared by yourselves with others, in all which you
+proved yourselves invincible under our generalship. It was to a happy
+combination of our merit and your enthusiasm, displayed alike on land
+and sea, that you owe the strength and perfection of your discipline."
+
+ (8) Hermocrates, the son of Hermon. We first hear of him in Thuc. iv.
+    58 foll. as the chief agent in bringing the Sicilian States
+    together in conference at Gela B.C. 424, with a view to healing
+    their differences and combining to frustrate the dangerous designs
+    of Athens. In 415 B.C., when the attack came, he was again the
+    master spirit in rendering it abortive (Thuc. vi. 72 foll.) In 412
+    B.C. it was he who urged the Sicilians to assist in completing the
+    overthrow of Athens, by sending a squadron to co-operate with the
+    Peloponnesian navy--for the relief of Miletus, etc. (Thuc. viii.
+    26, 27 foll.) At a later date, in 411 B.C., when the Peloponnesian
+    sailors were ready to mutiny, and "laid all their grievances to
+    the charge of Astyochus (the Spartan admiral), who humoured
+    Tissaphernes for his own gain" (Thuc. viii. 83), Hermocrates took
+    the men's part, and so incurred the hatred of Tissaphernes.
+
+With these words they called upon the men to choose other commanders,
+who should undertake the duties of their office, until the arrival of
+their successors. Thereupon the whole assembly, and more particularly
+the captains and masters of vessels and marines, insisted with loud
+cries on their continuance in command. The generals replied, "It was
+not for them to indulge in faction against the State, but rather it was
+their duty, in case any charges were forthcoming against themselves,
+at once to render an account." When, however, no one had any kind of
+accusation to prefer, they yielded to the general demand, and were
+content to await the arrival of their successors. The names of these
+were--Demarchus, the son of Epidocus; Myscon, the son of Mencrates; and
+Potamis, the son of Gnosis.
+
+The captains, for their part, swore to restore the exiled generals as
+soon as they themselves should return to Syracuse. At present with
+a general vote of thanks they despatched them to their several
+destinations. It particular those who had enjoyed the society of
+Hermocrates recalled his virtues with regret, his thoroughness and
+enthusiasm, his frankness and affability, the care with which every
+morning and evening he was wont to gather in his quarters a group of
+naval captains and mariners whose ability he recognised. These were his
+confidants, to whom he communicated what he intended to say or do: they
+were his pupils, to whom he gave lessons in oratory, now calling upon
+them to speak extempore, and now again after deliberation. By these
+means Hermocrates had gained a wide reputation at the council board,
+where his mastery of language was no less felt than the wisdom of his
+advice. Appearing at Lacedaemon as the accuser of Tissaphernes, (9) he
+had carried his case, not only by the testimony of Astyochus, but by
+the obvious sincerity of his statements, and on the strength of this
+reputation he now betook himself to Pharnabazus. The latter did not wait
+to be asked, but at once gave him money, which enabled him to collect
+friends and triremes, with a view to his ultimate recall to Syracuse.
+Meanwhile the successors of the Syracusans had arrived at Miletus, where
+they took charge of the ships and the army.
+
+ (9) The matter referred to is fully explained Thuc. viii. 85.
+
+It was at this same season that a revolution occurred in Thasos,
+involving the expulsion of the philo-Laconian party, with the Laconian
+governor Eteonicus. The Laconian Pasippidas was charged with having
+brought the business about in conjunction with Tissaphernes, and was
+banished from Sparta in consequence. The naval force which he had been
+collecting from the allies was handed over to Cratesippidas, who was
+sent out to take his place in Chios.
+
+About the same period, while Thrasylus was still in Athens, Agis
+(10) made a foraging expedition up to the very walls of the city. But
+Thrasylus led out the Athenians with the rest of the inhabitants of the
+city, and drew them up by the side of the Lyceum Gymnasium, ready to
+engage the enemy if they approached; seeing which, Agis beat a hasty
+retreat, not however without the loss of some of his supports, a few of
+whom were cut down by the Athenian light troops. This success disposed
+the citizens to take a still more favourable view of the objects for
+which Thrasylus had come; and they passed a decree empowering him to
+call out a thousand hoplites, one hundred cavalry, and fifty triremes.
+
+ (10) The reader will recollect that we are giving in "the Deceleian"
+    period of the war, 413-404 B.C. The Spartan king was in command of
+    the fortress of Deceleia, only fourteen miles distant from Athens,
+    and erected on a spot within sight of the city. See Thuc. vii. 19,
+    27, 28.
+
+Meanwhile Agis, as he looked out from Deceleia, and saw vessel after
+vessel laden with corn running down to Piraeus, declared that it was
+useless for his troops to go on week after week excluding the Athenians
+from their own land, while no one stopped the source of their corn
+supply by sea: the best plan would be to send Clearchus, (11) the son
+of Rhamphius, who was proxenos (12) of the Byzantines, to Chalcedon and
+Byzantium. The suggestion was approved, and with fifteen vessels duly
+manned from Megara, or furnished by other allies, Clearchus set out.
+These were troop-ships rather than swift-sailing men-of-war. Three of
+them, on reaching the Hellespont, were destroyed by the Athenian ships
+employed to keep a sharp look-out on all merchant craft in those waters.
+The other twelve escaped to Sestos, and thence finally reached Byzantium
+in safety.
+
+ (11) Of Clearchus we shall hear more in the sequel, and in the
+    "Anabasis."
+
+ (12) The Proxenus answered pretty nearly to our "Consul," "Agent,"
+    "Resident"; but he differed in this respect, that he was always a
+    member of the foreign State. An Athenian represented Sparta at
+    Athens; a Laconian represented Athens at Sparta, and so forth. See
+    Liddell and Scott.
+
+So closed the year--a year notable also for the expedition against
+Sicily of the Carthaginians under Hannibal with one hundred thousand
+men, and the capture, within three months, of the two Hellenic cities of
+Selinus and Himera.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 409. Next year (1)... the Athenians fortified Thoricus; and
+Thrasylus, taking the vessels lately voted him and five thousand of
+his seamen armed to serve as peltasts, (2) set sail for Samos at the
+beginning of summer. At Samos he stayed three days, and then continued
+his voyage to Pygela, where he proceeded to ravage the territory and
+attack the fortress. Presently a detachment from Miletus came to the
+rescue of the men of Pygela, and attacking the scattered bands of the
+Athenian light troops, put them to flight. But to the aid of the light
+troops came the naval brigade of peltasts, with two companies of heavy
+infantry, and all but annihilated the whole detachment from Miletus.
+They captured about two hundred shields, and set up a trophy. Next day
+they sailed to Notium, and from Notium, after due preparation, marched
+upon Colophon. The Colophonians capitulated without a blow. The
+following night they made an incursion into Lydia, where the corn crops
+were ripe, and burnt several villages, and captured money, slaves, and
+other booty in large quantity. But Stages, the Persian, who was employed
+in this neighbourhood, fell in with a reinforcement of cavalry sent to
+protect the scattered pillaging parties from the Athenian camp, whilst
+occupied with their individual plunder, and took one trooper prisoner,
+killing seven others. After this Thrasylus led his troops back to the
+sea, intending to sail to Ephesus. Meanwhile Tissaphernes, who had wind
+of this intention, began collecting a large army and despatching cavalry
+with a summons to the inhabitants one and all to rally to the defence of
+the goddess Artemis at Ephesus.
+
+ (1) The MSS. here give a suspected passage, which may be rendered
+    thus: "The first of Olympiad 93, celebrated as the year in which
+    the newly-added two-horse race was won by Evagorias the Eleian,
+    and the stadion (200 yards foot-race) by the Cyrenaean Eubotas,
+    when Evarchippus was ephor at Sparta and Euctemon archon at
+    Athens." But Ol. 93, to which these officers,and the addition of
+    the new race at Olympia belong, is the year 408. We must therefore
+    suppose either that this passage has been accidentally inserted in
+    the wrong place by some editor or copyist, or that the author was
+    confused in his dates. The "stadium" is the famous foot-race at
+    Olympia, 606 3/4 English feet in length, run on a course also
+    called the "Stadion," which was exactly a stade long.
+
+ (2) Peltasts, i.e. light infantry armed with the "pelta" or light
+    shield, instead of the heavy {aspis} of the hoplite or heavy
+    infantry soldiers.
+
+On the seventeenth day after the incursion above mentioned Thrasylus
+sailed to Ephesus. He disembarked his troops in two divisions, his heavy
+infantry in the neighbourhood of Mount Coressus; his cavalry, peltasts,
+and marines, with the remainder of his force, near the marsh on the
+other side of the city. At daybreak he pushed forward both divisions.
+The citizens of Ephesus, on their side, were not slow to protect
+themselves. They had to aid them the troops brought up by Tissaphernes,
+as well as two detachments of Syracusans, consisting of the crews of
+their former twenty vessels and those of five new vessels which had
+opportunely arrived quite recently under Eucles, the son of Hippon,
+and Heracleides, the son of Aristogenes, together with two Selinuntian
+vessels. All these several forces first attacked the heavy infantry
+near Coressus; these they routed, killing about one hundred of them, and
+driving the remainder down into the sea. They then turned to deal with
+the second division on the marsh. Here, too, the Athenians were put to
+flight, and as many as three hundred of them perished. On this spot the
+Ephesians erected a trophy, and another at Coressus. The valour of the
+Syracusans and Selinuntians had been so conspicuous that the citizens
+presented many of them, both publicly and privately, with prizes for
+distinction in the field, besides offering the right of residence in
+their city with certain immunities to all who at any time might wish to
+live there. To the Selinuntians, indeed, as their own city had lately
+been destroyed, they offered full citizenship.
+
+The Athenians, after picking up their dead under a truce, set sail
+for Notium, and having there buried the slain, continued their voyage
+towards Lesbos and the Hellespont. Whilst lying at anchor in the harbour
+of Methymna, in that island, they caught sight of the Syracusan vessels,
+five-and-twenty in number, coasting along from Ephesus. They put out to
+sea to attack them, and captured four ships with their crews, and chased
+the remainder back to Ephesus. The prisoners were sent by Thrasylus to
+Athens, with one exception. This was an Athenian, Alcibiades, who was a
+cousin and fellow-exile of Alcibiades. Him Thrasylus released. (3) From
+Methymna Thrasylus set sail to Sestos to join the main body of the army,
+after which the united forces crossed to Lampsacus. And now winter was
+approaching. It was the winter in which the Syracusan prisoners who had
+been immured in the stone quarries of Piraeus dug through the rock and
+escaped one night, some to Decelia and others to Megara. At Lampsacus
+Alcibiades was anxious to marshal the whole military force there
+collected in one body, but the old troops refused to be incorporated
+with those of Thrasylus. "They, who had never yet been beaten, with
+these newcomers who had just suffered a defeat." So they devoted the
+winter to fortifying Lampsacus. They also made an expedition against
+Abydos, where Pharnabazus, coming to the rescue of the place,
+encountered them with numerous cavalry, but was defeated and forced
+to flee, Alcibiades pursuing hard with his cavalry and one hundred and
+twenty infantry under the command of Menander, till darkness intervened.
+After this battle the soldiers came together of their own accord, and
+freely fraternised with the troops of Thrasylus. This expedition was
+followed by other incursions during the winter into the interior, where
+they found plenty to do ravaging the king's territory.
+
+ (3) Reading {apelusen}. Wolf's conjecture for the MSS. {katelousen} =
+    stoned. See Thirlwall, "Hist. Gr." IV. xxix. 93 note.
+
+It was at this period also that the Lacedaemonians allowed their
+revolted helots from Malea, who had found an asylum at Coryphasium, to
+depart under a flag of truce. It was also about the same period that the
+Achaeans betrayed the colonists of Heracleia Trachinia, when they were
+all drawn up in battle to meet the hostile Oetaeans, whereby as many
+as seven hundred of them were lost, together with the governor (4) from
+Lacedaemon, Labotas. Thus the year came to its close--a year marked
+further by a revolt of the Medes from Darius, the king of Persia,
+followed by renewed submission to his authority.
+
+ (4) Technically {armostes} (harmost), i.e. administrator.
+
+
+
+III
+
+B.C. 408. The year following is the year in which the temple of Athena,
+in Phocaea, was struck by lightning and set on fire. (1) With the
+cessation of winter, in early spring, the Athenians set sail with the
+whole of their force to Proconnesus, and thence advanced upon Chalcedon
+and Byzantium, encamping near the former town. The men of Chalcedon,
+aware of their approach, had taken the precaution to deposit all their
+pillageable property with their neighbours, the Bithynian Thracians;
+whereupon Alcibiades put himself at the head of a small body of heavy
+infantry with the cavalry, and giving orders to the fleet to follow
+along the coast, marched against the Bithynians and demanded back the
+property of the Chalcedonians, threatening them with war in case of
+refusal. The Bithynians delivered up the property. Returning to camp,
+not only thus enriched, but with the further satisfaction of having
+secured pledges of good behaviour from the Bithynians, Alcibiades set to
+work with the whole of his troops to draw lines of circumvallation round
+Chalcedon from sea to sea, so as to include as much of the river as
+possible within his wall, which was made of timber. Thereupon the
+Lacedaemonian governor, Hippocrates, let his troops out of the city and
+offered battle, and the Athenians, on their side, drew up their forces
+opposite to receive him; while Pharnabazus, from without the lines of
+circumvallation, was still advancing with his army and large bodies of
+horse. Hippocrates and Thrasylus engaged each other with their heavy
+infantry for a long while, until Alcibiades, with a detachment of
+infantry and the cavalry, intervened. Presently Hippocrates fell,
+and the troops under him fled into the city; at the same instant
+Pharnabazus, unable to effect a junction with the Lacedaemonian leader,
+owing to the circumscribed nature of the ground and the close proximity
+of the river to the enemy's lines, retired to the Heracleium, (2)
+belonging to the Chalcedonians, where his camp lay. After this success
+Alcibiades set off to the Hellespont and the Chersonese to raise money,
+and the remaining generals came to terms with Pharnabazus in respect
+of Chalcedon; according to these, the Persian satrap agreed to pay the
+Athenians twenty talents (3) in behalf of the town, and to grant their
+ambassadors a safe conduct up country to the king. It was further
+stipulated by mutual consent and under oaths provided, that the
+Chalcedonians should continue the payment of their customary tribute
+to Athens, being also bound to discharge all outstanding debts. The
+Athenians, on their side, were bound to desist from all hostilities
+until the return of their ambassadors from the king. These oaths
+were not witnessed by Alcibiades, who was now in the neighbourhood of
+Selybria. Having taken that place, he presently appeared before the
+walls of Byzantium at the head of the men of Chersonese, who came out
+with their whole force; he was aided further by troops from Thrace and
+more than three hundred horse. Accordingly Pharnabazus, insisting that
+he too must take the oath, decided to remain in Chalcedon, and to await
+his arrival from Byzantium. Alcibiades came, but was not prepared to
+bind himself by any oaths, unless Pharnabazus would, on his side, take
+oaths to himself. After this, oaths were exchanged between them by
+proxy. Alcibiades took them at Chrysopolis in the presence of two
+representatives sent by Pharnabazus--namely, Mitrobates and Arnapes.
+Pharnabazus took them at Chalcedon in the presence of Euryptolemus and
+Diotimus, who represented Alcibiades. Both parties bound themselves not
+only by the general oath, but also interchanged personal pledges of good
+faith.
+
+ (1) The MSS. here give the words, "in the ephorate of Pantacles and
+    the archonship of Antigenes, two-and-twenty years from the
+    beginning of the war," but the twenty-second year of the war =
+    B.C. 410; Antigenes archon, B.C. 407 = Ol. 93, 2; the passage must
+    be regarded as a note mis-inserted by some editor or copyist (vide
+    supra, I. 11.)
+
+ (2) I.e. sacred place or temple of Heracles.
+
+ (3) Twenty talents = 4800 pounds; or, more exactly, 4875 pounds.
+
+This done, Pharnabazus left Chalcedon at once, with injunctions that
+those who were going up to the king as ambassadors should meet him
+at Cyzicus. The representatives of Athens were Dorotheus, Philodices,
+Theogenes, Euryptolemus, and Mantitheus; with them were two Argives,
+Cleostratus and Pyrrholochus. An embassy of the Lacedaemonians was also
+about to make the journey. This consisted of Pasippidas and his fellows,
+with whom were Hermocrates, now an exile from Syracuse, and his brother
+Proxenus. So Pharnabazus put himself at their head. Meanwhile the
+Athenians prosecuted the siege of Byzantium; lines of circumvallation
+were drawn; and they diversified the blockade by sharpshooting at
+long range and occasional assaults upon the walls. Inside the city lay
+Clearchus, the Lacedaemonian governor, and a body of Perioci with a
+small detachment of Neodamodes. (4) There was also a body of Megarians
+under their general Helixus, a Megarian, and another body of Boeotians,
+with their general Coeratadas. The Athenians, finding presently that
+they could effect nothing by force, worked upon some of the inhabitants
+to betray the place. Clearchus, meanwhile, never dreaming that any one
+would be capable of such an act, had crossed over to the opposite
+coast to visit Pharnabazus; he had left everything in perfect order,
+entrusting the government of the city to Coeratadas and Helixus. His
+mission was to obtain pay for the soldiers from the Persian satrap,
+and to collect vessels from various quarters. Some were already in the
+Hellespont, where they had been left as guardships by Pasippidas, or
+else at Antandrus. Others formed the fleet which Agesandridas, who had
+formerly served as a marine (5) under Mindarus, now commanded on the
+Thracian coast. Others Clearchus purposed to have built, and with the
+whole united squadron to so injure the allies of the Athenians as to
+draw off the besieging army from Byzantium. But no sooner was he fairly
+gone than those who were minded to betray the city set to work. Their
+names were Cydon, Ariston, Anaxicrates, Lycurgus, and Anaxilaus. The
+last-named was afterwards impeached for treachery in Lacedaemon on the
+capital charge, and acquitted on the plea that, to begin with, he was
+not a Lacedaemonian, but a Byzantine, and, so far from having betrayed
+the city, he had saved it, when he saw women and children perishing of
+starvation; for Clearchus had given away all the corn in the city to the
+Lacedaemonian soldiers. It was for these reasons, as Anaxilaus himself
+admitted, he had introduced the enemy, and not for the sake of money,
+nor out of hatred to Lacedaemon.
+
+ (4) According to the constitution of Lacedaemon the whole government
+    was in Dorian hands. The subject population was divided into (1)
+    Helots, who were State serfs. The children of Helots were at times
+    brought up by Spartans and called "Mothakes"; Helots who had
+    received their liberty were called "Neodamodes" ({neodamodeis}).
+    After the conquest of Messenia this class was very numerous. (2)
+    Perioeci. These were the ancient Achaean inhabitants, living in
+    towns and villages, and managing their own affairs, paying
+    tribute, and serving in the army as heavy-armed soldiers. In 458
+    B.C. they were said to number thirty thousand. The Spartans
+    themselves were divided, like all Dorians, into three tribes,
+    Hylleis, Dymanes, and Pamphyli, each of which tribes was divided
+    into ten "obes," which were again divided into {oikoi} or families
+    possessed of landed properties. In 458 B.C. there were said to be
+    nine thousand such families; but in course of time, through
+    alienation of lands, deaths in war, and other causes, their
+    numbers were much diminished; and in many cases there was a loss
+    of status, so that in the time of Agis III., B.C. 244, we hear of
+    two orders of Spartans, the {omoioi} and the {upomeiones}
+    (inferiors); seven hundred Spartans (families) proper and one
+    hundred landed proprietors. See Mullers "Dorians," vol. ii. bk.
+    iii. ch. x. S. 3 (Eng. trans.); Arist. "Pol." ii. 9, 15; Plut.
+    ("Agis").
+
+ (5) The greek word is {epibates}, which some think was the title of an
+    inferior naval officer in the Spartan service, but there is no
+    proof of this. Cf. Thuc. viii. 61, and Prof. Jowett's note; also
+    Grote, "Hist. of Greece," viii. 27 (2d ed.)
+
+As soon as everything was ready, these people opened the gates leading
+to the Thracian Square, as it is called, and admitted the Athenian
+troops with Alcibiades at their head. Helixus and Coeratadas, in
+complete ignorance of the plot, hastened to the Agora with the whole
+of the garrison, ready to confront the danger; but finding the enemy in
+occupation, they had nothing for it but to give themselves up. They were
+sent off as prisoners to Athens, where Coeratadas, in the midst of the
+crowd and confusion of debarkation at Piraeus, gave his guards the slip,
+and made his way in safety to Decelia.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+B.C. 407. Pharnabazus and the ambassadors were passing the winter at
+Gordium in Phrygia, when they heard of the occurrences at Byzantium.
+Continuing their journey to the king's court in the commencement of
+spring, they were met by a former embassy, which was now on its return
+journey. These were the Lacedaemonian ambassadors, Boeotius and his
+party, with the other envoys; who told them that the Lacedaemonians had
+obtained from the king all they wanted. One of the company was Cyrus,
+the new governor of all the seaboard districts, who was prepared to
+co-operate with the Lacedaemonians in war. He was the bearer, moreover,
+of a letter with the royal seal attached. It was addressed to all the
+populations of Lower Asia, and contained the following words: "I send
+down Cyrus as 'Karanos'" (1)--that is to say, supreme lord--"over all
+those who muster at Castolus." The ambassadors of the Athenians, even
+while listening to this announcement, and indeed after they had seen
+Cyrus, were still desirous, if possible, to continue their journey to
+the king, or, failing that, to return home. Cyrus, however, urged upon
+Pharnabazus either to deliver them up to himself, or to defer sending
+them home at present; his object being to prevent the Athenians learning
+what was going on. Pharnabazus, wishing to escape all blame, for the
+time being detained them, telling them, at one time, that he would
+presently escort them up country to the king, and at another time that
+he would send them safe home. But when three years had elapsed, he
+prayed Cyrus to let them go, declaring that he had taken an oath to
+bring them back to the sea, in default of escorting them up to the king.
+Then at last they received safe conduct to Ariobarzanes, with orders for
+their further transportation. The latter conducted them a stage further,
+to Cius in Mysia; and from Cius they set sail to join their main
+armament.
+
+ (1) {Karanos.} Is this a Greek word, a Doric form, {karanos}, akin to
+    {kara} (cf. {karenon}) = chief? or is it not more likely a Persian
+    or native word, Karanos? and might not the title be akin
+    conceivably to the word {korano}, which occurs on many Indo-
+    Bactrian coins (see A. von Sallet, "Die Nachfolger Alexanders des
+    Grossen," p. 57, etc.)? or is {koiranos} the connecting link? The
+    words translated "that is to say, supreme lord," {to de karanon
+    esti kurion}, look very like a commentator's gloss.
+
+Alcibiades, whose chief desire was to return home to Athens with the
+troops, immediately set sail for Samos; and from that island, taking
+twenty of the ships, he sailed to the Ceramic Gulf of Caria, where he
+collected a hundred talents, and so returned to Samos.
+
+Thrasybulus had gone Thrace-wards with thirty ships. In this quarter he
+reduced various places which had revolted to Lacedaemon, including
+the island of Thasos, which was in a bad plight, the result of wars,
+revolutions, and famine.
+
+Thrasylus, with the rest of the army, sailed back straight to Athens.
+On his arrival he found that the Athenians had already chosen as their
+general Alcibiades, who was still in exile, and Thrasybulus, who was
+also absent, and as a third, from among those at home, Conon.
+
+Meanwhile Alcibiades, with the moneys lately collected and his fleet of
+twenty ships, left Samos and visited Paros. From Paros he stood out to
+sea across to Gytheum, (2) to keep an eye on the thirty ships of war
+which, as he was informed, the Lacedaemonians were equipping in that
+arsenal. Gytheum would also be a favourable point of observation
+from which to gauge the disposition of his fellow-countrymen and the
+prospects of his recall. When at length their good disposition seemed
+to him established, not only by his election as general, but by the
+messages of invitation which he received in private from his friends, he
+sailed home, and entered Piraeus on the very day of the festival of the
+Plunteria, (3) when the statue of Athena is veiled and screened from
+public gaze. This was a coincidence, as some thought, of evil omen,
+and unpropitious alike to himself and the State, for no Athenian would
+transact serious business on such a day.
+
+ (2) Gytheum, the port and arsenal of Sparta, situated near the head of
+    the Laconian Gulf (now Marathonisi).
+
+ (3) {ta Plunteria}, or feast of washings, held on the 25th of the
+    month Thargelion, when the image of the goddess Athena was
+    stripped in order that her clothes might be washed by the
+    Praxiergidae; neither assembly nor court was held on that day, and
+    the Temple was closed.
+
+As he sailed into the harbour, two great crowds--one from the Piraeus,
+the other from the city (4)--flocked to meet the vessels. Wonderment,
+mixed with a desire to see Alcibiades, was the prevailing sentiment of
+the multitude. Of him they spoke: some asserting that he was the best
+of citizens, and that in his sole instance banishment had been
+ill-deserved. He had been the victim of plots, hatched in the brains
+of people less able than himself, however much they might excel in
+pestilent speech; men whose one principle of statecraft was to look to
+their private gains; whereas this man's policy had ever been to uphold
+the common weal, as much by his private means as by all the power of the
+State. His own choice, eight years ago, when the charge of impiety in
+the matter of the mysteries was still fresh, would have been to submit
+to trial at once. It was his personal foes, who had succeeded in
+postponing that undeniably just procedure; who waited till his back was
+turned, and then robbed him of his fatherland. Then it was that, being
+made the very slave of circumstance, he was driven to court the men he
+hated most; and at a time when his own life was in daily peril, he must
+see his dearest friends and fellow-citizens, nay, the very State itself,
+bent on a suicidal course, and yet, in the exclusion of exile, be unable
+to lend a helping hand. "It is not men of this stamp," they averred,
+"who desire changes in affairs and revolution: had he not already
+guaranteed to him by the Democracy a position higher than that of his
+equals in age, and scarcely if at all inferior to his seniors? How
+different was the position of his enemies. It had been the fortune of
+these, though they were known to be the same men they had always been,
+to use their lately acquired power for the destruction in the first
+instance of the better classes; and then, being alone left surviving, to
+be accepted by their fellow-citizens in the absence of better men."
+
+ (4) Or, "collected to meet the vessels from curiosity and a desire to
+    see Alcibiades."
+
+Others, however, insisted that for all their past miseries and
+misfortunes Alcibiades alone was responsible: "If more trials were still
+in store for the State, here was the master mischief-maker ready at his
+post to precipitate them."
+
+When the vessels came to their moorings, close to the land, Alcibiades,
+from fear of his enemies, was unwilling to disembark at once. Mounting
+on the quarterdeck, he scanned the multitude, (5) anxious to make
+certain of the presence of his friends. Presently his eyes lit upon
+Euryptolemus, the son of Peisianax, who was his cousin, and then on the
+rest of his relations and other friends. Upon this he landed, and so,
+in the midst of an escort ready to put down any attempt upon his person,
+made his way to the city.
+
+ (5) Or, "he looked to see if his friends were there."
+
+In the Senate and Public Assembly (6) he made speeches, defending
+himself against the charge of impiety, and asserting that he had been
+the victim of injustice, with other like topics, which in the present
+temper of the assembly no one ventured to gainsay.
+
+ (6) Technically the "Boule" ({Boule}) or Senate, and "Ecclesia" or
+    Popular Assembly.
+
+He was then formally declared leader and chief of the State, with
+irresponsible powers, as being the sole individual capable of recovering
+the ancient power and prestige of Athens. Armed with this authority, his
+first act was to institute anew the processional march to Eleusis;
+for of late years, owing to the war, the Athenians had been forced to
+conduct the mysteries by sea. Now, at the head of the troops, he caused
+them to be conducted once again by land. This done, his next step was
+to muster an armament of one thousand five hundred heavy infantry, one
+hundred and fifty cavalry, and one hundred ships; and lastly, within
+three months of his return, he set sail for Andros, which had revolted
+from Athens.
+
+The generals chosen to co-operate with him on land were Aristocrates and
+Adeimantus, the son of Leucophilides. He disembarked his troops on the
+island of Andros at Gaurium, and routed the Andrian citizens who sallied
+out from the town to resist the invader; forcing them to return and keep
+close within their walls, though the number who fell was not large.
+This defeat was shared by some Lacedaemonians who were in the place.
+Alcibiades erected a trophy, and after a few days set sail himself for
+Samos, which became his base of operations in the future conduct of the
+war.
+
+
+
+V
+
+At a date not much earlier than that of the incidents just described,
+the Lacedaemonians had sent out Lysander as their admiral, in the place
+of Cratesippidas, whose period of office had expired. The new admiral
+first visited Rhodes, where he got some ships, and sailed to Cos and
+Miletus, and from the latter place to Ephesus. At Ephesus he waited with
+seventy sail, expecting the advent of Cyrus in Sardis, when he at once
+went up to pay the prince a visit with the ambassadors from Lacedaemon.
+And now an opportunity was given to denounce the proceedings of
+Tissaphernes, and at the same time to beg Cyrus himself to show as much
+zeal as possible in the prosecution of the war. Cyrus replied that not
+only had he received express injunction from his father to the same
+effect, but that his own views coincided with their wishes, which he was
+determined to carry out to the letter. He had, he informed them, brought
+with him five hundred talents; (1) and if that sum failed, he had still
+the private revenue, which his father allowed him, to fall back upon,
+and when this resource was in its turn exhausted, he would coin the gold
+and silver throne on which he sat, into money for their benefit. (2)
+
+ (1) About 120,000 pounds. One Euboic or Attic talent = sixty minae =
+    six thousand drachmae = 243 pounds 15 shillings of our money.
+
+ (2) Cf. the language of Tissaphernes, Thuc. viii. 81.
+
+His audience thanked him for what he said, and further begged him to
+fix the rate of payment for the seamen at one Attic drachma per man, (3)
+explaining that should this rate of payment be adopted, the sailors of
+the Athenians would desert, and in the end there would be a saving
+of expenditure. Cyrus complimented them on the soundness of their
+arguments, but said that it was not in his power to exceed the
+injunctions of the king. The terms of agreement were precise, thirty
+minae (4) a month per vessel to be given, whatever number of vessels the
+Lacedaemonians might choose to maintain.
+
+ (3) About 9 3/4 pence; a drachma (= six obols) would be very high pay
+    for a sailor--indeed, just double the usual amount. See Thuc. vi.
+    8 and viii. 29, and Prof. Jowett ad loc. Tissaphernes had, in the
+    winter of 412 B.C., distributed one month's pay among the
+    Peloponnesian ships at this high rate of a drachma a day, "as his
+    envoy had promised at Lacedaemon;" but this he proposed to reduce
+    to half a drachma, "until he had asked the king's leave, promising
+    that if he obtained it, he would pay the entire drachma. On the
+    remonstrance, however, of Hermocrates, the Syracusan general, he
+    promised to each man a payment of somewhat more than three obols."
+
+ (4) Nearly 122 pounds; and thirty minae a month to each ship (the crew
+    of each ship being taken at two hundred) = three obols a day to
+    each man. The terms of agreement to which Cyrus refers may have
+    been specified in the convention mentioned above in chap. iv,
+    which Boeotius and the rest were so proud to have obtained. But
+    see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 192 note (2d ed.)
+
+To this rejoinder Lysander at the moment said nothing. But after dinner,
+when Cyrus drank to his health, asking him "What he could do to gratify
+him most?" Lysander replied, "Add an obol (5) to the sailors' pay."
+After this the pay was raised to four instead of three obols, as it
+hitherto had been. Nor did the liberality of Cyrus end here; he not only
+paid up all arrears, but further gave a month's pay in advance, so that,
+if the enthusiasm of the army had been great before, it was greater than
+ever now. The Athenians when they heard the news were proportionately
+depressed, and by help of Tissaphernes despatched ambassadors to Cyrus.
+That prince, however, refused to receive them, nor were the prayers of
+Tissaphernes of any avail, however much he insisted that Cyrus should
+adopt the policy which he himself, on the advice of Alcibiades, had
+persistently acted on. This was simply not to suffer any single Hellenic
+state to grow strong at the expense of the rest, but to keep them all
+weak alike, distracted by internecine strife.
+
+ (5) An obol = one-sixth of a drachma; the Attic obol = rather more
+    than 1 1/2 pence.
+
+Lysander, now that the organisation of his navy was arranged to his
+satisfaction, beached his squadron of ninety vessels at Ephesus, and
+sat with hands folded, whilst the vessels dried and underwent repairs.
+Alcibiades, being informed that Thrasybulus had come south of the
+Hellespont and was fortifying Phocaea, sailed across to join him,
+leaving his own pilot Antiochus in command of the fleet, with orders
+not to attack Lysander's fleet. Antiochus, however, was tempted to leave
+Notium and sail into the harbour of Ephesus with a couple of ships, his
+own and another, past the prows of Lysander's squadron. The Spartan at
+first contented himself with launching a few of his ships, and started
+in pursuit of the intruder; but when the Athenians came out with other
+vessels to assist Antiochus, he formed his whole squadron into line of
+battle, and bore down upon them, whereupon the Athenians followed suit,
+and getting their remaining triremes under weigh at Notium, stood out to
+sea as fast as each vessel could clear the point. (6) Thus it befell in
+the engagement which ensued, that while the enemy was in due order, the
+Athenians came up in scattered detachments and without concert, and in
+the end were put to flight with the loss of fifteen ships of war. Of the
+crews, indeed, the majority escaped, though a certain number fell into
+the hands of the enemy. Then Lysander collected his vessels, and having
+erected a trophy on Cape Notium, sailed across to Ephesus, whilst the
+Athenians retired to Samos.
+
+ (6) {os ekastos enoixen}, for this nautical term see above.
+
+On his return to Samos a little later, Alcibiades put out to sea with
+the whole squadron in the direction of the harbour of Ephesus. At the
+mouth of the harbour he marshalled his fleet in battle order, and tried
+to tempt the enemy to an engagement; but as Lysander, conscious of his
+inferiority in numbers, refused to accept the challenge, he sailed
+back again to Samos. Shortly after this the Lacedaemonians captured
+Delphinium and Eion. (7)
+
+ (7) This should probably be Teos, in Ionia, in spite of the MSS.
+    {'Eiona}. The place referred to cannot at any rate be the well-
+    known Eion at the mouth of the Strymon in Thrace.
+
+But now the news of the late disaster at Notium had reached the
+Athenians at home, and in their indignation they turned upon Alcibiades,
+to whose negligence and lack of self-command they attributed
+the destruction of the ships. Accordingly they chose ten new
+generals--namely Conon, Diomedon, Leon, Pericles, Erasinides,
+Aristocrates, Archestratus, Protomachus, Thrasylus, and Aristogenes.
+Alcibiades, who was moreover in bad odour in the camp, sailed away with
+a single trireme to his private fortress in the Chersonese.
+
+After this Conon, in obedience to a decree of the Athenian people,
+set sail from Andros with the twenty vessels under his command in that
+island to Samos, and took command of the whole squadron. To fill the
+place thus vacated by Conon, Phanosthenes was sent to Andros with four
+ships. That captain was fortunate enough to intercept and capture
+two Thurian ships of war, crews and all, and these captives were all
+imprisoned by the Athenians, with the exception of their leader Dorieus.
+He was the Rhodian, who some while back had been banished from Athens
+and from his native city by the Athenians, when sentence of death was
+passed upon him and his family. This man, who had once enjoyed the
+right of citizenship among them, they now took pity on and released him
+without ransom.
+
+When Conon had reached Samos he found the armament in a state of great
+despondency. Accordingly his first measure was to man seventy ships with
+their full complement, instead of the former hundred and odd vessels.
+With this squadron he put to sea accompanied by the other generals,
+and confined himself to making descents first at one point and then at
+another of the enemy's territory, and to collecting plunder.
+
+And so the year drew to its close: a year signalled further by an
+invasion of Sicily by the Carthaginians, with one hundred and twenty
+ships of war and a land force of one hundred and twenty thousand men,
+which resulted in the capture of Agrigentum. The town was finally
+reduced to famine after a siege of seven months, the invaders having
+previously been worsted in battle and forced to sit down before its
+walls for so long a time.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+B.C. 406. In the following year--the year of the evening eclipse of the
+moon, and the burning of the old temple of Athena (1) at Athens (2)--the
+Lacedaemonians sent out Callicratidas to replace Lysander, whose period
+of office had now expired. (3) Lysander, when surrendering the squadron
+to his successor, spoke of himself as the winner of a sea fight, which
+had left him in undisputed mastery of the sea, and with this boast
+he handed over the ships to Callicratidas, who retorted, "If you will
+convey the fleet from Ephesus, keeping Samos (4) on your right" (that
+is, past where the Athenian navy lay), "and hand it over to me at
+Miletus, I will admit that you are master of the sea." But Lysander
+had no mind to interfere in the province of another officer. Thus
+Callicratidas assumed responsibility. He first manned, in addition
+to the squadron which he received from Lysander, fifty new vessels
+furnished by the allies from Chios and Rhodes and elsewhere. When all
+these contingents were assembled, they formed a total of one hundred and
+forty sail, and with these he began making preparations for engagement
+with the enemy. But it was impossible for him not to note the strong
+current of opposition which he encountered from the friends of Lysander.
+Not only was there lack of zeal in their service, but they openly
+disseminated an opinion in the States, that it was the greatest possible
+blunder on the part of the Lacedaemonians so to change their admirals.
+Of course, they must from time to time get officers altogether unfit for
+the post--men whose nautical knowledge dated from yesterday, and who,
+moreover, had no notion of dealing with human beings. It would be very
+odd if this practice of sending out people ignorant of the sea and
+unknown to the folk of the country did not lead to some catastrophe.
+Callicratidas at once summoned the Lacedaemonians there present, and
+addressed them in the following terms:--
+
+ (1) I.e. as some think, the Erechtheion, which was built partly on the
+    site of the old temple of Athena Polias, destroyed by the
+    Persians. According to Dr. Dorpfeld, a quite separate building of
+    the Doric order, the site of which (S. of the Erechtheion) has
+    lately been discovered.
+
+ (2) The MSS. here add "in the ephorate of Pityas and the archonship of
+    Callias at Athens;" but though the date is probably correct (cf.
+    Leake, "Topography of Athens," vol. i. p. 576 foll.), the words
+    are almost certainly a gloss.
+
+ (3) Here the MSS. add "with the twenty-fourth year of the war,"
+    probably an annotator's gloss; the correct date should be twenty-
+    fifth. Pel. war 26 = B.C. 406. Pel. war 25 ended B.C. 407.
+
+ (4) Lit. on the left (or east) of Samos, looking south from Ephesus.
+
+"For my part," he said, "I am content to stay at home: and if Lysander
+or any one else claim greater experience in nautical affairs than I
+possess, I have no desire to block his path. Only, being sent out by the
+State to take command of this fleet, I do not know what is left to
+me, save to carry out my instructions to the best of my ability. For
+yourselves, all I beg of you, in reference to my personal ambitions and
+the kind of charges brought against our common city, and of which you
+are as well aware as I am, is to state what you consider to be the best
+course: am I to stay where I am, or shall I sail back home, and explain
+the position of affairs out here?"
+
+No one ventured to suggest any other course than that he should obey the
+authorities, and do what he was sent to do. Callicratidas then went up
+to the court of Cyrus to ask for further pay for the sailors, but
+the answer he got from Cyrus was that he should wait for two days.
+Callicratidas was annoyed at the rebuff: to dance attendance at the
+palace gates was little to his taste. In a fit of anger he cried out
+at the sorry condition of the Hellenes, thus forced to flatter the
+barbarian for the sake of money. "If ever I get back home," he added,
+"I will do what in me lies to reconcile the Athenians and the
+Lacedaemonians." And so he turned and sailed back to Miletus. From
+Miletus he sent some triremes to Lacedaemon to get money, and convoking
+the public assembly of the Milesians, addressed them thus:--
+
+"Men of Miletus, necessity is laid upon me to obey the rulers at home;
+but for yourselves, whose neighbourhood to the barbarians has exposed
+you to many evils at their hands, I only ask you to let your zeal in the
+war bear some proportion to your former sufferings. You should set
+an example to the rest of the allies, and show us how to inflict the
+sharpest and swiftest injury on our enemy, whilst we await the return
+from Lacedaemon of my envoys with the necessary funds. Since one of the
+last acts of Lysander, before he left us, was to hand back to Cyrus the
+funds already on the spot, as though we could well dispense with them. I
+was thus forced to turn to Cyrus, but all I got from him was a series of
+rebuffs; he refused me an audience, and, for my part, I could not induce
+myself to hang about his gates like a mendicant. But I give you my word,
+men of Miletus, that in return for any assistance which you can render
+us while waiting for these aids, I will requite you richly. Only by
+God's help let us show these barbarians that we do not need to worship
+them, in order to punish our foes."
+
+The speech was effective; many members of the assembly arose, and not
+the least eagerly those who were accused of opposing him. These, in some
+terror, proposed a vote of money, backed by offers of further private
+contributions. Furnished with these sums, and having procured from Chios
+a further remittance of five drachmas (5) a piece as outfit for each
+seaman, he set sail to Methyma in Lesbos, which was in the hands of the
+enemy. But as the Methymnaeans were not disposed to come over to him
+(since there was an Athenian garrison in the place, and the men at the
+head of affairs were partisans of Athens), he assaulted and took the
+place by storm. All the property within accordingly became the spoil of
+the soldiers. The prisoners were collected for sale by Callicratidas
+in the market-place, where, in answer to the demand of the allies, who
+called upon him to sell the Methymnaeans also, he made answer, that as
+long as he was in command, not a single Hellene should be enslaved if
+he could help it. The next day he set at liberty the free-born captives;
+the Athenian garrison with the captured slaves he sold. (6) To Conon
+he sent word:--He would put a stop to his strumpeting the sea. (7) And
+catching sight of him, as he put out to sea, at break of day, he gave
+chase, hoping to cut him off from his passage to Samos, and prevent his
+taking refuge there.
+
+ (5) About 4d.
+
+ (6) Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 224 (2d ed.), thinks that
+    Callicratidas did not even sell the Athenian garrison, as if the
+    sense of the passage were: "The next day he set at liberty the
+    free-born captives with the Athenian garrison, contenting himself
+    with selling the captive slaves." But I am afraid that no
+    ingenuity of stopping will extract that meaning from the Greek
+    words, which are, {te d' usteraia tous men eleutherous apheke tous
+    de ton 'Athenaion phrourous kai ta andrapoda ta doula panta
+    apedoto}. To spare the Athenian garrison would have been too
+    extraordinary a proceeding even for Callicratidas. The idea
+    probably never entered his head. It was sufficiently noble for him
+    to refuse to sell the Methymnaeans. See the remarks of Mr. W. L.
+    Newman, "The Pol. of Aristotle," vol. i. p. 142.
+
+ (7) I.e. the sea was Sparta's bride.
+
+But Conon, aided by the sailing qualities of his fleet, the rowers of
+which were the pick of several ships' companies, concentrated in a few
+vessels, made good his escape, seeking shelter within the harbour of
+Mitylene in Lesbos, and with him two of the ten generals, Leon and
+Erasinides. Callicratidas, pursuing him with one hundred and seventy
+sail, entered the harbour simultaneously; and Conon thus hindered from
+further or final escape by the too rapid movements of the enemy, was
+forced to engage inside the harbour, and lost thirty of his ships,
+though the crews escaped to land. The remaining, forty in number, he
+hauled up under the walls of the town. Callicratidas, on his side, came
+to moorings in the harbour; and, having command of the exit, blocked the
+Athenian within. His next step was to send for the Methymnaeans in force
+by land, and to transport his army across from Chios. Money also came to
+him from Cyrus.
+
+Conon, finding himself besieged by land and sea, without means of
+providing himself with corn from any quarter, the city crowded with
+inhabitants, and aid from Athens, whither no news of the late events
+could be conveyed, impossible, launched two of the fastest sailing
+vessels of his squadron. These he manned, before daybreak, with the best
+rowers whom he could pick out of the fleet, stowing away the marines at
+the same time in the hold of the ships and closing the port shutters.
+Every day for four days they held out in this fashion, but at evening as
+soon as it was dark he disembarked his men, so that the enemy might not
+suspect what they were after. On the fifth day, having got in a small
+stock of provisions, when it was already mid-day and the blockaders were
+paying little or no attention, and some of them even were taking their
+siesta, the two ships sailed out of the harbour: the one directing her
+course towards the Hellespont, whilst her companion made for the open
+sea. Then, on the part of the blockaders, there was a rush to the scene
+of action, as fast as the several crews could get clear of land, in
+bustle and confusion, cutting away the anchors, and rousing themselves
+from sleep, for, as chance would have it, they had been breakfasting on
+shore. Once on board, however, they were soon in hot pursuit of the
+ship which had started for the open sea, and ere the sun dipped they
+overhauled her, and after a successful engagement attached her by cables
+and towed her back into harbour, crew and all. Her comrade, making for
+the Hellespont, escaped, and eventually reached Athens with news of
+the blockade. The first relief was brought to the blockaded fleet by
+Diomedon, who anchored with twelve vessels in the Mitylenaean Narrows.
+(8) But a sudden attack of Callicratidas, who bore down upon him without
+warning, cost him ten of his vessels, Diomedon himself escaping with his
+own ship and one other.
+
+ (8) Or, "Euripus."
+
+Now that the position of affairs, including the blockade, was fully
+known at Athens, a vote was passed to send out a reinforcement of one
+hundred and ten ships. Every man of ripe age, (9) whether slave or free,
+was impressed for this service, so that within thirty days the whole one
+hundred and ten vessels were fully manned and weighed anchor. Amongst
+those who served in this fleet were also many of the knights. (10)
+The fleet at once stood out across to Samos, and picked up the Samian
+vessels in that island. The muster-roll was swelled by the addition of
+more than thirty others from the rest of the allies, to whom the same
+principle of conscription applied, as also it did to the ships already
+engaged on foreign service. The actual total, therefore, when all the
+contingents were collected, was over one hundred and fifty vessels.
+
+ (9) I.e. from eighteen to sixty years.
+
+ (10) See Boeckh. "P. E. A." Bk. II. chap. xxi. p. 263 (Eng. trans.)
+
+Callicratidas, hearing that the relief squadron had already reached
+Samos, left fifty ships, under command of Eteonicus, in the harbour of
+Mitylene, and setting sail with the other one hundred and twenty, hove
+to for the evening meal off Cape Malea in Lesbos, opposite Mitylene. It
+so happened that the Athenians on this day were supping on the islands
+of Arginusae, which lie opposite Lesbos. In the night the Spartan not
+only saw their watch-fires, but received positive information that
+"these were the Athenians;" and about midnight he got under weigh,
+intending to fall upon them suddenly. But a violent downpour of rain
+with thunder and lightning prevented him putting out to sea. By daybreak
+it had cleared, and he sailed towards Arginusae. On their side, the
+Athenian squadron stood out to meet him, with their left wing
+facing towards the open sea, and drawn up in the following
+order:--Aristocrates, in command of the left wing, with fifteen ships,
+led the van; next came Diomedon with fifteen others, and immediately in
+rear of Aristocrates and Diomedon respectively, as their supports, came
+Pericles and Erasinides. Parallel with Diomedon were the Samians, with
+their ten ships drawn up in single line, under the command of a Samian
+officer named Hippeus. Next to these came the ten vessels of the
+taxiarchs, also in single line, and supporting them, the three ships of
+the navarchs, with any other allied vessels in the squadron. The right
+wing was entrusted to Protomachus with fifteen ships, and next to him
+(on the extreme right) was Thrasylus with another division of fifteen.
+Protomachus was supported by Lysias with an equal number of ships, and
+Thrasylus by Aristogenes. The object of this formation was to prevent
+the enemy from manouvring so as to break their line by striking them
+amidships, (11) since they were inferior in sailing power.
+
+ (11) Lit. "by the diekplous." Cf. Thuc. i. 49, and Arnold's note, who
+    says: "The 'diecplus' was a breaking through the enemy's line in
+    order by a rapid turning of the vessel to strike the enemy's ship
+    on the side or stern, where it was most defenceless, and so to
+    sink it." So, it seems, "the superiority of nautical skill has
+    passed," as Grote (viii. p. 234) says, "to the Peloponnesians and
+    their allies." Well may the historian add, "How astonished would
+    the Athenian Admiral Phormion have been, if he could have
+    witnessed the fleets and the order of battle at Arginusae!" See
+    Thuc. iv. 11.
+
+The Lacedaemonians, on the contrary, trusting to their superior
+seamanship, were formed opposite with their ships all in single line,
+with the special object of manouvring so as either to break the enemy's
+line or to wheel round them. Callicratidas commanded the right wing
+in person. Before the battle the officer who acted as his pilot, the
+Megarian Hermon, suggested that it might be well to withdraw the fleet
+as the Athenian ships were far more numerous. But Callicratidas replied
+that Sparta would be no worse off even if he personally should perish,
+but to flee would be disgraceful. (12) And now the fleets approached,
+and for a long space the battle endured. At first the vessels were
+engaged in crowded masses, and later on in scattered groups. At length
+Callicratidas, as his vessel dashed her beak into her antagonist,
+was hurled off into the sea and disappeared. At the same instant
+Protomachus, with his division on the right, had defeated the enemy's
+left, and then the flight of the Peloponnesians began towards Chios,
+though a very considerable body of them made for Phocaea, whilst the
+Athenians sailed back again to Arginusae. The losses on the side of the
+Athenians were twenty-five ships, crews and all, with the exception of
+the few who contrived to reach dry land. On the Peloponnesian side, nine
+out of the ten Lacedaemonian ships, and more than sixty belonging to the
+rest of the allied squadron, were lost.
+
+ (12) For the common reading, {oikeitai}, which is ungrammatical,
+    various conjectures have been made, e.g.
+
+      {oikieitai} = "would be none the worse off for citizens,"
+      {oikesetai} = "would be just as well administered without him,"
+
+    but as the readings and their renderings are alike doubtful, I
+    have preferred to leave the matter vague. Cf. Cicero, "De Offic."
+    i. 24; Plutarch, "Lac. Apophth." p. 832.
+
+After consultation the Athenian generals agreed that two captains
+of triremes, Theramenes and Thrasybulus, accompanied by some of the
+taxiarchs, should take forty-seven ships and sail to the assistance
+of the disabled fleet and of the men on board, whilst the rest of the
+squadron proceeded to attack the enemy's blockading squadron under
+Eteonicus at Mitylene. In spite of their desire to carry out this
+resolution, the wind and a violent storm which arose prevented them. So
+they set up a trophy, and took up their quarters for the night. As to
+Etenoicus, the details of the engagement were faithfully reported to
+him by the express despatch-boat in attendance. On receipt of the news,
+however, he sent the despatch-boat out again the way she came, with
+an injunction to those on board of her to sail off quickly without
+exchanging a word with any one. Then on a sudden they were to return
+garlanded with wreaths of victory and shouting "Callicratidas has won
+a great sea fight, and the whole Athenian squadron is destroyed." This
+they did, and Eteonicus, on his side, as soon as the despatch-boat came
+sailing in, proceeded to offer sacrifice of thanksgiving in honour of
+the good news. Meanwhile he gave orders that the troops were to take
+their evening meal, and that the masters of the trading ships were
+silently to stow away their goods on board the merchant ships and make
+sail as fast as the favourable breeze could speed them to Chios. The
+ships of war were to follow suit with what speed they might. This done,
+he set fire to his camp, and led off the land forces to Methymna. Conon,
+finding the enemy had made off, and the wind had grown comparatively
+mild, (13) got his ships afloat, and so fell in with the Athenian
+squadron, which had by this time set out from Arginusae. To these he
+explained the proceedings of Eteonicus. The squadron put into Mitylene,
+and from Mitylene stood across to Chios, and thence, without effecting
+anything further, sailed back to Samos.
+
+ (13) Or, "had changed to a finer quarter."
+
+
+
+VII
+
+All the above-named generals, with the exception of Conon, were
+presently deposed by the home authorities. In addition to Conon two new
+generals were chosen, Adeimantus and Philocles. Of those concerned in
+the late victory two never returned to Athens: these were Protomachus
+and Aristogenes. The other six sailed home. Their names were Pericles,
+Diomedon, Lysias, Aristocrates, Thrasylus, and Erasinides. On their
+arrival Archidemus, the leader of the democracy at that date, who had
+charge of the two obol fund, (1) inflicted a fine on Erasinides, and
+accused him before the Dicastery (2) of having appropriated money
+derived from the Hellespont, which belonged to the people. He brought
+a further charge against him of misconduct while acting as general, and
+the court sentenced him to imprisonment.
+
+ (1) Reading {tes diobelais}, a happy conjecture for the MSS. {tes
+    diokelias}, which is inexplicable. See Grote, "Hist. of Greece,"
+    vol. viii. p. 244 note (2d ed.)
+
+ (2) I.e. a legal tribunal or court of law. At Athens the free citizens
+    constitutionally sworn and impannelled sat as "dicasts"
+    ("jurymen," or rather as a bench of judges) to hear cases
+    ({dikai}). Any particular board of dicasts formed a "dicastery."
+
+These proceedings in the law court were followed by the statement of
+the generals before the senate (3) touching the late victory and the
+magnitude of the storm. Timocrates then proposed that the other
+five generals should be put in custody and handed over to the public
+assembly. (4) Whereupon the senate committed them all to prison. Then
+came the meeting of the public assembly, in which others, and more
+particularly Theramenes, formally accused the generals. He insisted
+that they ought to show cause why they had not picked up the shipwrecked
+crews. To prove that there had been no attempt on their part to attach
+blame to others, he might point, as conclusive testimony, to the
+despatch sent by the generals themselves to the senate and the people,
+in which they attributed the whole disaster to the storm, and nothing
+else. After this the generals each in turn made a defence, which was
+necessarily limited to a few words, since no right of addressing
+the assembly at length was allowed by law. Their explanation of the
+occurrences was that, in order to be free to sail against the enemy
+themselves, they had devolved the duty of picking up the shipwrecked
+crews upon certain competent captains of men-of-war, who had themselves
+been generals in their time, to wit Theramenes and Tharysbulus, and
+others of like stamp. If blame could attach to any one at all with
+regard to the duty in question, those to whom their orders had been
+given were the sole persons they could hold responsible. "But," they
+went on to say, "we will not, because these very persons have denounced
+us, invent a lie, and say that Theramenes and Thrasybulus are to blame,
+when the truth of the matter is that the magnitude of the storm alone
+prevented the burial of the dead and the rescue of the living." In
+proof of their contention, they produced the pilots and numerous other
+witnesses from among those present at the engagement. By these arguments
+they were in a fair way to persuade the people of their innocence.
+Indeed many private citizens rose wishing to become bail for the
+accused, but it was resolved to defer decision till another meeting
+of the assembly. It was indeed already so late that it would have been
+impossible to see to count the show of hands. It was further resolved
+that the senate meanwhile should prepare a measure, to be introduced at
+the next assembly, as to the mode in which the accused should take their
+trial.
+
+ (3) This is the Senate or Council of Five Hundred. One of its chief
+    duties was to prepare measures for discussion in the assembly. It
+    had also a certain amount of judicial power, hearing complaints
+    and inflicting fines up to fifty drachmas. It sat daily, a
+    "prytany" of fifty members of each of the ten tribes in rotation
+    holding office for a month in turn.
+
+ (4) This is the great Public Assembly (the Ecclesia), consisting of
+    all genuine Athenian citizens of more than twenty years of age.
+
+Then came the festival of the Aparturia, (5) with its family gatherings
+of fathers and kinsfolk. Accordingly the party of Theramenes procured
+numbers of people clad in black apparel, and close-shaven, (6) who were
+to go in and present themselves before the public assembly in the middle
+of the festival, as relatives, presumably, of the men who had perished;
+and they persuaded Callixenus to accuse the generals in the senate. The
+next step was to convoke the assembly, when the senate laid before it
+the proposal just passed by their body, at the instance of Callixenus,
+which ran as follows: "Seeing that both the parties to this case, to
+wit, the prosecutors of the generals on the one hand, and the accused
+themselves in their defence on the other, have been heard in the late
+meeting of the assembly; we propose that the people of Athens now record
+their votes, one and all, by their tribes; that a couple of voting urns
+be placed for the convenience of each several tribe; and the public
+crier in the hearing of each several tribe proclaim the mode of voting
+as follows: 'Let every one who finds the generals guilty of not rescuing
+the heroes of the late sea fight deposit his vote in urn No. 1. Let him
+who is of the contrary opinion deposit his vote in urn No. 2. Further,
+in the event of the aforesaid generals being found guilty, let death be
+the penalty. Let the guilty persons be delivered over to the eleven. Let
+their property be confiscated to the State, with the exception of one
+tithe, which falls to the goddess.'"
+
+ (5) An important festival held in October at Athens, and in nearly all
+    Ionic cities. Its objects were (1) the recognition of a common
+    descent from Ion, the son of Apollo Patrous; and (2) the
+    maintenance of the ties of clanship. See Grote, "Hist. of Greece,"
+    vol. viii. p. 260 foll. (2d ed.); Jebb, "Theophr." xviii. 5.
+
+ (6) I.e. in sign of mourning.
+
+Now there came forward in the assembly a man, who said that he had
+escaped drowning by clinging to a meal tub. The poor fellows perishing
+around him had commissioned him, if he succeeded in saving himself,
+to tell the people of Athens how bravely they had fought for their
+fatherland, and how the generals had left them there to drown.
+
+Presently Euryptolemus, the son of Peisianax, and others served a
+notice of indictment on Callixenus, insisting that his proposal was
+unconstitutional, and this view of the case was applauded by some
+members of the assembly. But the majority kept crying out that it was
+monstrous if the people were to be hindered by any stray individual from
+doing what seemed to them right. And when Lysicus, embodying the spirit
+of those cries, formally proposed that if these persons would not
+abandon their action, they should be tried by the same vote along with
+the generals: a proposition to which the mob gave vociferous assent; and
+so these were compelled to abandon their summonses. Again, when some of
+the Prytanes (7) objected to put a resolution to the vote which was in
+itself unconstitutional, Callixenus again got up and accused them in the
+same terms, and the shouting began again. "Yes, summons all who refuse,"
+until the Prytanes, in alarm, all agreed with one exception to permit
+the voting. This obstinate dissentient was Socrates, the son of
+Sophroniscus, who insisted that he would do nothing except in accordance
+with the law. (8) After this Euryptolemus rose and spoke in behalf of
+the generals. He said:--
+
+ (7) Prytanes--the technical term for the senators of the presiding
+    tribe, who acted as presidents of the assembly. Their chairman for
+    the day was called Epistates.
+
+ (8) For the part played by Socrates see further Xenophon's
+    "Memorabilia," I. i. 18; IV. iv. 2.
+
+"I stand here, men of Athens, partly to accuse Pericles, though he is a
+close and intimate connection of my own, and Diomedon, who is my friend,
+and partly to urge certain considerations on their behalf, but chiefly
+to press upon you what seems to me the best course for the State
+collectively. I hold them to blame in that they dissuaded their
+colleagues from their intention to send a despatch to the senate and
+this assembly, which should have informed you of the orders given to
+Theramenes and Thrasybulus to take forty-seven ships of war and pick up
+the shipwrecked crews, and of the neglect of the two officers to carry
+out those orders. And it follows that though the offence was committed
+by one or two, the responsibility must be shared by all; and in return
+for kindness in the past, they are in danger at present of sacrificing
+their lives to the machinations of these very men, and others whom I
+could mention. In danger, do I say, of losing their lives? No, not so,
+if you will suffer me to persuade you to do what is just and right; if
+you will only adopt such a course as shall enable you best to discover
+the truth and shall save you from too late repentance, when you find you
+have transgressed irremediably against heaven and your own selves. In
+what I urge there is no trap nor plot whereby you can be deceived by me
+or any other man; it is a straightforward course which will enable
+you to discover and punish the offender by whatever process you like,
+collectively or individually. Let them have, if not more, at any rate
+one whole day to make what defence they can for themselves; and trust to
+your own unbiased judgment to guide you to the right conclusion.
+
+"You know, men of Athens, the exceeding stringency of the decree of
+Cannonus, (9) which orders that man, whosoever he be, who is guilty of
+treason against the people of Athens, to be put in irons, and so to meet
+the charge against him before the people. If he be convicted, he is to
+be thrown into the Barathron and perish, and the property of such an one
+is to be confiscated, with the exception of the tithe which falls to the
+goddess. I call upon you to try these generals in accordance with this
+decree. Yes, and so help me God--if it please you, begin with my own
+kinsman Pericles for base would it be on my part to make him of more
+account than the whole of the State. Or, if you prefer, try them by that
+other law, which is directed against robbers of temples and betrayers
+of their country, which says: if a man betray his city or rob a sacred
+temple of the gods, he shall be tried before a law court, and if he be
+convicted, his body shall not be buried in Attica, and his goods shall
+be confiscated to the State. Take your choice as between these two laws,
+men of Athens, and let the prisoners be tried by one or other. Let three
+portions of a day be assigned to each respectively, one portion wherein
+they shall listen to their accusation, a second wherein they shall make
+their defence, and a third wherein you shall meet and give your votes in
+due order on the question of their guilt or innocence. By this procedure
+the malefactors will receive the desert of their misdeeds in full, and
+those who are innocent will owe you, men of Athens, the recovery of
+their liberty, in place of unmerited destruction. (10)
+
+ (9) "There was a rule in Attic judicial procedure, called the psephism
+    of Kannonus (originally adopted, we do not know when, on the
+    proposition of a citizen of that name, as a psephism or decree for
+    some particular case, but since generalised into common practice,
+    and grown into great prescriptive reverence), which peremptorily
+    forbade any such collective trial or sentence, and directed that a
+    separate judicial vote should in all cases be taken for or against
+    each accused party." Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 266
+    (2d ed.)
+
+ (10) Reading {adikos apolountai}.
+
+"On your side, in trying the accused by recognised legal procedure, you
+will show that you obey the dictates of pious feeling, and can regard
+the sanctity of an oath, instead of joining hands with our enemies the
+Lacedaemonians and fighting their battles. For is it not to fight their
+battles, if you take their conquerors, the men who deprived them of
+seventy vessels, and at the moment of victory sent them to perdition
+untried and in the teeth of the law? What are you afraid of, that you
+press forward with such hot haste? Do you imagine that you may be
+robbed of the power of life and death over whom you please, should you
+condescend to a legal trial? but that you are safe if you take shelter
+behind an illegality, like the illegality of Callixenus, when he worked
+upon the senate to propose to this assembly to deal with the accused by
+a single vote? But consider, you may actually put to death an innocent
+man, and then repentance will one day visit you too late. Bethink you
+how painful and unavailing remorse will then be, and more particularly
+if your error has cost a fellow-creature his life. What a travesty of
+justice it would be if in the case of a man like Aristarchus, (11) who
+first tried to destroy the democracy and then betrayed Oenoe to our
+enemy the Thebans, you granted him a day for his defence, consulting his
+wishes, and conceded to him all the other benefits of the law; whereas
+now you are proposing to deprive of these same privileges your own
+generals, who in every way conformed to your views and defeated your
+enemies. Do not you, of all men, I implore you, men of Athens, act thus.
+Why, these laws are your own, to them, beyond all else you owe your
+greatness. Guard them jealously; in nothing, I implore you, act without
+their sanction.
+
+ (11) See below, II. iii; also cf. Thuc. viii. 90, 98.
+
+"But now, turn for a moment and consider with me the actual occurrences
+which have created the suspicion of misconduct on the part of our late
+generals. The sea-fight had been fought and won, and the ships had
+returned to land, when Diomedon urged that the whole squadron should
+sail out in line and pick up the wrecks and floating crews. Erasinides
+was in favour of all the vessels sailing as fast as possible to deal
+with the enemy's forces at Mitylene. And Thrasylus represented that both
+objects could be effected, by leaving one division of the fleet there,
+and with the rest sailing against the enemy; and if this resolution were
+agreed to, he advised that each of the eight generals should leave three
+ships of his own division with the ten vessels of the taxiarchs, the
+ten Samian vessels, and the three belonging to the navarchs. These added
+together make forty-seven, four for each of the lost vessels, twelve
+in number. Among the taxiarchs left behind, two were Thrasybulus and
+Theramenes, the men who in the late meeting of this assembly undertook
+to accuse the generals. With the remainder of the fleet they were to
+sail to attack the enemy's fleet. Everything, you must admit, was duly
+and admirably planned. It was only common justice, therefore, that those
+whose duty it was to attack the enemy should render an account for
+all miscarriages of operations against the enemy; while those who were
+commissioned to pick up the dead and dying should, if they failed to
+carry out the instructions of the generals, be put on trial to explain
+the reasons of the failure. This indeed I may say in behalf of both
+parites. It was really the storm which, in spite of what the generals
+had planned, prevented anything being done. There are witnesses ready to
+attest the truth of this: the men who escaped as by a miracle, and among
+these one of these very generals, who was on a sinking ship and was
+saved. And this man, who needed picking up as much as anybody at that
+moment, is, they insist, to be tried by one and the same vote as those
+who neglected to perform their orders! Once more, I beg you, men
+of Athens, to accept your victory and your good fortune, instead of
+behaving like the desperate victims of misfortune and defeat.
+Recognise the finger of divine necessity; do not incur the reproach
+of stony-heartedness by discovering treason where there was merely
+powerlessness, and condemning as guilty those who were prevented by the
+storm from carrying out their instructions. Nay! you will better satisfy
+the demands of justice by crowning these conquerors with wreaths of
+victory than by punishing them with death at the instigation of wicked
+men."
+
+At the conclusion of his speech Euryptolemus proposed, as an amendment,
+that the prisoners should, in accordance with the decree of Cannonus, be
+tried each separately, as against the proposal of the senate to try them
+all by a single vote.
+
+At the show of hands the tellers gave the majority in favour of
+Euryptolemus's amendment, but upon the application of Menecles, who
+took formal exception (12) to this decision, the show of hands was gone
+through again, and now the verdict was in favour of the resolution of
+the senate. At a later date the balloting was made, and by the votes
+recorded the eight generals were condemned, and the six who were in
+Athens were put to death.
+
+ (12) For this matter cf. Schomann, "De Comitiis Athen." p. 161 foll.;
+    also Grote, "Hist. of Grece," vol. viii. p. 276 note (2d ed.)
+
+Not long after, repentance seized the Athenians, and they passed a
+decree authorising the public prosecution of those who had deceived the
+people, and the appointment of proper securities for their persons until
+the trial was over. Callixenus was one of those committed for trail.
+There were, besides Callixenus, four others against whom true bills were
+declared, and they were all five imprisoned by their sureties. But all
+subsequently effected their escape before the trial, at the time of the
+sedition in which Cleophon (13) was killed. Callixenus eventually came
+back when the party in Piraeus returned to the city, at the date of
+the amnesty, (14) but only to die of hunger, an object of universal
+detestation.
+
+ (13) Cleophon, the well-known demagogue. For the occasion of his death
+    see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. pp. 166, 310 (2d ed.);
+    Prof. Jebb, "Attic Orators," i. 266, ii. 288. For his character,
+    as popularly conceived, cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 677.
+
+ (14) B.C. 403.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK II
+
+
+I
+
+To return to Eteonicus and his troops in Chios. During summer they
+were well able to support themselves on the fruits of the season, or
+by labouring for hire in different parts of the island, but with the
+approach of winter these means of subsistence began to fail. Ill-clad at
+the same time, and ill-shod, they fell to caballing and arranging plans
+to attack the city of Chios. It was agreed amongst them, that in order
+to gauge their numbers, every member of the conspiracy should carry a
+reed. Eteonicus got wind of the design, but was at a loss how to deal
+with it, considering the number of these reed-bearers. To make an open
+attack upon them seemed dangerous. It would probably lead to a rush
+to arms, in which the conspirators would seize the city and commence
+hostilities, and, in the event of their success, everything hitherto
+achieved would be lost. Or again, the destruction on his part of many
+fellow-creatures and allies was a terrible alternative, which would
+place the Spartans in an unenviable light with regard to the rest of
+Hellas, and render the soldiers ill-disposed to the cause in hand.
+Accordingly he took with him fifteen men, armed with daggers, and
+marched through the city. Falling in with one of the reed-bearers, a man
+suffering from ophthalmia, who was returning from the surgeon's house,
+he put him to death. This led to some uproar, and people asked why the
+man was thus slain. By Eteonicus's orders the answer was set afloat,
+"because he carried a reed." As the explanation circulated, one
+reed-bearer after another threw away the symbol, each one saying to
+himself, as he heard the reason given, "I have better not be seen with
+this." After a while Eteonicus called a meeting of the Chians, and
+imposed upon them a contribution of money, on the ground that with pay
+in their pockets the sailors would have no temptation to revolutionary
+projects. The Chians acquiesced. Whereupon Eteonicus promptly ordered
+his crews to get on board their vessels. He then rowed alongside
+each ship in turn, and addressed the men at some length in terms of
+encouragement and cheery admonition, just as though he knew nothing of
+what had taken place, and so distributed a month's pay to every man on
+board.
+
+After this the Chians and the other allies held a meeting in Ephesus,
+and, considering the present posture of affairs, determined to send
+ambassadors to Lacedaemon with a statement of the facts, and a request
+that Lysander might be sent out to take command of the fleet. Lysander's
+high reputation among the allies dated back to his former period of
+office, when as admiral he had won the naval victory of Notium. The
+ambassadors accordingly were despatched, accompanied by envoys also from
+Cyrus, charged with the same message. The Lacedaemonians responded by
+sending them Lysander as second in command, (1) with Aracus as admiral,
+since it was contrary to their custom that the same man should be
+admiral twice. At the same time the fleet was entrusted to Lysander. (2)
+
+ (1) Epistoleus. See above.
+
+ (2) "At this date the war had lasted five-and-twenty years." So the
+    MSS. read. The words are probably an interpolation.
+
+It was in this year (3) that Cyrus put Autoboesaces and Mitraeus to
+death. These were sons of the sister of Dariaeus (4) (the daughter of
+Xerxes, the father of Darius). (5) He put them to death for neglecting,
+when they met him, to thrust their hands into the sleeve (or "kore")
+which is a tribute of respect paid to the king alone. This "kore" is
+longer than the ordinary sleeve, so long in fact that a man with his
+hand inside is rendered helpless. In consequence of this act on the part
+of Cyrus, Hieramenes (6) and his wife urged upon Dariaeus the danger of
+overlooking such excessive insolence on the part of the young prince,
+and Dariaeus, on the plea of sickness, sent a special embassy to summon
+Cyrus to his bedside.
+
+ (3) B.C. 406.
+
+ (4) Dariaeus, i.e. Darius, but the spelling of the name is correct,
+    and occurs in Ctesias, though in the "Anabasis" we have the
+    spelling Darius.
+
+ (5) These words look like the note of a foolish and ignorant scribe.
+    He ought to have written, "The daughter of Artaxerxes and own
+    sister of Darius, commonly so called."
+
+ (6) For Hieramenes cf. Thuc. viii. 95, and Prof. Jowett ad loc.
+
+B.C. 405. In the following year (7) Lysander arrived at Ephesus, and
+sent for Eteonicus with his ships from Chios, and collected all other
+vessels elsewhere to be found. His time was now devoted to refitting the
+old ships and having new ones built in Antandrus. He also made a journey
+to the court of Cyrus with a request for money. All Cyrus could say
+was, that not only the money sent by the king was spent, but much more
+besides; and he pointed out the various sums which each of the admirals
+had received, but at the same time he gave him what he asked for.
+Furnished with this money, Lysander appointed captains to the different
+men-of-war, and remitted to the sailors their arrears of pay. Meanwhile
+the Athenian generals, on their side, were devoting their energies to
+the improvements of their navy at Samos.
+
+ (7) The MSS. add "during the ephorate of Archytas and the archonship
+    at Athens of Alexias," which, though correct enough, is probably
+    an interpolation.
+
+It was now Cyrus's turn to send for Lysander. It was the moment at which
+the envoy from his father had arrived with the message: "Your father is
+on his sick-bed and desires your presence." The king lay at Thamneria,
+in Media, near the territory of the Cadusians, against whom he had
+marched to put down a revolt. When Lysander presented himself, Cyrus was
+urgent with him not to engage the Athenians at sea unless he had many
+more ships than they. "The king," he added, "and I have plenty of
+wealth, so that, as far as money goes, you can man plenty of vessels."
+He then consigned to him all the tributes from the several cities which
+belonged to him personally, and gave him the ready money which he had
+as a gift; and finally, reminding him of the sincere friendship he
+entertained towards the state of Lacedaemon, as well as to himself
+personally, he set out up country to visit his father. Lysander, finding
+himself thus left with the complete control of the property of Cyrus
+(during the absence of that prince, so summoned to the bedside of his
+father), was able to distribute pay to his troops, after which he set
+sail for the Ceramic Gulf of Caria. Here he stormed a city in alliance
+with the Athenians named Cedreae, and on the following day's assault
+took it, and reduced the inhabitants to slavery. These were of a mixed
+Hellene and barbaric stock. From Cedreae he continued his voyage
+to Rhodes. The Athenians meanwhile, using Samos as their base of
+operations, were employed in devastating the king's territory, or in
+swooping down upon Chios and Ephesus, and in general were preparing for
+a naval battle, having but lately chosen three new generals in addition
+to those already in office, whose names were Menander, Tydeus, and
+Cephisodotus. Now Lysander, leaving Rhodes, and coasting along Ionia,
+made his way to the Hellespont, having an eye to the passage of vessels
+through the Straits, and, in a more hostile sense, on the cities which
+had revolted from Sparta. The Athenians also set sail from Chios, but
+stood out to open sea, since the seaboard of Asia was hostile to them.
+
+Lysander was again on the move; leaving Abydos, he passed up channel to
+Lampsacus, which town was allied with Athens; the men of Abydos and
+the rest of the troops advancing by land, under the command of the
+Lacedaemonian Thorax. They then attacked and took by storm the town,
+which was wealthy, and with its stores of wine and wheat and other
+commodities was pillaged by the soldiery. All free-born persons,
+however, were without exception released by Lysander. And now the
+Athenian fleet, following close on his heels, came to moorings at
+Elaeus, in the Chersonesus, one hundred and eighty sail in all. It was
+not until they had reached this place, and were getting their early
+meal, that the news of what had happened at Lampsacus reached them. Then
+they instantly set sail again to Sestos, and, having halted long enough
+merely to take in stores, sailed on further to Aegospotami, a point
+facing Lampsacus, where the Hellespont is not quite two miles (8) broad.
+Here they took their evening meal.
+
+ (8) Lit. fifteen stades.
+
+The night following, or rather early next morning, with the first streak
+of dawn, Lysander gave the signal for the men to take their breakfasts
+and get on board their vessels; and so, having got all ready for a naval
+engagement, with his ports closed and movable bulwarks attached, he
+issued the order that no one was to stir from his post or put out to
+sea. As the sun rose the Athenians drew up their vessels facing the
+harbour, in line of battle ready for action; but Lysander declining
+to come out to meet them, as the day advanced they retired again to
+Aegospotami. Then Lysander ordered the swiftest of his ships to follow
+the Athenians, and as soon as the crews had disembarked, to watch what
+they did, sail back, and report to him. Until these look-outs returned
+he would permit no disembarkation from his ships. This performance he
+repeated for four successive days, and each day the Athenians put out to
+sea and challenged an engagement.
+
+But now Alcibiades, from one of his fortresses, could espy the position
+of his fellow-countrymen, moored on an open beach beyond reach of any
+city, and forced to send for supplies to Sestos, which was nearly two
+miles distant, while their enemies were safely lodged in a harbour, with
+a city adjoining, and everything within reach. The situation did not
+please him, and he advised them to shift their anchorage to Sestos,
+where they would have the advantage of a harbour and a city. "Once
+there," he concluded, "you can engage the enemy whenever it suits you."
+But the generals, and more particularly Tydeus and Menander, bade him go
+about his business. "We are generals now--not you," they said; and so he
+went away. And now for five days in succession the Athenians had sailed
+out to offer battle, and for the fifth time retired, followed by the
+same swift sailors of the enemy. But this time Lysander's orders to the
+vessels so sent in pursuit were, that as soon as they saw the
+enemy's crew fairly disembarked and dispersed along the shores of the
+Chersonesus (a practice, it should be mentioned, which had grown upon
+them from day to day owing to the distance at which eatables had to be
+purchased, and out of sheer contempt, no doubt, of Lysander, who refused
+to accept battle), they were to begin their return voyage, and when in
+mid-channel to hoist a shield. The orders were punctually carried out,
+and Lysander at once signalled to his whole squadron to put across with
+all speed, while Thorax, with the land forces, was to march parallel
+with the fleet along the coast. Aware of the enemy's fleet, which he
+could see bearing down upon him, Conon had only time to signal to the
+crews to join their ships and rally to the rescue with all their might.
+But the men were scattered far and wide, and some of the vessels had
+only two out of their three banks of rowers, some only a single one,
+while others again were completely empty. Conon's own ship, with seven
+others in attendance on him and the "Paralus," (9) put out to sea, a
+little cluster of nine vessels, with their full complement of men; but
+every one of the remaining one hundred and seventy-one vessels were
+captured by Lysander on the beach. As to the men themselves, the
+large majority of them were easily made prisoners on shore, a few only
+escaping to the small fortresses of the neighbourhood. Meanwhile Conon
+and his nine vessels made good their escape. For himself, knowing that
+the fortune of Athens was ruined, he put into Abarnis, the promontory of
+Lampsacus, and there picked up the great sails of Lysander's ships, and
+then with eight ships set sail himself to seek refuge with Evagoras in
+Cyprus, while the "Paralus" started for Athens with tidings of what had
+taken place.
+
+ (9) The "Paralus"--the Athenian sacred vessel; cf. Thuc. iii. 33 et
+    passim.
+
+Lysander, on his side, conveyed the ships and prisoners and all other
+spoil back to Lampsacus, having on board some of the Athenian generals,
+notably Philocles and Adeimantus. On the very day of these achievements
+he despatched Theopompus, a Milesian privateersman, to Lacedaemon to
+report what had taken place. This envoy arrived within three days and
+delivered his message. Lysander's next step was to convene the allies
+and bid them deliberate as to the treatment of the prisoners. Many were
+the accusations here levied against the Athenians. There was talk of
+crimes committed against the law of Hellas, and of cruelties sanctioned
+by popular decrees; which, had they conquered in the late sea-fight,
+would have been carried out; such as the proposal to cut off the right
+hand of every prisoner taken alive, and lastly the ill-treatment of two
+captured men-of-war, a Corinthian and an Andrian vessel, when every man
+on board had been hurled headlong down the cliff. Philocles was the very
+general of the Athenians who had so ruthlessly destroyed those men. Many
+other tales were told; and at length a resolution was passed to put all
+the Athenian prisoners, with the exception of Adeimantus, to death. He
+alone, it was pleaded, had taken exception to the proposal to cut off
+the prisoners' hands. On the other hand, he was himself accused by some
+people of having betrayed the fleet. As to Philocles, Lysander put to
+him one question, as the officer who had thrown (10) the Corinthians and
+Andrians down the cliff: What fate did the man deserve to suffer who
+had embarked on so cruel a course of illegality against Hellenes? and so
+delivered him to the executioner.
+
+ (10) Reading {os... katekremnise}.
+
+
+
+II
+
+When he had set the affairs of Lampsacus in order, Lysander sailed to
+Byzantium and Chalcedon, where the inhabitants, having first dismissed
+the Athenian garrison under a flag of truce, admitted him within their
+walls. Those citizens of Byzantium, who had betrayed Byzantium into
+the hands of Alcibiades, fled as exiles into Pontus, but subsequently
+betaking themselves to Athens, became Athenian citizens. In dealing with
+the Athenian garrisons, and indeed with all Athenians wheresoever found,
+Lysander made it a rule to give them safe conduct to Athens, and to
+Athens only, in the certainty that the larger the number collected
+within the city and Piraeus, the more quickly the want of necessaries of
+life would make itself felt. And now, leaving Sthenelaus, a Laconian, as
+governor-general of Byzantium and Chalcedon, he sailed back himself to
+Lampsacus and devoted himself to refitting his ships.
+
+It was night when the "Paralus" reached Athens with her evil tidings,
+on receipt of which a bitter wail of woe broke forth. From Piraeus,
+following the line of the long walls up to the heart of the city, it
+swept and swelled, as each man to his neighbour passed on the news. On
+that night no man slept. There was mourning and sorrow for those that
+were lost, but the lamentation for the dead was merged in even deeper
+sorrow for themselves, as they pictured the evils they were about to
+suffer, the like of which they themselves had inflicted upon the men of
+Melos, who were colonists of the Lacedaemonians, when they mastered
+them by siege. Or on the men of Histiaea; on Scione and Torone; on the
+Aeginetans, and many another Hellene city. (1) On the following day the
+public assembly met, and, after debate, it was resolved to block up all
+the harbours save one, to put the walls in a state of defence, to post
+guards at various points, and to make all other necessary preparations
+for a siege. Such were the concerns of the men of Athens.
+
+ (1) With regard to these painful recollections, see (1) for the siege
+    and surrender of Melos (in B.C. 416), Thuc. v. 114, 116; and cf.
+    Aristoph. "Birds," 186; Plut. ("Lysander," 14); (2) for the
+    ejection of the Histiaeans, an incident of the recovery of Euboea
+    in 445 B.C., see Thuc. i. 14; Plut. ("Pericles," 23); (3) for the
+    matter of Scione, which revolted in 423 B.C., and was for a long
+    time a source of disagreement between the Athenians and
+    Lacedaemonians, until finally captured by the former in 421 B.C.,
+    when the citizens were slain and the city given to the Plataeans,
+    see Thuc. iv. 120-122, 129-133; v. 18, 32; (4) for Torone see
+    Thuc. ib., and also v. 3; (5) for the expulsion of the Aeginetans
+    in 431 B.C. see Thuc. ii. 27.
+
+Lysander presently left the Hellespont with two hundred sail and arrived
+at Lesbos, where he established a new order of things in Mitylene and
+the other cities of the island. Meanwhile he despatched Eteonicus with
+a squadron of ten ships to the northern coasts, (2) where that officer
+brought about a revolution of affairs which placed the whole region
+in the hands of Lacedaemon. Indeed, in a moment of time, after the
+sea-fight, the whole of Hellas had revolted from Athens, with the
+solitary exception of the men of Samos. These, having massacred the
+notables, (3) held the state under their control. After a while Lysander
+sent messages to Agis at Deceleia, and to Lacedaemon, announcing his
+approach with a squadron of two hundred sail.
+
+ (2) Lit. "the Thraceward districts." See above, p. 16.
+
+ (3) Or, "since they had slain their notables, held the state under
+    popular control." See Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 303
+    note 3 (2d ed.), who thinks that the incident referred to is the
+    violent democratic revolution in Samos described in Thuc. viii.
+    21, B.C. 412.
+
+In obedience to a general order of Pausanias, the other king of
+Lacedaemon, a levy in force of the Lacedaemonians and all the rest of
+Peloponnesus, except the Argives, was set in motion for a campaign. As
+soon as the several contingents had arrived, the king put himself at
+their head and marched against Athens, encamping in the gymnasium of the
+Academy, (4) as it is called. Lysander had now reached Aegina, where,
+having got together as many of the former inhabitants as possible, he
+formally reinstated them in their city; and what he did in behalf of the
+Aeginetans, he did also in behalf of the Melians, and of the rest who
+had been deprived of their countries. He then pillaged the island of
+Salamis, and finally came to moorings off Piraeus with one hundred and
+fifty ships of the line, and established a strict blockade against all
+merchant ships entering that harbour.
+
+ (4) For this most illustrious of Athenian gymnasia, which still
+    retains its name, see Leake, "Topography of Athens," i. 195 foll.
+
+The Athenians, finding themselves besieged by land and sea, were in
+sore perplexity what to do. Without ships, without allies, without
+provisions, the belief gained hold upon them that there was no way of
+escape. They must now, in their turn, suffer what they had themselves
+inflincted upon others; not in retaliation, indeed, for ills received,
+but out of sheer insolence, overriding the citizens of petty states, and
+for no better reason than that these were allies of the very men now at
+their gates. In this frame of mind they enfranchised those who at any
+time had lost their civil rights, and schooled themselves to endurance;
+and, albeit many succumbed to starvation, no thought of truce or
+reconciliation with their foes was breathed. (5) But when the stock
+of corn was absolutely insufficient, they sent an embassage to Agis,
+proposing to become allies of the Lacedaemonians on the sole condition
+of keeping their fortification walls and Piraeus; and to draw up
+articles of treaty on these terms. Agis bade them betake themselves to
+Lacedaemon, seeing that he had no authority to act himself. With this
+answer the ambassadors returned to Athens, and were forthwith sent on to
+Lacedaemon. On reaching Sellasia, (6) a town in (7) Laconian territory,
+they waited till they got their answer from the ephors, who, having
+learnt their terms (which were identical to those already proposed
+to Agis), bade them instantly to be gone, and, if they really desired
+peace, to come with other proposals, the fruit of happier reflection.
+Thus the ambassadors returned home, and reported the result of their
+embassage, whereupon despondency fell upon all. It was a painful
+reflection that in the end they would be sold into slavery; and
+meanwhile, pending the return of a second embassy, many must needs fall
+victims to starvation. The razing of their fortifications was not a
+solution which any one cared to recommend. A senator, Archestratus, had
+indeed put the question in the senate, whether it were not best to make
+peace with the Lacedaemonians on such terms as they were willing to
+propose; but he was thrown into prison. The Laconian proposals referred
+to involved the destruction of both long walls for a space of more than
+a mile. And a decree had been passed, making it illegal to submit any
+such proposition about the walls. Things having reached this pass,
+Theramenes made a proposal in the public assembly as follows: If they
+chose to send him as an ambassador to Lysander, he would go and find out
+why the Lacedaemonians were so unyielding about the walls; whether it
+was they really intended to enslave the city, or merely that they wanted
+a guarantee of good faith. Despatched accordingly, he lingered on with
+Lysander for three whole months and more, watching for the time when the
+Athenians, at the last pinch of starvation, would be willing to accede
+to any terms that might be offered. At last, in the fourth month, he
+returned and reported to the public assembly that Lysander had detained
+him all this while, and had ended by bidding him betake himself to
+Lacedaemon, since he had no authority himself to answer his questions,
+which must be addressed directly to the ephors. After this Theramenes
+was chosen with nine others to go to Lacedaemon as ambassadors with
+full powers. Meanwhile Lysander had sent an Athenian exile, named
+Aristoteles, in company of certain Lacedaemonians, to Sparta to report
+to the board of ephors how he had answered Theramenes, that they, and
+they alone, had supreme authority in matters of peace and war.
+
+ (5) Or, "they refused to treat for peace."
+
+ (6) Sellasia, the bulwark of Sparta in the valley of the Oenus.
+
+ (7) The MSS. have "in the neighbourhood of," which words are
+    inappropriate at this date, though they may well have been added
+    by some annotator after the Cleomenic war and the battle of
+    Sellasia, B.C. 222, when Antigonus of Macedon destroyed the place
+    in the interests of the Achaean League.
+
+Theramenes and his companions presently reached Sellasia, and being
+there questioned as to the reason of their visit, replied that they had
+full powers to treat of peace. After which the ephors ordered them to
+be summoned to their presence. On their arrival a general assembly was
+convened, in which the Corinthians and Thebans more particularly, though
+their views were shared by many other Hellenes also, urged the meeting
+not to come to terms with the Athenians, but to destroy them. The
+Lacedaemonians replied that they would never reduce to slavery a city
+which was itself an integral portion of Hellas, and had performed a
+great and noble service to Hellas in the most perilous of emergencies.
+On the contrary, they were willing to offer peace on the terms now
+specified--namely, "That the long walls and the fortifications of
+Piraeus should be destroyed; that the Athenian fleet, with the exception
+of twelve vessels, should be surrendered; that the exiles should be
+restored; and lastly, that the Athenians should acknowledge the headship
+of Sparta in peace and war, leaving to her the choice of friends and
+foes, and following her lead by land and sea." Such were the terms which
+Theramenes and the rest who acted with him were able to report on their
+return to Athens. As they entered the city, a vast crowd met them,
+trembling lest their mission have proved fruitless. For indeed delay
+was no longer possible, so long already was the list of victims daily
+perishing from starvation. On the day following, the ambassadors
+delivered their report, stating the terms upon which the Lacedaemonians
+were willing to make peace. Theramenes acted as spokesman, insisting
+that they ought to obey the Lacedaemonians and pull down the walls. A
+small minority raised their voice in opposition, but the majority were
+strongly in favour of the proposition, and the resolution was passed to
+accept the peace. After that, Lysander sailed into the Piraeus, and the
+exiles were readmitted. And so they fell to levelling the fortifications
+and walls with much enthusiasm, to the accompaniment of female
+flute-players, deeming that day the beginning of liberty to Greece.
+
+Thus the year drew to its close (8)--during its middle months took place
+the accession of Dionysius, the son of Hermocrates the Syracusan, to
+the tyranny of Syracuse; an incident itself preceded by a victory gained
+over the Carthaginians by the Syracusans; the reduction of Agrigentum
+through famine by the Carthaginians themselves; and the exodus of the
+Sicilian Greeks from that city.
+
+ (8) For the puzzling chronology of this paragraph see Grote, "Hist. of
+    Greece," vol. x. p 619 (2d ed.) If genuine, the words may perhaps
+    have slipt out of their natural place in chapter i. above, in
+    front of the words "in the following year Lysander arrived," etc.
+    L. Dindorf brackets them as spurious. Xen., "Hist. Gr." ed.
+    tertia, Lipsiae, MDCCCLXXII. For the incidents referred to see
+    above; Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. x. pp. 582, 598 (2d ed.)
+
+
+
+III
+
+B.C. 404. In the following year (1) the people passed a resolution
+to choose thirty men who were to draft a constitution based on the
+ancestral laws of the State. The following were chosen to act on this
+committee:--Polychares, Critias, Melobius, Hippolochus, Eucleides,
+Hiero, Mnesilochus, Chremo, Theramenes, Aresias, Diocles, Phaedrias,
+Chaereleos, Anaetius, Piso, Sophocles, Erastosthenes, Charicles,
+Onomacles, Theognis, Aeschines, Theogones, Cleomedes, Erasistratus,
+Pheido, Dracontides, Eumathes, Aristoteles, Hippomachus, Mnesitheides.
+After these transactions, Lysander set sail for Samos; and Agis withdrew
+the land force from Deceleia and disbanded the troops, dismissing the
+contingents to their several cities.
+
+ (1) The MSS. here add "it was that year of the Olympiad cycle in which
+    Crocinas, a Thessalian, won the Stadium; when Endius was ephor at
+    Sparta, and Pythodorus archon at Athens, though the Athenians
+    indeed do not call the year by that archon's name, since he was
+    elected during the oligarchy, but prefer to speak of the year of
+    'anarchy'; the aforesaid oligarchy originated thus,"--which,
+    though correct, probably was not written by Xenophon. The year of
+    anarchy might perhaps be better rendered "the year without
+    archons."
+
+In was at this date, about the time of the solar eclipse, (2) that
+Lycophron of Pherae, who was ambitious of ruling over the whole of
+Thessaly, defeated those sections of the Thessalians who opposed him,
+such as the men of Larissa and others, and slew many of them. It
+was also about this date that Dionysius, now tyrant of Syracuse, was
+defeated by the Carthaginians and lost Gela and Camarina. And again, a
+little later, the men of Leontini, who previously had been amalgamated
+with the Syracusans, separated themselves from Syracuse and Dionysius,
+and asserted their independence, and returned to their native city.
+Another incident of this period was the sudden despatch and introduction
+of Syracusan horse into Catana by Dionysius.
+
+ (2) This took place on 2d September B.C. 404.
+
+Now the Samians, though besieged by Lysander on all sides, were at first
+unwilling to come to terms. But at the last moment, when Lysander was on
+the point of assaulting the town, they accepted the terms, which allowed
+every free man to leave the island, but not to carry away any part of
+his property, except the clothes on his back. On these conditions they
+marched out. The city and all it contained was then delivered over to
+its ancient citizens by Lysander, who finally appointed ten governors
+to garrison the island. (3) After which, he disbanded the allied fleet,
+dismissing them to their respective cities, while he himself, with the
+Lacedaemonian squadron, set sail for Laconia, bringing with him the
+prows of the conquered vessels and the whole navy of Piraeus, with
+the exception of twelve ships. He also brought the crowns which he had
+received from the cities as private gifts, and a sum of four hundred and
+seventy talents (4) in silver (the surplus of the tribute money which
+Cyrus had assigned to him for the prosecution of the war), besides other
+property, the fruit of his military exploits. All these things Lysander
+delivered to the Lacedaemonians in the latter end of summer. (5)
+
+ (3) A council of ten, or "decarchy." See Grote, "H. G." viii. 323 (1st
+    ed.)
+
+ (4) About 112,800 pounds.
+
+ (5) The MSS. add "a summer, the close of which coincided with the
+    termination of a war which had lasted twenty-eight and a half
+    years, as the list of annual ephors, appended in order, serves to
+    show. Aenesias is the first name. The war began during his
+    ephorate, in the fifteenth year of the thirty years' truce after
+    the capture of Euboea. His successors were Brasidas, Isanor,
+    Sostratidas, Exarchus, Agesistratus, Angenidas, Onomacles,
+    Zeuxippus, Pityas, Pleistolas, Cleinomachus, Harchus, Leon,
+    Chaerilas, Patesiadas, Cleosthenes, Lycarius, Eperatus,
+    Onomantius, Alexippidas, Misgolaidas, Isias, Aracus, Euarchippus,
+    Pantacles, Pityas, Archytas, and lastly, Endius, during whose year
+    of office Lysander sailed home in triumph, after performing the
+    exploits above recorded,"--the interpolation, probably, of some
+    editor or copyist, the words "twenty-eight and a half" being
+    probably a mistake on his part for "twenty-seven and a half." Cf.
+    Thuc. v. 26; also Buchsenschutz, Einleitung, p. 8 of his school
+    edition of the "Hellenica."
+
+The Thirty had been chosen almost immediately after the long walls and
+the fortifications round Piraeus had been razed. They were chosen
+for the express purpose of compiling a code of laws for the future
+constitution of the State. The laws were always on the point of being
+published, yet they were never forthcoming; and the thirty compilers
+contented themselves meanwhile with appointing a senate and the other
+magistracies as suited their fancy best. That done, they turned their
+attention, in the first instance, to such persons as were well known to
+have made their living as informers (6) under the democracy, and to be
+thorns in the side of all respectable people. These they laid hold on
+and prosecuted on the capital charge. The new senate gladly recorded its
+vote of condemnation against them; and the rest of the world, conscious
+of bearing no resemblance to them, seemed scarcely vexed. But the Thirty
+did not stop there. Presently they began to deliberate by what means
+they could get the city under their absolute control, in order that they
+might work their will upon it. Here again they proceeded tentatively;
+in the first instance, they sent (two of their number), Aeschines and
+Aristoteles, to Lacedaemon, and persuaded Lysander to support them in
+getting a Lacedaemonian garrison despatched to Athens. They only
+needed it until they had got the "malignants" out of the way, and had
+established the constitution; and they would undertake to maintain these
+troops at their own cost. Lysander was not deaf to their persuasions,
+and by his co-operation their request was granted. A bodyguard, with
+Callibius as governor, was sent.
+
+ (6) Lit. "by sycophancy," i.e. calumnious accusation--the sycophant's
+    trade. For a description of this pest of Athenian life cf. "Dem."
+    in Arist. 1, S. 52; quoted in Jebb, "Attic Orators," chap. xxix.
+    14; cf. Aristoph. "Ach." 904; Xen. "Mem." II. ix. 1.
+
+And now that they had got the garrison, they fell to flattering
+Callibius with all servile flattery, in order that he might give
+countenance to their doings. Thus they prevailed on him to allow some of
+the guards, whom they selected, to accompany them, while they proceeded
+to lay hands on whom they would; no longer confining themselves to base
+folk and people of no account, but boldly laying hands on those who they
+felt sure would least easily brook being thrust aside, or, if a
+spirit of opposition seized them, could command the largest number of
+partisans.
+
+These were early days; as yet Critias was of one mind with Theramenes,
+and the two were friends. But the time came when, in proportion as
+Critias was ready to rush headlong into wholesale carnage, like one
+who thirsted for the blood of the democracy, which had banished him,
+Theramenes balked and thwarted him. It was barely reasonable, he argued,
+to put people to death, who had never done a thing wrong to respectable
+people in their lives, simply because they had enjoyed influence and
+honour under the democracy. "Why, you and I, Critias," he would add,
+"have said and done many things ere now for the sake of popularity."
+To which the other (for the terms of friendly intimacy still subsisted)
+would retort, "There is no choice left to us, since we intend to take
+the lion's share, but to get rid of those who are best able to hinder
+us. If you imagine, because we are thirty instead of one, our government
+requires one whit the less careful guarding than an actual tyranny, you
+must be very innocent."
+
+So things went on. Day after day the list of persons put to death for no
+just reason grew longer. Day after day the signs of resentment were more
+significant in the groups of citizens banding together and forecasting
+the character of this future constitution; till at length Theramenes
+spoke again, protesting:--There was no help for it but to associate with
+themselves a sufficient number of persons in the conduct of affairs, or
+the oligarchy would certainly come to an end. Critias and the rest
+of the Thirty, whose fears had already converted Theramenes into a
+dangerous popular idol, proceeded at once to draw up a list of three
+thousand citizens; fit and proper persons to have a share in the conduct
+of affairs. But Theramenes was not wholly satisfied, "indeed he must
+say, for himself, he regarded it as ridiculous, that in their effort to
+associate the better classes with themselves in power, they should fix
+on just that particular number, three thousand, as if that figure had
+some necessary connection with the exact number of gentlemen in the
+State, making it impossible to discover any respectability outside
+or rascality within the magic number. And in the second place," he
+continued, "I see we are trying to do two things, diametrically opposed;
+we are manufacturing a government, which is based on force, and at the
+same time inferior in strength to those whom we propose to govern."
+That was what he said, but what his colleagues did, was to institute a
+military inspection or review. The Three Thousand were drawn up in the
+Agora, and the rest of the citizens, who were not included in the list,
+elsewhere in various quarters of the city. The order to take arms was
+given; (7) but while the men's backs were turned, at the bidding of the
+Thirty, the Laconian guards, with those of the citizens who shared their
+views, appeared on the scene and took away the arms of all except the
+Three Thousand, carried them up to the Acropolis, and safely deposited
+them in the temple.
+
+ (7) Or, "a summons to the 'place d'armes' was given; but." Or, "the
+    order to seize the arms was given, and." It is clear from
+    Aristoph. "Acharn." 1050, that the citizens kept their weapons at
+    home. On the other hand, it was a custom not to come to any
+    meeting in arms. See Thuc. vi. 58. It seems probable that while
+    the men were being reviewed in the market-place and elsewhere, the
+    ruling party gave orders to seize their weapons (which they had
+    left at home), and this was done except in the case of the Three
+    Thousand. Cf. Arnold, "Thuc." II. 2. 5; and IV. 91.
+
+The ground being thus cleared, as it were, and feeling that they had
+it in their power to do what they pleased, they embarked on a course of
+wholesale butchery, to which many were sacrificed to the merest hatred,
+many to the accident of possessing riches. Presently the question
+rose, How they were to get money to pay their guards? and to meet this
+difficulty a resolution was passed empowering each of the committee to
+seize on one of the resident aliens apiece, to put his victim to death,
+and to confiscate his property. Theramenes was invited, or rather told
+to seize some one or other. "Choose whom you will, only let it be done."
+To which he made answer, it hardly seemed to him a noble or worthy
+course on the part of those who claimed to be the elite of society to go
+beyond the informers (8) in injustice. "Yesterday they, to-day we; with
+this difference, the victim of the informer must live as a source of
+income; our innocents must die that we may get their wealth. Surely
+their method was innocent in comparison with ours."
+
+ (8) See above.
+
+The rest of the Thirty, who had come to regard Theramenes as an obstacle
+to any course they might wish to adopt, proceeded to plot against him.
+They addressed themselves to the members of the senate in private,
+here a man and there a man, and denounced him as the marplot of the
+constitution. Then they issued an order to the young men, picking out
+the most audacious characters they could find, to be present, each with
+a dagger hidden in the hollow of the armpit; and so called a meeting
+of the senate. When Theramenes had taken his place, Critias got up and
+addressed the meeting:
+
+"If," said he, "any member of this council, here seated, imagines that
+an undue amount of blood has been shed, let me remind him that with
+changes of constitution such things can not be avoided. It is the rule
+everywhere, but more particularly at Athens it was inevitable there
+should be found a specially large number of persons sworn foes to any
+constitutional change in the direction of oligarchy, and this for two
+reasons. First, because the population of this city, compared with other
+Hellenic cities, is enormously large; and again, owing to the length of
+time during which the people has battened upon liberty. Now, as to two
+points we are clear. The first is that democracy is a form of government
+detestable to persons like ourselves--to us and to you; the next is that
+the people of Athens could never be got to be friendly to our friends
+and saviours, the Lacedaemonians. But on the loyalty of the better
+classes the Lacedaemonians can count. And that is our reason for
+establishing an oligarchical constitution with their concurrence. That
+is why we do our best to rid us of every one whom we perceive to be
+opposed to the oligarchy; and, in our opinion, if one of ourselves
+should elect to undermine this constitution of ours, he would deserve
+punishment. Do you not agree? And the case," he continued, "is no
+imaginary one. The offender is here present--Theramenes. And what we say
+of him is, that he is bent upon destroying yourselves and us by every
+means in his power. These are not baseless charges; but if you will
+consider it, you will find them amply established in this unmeasured
+censure of the present posture of affairs, and his persistent opposition
+to us, his colleagues, if ever we seek to get rid of any of these
+demagogues. Had this been his guiding principle of action from the
+beginning, in spite of hostility, at least he would have escaped all
+imputation of villainy. Why, this is the very man who originated our
+friendly and confidential relations with Lacedaemon. This is the very
+man who authorised the abolition of the democracy, who urged us on to
+inflict punishment on the earliest batch of prisoners brought before
+us. But to-day all is changed; now you and we are out of odour with
+the people, and he accordingly has ceased to be pleased with our
+proceedings. The explanation is obvious. In case of a catastrophe, how
+much pleasanter for him once again to light upon his legs, and leave us
+to render account for our past performances.
+
+"I contend that this man is fairly entitled to render his account also,
+not only as an ordinary enemy, but as a traitor to yourselves and us.
+And let us add, not only is treason more formidable than open war, in
+proportion as it is harder to guard against a hidden assassin than
+an open foe, but it bears the impress of a more enduring hostility,
+inasmuch as men fight their enemies and come to terms with them again
+and are fast friends; but whoever heard of reconciliation with a
+traitor? There he stands unmasked; he has forfeited our confidence for
+evermore. But to show you that these are no new tactics of his, to prove
+to you that he is a traitor in grain, I will recall to your memories
+some points in his past history.
+
+"He began by being held in high honour by the democracy; but taking a
+leaf out of his father's, Hagnon's, book, he next showed a most headlong
+anxiety to transform the democracy into the Four Hundred, and, in fact,
+for a time held the first place in that body. But presently, detecting
+the formation of rival power to the oligarchs, round he shifted; and we
+find him next a ringleader of the popular party in assailing them. It
+must be admitted, he has well earned his nickname 'Buskin.' (9) Yes,
+Theramenes! clever you may be, but the man who deserves to live should
+not show his cleverness in leading on his associates into trouble, and
+when some obstacle presents itself, at once veer round; but like a pilot
+on shipboard, he ought then to redouble his efforts, until the wind is
+fair. Else, how in the name of wonderment are those mariners to reach
+the haven where they would be, if at the first contrary wind or
+tide they turn about and sail in the opposite direction? Death and
+destruction are concomitants of constitutional changes and revolution,
+no doubt; but you are such an impersonation of change, that, as you
+twist and turn and double, you deal destruction on all sides. At one
+swoop you are the ruin of a thousand oligarchs at the hands of the
+people, and at another of a thousand democrats at the hands of the
+better classes. Why, sirs, this is the man to whom the orders were given
+by the generals, in the sea-fight off Lesbos, to pick up the crews of
+the disabled vessels; and who, neglecting to obey orders, turned round
+and accused the generals; and to save himself murdered them! What, I ask
+you, of a man who so openly studied the art of self-seeking, deaf
+alike to the pleas of honour and to the claims of friendship? Would not
+leniency towards such a creature be misplaced? Can it be our duty at
+all to spare him? Ought we not rather, when we know the doublings of his
+nature, to guard against them, lest we enable him presently to practise
+on ourselves? The case is clear. We therefore hereby cite this man
+before you, as a conspirator and traitor against yourselves and us. The
+reasonableness of our conduct, one further reflection may make clear.
+No one, I take it, will dispute the splendour, the perfection of the
+Laconian constitution. Imagine one of the ephors there in Sparta, in
+lieu of devoted obedience to the majority, taking on himself to find
+fault with the government and to oppose all measures. Do you not think
+that the ephors themselves, and the whole commonwealth besides, would
+hold this renegade worthy of condign punishment? So, too, by the same
+token, if you are wise, do you spare yourselves, not him. For what does
+the alternative mean? I will tell you. His preservation will cause
+the courage of many who hold opposite views to your own to rise; his
+destruction will cut off the last hopes of all your enemies, whether
+within or without the city."
+
+ (9) An annotator seems to have added here the words, occurring in the
+    MSS., "the buskin which seems to fit both legs equally, but is
+    constant to neither," unless, indeed, they are an original
+    "marginal note" of the author. For the character of Theramenes, as
+    popularly conceived, cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 538, 968 foll., and
+    Thuc. viii. 92; and Prof. Jowett, "Thuc." vol. ii. pp. 523, 524.
+
+With these words he sat down, but Theramenes rose and said: "Sirs, with
+your permission I will first touch upon the charge against me which
+Critias has mentioned last. The assertion is that as the accuser of the
+generals I was their murderer. Now I presume it was not I who began
+the attack upon them, but it was they who asserted that in spite of
+the orders given me I had neglected to pick up the unfortunates in the
+sea-fight off Lesbos. All I did was to defend myself. My defence was
+that the storm was too violent to permit any vessel to ride at sea, much
+more therefore to pick up the men, and this defence was accepted by my
+fellow-citizens as highly reasonable, while the generals seemed to be
+condemned out of their own mouths. For while they kept on asserting
+that it was possible to save the men, the fact still remained that they
+abandoned them to their fate, set sail, and were gone.
+
+"However, I am not surprised, I confess, at this grave misconception
+(10) on the part of Critias, for at the date of these occurrences he
+was not in Athens. He was away in Thessaly, laying the foundations of
+a democracy with Prometheus, and arming the Penestae (11) against their
+masters. Heaven forbid that any of his transactions there should be
+re-enacted here. However, I must say, I do heartily concur with him on
+one point. Whoever desires to exclude you from the government, or to
+strength the hands of your secret foes, deserves and ought to meet with
+condign punishment; but who is most capable of so doing? That you will
+best discover, I think, by looking a little more closely into the past
+and the present conduct of each of us. Well, then! up to the moment at
+which you were formed into a senatorial body, when the magistracies were
+appointed, and certain notorious 'informers' were brought to trial, we
+all held the same views. But later on, when our friends yonder began
+to hale respectable honest folk to prison and to death, I, on my side,
+began to differ from them. From the moment when Leon of Salamis, (12)
+a man of high and well-deserved reputation, was put to death, though he
+had not committed the shadow of a crime, I knew that all his equals must
+tremble for themselves, and, so trembling, be driven into opposition to
+the new constitution. In the same way, when Niceratus, (13) the son of
+Nicias, was arrested; a wealthy man, who, no more than his father, had
+never done anything that could be called popular or democratic in his
+life; it did not require much insight to discover that his compeers
+would be converted into our foes. But to go a step further: when it
+came to Antiphon (14) falling at our hands--Antiphon, who during the war
+contributed two fast-sailing men-of-war out of his own resources, it was
+then plain to me, that all who had ever been zealous and patriotic
+must eye us with suspicion. Once more I could not help speaking out in
+opposition to my colleagues when they suggested that each of us ought to
+seize some one resident alien. (15) For what could be more certain
+than that their death-warrant would turn the whole resident foreign
+population into enemies of the constitution. I spoke out again when they
+insisted on depriving the populace of their arms; it being no part of my
+creed that we ought to take the strength out of the city; nor, indeed,
+so far as I could see, had the Lacedaemonians stept between us and
+destruction merely that we might become a handful of people, powerless
+to aid them in the day of need. Had that been their object, they might
+have swept us away to the last man. A few more weeks, or even days,
+would have sufficed to extinguish us quietly by famine. Nor, again, can
+I say that the importation of mercenary foreign guards was altogether to
+my taste, when it would have been so easy for us to add to our own
+body a sufficient number of fellow-citizens to ensure our supremacy as
+governors over those we essayed to govern. But when I saw what an army
+of malcontents this government had raised up within the city walls,
+besides another daily increasing host of exiles without, I could not
+but regard the banishment of people like Thrasybulus and Anytus and
+Alcibiades (16) as impolitic. Had our object been to strengthen the
+rival power, we could hardly have set about it better than by providing
+the populace with the competent leaders whom they needed, and the
+would-be leaders themselves with an army of willing adherents.
+
+ (10) Reading with Cobet {paranenomikenai}.
+
+ (11) I.e. serfs--Penestae being the local name in Thessaly for the
+    villein class. Like the {Eilotes} in Laconia, they were originally
+    a conquered tribe, afterwards increased by prisoners of war, and
+    formed a link between the freemen and born slaves.
+
+ (12) Cf. "Mem." IV. iv. 3; Plat. "Apol." 8. 32.
+
+ (13) Cf. Lysias, "Or." 18. 6.
+
+ (14) Probably the son of Lysidonides. See Thirlwall, "Hist. of
+    Greece," vol. iv. p. 179 (ed. 1847); also Lysias, "Or." 12. contra
+    Eratosth. According to Lysias, Theramenes, when a member of the
+    first Oligarchy, betrayed his own closest friends, Antiphon and
+    Archeptolemus. See Prof. Jebb, "Attic Orators," I. x. p. 266.
+
+ (15) The resident aliens, or {metoikoi}, "metics," so technically
+    called.
+
+ (16) Isocr. "De Bigis," 355; and Prof. Jebb's "Attic Orators," ii.
+    230. In the defence of his father's career, which the younger
+    Alcibiades, the defendant in this case (B.C. 397 probably) has
+    occasion to make, he reminds the court, that under the Thirty,
+    others were banished from Athens, but his father was driven out of
+    the civilised world of Hellas itself, and finally murdered. See
+    Plutarch, "Alcibiades," ad fin.
+
+"I ask then is the man who tenders such advice in the full light of
+day justly to be regarded as a traitor, and not as a benefactor? Surely
+Critias, the peacemaker, the man who hinders the creation of many
+enemies, whose counsels tend to the acquistion of yet more friends, (17)
+cannot be accused of strengthening the hands of the enemy. Much more
+truly may the imputation be retorted on those who wrongfully appropriate
+their neighbours' goods and put to death those who have done no wrong.
+These are they who cause our adversaries to grow and multiply, and
+who in very truth are traitors, not to their friends only, but to
+themselves, spurred on by sordid love of gain.
+
+ (17) Or, "the peacemaker, the healer of differences, the cementer of
+    new alliances, cannot," etc.
+
+"I might prove the truth of what I say in many ways, but I beg you to
+look at the matter thus. With which condition of affairs here in Athens
+do you think will Thrasybulus and Anytus and the other exiles be the
+better pleased? That which I have pictured as desirable, or that which
+my colleagues yonder are producing? For my part I cannot doubt but that,
+as things now are, they are saying to themselves, 'Our allies muster
+thick and fast.' But were the real strength, the pith and fibre of this
+city, kindly disposed to us, they would find it an uphill task even to
+get a foothold anywhere in the country.
+
+"Then, with regard to what he said of me and my propensity to be for
+ever changing sides, let me draw your attention to the following facts.
+Was it not the people itself, the democracy, who voted the constitution
+of the Four Hundred? This they did, because they had learned to think
+that the Lacedaemonians would trust any other form of government rather
+than a democracy. But when the efforts of Lacedaemon were not a whit
+relaxed, when Aristoteles, Melanthius, and Aristarchus, (18) and the
+rest of them acting as generals, were plainly minded to construct an
+intrenched fortress on the mole for the purpose of admitting the
+enemy, and so getting the city under the power of themselves and their
+associates; (19) because I got wind of these schemes, and nipped them in
+the bud, is that to be a traitor to one's friends?
+
+ (18) Cf. Thuc. viii. 90-92, for the behaviour of the Lacedaemonian
+    party at Athens and the fortification of Eetioneia in B.C. 411.
+
+ (19) I.e. of the political clubs.
+
+"Then he threw in my teeth the nickname 'Buskin,' as descriptive of
+an endeavour on my part to fit both parties. But what of the man
+who pleases neither? What in heaven's name are we to call him? Yes!
+you--Critias? Under the democracy you were looked upon as the most
+arrant hater of the people, and under the aristocracy you have proved
+yourself the bitterest foe of everything respectable. Yes! Critias, I
+am, and ever have been, a foe of those who think that a democracy cannot
+reach perfection until slaves and those who, from poverty, would sell
+the city for a drachma, can get their drachma a day. (20) But not less
+am I, and ever have been, a pronounced opponent of those who do not
+think there can possibly exist a perfect oligarchy until the State is
+subjected to the despotism of a few. On the contrary, my own ambition
+has been to combine with those who are rich enough to possess a horse
+and shield, and to use them for the benefit of the State. (21) That was
+my ideal in the old days, and I hold to it without a shadow of turning
+still. If you can imagine when and where, in conjunction with despots or
+demagogues, I have set to my hand to deprive honest gentlefolk of
+their citizenship, pray speak. If you can convict me of such crimes at
+present, or can prove my perpetration of them in the past, I admit that
+I deserve to die, and by the worst of deaths."
+
+ (20) I.e. may enjoy the senatorial stipend of a drachma a day = 9 3/4
+    pence.
+
+ (21) See Thuc. viii. 97, for a momentary realisation of that "duly
+    attempered compound of Oligarchy and Democracy" which Thucydides
+    praises, and which Theramenes here refers to. It threw the power
+    into the hands of the wealthier upper classes to the exclusion of
+    the {nautikos okhlos}. See Prof. Jowett, vol. ii. note, ad loc.
+    cit.
+
+With these words he ceased, and the loud murmur of the applause which
+followed marked the favourable impression produced upon the senate.
+It was plain to Critias, that if he allowed his adversary's fate to be
+decided by formal voting, Theramenes would escape, and life to himself
+would become intolerable. Accordingly he stepped forward and spoke a
+word or two in the ears of the Thirty. This done, he went out and gave
+an order to the attendants with the daggers to stand close to the bar
+in full view of the senators. Again he entered and addressed the senate
+thus: "I hold it to be the duty of a good president, when he sees the
+friends about him being made the dupes of some delusion, to intervene.
+That at any rate is what I propose to do. Indeed our friends here
+standing by the bar say that if we propose to acquit a man so openly
+bent upon the ruin of the oligarchy, they do not mean to let us do
+so. Now there is a clause in the new code forbidding any of the Three
+Thousand to be put to death without your vote; but the Thirty have
+power of life and death over all outside that list. Accordingly," he
+proceeded, "I herewith strike this man, Theramenes, off the list; and
+this with the concurrence of my colleagues. And now," he continued, "we
+condemn him to death."
+
+Hearing these words Theramenes sprang upon the altar of Hestia,
+exclaiming: "And I, sirs, supplicate you for the barest forms of law and
+justice. Let it not be in the power of Critias to strike off either
+me, or any one of you whom he will. But in my case, in what may be your
+case, if we are tried, let our trial be in accordance with the law they
+have made concerning those on the list. I know," he added, "but too
+well, that this altar will not protect me; but I will make it plain that
+these men are as impious towards the gods as they are nefarious towards
+men. Yet I do marvel, good sirs and honest gentlemen, for so you are,
+that you will not help yourselves, and that too when you must see that
+the name of every one of you is as easily erased as mine."
+
+But when he had got so far, the voice of the herald was heard giving the
+order to the Eleven to seize Theramenes. They at that instant entered
+with their satellites--at their head Satyrus, the boldest and most
+shameless of the body--and Critias exclaimed, addressing the Eleven, "We
+deliver over to you Theramenes yonder, who has been condemned according
+to the law. Do you take him and lead him away to the proper place, and
+do there with him what remains to do." As Critias uttered the words,
+Satyrus laid hold upon Theramenes to drag him from the altar, and the
+attendants lent their aid. But he, as was natural, called upon gods and
+men to witness what was happening. The senators the while kept silence,
+seeing the companions of Satyrus at the bar, and the whole front of the
+senate house crowded with the foreign guards, nor did they need to be
+told that there were daggers in reserve among those present.
+
+And so Theramenes was dragged through the Agora, in vehement and loud
+tones proclaiming the wrongs that he was suffering. One word, which is
+said to have fallen from his lips, I cite. It is this: Satyrus, bade him
+"Be silent, or he would rue the day;" to which he made answer, "And if I
+be silent, shall I not rue it?" Also, when they brought him the hemlock,
+and the time was come to drink the fatal draught, they tell how he
+playfully jerked out the dregs from the bottom of the cup, like one who
+plays "Cottabos," (22) with the words, "This to the lovely Critias."
+These are but "apophthegms" (23) too trivial, it may be thought, to find
+a place in history. Yet I must deem it an admirable trait in this man's
+character, if at such a moment, when death confronted him, neither his
+wits forsook him, nor could the childlike sportiveness vanish from his
+soul.
+
+ (22) "A Sicilian game much in vogue at the drinking parties of young
+    men at Athens. The simplest mode was when each threw the wine left
+    in his cup so as to strike smartly in a metal basin, at the same
+    time invoking his mistress's name; if all fell into the basin and
+    the sound was clear, it was a sign he stood well with her."--
+    Liddell and Scott, sub. v. For the origin of the game compare
+    curiously enough the first line of the first Elegy of Critias
+    himself, who was a poet and political philosopher, as well as a
+    politician:--
+
+"{Kottabos ek Sikeles esti khthonos, euprepes ergon on skopon es latagon
+toxa kathistametha.}" Bergk. "Poetae Lyr. Graec." Pars II. xxx.
+
+
+ (23) Or, "these are sayings too slight, perhaps, to deserve record;
+    yet," etc. By an "apophthegm" was meant originally a terse
+    (sententious) remark, but the word has somewhat altered in
+    meaning.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+So Theramenes met his death; and, now that this obstacle was removed,
+the Thirty, feeling that they had it in their power to play the tyrant
+without fear, issued an order forbidding all, whose names were not
+on the list, to set foot within the city. Retirement in the country
+districts was no protection, thither the prosecutor followed them, and
+thence dragged them, that their farms and properties might fall to the
+possession of the Thirty and their friends. Even Piraeus was not safe;
+of those who sought refuge there, many were driven forth in similar
+fashion, until Megara and Thebes overflowed with the crowd of refugees.
+
+Presently Thrasybulus, with about seventy followers, sallied out from
+Thebes, and made himself master of the fortress of Phyle. (1) The
+weather was brilliant, and the Thirty marched out of the city to repel
+the invader; with them were the Three Thousand and the Knights. When
+they reached the place, some of the young men, in the foolhardiness of
+youth, made a dash at the fortress, but without effect; all they got was
+wounds, and so retired. The intention of the Thirty now was to blockade
+the place; by shutting off all the avenues of supplies, they thought to
+force the garrison to capitulate. But this project was interrupted by
+a steady downfall of snow that night and the following day. Baffled
+by this all-pervading enemy they beat a retreat to the city, but not
+without the sacrifice of many of their camp-followers, who fell a prey
+to the men in Phyle. The next anxiety of the government in Athens was to
+secure the farms and country houses against the plunderings and forays
+to which they would be exposed, if there were no armed force to
+protect them. With this object a protecting force was despatched to
+the "boundary estates," (2) about two miles south of Phyle. This corps
+consisted of the Lacedaemonian guards, or nearly all of them, and two
+divisions of horse. (3) They encamped in a wild and broken district, and
+the round of their duties commenced.
+
+ (1) "A strong fortress (the remains of which still exist) commanding
+    the narrow pass across Mount Parnes, through which runs the direct
+    road from Thebes to Athens, past Acharnae. The precipitous rock on
+    which it stands can only be approached by a ridge on the eastern
+    side. The height commands a magnificent view of the whole Athenian
+    plain, of the city itself, of Mount Hymettus, and the Saronic
+    Gulf,"--"Dict. of Geog., The demi of the Diacria and Mount
+    Parnes."
+
+ (2) Cf. Boeckh, "P. E. A." p. 63, Eng. ed.
+
+ (3) Lit. tribes, each of the ten tribes furnishing about one hundred
+    horse.
+
+But by this time the small garrison above them had increased tenfold,
+until there were now something like seven hundred men collected in
+Phyle; and with these Thrasybulus one night descended. When he was not
+quite half a mile from the enemy's encampment he grounded arms, and a
+deep silence was maintained until it drew towards day. In a little while
+the men opposite, one by one, were getting to their legs or leaving the
+camp for necessary purposes, while a suppressed din and murmur arose,
+caused by the grooms currying and combing their horses. This was the
+moment for Thrasybulus and his men to snatch up their arms and make a
+dash at the enemy's position. Some they felled on the spot; and routing
+the whole body, pursued them six or seven furlongs, killing one
+hundred and twenty hoplites and more. Of the cavalry, Nicostratus, "the
+beautiful," as men called him, and two others besides were slain; they
+were caught while still in their beds. Returning from the pursuit,
+the victors set up a trophy, got together all the arms they had taken,
+besides baggage, and retired again to Phyle. A reinforcement of horse
+sent from the city could not discover the vestige of a foe; but waited
+on the scene of battle until the bodies of the slain had been picked up
+by their relatives, when they withdrew again to the city.
+
+After this the Thirty, who had begun to realise the insecurity of their
+position, were anxious to appropriate Eleusis, so that an asylum might
+be ready for them against the day of need. With this view an order was
+issued to the Knights; and Critias, with the rest of the Thirty, visited
+Eleusis. There they held a review of the Eleusians in the presence of
+the Knights; (4) and, on the pretext of wishing to discover how many
+they were, and how large a garrison they would further require, they
+ordered the townsfolk to enter their names. As each man did so he had to
+retire by a postern leading to the sea. But on the sea-beach this
+side there were lines of cavalry drawn up in waiting, and as each man
+appeared he was handcuffed by the satellites of the Thirty. When all
+had so been seized and secured, they gave orders to Lysimachus, the
+commander of the cavalry, to take them off to the city and deliver them
+over to the Eleven. Next day they summoned the heavy armed who were on
+the list, and the rest of the Knights (5) to the Odeum, and Critias rose
+and addressed them. He said: "Sirs, the constitution, the lines of which
+we are laying down, is a work undertaken in your interests no less than
+ours; it is incumbent on you therefore to participate in its dangers,
+even as you will partake of its honours. We expect you therefore, in
+reference to these Eleusians here, who have been seized and secured, to
+vote their condemnation, so that our hopes and fears may be identical."
+Then, pointing to a particular spot, he said peremptorily, "You will
+please deposit your votes there within sight of all." It must be
+understood that the Laconian guards were present at the time, and armed
+to the teeth, and filling one-half of the Odeum. As to the proceedings
+themselves, they found acceptance with those members of the State,
+besides the Thirty, who could be satisfied with a simple policy of
+self-aggrandisement.
+
+ (4) Or, "in the cavalry quarters," cf. {en tois ikhthusin} = in the
+    fish market. Or, "at the review of the horse."
+
+ (5) For the various Odeums at Athens vide Prof. Jebb, "Theophr."
+    xviii. 235, 236. The one here named was near the fountain
+    Callirhoe by the Ilissus.
+
+But now Thrasybulus at the head of his followers, by this time about one
+thousand strong, descended from Phyle and reached Piraeus in the night.
+The Thirty, on their side, informed of this new move, were not slow to
+rally to the rescue, with the Laconian guards, supported by their own
+cavalry and hoplites. And so they advanced, marching down along the
+broad carriage road which leads into Piraeus. The men from Phyle seemed
+at first inclined to dispute their passage, but as the wide circuit
+of the walls needed a defence beyond the reach of their still scanty
+numbers, they fell back in a compact body upon Munychia. (6) Then the
+troops from the city poured into the Agora of Hippodmus. (7) Here they
+formed in line, stretching along and filling the street which leads to
+the temple of Artemis and the Bendideum. (8) This line must have been
+at least fifty shields deep; and in this formation they at once began
+to march up. As to the men of Phyle, they too blocked the street at the
+opposite end, and facing the foe. They presented only a thin line, not
+more than ten deep, though behind these, certainly, were ranged a body
+of targeteers and light-armed javelin men, who were again supported by
+an artillery of stone-throwers--a tolerably numerous division drawn from
+the population of the port and district itself. While his antagonists
+were still advancing, Thrasybulus gave the order to ground their heavy
+shields, and having done so himself, whilst retaining the rest of
+his arms, he stood in the midst, and thus addressed them: "Men and
+fellow-citizens, I wish to inform some, and to remind others of you,
+that of the men you see advancing beneath us there, the right division
+are the very men we routed and pursued only five days ago; while on the
+extreme left there you see the Thirty. These are the men who have not
+spared to rob us of our city, though we did no wrong; who have hounded
+us from our homes; who have set the seal of proscription on our dearest
+friends. But to-day the wheel of fortune has revolved; that has come
+about which least of all they looked for, which most of all we prayed
+for. Here we stand with our good swords in our hands, face to face
+with our foes; and the gods themselves are with us, seeing that we were
+arrested in the midst of our peaceful pursuits; at any moment, whilst
+we supped, or slept, or marketed, sentence of banishment was passed upon
+us: we had done no wrong--nay, many of us were not even resident in the
+country. To-day, therefore, I repeat, the gods do visibly fight upon our
+side; the great gods, who raise a tempest even in the midst of calm for
+our benefit, and when we lay to our hand to fight, enable our little
+company to set up the trophy of victory over the multitude of our foes.
+On this day they have brought us hither to a place where the steep
+ascent must needs hinder our foes from reaching with lance or arrow
+further than our foremost ranks; but we with our volley of spears and
+arrows and stones cannot fail to reach them with terrible effect. Had we
+been forced to meet them vanguard to vanguard, on an equal footing, who
+could have been surprised? But as it is, all I say to you is, let fly
+your missiles with a will in right brave style. No one can miss his mark
+when the road is full of them. To avoid our darts they must be for ever
+ducking and skulking beneath their shields; but we will rain blows upon
+them in their blindness; we will leap upon them and lay them low. But,
+O sirs! let me call upon you so to bear yourselves that each shall
+be conscious to himself that victory was won by him and him alone.
+Victory--which, God willing, shall this day restore to us the land of
+our fathers, our homes, our freedom, and the rewards of civic life, our
+children, if children we have, our darlings, and our wives! Thrice happy
+those among us who as conquerors shall look upon this gladdest of all
+days. Nor less fortunate the man who falls to-day. Not all the wealth
+in the world shall purchase him a monument so glorious. At the right
+instant I will strike the keynote of the paean; then, with an invocation
+to the God of battle, (9) and in return for the wanton insults they put
+upon us, let us with one accord wreak vengeance on yonder men."
+
+ (6) The citadel quarter of Piraeus.
+
+ (7) Named after the famous architect Hippodamus, who built the town.
+    It was situated near where the two long walls joined the wall of
+    Piraeus; a broad street led from it up to the citadel of Munychia.
+
+ (8) I.e. the temple of Bendis (the Thracian Artemis). Cf. Plat. "Rep."
+    327, 354; and Prof. Jowett, "Plato," vol. iii. pp. 193, 226.
+
+ (9) Lit. "Enyalius," in Homer an epithet of Ares; at another date (cf.
+    Aristoph. "Peace," 456) looked upon as a distinct divinity.
+
+Having so spoken, he turned round, facing the foemen, and kept quiet,
+for the order passed by the soothsayer enjoined on them, not to
+charge before one of their side was slain or wounded. "As soon as that
+happens," said the seer, "we will lead you onwards, and the victory
+shall be yours; but for myself, if I err not, death is waiting." And
+herein he spoke truly, for they had barely resumed their arms when he
+himself as though he were driven by some fatal hand, leapt out in front
+of the ranks, and so springing into the midst of the foe, was slain,
+and lies now buried at the passage of the Cephisus. But the rest were
+victorious, and pursued the routed enemy down to the level ground.
+There fell in this engagement, out of the number of the Thirty, Critias
+himself and Hippomachus, and with them Charmides, (10) the son of
+Glaucon, one of the ten archons in Piraeus, and of the rest about
+seventy men. The arms of the slain were taken; but, as fellow-citizens,
+the conquerors forebore to despoil them of their coats. This being done,
+they proceeded to give back the dead under cover of a truce, when the
+men, on either side, in numbers stept forward and conversed with one
+another. Then Cleocritus (he was the Herald of the Initiated, (11) a
+truly "sweet-voiced herald," if ever there was), caused a deep
+silence to reign, and addressed their late combatants as follows:
+"Fellow-citizens--Why do you drive us forth? why would you slay us?
+what evil have we wrought you at any time? or is it a crime that we
+have shared with you in the most solemn rites and sacrifices, and in
+festivals of the fairest: we have been companions in the chorus, the
+school, the army. We have braved a thousand dangers with you by land and
+sea in behalf of our common safety, our common liberty. By the gods
+of our fathers, by the gods of our mothers, by the hallowed names of
+kinship, intermarriage, comradeship, those three bonds which knit the
+hearts of so many of us, bow in reverence before God and man, and
+cease to sin against the land of our fathers: cease to obey these most
+unhallowed Thirty, who for the sake of private gain have in eight months
+slain almost more men than the Peloponnesians together in ten years of
+warfare. See, we have it in our power to live as citizens in peace; it
+is only these men, who lay upon us this most foul burthen, this hideous
+horror of fratricidal war, loathed of God and man. Ah! be well assured,
+for these men slain by our hands this day, ye are not the sole mourners.
+There are among them some whose deaths have wrung from us also many a
+bitter tear."
+
+ (10) He was cousin to Critias, and uncle by the mother's side to
+    Plato, who introduces him in the dialogue, which bears his name
+    (and treats of Temperance), as a very young man at the beginning
+    of the Peloponnesian War. We hear more of him also from Xenophon
+    himself in the "Memorabilia," iii. 6. 7; and as one of the
+    interlocutors in the "Symposium."
+
+ (11) I.e. of the Eleusinian mysteries. He had not only a loud voice,
+    but a big body. Cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 1237.
+
+So he spoke, but the officers and leaders of the defeated army who were
+left, unwilling that their troops should listen to such topics at that
+moment, led them back to the city. But the next day the Thirty, in deep
+down-heartedness and desolation, sat in the council chamber. The Three
+Thousand, wherever their several divisions were posted, were everywhere
+a prey to discord. Those who were implicated in deeds of violence, and
+whose fears could not sleep, protested hotly that to yield to the party
+in Piraeus were preposterous. Those on the other hand who had faith in
+their own innocence, argued in their own minds, and tried to convince
+their neighbours that they could well dispense with most of their
+present evils. "Why yield obedience to these Thirty?" they asked, "Why
+assign to them the privilege of destroying the State?" In the end they
+voted a resolution to depose the government, and to elect another. This
+was a board of ten, elected one from each tribe.
+
+B.C. 403. As to the Thirty, they retired to Eleusis; but the Ten,
+assisted by the cavalry officers, had enough to do to keep watch over
+the men in the city, whose anarchy and mutual distrust were rampant. The
+Knights did not return to quarters at night, but slept out in the Odeum,
+keeping their horses and shields close beside them; indeed the distrust
+was so great that from evening onwards they patrolled the walls on foot
+with their shields, and at break of day mounted their horses, at every
+moment fearing some sudden attack upon them by the men in Piraeus. These
+latter were now so numerous, and of so mixed a company, that it was
+difficult to find arms for all. Some had to be content with shields of
+wood, others of wicker-work, which they spent their time in coating with
+whitening. Before ten days had elapsed guarantees were given, securing
+full citizenship, with equality of taxation and tribute to all,
+even foreigners, who would take part in the fighting. Thus they were
+presently able to take the field, with large detachments both of heavy
+infantry and light-armed troops, besides a division of cavalry, about
+seventy in number. Their system was to push forward foraging parties in
+quest of wood and fruits, returning at nightfall to Piraeus. Of the city
+party no one ventured to take the field under arms; only, from time to
+time, the cavalry would capture stray pillagers from Piraeus or inflict
+some damage on the main body of their opponents. Once they fell in with
+a party belonging to the deme Aexone, (12) marching to their own farms
+in search of provisions. These, in spite of many prayers for mercy
+and the strong disapprobation of many of the knights, were ruthlessly
+slaughtered by Lysimachus, the general of cavalry. The men of Piraeus
+retaliated by putting to death a horseman, named Callistratus, of the
+tribe Leontis, whom they captured in the country. Indeed their courage
+ran so high at present that they even meditated an assault upon the city
+walls. And here perhaps the reader will pardon the record of a somewhat
+ingenious device on the part of the city engineer, who, aware of the
+enemy's intention to advance his batteries along the racecourse, which
+slopes from the Lyceum, had all the carts and waggons which were to be
+found laden with blocks of stone, each one a cartload in itself, and
+so sent them to deposit their freights "pele-mele" on the course in
+question. The annoyance created by these separate blocks of stone
+was enormous, and quite out of proportion to the simplicity of the
+contrivance.
+
+ (12) On the coast south of Phalerum, celebrated for its fisheries. Cf.
+    "Athen." vii. 325.
+
+But it was to Lacedaemon that men's eyes now turned. The Thirty
+despatched one set of ambassadors from Eleusis, while another set
+representing the government of the city, that is to say the men on the
+list, was despatched to summon the Lacedaemonians to their aid, on the
+plea that the people had revolted from Sparta. At Sparta, Lysander,
+taking into account the possibility of speedily reducing the party in
+Piraeus by blockading them by land and sea, and so cutting them off from
+all supplies, supported the application, and negotiated the loan of
+one hundred talents (13) to his clients, backed by the appointment of
+himself as harmost on land, and of his brother, Libys, as admiral of
+the fleet. And so proceeding to the scene of action at Eleusis, he got
+together a large body of Peloponnesian hoplites, whilst his brother,
+the admiral, kept watch and ward by sea to prevent the importation of
+supplies into Piraeus by water. Thus the men in Piraeus were soon again
+reduced to their former helplessness, while the ardour of the city folk
+rose to a proportionally high pitch under the auspices of Lysander.
+
+ (13) 24,375 pounds, reckoning one tal. = 243 pounds 15 shillings.
+
+Things were progressing after this sort when King Pausanias intervened.
+Touched by a certain envy of Lysander--(who seemed, by a final stroke of
+achievement, about to reach the pinnacle of popularity, with Athens laid
+like a pocket dependency at his feet)--the king persuaded three of
+the ephors to support him, and forthwith called out the ban. With him
+marched contingents of all the allied States, except the Boeotians and
+Corinthians. These maintained, that to undertake such an expedition
+against the Athenians, in whose conduct they saw nothing contrary to the
+treaty, was inconsistent with their oaths. But if that was the language
+held by them, the secret of their behaviour lay deeper; they seemed to
+be aware of a desire on the part of the Lacedaemonians to annex the
+soil of the Athenians and to reduce the state to vassalage. Pausanias
+encamped on the Halipedon, (14) as the sandy flat is called, with his
+right wing resting on Piraeus, and Lysander and his mercenaries forming
+the left. His first act was to send an embassage to the party in
+Piraeus, calling upon them to retire peacably to their homes; when they
+refused to obey, he made, as far as mere noise went, the semblance of an
+attack, with sufficient show of fight to prevent his kindly disposition
+being too apparent. But gaining nothing by the feint, he was forced to
+retire. Next day he took two Laconian regiments, with three tribes of
+Athenian horse, and crossed over to the Mute (15) Harbour, examining the
+lie of the ground to discover how and where it would be easiest to draw
+lines of circumvallation round Piraeus. As he turned his back to retire,
+a party of the enemy sallied out and caused him annoyance. Nettled at
+the liberty, he ordered the cavalry to charge at the gallop, supported
+by the ten-year-service (16) infantry, whilst he himself, with the rest
+of the troops, followed close, holding quietly back in reserve. They cut
+down about thirty of the enemy's light troops and pursued the rest hotly
+to the theatre in Piraeus. Here, as chance would have it, the whole
+light and heavy infantry of the Piraeus men were getting under arms;
+and in an instant their light troops rushed out and dashed at the
+assailants; thick and fast flew missiles of all sorts--javelins, arrows
+and sling stones. The Lacedaemonians finding the number of their wounded
+increasing every minute, and sorely called, slowly fell back step by
+step, eyeing their opponents. These meanwhile resolutely pressed on.
+Here fell Chaeron and Thibrachus, both polemarchs, here also Lacrates,
+an Olympic victor, and other Lacedaemonians, all of whom now lie
+entombed before the city gates in the Ceramicus. (17)
+
+ (14) The Halipedon is the long stretch of flat sandy land between
+    Piraeus Phalerum and the city.
+
+ (15) Perhaps the landlocked creek just round the promontory of
+    Eetioneia, as Leake conjectures, "Topog. of Athens," p. 389. See
+    also Prof. Jowett's note, "Thuc." v. 2; vol. ii. p. 286.
+
+ (16) I.e. who had already seen ten years of service, i.e. over twenty-
+    eight, as the Spartan was eligible to serve at eighteen. Cf. Xen.
+    "Hell." III. iv. 23; VI. iv. 176.
+
+ (17) The outer Ceramicus, "the most beautiful spot outside the walls."
+    Cf. Thuc. ii. 34; through it passes the street of the tombs on the
+    sacred road; and here was the place of burial for all persons
+    honoured with a public funeral. Cf. Arist. "Birds," 395.
+
+Watching how matters went, Thrasybulus began his advance with the whole
+of his heavy infantry to support his light troops and quickly fell
+into line eight deep, acting as a screen to the rest of his troops.
+Pausanias, on his side, had retired, sorely pressed, about half a
+mile towards a bit of rising ground, where he sent orders to the
+Lacedaemonians and the other allied troops to bring up reinforcements.
+Here, on this slope, he reformed his troops, giving his phalanx the
+full depth, and advanced against the Athenians, who did not hesitate
+to receive him at close quarters, but presently had to give way; one
+portion being forced into the mud and clay at Halae, (18) while the
+others wavered and broke their line; one hundred and fifty of them were
+left dead on the field, whereupon Pausanias set up a trophy and retired.
+Not even so, were his feelings embittered against his adversary. On the
+contrary he sent secretly and instructed the men of Piraeus, what sort
+of terms they should propose to himself and the ephors in attendance.
+To this advice they listened. He also fostered a division in the party
+within the city. A deputation, acting on his orders, sought an audience
+of him and the ephors. It had all the appearance of a mass meeting. In
+approaching the Spartan authorities, they had no desire or occasion,
+they stated, to look upon the men of Piraeus as enemies, they would
+prefer a general reconciliation and the friendship of both sides with
+Lacedaemon. The propositions were favourably received, and by no less a
+person than Nauclidas. He was present as ephor, in accordance with the
+custom which obliges two members of that board to serve on all military
+expeditions with the king, and with his colleague shared the political
+views represented by Pausanias, rather than those of Lysander and his
+party. Thus the authorities were quite ready to despatch to Lacedaemon
+the representatives of Piraeus, carrying their terms of truce with the
+Lacedaemonians, as also two private individuals belonging to the city
+party, whose names were Cephisophon and Meletus. This double deputation,
+however, had no sooner set out to Lacedaemon than the "de facto"
+government of the city followed suit, by sending a third set of
+representatives to state on their behalf: that they were prepared to
+deliver up themselves and the fortifications in their possession to
+the Lacedaemonians, to do with them what they liked. "Are the men of
+Piraeus," they asked, "prepared to surrender Piraeus and Munychia in
+the same way? If they are sincere in their profession of friendship to
+Lacedaemon, they ought to do so." The ephors and the members of assembly
+at Sparta (19) gave audience to these several parties, and sent
+out fifteen commissioners to Athens empowered, in conjunction with
+Pausanias, to discover the best settlement possible. The terms (20)
+arrived at were that a general peace between the rival parties should be
+established, liberty to return to their own homes being granted to all,
+with the exception of the Thirty, the Eleven, and the Ten who had been
+governors in Piraeus; but a proviso was added, enabling any of the city
+party who feared to remain at Athens to find a home in Eleusis.
+
+ (18) Halae, the salt marshy ground immediately behind the great
+    harbour of Piraeus, but outside the fortification lines.
+
+ (19) Cf. "Hell." VI. iii. 3, {oi ekkletoi}.
+
+ (20) Cf. Prof. Jebb, "Orators," i. 262, note 2.
+
+And now that everything was happily concluded, Pausanias disbanded his
+army, and the men from Piraeus marched up under arms into the acropolis
+and offered sacrifice to Athena. When they were come down, the generals
+called a meeting of the Ecclesia, (21) and Thrasybulus made a speech in
+which, addressing the city party, he said: "Men of the city! I have one
+piece of advice I would tender to you; it is that you should learn to
+know yourselves, and towards the attainment of that self-knowledge I
+would have you make a careful computation of your good qualities and
+satisfy yourselves on the strength of which of these it is that you
+claim to rule over us. Is it that you are more just than ourselves? Yet
+the people, who are poorer--have never wronged you for the purposes of
+plunder; but you, whose wealth would outweight the whole of ours, have
+wrought many a shameful deed for the sake of gain. If, then, you have
+no monopoly of justice, can it be on the score of courage that you are
+warranted to hold your heads so high? If so, what fairer test of courage
+will you propose than the arbitrament of war--the war just ended? Or do
+you claim superiority of intelligence?--you, who with all your wealth of
+arms and walls, money and Peloponnesian allies, have been paralysed by
+men who had none of these things to aid them! Or is it on these Laconian
+friends of yours that you pride yourselves? What! when these same
+friends have dealt by you as men deal by vicious dogs. You know how that
+is. They put a heavy collar round the neck of the brutes and hand them
+over muzzled to their masters. So too have the Lacedaemonians handed you
+over to the people, this very people whom you have injured; and now they
+have turned their backs and are gone. But" (turning to the mass) "do
+not misconceive me. It is not for me, sirs, coldly to beg of you, in no
+respect to violate your solemn undertakings. I go further; I beg you,
+to crown your list of exploits by one final display of virtue. Show
+the world that you can be faithful to your oaths, and flawless in your
+conduct." By these and other kindred arguments he impressed upon them
+that there was no need for anarchy or disorder, seeing that there were
+the ancient laws ready for use. And so he broke up (22) the assembly.
+
+ (21) I.e. the Public Assembly, see above; and reading with Sauppe
+    after Cobet {ekklesian epoiesan}, which words are supposed to have
+    dropt out of the MSS. Or, keeping to the MSS., translate "When the
+    generals were come down, Thrasybulus," etc. See next note.
+
+ (22) The Greek words are {antestese ten ekklesian} (an odd phrase for
+    the more technical {eluse} or {dieluse ten ekklesian}). Or,
+    accepting the MSS. reading above (see last note), translate "he
+    set up (i.e. restored) the Assembly." So Mr. J. G. Philpotts, Mr.
+    Herbert Hailstone, and others.
+
+At this auspicious moment, then, they reappointed the several
+magistrates; the constitution began to work afresh, and civic life was
+recommenced. At a subsequent period, on receiving information that the
+party at Eleusis were collecting a body of mercenaries, they marched out
+with their whole force against them, and put to death their generals,
+who came out to parley. These removed, they introduced to the others
+their friends and connections, and so persuaded them to come to terms
+and be reconciled. The oath they bound themselves by consisted of a
+simple asseveration: "We will remember past offences no more;" and to
+this day (23) the two parties live amicably together as good citizens,
+and the democracy is steadfast to its oaths.
+
+ (23) It would be interesting to know the date at which the author
+    penned these words. Was this portion of the "Hellenica" written
+    before the expedition of Cyrus? i.e. in the interval between the
+    formal restoration of the Democracy, September B.C. 403, and March
+    B.C. 401. The remaining books of the "Hellenica" were clearly
+    written after that expedition, since reference is made to it quite
+    early in Bk. III. i. 2. Practically, then, the first volume of
+    Xenophon's "History of Hellenic Affairs" ends here. This history
+    is resumed in Bk. III. i. 3. after the Cyreian expedition  (of
+    which episode we have a detailed account in the "Anabasis" from
+    March B.C. 401 down to March B.C. 399, when the remnant of the Ten
+    Thousand was handed over to the Spartan general Thibron in Asia).
+    Some incidents belonging to B.C. 402 are referred to in the
+    opening paragraphs of "Hellenica," III. i. 1, 2, but only as an
+    introduction to the new matter; and with regard to the historian
+    himself, it is clear that "a change has come o'er the spirit of
+    his dream." This change of view is marked by a change of style in
+    writing. I have thought it legitimate, under the circumstances, to
+    follow the chronological order of events, and instead of
+    continuing the "Hellenica," at this point to insert the
+    "Anabasis." My next volume will contain the remaining books of the
+    "Hellenica" and the rest of Xenophon's "historical" writings.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK III
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 403-402. Thus the civil strife at Athens had an end. At a
+subsequent date Cyrus sent messengers to Lacedaemon, claiming requital
+in kind for the service which he had lately rendered in the war with
+Athens. (1) The demand seemed to the ephorate just and reasonable.
+Accordingly they ordered Samius, (2) who was admiral at the time, to
+put himself at the disposition of Cyrus for any service which he might
+require. Samius himself needed no persuasion to carry out the wishes of
+Cyrus. With his own fleet, accompanied by that of Cyrus, he sailed round
+to Cilicia, and so made it impossible for Syennesis, the ruler of that
+province, to oppose Cyrus by land in his advance against the king his
+brother.
+
+ (1) Lit. "what Cyrus himself had been to the Lacedaemonians let the
+    Lacedaemonians in their turn be to Cyrus."
+
+ (2) Samius (Diod. Sic. xiv. 19). But see "Anab." I. iv. 2, where
+    Pythagoras is named as admiral. Possibly the one officer succeeded
+    the other.
+
+B.C. 401. The particulars of the expedition are to be found in the pages
+of the Syracusan Themistogenes, (3) who describes the mustering of the
+armament, and the advance of Cyrus at the head of his troops; and then
+the battle, and death of Cyrus himself, and the consequent retreat of
+the Hellenes while effecting their escape to the sea. (4)
+
+ (3) Lit. "as to how then Cyrus collected an army and with it went up
+    against his brother, and how the battle was fought and how he
+    died, and how in the sequel the Hellenes escaped to the sea (all
+    this), is written by (or 'for,' or 'in honour of') Themistogenes
+    the Syracusan." My impression is that Xenophon's "Anabasis," or a
+    portion of the work so named, was edited originally by
+    Themistogenes. See "Philol. Museum," vol. i. p. 489; L. Dindorf,
+    {Xen. Ell.}, Ox. MDCCCLIII., node ad loc. {Themistogenei}. Cf.
+    Diod. Sic. xiv. 19-31, 37, after Ephorus and Theopompus probably.
+
+ (4) At Trapezus, March 10, B.C. 400.
+
+B.C. 400. It was in recognition of the service which he had rendered in
+this affair, that Tissaphernes was despatched to Lower Asia by the king
+his master. He came as satrap, not only of his own provinces, but of
+those which had belonged to Cyrus; and he at once demanded the absolute
+submission of the Ionic cities, without exception, to his authority.
+These communities, partly from a desire to maintain their freedom, and
+partly from fear of Tissaphernes himself, whom they had rejected in
+favour of Cyrus during the lifetime of that prince, were loth to admit
+the satrap within their gates. They thought it better to send an embassy
+to the Lacedaemonians, calling upon them as representatives and leaders
+(5) of the Hellenic world to look to the interests of their petitioners,
+who were Hellenes also, albeit they lived in Asia, and not to suffer
+their country to be ravaged and themselves enslaved.
+
+ (5) {Prostatai}, "patrons and protectors."
+
+In answer to this appeal, the Lacedaemonians sent out Thibron (6)
+as governor, providing him with a body of troops, consisting of one
+thousand neodamodes (7) (i.e. enfranchised helots) and four thousand
+Peloponnesians. In addition to these, Thibron himself applied to
+the Athenians for a detachment of three hundred horse, for whose
+service-money he would hold himself responsible. The Athenians in
+answer sent him some of the knights who had served under the Thirty,
+(8) thinking that the people of Athens would be well rid of them if they
+went abroad and perished there.
+
+ (6) "As harmost." See "Anab." ad fin.
+
+ (7) See "Hell." I. iii. 15; Thuc. vii. 58.
+
+ (8) See "Hell." II. iv. 2.
+
+B.C. 400-399. On their arrival in Asia, Thibron further collected
+contingents from the Hellenic cities on the continent; for at this time
+the word of a Lacedaemonian was law. He had only to command, and every
+city must needs obey. (9) But although he had this armament, Thibron,
+when he saw the cavalry, had no mind to descend into the plain. If he
+succeeded in protecting from pillage the particular district in which
+he chanced to be, he was quite content. It was only when the troops (10)
+who had taken part in the expedition of Cyrus had joined him on their
+safe return, that he assumed a bolder attitude. He was now ready to
+confront Tissaphernes, army against army, on the level ground, and won
+over a number of cities. Pergamum came in of her own accord. So did
+Teuthrania and Halisarna. These were under the government of Eurysthenes
+and Procles, (11) the descendants of Demaratus the Lacedaemonian, who
+in days of old had received this territory as a gift from the Persian
+monarch in return for his share in the campaign against Hellas. Gorgion
+and Gongylus, two brothers, also gave in their adhesion; they were
+lords, the one of Gambreum and Palae-Gambreum, the other of Myrina and
+Gryneum, four cities which, like those above named, had originally
+been gifts from the king to an earlier Gongylus--the sole Eretrian who
+"joined the Mede," and in consequence was banished. Other cities which
+were too weak to resist, Thibron took by force of arms. In the case of
+one he was not so successful. This was the Egyptian (12) Larisa, as it
+is called, which refused to capitulate, and was forthwith invested and
+subjected to a regular siege. When all other attempts to take it failed,
+he set about digging a tank or reservoir, and in connection with the
+tank an underground channel, by means of which he proposed to draw off
+the water supply of the inhabitants. In this he was baffled by frequent
+sallies of the besieged, and a continual discharge of timber and stones
+into the cutting. He retaliated by the construction of a wooden tortoise
+which he erected over the tank; but once more the tortoise was burnt to
+a cinder in a successful night attack on the part of the men of Larisa.
+These ineffectual efforts induced the ephors to send a despatch bidding
+Thibron give up Larisa and march upon Caria.
+
+ (9) See "Anab." VI. vi. 12.
+
+ (10) March B.C. 399. See the final sentence of the "Anabasis."
+
+ (11) See "Anab." VII. viii. 8-16.
+
+ (12) Seventy stades S.E. of Cyme in the Aeolid. See Strabo, xiii. 621.
+    For the origin of the name cf. "Cyrop." VII. i. 45.
+
+He had already reached Ephesus, and was on the point of marching into
+Caria, when Dercylidas arrived to take command of his army. The new
+general was a man whose genius for invention had won him the nickname of
+Sisyphus. Thus it was that Thibron returned home, where on his arrival
+he was fined and banished, the allies accusing him of allowing his
+troops to plunder their friends.
+
+Dercylidas was not slow to perceive and turn to account the jealousy
+which subsisted between Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus. Coming to
+terms with the former, he marched into the territory of the latter,
+preferring, as he said, to be at war with one of the pair at a time,
+rather than the two together. His hostility, indeed, to Pharnabazus was
+an old story, dating back to a period during the naval command (13)
+of Lysander, when he was himself governor in Abydos; where, thanks to
+Pharnabazus, he had got into trouble with his superior officer, and had
+been made to stand "with his shield on his arm"--a stigma on his honour
+which no true Lacedaemonian would forgive, since this is the punishment
+of insubordination. (14) For this reason, doubtless, Dercylidas had the
+greater satisfaction in marching against Pharnabazus. From the moment he
+assumed command there was a marked difference for the better between his
+methods and those of his predecessor. Thus he contrived to conduct his
+troops into that portion of the Aeolid which belonged to Pharnabazus,
+through the heart of friendly territory without injury to the allies.
+
+ (13) Technically "navarchy," in B.C. 408-407. "Hell." I. v. 1.
+
+ (14) See Plut. "Aristid." 23 (Clough, ii. p. 309).
+
+This district of Aeolis belonged to Pharnabazus, (15) but had been held
+as a satrapy under him by a Dardanian named Zenis whilst he was alive;
+but when Zenis fell sick and died, Pharnabazus made preparation to give
+the satrapy to another. Then Mania the wife of Zenis, herself also a
+Dardanian, fitted out an expedition, and taking with her gifts wherewith
+to make a present to Pharnabazus himself, and to gratify his concubines
+and those whose power was greatest with Pharnabazus, set forth on her
+journey. When she had obtained audience with him she spoke as follows:
+"O Pharnabazus, thou knowest that thy servant my husband was in all
+respects friendly to thee; moreover, he paid my lord the tributes which
+were thy due, so that thou didst praise and honour him. Now therefore,
+if I do thee service as faithfully as my husband, why needest thou to
+appoint another satrap?--nay but, if in any matter I please thee not, is
+it not in thy power to take from me the government on that day, and to
+give it to another?" When he had heard her words, Pharnabazus decided
+that the woman ought to be satrap. She, as soon as she was mistress of
+the territory, never ceased to render the tribute in due season, even
+as her husband before her had done. Moreover, whenever she came to the
+court of Pharnabazus she brought him gifts continually, and whenever
+Pharnabazus went down to visit her provinces she welcomed him with all
+fair and courteous entertainment beyond what his other viceroys were
+wont to do. The cities also which had been left to her by her husband,
+she guarded safely for him; while of those cities that owed her no
+allegiance, she acquired, on the seaboard, Larisa and Hamaxitus and
+Colonae--attacking their walls by aid of Hellenic mercenaries, whilst
+she herself sat in her carriage and watched the spectacle. Nor was
+she sparing of her gifts to those who won her admiration; and thus she
+furnished herself with a mercenary force of exceptional splendour. She
+also went with Pharnabazus on his campaigns, even when, on pretext of
+some injury done to the king's territory, Mysians or Pisidians were the
+object of attack. In requital, Pharnabazus paid her magnificent honour,
+and at times invited her to assist him with her counsel. (16)
+
+ (15) I.e. as suzerain.
+
+ (16) Grote, "H. G." ix. 292; cf. Herod. viii. 69.
+
+Now when Mania was more than forty years old, the husband of her own
+daughter, Meidias--flustered by the suggestions of certain people who
+said that it was monstrous a woman should rule and he remain a private
+person (17)--found his way into her presence, as the story goes, and
+strangled her. For Mania, albeit she carefully guarded herself against
+all ordinary comers, as behoved her in the exercise of her "tyranny,"
+trusted in Meidias, and, as a woman might her own son-in-law, was ready
+to greet him at all times with open arms. He also murdered her son, a
+youth of marvellous beauty, who was about seventeen years of age. He
+next seized upon the strong cities of Scepsis and Gergithes, in which
+lay for the most part the property and wealth of Mania. As for the
+other cities of the satrapy, they would not receive the usurper, their
+garrisons keeping them safely for Pharnabazus. Thereupon Meidias sent
+gifts to Pharnabazus, and claimed to hold the district even as Mania
+had held it; to whom the other answered, "Keep your gifts and guard them
+safely until that day when I shall come in person and take both you
+and them together"; adding, "What care I to live longer if I avenge not
+myself for the murder of Mania!"
+
+ (17) Or, "his brains whimsied with insinuations."
+
+Just at the critical moment Dercylidas arrived, and in a single day
+received the adhesion of the three seaboard cities Larisa, Hamaxitus,
+and Colonae--which threw open their gates to him. Then he sent
+messengers to the cities of the Aeolid also, offering them freedom if
+they would receive him within their walls and become allies. Accordingly
+the men of Neandria and Ilium and Cocylium lent willing ears; for since
+the death of Mania their Hellenic garrisons had been treated but ill.
+But the commander of the garrison in Cebrene, a place of some strength,
+bethinking him that if he should succeed in guarding that city for
+Pharnabazus, he would receive honour at his hands, refused to admit
+Dercylidas. Whereupon the latter, in a rage, prepared to take the place
+by force; but when he came to sacrifice, on the first day the victims
+would not yield good omens; on the second, and again upon the third day,
+it was the same story. Thus for as many as four days he persevered in
+sacrificing, cherishing wrath the while--for he was in haste to become
+master of the whole Aeolid before Pharnabazus came to the succour of the
+district.
+
+Meanwhile a certain Sicyonian captain, Athenadas by name, said to
+himself: "Dercylidas does but trifle to waste his time here, whilst
+I with my own hand can draw off their water from the men of Cybrene";
+wherewith he ran forward with his division and essayed to choke up the
+spring which supplied the city. But the garrison sallied out and covered
+the Sicyonian himself with wounds, besides killing two of his men.
+Indeed, they plied their swords and missiles with such good effect that
+the whole company was forced to beat a retreat. Dercylidas was not a
+little annoyed, thinking that now the spirit of the besiegers would
+certainly die away; but whilst he was in this mood, behold! there
+arrived from the beleaguered fortress emissaries of the Hellenes, who
+stated that the action taken by the commandant was not to their taste;
+for themselves, they would far rather be joined in bonds of fellowship
+with Hellenes than with barbarians. While the matter was still under
+discussion there came a messenger also from the commandant, to say that
+whatever the former deputation had proposed he, on his side, was ready
+to endorse. Accordingly Dercylidas, who, it so happened, had at length
+obtained favourable omens on that day, marched his force without more
+ado up to the gates of the city, which were flung open by those
+within; and so he entered. (18) Here, then, he was content to appoint a
+garrison, and without further stay advanced upon Scepsis and Gergithes.
+
+ (18) Grote ("H. G." ix. 294) says: "The reader will remark how
+    Xenophon shapes the narrative in such a manner as to inculcate the
+    pious duty in a general of obeying the warnings furnished by the
+    sacrifice--either for action or for inaction.... Such an
+    inference is never (I believe) to be found suggested in
+    Thucydides." See Brietenbach, "Xen. Hell." I et II, praef. in
+    alteram ed. p. xvii.
+
+And now Meidias, partly expecting the hostile advance of Pharnabazus,
+and partly mistrusting the citizens--for to such a pass things had
+come--sent to Dercylidas, proposing to meet him in conference provided
+he might take security of hostages. In answer to this suggestion the
+other sent him one man from each of the cities of the allies, and bade
+him take his pick of these, whichsoever and how many soever he chose, as
+hostages for his own security. Meidias selected ten, and so went out. In
+conversation with Dercylidas, he asked him on what terms he would accept
+his alliance. The other answered: "The terms are that you grant the
+citizens freedom and self-government." The words were scarcely out of
+his mouth before he began marching upon Scepsis. Whereupon Meidias,
+perceiving it was vain to hinder him in the teeth of the citizens,
+suffered him to enter. That done, Dercylidas offered sacrifice to Athena
+in the citadel of the Scepsians, turned out the bodyguards of Meidias,
+and handed over the city to the citizens. And so, having admonished them
+to regulate their civic life as Hellenes and free men ought, he left the
+place and continued his advance against Gergithes. On this last march
+he was escorted by many of the Scepsians themselves; such was the honour
+they paid him and so great their satisfaction at his exploits. Meidias
+also followed close at his side, petitioning that he would hand over the
+city of Gergithians to himself. To whom Dercylidas only made reply,
+that he should not fail to obtain any of his just rights. And whilst the
+words were yet upon his lips, he was drawing close to the gates, with
+Meidias at his side. Behind him followed the troops, marching two
+and two in peaceful fashion. The defenders of Gergithes from their
+towers--which were extraordinarily high--espied Meidias in company of
+the Spartan, and abstained from shooting. And Dercylidas said: "Bid them
+open the gates, Meidias, when you shall lead the way, and I will enter
+the temple along with you and do sacrifice to Athena." And Meidias,
+though he shrank from opening the gates, yet in terror of finding
+himself on a sudden seized, reluctantly gave the order to open the
+gates. As soon as he was entered in, the Spartan, still taking Meidias
+with him, marched up to the citadel and there ordered the main body of
+his soldiers to take up their position round the walls, whilst he with
+those about him did sacrifice to Athena. When the sacrifice was ended he
+ordered Meidias's bodyguard to pile arms (19) in the van of his troops.
+Here for the future they would serve as mercenaries, since Meidias their
+former master stood no longer in need of their protection. The latter,
+being at his wits' end what to do, exclaimed: "Look you, I will now
+leave you; I go to make preparation for my guest." But the other
+replied: "Heaven forbid! Ill were it that I who have offered sacrifice
+should be treated as a guest by you. I rather should be the entertainer
+and you the guest. Pray stay with us, and while the supper is preparing,
+you and I can consider our obligations, and perform them."
+
+ (19) I.e. take up a position, or "to order arms," whilst he addressed
+    them; not probably "to ground arms," as if likely to be mutinous.
+
+When they were seated Dercylidas put certain questions: "Tell me,
+Meidias, did your father leave you heir to his estates?" "Certainly he
+did," answered the other. "And how many dwelling-houses have you? what
+landed estates? how much pasturage?" The other began running off
+an inventory, whilst some of the Scepsians who were present kept
+interposing, "He is lying to you, Dercylidas." "Nay, you take too minute
+a view of matters," replied the Spartan. When the inventory of the
+paternal property was completed, he proceeded: "Tell me, Meidias, to
+whom did Mania belong?" A chorus of voices rejoined, "To Pharnabazus."
+"Then must her property have belonged to Pharnabazus too." "Certainly,"
+they answered. "Then it must now be ours," he remarked, "by right of
+conquest, since Pharnabazus is at war with us. Will some one of you
+escort me to the place where the property of Mania and Pharnabazus
+lies?" So the rest led the way to the dwelling-place of Mania which
+Meidias had taken from her, and Meidias followed too. When he was
+entered, Dercylidas summoned the stewards, and bidding his attendants
+seize them, gave them to understand that, if detected stealing anything
+which belonged to Mania, they would lose their heads on the spot. The
+stewards proceeded to point out the treasures, and he, when he had
+looked through the whole store, bolted and barred the doors, affixing
+his seal, and setting a watch. As he went out he found at the doors
+certain of the generals (20) and captains, and said to them: "Here,
+sirs, we have pay ready made for the army--a year's pay nearly for eight
+thousand men--and if we can win anything besides, there will be so much
+the more." This he said, knowing that those who heard it would be all
+the more amenable to discipline, and would yield him a more flattering
+obedience. Then Meidias asked, "And where am I to live, Dercylidas?"
+"Where you have the very best right to live," replied the other, "in
+your native town of Scepsis, and in your father's house."
+
+ (20) Lit. "of the taxiarchs and lochagoi."
+
+
+
+II
+
+Such were the exploits of Dercylidas: nine cities taken in eight days.
+Two considerations now began to occupy his mind: how was he to avoid
+falling into the fatal error of Thibron and becoming a burthen to his
+allies, whilst wintering in a friendly country? how, again, was he to
+prevent Pharnabazus from overriding the Hellenic states in pure contempt
+with his cavalry? Accordingly he sent to Pharnabazus and put it to him
+point-blank: Which will you have, peace or war? Whereupon Pharnabazus,
+who could not but perceive that the whole Aeolid had now been converted
+practically into a fortified base of operations, which threatened his
+own homestead of Phrygia, chose peace.
+
+B.C. 399-398. This being so, Dercylidas advanced into Bithynian Thrace,
+and there spent the winter; nor did Pharnabazus exhibit a shadow of
+annoyance, since the Bithynians were perpetually at war with himself.
+For the most part, Dercylidas continued to harry (1) Bithynia in perfect
+security, and found provisions without stint. Presently he was joined
+from the other side of the straits by some Odrysian allies sent by
+Seuthes; (2) they numbered two hundred horse and three hundred peltasts.
+These fellows pitched upon a site a little more than a couple of miles
+(3) from the Hellenic force, where they entrenched themselves; then
+having got from Dercylidas some heavy infantry soldiers to act as
+guards of their encampment, they devoted themselves to plundering,
+and succeeded in capturing an ample store of slaves and other wealth.
+Presently their camp was full of prisoners, when one morning the
+Bithynians, having ascertained the actual numbers of the marauding
+parties as well as of the Hellenes left as guards behind, collected in
+large masses of light troops and cavalry, and attacked the garrison,
+who were not more than two hundred strong. As soon as they came close
+enough, they began discharging spears and other missiles on the little
+body, who on their side continued to be wounded and shot down, but were
+quite unable to retaliate, cooped up as they were within a palisading
+barely six feet high, until in desperation they tore down their defences
+with their own hands, and dashed at the enemy. These had nothing to do
+but to draw back from the point of egress, and being light troops easily
+escaped beyond the grasp of heavy-armed men, while ever and again, from
+one point of vantage or another, they poured their shower of javelins,
+and at every sally laid many a brave man low, till at length, like
+sheep penned in a fold, the defenders were shot down almost to a man. A
+remnant, it is true, did escape, consisting of some fifteen who, seeing
+the turn affairs were taking, had already made off in the middle of the
+fighting. Slipping through their assailants' fingers, (4) to the small
+concern of the Bithynians, they reached the main Hellenic camp in
+safety. The Bithynians, satisfied with their achievement, part of which
+consisted in cutting down the tent guards of the Odrysian Thracians and
+recovering all their prisoners, made off without delay; so that by the
+time the Hellenes got wind of the affair and rallied to the rescue, they
+found nothing left in the camp save only the stripped corpses of the
+slain. When the Odrysians themselves returned, they fell to burying
+their own dead, quaffing copious draughts of wine in their honour and
+holding horse-races; but for the future they deemed it advisable to
+camp along with the Hellenes. Thus they harried and burned Bithynia the
+winter through.
+
+ (1) {Pheson kai agon}, i.e. "there was plenty of live stock to lift
+    and chattels to make away with."
+
+ (2) For Seuthes see "Anab." VII. i. 5; and below, IV. viii. 26.
+
+ (3) Lit. "twenty stades."
+
+ (4) Or, "slipping through the enemy's fingers, who took no heed of
+    them, they," etc.
+
+B.C. 398. With the commencement of spring Dercylidas turned his back
+upon the Bithynians and came to Lampsacus. Whilst at this place envoys
+reached him from the home authorities. These were Aracus, Naubates, and
+Antisthenes. They were sent to inquire generally into the condition of
+affairs in Asia, and to inform Dercylidas of the extension of his office
+for another year. They had been further commissioned by the ephors to
+summon a meeting of the soldiers and inform them that the ephors
+held them to blame for their former doings, though for their present
+avoidance of evil conduct they must needs praise them; and for the
+future they must understand that while no repetition of misdoing would
+be tolerated, all just and upright dealing by the allies would receive
+its meed of praise. The soldiers were therefore summoned, and the envoys
+delivered their message, to which the leader of the Cyreians answered:
+"Nay, men of Lacedaemon, listen; we are the same to-day as we were last
+year; only our general of to-day is different from our general in the
+past. If to-day we have avoided our offence of yesterday, the cause is
+not far to seek; you may discover it for yourselves."
+
+Aracus and the other envoys shared the hospitality of Dercylidas's tent,
+and one of the party chanced to mention how they had left an embassy
+from the men of Chersonese in Lacedaemon. According to their statement,
+he added, it was impossible for them to till their land nowadays, so
+perpetually were they robbed and plundered by the Thracians; whereas
+the peninsula needed only to be walled across from sea to sea, and there
+would be abundance of good land to cultivate--enough for themselves and
+as many others from Lacedaemon as cared to come. "So that it would not
+surprise us," continued the envoys, "if a Lacedaemonian were actually
+sent out from Sparta with a force to carry out the project." Dercylidas
+kept his ears open but his counsel close, and so sent forward the
+commissioners to Ephesus. (5) It pleased him to picture their progress
+through the Hellenic cities, and the spectacle of peace and prosperity
+which would everywhere greet their eyes. When he knew that his stay was
+to be prolonged, he sent again to Pharnabazus and offered him once more
+as an alternative either the prolongation of the winter truce or war.
+And once again Pharnabazus chose truce. It was thus that Dercylidas was
+able to leave the cities in the neighbourhood of the satrap (6) in peace
+and friendship. Crossing the Hellespont himself he brought his army
+into Europe, and marching through Thrace, which was also friendly, was
+entertained by Seuthes, (7) and so reached the Chersonese.
+
+ (5) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 301.
+
+ (6) Or, reading after Cobet, {tas peri ekeina poleis}--"the cities of
+    that neighbourhood."
+
+ (7) See "Anab." VII. vii. 51.
+
+This district, he soon discovered, not only contained something like a
+dozen cities, (8) but was singularly fertile. The soil was of the best,
+but ruined by the ravages of the Thracians, precisely as he had been
+told. Accordingly, having measured and found the breadth of the isthmus
+barely four miles, (9) he no longer hesitated. Having offered sacrifice,
+he commenced his line of wall, distributing the area to the soldiers in
+detachments, and promising to award them prizes for their industry--a
+first prize for the section first completed, and the rest as each
+detachment of workers might deserve. By this means the whole wall begun
+in spring was finished before autumn. Within these lines he established
+eleven cities, with numerous harbours, abundance of good arable land,
+and plenty of land under plantation, besides magnificent grazing grounds
+for sheep and cattle of every kind.
+
+ (8) Lit. "eleven or twelve cities." For the natural productivity, see
+    "Anab." V. vi. 25.
+
+ (9) Lit. "thirty-seven stades." Mod. Gallipoli. See Herod. vi. 36;
+    Plut. "Pericl." xix.
+
+Having finished the work, he crossed back again into Asia, and on a
+tour of inspection, found the cities for the most part in a thriving
+condition; but when he came to Atarneus he discovered that certain
+exiles from Chios had got possession of the stronghold, which served
+them as a convenient base for pillaging and plundering Ionia; and this,
+in fact, was their means of livelihood. Being further informed of the
+large supplies of grain which they had inside, he proceeded to draw
+entrenchments around the place with a view to a regular investment, and
+by this means he reduced it in eight months. Then having appointed Draco
+of Pellene (10) commandant, he stocked the fortress with an abundance of
+provisions of all sorts, to serve him as a halting-place when he chanced
+to pass that way, and so withdrew to Ephesus, which is three days'
+journey from Sardis.
+
+ (10) Cf. Isocr. "Panegyr." 70; Jebb. "Att. Or." ii. p. 161. Of Pellene
+    (or Pellana) in Laconia, not Pellene in Achaia? though that is the
+    opinion of Grote and Thirlwall.
+
+B.C. 397. Up to this date peace had been maintained between Tissaphernes
+and Dercylidas, as also between the Hellenes and the barbarians in those
+parts. But the time came when an embassy arrived at Lacedaemon from the
+Ionic cities, protesting that Tissaphernes might, if he chose, leave the
+Hellenic cities independent. "Our idea," they added, "is, that if Caria,
+the home of Tissaphernes, felt the pinch of war, the satrap would very
+soon agree to grant us independence." The ephors, on hearing this, sent
+a despatch to Dercylidas, and bade him cross the frontier with his army
+into Caria, whilst Pharax the admiral coasted round with the fleet.
+These orders were carried out. Meanwhile a visitor had reached
+Tissaphernes. This was not less a person than Pharnabazus. His coming
+was partly owing to the fact that Tissaphernes had been appointed
+general-in-chief, and party in order to testify his readiness to make
+common cause with his brother satrap in fighting and expelling the
+Hellenes from the king's territory; for if his heart was stirred by
+jealousy on account of the generalship bestowed upon his rival, he
+was not the less aggrieved at finding himself robbed of the Aeolid.
+Tissaphernes, lending willing ears to the proposal, had answered: "First
+cross over with me in Caria, and then we will take counsel on these
+matters." But being arrived in Caria, they determined to establish
+garrisons of some strength in the various fortresses, and so crossed
+back again into Ionia.
+
+Hearing that the satraps had recrossed the Maeander, Dercylidas
+grew apprehensive for the district which lay there unprotected. "If
+Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus," he said to Pharax, "chose to make a
+descent, they could harry the country right and left." In this mind he
+followed suit, and recrossed the frontier too. And now as they marched
+on, preserving no sort of battle order--on the supposition that the
+enemy had got far ahead of them into the district of Ephesus--suddenly
+they caught sight of his scouts perched on some monumental structures
+facing them. To send up scouts into similar edifices and towers on their
+own side was the work of a few moments, and before them lay revealed the
+long lines of troops drawn up just where their road lay. These were the
+Carians, with their white shields, and the whole Persian troops there
+present, with all the Hellenic contingents belonging to either satrap.
+Besides these there was a great cloud of cavalry: on the right wing the
+squadrons of Tissaphernes, and on the left those of Pharnabazus.
+
+Seeing how matters lay, Dercylidas ordered the generals of brigade and
+captains to form into line as quickly as possible, eight deep, placing
+the light infantry on the fringe of battle, with the cavalry--such
+cavalry, that is, and of such numerical strength, as he chanced to have.
+Meanwhile, as general, he sacrificed. (11) During this interval the
+troops from Peloponnese kept quiet in preparation as for battle. Not
+so the troops from Priene and Achilleum, from the islands and the Ionic
+cities, some of whom left their arms in the corn, which stood thick and
+deep in the plain of the Maeander, and took to their heels; while those
+who remained at their posts gave evident signs that their steadiness
+would not last. Pharnabazus, it was reported, had given orders to
+engage; but Tissaphernes, who recalled his experience of his own
+exploits with the Cyreian army, and assumed that all other Hellenes
+were of similar mettle, had no desire to engage, but sent to Dercylidas
+saying, he should be glad to meet him in conference. So Dercylidas,
+attended by the pick of his troops, horse and foot, in personal
+attendance on himself, (12) went forward to meet the envoys. He told
+them that for his own part he had made his preparations to engage, as
+they themselves might see, but still, if the satraps were minded to meet
+in conference, he had nothing to say against it--"Only, in that case,
+there must be mutual exchange of hostages and other pledges."
+
+ (11) I.e. according to custom on the eve of battle. See "Pol. Lac."
+    xiii. 8.
+
+ (12) Lit. "they were splendid fellows to look at." See "Anab." II.
+    iii. 3.
+
+When this proposal had been agreed to and carried out, the two armies
+retired for the night--the Asiatics to Tralles in Caria, the Hellenes to
+Leucophrys, where was a temple (13) of Artemis of great sanctity, and
+a sandy-bottomed lake more than a furlong in extent, fed by a spring of
+ever-flowing water fit for drinking and warm. For the moment so much was
+effected. On the next day they met at the place appointed, and it was
+agreed that they should mutually ascertain the terms on which either
+party was willing to make peace. On his side, Dercylidas insisted
+that the king should grant independence to the Hellenic cities; while
+Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus demanded the evacuation of the country by
+the Hellenic army, and the withdrawal of the Lacedaemonian governors
+from the cities. After this interchange of ideas a truce was entered
+into, so as to allow time for the reports of the proceedings to be sent
+by Dercylidas to Lacedaemon, and by Tissaphernes to the king.
+
+ (13) Lately unearthed. See "Class. Rev." v. 8, p. 391.
+
+B.C. 401 (?). Whilst such was the conduct of affairs in Asia under the
+guidance of Dercylidas, the Lacedaemonians at home were at the same
+time no less busily employed with other matters. They cherished a
+long-standing embitterment against the Eleians, the grounds of which
+were that the Eleians had once (14) contracted an alliance with the
+Athenians, Argives, and Mantineans; moreover, on pretence of a sentence
+registered against the Lacedaemonians, they had excluded them from
+the horse-race and gymnastic contests. Nor was that the sum of their
+offending. They had taken and scourged Lichas, (15) under the following
+circumstances:--Being a Spartan, he had formally consigned his chariot
+to the Thebans, and when the Thebans were proclaimed victors he stepped
+forward to crown his charioteer; whereupon, in spite of his grey hairs,
+the Eleians put those indignities upon him and expelled him from the
+festival. Again, at a date subsequent to that occurrence, Agis being
+sent to offer sacrifice to Olympian Zeus in accordance with the bidding
+of an oracle, the Eleians would not suffer him to offer prayer for
+victory in war, asserting that the ancient law and custom (16) forbade
+Hellenes to consult the god for war with Hellenes; and Agis was forced
+to go away without offering the sacrifice.
+
+ (14) In 421 B.C. (see Thuc. v. 31); for the second charge, see Thuc.
+    v. 49 foll.
+
+ (15) See "Mem." I. ii. 61; Thuc. v. 50; and Jowett, note ad loc. vol.
+    ii. p. 314.
+
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 311 note.
+
+In consequence of all these annoyances the ephors and the Assembly
+determined "to bring the men of Elis to their senses." Thereupon they
+sent an embassy to that state, announcing that the authorities of
+Lacedaemon deemed it just and right that they should leave the country
+(17) townships in the territory of Elis free and independent. This the
+Eleians flatly refused to do. The cities in question were theirs by
+right of war. Thereupon the ephors called out the ban. The leader of the
+expedition was Agis. He invaded Elis through Achaia (18) by the Larisus;
+but the army had hardly set foot on the enemy's soil and the work of
+devastation begun, when an earthquake took place, and Agis, taking
+this as a sign from Heaven, marched back again out of the country and
+disbanded his army. Thereat the men of Elis were much more emboldened,
+and sent embassies to various cities which they knew to be hostile to
+the Lacedaemonians.
+
+ (17) Lit. "perioecid."
+
+ (18) From the north. The Larisus is the frontier stream between Achaia
+    and Elis. See Strabo, viii. 387.
+
+The year had not completed its revolution (19) ere the ephors again
+called out the ban against Elis, and the invading host of Agis was this
+time swelled by the rest of the allies, including the Athenians; the
+Boeotians and Corinthians alone excepted. The Spartan king now entered
+through Aulon, (20) and the men of Lepreum (21) at once revolted
+from the Eleians and gave in their adhesion to the Spartan, and
+simultaneously with these the Macistians and their next-door neighbours
+the Epitalians. As he crossed the river further adhesions followed, on
+the part of the Letrinians, the Amphidolians, and the Marganians.
+
+ (19) Al. "on the coming round of the next year." See Jowett (note to
+    Thuc. i. 31), vol. ii. p. 33.
+
+ (20) On the south. For the history, see Busolt, "Die Laked." pp.
+    146-200. "The river" is the Alpheus.
+
+ (21) See below, VI. v. 11; Paus. IV. xv. 8.
+
+B.C. 400 (?). Upon this he pushed on into Olympian territory and did
+sacrifice to Olympian Zeus. There was no attempt to stay his proceedings
+now. After sacrifice he marched against the capital, (22) devastating
+and burning the country as he went. Multitudes of cattle, multitudes
+of slaves, were the fruits of conquest yielded, insomuch that the fame
+thereof spread, and many more Arcadians and Achaeans flocked to join
+the standard of the invader and to share in the plunder. In fact, the
+expedition became one enormous foray. Here was the chance to fill all
+the granaries of Peloponnese with corn. When he had reached the capital,
+the beautiful suburbs and gymnasia became a spoil to the troops; but the
+city itself, though it lay open before him a defenceless and unwalled
+town, he kept aloof from. He would not, rather than could not, take
+it. Such was the explanation given. Thus the country was a prey to
+devastation, and the invaders massed round Cyllene.
+
+ (22) I.e. Elis, of which Cyllene is the port town. For the wealth of
+    the district, see Polyb. iv. 73; and below, VII. iv. 33.
+
+Then the friends of a certain Xenias--a man of whom it was said that
+he might measure the silver coin, inherited from his father, by the
+bushel--wishing to be the leading instrument in bringing over the state
+to Lacedaemon, rushed out of the house, sword in hand, and began a
+work of butchery. Amongst other victims they killed a man who strongly
+resembled the leader of the democratic party, Thrasydaeus. (23) Everyone
+believed it was really Thrasydaeus who was slain. The popular party were
+panic-stricken, and stirred neither hand nor foot. On their side,
+the cut-throats poured their armed bands into the market-place. But
+Thrasydaeus was laid asleep the while where the fumes of wine had
+overpowered him. When the people came to discover that their hero was
+not dead, they crowded round his house this side and that, (24) like a
+swarm of bees clinging to their leader; and as soon as Thrasydaeus
+had put himself in the van, with the people at his back, a battle was
+fought, and the people won. And those who had laid their hands to deeds
+of butchery went as exiles to the Lacedaemonians.
+
+ (23) See Paus. III. viii. 4. He was a friend of Lysias ("Vit. X. Orat.
+    835").
+
+ (24) The house was filled to overflowing by the clustering close-
+    packed crowd.
+
+After a while Agis himself retired, recrossing the Alpheus; but he was
+careful to leave a garrison in Epitalium near that river, with Lysippus
+as governor, and the exiles from Elis along with him. Having done so, he
+disbanded his army and returned home himself.
+
+B.C. 400-399 (?). (25) During the rest of the summer and the ensuing
+winter the territory of the Eleians was ravaged and ransacked by
+Lysippus and his troops, until Thrasydaeus, the following summer, sent
+to Lacedaemon and agreed to dismantle the walls of Phea and Cyllene, and
+to grant autonomy to the Triphylian townships (26)--together with Phrixa
+and Epitalium, the Letrinians, Amphidolians, and Marganians; and besides
+these to the Acroreians and to Lasion, a place claimed by the Arcadians.
+With regard to Epeium, a town midway between Heraea and Macistus,
+the Eleians claimed the right to keep it, on the plea that they had
+purchased the whole district from its then owners, for thirty talents,
+(27) which sum they had actually paid. But the Lacedaemonians, acting on
+the principle "that a purchase which forcibly deprives the weaker party
+of his possession is no more justifiable than a seizure by violence,"
+compelled them to emancipate Epeium also. From the presidency of the
+temple of Olympian Zeus, however, they did not oust them; not that it
+belonged to Elis of ancient right, but because the rival claimants,
+(28) it was felt, were "villagers," hardly equal to the exercise of
+the presidency. After these concessions, peace and alliance between the
+Eleians and the Lacedaemonians were established, and the war between
+Elis and Sparta ceased.
+
+ (25) Grote ("H. G." ix. 316) discusses the date of this war between
+    Elis and Sparta, which he thinks, reaches over three different
+    years, 402-400 B.C. But Curtius (vol. iv. Eng. tr. p. 196)
+    disagrees: "The Eleian war must have occurred in 401-400 B.C., and
+    Grote rightly conjectures that the Eleians were anxious to bring
+    it to a close before the celebration of the festival. But he errs
+    in extending its duration over three years." See Diod. xiv. 17.
+    24; Paus. III. viii. 2 foll.
+
+ (26) Grote remarks: "There is something perplexing in Xenophon's
+    description of the Triphylian townships which the Eleians
+    surrendered" ("H. G." ix. 315). I adopt Grote's emend. {kai
+    Phrixan}. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 176.
+
+ (27) = 7,312 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (28) I.e. the men of the Pisatid. See below, VII. iv. 28; Busolt, op.
+    cit. p 156.
+
+
+
+III
+
+After this Agis came to Delphi and offered as a sacrifice a tenth of the
+spoil. On his return journey he fell ill at Heraea--being by this time
+an old man--and was carried back to Lacedaemon. He survived the journey,
+but being there arrived, death speedily overtook him. He was buried with
+a sepulchre transcending in solemnity the lot of ordinary mortality. (1)
+
+ (1) See "Ages." xi. 16; "Pol. Lac." xv. 9.
+
+When the holy days of mourning were accomplished, and it was necessary
+to choose another king, there were rival claimants to the throne.
+Leotychides claimed it as the son, Agesilaus as the brother, of Agis.
+Then Leotychides protested: "Yet consider, Agesilaus, the law bids not
+'the king's brother,' but 'the king's son' to be king; only if there
+chance to be no son, in that case shall the brother of the king be
+king." Agesilaus: "Then must I needs be king." Leotychides: "How so,
+seeing that I am not dead?" Agesilaus: "Because he whom you call
+your father denied you, saying, 'Leotychides is no son of mine.'"
+Leotychides: "Nay, but my mother, who would know far better than
+he, said, and still to-day says, I am." Agesilaus: "Nay, but the god
+himself, Poteidan, laid his finger on thy falsity when by his earthquake
+he drove forth thy father from the bridal chamber into the light of day;
+and time, 'that tells no lies,' as the proverb has it, bare witness to
+the witness of the god; for just ten months from the moment at which he
+fled and was no more seen within that chamber, you were born." (2) So
+they reasoned together.
+
+ (2) I have followed Sauppe as usual, but see Hartman ("Anal. Xen." p.
+    327) for a discussion of the whole passage. He thinks Xenophon
+    wrote {ex ou gar toi ephugen} ({o sos pater}, i.e. adulterer) {ek
+    to thalamo dekato meni tu ephus}. The Doric {ek to thalamo} was
+    corrupted into {en to thalamo} and {kai ephane} inserted. This
+    corrupt reading Plutarch had before him, and hence his distorted
+    version of the story.
+
+Diopethes, (3) a great authority upon oracles, supported Leotychides.
+There was an oracle of Apollo, he urged, which said "Beware of the lame
+reign." But Diopethes was met by Lysander, who in behalf of Agesilaus
+demurred to this interpretation put upon the language of the god. If
+they were to beware of a lame reign, it meant not, beware lest a man
+stumble and halt, but rather, beware of him in whose veins flows not the
+blood of Heracles; most assuredly the kingdom would halt, and that would
+be a lame reign in very deed, whensoever the descendants of Heracles
+should cease to lead the state. Such were the arguments on either side,
+after hearing which the city chose Agesilaus to be king.
+
+ (3) See Plut. "Ages." ii. 4; "Lys." xxii. (Clough, iv. 3; iii. 129);
+    Paus. III. viii. 5.
+
+Now Agesilaus had not been seated on the throne one year when, as he
+sacrificed one of the appointed sacrifices in behalf of the city, (4)
+the soothsayer warned him, saying: "The gods reveal a conspiracy of the
+most fearful character"; and when the king sacrificed a second time,
+he said: "The aspect of the victims is now even yet more terrible"; but
+when he had sacrificed for the third time, the soothsayer exclaimed: "O
+Agesilaus, the sign is given to me, even as though we were in the very
+midst of the enemy." Thereupon they sacrificed to the deities who avert
+evil and work salvation, and so barely obtained good omens and ceased
+sacrificing. Nor had five days elapsed after the sacrifices were ended,
+ere one came bringing information to the ephors of a conspiracy, and
+named Cinadon as the ringleader; a young man robust of body as of soul,
+but not one of the peers. (5) Accordingly the ephors questioned their
+informant: "How say you the occurrence is to take place?" and he who
+gave the information answered: "Cinadon took me to the limit of the
+market-place, and bade me count how many Spartans there were in
+the market-place; and I counted--'king, ephors, and elders, and
+others--maybe forty. But tell me, Cinadon,' I said to him, 'why have you
+bidden me count them?' and he answered me: 'Those men, I would have
+you know, are your sworn foes; and all those others, more than four
+thousand, congregated there are your natural allies.' Then he took and
+showed me in the streets, here one and there two of 'our enemies,' as we
+chanced to come across them, and all the rest 'our natural allies'; and
+so again running through the list of Spartans to be found in the country
+districts, he still kept harping on that string: 'Look you, on each
+estate one foeman--the master--and all the rest allies.'" The ephors
+asked: "How many do you reckon are in the secret of this matter?" The
+informant answered: "On that point also he gave me to understand that
+there were by no means many in their secret who were prime movers of the
+affair, but those few to be depended on; 'and to make up,' said he,
+'we ourselves are in their secret, all the rest of them--helots,
+enfranchised, inferiors, provincials, one and all. (6) Note their
+demeanour when Spartans chance to be the topic of their talk. Not one of
+them can conceal the delight it would give him if he might eat up every
+Spartan raw.'" (7) Then, as the inquiry went on, the question came: "And
+where did they propose to find arms?" The answer followed: "He explained
+that those of us, of course, who are enrolled in regiments have arms of
+our own already, and as for the mass--he led the way to the war
+foundry, and showed me scores and scores of knives, of swords, of spits,
+hatchets, and axes, and reaping-hooks. 'Anything or everything,' he told
+me, 'which men use to delve in earth, cut timber, or quarry stone, would
+serve our purpose; nay, the instruments used for other arts would in
+nine cases out of ten furnish weapons enough and to spare, especially
+when dealing with unarmed antagonists.'" Once more being asked what time
+the affair was to come off, he replied his orders were "not to leave the
+city."
+
+ (4) "Pol. Lac." xv. 2.
+
+ (5) For the {omoioi}, see Muller, "Dorians," iii. 5, 7 (vol. ii. p.
+    84); Grote, "H. G." ix. 345, note 2.
+
+ (6) For the neodamodes, hypomeiones, perioeci, see Arnold, "Thuc." v.
+    34; Muller, "Dorians," ii. 43, 84, 18; Busolt, op. cit. p 16.
+
+ (7) See "Anab." IV. viii. 14; and Hom. "Il." iv. 34.
+
+As the result of their inquiry the ephors were persuaded that the man's
+statements were based upon things he had really seen, (8) and they were
+so alarmed that they did not even venture to summon the Little Assembly,
+(9) as it was named; but holding informal meetings among themselves--a
+few senators here and a few there--they determined to send Cinadon and
+others of the young men to Aulon, with instructions to apprehend certain
+of the inhabitants and helots, whose names were written on the scytale
+(or scroll). (10) He had further instructions to capture another
+resident in Aulon; this was a woman, the fashionable beauty of the
+place--supposed to be the arch-corruptress of all Lacedaemonians, young
+and old, who visited Aulon. It was not the first mission of the sort
+on which Cinadon had been employed by the ephors. It was natural,
+therefore, that the ephors should entrust him with the scytale on which
+the names of the suspects were inscribed; and in answer to his inquiry
+which of the young men he was to take with him, they said: "Go and order
+the eldest of the Hippagretae (11) (or commanders of horse) to let you
+have six or seven who chance to be there." But they had taken care to
+let the commander know whom he was to send, and that those sent should
+also know that their business was to capture Cinadon. Further, the
+authorities instructed Cinadon that they would send three waggons
+to save bringing back his captives on foot--concealing as deeply as
+possible the fact that he, and he alone, was the object of the mission.
+Their reason for not securing him in the city was that they did not
+really know the extent of the mischief; and they wished, in the first
+instance, to learn from Cinadon who his accomplices were before these
+latter could discover they were informed against and effect their
+escape. His captors were to secure him first, and having learnt from
+him the names of his confederates, to write them down and send them
+as quickly as possible to the ephors. The ephors, indeed, were so much
+concerned about the whole occurrence that they further sent a company of
+horse to assist their agents at Aulon. (12) As soon as the capture was
+effected, and one of the horsemen was back with the list of names taken
+down on the information of Cinadon, they lost no time in apprehending
+the soothsayer Tisamenus and the rest who were the principals in
+the conspiracy. When Cinadon (13) himself was brought back and
+cross-examined, and had made a full confession of the whole plot, his
+plans, and his accomplices, they put to him one final question: "What
+was your object in undertaking this business?" He answered: "I wished to
+be inferior to no man in Lacedaemon." Let that be as it might, his fate
+was to be taken out forthwith in irons, just as he was, and to be placed
+with his two hands and his neck in the collar, and so under scourge and
+goad to be driven, himself and his accomplices, round the city. Thus
+upon the heads of those was visited the penalty of their offences.
+
+ (8) "And pointed to a well-concerted plan."
+
+ (9) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 348.
+
+ (10) See Thuc. i. 131; Plut. "Lys." 19 (Clough, iii. p. 125).
+
+ (11) "The Hippagretes (or commander of the three hundred guards called
+    horsemen, though they were not really mounted)." Grote, "H. G."
+    vol. ix. p. 349; see "Pol. Lac." iv. 3.
+
+ (12) Or, "to those on the way to Aulon."
+
+ (13) See for Cinadon's case, Arist. "Pol." v. 7, 3.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+B.C. 397. (1) It was after the incidents just recorded that a Syracusan
+named Herodas brought news to Lacedaemon. He had chanced to be in
+Phoenicia with a certain shipowner, and was struck by the number of
+Phoenician triremes which he observed, some coming into harbour from
+other ports, others already there with their ships' companies complete,
+while others again were still completing their equipments. Nor was it
+only what he saw, but he had heard say further that there were to be
+three hundred of these vessels all told; whereupon he had taken passage
+on the first sailing ship bound for Hellas. He was in haste to lay this
+information before the Lacedaemonians, feeling sure that the king and
+Tissaphernes were concerned in these preparations--though where the
+fleet was to act, or against whom, he would not venture to predict.
+
+ (1) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 353, for chronology, etc.
+
+These reports threw the Lacedaemonians into a flutter of expectation and
+anxiety. They summoned a meeting of the allies, and began to deliberate
+as to what ought to be done. Lysander, convinced of the enormous
+superiority of the Hellenic navy, and with regard to land forces drawing
+an obvious inference from the exploits and final deliverance of the
+troops with Cyrus, persuaded Agesilaus, to undertake a campaign into
+Asia, provided the authorities would furnish him with thirty Spartans,
+two thousand of the enfranchised, (2) and contingents of the allies
+amounting to six thousand men. Apart from these calculations, Lysander
+had a personal object: he wished to accompany the king himself, and by
+his aid to re-establish the decarchies originally set up by himself in
+the different cities, but at a later date expelled through the action
+of the ephors, who had issued a fiat re-establishing the old order of
+constitution.
+
+ (2) Technically, "neodamodes."
+
+B.C. 396. To this offer on the part of Agesilaus to undertake such an
+expedition the Lacedaemonians responded by presenting him with all
+he asked for, and six months' provisions besides. When the hour of
+departure came he offered all such sacrifices as are necessary, and
+lastly those "before crossing the border," (3) and so set out. This
+done, he despatched to the several states (4) messengers with directions
+as to the numbers to be sent from each, and the points of rendezvous;
+but for himself he was minded to go and do sacrifice at Aulis, even as
+Agamemnon had offered sacrifice in that place ere he set sail for
+Troy. But when he had reached the place and had begun to sacrifice, the
+Boeotarchs (5) being apprised of his design, sent a body of cavalry and
+bade him desist from further sacrificing; (6) and lighting upon victims
+already offered, they hurled them from off the altars, scattering the
+fragments. Then Agesilaus, calling the gods to witness, got on board his
+trireme in bitter indignation, and sailed away. Arrived at Geraestus, he
+there collected as large a portion of his troops as possible, and with
+the armada made sail for Ephesus.
+
+ (3) "Pol. Lac." xiii. 2 foll.
+
+ (4) Or, "To the several cities he had already despatched messengers
+    with directions," etc.; see Paus. III. ix. 1-3.
+
+ (5) See Freeman, "Hist. of Federal Government," ch. iv. "Constitution
+    of the Boeotian League," pp. 162, 163. The Boeotarchs, as
+    representatives of the several Boeotian cities, were the supreme
+    military commanders of the League, and, as it would appear, the
+    general administrators of Federal affairs. "The Boeotarchs of
+    course command at Delion, but they also act as administrative
+    magistrates of the League by hindering Agesilaus from sacrificing
+    at Aulis."
+
+ (6) Plut. "Ages." vi.; "Pelop." xxi. See Breitenb. op. cit. Praef. p.
+    xvi.; and below, III. v. 5; VI. iv. 23.
+
+When he had reached that city the first move was made by Tissaphernes,
+who sent asking, "With what purpose he was come thither?" And the
+Spartan king made answer: "With the intention that the cities in Asia
+shall be independent even as are the cities in our quarter of Hellas."
+In answer to this Tissaphernes said: "If you on your part choose to
+make a truce whilst I send ambassadors to the king, I think you may well
+arrange the matter, and sail back home again, if so you will." "Willing
+enough should I be," replied Agesilaus, "were I not persuaded that you
+are cheating me." "Nay, but it is open to you," replied the satrap, "to
+exact a surety for the execution of the terms... 'Provided always that
+you, Tissaphernes, carry out what you say without deceit, we on our side
+will abstain from injuring your dominion in any respect whatever
+during the truce.'" (7) Accordingly in the presence of three
+commissioners--Herippidas, Dercylidas, and Megillus--Tissaphernes took
+an oath in the words prescribed: "Verily and indeed, I will effect peace
+honestly and without guile." To which the commissioners, on behalf
+of Agesilaus, swore a counter-oath: "Verily and indeed, provided
+Tissaphernes so acts, we on our side will observe the truce."
+
+ (7) For this corrupt passage, see Hartman, "Anal. Xen." p. 332; also
+    Otto Keller's critical edition of the "Hellenica" (Lips,
+    MDCCCLXXX.)
+
+Tissaphernes at once gave the lie to what he had sworn. Instead of
+adhering to peace he sent up to demand a large army from the king, in
+addition to what he already had. But Agesilaus, though he was fully
+alive to these proceedings, adhered as rigidly as ever to the truce.
+
+To keep quiet and enjoy leisure was his duty, in the exercise of which
+he wore away the time at Ephesus. But in reference to the organisation
+of the several states it was a season of vehement constitutional
+disturbance in the several cities; that is to say, there were neither
+democracies as in the old days of the Athenians, nor yet were there
+decarchies as in the days of Lysander. But here was Lysander back again.
+Every one recognised him, and flocked to him with petitions for one
+favour or another, which he was to obtain for them from Agesilaus.
+A crowd of suitors danced attendance on his heels, and formed so
+conspicuous a retinue that Agesilaus, any one would have supposed, was
+the private person and Lysander the king. All this was maddening
+to Agesilaus, as was presently plain. As to the rest of the Thirty,
+jealousy did not suffer them to keep silence, and they put it plainly to
+Agesilaus that the super-regal splendour in which Lysander lived was
+a violation of the constitution. So when Lysander took upon himself to
+introduce some of his petitioners to Agesilaus, the latter turned them
+a deaf ear. Their being aided and abetted by Lysander was sufficient; he
+sent them away discomfited. At length, as time after time things turned
+out contrary to his wishes, Lysander himself perceived the position of
+affairs. He now no longer suffered that crowd to follow him, and gave
+those who asked him help in anything plainly to understand that they
+would gain nothing, but rather be losers, by his intervention. But being
+bitterly annoyed at the degradation put upon him, he came to the king
+and said to him: "Ah, Agesilaus, how well you know the art of humbling
+your friends!" "Ay, indeed," the king replied; "those of them whose one
+idea it is to appear greater than myself; if I did not know how also to
+requite with honour those who work for my good, I should be ashamed."
+And Lysander said: "maybe there is more reason in your doings than ever
+guided my conduct;" adding, "Grant me for the rest one favour, so shall
+I cease to blush at the loss of my influence with you, and you will
+cease to be embarrassed by my presence. Send me off on a mission
+somewhere; wherever I am I will strive to be of service to you." Such
+was the proposal of Lysander. Agesilaus resolved to act upon it, and
+despatched Lysander to the Hellespont. And this is what befell.
+(8) Lysander, being made aware of a slight which had been put upon
+Spithridates the Persian by Pharnabazus, got into conversation with the
+injured man, and so worked upon him that he was persuaded to bring
+his children and his personal belongings, and with a couple of hundred
+troops to revolt. The next step was to deposit all the goods safely in
+Cyzicus, and the last to get on shipboard with Spithridates and his
+son, and so to present himself with his Persian friends to Agesilaus.
+Agesilaus, on his side, was delighted at the transaction, and set
+himself at once to get information about Pharnabazus, his territory and
+his government.
+
+ (8) See "Ages." iii. 3; "Anab." VI. v. 7.
+
+Meanwhile Tissaphernes had waxed bolder. A large body of troops had been
+sent down by the king. On the strength of that he declared war against
+Agesilaus, if he did not instantly withdraw his troops from Asia. The
+Lacedaemonians there (9) present, no less than the allies, received the
+news with profound vexation, persuaded as they were that Agesilaus had
+no force capable of competing with the king's grand armament. But a
+smile lit up the face of Agesilaus as he bade the ambassadors return to
+Tissaphernes and tell him that he was much in his debt for the perjury
+by which he had won the enmity of Heaven and made the very gods
+themselves allies of Hellas. He at once issued a general order to the
+troops to equip themselves for a forward movement. He warned the cities
+through which he must pass in an advance upon Caria, to have markets in
+readiness, and lastly, he despatched a message to the Ionian, Aeolian,
+and Hellespontine communities to send their contingents to join him at
+Ephesus.
+
+ (9) I.e. at Ephesus.
+
+Tissaphernes, putting together the facts that Agesilaus had no cavalry
+and that Caria was a region unadapted to that arm, and persuaded in
+his own mind also that the Spartan could not but cherish wrath against
+himself personally for his chicanery, felt convinced that he was really
+intending to invade Caria, and that the satrap's palace was his final
+goal. Accordingly he transferred the whole of his infantry to that
+province, and proceeded to lead his cavalry round into the plain of the
+Maeander. Here he conceived himself capable of trampling the Hellenes
+under foot with his horsemen before they could reach the craggy
+districts where no cavalry could operate.
+
+But, instead of marching straight into Caria, Agesilaus turned sharp
+off in the opposite direction towards Phrygia. Picking up various
+detachments of troops which met him on his march, he steadily advanced,
+laying cities prostrate before him, and by the unexpectedness of his
+attack reaping a golden harvest of spoil. As a rule the march was
+prosecuted safely; but not far from Dascylium his advanced guard of
+cavalry were pushing on towards a knoll to take a survey of the state
+of things in front, when, as chance would have it, a detachment of
+cavalry sent forward by Pharnabazus--the corps, in fact, of Rhathines
+and his natural brother Bagaeus--just about equal to the Hellenes in
+number, also came galloping up to the very knoll in question. The two
+bodies found themselves face to face not one hundred and fifty yards
+(10) apart, and for the first moment or two stood stock still. The
+Hellenic horse were drawn up like an ordinary phalanx four deep, the
+barbarians presenting a narrow front of twelve or thereabouts, and a
+very disproportionate depth. There was a moment's pause, and then the
+barbarians, taking the initiative, charged. There was a hand-to-hand
+tussle, in which any Hellene who succeeded in striking his man shivered
+his lance with the blow, while the Persian troopers, armed with
+cornel-wood javelins, speedily despatched a dozen men and a couple of
+horses. (11) At this point the Hellenic cavalry turned and fled. But as
+Agesilaus came up to the rescue with his heavy infantry, the Asiatics
+were forced in their turn to withdraw, with the loss of one man slain.
+This cavalry engagement gave them pause. Agesilaus on the day following
+it offered sacrifice. "Was he to continue his advance?" But the victims
+proved hopeless. (12) There was nothing for it after this manifestation
+but to turn and march towards the sea. It was clear enough to his mind
+that without a proper cavalry force it would be impossible to conduct
+a campaign in the flat country. Cavalry, therefore, he must get, or be
+driven to mere guerilla warfare. With this view he drew up a list of
+all the wealthiest inhabitants belonging to the several cities of
+those parts. Their duty would be to support a body of cavalry, with the
+proviso, however, that any one contributing a horse, arms, and rider, up
+to the standard, would be exempted from personal service. The effect
+was instantaneous. The zeal with which the recipients of these orders
+responded could hardly have been greater if they had been seeking
+substitutes to die for them.
+
+ (10) Lit. "four plethra."
+
+ (11) See Xenophon's treatise "On Horsemanship," xii. 12.
+
+ (12) Lit. "lobeless," i.e. with a lobe of the liver wanting--a bad
+    sign.
+
+B.C. 395. After this, at the first indication of spring, he collected
+the whole of his army at Ephesus. But the army needed training. With
+that object he proposed a series of prizes--prizes to the heavy infantry
+regiments, to be won by those who presented their men in the best
+condition; prizes for the cavalry regiments which could ride best;
+prizes for those divisions of peltasts and archers which proved most
+efficient in their respective duties. And now the gymnasiums were
+a sight to see, thronged as they were, one and all, with warriors
+stripping for exercise; or again, the hippodrome crowded with horses and
+riders performing their evolutions; or the javelin men and archers
+going through their peculiar drill. In fact, the whole city where he
+lay presented under his hands a spectacle not to be forgotten. The
+market-place literally teemed with horses, arms, and accoutrements of
+all sorts for sale. The bronze-worker, the carpenter, the smith, the
+leather-cutter, the painter and embosser, were all busily engaged in
+fabricating the implements of war; so that the city of Ephesus itself
+was fairly converted into a military workshop. (13) It would have done
+a man's heart good to see those long lines of soldiers with Agesilaus
+at their head, as they stepped gaily be-garlanded from the gymnasiums to
+dedicate their wreaths to the goddess Artemis. Nor can I well conceive
+of elements more fraught with hope than were here combined. Here were
+reverence and piety towards Heaven; here practice in war and military
+training; here discipline with habitual obedience to authority. But
+contempt for one's enemy will infuse a kind of strength in battle. So
+the Spartan leader argued; and with a view to its production he ordered
+the quartermasters to put up the prisoners who had been captured by
+his foraging bands for auction, stripped naked; so that his Hellenic
+soldiery, as they looked at the white skins which had never been bared
+to sun and wind, the soft limbs unused to toil through constant riding
+in carriages, came to the conclusion that war with such adversaries
+would differ little from a fight with women.
+
+ (13) See Plut. "Marc." (Clough, ii. 262); Polyb. "Hist." x. 20.
+
+By this date a full year had elapsed since the embarkation of Agesilaus,
+and the time had come for the Thirty with Lysander to sail back home,
+and for their successors, with Herippidas, to arrive. Among these
+Agesilaus appointed Xenocles and another to the command of the cavalry,
+Scythes to that of the heavy infantry of the enfranchised, (14)
+Herippidas to that of the Cyreians, and Migdon to that of the
+contingents from the states. Agesilaus gave them to understand that he
+intended to lead them forthwith by the most expeditious route against
+the stronghold of the country, (15) so that without further ceremony
+they might prepare their minds and bodies for the tug of battle.
+Tissaphernes, however, was firmly persuaded that this was only talk
+intended to deceive him; Agesilaus would this time certainly invade
+Caria. Accordingly he repeated his former tactics, transporting his
+infantry bodily into Caria and posting his cavalry in the valley of the
+Maeander. But Agesilaus was as good as his word, and at once invaded the
+district of Sardis. A three days' march through a region denuded of the
+enemy threw large supplies into his hands. On the fourth day the cavalry
+of the enemy approached. Their general ordered the officer in charge of
+his baggage-train to cross the Pactolus and encamp, while his troopers,
+catching sight of stragglers from the Hellenic force scattered in
+pursuit of booty, put several of them to the sword. Perceiving which,
+Agesilaus ordered his cavalry to the rescue; and the Persians on their
+side, seeing their advance, collected together in battle order to
+receive them, with dense squadrons of horse, troop upon troop. The
+Spartan, reflecting that the enemy had as yet no infantry to support
+him, whilst he had all branches of the service to depend upon, concluded
+that the critical moment had arrived at which to risk an engagement.
+In this mood he sacrificed, and began advancing his main line of battle
+against the serried lines of cavalry in front of him, at the same time
+ordering the flower of his heavy infantry--the ten-years-service men
+(16)--to close with them at a run, and the peltasts to bring up their
+supports at the double. The order passed to his cavalry was to charge
+in confidence that he and the whole body of his troops were close behind
+them. The cavalry charge was received by the Persians without flinching,
+but presently finding themselves environed by the full tide of war they
+swerved. Some found a speedy grave within the river, but the mass of
+them gradually made good their escape. The Hellenes followed close on
+the heels of the flying foe and captured his camp. here the peltasts not
+unnaturally fell to pillaging; whereupon Agesilaus planted his troops
+so as to form a cordon enclosing the property of friends and foes alike.
+The spoil taken was considerable; it fetched more than seventy talents,
+(17) not to mention the famous camels, subsequently brought over by
+Agesilaus into Hellas, which were captured here. At the moment of the
+battle Tissaphernes lay in Sardis. Hence the Persians argued that they
+had been betrayed by the satrap. And the king of Persia, coming to a
+like conclusion himself that Tissaphernes was to blame for the evil turn
+of his affairs, sent down Tithraustes and beheaded him. (18)
+
+ (14) The neodamodes.
+
+ (15) I.e. Lydia. See Plut. "Ages." x. (Clough, iv. 11).
+
+ (16) See note to "Hell." II. iv. 32.
+
+ (17) = 17,062 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (18) See Diod. xiv. 80.
+
+This done, Tithraustes sent an embassy to Agesilaus with a message as
+follows: "The author of all our trouble, yours and ours, Agesilaus, has
+paid the penalty of his misdoings; the king therefore asks of you first
+that you should sail back home in peace; secondly, that the cities in
+Asia secured in their autonomy should continue to render him the ancient
+tribute." To this proposition Agesilaus made answer that "without the
+authorities at home he could do nothing in the matter." "Then do you,
+at least," replied Tithraustes, "while awaiting advice from Lacedaemon,
+withdraw into the territory of Pharnabazus. Have I not avenged you of
+your enemy?" "While, then, I am on my way thither," rejoined Agesilaus,
+"will you support my army with provisions?" On this wise Tithraustes
+handed him thirty talents, (19) which the other took, and forthwith
+began his march into Phrygia (the Phrygia of Pharnabazus). He lay in the
+plain district above Cyme, (20) when a message reached him from the home
+authorities, giving him absolute disposal of the naval forces, (21)
+with the right to appoint the admiral of his choice. This course the
+Lacedaemonians were led to adopt by the following considerations: If,
+they argued, the same man were in command of both services, the land
+force would be greatly strengthened through the concentration of the
+double force at any point necessary; and the navy likewise would be far
+more useful through the immediate presence and co-operation of the land
+force where needed. Apprised of these measures, Agesilaus in the first
+instance sent an order to the cities on the islands and the seaboard to
+fit out as many ships of war as they severally might deem desirable.
+The result was a new navy, consisting of the vessels thus voluntarily
+furnished by the states, with others presented by private persons out
+of courtesy to their commander, and amounting in all to a fleet of one
+hundred and twenty sail. The admiral whom he selected was Peisander, his
+wife's brother, a man of genuine ambition and of a vigorous spirit, but
+not sufficiently expert in the details of equipment to achieve a great
+naval success. Thus while Peisander set off to attend to naval matters,
+Agesilaus continued his march whither he was bound to Phrygia.
+
+ (19) = 7,312 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (20) See "Cyrop." VII. i. 45.
+
+ (21) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 327, note 3; Arist. "Pol." ii. 9, 33.
+
+
+
+V
+
+But now Tithraustes seemed to have discovered in Agesilaus a disposition
+to despise the fortunes of the Persian monarch--he evidently had no
+intention to withdraw from Asia; on the contrary, he was cherishing
+hopes vast enough to include the capture of the king himself. Being at
+his wits' end how to manage matters, he resolved to send Timocrates the
+Rhodian to Hellas with a gift of gold worthy fifty silver talents, (1)
+and enjoined upon him to endeavour to exchange solemn pledges with
+the leading men in the several states, binding them to undertake a
+war against Lacedaemon. Timocrates arrived and began to dole out
+his presents. In Thebes he gave gifts to Androcleidas, Ismenias, and
+Galaxidorus; in Corinth to Timolaus and Polyanthes; in Argos to Cylon
+and his party. The Athenians, (2) though they took no share of the gold,
+were none the less eager for the war, being of opinion that empire
+was theirs by right. (3) The recipients of the moneys forthwith began
+covertly to attack the Lacedaemonians in their respective states, and,
+when they had brought these to a sufficient pitch of hatred, bound
+together the most important of them in a confederacy.
+
+ (1) = 12,187 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (2) See Paus. III. ix. 8; Plut. "Ages." xv.
+
+ (3) Reading {nomizontes auton to arkhein} with Sauppe; or if, as
+    Breitinbach suggests, {enomizon de oukh outon to arkhesthai},
+    translate "but thought it was not for them to take the
+    initiative."
+
+But it was clear to the leaders in Thebes that, unless some one struck
+the first blow, the Lacedaemonians would never be brought to break the
+truce with their allies. They therefore persuaded the Opuntian Locrians
+(4) to levy moneys on a debatable district, (5) jointly claimed by the
+Phocians and themselves, when the Phocians would be sure to retaliate
+by an attack on Locris. These expectations were fulfilled. The Phocians
+immediately invaded Locris and seized moneys on their side with ample
+interest. Then Androcleidas and his friends lost no time in persuading
+the Thebans to assist the Locrians, on the ground that it was no
+debatable district which had been entered by the Phocians, but
+the admittedly friendly and allied territory of Locris itself. The
+counter-invasion of Phocis and pillage of their country by the Thebans
+promptly induced the Phocians to send an embassy to Lacedaemon. In
+claiming assistance they explained that the war was not of their own
+seeking, but that they had attacked the Locrians in self-defence. On
+their side the Lacedaemonians were glad enough to seize a pretext for
+marching upon the Thebans, against whom they cherished a long-standing
+bitterness. They had not forgotten the claim which the Thebans had
+set up to a tithe for Apollo in Deceleia, (6) nor yet their refusal to
+support Lacedaemon in the attack on Piraeus; (7) and they accused them
+further of having persuaded the Corinthians not to join that expedition.
+Nor did they fail to call to mind some later proceedings of the
+Thebans--their refusal to allow Agesilaus to sacrifice in Aulis; (8)
+their snatching the victims already offered and hurling them from the
+altars; their refusal to join the same general in a campaign directed
+even against Asia. (9) The Lacedaemonians further reasoned that now,
+if ever, was the favourable moment to conduct an expedition against
+the Thebans, and once for all to put a stop to their insolent behaviour
+towards them. Affairs in Asia were prospering under the strong arm of
+Agesilaus, and in Hellas they had no other war on hand to trammel their
+movements. Such, therefore, being the general view of the situation
+adopted at Lacedaemon, the ephors proceeded to call out the ban.
+Meanwhile they despatched Lysander to Phocis with orders to put himself
+at the head of the Phocians along with the Oetaeans, Heracleotes,
+Melians, and Aenianians, and to march upon Haliartus; before the
+walls of which place Pausanias, the destined leader of the expedition,
+undertook to present himself at the head of the Lacedaemonians and other
+Peloponnesian forces by a specified date. Lysander not only carried
+out his instructions to the letter, but going a little beyond them,
+succeeded in detaching Orchomenus from Thebes. (10) Pausanias, on
+the other hand, after finding the sacrifice for crossing the frontier
+favourable, sat down at Tegea and set about despatching to and fro the
+commandants of allied troops whilst contentedly awaiting the soldiers
+from the provincial (11) districts of Laconia.
+
+ (4) For an alliance between Athens and the Locrians, B.C. 395, see
+    Hicks, 67; and below, IV. ii. 17.
+
+ (5) Lit. "the." See Paus. III. ix. 9.
+
+ (6) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 309, 403; viii. 355.
+
+ (7) "Hell." II. iv. 30, B.C. 403.
+
+ (8) See above, III. iv. 3; and below, VII. i. 34.
+
+ (9) See Paus. III. ix. 1-3.
+
+ (10) See Freeman, op. cit. p. 167, "Ill feeling between Thebes and
+    other towns."--"Against Thebes, backed by Sparta, resistance was
+    hopeless. It was not till long after that, at last  (in 395 B.C.),
+    on a favourable opportunity during the Corinthian war, Orchomenos
+    openly seceded." And for the prior "state of disaffection towards
+    Thebes on the part of the smaller cities," see "Mem." III. v. 2,
+    in reference to B.C. 407.
+
+ (11) Lit. "perioecid."
+
+And now that it was fully plain to the Thebans that the Lacedaemonians
+would invade their territory, they sent ambassadors to Athens, who spoke
+as follows:--
+
+"Men of Athens, it is a mistake on your part to blame us for certain
+harsh resolutions concerning Athens at the conclusion of the war.
+(12) That vote was not authorised by the state of Thebes. It was the
+utterance merely of one man, (13) who was at that time seated in
+the congress of the allies. A more important fact is that when the
+Lacedaemonians summoned us to attack Piraeus (14) the collective state
+of Thebes passed a resolution refusing to join in the campaign. As
+then you are to a large extent the cause of the resentment which the
+Lacedaemonians feel towards us, we consider it only fair that you in
+your turn should render us assistance. Still more do we demand of you,
+sirs, who were of the city party at that date, to enter heart and soul
+into war with the Lacedaemonians. For what were their services to you?
+They first deliberately converted you into an oligarchy and placed you
+in hostility to the democracy, and then they came with a great force
+under guise of being your allies, and delivered you over to the
+majority, so that, for any service they rendered you, you were all dead
+men; and you owe your lives to our friends here, the people of Athens.
+(15)
+
+ (12) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; and below, VI. v. 35.
+
+ (13) Plut. "Lys." xv. "Erianthus the Theban gave his vote to pull down
+    the city, and turn the country into sheep-pasture."--Clough, iii.
+    121.
+
+ (14) See "Hell." II. iv. 30.
+
+ (15) See "Hell." II. iv. 38, 40, 41.
+
+"But to pass on--we all know, men of Athens, that you would like to
+recover the empire which you formerly possessed; and how can you compass
+your object better than by coming to the aid yourselves of the victims
+of Lacedaemonian injustice? Is it their wide empire of which you are
+afraid? Let not that make cowards of you--much rather let it embolden
+you as you lay to heart and ponder your own case. When your empire was
+widest then the crop of your enemies was thickest. Only so long as they
+found no opportunity to revolt did they keep their hatred of you dark;
+but no sooner had they found a champion in Lacedaemon than they at once
+showed what they really felt towards you. So too to-day. Let us show
+plainly that we mean to stand shoulder to shoulder (16) embattled
+against the Lacedaemonians; and haters enough of them--whole
+armies--never fear, will be forthcoming. To prove the truth of this
+assertion you need only to count upon your fingers. How many friends
+have they left to them to-day? The Argives have been, are, and ever will
+be, hostile to them. Of course. But the Eleians? Why, the Eleians have
+quite lately (17) been robbed of so much territory and so many cities
+that their friendship is converted into hatred. And what shall we say
+of the Corinthians? the Arcadians? the Achaeans? In the war which Sparta
+waged against you, there was no toil, no danger, no expense, which those
+peoples did not share, in obedience to the dulcet coaxings (18) and
+persuasions of that power. The Lacedaemonians gained what they wanted,
+and then not one fractional portion of empire, honour, or wealth did
+these faithful followers come in for. That is not all. They have no
+scruple in appointing their helots (19) as governors, and on the free
+necks of their alies, in the day of their good fortune, they have
+planted the tyrant's heel.
+
+ (16) Lit. "shield to shield."
+
+ (17) Lit. "to-day," "nowadays."
+
+ (18) {mala liparoumenoi}. See Thuc. i. 66 foll.; vi. 88.
+
+ (19) See "Pol. Lac." xiv.
+
+"Then again take the case of those whom they have detached from
+yourselves. In the most patent way they have cajoled and cheated them;
+in place of freedom they have presented them with a twofold slavery. The
+allies are tyrannised over by the governor and tyrannised over by the
+ten commissioners set up by Lysander over every city. (20) And to come
+lastly to the great king. In spite of all the enormous contributions
+with which he aided them to gain a mastery over you, is the lord of Asia
+one whit better off to-day than if he had taken exactly the opposite
+course and joined you in reducing them?
+
+ (20) Grote ("H. G." ix. 323), referring to this passage, and to
+    "Hell." VI. iii. 8-11, notes the change in Spartan habits between
+    405 and 394 B.C. (i.e. between the victory of Aegospotami and the
+    defeat of Cnidos), when Sparta possessed a large public revenue
+    derived from the tribute of the dependent cities. For her earlier
+    condition, 432 B.C., cf. Thuc. i. 80. For her subsequent
+    condition, 334 B.C., cf. Arist. "Pol." ii. 6, 23.
+
+"Is it not clear that you have only to step forward once again as the
+champions of this crowd of sufferers from injustice, and you will attain
+to a pinnacle of power quite unprecedented? In the days of your old
+empire you were leaders of the maritime powers merely--that is clear;
+but your new empire to-day will be universal. You will have at
+your backs not only your former subjects, but ourselves, and the
+Peloponnesians, and the king himself, with all that mighty power
+which is his. We do not deny that we were serviceable allies enough to
+Lacedaemon, as you will bear us witness; but this we say:--If we helped
+the Lacedaemonians vigorously in the past, everything tends to show that
+we shall help you still more vigorously to-day; for our swords will be
+unsheathed, not in behalf of islanders, or Syracusans, or men of alien
+stock, as happened in the late war, but of ourselves, suffering under a
+sense of wrong. And there is another important fact which you ought to
+realise: this selfish system of organised greed which is Sparta's will
+fall more readily to pieces than your own late empire. Yours was the
+proud assertion of naval empire over subjects powerless by sea. Theirs
+is the selfish sway of a minority asserting dominion over states equally
+well armed with themselves, and many times more numerous. Here our
+remarks end. Do not forget, however, men of Athens, that as far as we
+can understand the matter, the field to which we invite you is destined
+to prove far richer in blessings to your own state of Athens than to
+ours, Thebes."
+
+With these words the speaker ended. Among the Athenians, speaker after
+speaker spoke in favour of the proposition, (21) and finally a unanimous
+resolution was passed voting assistance to the Thebans. Thrasybulus, in
+an answer communicating the resolution, pointed out with pride that in
+spite of the unfortified condition of Piraeus, Athens would not shrink
+from repaying her former debt of gratitude to Thebes with interest.
+"You," he added, "refused to join in a campaign against us; we are
+prepared to fight your battles with you against the enemy, if he attacks
+you." Thus the Thebans returned home and made preparations to defend
+themselves, whilst the Athenians made ready to assist them.
+
+ (21) For the alliance between Boeotia and Athens, B.C. 395, see
+    Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 6; Hicks, op. cit. 65; Lys. "pro Man." S.
+    13; Jebb, "Att. Or." i. p. 247; and the two speeches of the same
+    orator Lysias against Alcibiades (son of the famous Alcibiades),
+    on a Charge of Desertion ("Or." xiv.), and on a Charge of Failure
+    to Serve ("Or." xv.)--Jebb, op. cit. i. p. 256 foll.
+
+And now the Lacedaemonians no longer hesitated. Pausanias the
+king advanced into Boeotia with the home army and the whole of the
+Peloponnesian contingents, saving only the Corinthians, who declined
+to serve. Lysander, at the head of the army supplied by Phocis and
+Orchomenus and the other strong places in those parts, had already
+reached Haliartus, in front of Pausanias. Being arrived, he refused to
+sit down quietly and await the arrival of the army from Lacedaemon, but
+at once marched with what troops he had against the walls of Haliartus;
+and in the first instance he tried to persuade the citizens to detach
+themselves from Thebes and to assume autonomy, but the intention was
+cut short by certain Thebans within the fortress. Whereupon Lysander
+attacked the place. The Thebans were made aware, (22) and hurried to the
+rescue with heavy infantry and cavalry. Then, whether it was that the
+army of relief fell upon Lysander unawares, or that with clear knowledge
+of his approach he preferred to await the enemy, with intent to crush
+him, is uncertain. This only is clear: a battle was fought beside the
+walls, and a trophy still exists to mark the victory of the townsfolk
+before the gates of Haliartus. Lysander was slain, and the rest fled to
+the mountains, the Thebans hotly pursuing. But when the pursuit had led
+them to some considerable height, and they were fairly environed and
+hemmed in by difficult ground and narrow space, then the heavy infantry
+turned to bay, and greeted them with a shower of darts and missiles.
+First two or three men dropped who had been foremost of the pursuers,
+and then upon the rest they poured volleys of stones down the
+precipitous incline, and pressed on their late pursuers with much zeal,
+until the Thebans turned tail and quitted the deadly slope, leaving
+behind them more than a couple of hundred corpses.
+
+ (22) See Plut. "Lys." xxviii. (Clough, iii. 137).
+
+On this day, thereafter, the hearts of the Thebans failed them as they
+counted their losses and found them equal to their gains; but the next
+day they discovered that during the night the Phocians and the rest of
+them had made off to their several homes, whereupon they fell to pluming
+themselves highly on their achievement. But presently Pausanias appeared
+at the head of the Lacedaemonian army, and once more their dangers
+seemed to thicken round them. Deep, we are told, was the silence and
+abasement which reigned in their host. It was not until the third day,
+when the Athenians arrived (23) and were duely drawn up beside them,
+whilst Pausanias neither attacked nor offered battle, that at length the
+confidence of the Thebans took a larger range. Pausanias, on his side,
+having summoned his generals and commanders of fifties, (24) deliberated
+whether to give battle or to content himself with picking up the bodies
+of Lysander and those who fell with him, under cover of a truce.
+
+ (23) See Dem. "On the Crown," 258.
+
+ (24) Lit. "polemarchs and penteconters"--"colonels and lieutenants."
+    See "Pol. Lac." xi.
+
+The considerations which weighed upon the minds of Pausanias and
+the other high officers of the Lacedaemonians seem to have been that
+Lysander was dead and his defeated army in retreat; while, as far as
+they themselves were concerned, the Corinthian contingent was absolutely
+wanting, and the zeal of the troops there present at the lowest ebb.
+They further reasoned that the enemy's cavalry was numerous and theirs
+the reverse; whilst, weightiest of all, there lay the dead right under
+the walls, so that if they had been ever so much stronger it would have
+been no easy task to pick up the bodies within range of the towers of
+Haliartus. On all these grounds they determined to ask for a flag of
+truce, in order to pick up the bodies of the slain. These, however, the
+Thebans were not disposed to give back unless they agreed to retire from
+their territory. The terms were gladly accepted by the Lacedaemonians,
+who at once picked up the corpses of the slain, and prepared to quit the
+territory of Boeotia. The preliminaries were transacted, and the retreat
+commenced. Despondent indeed was the demeanour of the Lacedaemonians,
+in contrast with the insolent bearing of the Thebans, who visited the
+slightest attempt to trespass on their private estates with blows and
+chased the offenders back on to the high roads unflinchingly. Such was
+the conclusion of the campaign of the Lacedaemonians.
+
+As for Pausanias, on his arrival at home he was tried on the capital
+charge. The heads of indictment set forth that he had failed to reach
+Haliartus as soon as Lysander, in spite of his undertaking to be there
+on the same day: that, instead of using any endeavour to pick up the
+bodies of the slain by force of arms, he had asked for a flag of truce:
+that at an earlier date, when he had got the popular government of
+Athens fairly in his grip at Piraeus, he had suffered it to slip through
+his fingers and escape. Besides this, (25) he failed to present himself
+at the trial, and a sentence of death was passed upon him. He escaped
+to Tegea and there died of an illness whilst still in exile. Thus closes
+the chapter of events enacted on the soil of Hellas. To return to Asia
+and Agesilaus.
+
+ (25) Or, add, "as a further gravamen."
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IV
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 395. With the fall of the year Agesilaus reached Phrygia--the
+Phrygia of Pharnabazus--and proceeded to burn and harry the district.
+City after city was taken, some by force and some by voluntary
+surrender. To a proposal of Spithridates to lead him into Paphlagonia,
+(1) where he would introduce the king of the country to him in
+conference and obtain his alliance, he readily acceded. It was a
+long-cherished ambition of Agesilaus to alienate some one of the subject
+nations from the Persian monarch, and he pushed forward eagerly.
+
+ (1) See Hartman ("An. Xen." p. 339), who suggests {Otun auto} for {sun
+    auto}.
+
+On his arrival in Paphlagonia, King Otys (2) came, and an alliance was
+made. (The fact was, he had been summoned by the king to Susa and had
+not gone up.) More than that, through the persuasion of Spithridates he
+left behind as a parting gift to Agesilaus one thousand cavalry and a
+couple of thousand peltasts. Agesilaus was anxious in some way to
+show his gratitude to Spithridates for such help, and spoke as
+follows:--"Tell me," he said to Spithridates, "would you not like to
+give your daughter to King Otys?" "Much more would I like to give her,"
+he answered, "than he to take her--I an outcast wanderer, and he lord
+of a vast territory and forces." Nothing more was said at the time about
+the marriage; but when Otys was on the point of departure and came to
+bid farewell, Agesilaus, having taken care that Spithridates should be
+out of the way, in the presence of the Thirty broached the subject: (3)
+"Can you tell me, Otys, to what sort of family Spithridates belongs?"
+"To one of the noblest in Persia," replied the king. Agesilaus: "Have
+you observed how beautiful his son is?" Otys: "To be sure; last evening
+I was supping with him." Agesilaus: "And they tell me his daughter
+is yet more beautiful." Otys: "That may well be; beautiful she is."
+Agesilaus: "For my part, as you have proved so good a friend to us, I
+should like to advise you to take this girl to wife. Not only is she
+very beautiful--and what more should a husband ask for?--but her
+father is of noble family, and has a force at his back large enough to
+retaliate on Pharnabazus for an injury. He has made the satrap, as you
+see, a fugitive and a vagabond in his own vast territory. I need not
+tell you," he added, "that a man who can so chastise an enemy is well
+able to benefit a friend; and of this be assured: by such an alliance
+you will gain not the connection of Spithridates alone, but of myself
+and the Lacedaemonians, and, as we are the leaders of Hellas, of
+the rest of Hellas also. And what a wedding yours will be! Were ever
+nuptials celebrated on so grand a scale before? Was ever bride led home
+by such an escort of cavalry and light-armed troops and heavy infantry,
+as shall escort your wife home to your palace?" Otys asked: "Is
+Spithridates of one mind with you in this proposal?" and Agesilaus
+answered: "In good sooth he did not bid me make it for him. And for
+my own part in the matter, though it is, I admit, a rare pleasure to
+requite an enemy, yet I had far rather at any time discover some good
+fortune for my friends." Otys: "Why not ask if your project pleases
+Spithridates too?" Then Agesilaus, turning to Herippidas and the rest
+of the Thirty, bade them go to Spithridates; "and give him such good
+instruction," he added, "that he shall wish what we wish." The Thirty
+rose and retired to administer their lesson. But they seemed to tarry
+a long time, and Agesilaus asked: "What say you, King Otys--shall we
+summon him hither ourselves? You, I feel certain, are better able to
+persuade him than the whole Thirty put together." Thereupon Agesilaus
+summoned Spithridates and the others. As they came forward, Herippidas
+promptly delivered himself thus: "I spare you the details, Agesilaus.
+To make a long story short, Spithridates says, 'He will be glad to do
+whatever pleases you.'" Then Agesilaus, turning first to one and then
+to the other: "What pleases me," said he, "is that you should wed a
+daughter--and you a wife--so happily. (4) But," he added, "I do not see
+how we can well bring home the bride by land till spring." "No, not by
+land," the suitor answered, "but you might, if you chose, conduct her
+home at once by sea." Thereupon they exchanged pledges to ratify the
+compact; and so sent Otys rejoicing on his way.
+
+ (2) See "Ages." iii. 4, where he is called Cotys.
+
+ (3) I.e. "Spartan counsellors."
+
+ (4) Or, "and may the wedding be blest!"
+
+Agesilaus, who had not failed to note the king's impatience, at once
+fitted out a ship of war and gave orders to Callias, a Lacedaemonian,
+to escort the maiden to her new home; after which he himself began his
+march on Dascylium. Here was the palace of Pharnabazus. It lay in the
+midst of abundant supplies. Here, too, were most fair hunting grounds,
+offering the hunter choice between enclosed parks (5) and a wide expanse
+of field and fell; and all around there flowed a river full of fish
+of every sort; and for the sportsman versed in fowling, winged game in
+abundance.
+
+ (5) Lit. "paradises." See "Anab." I. ii. 7; "Cyrop." I. iv. 11.
+
+In these quarters the Spartan king passed the winter, collecting
+supplies for the army either on the spot or by a system of forage. On
+one of these occasions the troops, who had grown reckless and scornful
+of the enemy through long immunity from attack, whilst engaged
+in collecting supplies were scattered over the flat country, when
+Pharnabazus fell upon them with two scythe-chariots and about four
+hundred horse. Seeing him thus advancing, the Hellenes ran together,
+mustering possibly seven hundred men. The Persian did not hesitate, but
+placing his chariots in front, supported by himself and the cavalry, he
+gave the command to charge. The scythe-chariots charged and scattered
+the compact mass, and speedily the cavalry had laid low in the dust
+about a hundred men, while the rest retreated hastily, under cover of
+Agesilaus and his hoplites, who were fortunately near.
+
+It was the third or fourth day after this that Spithridates made a
+discovery: Pharnabazus lay encamped in Caue, a large village not more
+than eighteen miles (6) away. This news he lost no time in reporting
+to Herippidas. The latter, who was longing for some brilliant exploit,
+begged Agesilaus to furnish him with two thousand hoplites, an equal
+number of peltasts, and some cavalry--the latter to consist of the
+horsemen of Spithridates, the Paphlagonians, and as many Hellene
+troopers as he might perchance persuade to follow him. Having got the
+promise of them from Agesilaus, he proceeded to take the auspices.
+Towards late afternoon he obtained favourable omens and broke off the
+sacrifice. Thereupon he ordered the troops to get their evening meal,
+after which they were to present themselves in front of the camp. But by
+the time darkness had closed in, not one half of them had come out. To
+abandon the project was to call down the ridicule of the rest of the
+Thirty. So he set out with the force to hand, and about daylight,
+falling on the camp of Pharnabazus, put many of his advanced guard
+of Mysians to the sword. The men themselves made good their escape in
+different directions, but the camp was taken, and with it divers goblets
+and other gear such as a man like Pharnabazus would have, not to speak
+of much baggage and many baggage animals. It was the dread of being
+surrounded and besieged, if he should establish himself for long at any
+one spot, which induced Pharnabazus to flee in gipsy fashion from point
+to point over the country, carefully obliterating his encampments.
+Now as the Paphlagonians and Spithridates brought back the captured
+property, they were met by Herippidas with his brigadiers and captains,
+who stopped them and (7) relieved them of all they had; the object being
+to have as large a list as possible of captures to deliver over to the
+officers who superintended the sale of booty. (8) This treatment the
+Asiatics found intolerable. They deemed themselves at once injured
+and insulted, got their kit together in the night, and made off in the
+direction of Sardis to join Ariaeus without mistrust, seeing that he
+too had revolted and gone to war with the king. On Agesilaus himself
+no heavier blow fell during the whole campaign than the desertion of
+Spithridates and Megabates and the Paphlagonians.
+
+ (6) Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
+
+ (7) Or, "captains posted to intercept them, who relieved..." See
+    "Anab." IV. i. 14.
+
+ (8) See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 11, for these officers.
+
+Now there was a certain man of Cyzicus, Apollophanes by name; he was an
+old friend of Pharnabazus, and at this time had become a friend also
+of Agesilaus. (9) This man informed Agesilaus that he thought he could
+bring about a meeting between him and Pharnabazus, which might tend to
+friendship; and having so got ear of him, he obtained pledges of good
+faith between his two friends, and presented himself with Pharnabazus at
+the trysting-place, where Agesilaus with the Thirty around him awaited
+their coming, reclined upon a grassy sward. Pharnabazus presently
+arrived clad in costliest apparel; but just as his attendants were about
+to spread at his feet the carpets on which the Persians delicately seat
+themselves, he was touched with a sense of shame at his own luxury
+in sight of the simplicity of Agesilaus, and he also without further
+ceremony seated himself on the bare ground. And first the two bade one
+another hail, and then Pharnabazus stretched out his right hand and
+Agesilaus his to meet him, and the conversation began. Pharnabazus, as
+the elder of the two, spoke first. "Agesilaus," he said, "and all you
+Lacedaemonians here present, while you were at war with the Athenians
+I was your friend and ally; it was I who furnished the wealth that made
+your navy strong on sea; on land I fought on horseback by your side,
+and pursued your enemies into the sea. (10) As to duplicity like that of
+Tissaphernes, I challenge you to accuse me of having played you false by
+word or deed. Such have I ever been; and in return how am I treated
+by yourselves to-day?--in such sort that I cannot even sup in my own
+country unless, like the wild animals, I pick up the scraps you chance
+to leave. The beautiful palaces which my father left me as an heirloom,
+the parks (11) full of trees and beasts of the chase in which my heart
+rejoiced, lie before my eyes hacked to pieces, burnt to ashes. Maybe I
+do not comprehend the first principles of justice and holiness; do you
+then explain to me how all this resembles the conduct of men who know
+how to repay a simple debt of gratitude." He ceased, and the Thirty were
+ashamed before him and kept silence. (12)
+
+ (9) "Ages." v. 4; Plut. "Ages." xi. (Clough, iv. p. 14).
+
+ (10) See "Hell." I. i. 6.
+
+ (11) Lit. "paradises."
+
+ (12) Theopompus of Chios, the historian (b. B.C. 378, fl. B.C. 333),
+    "in the eleventh book  (of his {Suntazis Ellenikon}) borrowed
+    Xenophon's lively account of the interview between Agesilaus and
+    Pharnabazus (Apollonius apud Euseb. B, "Praep. Evang." p. 465)."
+    See "Hist. Lit. of Anc. Gr.," Muller and Donaldson, ii. p. 380.
+
+At length, after some pause, Agesilaus spoke. "I think you are aware,"
+he said, "Pharnabazus, that within the states of Hellas the folk of
+one community contract relations of friendship and hospitality with one
+another; (13) but if these states should go to war, then each man will
+side with his fatherland, and friend will find himself pitted against
+friend in the field of battle, and, if it so betide, the one may even
+deal the other his death-blow. So too we to-day, being at war with your
+sovereign lord the king, must needs regard as our enemy all that he
+calls his; not but that with yourself personally we should esteem it
+our high fortune to be friends. If indeed it were merely an exchange of
+service--were you asked to give up your lord the king and to take us as
+your masters in his stead, I could not so advise you; but the fact is,
+by joining with us it is in your power to-day to bow your head to no
+man, to call no man master, to reap the produce of your own domain in
+freedom--freedom, which to my mind is more precious than all riches. Not
+that we bid you to become a beggar for the sake of freedom, but rather
+to use our friendship to increase not the king's authority, but your
+own, by subduing those who are your fellow-slaves to-day, and who
+to-morrow shall be your willing subjects. Well, then, freedom given and
+wealth added--what more would you desire to fill the cup of happiness to
+overflowing?" Pharnabazus replied: "Shall I tell you plainly what I will
+do?" "That were but kind and courteous on your part," he answered. "Thus
+it stands with me, then," said Pharnabazus. "If the king should send
+another general, and if he should wish to rank me under this new
+man's orders, I, for my part, am willing to accept your friendship and
+alliance; but if he offers me the supreme command--why, then, I plainly
+tell you, there is a certain something in the very name ambition which
+whispers me that I shall war against you to the best of my ability."
+(14) When he heard that, Agesilaus seized the satrap's hand, exclaiming:
+"Ah, best of mortals, may the day arrive which sends us such a friend!
+Of one thing rest assured. This instant I leave your territory with what
+haste I may, and for the future--even in case of war--as long as we can
+find foes elsewhere our hands shall hold aloof from you and yours."
+
+ (13) Or, add, "we call them guest friends."
+
+ (14) Or, "so subtle a force, it seems, is the love of honour that."
+    Grote, "H. G." ix. 386; cf. Herod. iii. 57 for "ambition,"
+    {philotimia}.
+
+And with these words he broke up the meeting. Pharnabazus mounted his
+horse and rode away, but his son by Parapita, who was still in the bloom
+of youth, lingered behind; then, running up to Agesilaus, he exclaimed:
+"See, I choose you as my friend." "And I accept you," replied the king.
+"Remember, then," the lad answered, and with the word presented the
+beautiful javelin in his hand to Agesilaus, who received it, and
+unclasping a splendid trapping (15) which his secretary, Idaeus, had
+round the neck of his charger, he gave it in return to the youth;
+whereupon the boy leapt on his horse's back and galloped after his
+father. (16) At a later date, during the absence of Pharnabazus abroad,
+this same youth, the son of Parapita, was deprived of the government by
+his brother and driven into exile. Then Agesilaus took great interest
+in him, and as he had a strong attachment to the son of Eualces, an
+Athenian, Agesilaus did all he could to have this friend of his, who
+was the tallest of the boys, admitted to the two hundred yards race at
+Olympia.
+
+ (15) {phalara}, bosses of gold, silver, or other metals, cast or
+    chased, with some appropriate device in relief, which were worn as
+    an ornamental trapping for horses, affixed to the head-stall or to
+    a throat-collar, or to a martingale over the chest.--Rich's
+    "Companion to Lat. Dict. and Greek Lex.," s.v.
+
+ (16) See Grote, ix. 387; Plut. "Ages." xiv. (Clough, iv. 15); "Ages."
+    iii. 5. The incident is idealised in the "Cyrop." I. iv. 26 foll.
+    See "Lyra Heroica": CXXV. A Ballad of East and West--the incident
+    of the "turquoise-studded rein."
+
+B.C. 394. But to return to the actual moment. Agesilaus was as good as
+his word, and at once marched out of the territory of Pharnabazus. The
+season verged on spring. Reaching the plain of Thebe, (17) he encamped
+in the neighbourhood of the temple of Artemis of Astyra, (18) and there
+employed himself in collecting troops from every side, in addition to
+those which he already had, so as to form a complete armament. These
+preparations were pressed forward with a view to penetrating as far as
+possible into the interior. He was persuaded that every tribe or nation
+placed in his rear might be considered as alienated from the king.
+
+ (17) "Anab." VII. viii. 7.
+
+ (18) Vide Strab. xiii. 606, 613. Seventy stades from Thebe.
+
+
+
+II
+
+Such were the concerns and projects of Agesilaus. Meanwhile the
+Lacedaemonians at home were quite alive to the fact that moneys had been
+sent into Hellas, and that the bigger states were leagued together
+to declare war against them. It was hard to avoid the conclusion that
+Sparta herself was in actual danger, and that a campaign was inevitable.
+While busy, therefore, with preparations themselves, they lost no time
+in despatching Epicydidas to fetch Agesilaus. That officer, on his
+arrival, explained the position of affairs, and concluded by delivering
+a peremptory summons of the state recalling him to the assistance of
+the fatherland without delay. The announcement could not but come as a
+grievous blow to Agesilaus, as he reflected on the vanished hopes, and
+the honours plucked from his grasp. Still, he summoned the allies and
+announced to them the contents of the despatch from home. "To aid our
+fatherland," he added, "is an imperative duty. If, however, matters turn
+out well on the other side, rely upon it, friends and allies, I will
+not forget you, but I shall be back anon to carry out your wishes." When
+they heard the announcement many wept, and they passed a resolution, one
+and all, to assist Agesilaus in assisting Lacedaemon; if matters turned
+out well there, they undertook to take him as their leader and come back
+again to Asia; and so they fell to making preparations to follow him.
+
+Agesilaus, on his side, determined to leave behind him in Asia Euxenus
+as governor, and with him a garrison numbering no less than four
+thousand troops, which would enable him to protect the states in Asia.
+But for himself, as on the one hand he could see that the majority of
+the soldiers would far rather stay behind than undertake service against
+fellow-Hellenes, and on the other hand he wished to take as fine and
+large an army with him as he could, he offered prizes first to that
+state or city which should continue the best corps of troops, and
+secondly to that captain of mercenaries who should join the expedition
+with the best equipped battalion of heavy infantry, archers, and light
+infantry. On the same principle he informed the chief cavalry officers
+that the general who succeeded in presenting the best accoutred and best
+mounted regiment would receive from himself some victorious distinction.
+"The final adjudication," he said, "would not be made until they had
+crossed from Asia into Europe and had reached the Chersonese; and this
+with a view to impress upon them that the prizes were not for show but
+for real campaigners." (1) These consisted for the most part of infantry
+or cavalry arms and accoutrements tastefully furnished, besides which
+there were chaplets of gold. The whole, useful and ornamental alike,
+must have cost nearly a thousand pounds, (2) but as the result of this
+outlay, no doubt, arms of great value were procured for the expedition.
+(3) When the Hellespont was crossed the judges were appointed. The
+Lacedaemonians were represented by Menascus, Herippidas, and
+Orsippus, and the allies by one member from each state. As soon as the
+adjudication was complete, the army commenced its march with Agesilaus
+at its head, following the very route taken by the great king when he
+invaded Hellas.
+
+ (1) Or, "that the perfection of equipment was regarded as anticipative
+    of actual service in the field." Cobet suggests for {eukrinein}
+    {dieukrinein}; cf. "Oecon." viii. 6.
+
+ (2) Lit. "at least four talents" = 975 pounds.
+
+ (3) Or, "beyond which, the arms and material to equip the expedition
+    were no doubt highly costly."
+
+Meanwhile the ephors had called out the ban, and as Agesipolis was still
+a boy, the state called upon Aristodemus, who was of the royal family
+and guardian of the young king, to lead the expedition; and now that
+the Lacedaemonians were ready to take the field and the forces of their
+opponents were duly mustered, the latter met (4) to consider the most
+advantageous method of doing battle.
+
+ (4) At Corinth. See above, III. iv. 11; below, V. iv. 61, where the
+    victory of Nixos is described but not localised.
+
+Timolaus of Corinth spoke: "Soldiers of the allied forces," he said,
+"the growth of Lacedaemon seems to me just like that of some mighty
+river--at its sources small and easily crossed, but as it farther and
+farther advances, other rivers discharge themselves into its channel, and
+its stream grows ever more formidable. So is it with the Lacedaemonians.
+Take them at the starting-point and they are but a single community, but
+as they advance and attach city after city they grow more numerous
+and more resistless. I observe that when people wish to take wasps'
+nests--if they try to capture the creatures on the wing, they are liable
+to be attacked by half the hive; whereas, if they apply fire to them ere
+they leave their homes, they will master them without scathe themselves.
+On this principle I think it best to bring about the battle within the
+hive itself, or, short of that, as close to Lacedaemon as possible." (5)
+
+ (5) Or, "if not actually at Lacedaemon, then at least as near as
+    possible to the hornet's nest."
+
+The arguments of the speaker were deemed sound, and a resolution was
+passed in that sense; but before it could be carried out there were
+various arrangements to be made. There was the question of headship.
+Then, again, what was the proper depth of line to be given to the
+different army corps? for if any particular state or states gave too
+great a depth to their battle line they would enable the enemy to turn
+their flank. Whilst they were debating these points, the Lacedaemonians
+had incorporated the men of Tegea and the men of Mantinea, and were
+ready to debouch into the bimarine region. (6) And as the two armies
+advanced almost at the same time, the Corinthians and the rest reached
+the Nemea, (7) and the Lacedaemonians and their allies occupied Sicyon.
+The Lacedaemonians entered by Epieiceia, and at first were severely
+handled by the light-armed troops of the enemy, who discharged stones
+and arrows from the vantage-ground on their right; but as they dropped
+down upon the Gulf of Corinth they advanced steadily onwards through the
+flat country, felling timber and burning the fair land. Their rivals, on
+their side, after a certain forward movement, (8) paused and encamped,
+placing the ravine in front of them; but still the Lacedaemonians
+advanced, and it was only when they were within ten furlongs (9) of the
+hostile position that they followed suit and encamped, and then they
+remained quiet.
+
+ (6) I.e. "the shores of the Corinthian Gulf." Or, "upon the strand or
+    coast road or coast land of Achaia"  (aliter {ten aigialon}(?) the
+    Strand of the Corinthian Gulf, the old name of this part of
+    Achaia).
+
+ (7) Or, "the district of Nemea."
+
+ (8) {epelthontes}, but see Grote ("H. G." ix. 425 note), who prefers
+    {apelthontes} = retreated and encamped.
+
+ (9) Lit. "ten stades." For the numbers below, see Grote, "H. G." ix.
+    422, note 1.
+
+And here I may state the numbers on either side. The Lacedaemonian
+heavy-armed infantry levies amounted to six thousand men. Of Eleians,
+Triphylians, Acroreians, and Lasionians, there must have been nearly
+three thousand, with fifteen hundred Sicyonians, while Epidaurus,
+Troezen, Hermione, and Halieis (10) contributed at least another three
+thousand. To these heavy infantry troops must be added six hundred
+Lacedaemonian cavalry, a body of Cretan archers about three hundred
+strong, besides another force of slingers, at least four hundred in
+all, consisting of Marganians, Letrinians, and Amphidolians. The men
+of Phlius were not represented. Their plea was they were keeping "holy
+truce." That was the total of the forces on the Lacedaemonian side.
+There was collected on the enemy's side six thousand Athenian heavy
+infantry, with about, as was stated, seven thousand Argives, and in the
+absence of the men of Orchomenus something like five thousand Boeotians.
+There were besides three thousand Corinthians, and again from the whole
+of Euboea at least three thousand. These formed the heavy infantry.
+Of cavalry the Boeotians, again in the absence of the Orchomenians,
+furnished eight hundred, the Athenians (11) six hundred, the Chalcidians
+of Euboea one hundred, the Opuntian Locrians (12) fifty. Their light
+troops, including those of the Corinthians, were more numerous, as the
+Ozolian Locrians, the Melians, and Arcarnanians (13) helped to swell
+their numbers.
+
+ (10) Halieis, a seafaring people (Strabo, viii. 373) and town on the
+    coast of Hermionis; Herod. vii. 137; Thuc. i. 105, ii. 56, iv. 45;
+    Diod. xi. 78; "Hell." VI. ii. 3.
+
+ (11) For a treaty between Athens and Eretria, B.C. 395, see Hicks, 66;
+    and below, "Hell." IV. iii. 15; Hicks, 68, 69; Diod. xiv. 82.
+
+ (12) See above, "Hell." III. v. 3.
+
+ (13) See below, "Hell." IV. vi. 1; ib. vii. 1; VI. v. 23.
+
+Such was the strength of the two armies. The Boeotians, as long as they
+occupied the left wing, showed no anxiety to join battle, but after a
+rearrangement which gave them the right, placing the Athenians opposite
+the Lacedaemonians, and themselves opposite the Achaeans, at once, we
+are told, (14) the victims proved favourable, and the order was passed
+along the lines to prepare for immediate action. The Boeotians, in the
+first place, abandoning the rule of sixteen deep, chose to give their
+division the fullest possible depth, and, moreover, kept veering
+more and more to their right, with the intention of overlapping their
+opponent's flank. The consequence was that the Athenians, to avoid being
+absolutely severed, were forced to follow suit, and edged towards the
+right, though they recognised the risk they ran of having their flank
+turned. For a while the Lacedaemonians had no idea of the advance of the
+enemy, owing to the rough nature of the ground, (15) but the notes of
+the paean at length announced to them the fact, and without an instant's
+delay the answering order "prepare for battle" ran along the different
+sections of their army. As soon as their troops were drawn up, according
+to the tactical disposition of the various generals of foreign brigades,
+the order was passed to "follow the lead," and then the Lacedaemonians
+on their side also began edging to their right, and eventually stretched
+out their wing so far that only six out of the ten regimental divisions
+of the Athenians confronted the Lacedaemonians, the other four finding
+themselves face to face with the men of Tegea. And now when they
+were less than a furlong (16) apart, the Lacedaemonians sacrificed in
+customary fashion a kid to the huntress goddess, (17) and advanced upon
+their opponents, wheeling round their overlapping columns to outflank
+his left. As the two armies closed, the allies of Lacedaemon were as
+a rule fairly borne down by their opponents. The men of Pellene alone,
+steadily confronting the Thespiaeans, held their ground, and the dead
+of either side strewed the position. (18) As to the Lacedaemonians
+themselves: crushing that portion of the Athenian troops which lay
+immediately in front of them, and at the same time encircling them
+with their overlapping right, they slew man after man of them; and,
+absolutely unscathed themselves, their unbroken columns continued their
+march, and so passed behind the four remaining divisions (19) of the
+Athenians before these latter had returned from their own victorious
+pursuit. Whereby the four divisions in question also emerged from battle
+intact, except for the casualties inflicted by the Tegeans in the
+first clash of the engagement. The troops next encountered by the
+Lacedaemonians were the Argives retiring. These they fell foul of, and
+the senior polemarch was just on the point of closing with them "breast
+to breast" when some one, it is said, shouted, "Let their front ranks
+pass." This was done, and as the Argives raced past, their enemies
+thrust at their unprotected (20) sides and killed many of them. The
+Corinthians were caught in the same way as they retired, and when their
+turn had passed, once more the Lacedaemonians lit upon a portion of the
+Theban division retiring from the pursuit, and strewed the field with
+their dead. The end of it all was that the defeated troops in the first
+instance made for safety to the walls of their city, but the Corinthians
+within closed the gates, whereupon the troops took up quarters once
+again in their old encampment. The Lacedaemonians on their side withdrew
+to the point at which they first closed with the enemy, and there set up
+a trophy of victory. So the battle ended.
+
+ (14) Or, "then they lost no time in discovering that the victims
+    proved favourable."
+
+ (15) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 428; cf. Lys. "pro Mant." 20.
+
+ (16) Lit. "a stade."
+
+ (17) Lit. "our Lady of the Chase." See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 8.
+
+ (18) Lit. "men on either side kept dropping at their post."
+
+ (19) Lit. "tribes."
+
+ (20) I.e. "right."
+
+
+
+III
+
+Meanwhile Agesilaus was rapidly hastening with his reinforcements from
+Asia. He had reached Amphipolis when Dercylidas brought the news of this
+fresh victory of the Lacedaemonians; their own loss had been eight men,
+that of the enemy considerable. It was his business at the same time to
+explain that not a few of the allies had fallen also. Agesilaus
+asked, "Would it not be opportune, Dercylidas, if the cities that have
+furnished us with contingents could hear of this victory as soon as
+possible?" And Dercylidas replied: "The news at any rate is likely
+to put them in better heart." Then said the king: "As you were an
+eye-witness there could hardly be a better bearer of the news than
+yourself." To this proposal Dercylidas lent a willing ear--to travel
+abroad (1) was his special delight--and he replied, "Yes, under your
+orders." "Then you have my orders," the king said. "And you may further
+inform the states from myself that we have not forgotten our promise;
+if all goes well over here we shall be with them again ere long."
+So Dercylidas set off on his travels, in the first instance to the
+Hellespont; (2) while Agesilaus crossed Macedonia, and arrived in
+Thessaly. And now the men of Larissa, Crannon, Scotussa, and Pharsalus,
+who were allies of the Boeotians--and in fact all the Thessalians except
+the exiles for the time being--hung on his heels (3) and did him damage.
+
+ (1) See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 4.
+
+ (2) See below, "Hell." IV. viii. 3.
+
+ (3) See "Ages." ii. 2; Grote, "H. G." ix. 420, note 2.
+
+For some while he marched his troops in a hollow square, (4) posting
+half his cavalry in front and half on his rear; but finding that the
+Thessalians checked his passage by repeated charges from behind, he
+strengthened his rearguard by sending round the cavalry from his van,
+with the exception of his own personal escort. (5) The two armies stood
+confronted in battle order; but the Thessalians, not liking the notion
+of a cavalry engagement with heavy infantry, turned, and step by step
+retreated, while the others followed them with considerable caution.
+Agesilaus, perceiving the error under which both alike laboured, now
+sent his own personal guard of stalwart troopers with orders that both
+they and the rest of the horsemen should charge at full gallop, (6)
+and not give the enemy the chance to recoil. The Thessalians were taken
+aback by this unexpected onslaught, and half of them never thought of
+wheeling about, whilst those who did essay to do so presented the
+flanks of their horses to the charge, (7) and were made prisoners.
+Still Polymarchus of Pharsalus, the general in command of their cavalry,
+rallied his men for an instant, and fell, sword in hand, with his
+immediate followers. This was the signal for a flight so precipitate on
+the part of the Thessalians, that their dead and dying lined the road,
+and prisoners were taken; nor was any halt made until they reached Mount
+Narthacius. Here, then, midway between Pras and Narthacius, Agesilaus
+set up a trophy, halting for the moment, in unfeigned satisfaction at
+the exploit. It was from antagonists who prided themselves on their
+cavalry beyond everything that he had wrested victory, with a body
+of cavalry of his own mustering. Next day he crossed the mountains
+of Achaea Phthiotis, and for the future continued his march through
+friendly territory until he reached the confines of Boeotia.
+
+ (4) See Rustow and Kochly, S. 187 foll.
+
+ (5) See Thuc. v. 72; Herod. vi. 56, viii. 124.
+
+ (6) Lit. "and bids them pass the order to the others and themselves to
+    charge," etc.
+
+ (7) See "Horsemanship," vii. 16; Polyb. iv. 8.
+
+Here, at the entrance of that territory, the sun (in partial eclipse)
+(8) seemed to appear in a crescent shape, and the news reached him of
+the defeat of the Lacedaemonians in a naval engagement, and the death
+of the admiral Peisander. Details of the disaster were not wanting. The
+engagement of the hostile fleets took place off Cnidus. Pharnabazus, the
+Persian admiral, was present with the Phoenician fleet, and in front
+of him were ranged the ships of the Hellenic squadron under Conon.
+Peisander had ventured to draw out his squadron to meet the combined
+fleets, though the numerical inferiority of his fleet to that of the
+Hellenic navy under Conon was conspicuous, and he had the mortification
+of seeing the allies who formed his left wing take to flight
+immediately. He himself came to close quarters with the enemy, and was
+driven on shore, on board his trireme, under pressure of the hostile
+rams. The rest, as many as were driven to shore, deserted their ships
+and sought safety as best they could in the territory of Cnidus. The
+admiral alone stuck to his ship, and fell sword in hand.
+
+ (8) B.C. 394, August 14.
+
+It was impossible for Agesilaus not to feel depressed by those tidings
+at first; on further reflection, however, it seemed to him that the
+moral quality of more than half his troops well entitled them to share
+in the sunshine of success, but in the day of trouble, when things
+looked black, he was not bound to take them into his confidence.
+Accordingly he turned round and gave out that he had received news that
+Peisander was dead, but that he had fallen in the arms of victory in
+a sea-fight; and suiting his action to the word, he proceeded to offer
+sacrifice in return for good tidings, (9) distributing portions of the
+victims to a large number of recipients. So it befell that in the first
+skirmish with the enemy the troops of Agesilaus gained the upper hand,
+in consequence of the report that the Lacedaemonians had won a victory
+by sea.
+
+ (9) "Splendide mendax." For the ethics of the matter, see "Mem." IV.
+    ii. 17; "Cyrop." I. vi. 31.
+
+To confront Agesilaus stood an army composed of the Boeotians,
+Athenians, Argives, Corinthians, Aenianians, Euboeans, and both
+divisions of the Locrians. Agesilaus on his side had with him a division
+(10) of Lacedaemonians, which had crossed from Corinth, also half the
+division from Orchomenus; besides which there were the neodamodes (11)
+from Lacedaemon, on service with him already; and in addition to these
+the foreign contingent under Herippidas; (12) and again the quota
+furnished by the Hellenic cities in Asia, with others from the cities in
+Europe which he had brought over during his progress; and lastly, there
+were additional levies from the spot--Orchomenian and Phocian heavy
+infantry. In light-armed troops, it must be admitted, the numbers told
+heavily in favour of Agesilaus, but the cavalry (13) on both sides were
+fairly balanced.
+
+ (10) Lit. "a mora"; for the numbers, see "Ages." ii. 6; Plut. "Ages."
+    17; Grote, "H. G." ix. 433.
+
+ (11) I.e. "enfranchised helots."
+
+ (12) See "Ages." ii. 10, 11; and above, "Hell." III. iv. 20.
+
+ (13) See Hicks, op. cit. 68.
+
+Such were the forces of either party. I will describe the battle itself,
+if only on account of certain features which distinguish it from the
+battles of our time. The two armies met on the plain of Coronea--the
+troops of Agesilaus advancing from the Cephisus, the Thebans and their
+allies from the slopes of Helicon. Agesilaus commanded his own right
+in person, with the men of Orchomenus on his extreme left. The Thebans
+formed their own right, while the Argives held their left. As they drew
+together, for a while deep silence reigned on either side; but when they
+were not more than a furlong (14) apart, with the loud hurrah (15) the
+Thebans, quickening to a run, rushed furiously (16) to close quarters;
+and now there was barely a hundred yards (17) breadth between the two
+armies, when Herippidas with his foreign brigade, and with them the
+Ionians, Aeolians, and Hellespontines, darted out from the Spartans'
+battle-lines to greet their onset. One and all of the above played their
+part in the first rush forward; in another instant they were (18) within
+spear-thrust of the enemy, and had routed the section immediately before
+them. As to the Argives, they actually declined to receive the attack
+of Agesilaus, and betook themselves in flight to Helicon. At this
+moment some of the foreign division were already in the act of crowning
+Agesilaus with the wreath of victory, when some one brought him word
+that the Thebans had cut through the Orchomenians and were in among the
+baggage train. At this the Spartan general immediately turned his army
+right about and advanced against them. The Thebans, on their side,
+catching sight of their allies withdrawn in flight to the base of the
+Helicon, and anxious to get across to their own friends, formed in close
+order and tramped forward stoutly.
+
+ (14) Lit. "a stade."
+
+ (15) Lit. "Alalah."
+
+ (16) Like a tornado.
+
+ (17) Lit. "about three plethra."
+
+ (18) Or, "All these made up the attacking columns... and coming
+    within... routed..."
+
+At this point no one will dispute the valour of Agesilaus, but he
+certainly did not choose the safest course. It was open to him to make
+way for the enemy to pass, which done, he might have hung upon his heels
+and mastered his rear. This, however, he refused to do, preferring to
+crash full front against the Thebans. Thereupon, with close interlock
+of shield wedged in with shield, they shoved, they fought, they dealt
+death, (19) they breathed out life, till at last a portion of the
+Thebans broke their way through towards Helicon, but paid for that
+departure by the loss of many lives. And now the victory of Agesilaus
+was fairly won, and he himself, wounded, had been carried back to the
+main line, when a party of horse came galloping up to tell him that
+something like eighty of the enemy, under arms, were sheltering under
+the temple, and they asked what they ought to do. Agesilaus, though he
+was covered with wounds, did not, for all that, forget his duty to God.
+He gave orders to let them retire unscathed, and would not suffer any
+injury to be done to them. And now, seeing it was already late, they
+took their suppers and retired to rest.
+
+ (19) Or, "they slew, they were slain." In illustration of this famous
+    passage, twice again worked up in "Ages." ii. 12, and "Cyrop."
+    VII. i. 38, commented on by Longinus, {peri upsous}, 19, and
+    copied by Dio Cassius, 47, 45, I venture to quote a passage from
+    Mr. Rudyard Kipling, "With the Main Guard," p. 57, Mulvaney
+    loquitur: "The Tyrone was pushin' an' pushin' in, an' our men was
+    sweerin' at thim, an' Crook was workin' away in front av us all,
+    his sword-arm swingin' like a pump-handle an' his revolver
+    spittin' like a cat. But the strange thing av ut was the quiet
+    that lay upon. 'Twas like a fight in a dhrame--excipt for thim
+    that wus dead."
+
+But with the morning Gylis the polemarch received orders to draw up the
+troops in battle order, and to set up a trophy, every man crowned with a
+wreath in honour of the god, and all the pipers piping. Thus they busied
+themselves in the Spartan camp. On their side the Thebans sent heralds
+asking to bury their dead, under a truce; and in this wise a truce was
+made. Agesilaus withdrew to Delphi, where on arrival he offered to
+the god a tithe of the produce of his spoils--no less than a hundred
+talents. (20) Gylis the polemarch meanwhile withdrew into Phocis at the
+head of his troops, and from that district made a hostile advance into
+Locris. Here nearly a whole day was spent by the men in freely helping
+themselves to goods and chattels out of the villages and pillaging the
+corn; (21) but as it drew towards evening the troops began to retire,
+with the Lacedaemonians in the rear. The Locrians hung upon their heels
+with a heavy pelt of stones and javelins. Thereupon the Lacedaemonians
+turned short round and gave chase, laying some of their assailants low.
+Then the Locrians ceased clinging to their rear, but continued their
+volleys from the vantage-ground above. The Lacedaemonians again made
+efforts to pursue their persistent foes even up the slope. At last
+darkness descended on them, and as they retired man after man dropped,
+succumbing to the sheer difficulty of the ground; some in their
+inability to see what lay in front, or else shot down by the enemy's
+missiles. It was then that Gylis the polemarch met his end, as also
+Pelles, who was on his personal staff, and the whole of the Spartans
+present without exception--eighteen or thereabouts--perished, either
+crushed by stones or succumbing to other wounds. Indeed, except for
+timely aid brought from the camp where the men were supping, the chances
+are that not a man would have escaped to tell the tale.
+
+ (20) = 25,000 pounds nearly.
+
+ (21) Or, "not to speak of provisions."
+
+
+
+IV
+
+This incident ended the campaign. The army as a whole was disbanded, the
+contingents retiring to their several cities, and Agesilaus home across
+the Gulf by sea.
+
+B.C. 393. Subsequently (1) the war between the two parties recommenced.
+The Athenians, Boeotians, Argives, and the other allies made Corinth
+the base of their operations; the Lacedaemonians and their allies held
+Sicyon as theirs. As to the Corinthians, they had to face the fact that,
+owing to their proximity to the seat of war, it was their territory
+which was ravaged and their people who perished, while the rest of
+the allies abode in peace and reaped the fruits of their lands in due
+season. Hence the majority of them, including the better class, desired
+peace, and gathering into knots they indoctrinated one another with
+these views.
+
+ (1) B.C. 393. See Grote, ix. p. 455, note 2 foll.; "Hell." IV. viii.
+    7.
+
+B.C. 392. (2) On the other hand, it could hardly escape the notice of
+the allied powers, the Argives, Athenians, and Boeotians, as also those
+of the Corinthians themselves who had received a share of the king's
+moneys, or for whatever reason were most directly interested in the war,
+that if they did not promptly put the peace party out of the way, ten
+chances to one the old laconising policy would again hold the field. It
+seemed there was nothing for it but the remedy of the knife. There was a
+refinement of wickedness in the plan adopted. With most people the life
+even of a legally condemned criminal is held sacred during a solemn
+season, but these men deliberately selected the last day of the Eucleia,
+(3) when they might reckon on capturing more victims in the crowded
+market-place, for their murderous purposes. Their agents were supplied
+with the names of those to be gotten rid of, the signal was given, and
+then, drawing their daggers, they fell to work. Here a man was struck
+down standing in the centre of a group of talkers, and there another
+seated; a third while peacably enjoying himself at the play; a fourth
+actually whilst officiating as a judge at some dramatic contest. (4)
+When what was taking place became known, there was a general flight on
+the part of the better classes. Some fled to the images of the gods
+in the market-place, others to the altars; and here these unhallowed
+miscreants, ringleaders and followers alike, utterly regardless of
+duty and law, fell to butchering their victims even within the sacred
+precincts of the gods; so that even some of those against whom no hand
+was lifted--honest, law-abiding folk--were filled with sore amazement
+at sight of such impiety. In this way many of the elder citizens, as
+mustering more thickly in the market-place, were done to death. The
+younger men, acting on a suspicion conceived by one of their number,
+Pasimelus, as to what was going to take place, kept quiet in the
+Kraneion; (5) but hearing screams and shouting and being joined anon by
+some who had escaped from the affair, they took the hint, and, running
+up along the slope of the Acrocorinthus, succeeded in repelling an
+attack of the Argives and the rest. While they were still deliberating
+what they ought to do, down fell a capital from its column--without
+assignable cause, whether of earthquake or wind. Also, when they
+sacrificed, the aspect of the victims was such that the soothsayers said
+it was better to descend from that position.
+
+ (2) Others assign the incidents of this whole chapter iv. to B.C. 393.
+
+ (3) The festival of Artemis Eucleia.
+
+ (4) See Diod. xiv. 86.
+
+ (5) See Paus. II. ii. 4.
+
+So they retired, in the first instance prepared to go into exile beyond
+the territory of Corinth. It was only upon the persuasion of their
+friends and the earnest entreaties of their mothers and sisters who
+came out to them, supported by the solemn assurance of the men in power
+themselves, who swore to guarantee them against evil consequences, that
+some of them finally consented to return home. Presented to their eyes
+was the spectacle of a tyranny in full exercise, and to their minds the
+consciousness of the obliteration of their city, seeing that boundaries
+were plucked up and the land of their fathers had come to be re-entitled
+by the name of Argos instead of Corinth; and furthermore, compulsion was
+put upon them to share in the constitution in vogue at Argos, for which
+they had little appetite, while in their own city they wielded less
+power than the resident aliens. So that a party sprang up among them
+whose creed was, that life was not worth living on such terms: their
+endeavour must be to make their fatherland once more the Corinth of old
+days--to restore freedom to their city, purified from the murderer and
+his pollution and fairly rooted in good order and legality. (6) It was
+a design worth the venture: if they succeeded they would become the
+saviours of their country; if not--why, in the effort to grasp the
+fairest flower of happiness, they would but overreach, and find instead
+a glorious termination to existence.
+
+ (6) {eunomia}. See "Pol. Ath." i. 8; Arist. "Pol." iv. 8, 6; iii. 9,
+    8; v. 7, 4.
+
+It was in furtherance of this design that two men--Pasimelus and
+Alcimenes--undertook to creep through a watercourse and effect a meeting
+with Praxitas the polemarch of the Lacedaemonians, who was on garrison
+duty with his own division in Sicyon. They told him they could give
+him ingress at a point in the long walls leading to Lechaeum. Praxitas,
+knowing from previous experience that the two men might be relied upon,
+believed their statement; and having arranged for the further detention
+in Sicyon of the division which was on the point of departure, he busied
+himself with plans for the enterprise. When the two men, partly by
+chance and partly by contrivance, came to be on guard at the gate where
+the tophy now stands, without further ado Praxitas presented himself
+with his division, taking with him also the men of Sicyon and the whole
+of the Corinthian exiles. (7) Having reached the gate, he had a qualm of
+misgiving, and hesitated to step inside until he had first sent in a
+man on whom he could rely to take a look at things within. The two
+Corinthians introduced him, and made so simple and straightforward
+a representation (8) that the visitor was convinced, and reported
+everything as free of pitfalls as the two had asserted. Then the
+polemarch entered, but owing to the wide space between the double
+walls, as soon as they came to form in line within, the intruders were
+impressed by the paucity of their numbers. They therefore erected a
+stockade, and dug as good a trench as they could in front of them,
+pending the arrival of reinforcements from the allies. In their rear,
+moreover, lay the guard of the Boeotians in the harbour. Thus they
+passed the whole day which followed the night of ingress without
+striking a blow.
+
+ (8) Or, "showed him the place in so straightforward a manner."
+
+On the next day, however, the Argive troops arrived in all haste,
+hurrying to the rescue, and found the enemy duly drawn up. The
+Lacedaemonians were on their own right, the men of Sicyon next, and
+leaning against the eastern wall the Corinthian exiles, one hundred and
+fifty strong. (9) Their opponents marshalled their lines face to face in
+correspondence: Iphicrates with his mercenaries abutting on the eastern
+wall; next to them the Argives, whilst the Corinthians of the city held
+their left. In the pride inspired by numbers they began advancing at
+once. They overpowered the Sicyonians, and tearing asunder the stockade,
+pursued them to the sea and here slew numbers of them. At that instant
+Pasimachus, the cavalry general, at the head of a handful of troopers,
+seeing the Sicyonians sore presed, made fast the horses of his troops to
+the trees, and relieving the Sicyonians of their heavy infantry shields,
+advanced with his volunteers against the Argives. The latter, seeing the
+Sigmas on the shields and taking them to be "Sicyonians," had not the
+slightest fear. Whereupon, as the story goes, Pasimachus, exclaiming
+in his broad Doric, "By the twin gods! these Sigmas will cheat you,
+you Argives," came to close quarters, and in that battle of a handful
+against a host, was slain himself with all his followers. In another
+quarter of the field, however, the Corinthian exiles had got the better
+of their opponents and worked their way up, so that they were now
+touching the city circumvallation walls.
+
+ (9) See Grote, ix. p. 333 foll.
+
+The Lacedaemonians, on their side, perceiving the discomfiture of the
+Sicyonians, sprang out with timely aid, keeping the palisade-work on
+their left. But the Argives, discovering that the Lacedaemonians were
+behind them, wheeled round and came racing back, pouring out of the
+palisade at full speed. Their extreme right, with unprotected flanks
+exposed, fell victims to the Lacedaemonians; the rest, hugging the wall,
+made good their retreat in dense masses towards the city. Here they
+encountered the Corinthian exiles, and discovering that they had fallen
+upon foes, swerved aside in the reverse direction. In this predicament
+some mounted by the ladders of the city wall, and, leaping down from
+its summit, were destroyed; (10) others yielded up their lives, thrust
+through, as they jostled at the foot of the steps; others again were
+literally trampled under one another's feet and suffocated.
+
+ (10) Or, "plunged from its summit into perdition." See Thuc. ii. 4.
+
+The Lacedaemonians had no difficulty in the choice of victims; for at
+that instant a work was assigned to them to do, (11) such as they could
+hardly have hoped or prayed for. To find delivered into their hands
+a mob of helpless enemies, in an ecstasy of terror, presenting their
+unarmed sides in such sort that none turned to defend himself, but
+each victim rather seemed to contribute what he could towards his own
+destruction--if that was not divine interposition, I know now what to
+call it. Miracle or not, in that little space so many fell, and the
+corpses lay piled so thick, that eyes familiar with the stacking of corn
+or wood or piles of stones were called upon to gaze at layers of human
+bodies. Nor did the guard of the Boeotians in the port itself (12)
+escape death; some were slain upon the ramparts, others on the roofs of
+the dock-houses, which they had scaled for refuge. Nothing remained but
+for the Corinthians and Argives to carry away their dead under cover of
+a truce; whilst the allies of Lacedaemon poured in their reinforcements.
+When these were collected, Praxitas decided in the first place to raze
+enough of the walls to allow a free broadway for an army on march. This
+done, he put himself at the head of his troops and advanced on the road
+to Megara, taking by assault, first Sidus and next Crommyon. Leaving
+garrisons in these two fortresses, he retraced his steps, and finally
+fortifying Epieiceia as a garrison outpost to protect the territory
+of the allies, he at once disbanded his troops and himself withdrew to
+Lacedaemon.
+
+ (11) Or, "Heaven assigned to them a work..." Lit. "The God..."
+
+ (12) I.e. "of Lechaeum."
+
+B.C. 392-391. (13) After this the great armaments of both belligerents
+had ceased to exist. The states merely furnished garrisons--the one
+set at Corinth, the other set at Sicyon--and were content to guard the
+walls. Though even so, a vigorous war was carried on by dint of the
+mercenary troops with which both sides were furnished.
+
+ (13) So Grote and Curtius; al. B.C. 393.
+
+A signal incident in the period was the invasion of Phlius by
+Iphicrates. He laid an ambuscade, and with a small body of troops
+adopting a system of guerilla war, took occasion of an unguarded sally
+of the citizens of Phlius to inflict such losses on them, that though
+they had never previously received the Lacedaemonians within their
+walls, they received them now. They had hitherto feared to do so lest
+it might lead to the restoration of the banished members of
+their community, who gave out that they owed their exile to their
+Lacedaemonian sympathies; (14) but they were now in such abject fear
+of the Corinthian party that they sent to fetch the Lacedaemonians,
+and delivered the city and citadel to their safe keeping. These latter,
+however, well disposed to the exiles of Phlius, did not, at the time
+they held the city, so much as breathe the thought of bringing back the
+exiles; on the contrary, as soon as the city seemed to have recovered
+its confidence, they took their departure, leaving city and laws
+precisely as they had found them on their entry.
+
+ (14) Lit. "laconism."
+
+To return to Iphicrates and his men: they frequently extended their
+incursions even into Arcadia in many directions, (15) following their
+usual guerilla tactics, but also making assaults on fortified posts. The
+heavy infantry of the Arcadians positively refused to face them in the
+field, so profound was the terror in which they held these light troops.
+In compensation, the light troops themselves entertained a wholesome
+dread of the Lacedaemonians, and did not venture to approach even within
+javelin-range of their heavy infantry. They had been taught a lesson
+when, within that distance, some of the younger hoplites had made a dash
+at them, catching and putting some of them to the sword. But however
+profound the contempt of the Lacedaemonians for these light troops,
+their contempt for their own allies was deeper. (On one occasion (16) a
+reinforcement of Mantineans had sallied from the walls between Corinth
+and Lechaeum to engage the peltasts, and had no sooner come under attack
+than they swerved, losing some of their men as they made good their
+retreat. The Lacedaemonians were unkind enough to poke fun at these
+unfortunates. "Our allies," they said, "stand in as much awe of these
+peltasts as children of the bogies and hobgoblins of their nurses." For
+themselves, starting from Lechaeum, they found no difficulty in marching
+right round the city of Corinth with a single Lacedaemonian division and
+the Corinthian exiles.) (17)
+
+ (15) See Thuc. ii. 4.
+
+ (16) See Grote, ix. 472 note. Lechaeum was not taken by the
+    Lacedaemonians until the Corinthian long walls had been rebuilt by
+    the Athenians. Possibly the incidents in this section (S. 17)
+    occurred after the capture of Lechaeum. The historian introduces
+    them parenthetically, as it were, in illustration of his main
+    topic--the success of the peltasts.
+
+ (17) Or, adopting Schneider's conjecture, {estratopedeuonto}, add "and
+    encamping."
+
+The Athenians, on their side, who felt the power of the Lacedaemonians
+to be dangerously close, now that the walls of Corinth had been laid
+open, and even apprehended a direct attack upon themselves, determined
+to rebuild the portion of the wall severed by Praxitas. Accordingly
+they set out with their whole force, including a suite of stonelayers,
+masons, and carpenters, and within a few days erected a quite splendid
+wall on the side facing Sicyon towards the west, (18) and then proceeded
+with more leisure to the completion of the eastern portion.
+
+ (18) See Thuc. vi. 98.
+
+To turn once more to the other side: the Lacedaemonians, indignant at
+the notion that the Argives should be gathering the produce of their
+lands in peace at home, as if war were a pastime, marched against them.
+Agesilaus commanded the expedition, and after ravaging their territory
+from one end to the other, crossed their frontier at Tenea (19) and
+swooped down upon Corinth, taking the walls which had been lately
+rebuilt by the Athenians. He was supported on the sea side by his
+brother Teleutias (20) with a naval force of about twelve triremes, and
+the mother of both was able to congratulate herself on the joint success
+of both her sons; one having captured the enemy's walls by land and
+the other his ships and naval arsenal by sea, on the same day. These
+achievements sufficed Agesilaus for the present; he disbanded the army
+of the allies and led the state troops home.
+
+ (19) Reading {Tenean}, Koppen's emendation for {tegean}. In the
+    parallel passage ("Ages." ii. 17) the text has {kata ta stena}.
+    See Grote, "H. G." ix. 471.
+
+ (20) See below, IV. viii. 11.
+
+
+
+V
+
+B.C. 390. (1) Subsequently the Lacedaemonians made a second expedition
+against Corinth. They heard from the exiles that the citizens contrived
+to preserve all their cattle in Peiraeum; indeed, large numbers derived
+their subsistence from the place. Agesilaus was again in command of the
+expedition. In the first instance he advanced upon the Isthmus. It
+was the month of the Isthmian games, (2) and here he found the Argives
+engaged in conducting the sacrifice to Poseidon, as if Corinth were
+Argos. So when they perceived the approach of Agesilaus, the Argives and
+their friends left the offerings as they lay, including the preparations
+for the breakfast, and retired with undisguised alarm into the city
+by the Cenchrean road. (3) Agesilaus, though he observed the movement,
+refrained from giving chase, but taking up his quarters in the temple,
+there proceeded to offer victims to the god himself, and waited until
+the Corinthian exiles had celebrated the sacrifice to Poseidon, along
+with the games. But no sooner had Agesilaus turned his back and retired,
+than the Argives returned and celebrated the Isthmian games afresh;
+so that in this particular year there were cases in which the same
+competitors were twice defeated in this or that contest, or conversely,
+the same man was proclaimed victor twice over.
+
+ (1) Al. B.C. 392. The historian omits the overtures for peace, B.C.
+    391 (or 391-390) referred to in Andoc. "De Pace." See Jebb, "Att.
+    Or." i. 83, 108; Grote, "H. G." ix. 474; Curtius, "H. G." Eng. tr.
+    iv. 261.
+
+ (2) Grote and Curtius believe these to be the Isthmian games of 390
+    B.C., not of 392 B.C., as Sauppe and others suppose. See Peter,
+    "Chron. Table," p. 89, note 183; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 468, note on
+    VIII. 9, 1.
+
+ (3) Lit. "road to Cenchreae."
+
+On the fourth day Agesilaus led his troops against Peiraeum, but finding
+it strongly defended, he made a sudden retrograde march after the
+morning meal in the direction of the capital, as though he calculated on
+the betrayal of the city. The Corinthians, in apprehension of some such
+possible catastrophe, sent to summon Iphicrates with the larger
+portion of his light infantry. These passed by duly in the night, not
+unobserved, however, by Agesilaus, who at once turned round at break of
+day and advanced on Piraeum. He himself kept to the low ground by the
+hot springs, (4) sending a division to scale the top of the pass. That
+night he encamped at the hot springs, while the division bivouacked
+in the open, in possession of the pass. Here Agesilaus distinguished
+himself by an invention as seasonable as it was simple. Among those
+who carried provisions for the division not one had thought of bringing
+fire. The altitude was considerable; there had been a fall of rain and
+hail towards evening and the temperature was low; besides which, the
+scaling party were clad in thin garments suited to the summer season.
+There they sat shivering in the dark, with scarcely heart to attack
+their suppers, when Agesilaus sent up to them as many as ten porters
+carrying fire in earthen pots. One found his way up one way, one
+another, and presently there were many bonfires blazing--magnificently
+enough, since there was plenty of wood to hand; so that all fell to
+oiling themselves and many supped over again. The same night the sky was
+lit up by the blaze of the temple of Poseidon--set on fire no one knows
+how.
+
+ (4) Near mod. Lutraki.
+
+When the men in Piraeum perceived that the pass was occupied, they at
+once abandoned all thought of self-defence and fled for refuge to the
+Heraion (5)--men and women, slaves and free-born, with the greater part
+of their flocks and herds. Agesilaus, with the main body, meanwhile
+pursued his march by the sea-shore, and the division, simultaneously
+descending from the heights, captured the fortified position of Oenoe,
+appropriating its contents. Indeed, all the troops on that day reaped
+a rich harvest in the supplies they brought in from various farmsteads.
+Presently those who had escaped into the Heraion came out, offering to
+leave it to Agesilaus to decide what he would do with them. He decided
+to deliver up to the exiles all those concerned with the late butchery,
+and that all else should be sold. And so from the Heraion streamed out
+a long line of prisoners, whilst from other sides embassies arrived in
+numbers; and amongst these a deputation from the Boeotians, anxious to
+learn what they should do to obtain peace. These latter Agesilaus,
+with a certain loftiness of manner, affected not even to see, although
+Pharax, (6) their proxenus, stood by their side to introduce them.
+Seated in a circular edifice on the margin of the lake, (7) he surveyed
+the host of captives and valuables as they were brought out. Beside the
+prisoners, to guard them, stepped the Lacedaemonian warriors from the
+camp, carrying their spears--and themselves plucked all gaze their way,
+so readily will success and the transient fortune of the moment rivet
+attention. But even while Agesilaus was still thus seated, wearing a
+look betokening satisfaction at some great achievement, a horseman came
+galloping up; the flanks of his charger streamed with sweat. To the many
+inquiries what news he brought, the rider responded never a word; but
+being now close beside Agesilaus, he leaped from his horse, and running
+up to him with lowering visage narrated the disaster of the Spartan
+division (8) at Lechaeum. At these tidings the king sprang instantly
+from his seat, clutching his spear, and bade his herald summon to a
+meeting the generals, captains of fifties, and commanders of foreign
+brigades. (9) When these had rapidly assembled he bade them, seeing that
+the morning meal had not yet been tasted, to swallow hastily what they
+could, and with all possible speed to overtake him. But for himself,
+he, with the officers of the royal staff, (10) set off at once without
+breakfast. His bodyguard, with their heavy arms, accompanied him with
+all speed--himself in advance, the officers following behind. In this
+fashion he had already passed beyond the warm springs, and was well
+within the plateau of Lechaeum, when three horsemen rode up with further
+news: the dead bodies had been picked up. On receipt of these tidings
+he commanded the troops to order arms, and having rested them a little
+space, led them back again to the Heraion. The next day he spent in
+disposing of the captured property. (11)
+
+ (5) Or, "Heraeum," i.e. sanctuary of Hera, on a promontory so called.
+    See Leake, "Morea," iii. 317.
+
+ (6) See "Hell." III. ii. 12, if the same.
+
+ (7) Or, "on the round pavilion by the lake" (mod. Vuliasmeni).
+
+ (8) Technically "mora."
+
+ (9) Lit. the polemarchs, penteconters, and xenagoi.
+
+ (10) See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 1.
+
+ (11) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 480, in reference to "Ages." vii. 6.
+
+The ambassadors of the Boeotians were then summoned, and, being asked to
+explain the object of their coming, made no further mention of the
+word "peace," but replied that, if there was nothing to hinder it, they
+wished to have a pass to their own soldiers within the capital. The king
+answered with a smile: "I know your desire is not so much to see your
+soldiers as to feast your eyes on the good fortune of your friends, and
+to measure its magnitude. Wait then, I will conduct you myself; with
+me you will be better able to discover the true value of what has taken
+place." And he was as good as his word. Next day he sacrificed, and led
+his army up to the gates of Corinth. The trophy he respected, but not
+one tree did he leave standing--chopping and burning, as proof positive
+that no one dared to face him in the field. And having so done, he
+encamped about Lechaeum; and as to the Theban ambassadors, in lieu
+of letting them pass into the city, he sent them off by sea across to
+Creusis.
+
+But in proportion to the unwontedness of such a calamity befalling
+Lacedaemonians, a widespread mourning fell upon the whole Laconian army,
+those alone excepted whose sons or fathers or brothers had died at their
+post. The bearing of these resembled that of conquerors, (12) as with
+bright faces they moved freely to and fro, glorying in their domestic
+sorrow. Now the tragic fate which befell the division was on this wise:
+It was the unvaried custom of the men of Amyclae to return home at
+the Hyacinthia, (13) to join in the sacred paean, a custom not to be
+interrupted by active service or absence from home or for any other
+reason. So, too, on this occasion, Agesilaus had left behind all the
+Amyclaeans serving in any part of his army at Lechaeum. At the right
+moment the general in command of the garrison at that place had posted
+the garrison troops of the allies to guard the walls during his absence,
+and put himself at the head of his division of heavy infantry with that
+of the cavalry, (14) and led the Amyclaeans past the walls of Corinth.
+Arrived at a point within three miles or so (15) of Sicyon, the
+polemarch turned back himself in the direction of Lechaeum with his
+heavy infantry regiment, six hundred strong, giving orders to the
+cavalry commandant to escort the Amyclaeans with his division as far as
+they required, and then to turn and overtake him. It cannot be said that
+the Lacedaemonians were ignorant of the large number of light troops and
+heavy infantry inside Corinth, but owing to their former successes they
+arrogantly presumed that no one would attack them. Within the capital
+of the Corinthians, however, their scant numbers--a thin line of heavy
+infantry unsupported by light infantry or cavalry--had been noted; and
+Callias, the son of Hipponicus, (16) who was in command of the Athenian
+hoplites, and Iphicrates at the head of his peltasts, saw no risk in
+attacking with the light brigade. Since if the enemy continued his
+march by the high road, he would be cut up by showers of javelins on his
+exposed right flank; or if he were tempted to take the offensive, they
+with their peltasts, the nimblest of all light troops, would easily slip
+out of the grasp of his hoplites.
+
+ (12) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 488.
+
+ (13) Observed on three days of the month Hecatombaeus (= July). See
+    Muller's "Dorians," ii. 360. For Amyclae, see Leake, "Morea," i.
+    ch. iv. p. 145 foll.; Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279.
+
+ (14) See below, "Hell." VI. iv. 12; and "Pol. Lac." xi. 4, xiii. 4.
+
+ (15) Lit. "twenty or thirty stades."
+
+ (16) See Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.
+
+With this clearly-conceived idea they led out their troops; and while
+Callias drew up his heavy infantry in line at no great distance from the
+city, Iphicrates and his peltasts made a dash at the returning division.
+
+The Lacedaemonians were presently within range of the javelins. (17)
+Here a man was wounded, and there another dropped, not to rise again.
+Each time orders were given to the attendant shield-bearers (18) to pick
+up the men and bear them into Lechaeum; and these indeed were the
+only members of the mora who were, strictly speaking, saved. Then the
+polemarch ordered the ten-years-service men (19) to charge and drive off
+their assailants. Charge, however, as they might, they took nothing by
+their pains--not a man could they come at within javelin range. Being
+heavy infantry opposed to light troops, before they could get to close
+quarters the enemy's word of command sounded "Retire!" whilst as soon
+as their own ranks fell back, scattered as they were in consequence of
+a charge where each man's individual speed had told, Iphicrates and his
+men turned right about and renewed the javelin attack, while others,
+running alongside, harassed their exposed flank. At the very first
+charge the assailants had shot down nine or ten, and, encouraged by
+this success, pressed on with increasing audacity. These attacks told so
+severely that the polemarch a second time gave the order (and this time
+for the fifteen-years-service men) to charge. The order was promptly
+obeyed, but on retiring they lost more men than on the first occasion,
+and it was not until the pick and flower of the division had succumbed
+that they were joined by their returning cavalry, in whose company they
+once again attempted a charge. The light infantry gave way, but the
+attack of the cavalry was feebly enforced. Instead of pressing home the
+charge until at least they had sabred some of the enemy, they kept their
+horses abreast of their infantry skirmishers, (20) charging and wheeling
+side by side.
+
+ (17) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 467, note on the improvements of
+    Iphicrates.
+
+ (18) Grote, "H. G." ix. 484; cf. "Hell." IV. viii. 39; "Anab." IV. ii.
+    20; Herod. ix. 10-29.
+
+ (19) Youngest rank and file, between eighteen and twenty-eight years
+    of age, who formed the first line. The Spartan was liable to
+    service at the age of eighteen. From twenty-eight to thirty-three
+    he would belong to the fifteen-years-service division (the second
+    line); and so on. See below, IV. vi. 10.
+
+ (20) See Thuc. iv. 125.
+
+Again and again the monotonous tale of doing and suffering repeated
+itself, except that as their own ranks grew thinner and their courage
+ebbed, the courage of their assailants grew bolder and their numbers
+increased. In desperation they massed compactly upon the narrow slope of
+a hillock, distant a couple of furlongs (21) or so from the sea, and a
+couple of miles (22) perhaps from Lechaeum. Their friends in Lechaeum,
+perceiving them, embarked in boats and sailed round until they were
+immediately under the hillock. And now, in the very slough of despair,
+being so sorely troubled as man after man dropped dead, and unable
+to strike a blow, to crown their distress they saw the enemy's heavy
+infantry advancing. Then they took to flight; some of them threw
+themselves into the sea; others--a mere handful--escaped with the
+cavalry into Lechaeum. The death-roll, including those who fell in the
+second fight and the final flight, must have numbered two hundred and
+fifty slain, or thereabouts. (23) Such is the tale of the destruction of
+the Lacedaemonian mora.
+
+ (21) Lit. "two stades."
+
+ (22) Lit. "sixteen or seventeen stades."
+
+ (23) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 486.
+
+Subsequently, with the mutilated fragment of the division, Agesilaus
+turned his back upon Lechaeum, leaving another division behind to
+garrison that port. On his passage homewards, as he wound his way
+through the various cities, he made a point of arriving at each as late
+in the day as possible, renewing his march as early as possible next
+morning. Leaving Orchomenus at the first streak of dawn, he passed
+Mantinea still under cover of darkness. The spectacle of the Mantineans
+rejoicing at their misfortune would have been too severe an ordeal for
+his soldiers.
+
+But Iphicrates had not yet reached the summit of his good fortune.
+Success followed upon success. Lacedaemonian garrisons had been placed
+in Sidus and Crommyon by Praxitas when he took these fortresses, and
+again in Oenoe, when Peiraeum was taken quite lately by Agesilaus. One
+and all of these now fell into the hands of Iphicrates. Lechaeum still
+held out, garrisoned as it was by the Lacedaemonians and their allies;
+while the Corinthian exiles, unable since (24) the disaster of the mora
+any longer to pass freely by land from Sicyon, had the sea passage still
+open to them, and using Lechaeum as their base, (25) kept up a game of
+mutual annoyance with the party in the capital.
+
+ (24) Lit. "owing to."
+
+ (25) The illustrative incidents narrated in chapter iv. 17 may belong
+    to this period.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+B.C. 390-389. (1) At a later date the Achaeans, being in possession of
+Calydon, a town from old times belonging to Aetolia, and having further
+incorporated the Calydonians as citizens, (2) were under the necessity
+of garrisoning their new possession. The reason was, that the
+Arcarnanians were threatening the place with an army, and were aided
+by contingents from Athens and Boeotia, who were anxious to help their
+allies. (3) Under the strain of this combined attack the Achaeans
+despatched ambassadors to Lacedaemon, who on arrival complained of the
+unfair conduct of Lacedaemon towards themselves. "We, sirs," they said,
+"are ever ready to serve in your armies, in obedience to whatever orders
+you choose to issue; we follow you whithersoever you think fit to lead;
+but when it comes to our being beleaguered by the Acarnanians, with
+their allies the Athenians and Boeotians, you show not the slightest
+concern. Understand, then, that if things go on thus we cannot hold out;
+but either we must give up all part in the war in Peloponnesus and cross
+over in full force to engage the Arcarnanians, or we must make peace
+with them on whatever terms we can." This language was a tacit threat
+that if they failed to obtain the assistance they felt entitled to from
+Lacedaemon they would quit the alliance.
+
+ (1) According to others (who suppose that the Isthmia and the events
+    recorded in chapter v. 1-19 above belong to B.C. 392), we have now
+    reached B.C. 391.
+
+ (2) Or, "having conferred a city organisation on the Calydonians."
+
+ (3) See Thuc. ii. 68.
+
+The ephors and the assembly concluded that there was no alternative
+but to assist the Achaeans in their campaign against the Acarnanians.
+Accordingly they sent out Agesilaus with two divisions and the proper
+complement of allies. The Achaeans none the less marched out in full
+force themselves. No sooner had Agesilaus crossed the gulf than there
+was a general flight of the population from the country districts into
+the towns, whilst the flocks and herds were driven into remote districts
+that they might not be captured by the troops. Being now arrived on
+the frontier of the enemy's territory, Agesilaus sent to the general
+assembly of the Acarnanians at Stratus, (4) warning them that unless
+they chose to give up their alliance with the Boeotians and Athenians,
+and to take instead themselves and their allies, he would ravage their
+territory through its length and breadth, and not spare a single thing.
+When they turned a deaf ear to this summons, the other proceeded to do
+what he threatened, systematically laying the district waste, felling
+the timber and cutting down the fruit-trees, while slowly moving on at
+the rate of ten or twelve furlongs a day. The Acarnanians, owing to the
+snail-like progress of the enemy, were lulled into a sense of security.
+They even began bringing down their cattle from their alps, and devoted
+themselves to the tillage of far the greater portion of their fields.
+But Agesilaus only waited till their rash confidence reached its climax;
+then on the fifteenth or sixteenth day after he had first entered the
+country he sacrificed at early dawn, and before evening had traversed
+eighteen miles (5) or so of country to the lake (6) round which were
+collected nearly all the flocks and herds of the Acarnanians, and so
+captured a vast quantity of cattle, horses, and grazing stock of all
+kinds, besides numerous slaves.
+
+ (4) "The Akarnanians had, in early times, occupied the hill of Olpai
+    as a place for judicial proceedings common to the whole nation"
+    (see Thuc. iii. 105). "But in Thucydides' own time Stratos had
+    attained its position as the greatest city of Akarnania, and
+    probably the Federal Assemblies were already held there" (Thuc.
+    ii. 80). "In the days of Agesilaos we find Stratos still more
+    distinctly marked as the place of Federal meeting."--Freeman,
+    "Hist. Fed. Gov." ch. iv. p. 148 foll., "On the constitution of
+    the League."
+
+ (5) Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
+
+ (6) See Thuc. ii. 80; vi. 106.
+
+Having secured this prize, he stayed on the spot the whole of the
+following day, and devoted himself to disposing of the captured property
+by public sale. While he was thus engaged, a large body of Arcarnanian
+light infantry appeared, and availing themselves of the position in
+which Agesilaus was encamped against the mountain side, assailed him
+with volleys of sling-stones and rocks from the razor-edge of the
+mountain, without suffering any scathe themselves. By this means they
+succeeded in dislodging and forcing his troops down into the level
+plain, and that too at an hour when the whole camp was engaged in
+preparations for the evening meal. As night drew on, the Acarnanians
+retired; sentinels were posted, and the troops slept in peace.
+
+Next day Agesilaus led off his army. The exit from the plain and
+meadow-land round the lake was a narrow aperture through a close
+encircling range of hills. In occupation of this mountain barrier the
+Acarnanians, from the vantage-ground above, poured down a continuous
+pelt of stones and other missiles, or, creeping down to the fringes,
+dogged and annoyed them so much that the army was no longer able to
+proceed. If the heavy infantry or cavalry made sallies from the main
+line they did no harm to their assailants, for the Acarnanians had only
+to retire and they had quickly gained their strongholds. It was too
+severe a task, Agesilaus thought, to force his way through the narrow
+pass so sorely beset. He made up his mind, therefore, to charge that
+portion of the enemy who dogged his left, though these were pretty
+numerous. The range of hills on this side was more accessible to heavy
+infantry and horse alike. During the interval needed for the inspection
+of victims, the Acarnanians kept plying them with javelins and bullets,
+and, coming into close proximity, wounded man after man. But presently
+came the word of command, "Advance!" and the fifteen-years-service men
+of the heavy infantry (7) ran forward, accompanied by the cavalry, at a
+round pace, the general himself steadily following with the rest of the
+column. Those of the Acarnanians who had crept down the mountain side at
+that instant in the midst of their sharpshooting turned and fled, and as
+they climbed the steep, man after man was slain. When, however, the top
+of the pass was reached, there stood the hoplites of the Acarnanians
+drawn up in battle line, and supported by the mass of their light
+infantry. There they steadily waited, keeping up a continuous discharge
+of missiles the while, or launching their long spears; whereby they
+dealt wounds to the cavalry troopers and death in some cases to the
+horses. But when they were all but within the clutches of the advancing
+heavy infantry (8) of the Lacedaemonians their firmness forsook them;
+they swerved and fled, and there died of them on that day about three
+hundred. So ended the affair.
+
+ (7) I.e. "the first two ranks." See above, IV. v. 14.
+
+ (8) See "Ages." ii. 20, for an extraordinary discrepancy.
+
+Agesilaus set up a trophy of victory, and afterwards making a tour of
+the country, he visited it with fire and sword. (9) Occasionally, in
+obedience to pressure put upon him by the Achaeans, he would assault
+some city, but did not capture a single one. And now, as the season of
+autumn rapidly approached, he prepared to leave the country; whereupon
+the Achaeans, who looked upon his exploits as abortive, seeing that not
+a single city, willingly or unwillingly, had as yet been detached from
+their opponents, begged him, as the smallest service he could render
+them, at any rate to stay long enough in the country to prevent the
+Acarnanians from sowing their corn. He answered that the course they
+suggested ran counter to expediency. "You forget," he said, "that I mean
+to invade your enemies again next summer; and therefore the larger their
+sowing now, the stronger will be their appetite for peace hereafter."
+With this retort he withdrew overland through Aetolia, and by roads,
+moreover, which no army, small or great, could possibly have traversed
+without the consent of the inhabitants. The Aetolians, however, were
+only too glad to yield the Spartan king a free passage, cherishing hopes
+as they did that he would aid them to recover Naupactus. On reaching
+Rhium (10) he crossed the gulf at that point and returned homewards,
+the more direct passage from Calydon to Peloponnesus being effectually
+barred by an Athenian squadron stationed at Oeniadae.
+
+ (9) Or lit. "burning and felling."
+
+ (10) Or Antirrhium (as more commonly called).
+
+
+
+VII
+
+B.C. 389-388. (1) On the expiration of winter, and in fulfilment of his
+promise to the Achaeans, Agesilaus called out the ban once more with
+early spring to invade the Acarnanians. The latter were apprised of his
+intention, and, being persuaded that owing to the midland situation of
+their cities they would just as truly be blockaded by an enemy who chose
+to destroy their corn as they would be if besieged with entrenchments in
+regular form, they sent ambassadors to Lacedaemon, and made peace with
+the Achaeans and alliance with the Lacedaemonians. Thus closes this page
+of history concerning the affairs of Arcarnania.
+
+ (1) According to others, B.C. 390.
+
+To turn to the next. There was a feeling on the part of the
+Lacedaemonians (2) that no expedition against Athens or Boeotia would be
+safe so long as a state so important and so close to their own frontier
+as Argos remained in open hostility behind them. Accordingly they called
+out the ban against Argos. Now when Agesipolis learnt that the duty of
+leadership devolved on him, and, moreover, that the sacrifices before
+crossing the frontier were favourable, he went to Olympia and consulted
+the will of the god. "Would it be lawful to him," he inquired, "not to
+accept the holy truce, on the ground that the Argives made the season
+for it (3) depend not on a fixed date, but on the prospect of a
+Lacedaemonian invasion?" The god indicated to the inquirer that he might
+lawfully repudiate any holy truce which was fraudulently antedated. (4)
+Not content with this, the young king, on leaving Olympia, went at once
+to Delphi, and at that shrine put the same question to Apollo: "Were his
+views in accordance with his Father's as touching the holy truce?"--to
+which the son of Zeus made answer: "Yea, altogether in accordance." (5)
+
+ (2) Or, "It was agreed by the Lacedaemonians."
+
+ (3) I.e. "the season of the Carneia."
+
+ (4) Or, "wrongfully put forward." See below, V. i. 29; iii. 28; Paus.
+    III. v. 8; Jebb. "Att. Or." i. p. 131; Grote, "H. G." ix. 494
+    foll.; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 315; note to Thuc. V. liv. 3.
+
+ (5) Grote; cf. Aristot. "Rhet." ii. 33.
+
+Then without further hesitation, picking up his army at Phlius
+(where, during his absence to visit the temples, the troops had been
+collecting), he advanced by Nemea into the enemy's territory. The
+Argives, on their side, perceiving that they would be unable to hinder
+his advance, in accordance with their custom sent a couple of heralds,
+garlanded, and presented their usual plea of a holy truce. Agesipolis
+answered them curtly that the gods were not satisfied with the justice
+of their plea, and, refusing to accept the truce, pushed forward,
+causing thereby great perplexity and consternation throughout the rural
+districts and the capital itself.
+
+But while he was getting his evening meal that first evening in the
+Argive territory--just at the moment when the after-dinner libation had
+been poured out--the god sent an earthquake; and with one consent the
+Lacedaemonians, beginning with the officers of the royal quarters,
+sang the sacred hymn of Poseidon. The soldiers, in general, expected to
+retreat, arguing that, on the occurrence of an earthquake once before,
+Agis had retired from Elis. But Agesipolis held another view: if the god
+had sent his earthquake at the moment when he was meditating invasion,
+he should have understood that the god forbade his entrance; but now,
+when the invasion was a thing effected, he must needs take it as a
+signal of his approval. (6) Accordingly next morning he sacrificed to
+Poseidon, and advanced a short distance further into the country.
+
+ (6) Or, "interpret the signal as a summons to advance."
+
+The late expedition of Agesilaus into Argos (7) was still fresh in men's
+minds, and Agesipolis was eager to ascertain from the soldiers how close
+his predecessor had advanced to the fortification walls; or again, how
+far he had gone in ravaging the open country--not unlike a competitor
+in the pentathlon, (8) eager to cap the performance of his rival in each
+event. On one occasion it was only the discharge of missiles from the
+towers which forced him to recross the trenches round the walls; on
+another, profiting by the absence of the majority of the Argives in
+Laconian territory, he came so close to the gates that their officers
+actually shut out their own Boeotian cavalry on the point of entering,
+in terror lest the Lacedaemonians might pour into the town in company,
+and these Boeotian troopers were forced to cling, like bats to a wall,
+under each coign of vantage beneath the battlements. Had it not been for
+the accidental absence of the Cretans, (9) who had gone off on a raid to
+Nauplia, without a doubt numbers of men and horses would have been
+shot down. At a later date, while encamping in the neighbourhood of the
+Enclosures, (10) a thunder-bolt fell into his camp. One or two men were
+struck, while others died from the effect of the concussion on their
+brains. At a still later period he was anxious to fortify some sort of
+garrison outpost in the pass of Celusa, (11) but upon offering sacrifice
+the victims proved lobeless, (12) and he was constrained to lead back
+and disband his army--not without serious injury inflicted on the
+Argives, as the result of an invasion which had taken them wholly by
+surprise.
+
+ (7) See above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
+
+ (8) The pentathlon of Olympia and the other great games consisted of
+    five contests, in the following order--(1) leaping, (2) discus-
+    throwing, (3) javelin-throwing, (4) running, (5) wrestling. Cf.
+    Simonides, {alma podokeien diskon akonta palen}, where, "metri
+    gratia," the order is inverted. The competitors were drawn in
+    pairs. The odd man who drew a bye in any particular round or heat
+    was called the "ephedros." The successful athletes of the pairs,
+    that is, those who had won any three events out of five, would
+    then again be drawn against each other, and so on until only two
+    were left, between whom the final heat took place. See, for an
+    exhaustive discussion of the subject, Prof. Percy Gardner, "The
+    Pentathlon of the Greeks" ("Journal of Hellenic Studies," vol. i.
+    9, p. 210 foll. pl. viii.), from whom this note is taken.
+
+ (9) See Thuc. vii. 57.
+
+ (10) {peri tas eirktas}--what these were no one knows, possibly a
+    stone quarry used as a prison. Cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 19; "Mem." II.
+    i. 5; see Grote, "H. G." ix. 497; Paus. III. v.. 8.
+
+ (11) Or Celossa. See Strabo, viii. 382.
+
+ (12) I.e. "hopeless." See above, III. iv. 15.
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+394 B.C. Such were the land operations in the war. Meanwhile another
+series of events was being enacted on the sea and within the seaboard
+cities; and these I will now narrate in detail. But I shall confine my
+pen to the more memorable incidents, and others of less account I shall
+pass over.
+
+In the first place, then, Pharnabazus and Conon, after defeating the
+Lacedaemonians in the naval engagement of Cnidus, commenced a tour of
+inspection round the islands and the maritime states, expelling from
+them, as they visited them, one after another the Spartan governors. (1)
+Everywhere they gave consolatory assurances to the citizens that they
+had no intention of establishing fortress citadels within their walls,
+or in any way interfering with their self-government. (2) Such words
+fell soothingly upon the ears of those to whom they were addressed;
+the proposals were courteously accepted; all were eager to present
+Pharnabazus with gifts of friendship and hospitality. The satrap,
+indeed, was only applying the instructions of his master Conon on these
+matters--who had taught him that if he acted thus all the states would
+be friendly to him, whereas, if he showed any intention to enslave them,
+the smallest of them would, as Conon insisted, be capable of causing
+a world of trouble, and the chances were, if apprehensions were once
+excited, he would find himself face to face with a coalition of united
+Hellas. To these admonitions Pharnabazus lent a willing ear.
+
+ (1) Lit. "the Laconian harmosts."
+
+ (2) See Hicks, 70, "Honours to Konon," Inscript. found at Erythrae in
+    Ionia. Cf. Diod. xiv. 84.
+
+Accordingly, when disembarking at Ephesus, he presented Conon with a
+fleet of forty sail, (3) and having further instructed him to meet him
+at Sestos, (4) set off himself by land along the coast to visit his own
+provinces. For here it should be mentioned that his old enemy Dercylidas
+happened to be in Abydos at the time of the sea-fight; (5) nor had he at
+a later date suffered eclipse with the other governors, (6) but on
+the contrary, had kept tight hold of Abydos and still preserved it in
+attachment to Lacedaemon. The course he had adopted was to summon a
+meeting of the Abydenians, when he made them a speech as follows: "Sirs,
+to-day it is possible for you, who have before been friends to my city,
+to appear as benefactors of the Lacedaemonians. For a man to prove
+faithful to his friends in the heyday of their good fortune is no great
+marvel; but to prove steadfast when his friends are in misfortune--that
+is a service monumental for all time. But do not mistake me. It does not
+follow that, because we have been defeated in a great sea-fight, we are
+therefore annihilated. (7) Certainly not. Even in old days, you will
+admit, when Athens was mistress of the sea, our state was not powerless
+to benefit friends or chastise enemies. Moreover, in proportion as the
+rest of the cities have joined hands with fortune to turn their backs
+upon us, so much the more certainly will the grandeur of your fidelity
+shine forth. Or, is any one haunted by the fear that we may find
+ourselves blockaded by land and sea?--let him consider that at present
+there is no Hellenic navy whatever on the seas, and if the barbarian
+attempts to clutch the empire of the sea, Hellas will not sit by and
+suffer it; so that, if only in self-defence, she must inevitably take
+your side."
+
+ (3) See Diod. xiv. 83.
+
+ (4) See above, "Hell." II. i. 27 foll.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." IV. iii. 3.
+
+ (6) Lit. "harmosts."
+
+ (7) Or, "we are beaten, ergo, it is all over with us."
+
+To this the Abydenians lent no deaf ears, but rather responded with
+willingness approaching enthusiasm--extending the hand of fellowship
+to the ex-governors, some of whom were already flocking to Abydos as a
+harbour of refuge, whilst others they sent to summon from a distance.
+
+So when a number of efficient and serviceable men had been collected,
+Dercylidas ventured to cross over to Sestos--lying, as it does, not more
+than a mile (8) distant, directly facing Abydos. There he not only
+set about collecting those who held lands in the Chersonese through
+Lacedaemonian influence, but extended his welcome also to the governors
+(9) who had been driven out of European states. (10) He insisted
+that, if they came to think of it, not even was their case desperate,
+reminding them that even in Asia, which originally belonged to the
+Persian monarch, places were to be found--such as the little state of
+Temnos, or Aegae, and others, capable of administering their affairs,
+unsubjected to the king of Persia. "But," he added, "if you want a
+strong impregnable position, I cannot conceive what better you can find
+than Sestos. Why, it would need a combined naval and military force to
+invest that port." By these and such like arguments he rescued them from
+the lethargy of despair.
+
+ (8) Lit. "eight stades."
+
+ (9) Lit. "harmosts."
+
+ (10) See Demos. "de Cor." 96.
+
+Now when Pharnabazus found Abydos and Sestos so conditioned, he gave
+them to understand that unless they chose to eject the Lacedaemonians,
+he would bring war to bear upon them; and when they refused to obey,
+having first assigned to Conon as his business to keep the sea closed
+against them, he proceeded in person to ravage the territory of the men
+of Abydos. Presently, finding himself no nearer the fulfilment of his
+object--which was their reduction--he set off home himself and left it
+to Conon the while so to conciliate the Hellespontine states that as
+large a naval power as possible might be mustered against the coming
+spring. In his wrath against the Lacedaemonians, in return for the
+treatment he had received from them, his paramount object was to invade
+their territory and exact what vengeance he could.
+
+B.C. 393. The winter was thus fully taken up with preparations; but with
+the approach of spring, Pharnabazus and Conon, with a large fleet fully
+manned, and a foreign mercenary brigade to boot, threaded their way
+through the islands to Melos. (11) This island was to serve as a base of
+operations against Lacedaemon. And in the first instance he sailed down
+to Pherae (12) and ravaged that district, after which he made successive
+descents at various other points on the seaboard, and did what injury
+he could. But in apprehension of the harbourless character of the coast,
+coupled with the enemy's facility of reinforcement and his own scarcity
+of supplies, he very soon turned back and sailed away, until finally he
+came to moorings in the harbour of Phoenicus in Cythera. The occupants
+of the city of the Cytherians, in terror of being taken by storm,
+evacuated the walls. To dismiss these under a flag of truce across to
+Laconia was his first step; his second was to repair the fortress
+in question and to leave a garrison in the island under an Athenian
+governor--Nicophemus. After this he set sail to the Isthmus of Corinth,
+where he delivered an exhortation to the allies begging them to
+prosecute the war vigorously, and to show themselves faithful to the
+Great King; and so, having left them all the moneys he had with him, set
+off on his voyage home.
+
+ (11) See Lys. xix. "de bon. Arist." 19 foll.; and Hicks, 71, "Honours
+    to Dionysios I. and his court"; Grote, "H. G." ix. 453.
+
+ (12) Mod. Kalamata.
+
+But Conon had a proposal to make:--If Pharnabazus would allow him to
+keep the fleet, he would undertake, in the first place, to support it
+free of expense from the islands; besides which, he would sail to his
+own country and help his fellow-citizens the Athenians to rebuild their
+long walls and the fortifications round Piraeus. No heavier blow, he
+insisted, could well be inflicted on Lacedaemon. "In this way, I can
+assure you," he added, "you will win the eternal gratitude of the
+Athenians and wreak consummate vengeance on the Lacedaemonians, since
+at one stroke you will render null and void that on which they have
+bestowed their utmost labour." These arguments so far weighed with
+Pharnabazus that he despatched Conon to Athens with alacrity, and
+further supplied him with funds for the restoration of the walls. Thus
+it was that Conon, on his arrival at Athens, was able to rebuild a large
+portion of the walls--partly by lending his own crews, and partly by
+giving pay to carpenters and stone-masons, and meeting all the necessary
+expenses. There were other portions of the walls which the Athenians and
+Boeotians and other states raised as a joint voluntary undertaking.
+
+Nor must it be forgotten that the Corinthians, with the funds left them
+by Pharnabazus, manned a fleet--the command of which they entrusted
+to their admiral Agathinus--and so were undisputed masters of the sea
+within the gulf round Achaia and Lechaeum.
+
+B.C. 393-391. The Lacedaemonians, in opposition, fitted out a fleet
+under the command of Podanemus. That officer, in an attack of no great
+moment, lost his life, and Pollis, (13) his second in command, was
+presently in his turn obliged to retire, being wounded, whereupon
+Herippidas took command of the vessels. On the other hand, Proaenus
+the Corinthian, who had relieved Agathinus, evacuated Rhium, and the
+Lacedaemonians recovered that post. Subsequently Teleutias succeeded to
+Herippidas's fleet, and it was then the turn of that admiral to dominate
+the gulf. (14)
+
+ (13) See "Hell." I. i. 23.
+
+ (14) According to Grote ("H. G." ix. 471, note 2), this section
+    summarises the Lacedaemonian maritime operations in the Corinthian
+    Gulf from the late autumn of 393 B.C. till the appointment of
+    Teleutias in the spring or early summer of 391 B.C., the year of
+    the expedition of Agesilaus recounted above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
+
+B.C. 392. The Lacedaemonians were well informed of the proceedings of
+Conon. They knew that he was not only restoring the fortifications
+of Athens by help of the king's gold, but maintaining a fleet at his
+expense besides, and conciliating the islands and seaboard cities
+towards Athens. If, therefore, they could indoctrinate Tiribazus--who
+was a general of the king--with their sentiments, they believed they
+could not fail either to draw him aside to their own interests, or, at
+any rate, to put a stop to his feeding Conon's navy. With this intention
+they sent Antalcidas to Tiribazus: (15) his orders were to carry out
+this policy and, if possible, to arrange a peace between Lacedaemon and
+the king. The Athenians, getting wind of this, sent a counter-embassy,
+consisting of Hermogenes, Dion, Callisthenes, and Callimedon, with Conon
+himself. They at the same time invited the attendance of ambassadors
+from the allies, and there were also present representatives of the
+Boeotians, of Corinth, and of Argos. When they had arrived at their
+destination, Antalcidas explained to Tiribazus the object of his
+visit: he wished, if possible, to cement a peace between the state
+he represented and the king--a peace, moreover, exactly suited to the
+aspirations of the king himself; in other words, the Lacedaemonians gave
+up all claim to the Hellenic cities in Asia as against the king, while
+for their own part they were content that all the islands and other
+cities should be independent. "Such being our unbiased wishes," he
+continued, "for what earthly reason should (the Hellenes or) the king
+go to war with us? or why should he expend his money? The king is
+guaranteed against attack on the part of Hellas, since the Athenians are
+powerless apart from our hegemony, and we are powerless so long as the
+separate states are independent." The proposals of Antalcidas sounded
+very pleasantly in the ears of Tiribazus, but to the opponents of
+Sparta they were the merest talk. The Athenians were apprehensive of
+an agreement which provided for the independence of the cities in the
+islands, whereby they might be deprived of Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros.
+The Thebans, again, were afraid of being compelled to let the Boeotian
+states go free. The Argives did not see how such treaty contracts
+and covenants were compatible with the realisation of their own great
+object--the absorption of Corinth by Argos. And so it came to pass that
+this peace (16) proved abortive, and the representatives departed each
+to his own home.
+
+ (15) See Plut. "Ages." xxiii. (Clough, iv. p. 27); and for the date
+    B.C. 392 (al. B.C. 393) see Grote, "H. G." ix. 498.
+
+ (16) See Andoc. "de Pace"; Jebb, "Attic Or." i. 83, 128 foll. Prof.
+    Jebb assigns this speech to B.C. 390 rather than B.C. 391. See
+    also Grote, "H. G." ix. 499; Diod. xiv. 110.
+
+Tiribazus, on his side, thought it hardly consistent with his own safety
+to adopt the cause of the Lacedaemonians without the concurrence of
+the king--a scruple which did not prevent him from privately presenting
+Antalcidas with a sum of money, in hopes that when the Athenians and
+their allies discovered that the Lacedaemonians had the wherewithal to
+furnish a fleet, they might perhaps be more disposed to desire peace.
+Further, accepting the statements of the Lacedaemonians as true, he
+took on himself to secure the person of Conon, as guilty of wrongdoing
+towards the king, and shut him up. (17) That done, he set off up
+country to the king to recount the proposals of Lacedaemon, with his own
+subsequent capture of Conon as a mischievous man, and to ask for further
+guidance on all these matters.
+
+ (17) See Diod. xiv. 85; and Corn. Nep. 5.
+
+On the arrival of Tiribazus at the palace, the king sent down Struthas
+to take charge of the seaboard district. The latter, however, was a
+strong partisan of Athens and her allies, since he found it impossible
+to forget the long list of evils which the king's country had suffered
+at the hands of Agesilaus; so that the Lacedaemonians, contrasting
+the hostile disposition of the new satrap towards themselves with his
+friendliness to the Athenians, sent Thibron to deal with him by force of
+arms.
+
+B.C. 391. (18) That general crossed over and established his base
+of operations in Ephesus and the towns in the plain of the
+Maeander--Priene, Leucophrys, and Achilleum--and proceeded to harry the
+king's territory, sparing neither live nor dead chattels. But as time
+went on, Struthas, who could not but note the disorderly, and indeed
+recklessly scornful manner in which the Lacedaemonian brought up his
+supports on each occasion, despatched a body of cavalry into the plain.
+Their orders were to gallop down and scour the plain, making a clean
+sweep (19) of all they could lay their hands on. Thibron, as it
+befell, had just finished breakfast, and was returning to the mess
+with Thersander the flute-player. The latter was not only a good
+flute-player, but, as affecting Lacedaemonian manners, laid claim to
+personal prowess. Struthas, then, seeing the disorderly advance of the
+supports and the paucity of the vanguard, appeared suddenly at the head
+of a large body of cavalry, all in orderly array. Thibron and Thersander
+were the first to be cut down, and when these had fallen the rest of the
+troops were easily turned. A mere chase ensued, in which man after
+man was felled to earth, though a remnant contrived to escape into the
+friendly cities; still larger numbers owed their safety to their late
+discovery of the business on hand. Nor, indeed, was this the first time
+the Spartan commander had rushed to the field, without even issuing a
+general order. So ends the history of these events.
+
+ (18) Al. B.C. 392, al. B.C. 390.
+
+ (19) See "Hell." VII. i. 40; "Cyrop." I. iv. 17; III. iii. 23; "Anab."
+    VI. iii. 3.
+
+B.C. 390. (20) We pass on to the arrival at Lacedaemon of a party of
+Rhodian exiles expelled by the popular party. They insisted that it was
+not equitable to allow the Athenians to subjugate Rhodes and thus build
+up so vast a power. The Lacedaemonians were alive to the fact that the
+fate of Rhodes depended on which party in the state prevailed: if the
+democracy were to dominate, the whole island must fall into the hands of
+Athens; if the wealthier classes, (21) into their own. Accordingly they
+fitted out for them a fleet of eight vessels, and put Ecdicus in command
+of it as admiral.
+
+ (20) Grote, "H. G." ix. 504; al. B.C. 391.
+
+ (21) Or, "the Lacedaemonians were not slow to perceive that the whole
+    island of Rhodes was destined to fall either into the hands of
+    Athens or of themselves, according as the democracy or the
+    wealthier classes respectively dominated."
+
+At the same time they despatched another officer on board these vessels
+named Diphridas, on a separate mission. His orders were to cross over
+into Asia and to secure the states which had received Thibron. He was
+also to pick up the survivors of Thibron's army, and with these troops,
+aided by a second army which he would collect from any other quarter
+open to him, he was to prosecute the war against Struthas. Diphridas
+followed out his instructions, and amongst other achievements was
+fortunate enough to capture Tigranes, (22) the son-in-law of Struthas,
+with his wife, on their road to Sardis. The sum paid for their ransom
+was so large that he at once had the wherewithal to pay his mercenaries.
+Diphridas was no less attractive than his predecessor Thibron; but
+he was of a more orderly temperament, steadier, and incomparably more
+enterprising as a general; the secret of this superiority being that
+he was a man over whom the pleasures of the body exercised no sway. He
+became readily absorbed in the business before him--whatever he had to
+do he did it with a will.
+
+ (22) See "Anab." VII. viii. 9 for a similar exploit.
+
+Ecdicus having reached Cnidus, there learned that the democracy in
+Rhones were entirely masters of the situation. They were dominant by
+land and sea; indeed they possessed a fleet twice the size of his
+own. He was therefore content to keep quiet in Cnidus until the
+Lacedaemonians, perceiving that his force was too small to allow him to
+benefit their friends, determined to relieve him. With this view they
+ordered Teleutias to take the twelve ships which formed his squadron (at
+present in the gulf adjoining Achaia and Lechaeum), (23) and to feel his
+way round to Ecdicus: that officer he was to send home. For himself, he
+was to undertake personally to protect the interests of all who cared to
+be their friends, whilst injuring the enemy by every possible means.
+
+ (23) See above, IV. viii. 11.
+
+So then Teleutias, having reached Samos, where he added some vessels to
+his fleet, set sail to Cnidus. At this point Ecdicus returned home, and
+Teleutias, continuing his voyage, reached Rhodes, at the head now of
+seven-and-twenty vessels. It was during this portion of the voyage that
+he fell in with Philocrates, the son of Ephialtes, who was sailing from
+Athens to Cyprus with ten triremes, in aid of their ally Evagoras. (24)
+The whole flotilla fell into the Spartan's hands--a curious instance, it
+may be added, of cross purposes on the part of both belligerents. Here
+were the Athenians, supposed to be on friendly terms with the king,
+engaged in sending an allied force to support Evagoras, who was at open
+war with him; and here again was Teleutias, the representative of a
+people at war with Persia, engaged in crippling a fleet which had been
+despatched on a mission hostile to their adversary. Teleutias put
+back into Cnidus to dispose of his captives, and so eventually reached
+Rhodes, where his arrival brought timely aid to the party in favour of
+Lacedaemon.
+
+ (24) See Diod. xiv. 98; Hicks, 72; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p. 397;
+    Isoc. "Evag." 54-57; Paus. I. iii. 1; Lys. "de bon. Ar." 20; Dem.
+    p. 161.
+
+B.C. 389. (25) And now the Athenians, fully impressed with the belief
+that their rivals were laying the basis of a new naval supremacy,
+despatched Thrasybulus the Steirian to check them, with a fleet of forty
+sail. That officer set sail, but abstained from bringing aid to Rhodes,
+and for good reasons. In Rhodes the Lacedaemonian party had hold of
+the fortress, and would be out of reach of his attack, especially as
+Teleutias was close at hand to aid them with his fleet. On the other
+hand, his own friends ran no danger of succumbing to the enemy, as
+they held the cities and were numerically much stronger, and they had
+established their superiority in the field. Consequently he made for
+the Hellespont, where, in the absence of any rival power, he hoped to
+achieve some stroke of good fortune for his city. Thus, in the first
+place, having detected the rivalries existing between Medocus, (26)
+the king of the Odrysians, and Seuthes, (27) the rival ruler of the
+seaboard, he reconciled them to each other, and made them friends and
+allies of Athens; in the belief that if he secured their friendship the
+Hellenic cities on the Thracian coast would show greater proclivity to
+Athens. Such being the happy state of affairs not only in Europe but as
+regards the states in Asia also, thanks to the friendly attitude of
+the king to his fellow-citizens, he sailed into Byzantium and sold the
+tithe-duty levied on vessels arriving from the Euxine. By another stroke
+he converted the oligarchy of Byzantium into a democracy. The result of
+this was that the Byzantine demos (28) were no longer sorry to see as
+vast a concourse of Athenians in their city as possible. Having so done,
+and having further won the friendship of the men of Calchedon, he set
+sail south of the Hellespont. Arrived at Lesbos, he found all the cities
+devoted to Lacedaemon with the exception of Mytilene. He was therefore
+loth to attack any of the former until he had organised a force within
+the latter. This force consisted of four hundred hoplites, furnished
+from his own vessels, and a corps of exiles from the different
+cities who had sought shelter in Mytilene; to which he added a stout
+contingent, the pick of the Mytileneian citizens themselves. He stirred
+the ardour of the several contingents by suitable appeals: representing
+to the men of Mytilene that by their capture of the cities they would at
+once become the chiefs and patrons of Lesbos; to the exiles he made it
+appear that if they would but unite to attack each several city in turn,
+they might all reckon on their particular restoration; while he needed
+only to remind his own warriors that the acquisition of Lesbos meant not
+only the attachment of a friendly city, but the discovery of a mine
+of wealth. The exhortations ended and the contingents organised, he
+advanced against Methymna.
+
+ (25) Grote, "H. G." ix. 507.
+
+ (26) Al. Amedocus.
+
+ (27) For Seuthes, see above, "Hell." III. ii. 2, if the same.
+
+ (28) For the varying fortunes of the democrats at Byzantium in 408
+    B.C. and 405 B.C., see above, ("Hell." I. iii. 18; II. ii. 2); for
+    the present moment, 390-389 B.C., see Demosth. "c. Lept." 475; for
+    the admission of Byzantium into the new naval confederacy in 378
+    B.C., see Hicks, 68; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 19; and for B.C. 363,
+    Isocr. "Phil." 53; Diod. xv. 79; and for its commercial
+    prosperity, Polyb. iv. 38-47.
+
+Therimachus, who chanced to be the Lacedaemonian governor at the time,
+on hearing of the meditated attack of Thrasybulus, had taken a body
+of marines from his vessels, and, aided by the citizens of Methymna
+themselves, along with all the Mytileneian exiles to be found in that
+place, advanced to meet the enemy on their borders. A battle was fought
+and Therimachus was slain, a fate shared by several of the exiles of his
+party.
+
+As a result (29) of his victory the Athenian general succeeded in
+winning the adhesion of some of the states; or, where adhesion
+was refused, he could at least raise supplies for his soldiers by
+freebooting expeditions, and so hastened to reach his goal, which was
+the island of Rhodes. His chief concern was to support as powerful an
+army as possible in those parts, and with this object he proceeded
+to levy money aids, visiting various cities, until he finally reached
+Aspendus, and came to moorings in the river Eurymedon. The money was
+safely collected from the Aspendians, and the work completed, when,
+taking occasion of some depredations (30) of the soldiers on the
+farmsteads, the people of the place in a fit of irritation burst into
+the general's quarters at night and butchered him in his tent.
+
+ (29) According to some critics, B.C. 389 is only now reached.
+
+ (30) See Diod. xiv. 94.
+
+So perished Thrasybulus, (31) a good and great man by all admission. In
+room of him the Athenians chose Agyrrhius, (32) who was despatched to
+take command of the fleet. And now the Lacedaemonians--alive to the fact
+that the sale of the Euxine tithe-dues had been negotiated in Byzantium
+by Athens; aware also that as long as the Athenians kept hold on
+Calchedon the loyalty of the other Hellespontine cities was secured to
+them (at any rate while Pharnabazus remained their friend)--felt that
+the state of affairs demanded their serious attention. They attached no
+blame indeed to Dercylidas. Anaxibius, however, through the friendship
+of the ephors, contrived to get himself appointed as governor, on a
+mission to Abydos. With the requisite funds and ships, he promised to
+exert such hostile pressure upon Athens that at least her prospects
+in the Hellespont would cease to be so sunny. His friends the ephors
+granted him in return for these promises three ships of war and funds
+to support a thousand mercenaries, and so they despatched him on his
+mission. Reaching Abydos, he set about improving his naval and military
+position. First he collected a foreign brigade, by help of which he drew
+off some of the Aeolid cities from Pharnabazus. Next he set on foot
+a series of retaliatory expeditions against the states which attacked
+Abydos, marching upon them and ravaging their territories; and lastly,
+manning three vessels besides those which he already held in the harbour
+of Abydos, he intercepted and brought into port all the merchant ships
+of Athens or of her allies which he could lay hands on.
+
+ (31) "Thus perished the citizen to whom, more than any one else,
+    Athens owed not only her renovated democracy, but its wise,
+    generous, and harmonious working, after renovation."--Grote, "H.
+    G." ix. 509.
+
+ (32) For this statesman, see Demosth. "c. Timocr." 742; Andoc. "de
+    Myst." 133; Aristot. "Ath. Pol." 41, and Mr. Kenyon's notes ad
+    loc.; Aristoph. "Eccles." 102, and the Schol. ad loc.; Diod. xiv.
+    99; Curtius, "H. G." Eng tr. iv. 280.
+
+Getting wind of these proceedings, the Athenians, fearing lest the fair
+foundation laid for them by Thrasybulus in the Hellespont should be
+ruined, sent out Iphicrates with eight vessels and twelve hundred
+peltasts. The majority of them (33) consisted of troops which he had
+commanded at Corinth. In explanation it may be stated that the Argives,
+when once they had appropriated Corinth and incorporated it with Argos,
+gave out they had no further need of Iphicrates and his troops; the real
+fact being that he had put to death some of the partisans of Argos. (34)
+And so it was he turned his back on Corinth and found himself at home in
+Athens at the present crisis.
+
+ (33) Or, "The mass of them."
+
+ (34) See Grote, "H. G." ix. p. 491 note. The "Argolising" or philo-
+    Argeian party, as opposed to the philo-Laconian party. See above,
+    "Hell." IV. iv. 6.
+
+B.C. 389-388. When Iphicrates first reached the Chersonese he and
+Anaxibius carried on war against each other by the despatch of guerilla
+or piratic bands across the straits. But as time wore on, information
+reached him of the departure of Anaxibius to Antandrus, accompanied
+by his mercenaries and his own bodyguard of Laconians and two hundred
+Abydenian hoplites. Hearing further that Anaxibius had won the friendly
+adhesion of Antandrus, Iphicrates conjectured that after establishing a
+garrison in that place he would make the best of his way back, if only
+to bring the Abydenians home again. He therefore crossed in the night,
+selecting a desert point on the Abydene coast, from which he scaled
+the hills above the town and planted himself in ambuscade within their
+folds. The triremes which brought him across had orders at break of day
+to coast up northwards along the Chersonese, which would suggest the
+notion that he was only out on one of his customary voyages to collect
+money. The sequel more than fulfilled his expectations. Anaxibius began
+his return march, and if report speaks truly, he did so notwithstanding
+that the victims were against his marching that day; contemptuously
+disregarding the warning, and satisfied that his march lay all along
+through a friendly country and was directed to a friendly city. Besides
+which, those whom he met assured him that Iphicrates was off on a voyage
+to Proconnesus: hence the unusual absence of precaution on the march.
+On his side Iphicrates saw the chance, but, so long as the troops of
+Anaxibius lingered on the level bottoms, refused to spring from his
+lair, waiting for the moment when the Abydenian division in the van
+was safely landed in the plain of Cremaste, at the point where the
+gold mines stand; the main column following on the downward slope, and
+Anaxibius with his Laconians just beginning the descent. At that instant
+Iphicrates set his ambuscade in motion, and dashed against the Spartan
+at full speed. The latter quickly discerned that there was no hope of
+escape as he scanned the long straggling line of his attenuated column.
+The troops in advance, he was persuaded, would never be able to come
+back to his aid up the face of that acclivity; besides which, he
+observed the utter bewilderment of the whole body at sight of the
+ambuscade. He therefore turned to those next him, and spoke as follows:
+"Sirs, it is good for me to die on this spot, where honour bids me; but
+for you, sirs, yonder your path lies, haste and save yourselves (35)
+before the enemy can close with us." As the words died on his lips he
+took from the hands of his attendant shield-bearer his heavy shield, and
+there, at his post, unflinchingly fought and fell; not quite alone,
+for by his side faithfully lingered a favourite youth, and of the
+Lacedaemonian governors who had rallied to Abydos from their several
+cities yet other twelve fought and fell beside the pair. The rest fled,
+dropping down one by one as the army pursued them to the walls of the
+city. The death-roll amounted to something like fifty hoplites of the
+Abydenians, and of the rest two hundred. After this exploit Iphicrates
+returned to the Chersonese. (36)
+
+ (35) Or, "sauve qui peut."
+
+ (36) See Hicks, 76; and below, "Hell." V. i. 31.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK V
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 388. Such was the state of affairs in the Hellespont, so far at
+least as Athens and Sparta are concerned. Eteonicus was once more in
+Aegina; and notwithstanding that the Aeginetans and Athenians had up to
+this time held commercial intercourse, yet now that the war was plainly
+to be fought out on the sea, that officer, with the concurrence of the
+ephorate, gave permission to any one who liked to plunder Attica. (1)
+The Athenians retaliated by despatching a body of hoplites under their
+general Pamphilus, who constructed a fort against the Aeginetans,
+(2) and proceeded to blockade them by land and sea with ten warships.
+Teleutias, however, while threading his way among the islands in
+question of contributions, had chanced to reach a point where he
+received information of the turn in affairs with regard to the
+construction of the fortress, whereupon he came to the rescue of the
+beleaguered Aeginetans, and so far succeeded that he drove off the
+enemy's blockading squadron. But Pamphilus kept a firm hold on the
+offensive fortress, and was not to be dislodged.
+
+ (1) Or, "determined to let slip the hounds of war;" or, more
+    prosaically, "issued letters of marque." See Grote, "H. G." ix.
+    517.
+
+ (2) I.e. in Aegina as an {epiteikhisma}.
+
+After this the new admiral Hierax arrived from Lacedaemon. The naval
+force was transferred into his successor's hands, and under the happiest
+auspices Teleutias set sail for home. As he descended to the seashore
+to start on his homeward voyage there was not one among his soldiers
+who had not a warm shake of the hand for their old admiral. Here one
+presented him with a crown, and there another with a victor's wreath;
+and those who arrived too late, still, as the ship weighed anchor, threw
+garlands into the sea and wafted him many a blessing with prayerful
+lips. I am well aware that in the above incident I have no memorable
+story of munificence, peril, or invention to narrate, but in all
+sincerity I protest that a man may find food for reflection in the
+inquiry what Teleutias had done to create such a disposition in his
+subordinates. Here we are brought face to face with a true man's work
+more worthy of account than multitudes of riches or adventure. (3)
+
+ (3) See Grote, "H. G." ix. 518: "The ideal of government as it
+    presented itself to Xenophon was the paternal despotism or
+    something like it," {to ethelonton arkhein}. Cf. "Cyrop." passim,
+    "Heiro," and his various other compositions.
+
+The new admiral Hierax, taking with him the larger portion of the fleet,
+set sail once more for Rhodes. He left behind him twelve vessels
+in Aegina under his vice-admiral Gorgopas, who was now installed as
+governor of that island. In consequence of this chance the Athenian
+troops inside the fortres were more blockaded than the Aeginetans
+themselves, so much so that a vote was passed by the Athenian assembly,
+in obedience to which a large fleet was manned, and the garrison, after
+four months' sojourn in Aegina, were brought back. But this was
+no sooner done than they began to be harassed by Gorgopas and the
+privateers again. To operate against these they fitted out thirteen
+vessels, choosing Eunomus as admiral in command. Hierax was still in
+Rhodes when the Lacedaemonians sent out a new admiral, Antalcidas; they
+believed that they could not find a better mode of gratifying Tiribazus.
+Accordingly Antalcidas, after visiting Aegina in order to pick up the
+vessels under Gorgopas, set sail for Ephesus. At this point he sent back
+Gorgopas with his twelve ships to Aegina, and appointed his vice-admiral
+Nicolochus to command the remainder of the fleet.
+
+Nicolochus was to relieve Abydos, and thither set sail; but in the
+course of the voyage turned aside to Tenedos, where he ravaged the
+territory, and, with the money so secured, sailed on to Abydos. The
+Athenian generals (4) on their side, collecting from Samothrace, Thasos,
+and the fortresses in that quarter, hastened to the relief of Tenedos;
+but, finding that Nicolochus had continued his voyage to Abydos, they
+selected the Chersonese as their base, and proceeded to blockade him
+and his fleet of five-and-twenty vessels with the two-and-thirty vessels
+under their joint command.
+
+ (4) And among the rest Iphicrates and Diotimus. See below, S. 25;
+    above, IV. viii. 39.
+
+Meanwhile Gorgopas, returning from Ephesus, fell in with the Athenian
+admiral Eunomus, and, shunning an encounter at the moment, sought
+shelter in Aegina, which he reached a little before sunset; and at
+once disembarking his men, set them down to their evening meal; whilst
+Eunomus on his side, after hanging back for a little while, sailed away.
+Night fell, and the Athenian, showing the customary signal light to
+prevent his squadron straggling, led the way in the darkness. Gorgopas
+instantly got his men on board again, and, taking the lantern for his
+guide, followed the Athenians, craftily lagging behind a little space,
+so as not to show himself or raise any suspicion of his presence. In
+place of the usual cry the boatswains timed the rowers by a clink of
+stones, and silently the oars slid, feathering through the waves (5);
+and just when the squadron of Eunomus was touching the coast, off Cape
+Zoster (6) in Attica, the Spartan sounded the bugle-note for the charge.
+Some of Eunomus's vessels were in the act of discharging their crews,
+others were still getting to their moorings, whilst others were as yet
+only bearing down to land. The engagement was fought by the light of the
+moon, and Gorgopas captured four triremes, which he tied astern, and so
+set sail with his prizes in tow towards Aegina. The rest of the Athenian
+squadron made their escape into the harbour of Piraeus.
+
+ (5) Lit. "the boatswains employing a clink of stones and a sliding
+    motion of the oars."
+
+ (6) I.e. "Cape Girdle," mod. Cape Karvura. See Tozer, "Geog. of
+    Greece," pp. 78, 372.
+
+It was after these events that Chabrias (7) commenced his voyage to
+Cyprus, bringing relief to Evagoras. His force consisted at first of
+eight hundred light troops and ten triremes, but was further increased
+by other vessels from Athens and a body of heavy infantry. Thus
+reinforced, the admiral chose a night and landed in Aegina; and secreted
+himself in ambuscade with his light troops in hollow ground some way
+beyond the temple of Heracles. At break of day, as prearranged, the
+Athenian hoplites made their appearance under command of Demaenetus, and
+began mounting up between two and three miles (8) beyond the Kerakleion
+at Tripurgia, as it is called. The news soon reached Gorgopas, who
+sallied out to the rescue with the Aeginetans and the marines of his
+vessels, being further accompanied by eight Spartans who happened to be
+with him. Not content with these he issued orders inviting any of the
+ships' crews, who were free men, to join the relief party. A large
+number of these sailors responded. They armed themselves as best they
+could, and the advance commenced. When the vanguard were well past the
+ambuscade, Chabrias and his men sprang up from their hiding-place,
+and poured a volley of javelins and stones upon the enemy. At the same
+moment the hoplites, who had disembarked, (9) were advancing, so that
+the Spartan vanguard, in the absence of anything like collective
+action, were speedily cut down, and among them fell Gorgopas with the
+Lacedaemonians. At their fall the rest of course turned and fled. One
+hundred and fifty Aeginetans were numbered among the slain, while the
+loss incurred by the foreigners, metics, and sailors who had joined the
+relief party, reached a total of two hundred. After this the Athenians
+sailed the sea as freely as in the times of actual peace. Nor would
+anything induce the sailors to row a single stroke for Eteonicus--even
+under pressure--since he had no pay to give.
+
+ (7) According to Diod. xiv. 92, Chabrias had been for some time in
+    Corinth. See also above, IV. viii. 24.
+
+ (8) Lit. "about sixteen stades."
+
+ (9) Or, reading {oi anabebekotes}, "who had scaled the height." See
+    Hartman, "Anal. Xen." p. 364.
+
+Subsequently the Lacedaemonians despatched Teleutias once again to take
+command of the squadron, and when the sailors saw it was he who had
+come, they were overjoyed. He summoned a meeting and addressed them
+thus: "Soldiers, I am back again, but I bring with me no money. Yet if
+God be willing, and your zeal flag not, I will endeavour to supply
+you with provisions without stint. Be well assured, as often as I find
+myself in command of you, I have but one prayer--that your lives may
+be spared no less than mine; and as for the necessaries of existence,
+perhaps it would astonish you if I said I would rather you should
+have them than I. Yet by the gods I swear I would welcome two days'
+starvation in order to spare you one. Was not my door open in old days
+to every comer? Open again it shall stand now; and so it shall be; where
+your own board overflows, you shall look in and mark the luxury of your
+general; but if at other times you see him bearing up against cold and
+heat and sleepless nights, you must apply the lesson to yourselves
+and study to endure those evils. I do not bid you do aught of this for
+self-mortification's sake, but that you may derive some after-blessing
+from it. Soldiers, let Lacedaemon, our own mother-city, be to you an
+example. Her good fortune is reputed to stand high. That you know; and
+you know too, that she purchased her glory and her greatness not by
+faint-heartedness, but by choosing to suffer pain and incur dangers in
+the day of need. 'Like city,' I say, 'like citizens.' You, too, as I
+can bear you witness, have been in times past brave; but to-day must we
+strive to be better than ourselves. So shall we share our pains without
+repining, and when fortune smiles, mingle our joys; for indeed the
+sweetest thing of all surely is to flatter no man, Hellene or Barbarian,
+for the sake of hire; we will suffice to ourselves, and from a source
+to which honour pre-eminently invites us; since, I need not remind you,
+abundance won from the enemy in war furnishes forth not bodily nutrition
+only, but a feast of glory the wide world over."
+
+So he spoke, and with one voice they all shouted to him to issue what
+orders he thought fit; they would not fail him in willing service. The
+general's sacrifice was just concluded, and he answered: "Good, then, my
+men; go now, as doubtless you were minded, and take your evening meal,
+and next provide yourselves, please, with one day's food. After that
+repair to your ships without delay, for we have a voyage on hand,
+whither God wills, and must arrive in time." So then, when the men
+returned, he embarked them on their ships, and sailed under cover of
+night for the great harbour of Piraeus: at one time he gave the rowers
+rest, passing the order to take a snatch of sleep; at another he pushed
+forward towards his goal with rise and fall of oars. If any one supposes
+that there was a touch of madness in such an expedition--with but
+twelve triremes to attack an enemy possessed of a large fleet--he should
+consider the calculations of Teleutias. He was under the firm persuasion
+that the Athenians were more careless than ever about their navy in the
+harbour since the death of Gorgopas; and in case of finding warships
+riding at anchor--even so, there was less danger, he conjectured, in
+attacking twenty ships in the port of Athens than ten elsewhere; for,
+whereas, anywhere outside the harbour the sailors would certainly be
+quartered on board, at Athens it was easy to divine that the captains
+and officers would be sleeping at their homes, and the crews located
+here and there in different quarters.
+
+This minded he set sail, and when he was five or six furlongs (10)
+distant from the harbour he lay on his oars and rested. But with the
+first streak of dawn he led the way, the rest following. The admiral's
+orders to the crews were explicit. They were on no account to sink any
+merchant vessel; they were equally to avoid damaging (11) their own
+vessels, but if at any point they espied a warship at her moorings they
+must try and cripple her. The trading vessels, provided they had got
+their cargoes on board, they must seize and tow out of the harbour;
+those of larger tonnage they were to board wherever they could and
+capture the crews. Some of his men actually jumped on to the Deigma
+quay, (12) where they seized hold of various traders and pilots and
+deposited them bodily on board ship. So the Spartan admiral carried out
+his programme.
+
+ (10) Lit. "five or six stades."
+
+ (11) See Hartman, "Anal. Xen." pp. 365, 366.
+
+ (12) See Grote ("H. G." ix. 523): cf. Thuc. ii. 94, the attempt of
+    Brasidas on the port of Megara. For the wealth of Piraeus, Grote
+    "H. G." ix. 351. See below, "Pol. Ath." i. 17; "Rev." iii. 13.
+
+As to the Athenians, meanwhile, some of them who got wind of what was
+happening rushed from indoors outside to see what the commotion meant,
+others from the streets home to get their arms, and others again were
+off to the city with the news. The whole of Athens rallied to the rescue
+at that instant, heavy infantry and cavalry alike, the apprehension
+being that Piraeus was taken. But the Spartan sent off the captured
+vessels to Aegina, telling off three or four of his triremes to convoy
+them thither; with the rest he followed along the coast of Attica, and
+emerging in seemingly innocent fashion from the harbour, captured
+a number of fishing smacks, and passage boats laden with passengers
+crossing to Piraeus from the islands; and finally, on reaching Sunium
+he captured some merchantmen laden with corn or other merchandise. After
+these performances he sailed back to Aegina, where he sold his prizes,
+and with the proceeds was able to provide his troops with a month's
+pay, and for the future was free to cruise about and make what reprisals
+chance cast in his way. By such a procedure he was able to support a
+full quota of mariners on board his squadron, and procured to himself
+the prompt and enthusiastic service of his troops.
+
+B.C. 388-387. Antalcidas had now returned from the Persian court with
+Tiribazus. The negotiations had been successful. He had secured the
+alliance of the Persian king and his military co-operation in case the
+Athenians and their allies refused to abide by the peace which the king
+dictated. But learning that his second in command, Nicolochus, was being
+blockaded with his fleet by Iphicrates and Diotimus (13) in Abydos, he
+set off at once by land for that city. Being come thither he took the
+fleet one night and put out to sea, having first spread a story that he
+had invitations from a party in Calchedon; but as a matter of fact
+he came to anchorage in Percote and there kept quiet. Meanwhile the
+Athenian forces under Demaenetus and Dionysius and Leontichus and
+Phanias had got wind of his movement, and were in hot pursuit towards
+Proconnesus. As soon as they were well past, the Spartan veered round
+and returned to Abydos, trusting to information brought him of the
+approach of Polyxenus with the Syracusan (14) and Italian squadron of
+twenty ships, which he wished to pick up and incorporate with his own.
+
+ (13) See above; Lysias, "de bon. Arist." (Jebb, "Att. Or." i. p. 327).
+
+ (14) See below, VI. ii. 4 foll; Hicks, 71, 84, 88.
+
+A little later the Athenian Thrasybulus (15) (of Collytus) was making
+his way up with eight ships from Thrace, his object being to effect
+a junction with the main Athenian squadron. The scouts signalled the
+approach of eight triremes, whereupon Antalcidas, embarking his marines
+on board twelve of the fastest sailers of his fleet, ordered them to
+make up their full complements, where defective, from the remaining
+vessels; and so lay to, skulking in his lair with all possible secrecy.
+As soon as the enemy's vessels came sailing past he gave chase; and
+they catching sight of him took to flight. With his swiftest sailors
+he speedily overhauled their laggards, and ordering his vanguard to let
+these alone, he followed hard on those ahead. But when the foremost
+had fallen into his clutches, the enemy's hinder vessels, seeing their
+leaders taken one by one, out of sheer despondency fell an easy prey
+to the slower sailers of the foe, so that not one of the eight vessels
+escaped.
+
+ (15) His name occurs on the famous stele of the new Athenian
+    confederacy, B.C. 378. See Hicks, 81; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 17;
+    Demos. "de. Cor." p. 301; Arist. "Rhet." ii. 23; Demos. "c.
+    Timocr." 742.
+
+Presently the Syracusan squadron of twenty vessels joined him, and again
+another squadron from Ionia, or rather so much of that district as lay
+under the control of Tiribazus. The full quota of the contingent
+was further made up from the territory of Ariobarzanes (which whom
+Antalcidas kept up a friendship of long standing), in the absence of
+Pharnabazus, who by this date had already been summoned up country on
+the occasion of his marriage with the king's daughter. With this fleet,
+which, from whatever sources derived, amounted to more than eighty sail,
+Antalcidas ruled the seas, and was in a position not only to cut off the
+passage of vessels bound to Athens from the Euxine, but to convoy them
+into the harbours of Sparta's allies.
+
+The Athenians could not but watch with alarm the growth of the enemy's
+fleet, and began to fear a repetition of their former discomfiture.
+To be trampled under foot by the hostile power seemed indeed no remote
+possibility, now that the Lacedaemonians had procured an ally in the
+person of the Persian monarch, and they were in little less than a state
+of siege themselves, pestered as they were by privateers from Aegina. On
+all these grounds the Athenians became passionately desirous of peace.
+(16) The Lacedaemonians were equally out of humour with the war for
+various reasons--what with their garrison duties, one mora at Lechaeum
+and another at Orchomenus, and the necessity of keeping watch and ward
+on the states, if loyal not to lose them, if disaffected to prevent
+their revolt; not to mention that reciprocity of annoyance (17) of which
+Corinth was the centre. So again the Argives had a strong appetite for
+peace; they knew that the ban had been called out against them, and,
+it was plain, that no fictitious alteration of the calendar would any
+longer stand them in good stead. Hence, when Tiribazus issued a summons
+calling on all who were willing to listen to the terms of peace sent
+down by the king (18) to present themselves, the invitation was promptly
+accepted. At the opening of the conclave (19) Tiribazus pointed to
+the king's seal attached to the document, and proceeded to read the
+contents, which ran as follows:
+
+ (16) See, at this point, Grote on the financial condition of Athens
+    and the "Theorikon," "H. G." ix. 525.
+
+ (17) Or, "that give-and-take of hard knocks."
+
+ (18) See Hicks, 76.
+
+ (19) At Sardis, doubtless.
+
+"The king, Artaxerxes, deems it just that the cities in Asia, with the
+islands of Clazomenae and Cyprus, should belong to himself; the rest of
+the Hellenic cities he thinks it just to leave independent, both small
+and great, with the exception of Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros, which three
+are to belong to Athens as of yore. Should any of the parties concerned
+not accept this peace, I, Artaxerxes, will war against him or them with
+those who share my views. This will I do by land and by sea, with ships
+and with money."
+
+After listening to the above declaration the ambassadors from the
+several states proceeded to report the same to their respective
+governments. One and all of these took the oaths (20) to ratify and
+confirm the terms unreservedly, with the exception of the Thebans,
+who claimed to take the oaths in behalf of all Boeotians. This claim
+Agesilaus repudiated: unless they chose to take the oaths in precise
+conformity with the words of the king's edict, which insisted on "the
+future autonomy of each state, small or great," he would not admit them.
+To this the Theban ambassadors made no other reply, except that
+the instructions they had received were different. "Pray go, then,"
+Agesilaus retorted, "and ask the question; and you may inform your
+countrymen that if they will not comply, they will be excluded from the
+treaty." The Theban ambassadors departed, but Agesilaus, out of hatred
+to the Thebans, took active measures at once. Having got the consent of
+the ephors he forthwith offered sacrifice. The offerings for crossing
+the frontier were propitious, and he pushed on to Tegea. From Tegea he
+despatched some of the knights right and left to visit the perioeci
+and hasten their mobilisation, and at the same time sent commanders of
+foreign brigades to the allied cities on a similar errand. But before
+he had started from Tegea the answer from Thebes arrived; the point was
+yielded, they would suffer the states to be independent. Under these
+circumstances the Lacedaemonians returned home, and the Thebans were
+forced to accept the truce unconditionally, and to recognise the
+autonomy of the Boeotian cities. (21) But now the Corinthians were by
+no means disposed to part with the garrison of the Argives. Accordingly
+Agesilaus had a word of warning for both. To the former he said, "if
+they did not forthwith dismiss the Argives," and to the latter, "if
+they did not instantly quit Corinth," he would march an army into their
+territories. The terror of both was so great that the Argives marched
+out of Corinth, and Corinth was once again left to herself; (22)
+whereupon the "butchers" (23) and their accomplices in the deed of blood
+determined to retire from Corinth, and the rest of the citizens welcomed
+back their late exiles voluntarily.
+
+ (20) At Sparta, doubtless.
+
+ (21) See Freeman, op. cit. pp. 168, 169.
+
+ (22) See "Ages." ii. 21; Grote, "H. G." ix. 537.
+
+ (23) {oi sphageis}, a party catchword (in reference to the incidents
+    narrated above, "Hell." IV. iv. 2). See below, {ton bareon
+    demagogon}, "Hell." V. ii. 7; {oi kedomenoi tes Peloponnesou},
+    "Hell." VII. v. 1; above, {oi sphageis}, "Hell." III. ii. 27, of
+    the philo-Laconian oligarchs in Elis. See Dem. "c. Lept." 473.
+
+Now that the transactions were complete, and the states were bound by
+their oaths to abide by the peace sent down to them by the king, the
+immediate result was a general disarmament, military and naval forces
+being alike disbanded; and so it was that the Lacedaemonians and
+Athenians, with their allies, found themselves in the enjoyment of peace
+for the first time since the period of hostilities subsequent to the
+demolition of the walls of Athens. From a condition which, during
+the war, can only be described as a sort of even balance with their
+antagonists, the Lacedaemonians now emerged; and reached a pinnacle
+of glory consequent upon the Peace of Antalcidas, (24) so called.
+As guarantors of the peace presented by Hellas to the king, and as
+administrators personally of the autonomy of the states, they had added
+Corinth to their alliance; they had obtained the independence of
+the states of Boeotia at the expense of Thebes, (25) which meant the
+gratification of an old ambition; and lastly, by calling out the ban in
+case the Argives refused to evacuate Corinth, they had put a stop to the
+appropriation of that city by the Argives.
+
+ (24) Or, more correctly, the peace "under," or "at the date of," {ep
+    'Antalkidou}. See Grote, "H. G." x. 1, note 1.
+
+ (25) Or, "they had made the states of Boeotia independent of Thebes."
+    See Grote, "H. G." x. 44.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 386. Indeed the late events had so entirely shaped themselves in
+conformity with the wishes of the Lacedaemonians, that they determined
+to go a step farther and chastise those of their allies who either had
+borne hard on them during the war, or otherwise had shown themselves
+less favourable to Lacedaemon than to her enemies. (1) Chastisement was
+not all; they must lay down such secure foundations for the future as
+should render the like disloyalty impossible again. (2) As the first
+step towards this policy they sent a dictatorial message to the
+Mantinaeans, and bade them raze their fortifications, on the sole ground
+that they could not otherwise trust them not to side with their enemies.
+Many things in their conduct, they alleged, from time to time, had not
+escaped their notice: their frequent despatches of corn to the Argives
+while at war with Lacedaemon; at other times their refusal to furnish
+contingents during a campaign, on the pretext of some holy truce or
+other; (3) or if they did reluctantly take the field--the miserable
+inefficiency of their service. "But, more than that," they added, "we
+note the jealousy with which you eye any good fortune which may betide
+our state; the extravagant pleasure (4) you exhibit at the sudden
+descent of some disaster."
+
+ (1) See Hartman, "An. Xen." p. 367 foll.; Busolt, "Die Lak." p. 129
+    foll.
+
+ (2) Or, "they determined to chastise... and reduce to such order
+    that disloyalty should be impossible."
+
+ (3) See above, "Hell." IV. ii. 16.
+
+ (4) Ib. IV. v. 18.
+
+This very year, moreover, it was commonly said, (5) saw the expiration,
+as far as the Mantineans were concerned, of the thirty years' truce,
+consequent upon the battle of Mantinea. On their refusal, therefore,
+to raze their fortification walls the ban was called out against them.
+Agesilaus begged the state to absolve him from the conduct of this war
+on the plea that the city of Mantinea had done frequent service to
+his father (6) in his Messenian wars. Accordingly Agesipolis led the
+expedition--in spite of the cordial relations of his father Pausanias
+(7) with the leaders of the popular party in Mantinea.
+
+ (5) As to this point, see Curtius, "H. G." V. v. (iv. 305 note, Eng.
+    trans.) There appears to be some confusion. According to Thuc. v.
+    81, "When the Argives deserted the alliance  (with Mantinea,
+    Athens, and Elis, making a new treaty of alliance with Lacedaemon
+    for fifty years) the Mantineans held out for a time, but without
+    the Argives they were helpless, and so they came to terms with the
+    Lacedaemonians, and gave up their claims to supremacy over the
+    cities in Arcadia, which had been subject to them.... These
+    changes were effected at the close of winter  (418 B.C.) towards
+    the approach of spring  (417 B.C.), and so ended the fourteenth
+    year of the war." Jowett. According to Diod. xv. 5, the
+    Lacedaemonians attacked Mantinea within two years after the Peace
+    of Antalcidas, apparently in 386 B.C. According to Thuc. v. 82,
+    and "C. I. A. 50, in B.C. 417 Argos had reverted to her alliance
+    with Athens, and an attempt to connect the city with the sea by
+    long walls was made, certain other states in Peloponnese being
+    privy to the project" (Thuc. v. 83)--an attempt frustrated by
+    Lacedaemon early in B.C. 416. Is it possible that a treaty of
+    alliance between Mantinea and Lacedaemon for thirty years was
+    formally signed in B.C. 416?
+
+ (6) I.e. Archidamus.
+
+ (7) See above, "Hell." III. v. 25.
+
+B.C. 385. The first move of the invader was to subject the enemy's
+territory to devastation; but failing by such means to induce them to
+raze their walls, he proceeded to draw lines of circumvallation round
+the city, keeping half his troops under arms to screen the entrenching
+parties whilst the other half pushed on the work with the spade. As soon
+as the trench was completed, he experienced no further difficulty in
+building a wall round the city. Aware, however, of the existence of a
+huge supply of corn inside the town, the result of the bountiful harvest
+of the preceding year, and averse to the notion of wearing out the city
+of Lacedaemon and her allies by tedious campaigning, he hit upon the
+expedient of damming up the river which flowed through the town.
+
+It was a stream of no inconsiderable size. (8) By erecting a barrier at
+its exit from the town he caused the water to rise above the basements
+of the private dwellings and the foundations of the fortification walls.
+Then, as the lower layers of bricks became saturated and refused their
+support to the rows above, the wall began to crack and soon to totter
+to its fall. The citizens for some time tried to prop it with pieces
+of timber, and used other devices to avert the imminent ruin of their
+tower; but finding themselves overmatched by the water, and in dread
+lest the fall at some point or other of the circular wall (9) might
+deliver them captive to the spear of the enemy, they signified their
+consent to raze their walls. But the Lacedaemonians now steadily refused
+any form of truce, except on the further condition that the Mantineans
+would suffer themselves to be broken up and distributed into villages.
+They, looking the necessity in the face, consented to do even that. The
+sympathisers with Argos among them, and the leaders of their democracy,
+thought their fate was sealed. Then the father treated with the son,
+Pausanias with Agesipolis, on their behalf, and obtained immunity for
+them--sixty in number--on condition that they should quit the city. The
+Lacedaemonian troops stood lining the road on both sides, beginning
+from the gates, and watched the outgoers; and with their spears in
+their hands, in spite of bitter hatred, kept aloof from them with less
+difficulty than the Mantineans of the better classes themselves--a
+weighty testimony to the power of Spartan discipline, be it said. In
+conclusion, the wall was razed, and Mantinea split up into four parts,
+(10) assuming once again its primitive condition as regards inhabitants.
+The first feeling was one of annoyance at the necessity of pulling down
+their present houses and erecting others, yet when the owners (11)
+found themselves located so much nearer their estates round about the
+villages, in the full enjoyment of aristocracy, and rid for ever of
+"those troublesome demagogues," they were delighted with the turn which
+affairs had taken. It became the custom for Sparta to send them, not one
+commander of contingents, (12) but four, one for each village; and the
+zeal displayed, now that the quotas for military service were furnished
+from the several village centres, was far greater than it had been under
+the democratic system. So the transactions in connection with Mantinea
+were brought to a conclusion, and thereby one lesson of wisdom was
+taught mankind--not to conduct a river through a fortress town.
+
+ (8) I.e. the Ophis. See Leake, "Morea," III. xxiv. p. 71; Pausan.
+    "Arcad." 8; Grote, "H. G." x. 48, note 2.
+
+ (9) Or, "in the circuit of the wall."
+
+ (10) See Diod. xv. 5; Strab. viii. 337; Ephor. fr. 138, ed. Did.; and
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 51.
+
+ (11) Or, "holders of properties." The historian is referring not to
+    the population at large, I think, but to the rich landowners, i.e.
+    the {Beltistoi}, and is not so partial as Grote supposes ("H. G."
+    x. 51 foll.)
+
+ (12) Technically {zenagoi}, Lacedaemonian officers who commanded the
+    contingents of the several allies. See above, "Hell." III. v. 7;
+    Thuc. ii. 76; and Arnold's note ad loc.; also C. R. Kennedy, "ap.
+    Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities," s.v.; Muller, "Dorians,"
+    ii. 250, Eng. tr.; Busolt, "Die Lak." p. 125.
+
+B.C. 384-383. To pass on. The party in exile from Phlius, seeing the
+severe scrutiny to which the behaviour of the allies of Lacedaemon
+during the late war was being subjected, felt that their opportunity had
+come. They repaired to Lacedaemon, and laid great emphasis on the fact
+that, so long as they had been in power themselves at home, "their
+city used to welcome Lacedaemonians within her walls, and her citizens
+flocked to the campaign under their leadership; but no sooner had they
+been driven into exile than a change had come. The men of Phlius now
+flatly refused to follow Lacedaemon anywhere; the Lacedaemonians, alone
+of all men living, must not be admitted within their gates." After
+listening to their story, the ephors agreed that the matter demanded
+attention. Then they sent to the state of Phlius a message to this
+effect; the Phliasian exiles were friends of Lacedaemon; nor did
+it appear that they owed their exile to any misdoing. Under the
+circumstances, Lacedaemon claimed their recall from banishment, not by
+force, but as a concession voluntarily granted. When the matter was thus
+stated, the Phliasians were not without alarm that an army might march
+upon Phlius, and a party inside the town might admit the enemy within
+the walls; for within the walls of Phlius were to be found many who,
+either as blood relations or for other reasons, were partisans of the
+exiles, and as so often happens, at any rate in the majority of states,
+there was a revolutionary party who, in their ardour to reform, would
+welcome gladly their restoration. Owing to fears of this character, a
+formal decree was passed: to welcome home the exiles, and to restore
+to them all undisputed property, the purchasers of the same being
+indemnified from the treasury of the state; and in the event of any
+ambiguity or question arising between the parties, the same to be
+determined before a court of justice. Such was the position of affairs
+in connection with the Phliasian exiles at the date in question.
+
+B.C. 383. (13) And now from yet another quarter ambassadors arrived at
+Lacedaemon: that is to say, from Acanthus and Apollonia, the two largest
+and most important states of the Olynthian confederacy. The ephorate,
+after learning from them the object of their visit, presented them to
+the assembly and the allies, in presence of whom Cleigenes of Acanthus
+made a speech to this effect:
+
+ (13) Al. B.C. 382.
+
+"Men of Lacedaemon and of the allied states," he said, "are you aware of
+a silent but portentous growth within the bosom of Hellas? (14) Few here
+need to be told that for size and importance Olynthus now stands at
+the head of the Thracian cities. But are you aware that the citizens of
+Olynthus had already brought over several states by the bribe of joint
+citizenship and common laws; that they have forcibly annexed some of the
+larger states; and that, so encouraged, they have taken in hand
+further to free the cities of Macedonia from Amyntas the king of the
+Macedonians; that, as soon as their immediate neighbours had shown
+compliance, they at once proceeded to attack larger and more distant
+communities; so much so, that when we started to come hither, we left
+them masters not only of many other places, but of Pella itself, the
+capital of Macedonia. Amyntas, (15) we saw plainly, must ere long
+withdraw from his cities, and was in fact already all but in name an
+outcast from Macedonia.
+
+ (14) Or, "are you aware of a new power growing up in Hellas?"
+
+ (15) For Amyntas's reign, see Diod. xiv. 89, 92; xv. 19; Isocr.
+    "Panegyr." 126, "Archid." 46.
+
+"The Olynthians have actually sent to ourselves and to the men of
+Apollonia a joint embassy, warning us of their intention to attack us if
+we refuse to present ourselves at Olynthus with a military contingent.
+Now, for our parts, men of Lacedaemon, we desire nothing better than to
+abide by our ancestral laws and institutions, to be free and independent
+citizens; but if aid from without is going to fail us, we too must
+follow the rest and coalesce with the Olynthians. Why, even now they
+muster no less than eight hundred (16) heavy infantry and a considerably
+larger body of light infantry, while their cavalry, when we have joined
+them, will exceed one thousand men. At the date of our departure we left
+embassies from Athens and Boeotia in Olynthus, and we were told that
+the Olynthians themselves had passed a formal resolution to return the
+compliment. They were to send an embassy on their side to the aforesaid
+states to treat of an alliance. And yet, if the power of the Athenians
+and the Thebans is to be further increased by such an accession of
+strength, look to it," the speaker added, "whether hereafter you will
+find things so easy to manage in that quarter.
+
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." x. 72; Thirlwall, "H. G." v. 12 (ch. xxxvii).
+
+"They hold Potidaea, the key to the isthmus of Pallene, and therefore,
+you can well believe, they can command the states within that peninsula.
+If you want any further proof of the abject terror of those states, you
+have it in the fact that notwithstanding the bitter hatred which they
+bear to Olynthus, not one of them has dared to send ambassadors along
+with us to apprise you of these matters.
+
+"Reflect, how you can reconcile your anxiety to prevent the unification
+of Boeotia with your neglect to hinder the solidifying of a far larger
+power--a power destined, moreover, to become formidable not on land
+only, but by sea? For what is to stop it, when the soil itself supplies
+timber for shipbuilding, (17) and there are rich revenues derived
+from numerous harbours and commercial centres?--it cannot but be that
+abundance of food and abundance of population will go hand in hand. Nor
+have we yet reached the limits of Olynthian expansion; there are their
+neighbours to be thought of--the kingless or independent Thracians.
+These are already to-day the devoted servants of Olynthus, and when it
+comes to their being actually under her, that means at once another vast
+accession of strength to her. With the Thracians in her train, the gold
+mines of Pangaeus would stretch out to her the hand of welcome.
+
+ (17) See Hicks, 74, for a treaty between Amyntas and the Chalcidians,
+    B.C. 390-389: "The article of the treaty between Amyntas III.,
+    father of Philip, and the Chalcidians, about timber, etc., reminds
+    us that South Macedonia, the Chalcidic peninsula, and Amphipolis
+    were the chief sources whence Athens derived timber for her
+    dockyards." Thuc. iv. 108; Diod. xx. 46; Boeckh, "P. E. A." p.
+    250; and for a treaty between Athens and Amyntas, B.C. 382, see
+    Hicks, 77; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 397, 423.
+
+"In making these assertions, we are but uttering remarks ten thousand
+times repeated in the democracy of Olynthus. And as to their confident
+spirit, who shall attempt to describe it? It is God, for aught I know,
+who, with the growth of a new capacity, gives increase also to the proud
+thoughts and vast designs of humanity. For ourselves, men of Lacedaemon
+and of the allied states, our task is completed. We have played our
+parts in announcing to you how things stand there. To you it is left to
+determine whether what we have described is worthy of your concern. One
+only thing further you ought to recognise: the power we have spoken
+of as great is not as yet invincible, for those states which are
+involuntary participants in the citizenship of Olynthus will, in
+prospect of any rival power appearing in the field, speedily fall away.
+On the contrary, let them be once closely knit and welded together
+by the privileges of intermarriage and reciprocal rights of holding
+property in land--which have already become enactments; let them
+discover that it is a gain to them to follow in the wake of conquerors
+(just as the Arcadians, (18) for instance, find it profitable to march
+in your ranks, whereby they save their own property and pillage their
+neighbours'); let these things come to pass, and perhaps you may find
+the knot no longer so easy to unloose."
+
+ (18) For the point of the comparison, see Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov."
+    ch. iv. "Real nature of the Olynthian scheme," pp. 190 foll., and
+    note 2, p. 197; also Grote, "H. G." x. 67 foll., 278 foll.
+
+At the conclusion of this address, the Lacedaemonians requested the
+allies to speak, bidding them give their joint advice as to the best
+course to be pursued in the interests of Peloponnese and the allies.
+Thereupon many members, and especially those who wished to gratify
+the Lacedaemonians, agreed in counselling active measures; and it was
+resolved that the states should severally send contingents to form a
+total of ten thousand men. Proposals were also made to allow any state,
+so wishing, to give money instead of men, at the rate of three Aeginetan
+obols (19) a day per man; or where the contingent consisted of cavalry,
+the pay given for one horseman was to be the equivalent to that of
+four hoplites; while, in the event of any defaulting in service, the
+Lacedaemonians should be allowed to mulct the said state of a stater
+per man per diem. These resolutions were passed, and the deputies
+from Acanthus rose again. They argued that, though excellent, these
+resolutions were not of a nature to be rapidly carried into effect.
+Would it not be better, they asked, pending the mobilisation of the
+troops, to despatch an officer at once in command of a force from
+Lacedaemon and the other states, not too large to start immediately. The
+effect would be instantaneous, for the states which had not yet given in
+their adhesion to Olynthus would be brought to a standstill, and those
+already forcibly enrolled would be shaken in their alliance. These
+further resolutions being also passed, the Lacedaemonians despatched
+Eudamidas, accompanied by a body of neodamodes, with perioeci and
+Sciritae, (20) to the number of two thousand odd. Eudamidas lost no time
+in setting out, having obtained leave from the ephors for his brother
+Phoebidas to follow later with the remainder of the troops assigned
+to him. Pushing on himself to the Thracian territory, he set about
+despatching garrisons to various cities at their request. He also
+secured the voluntary adhesion of Potidaea, although already a member
+of the Olynthian alliance; and this town now served as his base of
+operations for carrying on war on a scale adapted to his somewhat
+limited armament.
+
+ (19) I.e. "rather more than sixpence a day for a hoplite, and two
+    shillings for a horseman." "The Aeginetan stater weighed about 196
+    grains, rather more than two of our shillings, and was divided
+    into two drachms of 98 grains, each of which contained six obols
+    of about 16 grains each." See Percy Gardner, "Types of Greek
+    Coins," "Hist. Int." p. 8; Jowett, note to Thuc. III. lxx. 4, vol.
+    i. pp. 201, 202.
+
+ (20) Or, "new citizens, provincials, and Sciritae."
+
+Phoebidas, when the remaining portion of his brother's forces was duly
+mustered, put himself at their head and commenced his march. On reaching
+Thebes the troops encamped outside the city, round the gymnasium.
+Faction was rife within the city. The two polemarchs in office, Ismenias
+and Leontiades, were diametrically opposed, (21) being the respective
+heads of antagonistic political clubs. Hence it was that, while
+Ismenias, ever inspired by hatred to the Lacedaemonians, would not come
+anywhere near the Spartan general, Leontiades, on the other hand,
+was assiduous in courting him; and when a sufficient intimacy was
+established between them, he made a proposal as follows: "You have it
+in your power," he said, addressing Phoebidas, "this very day to confer
+supreme benefit on your country. Follow me with your hoplites, and I
+will introduce you into the citadel. That done, you may rest assured
+Thebes will be completely under the thumb of Lacedaemon and of us, your
+friends. At present, as you see, there is a proclamation forbidding any
+Theban to take service with you against Olynthus, but we will change all
+that. You have only to act with us as we suggest, and we shall at once
+be able to furnish you with large supplies of infantry and cavalry, so
+that you will join your brother with a magnificent reinforcement, and
+pending his proposed reduction of Olynthus, you will have accomplished
+the reduction of a far larger state than that--to wit, this city of
+Thebes."
+
+ (21) See Grote, "H. G." vol. x. p. 80: "We have little or no
+    information respecting the government of Thebes," etc. The "locus
+    classicus" seems to be Plut. "de Genio Socratis." See Freeman, op.
+    cit. ch. iv. S. 2, "Of the Boeotian League," pp. 154-184; and, in
+    reference to the seizure of the Kadmeia, p. 170.
+
+The imagination of Phoebidas was kindled as he listened to the tempting
+proposal. To do a brilliant deed was far dearer to him than life; (22)
+on the other hand, he had no reasoning capacity, and would seem to have
+been deficient altogether in sound sense. The consent of the Spartan
+secured, Leontiades bade him set his troops in motion, as if everything
+were ready for his departure. "And anon, when the hour is come," added
+the Theban, "I will be with you, and show you the way myself."
+
+ (22) Or, "Renown was his mistress." See Grote, "H. G." x. 84.
+
+The senate was seated in the arcade or stoa in the market-place, since
+the Cadmeia was in possession of the women who were celebrating the
+Thesmophoria. (23) It was noon of a hot summer's day; scarcely a soul
+was stirring in the streets. This was the moment for Leontiades. He
+mounted on horseback and galloped off to overtake Phoebidas. He turned
+him back, and led him without further delay into the acropolis. Having
+posted Phoebidas and his soldiers inside, he handed him the key of the
+gates, and warning him not to suffer any one to enter into the citadel
+without a pass from himself, he straightway betook himself to
+the senate. Arrived there, he delivered himself thus: "Sirs, the
+Lacedaemonians are in possession of the citadel; but that is no
+cause for despondency, since, as they assure us, they have no hostile
+intention, except, indeed, towards any one who has an appetite for
+war. For myself, and acting in obedience to the law, which empowers the
+polemarch to apprehend all persons suspected of capital crimes, I hereby
+seize the person of Ismenias as an arch-fomenter of war. I call upon
+you, sirs, who are captains of companies, and you who are ranked with
+them, to do your duty. Arise and secure the prisoner, and lead him away
+to the place appointed."
+
+ (23) An ancient festival held by women in honour of Demeter and
+    Persephone ({to Thesmophoro}), who gave the first impulse to civil
+    society, lawful marriage, etc. See Herod. ii. 171; Diod. v. 5.
+
+Those who were privy to the affair, it will be understood, presented
+themselves, and the orders were promptly carried out. Of those not in
+the secret, but opposed to the party of Leontiades, some sought refuge
+at once outside the city in terror for their lives; whilst the rest,
+albeit they retired to their houses at first, yet when they found
+that Ismenias was imprisoned in the Cadmeia, and further delay seemed
+dangerous, retreated to Athens. These were the men who shared the views
+of Androcleidas and Ismenias, and they must have numbered about three
+hundred.
+
+Now that the transactions were concluded, another polemarch was chosen
+in place of Ismenias, and Leontiades at once set out to Lacedaemon.
+There he found the ephors and the mass of the community highly incensed
+against Phoebidas, "who had failed to execute the orders assigned to
+him by the state." Against this general indignation, however, Agesilaus
+protested. (24) If mischief had been wrought to Lacedaemon by this deed,
+it was just that the doer of it should be punished; but, if good, it was
+a time-honoured custom to allow full scope for impromptu acts of this
+character. "The sole point you have to look to," he urged, "is whether
+what has been done is good or evil." After this, however, Leontiades
+presented himself to the assembly (25) and addressed the members as
+follows: "Sirs, Lacedaemonians, the hostile attitude of Thebes towards
+you, before the occurrence of late events, was a topic constantly on
+your lips, since time upon time your eyes were called upon to witness
+her friendly bearing to your foes in contrast with her hatred of your
+friends. Can it be denied that Thebes refused to take part with you in
+the campaign against your direst enemy, the democracy in Piraeus; and
+balanced that lukewarmness by on onslaught on the Phocians, whose
+sole crime was cordiality to yourselves? (26) Nor is that all. In full
+knowledge that you were likely to be engaged in war with Olynthus, she
+proceeded at once to make an alliance with that city. So that up to the
+last moment you were in constant expectation of hearing that the whole
+of Boeotia was laid at the feet of Thebes. With the late incidents all
+is changed. You need fear Thebes no longer. One brief despatch (27) in
+cipher will suffice to procure a dutiful subservience to your every wish
+in that quarter, provided only you will take as kindly an interest in us
+as we in you."
+
+ (24) See "Ages." vii.
+
+ (25) "Select Committee." See "Hell." II. iv. 38; and below, VI. iii.
+    3.
+
+ (26) See above, "Hell." III. v. 4.
+
+ (27) Lit. "scytale."
+
+This appeal told upon the meeting, and the Lacedaemonians (28) resolved
+formally, now that the citadel had been taken, to keep it, and to put
+Ismenias on his trial. In consequence of this resolution a body of
+commissioners (29) was despatched, three Lacedaemonians and one for each
+of the allied states, great and small alike. The court of inquiry thus
+constituted, the sittings commenced, and an indictment was preferred
+against Ismenias. He was accused of playing into the hands of the
+barbarian; of seeking amity with the Persians to the detriment of
+Hellas; of accepting sums of money as bribes from the king; and,
+finally, of being, along with Androcleidas, the prime cause of the whole
+intestine trouble to which Hellas was a prey. Each of these charges was
+met by the defendant, but to no purpose, since he failed to disabuse
+the court of their conviction that the grandeur of his designs was only
+equalled by their wickedness. (30) The verdict was given against him,
+and he was put to death. The party of Leontiades thus possessed
+the city; and went beyond the injunctions given them in the eager
+performance of their services.
+
+ (28) See Grote, "H. G." vol. x. p. 85; Diod. xv. 20; Plut. "Pelop."
+    vi.; ib. "de Genio Socratis," V. vii. 6 A; Cor. Nep. "Pelop." 1.
+
+ (29) Lit. "Dicasts."
+
+ (30) Or, "that he was a magnificent malefactor." See Grote, "H. G."
+    vol. ix. p. 420, "the great wicked man" (Clarendon's epithets for
+    Cromwell); Plato, "Meno." 90 B; "Republic," 336 A, "a rich and
+    mighty man." See also Plut. "Ages." xxxii. 2, Agesilaus's
+    exclamation at sight of Epaminondas, {o tou megalopragmonos
+    anthropou}.
+
+B.C. 382. As a result of these transactions the Lacedaemonians pressed
+on the combined campaign against Olynthus with still greater enthusiasm.
+They not only set out Teleutias as governor, but by their united efforts
+furnished him with an aggregate army of ten thousand men. (31) They
+also sent despatches to the allied states, calling upon them to support
+Teleutias in accordance with the resolution of the allies. All the
+states were ready to display devotion to Teleutias, and to do him
+service, since he was a man who never forgot a service rendered him.
+Nor was Thebes an exception; for was not the governor a brother
+of Agesilaus? Thebes, therefore, was enthusiastic in sending her
+contribution of heavy infantry and cavalry. The Spartan conducted his
+march slowly and surely, taking the utmost pains to avoid injuring his
+friends, and to collect as large a force as possible. He also sent a
+message in advance to Amyntas, begging him, if he were truly desirous of
+recovering his empire, to raise a body of mercenaries, and to distribute
+sums of money among the neighbouring kings with a view to their
+alliance. Nor was that all. He sent also to Derdas, the ruler of Elimia,
+pointing out to him that the Olynthians, having laid at their feet the
+great power of Macedonia, would certainly not suffer his lesser power
+to escape unless they were stayed up by force in arms in their career of
+insolence. Proceeding thus, by the time he had reached the territory
+of the allied powers he was at the head of a very considerable army. At
+Potidaea he halted to make the necessary disposition of his troops, and
+thence advanced into the territory of the enemy. As he approached
+the hostile city, he abstained from felling and firing alike, being
+persuaded that to do so was only to create difficulties in his own
+path, whether advancing or retreating; it would be time enough, when he
+retired from Olynthus, to fell the trees and lay them as a barrier in
+the path of any assailant in the rear.
+
+ (31) Lit. "sent out along with him the combined force of ten thousand
+    men," in ref to S. 20 above.
+
+Being now within a mile or so (32) of the city he came to a halt. The
+left division was under his personal command, for it suited him to
+advance in a line opposite the gate from which the enemy sallied; the
+other division of the allies stretched away to the right. The cavalry
+were thus distributed: the Laconians, Thebans, and all the Macedonians
+present were posted on the right. With his own division he kept Derdas
+and his troopers, four hundred strong. This he did partly out of genuine
+admiration for this body of horse, and partly as a mark of courtesy to
+Derdas, which should make him not regret his coming.
+
+ (32) Lit. "ten stades."
+
+Presently the enemy issued forth and formed in line opposite, under
+cover of their walls. Then their cavalry formed in close order and
+commenced the attack. Dashing down upon the Laconians and Boeotians they
+dismounted Polycharmus, the Lacedaemonian cavalry general, inflicting a
+hundred wounds on him as he lay on the ground, and cut down others, and
+finally put to flight the cavalry on the right wing. The flight of these
+troopers infected the infantry in close proximity to them, who in turn
+swerved; and it looked as if the whole army was about to be worsted,
+when Derdas at the head of his cavalry dashed straight at the gates of
+Olynthus, Teleutias supporting him with the troops of his division.
+The Olynthian cavalry, seeing how matters were going, and in dread
+of finding the gates closed upon them, wheeled round and retired with
+alacrity. Thus it was that Derdas had his chance to cut down man after
+man as their cavalry ran the gauntlet past him. In the same way, too,
+the infantry of the Olynthians retreated within their city, though,
+owing to the closeness of the walls in their case, their loss was
+trifling. Teleutias claimed the victory, and a trophy was duly erected,
+after which he turned his back on Olynthus and devoted himself to
+felling the fruit-trees. This was the campaign of the summer. He
+now dismissed both the Macedonians and the cavalry force of Derdas.
+Incursions, however, on the part of the Olynthians themselves against
+the states allied to Lacedaemon were frequent; lands were pillaged, and
+people put to the sword.
+
+
+
+III
+
+B.C. 381. With the first symptoms of approaching spring the Olynthian
+cavalry, six hundred strong, had swooped into the territory of
+Apollonia--about the middle of the day--and dispersing over the
+district, were employed in pillaging; but as luck would have it,
+Derdas had arrived that day with his troopers, and was breakfasting in
+Apollonia. He noted the enemy's incursion, but kept quiet, biding his
+time; his horses were ready saddled, and his troopers armed cap-a-pied.
+As the Olynthians came galloping up contemptuously, not only into the
+suburbs, but to the very gates of the city, he seized his opportunity,
+and with his compact and well-ordered squadron dashed out; whereupon the
+invaders took to flight. Having once turned them, Derdas gave them no
+respite, pursuing and slaughtering them for ten miles or more, (1) until
+he had driven them for shelter within the very ramparts of Olynthus.
+Report said that Derdas slew something like eighty men in this affair.
+After this the Olynthians were more disposed to keep to their walls,
+contenting themselves with tilling the merest corner of their territory.
+
+ (1) Lit. "ninety stades."
+
+Time advanced, and Teleutias was in conduct of another expedition
+against the city of Olynthus. His object was to destroy any timber
+(2) still left standing, or fields still cultivated in the hostile
+territory. This brought out the Olynthian cavalry, who, stealthily
+advancing, crossed the river which washes the walls of the town, and
+again continued their silent march right up to the adversary's camp.
+At sight of an audacity which nettled him, Teleutias at once ordered
+Tlemonidas, the officer commanding his light infantry division, to
+charge the assailants at the run. On their side the men of Olynthus,
+seeing the rapid approach of the light infantry, wheeled and quietly
+retired until they had recrossed the river, drawing the enemy on,
+who followed with conspicuous hardihood. Arrogating to themselves the
+position of pursuers towards fugitives, they did not hesitate to cross
+the river which stood between them and their prey. Then the Olynthian
+cavalry, choosing a favourable moment, when those who had crossed seemed
+easy to deal with, wheeled and attacked them, putting Tlemonidas himself
+to the sword with more than a hundred others of his company. Teleutias,
+when he saw what was happening, snatched up his arms in a fit of anger
+and began leading his hoplites swiftly forward, ordering at the same
+time his peltasts and cavalry to give chase and not to slacken. Their
+fate was the fate of many before and since, who, in the ardour of
+pursuit, have come too close to the enemy's walls and found it hard to
+get back again. Under a hail of missiles from the walls they were forced
+to retire in disorder and with the necessity of guarding themselves
+against the missiles. At this juncture the Olynthians sent out their
+cavalry at full gallop, backed by supports of light infantry; and
+finally their heavy infantry reserves poured out and fell upon the
+enemy's lines, now in thorough confusion. Here Teleutias fell fighting,
+and when that happened, without further pause the troops immediately
+about him swerved. Not one soul longer cared to make a stand, but the
+flight became general, some fleeing towards Spartolus, others in the
+direction of Acanthus, a third set seeking refuge within the walls of
+Apollonia, and the majority within those of Potidaea. As the tide of
+fugitives broke into several streams, so also the pursuers divided
+the work between them; this way and that they poured, dealing death
+wholesale. So perished the pith and kernel of the armament.
+
+ (2) I.e. fruit-trees.
+
+Such calamities are not indeed without a moral. The lesson they are
+meant to teach mankind, I think, is plain. If in a general sense one
+ought not to punish any one, even one's own slave, in anger--since
+the master in his wrath may easily incur worse evil himself than he
+inflicts--so, in the case of antagonists in war, to attack an enemy
+under the influence of passion rather than of judgment is an absolute
+error. For wrath is but a blind impulse devoid of foresight, whereas to
+the penetrating eye of reason a blow parried may be better than a wound
+inflicted. (3)
+
+ (3) See, for the same sentiment, "Horsemanship," vi. 13. See also
+    Plut. "Pel." and "Marc." (Clough, ii. p. 278).
+
+When the news of what had happened reached Lacedaemon it was agreed,
+after due deliberation, that a force should be sent, and of no trifling
+description, if only to quench the victors' pride, and to prevent their
+own achievements from becoming null and void. In this determination they
+sent out King Agesipolis, as general, attended, like Agesilaus (4) on
+his Asiatic campaign, by thirty Spartans. (5) Volunteers flocked to his
+standard. They were partly the pick and flower of the provincials, (6)
+partly foreigners of the class called Trophimoi, (7) or lastly, bastard
+sons of Spartans, comely and beautiful of limb, and well versed in the
+lore of Spartan chivalry. The ranks of this invading force were further
+swelled by volunteers from the allied states, the Thessalians notably
+contributing a corps of cavalry. All were animated by the desire of
+becoming known to Agesipolis, so that even Amyntas and Derdas in zeal
+of service outdid themselves. With this promise of success Agesipolis
+marched forward against Olynthus.
+
+ (4) See above, "Hell." III. iv. 2.
+
+ (5) Lit. "Spartiates." The new army was sent out B.C. 380, according
+    to Grote.
+
+ (6) Lit. "beautiful and brave of the Perioeci."
+
+ (7) Xenophon's own sons educated at Sparta would belong to this class.
+    See Grote, "H. G." x. 91.
+
+Meanwhile the state of Phlius, complimented by Agesipolis on the amount
+of the funds contributed by them to his expedition and the celerity with
+which the money had been raised, and in full belief that while one king
+was in the field they were secure against the hostile attack of the
+other (since it was hardly to be expected that both kings should be
+absent from Sparta at one moment), boldly desisted from doing justice
+by her lately reinstated citizens. On the one hand, these exiles claimed
+that points in dispute should be determined before an impartial court
+of justice; the citizens, on the other, insisted on the claimants
+submitting the cases for trial in the city itself. And when the latter
+demurred to that solution, asking "What sort of trial that would be
+where the offenders were also the judges?" they appealed to deaf
+ears. Consequently the restored party appealed at Sparta, to prefer a
+complaint against their city. They were accompanied by other members of
+the community, who stated that many of the Phliasians themselves besides
+the appellants recognised the injustice of their treatment. The state of
+Phlius was indignant at this manouvre, and retaliated by imposing a fine
+on all who had betaken themselves to Lacedaemon without a mandate from
+the state. Those who incurred the fine hesitated to return home; they
+preferred to stay where they were and enforce their views: "It is quite
+plain now who were the perpetrators of all the violence--the very
+people who originally drove us into exile, and shut their gates upon
+Lacedaemon; the confiscators of our property one day, the ruthless
+opponents of its restoration the next. Who else but they have now
+brought it about that we should be fined for appearing at Lacedaemon?
+and for what purpose but to deter any one else for the future from
+venturing to expose the proceedings at Phlius?" Thus far the appellants.
+And in good sooth the conduct of the men of Phlius did seem to savour of
+insolence; so much so that the ephors called out the ban against them.
+
+B.C. 380. Nor was Agesilaus otherwise than well satisfied with
+this decision, not only on the ground of old relations of friendly
+hospitality between his father Archidamus and the party of Podanemus,
+who were numbered among the restored exiles at this time, but because
+personally he was bound by similar ties himself towards the adherents
+of Procles, son of Hipponicus. The border sacrifices proving favourable,
+the march commenced at once. As he advanced, embassy after embassy met
+him, and would fain by presents of money avert invasion. But the king
+answered that the purpose of his march was not to commit wrongdoing, but
+to protect the victims of injustice. Then the petitioners offered to do
+anything, only they begged him to forgo invasion. Again he replied--How
+could he trust to their words when they had lied to him already? He
+must have the warrant of acts, not promises. And being asked, "What act
+(would satisfy him)?" he answered once more, saying, "The same which
+you performed aforetime, and suffered no wrong at our hands"--in other
+words, the surrender of the acropolis. (8) But to this they could not
+bring themselves. Whereupon he invaded the territory of Phlius, and
+promptly drawing lines of circumvallation, commenced the siege. Many of
+the Lacedaemonians objected, for the sake of a mere handful of wretched
+people, so to embroil themselves with a state of over five thousand men.
+(9) For, indeed, to leave no doubt on this score, the men of Phlius met
+regularly in assembly in full view of those outside. But Agesilaus was
+not to be beaten by this move. Whenever any of the townsmen came out,
+drawn by friendship or kinship with the exiles, in every case the king's
+instructions were to place the public messes (10) at the service of
+the visitors, and, if they were willing to go through the course of
+gymnastic training, to give them enough to procure necessaries. All
+members of these classes were, by the general's strict injunctions,
+further to be provided with arms, and loans were to be raised for the
+purpose without delay. Presently the superintendents of this branch of
+the service were able to turn out a detachment of over a thousand men,
+in the prime of bodily perfection, well disciplined and splendidly
+armed, so that in the end the Lacedaemonians affirmed: "Fellow-soldiers
+of this stamp are too good to lose." Such were the concerns of
+Agesilaus.
+
+ (8) See above, IV. iv. 15.
+
+ (9) See Grote, "H. G." x. 45, note 4; and below, V. iv. 13.
+
+ (10) See "Pol. Lac." v.
+
+Meanwhile Agesipolis on leaving Macedonia advanced straight upon
+Olynthus and took up a strategical position in front of the town.
+Finding that no one came out to oppose him, he occupied himself for the
+present with pillaging any remnant of the district still intact, and with
+marching into the territory allied with the enemy, where he destroyed
+the corn. The town of Torone he attacked and took by storm. But while he
+was so engaged, in the height of mid-summer he was attacked by a burning
+fever. In this condition his mind reverted to a scene once visited, the
+temple of Dionysus at Aphytis, and a longing for its cool and sparkling
+waters and embowered shades (11) seized him. To this spot accordingly
+he was carried, still living, but only to breathe his last outside the
+sacred shrine, within a week of the day on which he sickened. His body
+was laid in honey and conveyed home to Sparta, where he obtained royal
+sepulchre.
+
+ (11) Lit. "shady tabernacles."
+
+When the news reached Agesilaus he displayed none of the satisfaction
+which might possibly have been expected at the removal of an antagonist.
+On the contrary, he wept and pined for the companionship so severed, it
+being the fashion at Sparta for the kings when at home to mess together
+and to share the same quarters. Moreover, Agesipolis was admirably
+suited to Agesilaus, sharing with the merriment of youth in tales of the
+chase and horsemanship and boyish loves; (12) while, to crown all, the
+touch of reverence due from younger to elder was not wanting in their
+common life. In place of Agesipolis, the Lacedaemonians despatched
+Polybiades as governor to Olynthus.
+
+ (12) See "Ages." viii. 2.
+
+B.C. 379. Agesilaus had already exceeded the time during which the
+supplies of food in Phlius were expected to last. The difference, in
+fact, between self-command and mere appetite is so great that the men of
+Phlius had only to pass a resolution to cut down the food expenditure by
+one half, and by doing so were able to prolong the siege for twice
+the calculated period. But if the contrast between self-restraint and
+appetite is so great, no less startling is that between boldness and
+faint-heartedness. A Phliasian named Delphion, a real hero, it would
+seem, took to himself three hundred Phliasians, and not only succeeded
+in preventing the peace-party from carrying out their wishes, but was
+equal to the task of incarcerating and keeping safely under lock and key
+those whom he mistrusted. Nor did his ability end there. He succeeded
+in forcing the mob of citizens to perform garrison duty, and by
+vigorous patrolling kept them constant to the work. Over and over again,
+accompanied by his personal attendants, he would dash out of the walls
+and drive in the enemy's outposts, first at one point and then at
+another of the beleaguering circle. But the time eventually came when,
+search as they might by every means, these picked defenders (13) could
+find no further store of food within the walls, and they were forced to
+send to Agesilaus, requesting a truce for an embassy to visit Sparta,
+adding that they were resolved to leave it to the discretion of the
+authorities at Lacedaemon to do with their city what they liked.
+Agesilaus granted a pass to the embassy, but, at the same time, he was
+so angry at their setting his personal authority aside, that he sent to
+his friends at home and arranged that the fate of Phlius should be
+left to his discretion. Meanwhile he proceeded to tighten the cordon of
+investment, so as to render it impossible that a single soul inside
+the city should escape. In spite of this, however, Delphion, with
+one comrade, a branded dare-devil, who had shown great dexterity
+in relieving the besieging parties of their arms, escaped by night.
+Presently the deputation returned with the answer from Lacedaemon that
+the state simply left it entirely to the discretion of Agesilaus
+to decide the fate of Phlius as seemed to him best. Then Agesilaus
+announced his verdict. A board of one hundred--fifty taken from the
+restored exiles, fifty from those within the city--were in the first
+place to make inquisition as to who deserved to live and who to
+die, after which they were to lay down laws as the basis of a new
+constitution. Pending the carrying out of these transactions, he left a
+detachment of troops to garrison the place for six months, with pay
+for that period. After this he dismissed the allied forces, and led the
+state (14) division home. Thus the transactions concerning Phlius were
+brought to a conclusion, having occupied altogether one year and eight
+months.
+
+ (13) See below, "Hell." VII. i. 19.
+
+ (14) {to politokon}, the citizen army. See above, IV. iv. 19; "Pol.
+    Lac." xi.
+
+Meanwhile Polybiades had reduced the citizens of Olynthus to the last
+stage of misery through famine. Unable to supply themselves with corn
+from their own land, or to import it by sea, they were forced to send an
+embassy to Lacedaemon to sue for peace. The plenipotentiaries on their
+arrival accepted articles of agreement by which they bound themselves
+to have the same friends and the same foes as Lacedaemon, to follow her
+lead, and to be enrolled among her allies; and so, having taken an oath
+to abide by these terms, they returned home.
+
+On every side the affairs of Lacedaemon had signally prospered: Thebes
+and the rest of the Boeotian states lay absolutely at her feet; Corinth
+had become her most faithful ally; Argos, unable longer to avail herself
+of the subterfuge of a movable calendar, was humbled to the dust; Athens
+was isolated; and, lastly, those of her own allies who displayed a
+hostile feeling towards her had been punished; so that, to all outward
+appearance, the foundations of her empire were at length absolutely well
+and firmly laid.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+Abundant examples might be found, alike in Hellenic and in foreign
+history, to prove that the Divine powers mark what is done amiss,
+winking neither at impiety nor at the commission of unhallowed acts;
+but at present I confine myself to the facts before me. (1) The
+Lacedaemonians, who had pledged themselves by oath to leave the states
+independent, had laid violent hands on the acropolis of Thebes, and were
+eventually punished by the victims of that iniquity single-handed--the
+Lacedaemonians, be it noted, who had never before been mastered by
+living man; and not they alone, but those citizens of Thebes who
+introduced them to their acropolis, and who wished to enslave their city
+to Lacedaemon, that they might play the tyrant themselves--how fared
+it with them? A bare score of the fugitives were sufficient to destroy
+their government. How this happened I will now narrate in detail.
+
+ (1) Or, "it is of my own subject that I must now speak." For the
+    "peripety," or sudden reversal of circumstances, on which the plot
+    of the "Hellenica" hinges, see Grote, "H. G." x. 100-108. Cf.
+    Soph. "Oed. Tyr." 450; "Antig." 1066; Thuc. v. 116; "Hellenica
+    Essays," "Xenophon," p. 382 foll. This passage is perhaps the key
+    to the historian's position.
+
+There was a man named Phyllidas--he was secretary to Archias, that is,
+to the polemarchs. (2) Beyond his official duties, he had rendered his
+chief other services, and all apparently in an exemplary fashion. A
+visit to Athens in pursuance of some business brought this man into
+contact with a former acquaintance of his, Melon, one of the exiles
+who had fled for safety to Athens. Melon had various questions to ask
+touching the sort of tyranny practised by Archias in the exercise of the
+polemarchy, and by Philip. He soon discovered that affairs at home were
+still more detestable to Phyllidas than to himself. It only remained
+to exchange pledges, and to arrange the details of what was to be done.
+After a certain interval Melon, accompanied by six of the trustiest
+comrades he could find among his fellow-exiles, set off for Thebes. They
+were armed with nothing but daggers, and first of all crept into the
+neighbourhood under cover of night. The whole of the next day they lay
+concealed in a desert place, and drew near to the city gates in the
+guise of labourers returning home with the latest comers from the
+fields. Having got safely within the city, they spent the whole of that
+night at the house of a man named Charon, and again the next day in the
+same fashion. Phyllidas meanwhile was busily taken up with the concerns
+of the polemarchs, who were to celebrate a feast of Aphrodite on going
+out of office. Amongst other things, the secretary was to take this
+opportunity of fulfilling an old undertaking, which was the introduction
+of certain women to the polemarchs. They were to be the most majestic
+and the most beautiful to be found in Thebes. The polemarchs, on their
+side (and the character of the men is sufficiently marked), were looking
+forward to the pleasures of the night with joyful anticipation. Supper
+was over, and thanks to the zeal with which the master of the ceremonies
+responded to their mood, they were speedily intoxicated. To their
+oft-repeated orders to introduce their mistresses, he went out and
+fetched Melon and the rest, three of them dressed up as ladies and the
+rest as their attendant maidens. Having brought them into the treasury
+of the polemarchs' residence, (3) he returned himself and announced to
+Archias and his friends that the women would not present themselves
+as long as any of the attendants remained in the room; whereupon they
+promptly bade all withdraw, and Phyllidas, furnishing the servants with
+a stoup of wine, sent them off to the house of one of them. And now at
+last he introduced the mistresses, and led them to their seats beside
+their respective lords. It was preconcerted that as soon as they were
+seated they were to throw aside their veils and strike home. That is one
+version of the death of the polemarchs. (4) According to another, Melon
+and his friends came in as revellers, and so despatched their victims.
+
+ (2) Lit. "to Archias and his (polemarchs)"; but the Greek phrase does
+    not, as the English would, imply that there were actually more
+    than two polemarchs, viz. Archias and Philippus. Hypates and
+    Leontiades belonged to the faction, but were neither of them
+    polemarchs.
+
+ (3) Lit. "Polemarcheion."
+
+ (4) Or, "and so, according to the prevalent version of the matter, the
+    polemarchs were slain. But some say that..."
+
+That over, Phyllidas, with three of the band, set off to the house of
+Leontiades. Arrived there, he knocked on the door, and sent in word that
+he had a message from the polemarchs. Leontiades, as chance befell, was
+still reclining in privacy after dinner, and his wife was seated beside
+him working wools. The fidelity of Phyllidas was well known to him, and
+he gave orders to admit him at once. They entered, slew Leontiades, and
+with threats silenced his wife. As they went out they ordered the door
+to be shut, threatening that if they found it open they would kill every
+one in the house. And now that this deed was done, Phyllidas, with two
+of the band, presented himself at the prison, telling the gaoler he had
+brought a man from the polemarchs to be locked up. The gaoler opened the
+door, and was at once despatched, and the prisoners were released. These
+they speedily supplied with arms taken from the armoury in the stoa,
+and then led them to the Ampheion, (5) and bade them take up a position
+there, after which they at once made a proclamation calling on all
+Thebans to come out, horse and foot, seeing that the tyrants were dead.
+The citizens, indeed, as long as it was night, not knowing whom or
+what to trust, kept quiet, but when day dawned and revealed what had
+occurred, the summons was responded to with alacrity, heavy infantry and
+cavalry under arms alike sallying forth. Horsemen were also despatched
+by the now restored exiles to the two Athenian generals on the frontier;
+and they, being aware of the object of the message (promptly responded).
+(6)
+
+ (5) See plan of Thebes, "Dict. Geog."; Arrian, "Anab." i. 8; Aesch.
+    "Sept. c. Theb." 528.
+
+ (6) Supply {epeboethoun}. There is a lacuna in the MSS. at this point.
+
+On the other hand, the Lacedaemonian governor in the citadel, as soon
+as that night's proclamation reached his ears, was not slow to send
+to Plataeae (7) and Thespiae for reinforcements. The approach of the
+Plataeans was perceived by the Theban cavalry, who met them and killed a
+score of them and more, and after that achievement returned to the
+city, to find the Athenians from the frontier already arrived. Then they
+assaulted the acropolis. The troops within recognised the paucity of
+their own numbers, whilst the zeal of their opponents (one and all
+advancing to the attack) was plainly visible, and loud were the
+proclamations, promising rewards to those who should be first to scale
+the walls. All this so worked upon their fears that they agreed to
+evacuate the place if the citizens would allow them a safe-conduct to
+retire with their arms. To this request the others gladly yielded, and
+they made a truce. Oaths were taken on the terms aforesaid, and the
+citizens dismissed their adversaries. For all that, as the garrison
+retired, those of them who were recognised as personal foes were seized
+and put to death. Some were rescued through the good offices of the
+Athenian reinforcements from the frontier, who smuggled them across and
+saved them. The Thebans were not content with putting the men to
+death; if any of them had children, these also were sacrificed to their
+vengeance.
+
+ (7) This city had been refounded in B.C. 386 (Isocr. "Plat." 20, 21).
+    See Freeman, op. cit. ch. iv. p. 170: "Its restoration implied not
+    only a loss of Theban supremacy, but the actual loss of that
+    portion of the existing Theban territory which had formerly formed
+    the Plataian district."
+
+B.C. 378. When the news of these proceedings reached Sparta the first
+thing the Lacedaemonians did was to put to death the governor, who had
+abandoned the Cadmeia instead of awaiting reinforcements, and the next
+was to call out the ban against Thebes. Agesilaus had little taste to
+head the expedition; he pointed out that he had seen more than forty
+years' service, (8) and that the exemption from foreign duty applicable
+to others at that age was applicable on the same principle to the king.
+Such were the ostensible grounds on which he excused himself from the
+present expedition, but his real objections lay deeper. He felt certain
+that if he led the expedition his fellow-citizens would say: "Agesilaus
+caused all this trouble to the state in order to aid and abet tyrants."
+Therefore he preferred to leave his countrymen to settle the matter
+themselves as they liked. Accordingly the ephors, instructed by
+the Theban exiles who had escaped the late massacres, despatched
+Cleombrotus. He had not commanded before, and it was the depth of
+winter.
+
+ (8) And was therefore more than fifty-eight years old at this date.
+    See "Ages." i. 6.
+
+Now while Chabrias, with a body of Athenian peltasts, kept watch and
+ward over the road through Eleutherae, Cleombrotus made his way up by
+the direct route to Plataeae. His column of light infantry, pushing
+forward in advance, fell upon the men who had been released from the
+Theban prison, guarding the summit, to the number of about one hundred
+and fifty. These, with the exception of one or two who escaped, were cut
+down by the peltasts, and Cleombrotus descended in person upon Plataeae,
+which was still friendly to Sparta. Presently he reached Thespiae, and
+that was the base for an advance upon Cynoscephalae, where he encamped
+on Theban territory. Here he halted sixteen days, and then again fell
+back upon Thespiae. At this latter place he now left Sphodrias as
+governor, with a third portion of each of the contingents of the allies,
+handing over to him all the moneys he had brought with him from
+home, with directions to supplement his force with a contingent of
+mercenaries.
+
+While Sphodrias was so employed, Cleombrotus himself commenced his
+homeward march, following the road through Creusis at the head of his
+own moiety of the troops, who indeed were in considerable perplexity to
+discover whether they were at war with the Thebans or at peace, seeing
+that the general had led his army into Theban territory, had inflicted
+the minimum of mischief, and again retired. No sooner, however, was his
+back turned than a violent wind storm assailed him in his rear, which
+some construed as an omen clearly significant of what was about to take
+place. Many a blow this assailant dealt them, and as the general and his
+army, crossing from Creusis, scaled that face of the mountain (9) which
+stretches seaward, the blast hurled headlong from the precipices a
+string of asses, baggage and all: countless arms were wrested from the
+bearers' grasp and whirled into the sea; finally, numbers of the men,
+unable to march with their arms, deposited them at different points of
+the pass, first filling the hollow of their shields with stones. For the
+moment, then, they halted at Aegosthena, on Megarian soil, and supped as
+best they could. Next day they returned and recovered their arms.
+After this adventure the contingents lost no time in returning to their
+several homes, as Cleombrotus disbanded them.
+
+ (9) I.e. "Cithaeron."
+
+Meanwhile at Athens and Thebes alike fear reigned. To the Athenians the
+strength of the Lacedaemonians was unmistakable: the war was plainly
+no longer confined to Corinth; on the contrary, the Lacedaemonians had
+ventured to skirt Athenian territory and to invade Thebes. They were so
+worked upon by their alarm that the two generals who had been privy
+to the insurrection of Melon against Leontiades and his party had to
+suffer: the one was formally tried and put to death; the other, refusing
+to abide his trial, was banished.
+
+The apprehensions of the Thebans were of a different sort: their fear
+was rather lest they should find themselves in single-handed war with
+Lacedaemon. To prevent this they hit upon the following expedient. They
+worked upon Sphodrias, (10) the Spartan governor left in Thespiae, by
+offering him, as at least was suspected, a substantial sum, in return
+for which he was to make an incursion into Attica; their great object
+being to involve Athens and Lacedaemon in hostilities. Sphodrias lent a
+willing ear, and, pretending that he could easily capture Piraeus in its
+present gateless condition, gave his troops an early evening meal and
+marched out of Thespiae, saying that he would reach Piraeus before
+daybreak. As a matter of fact day overtook him at Thria, nor did he
+take any pains even to draw a veil over his intentions; on the contrary,
+being forced to turn aside, he amused himself by recklessly lifting
+cattle and sacking houses. Meanwhile some who chanced upon him in the
+night had fled to the city and brought news to the men of Athens that a
+large body of troops was approaching. It needs no saying with what speed
+the cavalry and heavy infantry armed themselves and stood on guard
+to protect the city. As chance befell, there were some Lacedaemonian
+ambassadors in Athens at the moment, at the house of Callias their
+proxenos; their names were Etymocles, Aristolochus, and Ocyllus.
+Immediately on receipt of the news the Athenians seized these three and
+imprisoned them, as not improbably concerned in the plot. Utterly taken
+aback by the affair themselves, the ambassadors pleaded that, had they
+been aware of an attempt to seize Piraeus, they would hardly have been
+so foolish as to put themselves into the power of the Athenians, or have
+selected the house of their proxenos for protection, where they were so
+easily to be found. It would, they further urged, soon be plain to the
+Athenians themselves that the state of Lacedaemon was quite as
+little cognisant of these proceedings as they. "You will hear before
+long"--such was their confident prediction--"that Sphodrias has paid for
+his behaviour by his life." On this wise the ambassadors were acquitted
+of all concern in the matter and dismissed. Sphodrias himself was
+recalled and indicted by the ephors on the capital charge, and, in spite
+of his refusal to face the trial, he was acquitted. This miscarriage
+of justice, as it seemed to many, who described it as unprecedented in
+Lacedaemon, has an explanation.
+
+ (10) See Plut. "Pel." xiv. (Clough, ii. p. 214).
+
+Sphodrias had a son named Cleonymus. He was just at the age when
+youth emerges from boyhood, very handsome and of high repute among
+his fellows. To this youth Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, was
+passionately attached. Now the friends of Cleombrotus, as comrades of
+Sphodrias, were disposed to acquit him; but they feared Agesilaus and
+his friends, not to mention the intermediate party, for the enormity of
+his proceeding was clear. So when Sphodrias addressed his son Cleonymus:
+"You have it in your power, my son, to save your father, if you will, by
+begging Archidamus to dispose Agesilaus favourably to me at my trial."
+Thus instructed, the youth did not shrink from visiting Archidamus, and
+implored him for his sake to save his father. Now when Archidamus saw
+how Cleonymus wept, he too was melted to tears as he stood beside him,
+but to his petition he made answer thus: "Nay, Cleonymus, it is the bare
+truth I tell you, I cannot so much as look my father in the face;
+(11) if I wished anything transacted for me in the city I would beg
+assistance from the whole world sooner than from my father. Still, since
+it is you who bid me, rest assured I will do my best to bring this about
+for you as you desire." He then left the common hall (12) and retired
+home to rest, but with dawn he arose and kept watch that his father
+might not go out without his knowledge. Presently, when he saw him
+ready to go forth, first some citizen was present, and then another and
+another; and in each case he stepped aside, while they held his father
+in conversation. By and by a stranger would come, and then another; and
+so it went on until he even found himself making way for a string of
+petitioning attendants. At last, when his father had turned his back on
+the Eurotas, and was entering his house again, he was fain to turn his
+back also and be gone without so much as accosting him. The next day
+he fared no better: all happened as on the previous day. Now Agesilaus,
+although he had his suspicions why his son went to and fro in this way,
+asked no questions, but left him to take his own course. Archidamus, on
+his side, was longing, as was natural, to see his friend Cleonymus; but
+how he was to visit him, without having held the desired conversation
+with his father, he knew not. The friends of Sphodrias, observing that
+he who was once so frequent a visitor had ceased coming, were in agony;
+he must surely have been deterred by the reproaches of his father. At
+last, however, Archidamus dared to go to his father, and said, "Father,
+Cleonymus bids me ask you to save his father; grant me this boon, if
+possible, I beg you." He answered: "For yourself, my son, I can make
+excuse, but how shall my city make excuse for me if I fail to condemn
+that man who, for his own base purpose, traffics to the injury of the
+state?" For the moment the other made no reply, but retired crestfallen
+before the verdict of justice. Afterwards, whether the thought was his
+own or that he was prompted by some other, he came and said, "Father,
+if Sphodrias had done no wrong you would have released him, that I know;
+but now, if he has done something wrong, may he not be excused by you
+for our sakes?" And the father answered: "If it can be done without loss
+of honour on our parts, so shall it be." At that word the young man, in
+deep despondency, turned and went. Now one of the friends of Sphodrias,
+conversing with Etymocles, remarked to him: "You are all bent on putting
+Sphodrias to death, I take it, you friends of Agesilaus?" And Etymocles
+replied: "If that be so, we all are bent on one thing, and Agesilaus on
+another, since in all his conversations he still harps upon one string:
+that Sphodrias has done a wrong there is no denying, yet Sphodrias is
+a man who, from boyhood to ripe manhood, (13) was ever constant to the
+call of honour. To put such a man as that to death is hard; nay, Sparta
+needs such soldiers." The other accordingly went off and reported what
+he had just heard to Cleonymus; and he in the joy of his heart went
+straightway to Archidamus and said: "Now we know that you care for us;
+rest assured, Archidamus, that we in turn will take great pains that you
+shall never have cause to blush for our friendship." Nor did his acts
+belie his words; but so long as he lived he was ever faithful to the
+code of Spartan chivalry; and at Leuctra, fighting in front of the king
+side by side with Deinon the polemarch, thrice fell or ever he yielded
+up his breath--foremost of the citizens amidst the foe. And so, albeit
+he caused his friend the bitterest sorrow, yet to that which he had
+promised he was faithful, seeing he wrought Archidamus no shame, but
+contrariwise shed lustre on him. (14) In this way Sphodrias obtained his
+acquittal.
+
+ (11) See "Cyrop." I. iv. 12.
+
+ (12) Lit. "the Philition." See "Pol. Lac." iii. 6.
+
+ (13) Lit. "who, whether as child, boy, or young man"; and for the
+    three stages of growth, see "Pol. Lac." ii. iii. iv.
+
+ (14) I.e. both in life and in death.
+
+At Athens the friends of Boeotia were not slow to instruct the people
+that his countrymen, so far from punishing Sphodrias, had even applauded
+him for his designs on Athens; and in consequence of this the Athenians
+not only furnished Piraeus with gates, but set to work to build a fleet,
+and displayed great zeal in sending aid to the Boeotians. (15) The
+Lacedaemonians, on their side, called out the ban against the Thebans;
+and being persuaded that in Agesilaus they would find a more prudent
+general than Cleombrotus had proved, they begged the former to undertake
+the expedition. (16) He, replying that the wish of the state was for him
+law, began making preparations to take the field.
+
+ (15) For the new Athenian confederacy of Delos of this year, B.C. 378,
+    see "Pol. Lac." xiv. 6; "Rev." v. 6; Diod. xv. 28-30; Plut.
+    "Pelop." xv.; Hicks, 78, 81; and for an alliance between Athens
+    and Chalcis in Euboea, see Hicks, 79; and for a treaty with Chios,
+    Hicks, 80.
+
+ (16) See "Ages." ii. 22.
+
+Now he had come to the conclusion that without the occupation of Mount
+Cithaeron any attack on Thebes would be difficult. Learning then that
+the men of Cleitor were just now at war with the men of Orchomenus, (17)
+and were maintaining a foreign brigade, he came to an understanding with
+the Cleitorians that in the event of his needing it, this force would be
+at his service; and as soon as the sacrifices for crossing the
+frontier proved favourable, he sent to the commander of the Cleitorian
+mercenaries, and handing him a month's pay, ordered him to occupy
+Cithaeron with his men. This was before he himself reached Tegea.
+Meanwhile he sent a message to the men of Orchomenus that so long as
+the campaign lasted they must cease from war. If any city during his
+campaign abroad took on itself to march against another city, his first
+duty, he declared, would be to march against such offending city in
+accordance with a decree of the allies.
+
+ (17) In Arcadia. See Busolt, "Die Lak." 120 foll.
+
+Thus crossing Cithaeron he reached Thespiae, (18) and from that base
+made the territory of Thebes his objective. Finding the great plain
+fenced round with ditch and palisade, as also the most valuable portions
+of the country, he adopted the plan of shifting his encampment from one
+place to another. Regularly each day, after the morning meal, he marched
+out his troops and ravaged the territory, confining himself to his own
+side of the palisadings and trench. The appearance of Agesilaus at any
+point whatever was a signal to the enemy, who within the circuit of his
+entrenchment kept moving in parallel line to the invader, and was ever
+ready to defend the threatened point. On one occasion, the Spartan
+king having retired and being well on the road back to camp, the Theban
+cavalry, hitherto invisible, suddenly dashed out, following one of the
+regularly constructed roads out of the entrenchment. Taking advantage of
+the enemy's position--his light troops breaking off to supper or busily
+preparing the meal, and the cavalry, some of them on their legs just
+(19) dismounted, and others in the act of mounting--on they rode,
+pressing the charge home. Man after man of the light troops was cut
+down; and three cavalry troopers besides--two Spartans, Cleas and
+Epicydidas by name, and the third a provincial (20) named Eudicus, who
+had not had time to mount their horses, and whose fate was shared by
+some Theban (21) exiles. But presently Agesilaus wheeled about and
+advanced with his heavy infantry to the succour; his cavalry dashed
+at the enemy's cavalry, and the flower of the heavy infantry, the
+ten-years-service men, charged by their side. The Theban cavalry at that
+instant looked like men who had been imbibing too freely in the noontide
+heat--that is to say, they awaited the charge long enough to hurl their
+spears; but the volley sped without effect, and wheeling about within
+that distance they left twelve of their number dead upon the field.
+
+ (18) By Cynoscephalae. See "Ages." ii. 22.
+
+ (19) Read, after Courier, {arti} for the vulg. {eti}; or, better
+    still, adopt Hartman's emendation (op. cit. p. 379), {ton men ede
+    katabebekoton ton de katabainonton}, and translate "some--already
+    dismounted, and others dismounting."
+
+ (20) Lit. "one of the perioeci."
+
+ (21) Reading {Thebaion} after Dind. for {'Athenaion}.
+
+Agesilaus had not failed to note with what regularity the enemy
+presented himself after the morning meal. Turning the observation to
+account, he offered sacrifice with day's dawn, and marched with all
+possible speed, and so crossed within the palisadings, through what
+might have been a desert, as far as defence or sign of living being
+went. Once well inside, he proceeded to cut down and set on fire
+everything up to the city gates. After this exploit he beat a retreat,
+retiring into Thespiae, where he fortified their citadel for them. Here
+he left Phoebidas as governor, while he himself crossed the passes back
+into Megara. Arrived here he disbanded the allies, and led the city
+troops homewards.
+
+After the departure of Agesilaus, Phoebidas devoted himself to harrying
+the Thebans by sending out robber bands, and laid waste their land by
+a system of regular incursions. The Thebans, on their side, desiring
+to retaliate, marched out with their whole force into the territory
+of Thespiae. But once well inside the district they found themselves
+closely beset by Phoebidas and his light troops, who would not give
+them the slightest chance to scatter from their main body, so that
+the Thebans, heartily vexed at the turn their foray had taken, beat a
+retreat quicker than they had come. The muleteers threw away with their
+own hands the fruits they had captured, in their anxiety to get home as
+quickly as possible; so dire a dread had fallen upon the invading army.
+This was the chance for the Spartan to press home his attack boldly,
+keeping his light division in close attendance on himself, and leaving
+the heavy infantry under orders to follow him in battle order. He was
+in hopes even that he might put the enemy to complete rout, so valiantly
+did he lead the advance, encouraging the light troops to "come to a
+close grip with the invadors," or summoning the heavy infantry of the
+Thespiaeans to "bring up their supports." Presently the Theban cavalry
+as they retired found themselves face to face with an impassable glen
+or ravine, where in the first instance they collected in a mob, and next
+wheeled right-about-face in sheer resourcelessness where to cross. The
+handful of light troops who formed the Spartan vanguard took fright
+at the Thebans and fled, and the Theban horsemen seeing this put in
+practice the lesson of attack which the fugitives taught them. As for
+Phoebidas himself, he and two or three with him fell sword in hand,
+whereupon his mercenary troops all took to their heels.
+
+When the stream of fugitives reached the Thespiaean heavy infantry
+reserves, they too, in spite of much boasting beforehand that they would
+never yield to Thebans, took to flight, though there was now absolutely
+no pursuit whatever, for it was now late. The number slain was not
+large, but, for all that, the men of Thespiae did not come to a
+standstill until they found themselves safe inside their walls. As a
+sequel, the hopes and spirits of the Thebans were again kindled into new
+life, and they made campaigns against Thespiae and the other provincial
+cities of Boeotia. (22) It must be admitted that in each case the
+democratical party retired from these cities to Thebes; since absolute
+governments had been established in all of them on the pattern
+previously adopted at Thebes; and the result was that the friends of
+Lacedaemon in these cities also needed her assistance. (23) After the
+death of Phoebidas the Lacedaemonians despatched a polemarch with a
+division by sea to form the garrison of Thespiae.
+
+ (22) Lit. "their other perioecid cities." For the significance of this
+    title as applied by the Thebans (and perhaps commonly) to the
+    other cities of Boeotia, see Freeman, op. cit. ch. iv. pp. 157,
+    173 foll.
+
+ (23) See Grote, "H. G." x. 174; Freeman, op. cit. iv. 171, 172.
+
+B.C. 377. With the advent of spring (24) the ephors again called out the
+ban against Thebes, and requested Agesilaus to lead the expedition, as
+on the former campaign. He, holding to his former theory with regard to
+the invasion, even before sacrificing the customary frontier sacrifice,
+sent a despatch to the polemarch at Thespiae, with orders to seize the
+pass which commands the road over Cithaeron, and to guard it against his
+arrival. Then, having once more crossed the pass and reached Plataeae,
+he again made a feint of marching first into Thespiae, and so sent a
+despatch ordering supplies to be in readiness, and all embassies to
+be waiting his arrival there; so that the Thebans concentrated their
+attention on the approaches from Thespiae, which they strongly guarded.
+Next morning, however, Agesilaus sacrificed at daybreak and set out on
+the road to Erythrae, (25) and completing in one day what was a good two
+days' march for an army, gave the Thebans the slip, and crossed
+their palisade-work at Scolus before the enemy had arrived from the
+closely-guarded point at which he had effected his entrance formerly.
+This done he proceeded to ravage the eastward-facing districts of the
+city of Thebes as far as the territory of Tanagra, for at that date
+Tanagra was still in the hands of Hypatodorus and his party, who were
+friends of the Lacedaemonians. After that he turned to retire, keeping
+the walls of Thebes on his left. But the Thebans, who had stolen, as
+it were, upon the scene, drew up at the spot called "The Old Wife's
+Breast," (26) keeping the trench and palisading in their rear: they were
+persuaded that here, if anywhere, lay their chance to risk a decisive
+engagement, the ground at this point being somewhat narrow and difficult
+to traverse. Agesilaus, however, in view of the situation, refused to
+accept the challenge. Instead of marching upon them he turned sharp off
+in the direction of the city; and the Thebans, in alarm for the city in
+its undefended state, abandoned the favourable ground on which they
+were drawn up in battle line, and retired at the double towards the city
+along the road to Potniae, which seemed the safer route. This last
+move of Agesilaus may be described as a stroke of genius: (27) while it
+allowed him to retire to a distance, it forced the enemy themselves
+to retreat at the double. In spite of this, however, one or two of the
+polemarchs, with their divisions, charged the foe as he raced past.
+But again the Thebans, from the vantage-ground of their heights, sent
+volleys of spears upon the assailants, which cost one of the polemarchs,
+Alypetus, his life. He fell pierced by a spear. But again from this
+particular crest the Thebans on their side were forced to turn in
+flight; so much so that the Sciritae, with some of the cavalry, scaled
+up and speedily cut down the rearmost ranks of the Thebans as they
+galloped past into the city. When, however, they were close under
+cover of their walls the Thebans turned, and the Sciritae seeing them
+retreated at more than a steady walking pace. No one, it is true, was
+slain; but the Thebans all the same set up a trophy in record of
+the incident at the point where the scaling party had been forced to
+retreat.
+
+ (24) See for affairs of Delos, never actually named by Xenophon,
+    between B.C. 377 and 374, the Sandwich Marble in Trinity College,
+    Cambridge; Boeckh, "C. I. G" 158, and "P. E. A." ii. p. 78 foll.;
+    Hicks, 82.
+
+ (25) Erythrae (Redlands) stands between Hysiae and Scolus, east of
+    Katzula.--Leake, "N. Gr." ii. 329. See Herod. ix. 15, 25; Thuc.
+    iii. 24; Paus. IX. ii. 1; Strab. IX. ii.
+
+ (26) Lit. "Graos Stethos."
+
+ (27) Or, "and this move of Agesilaus was regarded as a very pretty
+    one."
+
+And now, since the hour was come, Agesilaus fell back and encamped on
+the very site on which he had seen the enemy drawn up in battle array.
+Next day he retired by the road to Thespiae. The light troops, who
+formed a free corps in the pay of the Thebans, hung audaciously at his
+heels. Their shouts could be heard calling out to Chabrias (28) for not
+bringing up his supports; when the cavalry of the Olynthians (who now
+contributed a contingent in accordance with their oaths) (29) wheeled
+round on them, caught the pursuers in the heat of their pursuit, and
+drove them uphill, putting large numbers of them to the sword--so
+quickly are infantry overhauled by cavalry on steep ground which can be
+ridden over. Being arrived within the walls of Thespiae, Agesilaus
+found the citizens in a state of party feud, the men of Lacedaemonian
+proclivities desiring to put their political opponents, one of whom was
+Menon, to death (30)--a proceeding which Agesilaus would not sanction.
+After having healed their differences and bound them over by solemn oath
+to keep the peace with one another, he at once retired, taking his
+old route across Cithaeron to Megara. Here once more he disbanded the
+allies, and at the head of the city troops himself marched back to
+Sparta.
+
+ (28) For the exploits of Chabrias, who commanded a division of mixed
+    Athenians and mercenaries (see above, S. 14), see Dem. "c. Lept."
+    479; Polyaen. ii. 1, 2; Diod. xv. 32, 33, who gives interesting
+    details; Grote, "H. G." x. 172 foll.
+
+ (29) See above, "Hell." V. iii. 26.
+
+ (30) Or, "under the pretext of furthering Laconian interests there was
+    a desire to put political opponents to death." For "Menon," Diod.
+    conj. "Melon."
+
+The Thebans had not gathered in the fruits of their soil for two years
+now, and began to be sorely pinched for want of corn; they therefore
+sent a body of men on board a couple of triremes to Pagasae, with
+ten talents (31) in hand for the purchase of corn. But while these
+commissioners were engaged in effecting their purchases, Alcetas, the
+Lacedaemonian who was garrisoning Oreus, (32) fitted out three triremes,
+taking precautions that no rumour of his proceedings should leak out.
+As soon as the corn was shipped and the vessels under weigh, he captured
+not only the corn but the triremes, escort and all, numbering no less
+than three hundred men. This done he locked up his prisoners in the
+citadel, where he himself was also quartered. Now there was a youth, the
+son of a native of Oreus, fair of mien and of gentle breeding, (33) who
+danced attendance on the commandant: and the latter must needs leave the
+citadel and go down to busy himself with this youth. This was a piece of
+carelessness which the prisoners did not fail to observe, and turned to
+good account by seizing the citadel, whereupon the town revolted,
+and the Thebans experienced no further difficulty in obtaining corn
+supplies.
+
+ (31) = 2,437 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+ (32) Oreus, formerly called Histiaea, in the north of Euboea. See
+    Thuc. vii. 57, viii. 95; Diod. xv. 30; Grote, "H. G." ix. 263. For
+    Pagasae at the north extremity of the Pagasaean Gulf, "the cradle
+    of Greek navigation," see Tozer, "Geog. Gr." vi. p. 124; Strab.
+    IX. v. 15.
+
+ (33) Or, "beautiful and brave if ever youth was."
+
+B.C. 376. At the return of spring Agesilaus lay sick--a bedridden
+invalid. The history of the case is this: During the withdrawal of his
+army from Thebes the year before, when at Megara, while mounting from
+the Aphrodision (34) to the Government house he ruptured a vein or other
+vessel of the body. This was followed by a rush of blood to his sound
+leg. The knee was much swelled, and the pain intolerable, until a
+Syracusan surgeon made an incision in the vein near the ankle. The blood
+thus let flowed night and day; do what they could to stop the discharge,
+all failed, till the patient fainted away; then it ceased. In this
+plight Agesilaus was conveyed home on a litter to Lacedaemon, and
+remained an invalid the rest of that summer and throughout the winter.
+
+ (34) Pausanius (I. xi. 6) mentions a temple of Aphrodite
+    {'Epistrophoa} (Verticordia), on the way up to the Carian
+    Acropolis of Megara.
+
+But to resume: at the first burst of spring the Lacedaemonians
+again called out the ban, and gave orders to Cleombrotus to lead the
+expedition. The king found himself presently with his troops at the foot
+of Cithaeron, and his light infantry advanced to occupy the pass which
+commands the road. But here they found a detachment of Thebans and
+Athenians already in occupation of the desired height, who for a while
+suffered them to approach; but when they were close upon them, sprang
+from their position and charged, putting about forty to the sword. This
+incident was sufficient to convince Cleombrotus that to invade Thebes by
+this mountain passage was out of the question, and in this faith he led
+back and disbanded his troops.
+
+The allies met in Lacedaemon, and arguments were adduced on the part of
+the allies to show that faintheartedness would very soon lead to their
+being absolutely worn out by the war. They had got it in their power,
+it was urged, to fit out a fleet far outnumbering that of Athens, and
+to reduce that city by starvation; it was open to them, in the self-same
+ships, to carry an army across into Theban territory, and they had
+a choice of routes--the road into Phocis, or, if they preferred, by
+Creusis. After thus carefully considering the matter they manned a fleet
+of sixty triremes, and Pollis was appointed admiral in command. Nor
+indeed were their expectations altogether belied. The Athenians were
+soon so closely blockaded that their corn vessels could get no farther
+than Geraestus; (35) there was no inducing them to coast down father
+south, with a Lacedaemonian navy hovering about Aegina and Ceos and
+Andros. The Athenians, making a virtue of necessity, manned their ships
+in person, gave battle to Pollis under the leadership of Chabrias, and
+came out of the sea-fight (36) victorious.
+
+ (35) The promontory at the southern extremity of Euboea.
+
+ (36) Battle of Naxos, B.C. 376. For interesting details, see Diod. xv.
+    35, 35.
+
+B.C. 375. Then the corn supplies flowed freely into Athens. The
+Lacedaemonians, on their side, were preparing to transport an army
+across the water into Boeotia, when the Thebans sent a request to the
+Athenians urging them to despatch an armament round Peloponnesus, under
+the persuasion that if this were done the Lacedaemonians would find it
+impossible at once to guard their own or the allied territory in that
+part of the world, and at the same time to convery an army of any size
+to operate against Thebes. The proposals fell in with the present temper
+of the Athenians, irritated with Lacedaemon on account of the exploit
+of Sphodrias. Accordingly they eagerly manned a fleet of sixty vessels,
+appointing Timotheus as admiral in command, and despatched it on a
+cruise round Peloponnesus.
+
+The Thebans, seeing that there had been no hostile invasion of their
+territory for so long (neither during the campaign of Cleombrotus
+nor now, (37) whilst Timotheus prosecuted his coasting voyage), felt
+emboldened to carry out a campaign on their own account against the
+provincial cities; (38) and one by one they again recovered them.
+
+ (37) Lit. "nor at the date of Timotherus's periplus." To the historian
+    writing of the events of this period several years later, the
+    coasting voyage of Timotheus is a single incident ({periepleuse}),
+    and as Grote ("H. G." x. 185, note 3) observes, the words may
+    "include not simply the time which Timotheus took in actually
+    circumnavigating Peloponnesos, but the year which he spent
+    afterwards in the Ionian sea, and the time which he occupied in
+    performing his exploits near Korkyra, Leukas, and the
+    neighbourhood generally." For the character and exploits of
+    Timotheus, son of Conon, see Isocr. "Or." xv. "On the Antidosis,"
+    SS. 101-139; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii. p. 140 foll.; Rehdantz, "Vit.
+    Iphicr. Chabr. Timoth. Atheniensium."
+
+ (38) Or, "the cities round about their territory," lit. "the perioecid
+    cities." For the import of the epithet, see V. iv. 46; Freeman,
+    op. cit. iv. 173, note 1, in reference to Grote, "H. G." x. 183,
+    note 4. For the battle of Tegyra see Grote, ib. 182; Plut.
+    "Pelop." 17; Diod. xv. 57 ("evidently this battle," Grote);
+    Callisthenes, fr. 3, ed. Did. Cf. Steph. Byz., {Tegura}.
+
+Timotheus in his cruise reached Corcyra, and reduced it at a blow. That
+done, he neither enslaved the inhabitants nor drove them into exile,
+nor changed their laws. And of this conduct he reaped the benefit of
+the increased cordiality (39) of all the cities of those parts. The
+Lacedaemonians thereupon fitted out and despatched a counter fleet, with
+Nicolochus in command, an officer of consummate boldness. This admiral
+no sooner caught sight of Timotheus's fleet than without hesitation, and
+in spite of the absence of six Ambraciot vessels which formed part
+of his squadron, he gave battle, with fifty-five ships to the enemy's
+sixty. The result was a defeat at the moment, and Timotheus set up a
+trophy at Alyzia. But as soon as the six missing Ambraciot vessels
+had reinforced him--the ships of Timotheus meanwhile being docked and
+undergoing repairs--he bore down upon Alyzia in search of the Athenian,
+and as Timotheus refused to put out to meet him, the Lacedaemonian in
+turn set up a trophy on the nearest group of islands.
+
+ (39) The Corcyraeans, Acarnanians, and Cephallenians join the alliance
+    B.C. 375; see Hicks, 83. "This decree dates from the autumn of
+    B.C. 375, immediately after Timotheos's visit to Korkyra (Xen.
+    'Hell.' V. iv. 64). The result was that the names of Korkyra,
+    Kephallenia, and Akarnania were inscribed upon the list (No. 81),
+    and an alliance was made with them." (See "C. I. A." ii. p. 399
+    foll.; Hicks, loc. cit.; "Hell." VI. v. 23); "C. I. A." ii. 14.
+    The tablet is in the Asclepeian collection at the entrance of the
+    Acropolis at Athens. See Milchofer, "Die Museum Athens," 1881, p.
+    45.
+
+B.C. 374. Timotheus, after repairing his original squadron and manning
+more vessels from Corcyra, found himself at the head of more than
+seventy ships. His naval superiority was undisputed, but he was forced
+to send to Athens for moneys, seeing his fleet was large and his wants
+not trifling.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VI
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 374. The Athenians and Lacedaemonians were thus engaged. But to
+return to the Thebans. After the subjugation of the cities in Boeotia,
+they extended the area of aggression and marched into Phocis. The
+Phocians, on their side, sent an embassy to Lacedaemon, and pleaded that
+without assistance from that power they must inevitably yield to Thebes.
+The Lacedaemonians in response conveyed by sea into the territory of
+Phocis their king Cleombrotus, at the head of four regiments and the
+contingents of the allies.
+
+About the same time Polydamus of Pharsalus arrived from Thessaly to
+address the general assembly (1) of Lacedaemon. He was a man of high
+repute throughout the whole of Thessaly, while in his native city he was
+regarded as so true a gentleman that the faction-ridden Pharsalians
+were content to entrust the citadel to his keeping, and to allow their
+revenues to pass through his hands. It was his privilege to disburse the
+money needed for sacred rites or other expenditure, within the limits
+of their written law and constitution. Out of these moneys this faithful
+steward of the state was able to garrison and guard in safety for
+the citizens their capital. Every year he rendered an account of his
+administration in general. If there was a deficit he made it up out of
+his own pocket, and when the revenues expanded he paid himself back. For
+the rest, his hospitality to foreigners and his magnificence were on a
+true Thessalian scale. Such was the style and character of the man who
+now arrived in Lacedaemon and spoke as follows:
+
+ (1) {pros to koinon}, "h.e. vel ad ad senatum vel ad ephoros vel ad
+    concionem."--Sturz, "Lex. Xen." s.v.
+
+"Men of Lacedaemon, it is in my capacity as 'proxenos' and 'benefactor'
+(titles borne by my ancestry from time immemorial) that I claim, or
+rather am bound, in case of any difficulty to come to you, and, in case
+of any complication dangerous to your interests in Thessaly, to give you
+warning. The name of Jason, I feel sure, is not unknown to Lacedaemonian
+ears. His power as a prince is sufficiently large, and his fame
+widespread. It is of Jason I have to speak. Under cover of a treaty of
+peace he has lately conferred with me, and this is the substance of what
+he urged: 'Polydamas,' he said, 'if I chose I could lay your city at my
+feet, even against its will, as the following considerations will prove
+to you. See,' he went on, 'the majority and the most important of the
+states of Thessaly are my allies. I subdued them in campaigns in which
+you took their side in opposition to myself. Again, you do not need
+to be told that I have six thousand mercenaries who are a match in
+themselves, I take it, for any single state. It is not the mere numbers
+on which I insist. No doubt as large an army could be raised in other
+quarters; but these citizen armies have this defect--they include men
+who are already advanced in years, with others whose beards are scarcely
+grown. Again, it is only a fraction of the citizens who attend to bodily
+training in a state, whereas with me no one takes mercenary service who
+is not as capable of endurance as myself.'
+
+"And here, Lacedaemonians, I must tell you what is the bare truth. This
+Jason is a man stout of limb and robust of body, with an insatiable
+appetite for toil. Equally true is it that he tests the mettle of those
+with him day by day. He is always at their head, whether on a field-day
+under arms, or in the gymnasium, or on some military expedition. The
+weak members of the corps he weeds out, but those whom he sees bear
+themselves stout-heartedly in the face of war, like true lovers of
+danger and of toil, he honours with double, treble, and quadruple
+pay, or with other gifts. On the bed of sickness they will not lack
+attendance, nor honour in their graves. Thus every foreigner in his
+service knows that his valour in war may obtain for him a livelihood--a
+life replete at once with honour and abundance. (2)
+
+ (2) Or, "a life satisfying at once to soul and body."
+
+"Then with some parade he pointed out to me what I knew before, that
+the Maracians, and the Dolopians, and Alcetas the hyparch (3) in
+Epirus, were already subject to his sway; 'so that I may fairly ask you,
+Polydamas,' he proceeded, 'what I have to apprehend that I should not
+look on your future subjugation as mere child's play. Perhaps some one
+who did not know me, and what manner of man I am, might put it to me:
+"Well! Jason, if all you say be true, why do you hesitate? why do you
+not march at once against Pharsalia?" For the good reason, I reply, that
+it suits me better to win you voluntarily than to annex you against your
+wills. Since, if you are forced, you will always be planning all the
+mischief you can against me, and I on my side shall be striving
+to diminish your power; whereas if you throw in your lot with mine
+trustfully and willingly, it is certain we shall do what we can to help
+each other. I see and know, Polydamas, that your country fixes her eyes
+on one man only, and that is yourself: what I guarantee you, therefore,
+is that, if you will dispose her lovingly to myself, I on my side will
+raise you up to be the greatest man in Hellas next to me. Listen, while
+I tell you what it is in which I offer you the second prize. Listen,
+and accept nothing which does not approve itself as true to your own
+reasoning. First, is it not plain to us both, that with the adhesion
+of Pharsalus and the swarm of pettier states dependent on yourselves,
+I shall with infinite ease become Tagos (4) of all the Thessalians; and
+then the corollary--Thessaly so united--sixteen thousand cavalry and
+more than ten thousand heavy infantry leap into life. Indeed, when I
+contemplate the physique and proud carriage of these men, I cannot but
+persuade myself that, with proper handling, there is not a nation or
+tribe of men to which Thessalians would deign to yield submission. Look
+at the broad expanse of Thessaly and consider: when once a Tagos is
+established here, all the tribes in a circle round will lie stilled in
+subjection; and almost every member of each of these tribes is an archer
+born, so that in the light infantry division of the service our power
+must needs excel. Furthermore, the Boeotians and all the rest of the
+world in arms against Lacedaemon are my allies; they clamour to follow
+my banner, if only I will free them from Sparta's yoke. So again the
+Athenians, I make sure, will do all they can to gain our alliance; but
+with them I do not think we will make friends, for my persuasion is that
+empire by sea will be even easier to acquire than empire by land; and
+to show you the justice of this reasoning I would have you weigh the
+following considerations. With Macedonia, which is the timber-yard (5)
+of the Athenian navy, in our hands we shall be able to construct a far
+larger fleet than theirs. That stands to reason. And as to men, which
+will be the better able to man vessels, think you--Athens, or ourselves
+with our stalwart and numerous Penestae? (6) Which will better support
+mariners--a nation which, like our own, out of her abundance exports her
+corn to foreign parts, or Athens, which, but for foreign purchases, has
+not enough to support herself? And so as to wealth in general it is
+only natural, is it not, that we, who do not look to a string of little
+islands for supplies, but gather the fruits of continental peoples,
+should find our resources more copious? As soon as the scattered powers
+of Thessaly are gathered into a principality, all the tribes around, I
+repeat, will become our tributaries. I need not tell you that the king
+of Persia reaps the fruits, not of islands, but of a continent, and he
+is the wealthiest of men! But the reduction of Persia will be still more
+practicable, I imagine, than that of Hellas, for there the men, save
+one, are better versed in slavery than in prowess. Nor have I forgotten,
+during the advance of Cyrus, and afterwards under Agesilaus, how scant
+the force was before which the Persian quailed.'
+
+ (3) Or, "his underlord in Epirus." By hyparch, I suppose, is implied
+    that Alcetas regarded Jason as his suzerain. Diodorus (xv. 13, 36)
+    speaks of him as "king" of the Molossians.
+
+ (4) Or, "Prince," and below, "Thessaly so converted into a
+    Principality." "The Tagos of Thessaly was not a King, because his
+    office was not hereditary or even permanent; neither was he
+    exactly a Tyrant, because his office had some sort of legal
+    sanction. But he came much nearer to the character either of a
+    King or of a Tyrant than to that of a Federal President like the
+    General of the Achaians.... Jason of Pherai acts throughout
+    like a King, and his will seems at least as uncontrolled as that
+    of his brother sovereign beyond the Kambunian hills. Even Jason
+    seems to have been looked upon as a Tyrant (see below, 'Hell.' VI.
+    iv. 32); possibly, like the Athenian Demos, he himself did not
+    refuse the name" (cf. Arist. "Pol." iii. 4, 9).--Freeman, "Hist.
+    Fed. Gov." "No True Federation in Thessaly," iv. pp. 152 foll.
+
+ (5) See above, and Hicks, 74.
+
+ (6) Or, "peasantry."
+
+"Such, Lacedaemonians, were the glowing arguments of Jason. In answer
+I told him that what he urged was well worth weighing, but that we, the
+friends of Lacedaemon, should so, without a quarrel, desert her and rush
+into the arms of her opponents, seemed to me sheer madness. Whereat he
+praised me, and said that now must he needs cling all the closer to me
+if that were my disposition, and so charged me to come to you and
+tell you the plain truth, which is, that he is minded to march against
+Pharsalus if we will not hearken to him. Accordingly he bade me demand
+assistance from you; 'and if they suffer you,' (7) he added, 'so to work
+upon them that they will send you a force sufficient to do battle with
+me, it is well: we will abide by war's arbitrament, nor quarrel with
+the consequence; but if in your eyes that aid is insufficient, look to
+yourself. How shall you longer be held blameless before that fatherland
+which honours you and in which you fare so well?' (8)
+
+ (7) Or, reading {theoi}, after Cobet; translate "if providentially
+    they should send you."
+
+ (8) Reading {kai e su pratteis}, after Cobet. The chief MSS. give {ouk
+    ede anegkletos an dikaios eies en te patridi e se tima kai su
+    prattois ta kratista}, which might be rendered either, "and how be
+    doing best for yourself?"  (lit. "and you would not be doing best
+    for yourself," {ouk an} carried on from previous clause), or
+    (taking {prattois} as pure optative), "may you be guided to adopt
+    the course best for yourself!" "may the best fortune attend you!
+    Farewell." See Otto Keller, op. cit. ad loc. for various
+    emendations.
+
+"These are the matters," Polydamas continued, "which have brought me to
+Lacedaemon. I have told you the whole story; it is based partly on what
+I see to be the case, and partly on what I have heard from yonder man.
+My firm belief is, men of Lacedaemon, that if you are likely to despatch
+a force sufficient, not in my eyes only, but in the eyes of all the rest
+of Thessaly, to cope with Jason in war, the states will revolt from
+him, for they are all in alarm as to the future development of the man's
+power; but if you think a company of newly-enfranchised slaves and any
+amateur general will suffice, I advise you to rest in peace. You may
+take my word for it, you will have a great power to contend against, and
+a man who is so prudent a general that, in all he essays to do, be it an
+affair of secrecy, or speed, or force, he is wont to hit the mark of his
+endeavours: one who is skilled, should occasion serve, to make the night
+of equal service to him with the day; (9) or, if speed be needful,
+will labour on while breakfasting or taking an evening meal. And as for
+repose, he thinks that the time for it has come when the goal is reached
+or the business on hand accomplished. And to this same practice he
+has habituated those about him. Right well he knows how to reward the
+expectations of his soldiers, when by the extra toil which makes the
+difference they have achieved success; so that in his school all have
+laid to heart that maxim, 'Pain first and pleasure after.' (10) And
+in regard to pleasure of the senses, of all men I know, he is the most
+continent; so that these also are powerless to make him idle at the
+expense of duty. You must consider the matter then and tell me, as
+befits you, what you can and will do."
+
+ (9) See "Cyrop." III. i. 19.
+
+ (10) For this sentiment, see "Mem." II. i. 20 et passim.
+
+Such were the representations of Polydamas. The Lacedaemonians, for the
+time being, deferred their answer; but after calculating the next
+day and the day following how many divisions (11) they had on foreign
+service, and how many ships on the coast of Laconia to deal with the
+foreign squadron of the Athenians, and taking also into account the war
+with their neighbours, they gave their answer to Polydamas: "For the
+present they would not be able to send him sufficient aid: under the
+circumstances they advised him to go back and make the best settlement
+he could of his own affairs and those of his city." He, thanking the
+Lacedaemonians for their straightforwardness, withdrew.
+
+ (11) Lit. "morai."
+
+The citadel of Pharsalus he begged Jason not to force him to give up:
+his desire was to preserve it for those who had entrusted it to his safe
+keeping; his own sons Jason was free to take as hostages, and he would
+do his best to procure for him the voluntary adhesion of his city by
+persuasion, and in every way to further his appointment as Tagos of
+Thessaly. Accordingly, after interchange of solemn assurances between
+the pair, the Pharsalians were let alone and in peace, and ere long
+Jason was, by general consent, appointed Tagos of all the Thessalians.
+Once fairly vested with that authority, he drew up a list of the cavalry
+and heavy infantry which the several states were capable of furnishing
+as their quota, with the result that his cavalry, inclusive of allies,
+numbered more than eight thousand, while his infantry force was computed
+at not less than twenty thousand; and his light troops would have been a
+match for those of the whole world--the mere enumeration of their cities
+would be a labour in itself. (12) His next act was a summons to all the
+dwellers round (13) to pay tribute exactly the amount imposed in the
+days of Scopas. (14) And here in this state of accomplishment we may
+leave these matters. I return to the point reached when this digression
+into the affairs of Jason began.
+
+ (12) See "Cyrop." I. i. 5.
+
+ (13) Lit. perioeci.
+
+ (14) It is conjectured that the Scopadae ruled at Pherae and Cranusa
+    in the earlier half of the fifth century B.C.; see, for the change
+    of dynasty, what is said of Lycophron of Pherae in "Hell." II.
+    iii. 4. There was a famous Scopas, son of Creon, to whom Simonides
+    addressed his poem--
+
+{Andr' agathon men alatheos genesthai khalepon khersin te kai posi kai
+noo tetragonon, aneu psogou tetugmenon.}
+
+a sentiment criticised by Plato, "Protag." 359 A. "Now Simonides says to
+Scopas, the son of Creon, the Thessalian:
+
+'Hardly on the one hand can a man become truly good; built four-square
+in hands and feet and mind, a work without a flaw.'
+
+Do you know the poem?"--Jowett, "Plat." i. 153. But whether this Scopas
+is the Scopas of our text and a hero of Jason's is not clear.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 374. The Lacedaemonians and their allies were collecting in
+Phocia, and the Thebans, after retreating into their own territory,
+were guarding the approaches. At this juncture the Athenians, seeing the
+Thebans growing strong at their expense without contributing a single
+penny to the maintenance of the fleet, while they themselves, what
+with money contributions, and piratical attacks from Aegina, and the
+garrisoning of their territory, were being pared to the bone, conceived
+a desire to cease from war. In this mood they sent an embassy to
+Lacedaemon and concluded peace. (1)
+
+ (1) See Curtius, "H. G." vol. iv. p. 376 (Eng. trans.)
+
+B.C. 374-373. This done, two of the ambassadors, in obedience to a
+decree of the state, set sail at once from Laconian territory, bearing
+orders to Timotheus to sail home, since peace was established. That
+officer, while obeying his orders, availed himself of the homeward
+voyage to land certain Zacynthian exiles (2) on their native soil,
+whereupon the Zacynthian city party sent to Lacedaemon and complained of
+the treatment they had received from Timotheus; and the Lacedaemonians,
+without further consideration, decided that the Athenians were in the
+wrong, and proceeded to equip another navy, and at length collected from
+Laconia itself, from Corinth, Leucas, (3) Ambracia, Elis, Zacynthus,
+Achaia, Epidaurus, Troezen, Hermione, and Halieis, a force amounting
+to sixty sail. In command of this squadron they appointed Mnasippus
+admiral, with orders to attack Corcyra, and in general to look after
+their interests in those seas. They, moreover, sent an embassy to
+Dionysius, instructing him that his interests would be advanced by the
+withdrawal of Corcyra from Athenian hands.
+
+ (2) See Hicks, 81, p. 142.
+
+ (3) Ibid. 81, 86.
+
+B.C. 373. Accordingly Mnasippus set sail, as soon as his squadron was
+ready, direct to Corcyra; he took with him, besides his troops from
+Lacedaemon, a body of mercenaries, making a total in all of no less
+than fifteen hundred men. His disembarked, and soon became master of the
+island, the country district falling a prey to the spoiler. It was in
+a high state of cultivation, and rich with fruit-trees, not to speak of
+magnificent dwelling-houses and wine-cellars fitted up on the farms: so
+that, it was said, the soldiers reached such a pitch of luxury that they
+refused to drink wine which had not a fine bouquet. A crowd of slaves,
+too, and fat beasts were captured on the estates.
+
+The general's next move was to encamp with his land forces about
+three-quarters of a mile (4) from the city district, so that any
+Corcyraean who attempted to leave the city to go into the country would
+certainly be cut off on that side. The fleet he stationed on the other
+side of the city, at a point where he calculated on detecting and
+preventing the approach of convoys. Besides which he established a
+blockade in front of the harbour when the weather permitted. In this way
+the city was completely invested.
+
+ (4) Lit. "five stades."
+
+The Corcyraeans, on their side, were in the sorest straits. They could
+get nothing from their soil owing to the vice in which they were gripped
+by land, whilst owing to the predominance of the enemy at sea nothing
+could be imported. Accordingly they sent to the Athenians and begged for
+their assistance. They urged upon them that it would be a great mistake
+if they suffered themselves to be robbed of Corcyra. If they did so,
+they would not only throw away a great advantage to themselves, but add
+a considerable strength to their enemy; since, with the exception of
+Athens, no state was capable of furnishing a larger fleet or revenue.
+Moreover, Corcyra lay favourably (5) for commanding the Corinthian gulf
+and the cities which line its shores; it was splendidly situated for
+injuring the rural districts of Laconia, and still more splendidly in
+relation to the opposite shores of the continent of Epirus, and the
+passage between Peloponnesus and Sicily.
+
+ (5) See Thuc. i. 36.
+
+This appeal did not fall on deaf ears. The Athenians were persuaded
+that the matter demanded their most serious attention, and they at once
+despatched Stesicles as general, (6) with about six hundred peltasts.
+They also requested Alcetas to help them in getting their troops across.
+Thus under cover of night the whole body were conveyed across to a point
+in the open country, and found their way into the city. Nor was that
+all. The Athenians passed a decree to man sixty ships of war, and
+elected (7) Timotheus admiral. The latter, being unable to man the fleet
+on the spot, set sail on a cruise to the islands and tried to make up
+the complements of his crews from those quarters. He evidently looked
+upon it as no light matter to sail round Peloponnesus as if on a voyage
+of pleasure, and to attack a fleet in the perfection of training. (8) To
+the Athenians, however, it seemed that he was wasting the precious time
+seasonable for the coastal voyage, and they were not disposed to condone
+such an error, but deposed him, appointing Iphicrates in his stead.
+The new general was no sooner appointed than he set about getting
+his vessels manned with the utmost activity, putting pressure on the
+trierarchs. He further procured from the Athenians for his use not
+only any vessels cruising on the coast of Attica, but the Paralus and
+Salaminia (9) also, remarking that, if things turned out well yonder,
+he would soon send them back plenty of ships. Thus his numbers grew to
+something like seventy sail.
+
+ (6) The name of the general was Ctesicles, according to Diod. xv. 47.
+    Read {strategon} for {tagon}, with Breitenbach, Cobet, etc. For
+    Alcetas, see above, "Hell." VI. i. 7.
+
+ (7) I.e. by show of hands, {ekheirotonoun}.
+
+ (8) See Jowett, note to Thuc. VIII. xcv. 2, ii. p. 525.
+
+ (9) The two sacred galleys. See Thuc. iii. 33; Aristoph. "Birds," 147
+    foll.
+
+Meanwhile the Corcyraeans were sore beset with famine: desertion became
+every day more frequent, so much so that Mnasippus caused proclamation
+to be made by herald that all deserters would be sold there and then;
+(10) and when that had no effect in lessening the stream of runaways,
+he ended by driving them back with the lash. Those within the walls,
+however, were not disposed to receive these miserable slaves within
+the lines, and numbers died outside. Mnasippus, not blind to what was
+happening, soon persuaded himself that he had as good as got the city
+into his possession: and he began to try experiments on his mercenaries.
+Some of them he had already paid off; (11) others still in his service
+had as much as two months' pay owing to them by the general, who, if
+report spoke true, had no lack of money, since the majority of the
+states, not caring for a campaign across the seas, sent him hard cash
+instead of men. But now the beleaguered citizens, who could espy
+from their towers that the outposts were less carefully guarded than
+formerly, and the men scattered about the rural districts, made a
+sortie, capturing some and cutting down others. Mnasippus, perceiving
+the attack, donned his armour, and, with all the heavy troops he had,
+rushed to the rescue, giving orders to the captains and brigadiers (12)
+to lead out the mercenaries. Some of the captains answered that it
+was not so easy to command obedience when the necessaries of life were
+lacking; whereat the Spartan struck one man with his staff, and another
+with the butt of his spear. Without spirit and full of resentment
+against their general, the men mustered--a condition very unfavourable
+to success in battle. Having drawn up the troops, the general in person
+repulsed the division of the enemy which was opposite the gates, and
+pursued them closely; but these, rallying close under their walls,
+turned right about, and from under cover of the tombs kept up a
+continuous discharge of darts and other missiles; other detachments,
+dashing out at other gates, meanwhile fell heavily on the flanks of the
+enemy. The Lacedaemonians, being drawn up eight deep, and thinking that
+the wing of their phalanx was of inadequate strength, essayed to wheel
+around; but as soon as they began the movement the Corcyraeans attacked
+them as if they were fleeing, and they were then unable to recover
+themselves, (13) while the troops next in position abandoned themselves
+to flight. Mnasippus, unable to succour those who were being pressed
+owing to the attack of the enemy immediately in front, found himself
+left from moment to moment with decreasing numbers. At last the
+Corcyraeans collected, and with one united effort made a final rush upon
+Mnasippus and his men, whose numbers were now considerably reduced.
+At the same instant the townsmen, (14) eagerly noticing the posture of
+affairs, rushed out to play their part. First Mnasippus was slain, and
+then the pursuit became general; nor could the pursuers well have failed
+to capture the camp, barricade and all, had they not caught sight of
+the mob of traffickers with a long array of attendants and slaves, and
+thinking that here was a prize indeed, desisted from further chase.
+
+ (10) Or, "he would knock them all down to the hammer."
+
+ (11) Or, "cut off from their pay."
+
+ (12) Lit. "lochagoi and taxiarchs."
+
+ (13) Or, "to retaliate"; or, "to complete the movement."
+
+ (14) Reading, after Dindorf, {oi politai}, or, if with the MSS., {oi
+    oplitai}; translate "the heavy-armed among the assailants saw
+    their advantage and pressed on."
+
+The Corcyraeans were well content for the moment to set up a trophy
+and to give back the enemy's dead under a flag of truce; but the
+after-consequences were even more important to them in the revival of
+strength and spirits which were sunk in despondency. The rumour spread
+that Iphicrates would soon be there--he was even at the doors; and in
+fact the Corcyraeans themselves were manning a fleet. So Hypermenes,
+who was second in command to Mnasippus and the bearer of his despatches,
+manned every vessel of the fleet as full as it would hold, and then
+sailing round to the entrenched camp, filled all the transports with
+prisoners and valuables and other stock, and sent them off. He himself,
+with his marines and the survivors of his troops, kept watch over the
+entrenchments; but at last even this remnant in the excess of panic and
+confusion got on board the men-of-war and sailed off, leaving behind
+them vast quantities of corn and wine, with numerous prisoners and
+invalided soldiers. The fact was, they were sorely afraid of being
+caught by the Athenians in the island, and so they made safely off to
+Leucas.
+
+Meanwhile Iphicrates had commenced his voyage of circumnavigation,
+partly voyaging and partly making every preparation for an engagement.
+He at once left his large sails behind him, as the voyage was only to
+be the prelude of a battle; his flying jibs, even if there was a good
+breeze, were but little used, since by making his progress depend on
+sheer rowing, he hoped at once to improve the physique of his men and
+the speed of his attack. Often when the squadron was about to put into
+shore for the purpose of breakfast or supper, he would seize the moment,
+and draw back the leading wing of the column from the land off the point
+in question; and then facing round again with the triremes posted well
+in line, prow for prow, at a given signal let loose the whole fleet in a
+stoutly contested race for the shore. Great was the triumph in being the
+first to take in water or whatever else they might need, or the first to
+breakfast; just as it was a heavy penalty on the late-comers, not only
+to come short in all these objects of desire, but to have to put out
+to sea with the rest as soon as the signal was given; since the
+first-comers had altogether a quiet time of it, whilst the hindmost must
+get through the whole business in hot haste. So again, in the matter
+of outposts, if he chanced to be getting the morning meal on hostile
+territory, pickets would be posted, as was right and proper, on the
+land; but, apart from these, he would raise his masts and keep look-out
+men on the maintops. These commanded of course a far wider prospect from
+their lofty perches than the outposts on the level ground. So too, when
+he dined or slept he had no fires burning in the camp at night, but
+only a beacon kindled in front of the encampment to prevent any unseen
+approach; and frequently in fine weather he put out to sea immediately
+after the evening meal, when, if the breeze favoured, they ran along and
+took their rest simultaneously, or if they depended on oars he gave his
+mariners repose by turns. During the voyage in daytime he would at
+one time signal to "sail in column," and at another signal "abreast in
+line." So that whilst they prosecuted the voyage they at the same time
+became (both as to theory and practice) well versed in all the details
+of an engagement before they reached the open sea--a sea, as they
+imagined, occupied by their foes. For the most part they breakfasted
+and dined on hostile territory; but as he confined himself to bare
+necessaries he was always too quick for the enemy. Before the hostile
+reinforcement would come up he had finished his business and was out to
+sea again.
+
+At the date of Mnasippus's death he chanced to be off Sphagiae in
+Laconian territory. Reaching Elis, and coasting past the mouth of the
+Alpheus, he came to moorings under Cape Ichthus, (15) as it is called.
+The next day he put out from that port for Cephallenia, so drawing up
+his line and conducting the voyage that he might be prepared in every
+detail to engage if necessary. The tale about Mnasippus and his demise
+had reached him, but he had not heard it from an eye-witness, and
+suspected that it might have been invented to deceive him and throw him
+off his guard. He was therefore on the look-out. It was, in fact, only
+on arrival in Cephallenia that he learned the news in an explicit form,
+and gave his troops rest.
+
+ (15) Cape Fish, mod. Cape Katakolon, protecting harbour of Pyrgos in
+    Elis.
+
+I am well aware that all these details of practice and manouvring are
+customary in anticipation of a sea-fight, but what I single out for
+praise in the case before us is the skill with which the Athenian
+admiral attained a twofold object. Bearing in mind that it was his duty
+to reach a certain point at which he expected to fight a naval battle
+without delay, it was a happy discovery on his part not to allow
+tactical skill, on the one hand, to be sacrificed to the pace of
+sailing, (16) nor, on the other, the need of training to interfere with
+the date of arrival.
+
+ (16) Lit. "the voyage."
+
+After reducing the towns of Cephallenia, Iphicrates sailed to Corcyra.
+There the first news he heard was that the triremes sent by Dionysius
+were expected to relieve the Lacedaemonians. On receipt of this
+information he set off in person and surveyed the country, in order
+to find a spot from which it would be possible to see the vessels
+approaching and to signal to the city. Here he stationed his look-out
+men. A code of signals was agreed upon to signify "vessels in sight,"
+"mooring," etc.; which done he gave his orders to twenty of his captains
+of men-of-war who were to follow him at a given word of command. Any one
+who failed to follow him must not grumble at the penalty; that he warned
+them. Presently the vessels were signalled approaching; the word of
+command was given, and then the enthusiasm was a sight to see--every
+man of the crews told off for the expedition racing to join his ship and
+embark. Sailing to the point where the enemy's vessels lay, he had no
+difficulty in capturing the crews, who had disembarked from all the
+ships with one exception. The exception was that of Melanippus the
+Rhodian, who had advised the other captains not to stop at this point,
+and had then manned his own vessel and sailed off. Thus he encountered
+the ships of Iphicrates, but contrived to slip through his fingers,
+while the whole of the Syracusan vessels were captured, crews and all.
+
+Having cut the beaks off the prows, Iphicrates bore down into the
+harbour of Corcyra with the captured triremes in tow. With the captive
+crews themselves he came to an agreement that each should pay a fixed
+sum as ransom, with one exception, that of Crinippus, their commander.
+Him he kept under guard, with the intention apparently of exacting a
+handsome sum in his case or else of selling him. The prisoner, however,
+from vexation of spirit, put an end to his own life. The rest were sent
+about their business by Iphicrates, who accepted the Corcyraeans as
+sureties for the money. His own sailors he supported for the most part
+as labourers on the lands of the Corcyraeans, while at the head of his
+light infantry and the hoplites of the contingent he crossed over into
+Acarnania, and there lent his aid to any friendly state that needed his
+services; besides which he went to war with the Thyrians, (17) a sturdy
+race of warriors in possession of a strong fortress.
+
+ (17) Thyreum (or Thyrium), in Acarnania, a chief city at the time of
+    the Roman wars in Greece; and according to Polybius (xxxviii. 5),
+    a meeting-place of the League on one occasion. See "Dict. Anct.
+    Geog." s.v.; Freeman, op. cit. iv. 148; cf. Paus. IV. xxvi. 3, in
+    reference to the Messenians and Naupactus; Grote, "H. G." x. 212.
+
+B.C. 372. Having attached to his squadron the navy also of Corcyra,
+with a fleet numbering now about ninety ships he set sail, in the first
+instance to Cephallenia, where he exacted money--which was in some cases
+voluntarily paid, in others forcibly extorted. In the next place
+he began making preparations partly to harass the territory of the
+Lacedaemonians, and partly to win over voluntarily the other states in
+that quarter which were hostile to Athens; or in case of refusal to go
+to war with them.
+
+The whole conduct of the campaign reflects, I think, the highest credit
+on Iphicrates. If his strategy was admirable, so too was the instinct
+which led him to advise the association with himself of two such
+colleagues as Callistratus and Chabrias--the former a popular orator
+but no great friend of himself politically, (18) the other a man of
+high military reputation. Either he looked upon them as men of unusual
+sagacity, and wished to profit by their advice, in which case I
+commend the good sense of the arrangement, or they were, in his belief,
+antagonists, in which case the determination to approve himself a
+consummate general, neither indolent nor incautious, was bold, I admit,
+but indicative of a laudable self-confidence. Here, however, we must
+part with Iphicrates and his achievements to return to Athens.
+
+ (18) Reading with the MSS. {ou mala epitedeion onta}. See Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 206. Boeckh ("P. E. A.," trans. Cornewall Lewis, p. 419)
+    wished to read {eu mala} for {ou mala k.t.l.}, in which case
+    translate "the former a popular orator, and a man of singular
+    capacity"; and for {epitedeion} in that sense, see "Hipparch." i.
+    8; for {eu mala}, see "Hipparch." i. 25. For details concerning
+    Callistratus, see Dindorf, op. cit. note ad. loc.; Curtius, "H.
+    G." iv. 367, 381 foll., v. 90. For Chabrias, Rehdantz, op. cit. In
+    the next sentence I have again adhered to the reading of the MSS.,
+    but the passage is commonly regarded as corrupt; see Otto Keller,
+    op. cit. p. 215 for various emendations.
+
+
+
+III
+
+The Athenians, forced to witness the expatriation from Boeotia of their
+friends the Plataeans (who had sought an asylum with themselves), forced
+also to listen to the supplications of the Thespiaeans (who begged them
+not to suffer them to be robbed of their city), could no longer
+regard the Thebans with favour; (1) though, when it came to a direct
+declaration of war, they were checked in part by a feeling of shame, and
+partly by considerations of expediency. Still, to go hand in hand with
+them, to be a party to their proceedings, this they absolutely refused,
+now that they saw them marching against time-honoured friends of the
+city like the Phocians, and blotting out states whose loyalty in the
+great Persian war was conspicuous no less than their friendship to
+Athens. Accordingly the People passed a decree to make peace; but in the
+first instance they sent an embassy to Thebes, inviting that state to
+join them if it pleased them on an embassy which they proposed to send
+to Lacedaemon to treat of peace. In the next place they despatched such
+an embassy on their own account. Among the commissioners appointed
+were Callias the son of Hipponicus, Autocles the son of Strombichides,
+Demostratus the son of Aristophon, Aristocles, Cephisodotus, (2)
+Melanopus, and Lycaethus.
+
+ (1) Plataea destroyed in B.C. 373. See Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 397.
+
+ (2) See below, "Hell." VII. i. 12; Hicks, 87.
+
+B.C. 371. (These were formally introduced to the Deputies of the
+Lacedaemonians and the allies. (3)) Nor ought the name of Callistratus
+to be omitted. That statesman and orator was present. He had obtained
+furlough from Iphicrates on an undertaking either to send money for
+the fleet or to arrange a peace. Hence his arrival in Athens and
+transactions in behalf of peace. After being introduced to the assembly
+(4) of the Lacedaemonians and to the allies, Callias, (5) who was the
+dadouchos (or torch-holder) in the mysteries, made the first speech.
+He was a man just as well pleased to praise himself as to hear himself
+praised by others. He opened the proceedings as follows:
+
+ (3) The bracketed words read like an annotator's comment, or possibly
+    they are a note by the author.
+
+ (4) See above, "Hell." II. iv. 38.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." IV. v. 13; Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.;
+    Xen. "Symp."; Plat. "Protag."; Andoc. "de Myst." If this is one
+    and the same person he must have been an elderly man at this date,
+    371 B.C.
+
+"Lacedaemonians, the duty of representing you as proxenos at Athens is
+a privilege which I am not the first member of my family to enjoy; my
+father's father held it as an heirloom of our family and handed it down
+as a heritage to his descendants. If you will permit me, I should like
+to show you the disposition of my fatherland towards yourselves. If in
+times of war she chooses us as her generals, so when her heart is set
+upon quiet she sends us out as her messengers of peace. I myself have
+twice already (6) stood here to treat for conclusion of war, and on both
+embassies succeeded in arranging a mutually agreeable peace. Now for
+the third time I am come, and I flatter myself that to-day again I shall
+obtain a reconciliation, and on grounds exceptionally just. My eyes bear
+witness that our hearts are in accord; you and we alike are pained at
+the effacement of Plataeae and Thespiae. Is it not then reasonable that
+out of agreement should spring concord rather than discord? It is never
+the part, I take it, of wise men to raise the standard of war for the
+sake of petty differences; but where there is nothing but unanimity they
+must be marvellous folk who refuse the bond of peace. But I go further.
+It were just and right on our parts even to refuse to bear arms against
+each other; since, as the story runs, the first strangers to whom our
+forefather Triptolemus showed the unspeakable mystic rites of Demeter
+and Core, the mother and the maiden, were your ancestors;--I speak of
+Heracles, the first founder of your state, and of your two citizens, the
+great twin sons of Zeus--and to Peloponnesus first he gave as a gift the
+seed of Demeter's corn-fruits. How, then, can it be just or right either
+that you should come and ravage the corn crops of those from whom you
+got the sacred seed of corn, or that we should not desire that they to
+whom the gift was given should share abundantly of this boon? But if, as
+it would seem, it is a fixed decree of heaven that war shall never cease
+among men, yet ought we--your people and our people--to be as slow as
+possible to begin it, and being in it, as swift as possible to bring it
+to an end."
+
+ (6) B.C. 387 and 374; see Curtius, "H. G." vol. iv. p. 376 (Eng. ed.)
+
+After him Autocles (7) spoke: he was of repute as a versatile lawyer and
+orator, and addressed the meeting as follows: "Lacedaemonians, I do not
+conceal from myself that what I am about to say is not calculated to
+please you, but it seems to me that, if you wish the friendship which
+we are cementing to last as long as possible, we are wise to show each
+other the underlying causes of our wars. Now, you are perpetually saying
+that the states ought to be independent; but it is you yourselves
+who most of all stand in the way of independence--your first and last
+stipulation with the allied states being that they should follow you
+whithersoever you choose to lead; and yet what has this principle of
+follow-my-leader got to do with independent action? (8) Again, you pick
+quarrels without consulting your allies, and lead them against those
+whom you account enemies; so that in many cases, with all their vaunted
+independence, they are forced to march against their greatest friends;
+and, what is still more opposed to independence than all else, you
+are for ever setting up here your decarchies and there your thirty
+commissioners, and your chief aim in appointing these officers and
+governors seems to be, not that they should fulfil their office and
+govern legally, but that they should be able to keep the cities under
+their heels by sheer force. So that it looks as if you delighted in
+despotisms rather than free constitutions. Let us go back to the date
+(9) at which the Persian king enjoined the independence of the states.
+At that time you made no secret of your conviction that the Thebans, if
+they did not suffer each state to govern itself and to use the laws
+of its own choice, would be failing to act in the spirit of the king's
+rescript. But no sooner had you got hold of Cadmeia than you would not
+suffer the Thebans themselves to be independent. Now, if the maintenance
+of friendship be an object, it is no use for people to claim justice
+from others while they themselves are doing all they can to prove the
+selfishness of their aims."
+
+ (7) For the political views of Autocles, see Curtius, "H. G." iv. 387,
+    v. 94 (Eng. tr.); see also Grote, "H. G." x. 225.
+
+ (8) Or, "what consistency is there between these precepts of yours and
+    political independence?"
+
+ (9) Sixteen years before--B.C. 387. See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 5.
+
+These remarks were received in absolute silence, yet in the hearts of
+those who were annoyed with Lacedaemon they stirred pleasure. After
+Autocles spoke Callistratus: "Trespasses, men of Lacedaemon, have been
+committed on both sides, yours and ours, I am free to confess; but still
+it is not my view that because a man has done wrong we can never again
+have dealings with him. Experience tells me that no man can go very far
+without a slip, and it seems to me that sometimes the transgressor by
+reason of his transgression becomes more tractable, especially if he be
+chastened through the error he has committed, as has been the case with
+us. And so on your own case I see that ungenerous acts have sometimes
+reaped their own proper reward: blow has been met by counter-blow; and
+as a specimen I take the seizure of the Cadmeia in Thebes. To-day, at
+any rate, the very cities whose independence you strove for have, since
+your unrighteous treatment of Thebes, fallen one and all of them again
+into her power. (10) We are schooled now, both of us, to know that
+grasping brings not gain. We are prepared, I hope, to be once more
+moderate under the influence of a mutual friendship. Some, I know, in
+their desire to render our peace (11) abortive accuse us falsely, as
+though we were come hither, not seeking friendship, but because we
+dread the arrival of some (12) Antalcidas with moneys from the king. But
+consider, what arrant nonsense they talk! Was it not, pray, the great
+king who demanded that all the states in Hellas should be independent?
+and what have we Athenians, who are in full agreement with the king,
+both in word and deed, to fear from him? Or is it conceivable that he
+prefers spending money in making others great to finding his favourite
+projects realised without expense?
+
+ (10) Reading, with Breitenbach and Hartman, {as} instead of {os
+    espoudasate k.t.l.}
+
+ (11) Or, more lit. "to avert the peace" as an ill-omened thing.
+
+ (12) Without inserting {tis}, as Hartman proposes ("An. Xen." p. 387),
+    that, I think, is the sense. Antalcidas is the arch-diplomat--a
+    name to conjure with, like that of Bismarck in modern European
+    politics. But see Grote, "H. G." x. 213, note 2.
+
+"Well! what is it really that has brought us here? No especial need
+or difficulty in our affairs. That you may discover by a glance at our
+maritime condition, or, if you prefer, at the present posture of our
+affairs on land. Well, then, how does the matter stand? It is obvious
+that some of our allies please us no better than they please you; (13)
+and, possibly, in return for your former preservation of us, we may be
+credited with a desire to point out to you the soundness of our policy.
+
+ (13) See, for this corrupt passage, Otto Keller, op. cit. p. 219;
+    Hartman, op. cit. p. 387; and Breitenbach, n. ad loc. In the next
+    sentence I should like to adopt Hartman's emendation (ib.) {on
+    orthos egnote} for the MSS. {a orthos egnomen}, and translate "we
+    may like to prove to you the soundness of your policy at the
+    time." For the "preservation" referred to, see below, VI. v. 35,
+    and above, II. ii. 20.
+
+"But, to revert once more to the topic of expediency and common
+interests. It is admitted, I presume, that, looking at the states
+collectively, half support your views, half ours; and in every single
+state one party is for Sparta and another for Athens. Suppose, then,
+we were to shake hands, from what quarter can we reasonably anticipate
+danger and trouble? To put the case in so many words, so long as you
+are our friends no one can vex us by land; no one, whilst we are your
+supports, can injure you by sea. Wars like tempests gather and grow to a
+head from time to time, and again they are dispelled. That we all know.
+Some future day, if not to-day, we shall crave, both of us, for peace.
+Why, then, need we wait for that moment, holding on until we expire
+under the multitude of our ills, rather than take time by the forelock
+and, before some irremediable mischief betide, make peace? I cannot
+admire the man who, because he has entered the lists and has scored many
+a victory and obtained to himself renown, is so eaten up with the spirit
+of rivalry that he must needs go on until he is beaten and all his
+training is made futile. Nor again do I praise the gambler who, if he
+makes one good stroke of luck, insists on doubling the stakes. Such
+conduct in the majority of cases must end in absolute collapse. Let us
+lay the lesson of these to heart, and forbear to enter into any such
+lists as theirs for life or death; but, while we are yet in the heyday
+of our strength and fortune, shake hands in mutual amity. So assuredly
+shall we through you and you through us attain to an unprecedented
+pinnacle of glory throughout Hellas."
+
+The arguments of the speakers were approved, and the Lacedaemonians
+passed a resolution to accept peace on a threefold basis: the withdrawal
+of the governors from the cities, (14) the disbanding of armaments naval
+and military, and the guarantee of independence to the states. "If any
+state transgressed these stipulations, it lay at the option of any power
+whatsoever to aid the states so injured, while, conversely, to bring
+such aid was not compulsory on any power against its will." On these
+terms the oaths were administered and accepted by the Lacedaemonians on
+behalf of themselves and their allies, and by the Athenians and
+their allies separately state by state. The Thebans had entered their
+individual name among the states which accepted the oaths, but their
+ambassadors came the next day with instructions to alter the name of
+the signatories, substituting for Thebans Boeotians. (15) But Agesilaus
+answered to this demand that he would alter nothing of what they had in
+the first instance sworn to and subscribed. If they did not wish to
+be included in the treaty, he was willing to erase their name at their
+bidding. So it came to pass that the rest of the world made peace, the
+sole point of dispute being confined to the Thebans; and the Athenians
+came to the conclusion that there was a fair prospect of the Thebans
+being now literally decimated. (16) As to the Thebans themselves, they
+retired from Sparta in utter despondency.
+
+ (14) Grote ("H. G." x. 236) thinks that Diod. xv. 38 ({exagogeis})
+    belongs to this time, not to the peace between Athens and Sparta
+    in 374 B.C.
+
+ (15) See, for a clear explanation of the matter, Freeman, "Hist. Red.
+    Gov." iv. p. 175, note 3, in reference to Grote, ib. x. 231 note,
+    and Paus. IX. xiii. 2; Plut. "Ages." 28; Thirlwall, "H. G." v. p
+    69 note.
+
+ (16) Or, "as the saying is, taken and tithed." See below, VI. v. 35,
+    and for the origin of the saying, Herod. vii. 132.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+In consequence of the peace the Athenians proceeded to withdraw their
+garrisons from the different sates, and sent to recall Iphicrates with
+his fleet; besides which they forced him to restore everything captured
+subsequently to the late solemn undertaking at Lacedaemon. The
+Lacedaemonians acted differently. Although they withdrew their governors
+and garrisons from the other states, in Phocis they did not do so. Here
+Cleombrotus was quartered with his army, and had sent to ask directions
+from the home authorities. A speaker, Prothous, maintained that their
+business was to disband the army in accordance with their oaths, and
+then to send round invitations to the states to contribute what each
+felt individually disposed, and lay such sum in the temple of Apollo;
+after which, if any attempt to hinder the independence of the states on
+any side were manifested, it would be time enough then again to invite
+all who cared to protect the principle of autonomy to march against its
+opponents. "In this way," he added, "I think the goodwill of heaven
+will be secured, and the states will suffer least annoyance." But the
+Assembly, on hearing these views, agreed that this man was talking
+nonsense. Puppets in the hands of fate! (1) An unseen power, it would
+seem, was already driving them onwards; so they sent instructions to
+Cleombrotus not to disband the army, but to march straight against
+the Thebans if they refused to recognise the autonomy of the states.
+(Cleombrotus, it is understood, had, on hearing the news of the
+establishment of peace, sent to the ephorate to ask for guidance;
+and then they sent him the above instructions, bidding him under the
+circumstances named to march upon Thebes. (2))
+
+ (1) See Grote, "H. G." x. 237: "The miso-Theban impulse now drove them
+    on with a fury which overcame all other thoughts... a
+    misguiding inspiration sent by the gods--like that of the Homeric
+    Ate."
+
+ (2) This passage reads like an earlier version for which the above was
+    substituted by the author.
+
+The Spartan king soon perceived that, so far from leaving the Boeotian
+states their autonomy, the Thebans were not even preparing to disband
+their army, clearly in view of a general engagement; he therefore felt
+justified in marching his troops into Boeotia. The point of ingress
+which he adopted was not that which the Thebans anticipated from Phocis,
+and where they were keeping guard at a defile; but, marching through
+Thisbae by a mountainous and unsuspected route, he arrived before
+Creusis, taking that fortress and capturing twelve Theban war-vessels
+besides. After this achievement he advanced from the seaboard and
+encamped in Leuctra on Thespian territory. The Thebans encamped in
+a rising ground immediately opposite at no great distance, and were
+supported by no allies except the Boeotians.
+
+At this juncture the friends of Cleombrotus came to him and urged upon
+him strong reasons for delivering battle. "If you let the Thebans escape
+without a battle," they said, "you will run great risks of suffering
+the extreme penalty at the hands of the state. People will call to mind
+against you the time when you reached Cynoscephelae and did not ravage a
+square foot of Theban territory; and again, a subsequent expedition when
+you were driven back foiled in your attempt to make an entry into the
+enemy's country--while Agesilaus on each occasion found his entry
+by Mount Cithaeron. If then you have any care for yourself, or any
+attachment to your fatherland, march you against the enemy." That was
+what his friends urged. As to his opponents, what they said was, "Now
+our fine friend will show whether he really is so concerned on behalf of
+the Thebans as he is said to be."
+
+Cleombrotus, with these words ringing in his ears, felt driven (3) to
+join battle. On their side the leaders of Thebes calculated that, if
+they did not fight, their provincial cities (4) would hold aloof from
+them and Thebes itself would be besieged; while, if the commonalty of
+Thebes failed to get supplies, there was every prospect that the city
+itself would turn against them; and, seeing that many of them had
+already tasted the bitterness of exile, they came to the conclusion that
+it was better for them to die on the field of battle than to renew that
+experience. Besides this they were somewhat encouraged by the recital of
+an oracle which predicted that the Lacedaemonians would be defeated
+on the spot where the monument of the maidens stood, who, as the story
+goes, being violated by certain Lacedaemonians, had slain themselves.
+(5) This sepulchral monument the Thebans decked with ornaments before
+the battle. Furthermore, tidings were brought them from the city that
+all the temples had opened of their own accord; and the priestesses
+asserted that the gods revealed victory. Again, from the Heracleion
+men said that the arms had disappeared, as though Heracles himself had
+sallied forth to battle. It is true that another interpretation (6)
+of these marvels made them out to be one and all the artifices of the
+leaders of Thebes. However this may be, everything in the battle turned
+out adverse to the Lacedaemonians; while fortune herself lent aid to
+the Thebans and crowned their efforts with success. Cleombrotus held his
+last council "whether to fight or not," after the morning meal. In the
+heat of noon a little goes a long way; and the people said that it took
+a somewhat provocative effect on their spirits. (7)
+
+ (3) Or, "was provoked."
+
+ (4) Lit. "perioecid." See Thuc. iv. 76, Arnold's note, and "Hell." V.
+    iv. 46, 63.
+
+ (5) See Diod. xv. 54; Paus. IX. xiii. 3; Plut. "Pelop." xx.
+
+ (6) Or, "it is true that some people made out these marvels."
+
+ (7) Or, "they were somewhat excited by it."
+
+Both sides were now arming, and there was the unmistakeable signs of
+approaching battle, when, as the first incident, there issued from the
+Boeotian lines a long train bent on departure--these were the furnishers
+of the market, a detachment of baggage bearers, and in general such
+people as had no inclination to join in the fight. These were met on
+their retreat and attacked by the mercenary troops under Hiero, who got
+round them by a circular movement. (8) The mercenaries were supported by
+the Phocian light infantry and some squadrons of Heracleot and Phliasian
+cavalry, who fell upon the retiring train and turned them back, pursuing
+them and driving them into the camp of the Boeotians. The immediate
+effect was to make the Boeotian portion of the army more numerous and
+closer packed than before. The next feature of the combat was that in
+consequence of the flat space of plain (9) between the opposing armies,
+the Lacedaemonians posted their cavalry in front of their squares
+of infantry, and the Thebans followed suit. Only there was this
+difference--the Theban cavalry was in a high state of training and
+efficiency, owing to their war with the Orchomenians and again their war
+with Thespiae, whilst the cavalry of the Lacedaemonians was at its worst
+at this period. (10) The horses were reared and kept by the wealthiest
+members of the state; but whenever the ban was called out, an appointed
+trooper appeared who took the horse with any sort of arms which might
+be presented to him, and set off on the expedition at a moment's notice.
+Moreover, these troopers were the least able-bodied of the men: raw
+recruits set simply astride their horses, and devoid of soldierly
+ambition. Such was the cavalry of either antagonist.
+
+ (8) Or, "surrounded them."
+
+ (9) See Rustow and Kochly, op. cit. p. 173.
+
+ (10) See "Hipparch." ix. 4; also "Cyrop." VIII. viii.
+
+The heavy infantry of the Lacedaemonians, it is said, advanced by
+sections three files abreast, (11) allowing a total depth to the whole
+line of not more than twelve. The Thebans were formed in close order of
+not less than fifty shields deep, calculating that victory gained over
+the king's division of the army implied the easy conquest of the rest.
+
+ (11) It would appear that the "enomoty" (section) numbered thirty-six
+    files. See "Pol. Lac." xi. 4; xiii. 4. For further details as to
+    the tactical order of the Thebans, see Diod. xv. 55; Plut.
+    "Pelop." xxiii.
+
+Cleombrotus had hardly begun to lead his division against the foe
+when, before in fact the troops with him were aware of his advance, the
+cavalry had already come into collision, and that of the Lacedaemonians
+was speedily worsted. In their flight they became involved with their
+own heavy infantry; and to make matters worse, the Theban regiments were
+already attacking vigorously. Still strong evidence exists for
+supposing that Cleombrotus and his division were, in the first instance,
+victorious in the battle, if we consider the fact that they could never
+have picked him up and brought him back alive unless his vanguard had
+been masters of the situation for the moment.
+
+When, however, Deinon the polemarch and Sphodrias, a member of the
+king's council, with his son Cleonymus, (12) had fallen, then it was
+that the cavalry and the polemarch's adjutants, (13) as they are
+called, with the rest, under pressure of the mass against them, began
+retreating; and the left wing of the Lacedaemonians, seeing the right
+borne down in this way, also swerved. Still, in spite of the numbers
+slain, and broken as they were, as soon as they had crossed the trench
+which protected their camp in front, they grounded arms on the spot (14)
+whence they had rushed to battle. This camp, it must be borne in mind,
+did not lie at all on the level, but was pitched on a somewhat steep
+incline. At this juncture there were some of the Lacedaemonians who,
+looking upon such a disaster as intolerable, maintained that they ought
+to prevent the enemy from erecting a trophy, and try to recover the
+dead not under a flag of truce but by another battle. The polemarchs,
+however, seeing that nearly a thousand men of the total Lacedaemonian
+troops were slain; seeing also that of the seven hundred Spartans
+themselves who were on the field something like four hundred lay dead;
+(15) aware, further, of the despondency which reigned among the allies,
+and the general disinclination on their parts to fight longer (a frame
+of mind not far removed in some instances from positive satisfaction at
+what had taken place)--under the circumstances, I say, the polemarchs
+called a council of the ablest representatives of the shattered army
+(16) and deliberated as to what should be done. Finally the unanimous
+opinion was to pick up the dead under a flag of truce, and they sent a
+herald to treat for terms. The Thebans after that set up a trophy and
+gave back the bodies under a truce.
+
+ (12) See above, V. iv. 33.
+
+ (13) {sumphoreis}. For the readings of this corrupt passage see Otto
+    Keller.
+
+ (14) Or, "in orderly way." See Curt. "H. G." iv. 400.
+
+ (15) See "Ages." ii. 24.
+
+ (16) {tous epikairiotatous}. See above, III. iii. 10; "Cyrop." VII.
+    iv. 4; VIII. iv. 32, vi. 2.
+
+After these events, a messenger was despatched to Lacedaemon with news
+of the calamity. He reached his destination on the last day of the
+gymnopaediae, (17) just when the chorus of grown men had entered the
+theatre. The ephors heard the mournful tidings not without grief and
+pain, as needs they must, I take it; but for all that they did not
+dismiss the chorus, but allowed the contest to run out its natural
+course. What they did was to deliver the names of those who had fallen
+to their friends and families, with a word of warning to the women not
+to make any loud lamentations but to bear their sorrow in silence; and
+the next day it was a striking spectacle to see those who had relations
+among the slain moving to and fro in public with bright and radiant
+looks, whilst of those whose friends were reported to be living barely a
+man was to be seen, and these flitted by with lowered heads and scowling
+brows, as if in humiliation.
+
+ (17) The festival was celebrated annually about midsummer. See Herod.
+    vi. 67; Thuc. v. 82, and Arnold's note; Pollux. iv. 105; Athen.
+    xiv. 30, xv. 22; Muller, "Dorians," ii. 389.
+
+After this the ephors proceeded to call out the ban, including the
+forty-years-service men of the two remaining regiments; (18) and they
+proceeded further to despatch the reserves of the same age belonging
+to the six regiments already on foreign service. Hitherto the Phocian
+campaign had only drawn upon the thirty-five-years-service list. Besides
+these they now ordered out on active service the troops retained at
+the beginning of the campaign in attendance on the magistrates at the
+government offices. Agesilaus being still disabled by his infirmity,
+the city imposed the duty of command upon his son Archidamus. The new
+general found eager co-operators in the men of Tegea. The friends of
+Stasippus at this date were still living, (19) and they were stanch
+in their Lacedaemonian proclivities, and wielded considerable power in
+their state. Not less stoutly did the Mantineans from their villages
+under their aristocratic form of government flock to the Spartan
+standard. Besides Tegea and Mantinea, the Corinthians and Sicyonians,
+the Phliasians and Achaeans were equally enthusiastic to joining the
+campaign, whilst other states sent out soldiers. Then came the fitting
+out and manning of ships of war on the part of the Lacedaemonians
+themselves and of the Corinthians, whilst the Sicyonians were requested
+to furnish a supply of vessels on board of which it was proposed to
+transport the army across the gulf. And so, finally, Archidamus was able
+to offer the sacrifices usual at the moment of crossing the frontier.
+But to return to Thebes.
+
+ (18) I.e. every one up to fifty-eight years of age.
+
+ (19) See below, VI. v. 9.
+
+Immediately after the battle the Thebans sent a messenger to Athens
+wearing a chaplet. Whilst insisting on the magnitude of the victory they
+at the same time called upon the Athenians to send them aid, for now the
+opportunity had come to wreak vengeance on the Lacedaemonians for all
+the evil they had done to Athens. As it chanced, the senate of the
+Athenians was holding a session on the Acropolis. As soon as the
+news was reported, the annoyance caused by its announcement was
+unmistakeable. They neither invited the herald to accept of hospitality
+nor sent back one word in reply to the request for assistance. And so
+the herald turned his back on Athens and departed.
+
+But there was Jason still to look to, and he was their ally. To him then
+the Thebans sent, and earnestly besought his aid, their thoughts running
+on the possible turn which events might take. Jason on his side at
+once proceeded to man a fleet, with the apparent intention of sending
+assistance by sea, besides which he got together his foreign brigade
+and his own cavalry; and although the Phocians and he were implacable
+enemies, (20) he marched through their territory to Boeotia. Appearing
+like a vision to many of the states before his approach was even
+announced--at any rate before levies could be mustered from a dozen
+different points--he had stolen a march upon them and was a long way
+ahead, giving proof that expedition is sometimes a better tool to work
+with than sheer force.
+
+ (20) Or, "though the Phocians maintained a war 'a outrance' with him."
+
+When he arrived in Boeotia the Thebans urged upon him that now was the
+right moment to attack the Lacedaemonians: he with his foreign brigade
+from the upper ground, they face to face in front; but Jason dissuaded
+them from their intention. He reminded them that after a noble
+achievement won it was not worth their while to play for so high a
+stake, involving a still greater achievement or else the loss of victory
+already gained. "Do you not see," he urged, "that your success followed
+close on the heels of necessity? You ought then to reflect that the
+Lacedaemonians in their distress, with a choice between life and death,
+will fight it out with reckless desperation. Providence, as it seems,
+ofttimes delights to make the little ones great and the great ones
+small." (21)
+
+ (21) Cf. "Anab." III. ii. 10.
+
+By such arguments he diverted the Thebans from the desperate adventure.
+But for the Lacedaemonians also he had words of advice, insisting on the
+difference between an army defeated and an army flushed with victory.
+"If you are minded," he said, "to forget this disaster, my advice to you
+is to take time to recover breath and recruit your energies. When you
+have grown stronger then give battle to these unconquered veterans. (22)
+At present," he continued, "you know without my telling you that among
+your own allies there are some who are already discussing terms of
+friendship with your foes. My advice is this: by all means endeavour
+to obtain a truce. This," he added, "is my own ambition: I want to save
+you, on the ground of my father's friendship with yourselves, and
+as being myself your representative." (23) Such was the tenor of his
+speech, but the secret of action was perhaps to be found in a desire
+to make these mutual antagonists put their dependence on himself
+alone. Whatever his motive, the Lacedaemonians took his advice, and
+commissioned him to procure a truce.
+
+ (22) Or, "the invincibles."
+
+ (23) Lit. "your proxenos."
+
+As soon as the news arrived that the terms were arranged, the polemarchs
+passed an order round: the troops were to take their evening meal, get
+their kit together, and be ready to set off that night, so as to scale
+the passes of Cithaeron by next morning. After supper, before the hour
+of sleep, the order to march was given, and with the generals at their
+head the troops advanced as the shades of evening fell, along the road
+to Creusis, trusting rather to the chance of their escaping notice, than
+to the truce itself. It was weary marching in the dead of night, making
+their retreat in fear, and along a difficult road, until they fell in
+with Archidamus's army of relief. At this point, then, Archidamus waited
+till all the allies had arrived, and so led the whole of the united
+armies back to Corinth, from which point he dismissed the allies and led
+his fellow-citizens home.
+
+Jason took his departure from Boeotia through Phocis, where he captured
+the suburbs of Hyampolis (24) and ravaged the country districts, putting
+many to the sword. Content with this, he traversed the rest of Phocis
+without meddling or making. Arrived at Heraclea, (25) he knocked down
+the fortress of the Heracleots, showing that he was not troubled by any
+apprehension lest when the pass was thrown open somebody or other might
+march against his own power at some future date. Rather was he haunted
+by the notion that some one or other might one day seize Heraclea, which
+commanded the pass, and bar his passage into Hellas--should Hellas ever
+be his goal. (26) At the moment of his return to Thessaly he had reached
+the zenith of his greatness. He was the lawfully constituted Prince (27)
+of Thessaly, and he had under him a large mercenary force of infantry
+and cavalry, and all in the highest perfection of training. For this
+twofold reason he might claim the title great. But he was still greater
+as the head of a vast alliance. Those who were prepared to fight his
+battles were numerous, and he might still count upon the help of many
+more eager to do so; but I call Jason greatest among his contemporaries,
+because not one among them could afford to look down upon him. (28)
+
+ (24) An ancient town in Phocis (see Hom. "Il." ii. 521) on the road
+    leading from Orchomenus to Opus, and commanding a pass from Locris
+    into Phocis and Boeotia. See Herod. viii. 28; Paus. ix. 35, S. 5;
+    Strab. ix. 424; "Dict. of Geog." s.v.
+
+ (25) Or, "Heracleia Trachinia," a fortress city founded (as a colony)
+    by the Lacedaemonians in B.C. 426, to command the approach to
+    Thermopylae from Thessaly, and to protect the Trachinians and the
+    neighbouring Dorians from the Oetean mountaineers. See "Dict. of
+    Geog." "Trachis"; Thuc. iii. 92, 93, v. 51, 52; Diod. xii. 59.
+
+ (26) B.C. 370. The following sections 28-37 form an episode concerning
+    Thessalian affairs between B.C. 370 and B.C. 359.
+
+ (27) Lit. "Tagos."
+
+ (28) For a similar verbal climax see below, VI. v. 47.
+
+B.C. 370. The Pythian games were now approaching, and an order went
+round the cities from Jason to make preparation for the solemn sacrifice
+of oxen, sheep and goats, and swine. It was reported that although the
+requisitions upon the several cities were moderate, the number of beeves
+did not fall short of a thousand, while the rest of the sacrificial
+beasts exceeded ten times that number. He issued a proclamation also
+to this effect: a golden wreath of victory should be given to whichever
+city could produce the best-bred bull to head the procession in honour
+of the god. And lastly there was an order issued to all the Thessalians
+to be ready for a campaign at the date of the Pythian games. His
+intention, as people said, was to act as manager of the solemn assembly
+and games in person. What the thought was that passed through his mind
+with reference to the sacred money, remains to this day uncertain;
+only, a tale is rife to the effect that in answer to the inquiry of the
+Delphians, "What ought we to do, if he takes any of the treasures of the
+god?" the god made answer, "He would see to that himself." This great
+man, his brain teeming with vast designs of this high sort, came now
+to his end. He had ordered a military inspection. The cavalry of
+the Pheraeans were to pass muster before him. He was already seated,
+delivering answers to all petitioners, when seven striplings approached,
+quarrelling, as it seemed, about some matter. Suddenly by these seven
+the Prince was despatched; his throat gashed, his body gored with
+wounds. Stoutly his guard rushed to the rescue with their long spears,
+and one of the seven, while still in the act of aiming a blow at Jason,
+was thrust through with a lance and died; a second, in the act of
+mounting his horse, was caught, and dropped dead, the recipient of many
+wounds. The rest leaped on the horses which they had ready waiting
+and escaped. To whatever city of Hellas they came honours were almost
+universally accorded them. The whole incident proves clearly that the
+Hellenes stood in much alarm of Jason. They looked upon him as a tyrant
+in embryo.
+
+So Jason was dead; and his brothers Polydorus and Polyphron were
+appointed princes (29) in his place. But of these twain, as they
+journeyed together to Larissa, Polydorus was slain in the night, as
+he slept, by his brother Polyphron, it was thought; since a death so
+sudden, without obvious cause, could hardly be otherwise accounted for.
+
+ (29) Lit. "Tagoi."
+
+Polyphron governed for a year, and by the year's end he had refashioned
+his princedom into the likeness of a tyranny. In Pharsalus he put to
+death Polydamas (30) and eight other of the best citizens; and from
+Larissa he drove many into exile. But while he was thus employed, he,
+in his turn, was done to death by Alexander, who slew him to avenge
+Polydorus and to destroy the tyranny. This man now assumed the reins of
+office, and had no sooner done so than he showed himself a harsh prince
+to the Thessalians: harsh too and hostile to the Thebans and Athenians,
+(31) and an unprincipled freebooter everywhere by land and by sea. But
+if that was his character, he too was doomed to perish shortly. The
+perpetrators of the deed were his wife's brothers. (32) The counsellor
+of it and the inspiring soul was the wife herself. She it was who
+reported to them that Alexander had designs against them; who hid them
+within the house a whole day; who welcomed home her husband deep in his
+cups and laid him to rest, and then while the lamp still burned brought
+out the prince's sword. It was she also who, perceiving her brothers
+shrank bank, fearing to go in and attack Alexander, said to them, "If
+you do not be quick and do the deed, I will wake him up!" After they had
+gone in, she, too, it was who caught and pulled to the door, clinging
+fast to the knocker till the breath was out of her husband's body. (33)
+Her fierce hatred against the man is variously explained. By some it
+was said to date from the day when Alexander, having imprisoned his own
+favourite--who was a fair young stripling--when his wife supplicated
+him to release the boy, brought him forth and stabbed him in the throat.
+Others say it originated through his sending to Thebes and seeking the
+hand of the wife of Jason in marriage, because his own wife bore him no
+children. These are the various causes assigned to explain the treason
+of his wife against him. Of the brothers who executed it, the eldest,
+Tisiphonus, in virtue of his seniority accepted, and up to the date of
+this history (34) succeeded in holding, the government.
+
+ (30) See above, VI. i. 2 foll.
+
+ (31) See Dem. "c. Aristocr." 120; Diod. xv. 60 foll.
+
+ (32) B.C. 359 or 358.
+
+ (33) The woman's name was Thebe. See Diod. xvi. 14; Cicero, "de
+    Inven." II. xlix. 144; "de Div." I. xxv. 52; "de Off." II. vii.
+    25; Ovid, "Ibis," iii. 21 foll.
+
+ (34) Or, "portion of my work;" lit. "argument," {logos}. See
+    {Kuprianos, Peri ton 'Ell}: p. 111.
+
+
+
+V
+
+The above is a sketch of Thessalian affairs, including the incidents
+connected with Jason, and those subsequent to his death, down to
+the government of Tisiphonus. I now return to the point at which we
+digressed.
+
+B.C. 371. Archidamus, after the relief of the army defeated at Leuctra,
+had led back the united forces. When he was gone, the Athenians,
+impressed by the fact that the Peloponessians still felt under an
+obligation to follow the Lacedaemonians to the field, whilst Sparta
+herself was by no means as yet reduced to a condition resembling that
+to which she had reduced Athens, sent invitations to those states which
+cared to participate in the peace authorised by the great king. (1) A
+congress met, and they passed a resolution in conjunction with those
+who wished to make common cause with them to bind themselves by oath
+as follows: "I will abide by the treaty terms as conveyed in the king's
+rescript, as also by the decrees of the Athenians and the allies. If any
+one marches against any city among those which have accepted this oath,
+I will render assistance to that city with all my strength." The oath
+gave general satisfaction, the Eleians alone gainsaying its terms and
+protesting that it was not right to make either the Marganians or the
+Scilluntians or the Triphylians independent, since these cities belonged
+to them, and were a part of Elis. (2) The Athenians, however, and the
+others passed the decree in the precise language of the king's rescript:
+that all states--great and small alike--were to be independent; and
+they sent out administrators of the oath, and enjoined upon them to
+administer it to the highest authorities in each state. This oath they
+all, with the exception of the Eleians, swore to.
+
+ (1) I.e. in B.C. 387, the peace "of" Antalcidas. See Grote, "H. G." x.
+    274.
+
+ (2) See Busolt, op. cit. p. 186.
+
+B.C. 371-370. As an immediate consequence of this agreement, the
+Mantineans, on the assumption that they were now absolutely independent,
+met in a body and passed a decree to make Mantinea into a single state
+and to fortify the town. (3) The proceeding was not overlooked by the
+Lacedaemonians, who thought it would be hard if this were done without
+their consent. Accordingly they despatched Agesilaus as ambassador to
+the Mantineans, choosing him as the recognised ancestral friend of that
+people. When the ambassador arrived, however, the chief magistrates had
+no inclination to summon a meeting of the commons to listen to him, but
+urged him to make a statement of his wishes to themselves. He, on his
+side, was ready to undertake for himself and in their interests that,
+if they would at present desist from their fortification work, he
+would bring it about that the defensive walls should be built with the
+sanction of Lacedaemon and without cost. Their answer was, that it was
+impossible to hold back, since a decree had been passed by the whole
+state of Mantinea to build at once. Whereupon Agesilaus went off in high
+dudgeon; though as to sending troops to stop them, (4) the idea seemed
+impracticable, as the peace was based upon the principle of autonomy.
+Meanwhile the Mantineans received help from several of the Arcadian
+states in the building of their walls; and the Eleians contributed
+actually three talents (5) of silver to cover the expense of their
+construction. And here leaving the Mantineans thus engaged, we will turn
+to the men of Tegea.
+
+ (3) For the restoration of Mantinea, see Freeman, "Fed. Gov." iv. p.
+    198; Grote, "H. G." x. 283 foll.
+
+ (4) See above, V. ii. 1, sub anno B.C. 386.
+
+ (5) = 731 pounds: 5 shillings. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 199.
+
+There were in Tegea two political parties. The one was the party of
+Callibius and Proxenus, who were for drawing together the whole Arcadian
+population in a confederacy, (6) in which all measures carried in
+the common assembly should be held valid for the individual component
+states. The programme of the other (Stasippus's) party was to leave
+Tegea undisturbed and in the enjoyment of the old national laws.
+Perpetually defeated in the Sacred College, (7) the party of Callibius
+and Proxenus were persuaded that if only the commons met they would gain
+an easy victory by an appeal to the multitude; and in this faith they
+proceeded to march out the citizen soldiers. (8) At sight of this
+Stasippus and his friends on their side armed in opposition, and proved
+not inferior in numbers. The result was a collision and battle, in which
+Proxenus and some few others with him were slain and the rest put to
+flight; though the conquerors did not pursue, for Stasippus was a
+man who did not care to stain his hands with the blood of his
+fellow-citizens. (9)
+
+ (6) Although the historian does not recount the foundation of
+    Megalopolis (see Pausanias and Diodorus), the mention of the
+    common assembly of the League {en to koino} in this passage and,
+    still more, of the Ten Thousand (below, "Hell." VII. i. 38),
+    implies it. See Freeman, op. cit. iv. 197 foll.; Grote, "H. G." x.
+    306 foll., ii. 599; "Dict. of Geog." "Megalopolis." As to the date
+    of its foundation Pausanias (VIII. xxvii. 8) says "a few months
+    after the battle of Leuctra," before midsummer B.C. 370; Diodorus
+    (xv. 72) says B.C. 368. The great city was not built in a day.
+    Messene, according to Paus. IV. xxvii. 5, was founded between the
+    midsummers of B.C. 370 and B.C. 369.
+
+ (7) Lit. "in the Thearoi." For the Theari, see Thuc. v. 47, Arnold's
+    note; and "C. I. G." 1756 foll.; and for the revolution at Tegea
+    here recounted, see Grote, "H. G." x. 285 foll.
+
+ (8) Or, "they mustered under arms."
+
+ (9) Or, "opposed to a wholesale slaughter of the citizens."
+
+Callibius and his friends had retired under the fortification walls and
+gates facing Mantinea; but, as their opponents made no further attempts
+against them, they here collected together and remained quiet. Some
+while ago they had sent messages to the Mantineans demanding assistance,
+but now they were ready to discuss terms of reconciliation with the
+party of Stasippus. Presently they saw the Mantineans advancing;
+whereupon some of them sprang to the walls, and began calling to them to
+bring succour with all speed. With shouts they urged upon them to make
+haste, whilst others threw open wide the gates to them. Stasippus
+and his party, perceiving what was happening, poured out by the gates
+leading to Pallantium, (10) and, outspeeding their pursuers, succeeded
+in reaching the temple of Artemis, where they found shelter, and,
+shutting to the doors, kept quiet. Following close upon their heels,
+however, their foes scaled the temple, tore off the roof, and began
+striking them down with the tiles. They, recognising that there was no
+choice, called upon their assailants to desist, and undertook to come
+forth. Then their opponents, capturing them like birds in a fowler's
+hand, bound them with chains, threw them on to the prisoner's van, (11)
+and led them off to Tegea. Here with the Mantineans they sentenced and
+put them to death.
+
+ (10) Pallantium, one of the most ancient towns of Arcadia, in the
+    Maenalia (Paus. VIII. xliv. 5; Livy, i. 5), situated somewhat
+    south of the modern Tripolitza (see "Dict. of Anc. Geog."); like
+    Asea and Eutaea it helped to found Megalopolis (Paus. VIII. xxvii.
+    3, where for {'Iasaia} read {'Asea}); below, VII. v. 5; Busolt,
+    op. cit. p. 125.
+
+ (11) For the sequel of the matter, see above, "Hell." VI. iv. 18;
+    Busolt, op. cit. p. 134.
+
+The outcome of these proceedings was the banishment to Lacedaemon of the
+Tegeans who formed the party of Stasippus, numbering eight hundred; but
+as a sequel to what had taken place, the Lacedaemonians determined that
+they were bound by their oaths to aid the banished Tegeans and to avenge
+the slain. With this purpose they marched against the Mantineans, on the
+ground that they had violated their oaths in marching against Tegea with
+an armed force. The ephors called out the ban and the state commanded
+Agesilaus to head the expedition.
+
+Meanwhile most of the Arcadian contingents were mustering at Asea. (12)
+The Orchomenians not only refused to take part in the Arcadian league,
+on account of their personal hatred to Mantinea, but had actually
+welcomed within their city a mercenary force under Polytropus, which had
+been collected at Corinth. The Mantineans themselves were forced to
+stay at home to keep an eye on these. The men of Heraea and Lepreum made
+common cause with the Lacedaemonians in a campaign against Mantinea.
+
+ (12) Asea is placed by Leake ("Travels in Morea," i. 84; iii. 34) near
+    Frangovrysi, a little south of Pallantium.
+
+    Heraea, the most important town of Arcadia in the Cynuria, near
+    Elis, on the high road to Olympia, and commanding other main
+    roads. See Leake, "Peloponnesiaca," p. 1 foll.; "Morea," ii. 91.
+
+    Lepreum, chief town of the Triphylia (Herod. iv. 148, ix. 28;
+    Thuc. v. 31; above, III. ii. 25; Paus. V. v. 3; Polyb. iv. 77
+    foll.; Strab. viii. 345), near modern Strovitzi; Leake, "Morea,"
+    i. 56; Dodwell, "Tour," ii. 347.
+
+    Eutaea is placed by Leake between Asea and Pallantium at Barbitza
+    ("Morea," iii. 31); but see Grote, "H. G." x. 288.
+
+Finding the frontier sacrifices favourable, Agesilaus began his march
+at once upon Arcadia. He began by occupying the border city of Eutaea,
+where he found the old men, women, and children dwelling in their
+houses, while the rest of the population of a military age were off
+to join the Arcadian league. In spite of this he did not stir a finger
+unjustly against the city, but suffered the inhabitants to continue in
+their homes undisturbed. The troops took all they needed, and paid for
+it in return; if any pillage had occurred on his first entrance into
+the town, the property was hunted up and restored by the Spartan king.
+Whilst awaiting the arrival of Polytropus's mercenaries, he amused
+himself by repairing such portions of their walls as necessity demanded.
+
+Meanwhile the Mantineans had taken the field against Orchomenus;
+but from the walls of that city the invaders had some difficulty in
+retiring, and lost some of their men. On their retreat they found
+themselves in Elymia; (13) here the heavy infantry of the Orchomenians
+ceased to follow them; but Polytropus and his troops continued to assail
+their rear with much audacity. At this conjuncture, seeing at a glance
+that either they must beat back the foe or suffer their own men to be
+shot down, the Mantineans turned right about and met the assailant in
+a hand-to-hand encounter. Polytropus fell fighting on that battlefield;
+and of the rest who took to flight, many would have shared his fate, but
+for the opportune arrival of the Phliasian cavalry, who swooped round to
+the conqueror's rear and checked him in his pursuit. (14)
+
+ (13) Elymia, mentioned only by Xenophon, must have been on the
+    confines of the Mantinice and Orchomenus, probably at Levidhi.--
+    Leake, "Morea," iii. 75; "Peloponn." p. 229.
+
+ (14) See "Cyrop." VII. i. 36.
+
+Content with this achievement, the Mantineans retired homewards; while
+Agesilaus, to whom the news was brought, no longer expecting that the
+Orchomenian mercenaries could effect a junction with himself, determined
+to advance without further delay. (15) On the first day he encamped for
+the evening meal in the open country of Tegea, and the day following
+crossed into Mantinean territory. Here he encamped under the
+westward-facing (16) mountains of Mantinea, and employed himself in
+ravaging the country district and sacking the farmsteads; while the
+troops of the Arcadians who were mustered in Asea stole by night into
+Tegea. The next day Agesilaus shifted his position, encamping about
+two miles' (17) distance from Mantinea; and the Arcadians, issuing from
+Tegea and clinging to the mountains between Mantinea and that city,
+appeared with large bodies of heavy infantry, wishing to effect a
+junction with the Mantineans. The Argives, it is true, supported them,
+but they were not in full force. And here counsellors were to be found
+who urged on Agesilaus to attack these troops separately; but fearing
+lest, in proportion as he pressed on to engage them, the Mantineans
+might issue from the city behind and attack him on flank and rear, he
+decided it was best to let the two bodies coalesce, and then, if they
+would accept battle, to engage them on an open and fair field.
+
+ (15) See "Ages." ii. 23.
+
+ (16) See Leake, "Morea," iii. 73.
+
+ (17) Lit. "twenty stades."
+
+And so ere long the Arcadians had effected their object and were united
+with the Mantineans. The next incident was the sudden apparition at
+break of day, as Agesilaus was sacrificing in front of the camp, of a
+body of troops. These proved to be the light infantry from Orchomenus,
+who in company with the Phliasian cavalry had during the night made
+their way across past the town of Mantinea; and so caused the mass of
+the army to rush to their ranks, and Agesilaus himself to retire within
+the lines. Presently, however, the newcomers were recognised as friends;
+and as the sacrifices were favourable, Agesilaus led his army forward
+a stage farther after breakfast. As the shades of evening descended he
+encamped unobserved within the fold of the hills behind the Mantinean
+territory, with mountains in close proximity all round. (18)
+
+ (18) Lit. "within the hindmost bosom of the Mantinice." In reference
+    to the position, Leake ("Morea," iii. 75) says: "The northern bay
+     (of the Mantinic plain between Mantinea and the Argon) corresponds
+    better by its proximity to Mantinea; by Mount Alesium it was
+    equally hidden from the city, while its small dimensions, and the
+    nearness of the incumbent mountains, rendered it a more hazardous
+    position to an army under the circumstances of that of Agesilaus"
+     (than had he encamped in the Argon itself). For the Argon (or
+    Inert Plain), see Leake, ib. 54 foll.
+
+On the next morning, as day broke, he sacrificed in front of the army;
+and observing a mustering of men from the city of Mantinea on the hills
+which overhung the rear of his army, he decided that he must lead his
+troops out of the hollow by the quickest route. But he feared lest, if
+he himself led off, the enemy might fall upon his rear. In this dilemma
+he kept quiet; presenting a hostile front to the enemy, he sent orders
+to his rear to face about to the right, (19) and so getting into line
+behind his main body, to move forward upon him; and in this way he
+at once extricated his troops from their cramped position and kept
+continually adding to the weight and solidity of his line. As soon as
+the phalanx was doubled in depth he emerged upon the level ground, with
+his heavy infantry battalions in this order, and then again extended his
+line until his troops were once more nine or ten shields deep. But the
+Mantineans were no longer so ready to come out. The arguments of the
+Eleians who had lent them their co-operation had prevailed: that it was
+better not to engage until the arrival of the Thebans. The Thebans,
+it was certain, would soon be with them; for had they not borrowed ten
+talents (20) from Elis in order to be able to send aid? The Arcadians
+with this information before them kept quiet inside Mantinea. On
+his side Agesilaus was anxious to lead off his troops, seeing it was
+midwinter; but, to avoid seeming to hurry his departure out of fear,
+he preferred to remain three days longer and no great distance from
+Mantinea. On the fourth day, after an early morning meal, the retreat
+commenced. His intention was to encamp on the same ground which he had
+made his starting-point on leaving Eutaea. But as none of the Arcadians
+appeared, he marched with all speed and reached Eutaea itself, although
+very late, that day; being anxious to lead off his troops without
+catching a glimpse of the enemy's watch-fires, so as to silence the
+tongues of any one pretending that he withdrew in flight. His main
+object was in fact achieved. To some extent he had recovered the state
+from its late despondency, since he had invaded Arcadia and ravaged the
+country without any one caring to offer him battle. But, once arrived
+on Laconian soil, he dismissed the Spartan troops to their homes and
+disbanded the provincials (21) to their several cities.
+
+ (19) See "Anab." IV. iii. 29; "Pol. Lac." xi. 10.
+
+ (20) 2,437 pounds: 10 shillings. See Busult, op. cit. p. 199.
+
+ (21) Lit. "perioeci"; and below, SS. 25, 32.
+
+B.C. 370-369. The Arcadians, now that Agesilaus had retired, realising
+that he had disbanded his troops, while they themselves were fully
+mustered, marched upon Heraea, the citizens of which town had not only
+refused to join the Arcadian league, but had joined the Lacedaemonians
+in their invasion of Arcadia. For this reason they entered the country,
+burning the homesteads and cutting down the fruit-trees.
+
+Meanwhile news came of the arrival of the Theban reinforcements at
+Mantinea, on the strength of which they left Heraea and hastened to
+fraternise (22) with their Theban friends. When they were met together,
+the Thebans, on their side, were well content with the posture of
+affairs: they had duly brought their succour, and no enemy was any
+longer to be discovered in the country; so they made preparations to
+return home. But the Arcadians, Argives and Eleians were eager in
+urging them to lead the united forces forthwith into Laconia: they dwelt
+proudly on their own numbers, extolling above measure the armament of
+Thebes. And, indeed, the Boeotians one and all were resolute in their
+military manouvres and devotion to arms, (23) exulting in the victory of
+Leuctra. In the wake of Thebes followed the Phocians, who were now their
+subjects, Euboeans from all the townships of the island, both sections
+of the Locrians, the Acarnanians, (24) and the men of Heraclea and of
+Melis; while their force was further swelled by Thessalian cavalry and
+light infantry. With the full consciousness of facts like these, and
+further justifying their appeal by dwelling on the desolate condition of
+Lacedaemon, deserted by her troops, they entreated them not to turn back
+without invading the territory of Laconia. But the Thebans, albeit they
+listened to their prayers, urged arguments on the other side. In the
+first place, Laconia was by all accounts most difficult to invade;
+and their belief was that garrisons were posted at all the points most
+easily approached. (As a matter of fact, Ischolaus was posted at Oeum
+in the Sciritid, with a garrison of neodamodes and about four hundred
+of the youngest of the Tegean exiles; and there was a second outpost on
+Leuctrum above the Maleatid. (25)) Again it occurred to the Thebans
+that the Lacedaemonian forces, though disbanded, would not take long to
+muster, and once collected they would fight nowhere better than on their
+own native soil. Putting all these considerations together, they
+were not by any means impatient to march upon Lacedaemon. A strong
+counter-impulse, however, was presently given by the arrival of
+messengers from Caryae, giving positive information as to the
+defenceless condition of the country, and offering to act as guides
+themselves; they were ready to lose their lives if they were convicted
+of perfidy. A further impulse in the same direction was given by the
+presence of some of the provincials, (26) with invitations and promises
+of revolt, if only they would appear in the country. These people
+further stated that even at the present moment, on a summons of the
+Spartans proper, the provincials did not care to render them assistance.
+With all these arguments and persuasions echoing from all sides, the
+Thebans at last yielded, and invaded. They chose the Caryan route
+themselves, while the Arcadians entered by Oeum in the Sciritid. (27)
+
+ (22) Or, "effect a junction with."
+
+ (23) Or, "in practising gymnastics about the place of arms." See "Pol.
+    Lac." xii. 5.
+
+ (24) See "Hell." IV. vii. 1; "Ages." ii. 20. For a sketch of the
+    relations of Acarnania to Athens and Sparta, see Hicks, No. 83, p.
+    150; and above, "Hell." V. iv. 64.
+
+ (25) Leuctrum, a fortress of the district Aegytis on the confines of
+    Arcadia and Laconia ("in the direction of Mount Lycaeum," Thuc. v.
+    54). See Leake, "Morea," ii. 322; also "Peloponn." p. 248, in
+    which place he corrects his former view as to the situation of
+    Leuctrum and the Maleatid.
+
+    Oeum or Ium, the chief town of the Sciritis, probably stood in the
+    Klisura or series of narrow passes through the watershed of the
+    mountains forming the natural boundary between Laconia and Arcadia
+    (in the direct line north from Sparta to Tegea), "Dict. of Anc.
+    Geog." s.v. Leake says ("Morea," iii. 19, 30 foll.) near the
+    modern village of Kolina; Baedeker ("Greece," p. 269) says perhaps
+    at Palaeogoulas.
+
+    Caryae. This frontier town was apparently (near Arachova) on the
+    road from Thyrea (in the direction of the Argolid) to Sparta
+    (Thuc. v. 55; Paus. III. x. 7; Livy, xxxiv. 26, but see Leake,
+    "Morea," iii. 30; "Peloponn." p. 342).
+
+    Sellasia, probably rightly placed "half an hour above Vourlia"
+    (Baedeker, "Greece," p. 269). The famous battle of Sellasia, in
+    the spring of B.C. 221, in which the united Macedonians under
+    Antigonus and the Achaeans finally broke the power of Sparta, was
+    fought in the little valley where the stream Gorgylus joins the
+    river Oenus and the Khan of Krevatas now stands. For a plan, see
+    "Dict. of Anc. Geog." s.v.
+
+ (26) "Perioeci."
+
+ (27) Diodorus (xv. 64) gives more details; he makes the invaders
+    converge upon Sellasia by four separate routes. See Leake,
+    "Morea," iii. 29 foll.
+
+By all accounts Ischolaus made a mistake in not advancing to meet them
+on the difficult ground above Oeum. Had he done so, not a man, it is
+believed, would have scaled the passes there. But for the present,
+wishing to turn the help of the men of Oeum to good account, he waited
+down in the village; and so the invading Arcadians scaled the heights
+in a body. At this crisis Ischolaus and his men, as long as they fought
+face to face with their foes, held the superiority; but, presently, when
+the enemy, from rear and flank, and even from the dwelling-houses up
+which they scaled, rained blows and missiles upon them, then and there
+Ischolaus met his end, and every man besides, save only one or two who,
+failing to be recognised, effected their escape.
+
+After these achievements the Arcadians marched to join the Thebans
+at Caryae, and the Thebans, hearing what wonders the Arcadians had
+performed, commenced their descent with far greater confidence. Their
+first exploit was to burn and ravage the district of Sellasia, but
+finding themselves ere long in the flat land within the sacred enclosure
+of Apollo, they encamped for the night, and the next day continued
+their march along the Eurotas. When they came to the bridge they made
+no attempt to cross it to attack the city, for they caught sight of
+the heavy infantry in the temple of Alea (28) ready to meet them. So,
+keeping the Eurotas on their right, they tramped along, burning and
+pillaging homesteads stocked with numerous stores. The feelings of the
+citizens may well be imagined. The women who had never set eyes upon a
+foe (29) could scarcely contain themselves as they beheld the cloud of
+smoke. The Spartan warriors, inhabiting a city without fortifications,
+posted at intervals, here one and there another, were in truth what they
+appeared to be--the veriest handful. And these kept watch and ward. The
+authorities passed a resolution to announce to the helots that whosoever
+among them chose to take arms and join a regiment should have his
+freedom guaranteed to him by solemn pledges in return for assistance in
+the common war. (30) More than six thousand helots, it is said, enrolled
+themselves, so that a new terror was excited by the very incorporation
+of these men, whose numbers seemed to be excessive. But when it was
+found that the mercenaries from Orchomenus remained faithful, and
+reinforcements came to Lacedaemon from Phlius, Corinth, Epidaurus,
+and Pellene, and some other states, the dread of these new levies was
+speedily diminished.
+
+ (28) See Pausanias, III. xix. 7.
+
+ (29) See Plutarch, "Ages." xxxi. 3 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 38); Aristot.
+    "Pol." ii. 9-10.
+
+ (30) See below, VII. ii. 2.
+
+The enemy in his advance came to Amyclae. (31) Here he crossed the
+Eurotas. The Thebans wherever they encamped at once formed a stockade
+of the fruit-trees they had felled, as thickly piled as possible, and
+so kept ever on their guard. The Arcadians did nothing of the sort.
+They left their camping-ground and took themselves off to attack the
+homesteads and loot. On the third or fourth day after their arrival the
+cavalry advanced, squadron by squadron, as far as the racecourse, (32)
+within the sacred enclosure of Gaiaochos. These consisted of the
+entire Theban cavalry and the Eleians, with as many of the Phocian
+or Thessalian or Locrian cavalry as were present. The cavalry of the
+Lacedaemonians, looking a mere handful, were drawn up to meet them. They
+had posted an ambuscade chosen from their heavy infantry, the younger
+men, about three hundred in number, in the house of the Tyndarids (33);
+and while the cavalry charged, out rushed the three hundred at the
+same instant at full pace. The enemy did not wait to receive the double
+charge, but swerved, and at sight of that many also of the infantry took
+to headlong flight. But the pursuers presently paused; the Theban army
+remained motionless; and both parties returned to their camps. And
+now the hope, the confidence strengthened that an attack upon the city
+itself would never come; nor did it. The invading army broke up from
+their ground, and marched off on the road to Helos and Gytheum. (34)
+The unwalled cities were consigned to the flames, but Gytheum, where
+the Lacedaemonians had their naval arsenal, was subjected to assault for
+three days. Certain of the provincials (35) also joined in this attack,
+and shared the campaign with the Thebans and their friends.
+
+ (31) For this ancient (Achaean) town, see Paus. III. ii. 6; Polyb. v.
+    19. It lay only twenty stades (a little more than two miles) from
+    the city of Sparta.
+
+ (32) Or, "hippodrome." See Paus. III. ii. 6.
+
+ (33) Paus. III. xvi. 2.
+
+ (34) See Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279. Was Gytheum taken? See Grote,
+    "H. G." x. 305; Curt. "H. G." Eng. trans. iv. 431.
+
+ (35) "Perioeci." See above, III. iii. 6; VI. v. 25; below, VII. ii. 2;
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 301. It is a pity that the historian should
+    hurry us off to Athens just at this point. The style here is
+    suggestive of notes ({upomnemata}) unexpanded.
+
+The news of these proceedings set the Athenians deeply pondering
+what they ought to do concerning the Lacedaemonians, and they held an
+assembly in accordance with a resolution of the senate. It chanced that
+the ambassadors of the Lacedaemonians and the allies still faithful
+to Lacedaemon were present. The Lacedaemonian ambassadors were Aracus,
+Ocyllus, Pharax, Etymocles, and Olontheus, and from the nature of the
+case they all used, roughly speaking, similar arguments. They reminded
+the Athenians how they had often in old days stood happily together,
+shoulder to shoulder, in more than one great crisis. They (the
+Lacedaemonians), on their side, had helped to expel the tyrant
+from Athens, and the Athenians, when Lacedaemon was besieged by the
+Messenians, had heartily leant her a helping hand. (36) Then they fell to
+enumerating all the blessings that marked the season when the two states
+shared a common policy, hinting how in common they had warred against
+the barbarians, and more boldly recalling how the Athenians with the
+full consent and advice of the Lacedaemonians were chosen by united
+Hellas leaders of the common navy (37) and guardians of all the common
+treasure, while they themselves were selected by all the Hellenes as
+confessedly the rightful leaders on land; and this also not without the
+full consent and concurrence of the Athenians.
+
+ (36) In reference (1) to the expulsion of the Peisistratidae (Herod.
+    v. 64); (2) the "third" Messenian war (Thuc. i. 102).
+
+ (37) See "Revenues," v. 6.
+
+One of the speakers ventured on a remark somewhat to this strain: "If
+you and we, sirs, can only agree, there is hope to-day that the old
+saying may be fulfilled, and Thebes be 'taken and tithed.'" (38) The
+Athenians, however, were not in the humour to listen to that style of
+argument. A sort of suppressed murmur ran through the assembly which
+seemed to say, "That language may be well enough now; but when they
+were well off they pressed hard enough on us." But of all the pleas put
+forward by the Lacedaemonians, the weightiest appeared to be this: that
+when they had reduced the Athenians by war, and the Thebans wished
+to wipe Athens off the face of the earth, they (the Lacedaemonians)
+themselves had opposed the measure. (39) If that was the argument of
+most weight, the reasoning which was the most commonly urged was to the
+effect that "the solemn oaths necessitated the aid demanded. Sparta had
+done no wrong to justify this invasion on the part of the Arcadians and
+their allies. All she had done was to assist the men of Tegea when
+(40) the Mantineans had marched against that township contrary to
+their solemn oaths." Again, for the second time, at these expressions
+a confused din ran through the assembly, half the audience maintaining
+that the Mantineans were justified in supporting Proxenus and his
+friends, who were put to death by the party with Stasippus; the other
+half that they were wrong in bringing an armed force against the men of
+Tegea.
+
+ (38) Or, "the Thebans be decimated"; for the phrase see above, "Hell."
+    VI. iii. 20.
+
+ (39) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; and "Hell." III. v. 8.
+
+ (40) Lit. "because," {oti}.
+
+Whilst these distinctions were being drawn by the assembly itself,
+Cleiteles the Corinthian got up and spoke as follows: "I daresay, men
+of Athens, there is a double answer to the question, Who began the
+wrongdoing? But take the case of ourselves. Since peace began, no one
+can accuse us either of wantonly attacking any city, or of seizing the
+wealth of any, or of ravaging a foreign territory. In spite of which the
+Thebans have come into our country and cut down our fruit-trees, burnt
+to the ground our houses, filched and torn to pieces our cattle and our
+goods. How then, I put it to you, will you not be acting contrary to
+your solemn oaths if you refuse your aid to us, who are so manifestly
+the victims of wrongdoings? Yes; and when I say solemn oaths, I speak
+of oaths and undertakings which you yourselves took great pains to exact
+from all of us." At that point a murmur of applause greeted Cleiteles,
+the Athenians feeling the truth and justice of the speaker's language.
+
+He sat down, and then Procles of Phlius got up and spoke as follows:
+"What would happen, men of Athens, if the Lacedaemonians were well out
+of the way? The answer to that question is obvious. You would be the
+first object of Theban invasion. Clearly; for they must feel that you
+and you alone stand in the path between them and empire over Hellas. If
+this be so, I do not consider that you are more supporting Lacedaemon
+by a campaign in her behalf than you are helping yourselves. For imagine
+the Thebans, your own sworn foes and next-door neighbours, masters of
+Hellas! You will find it a painful and onerous exchange indeed for the
+distant antagonism of Sparta. As a mere matter of self-interest, now
+is the time to help yourselves, while you may still reckon upon allies,
+instead of waiting until they are lost, and you are forced to fight
+a life-and-death battle with the Thebans single-handed. But the fear
+suggests itself, that should the Lacedaemonians escape now, they will
+live to cause you trouble at some future date. Lay this maxim to heart,
+then, that it is not the potential greatness of those we benefit, but of
+those we injure, which causes apprehension. And this other also, that
+it behoves individuals and states alike so to better their position (41)
+while yet in the zenith of their strength that, in the day of weakness,
+when it comes, they may find some succour and support in what their
+former labours have achieved. (42) To you now, at this time, a
+heaven-sent opportunity is presented. In return for assistance to the
+Lacedaemonians in their need, you may win their sincere, unhesitating
+friendship for all time. Yes, I say it deliberately, for the acceptance
+of these benefits at your hands will not be in the presence of one or
+two chance witnesses. The all-seeing gods, in whose sight to-morrow is
+even as to-day, will be cognisant of these things. The knowledge of them
+will be jointly attested by allies and enemies; nay, by Hellenes and
+barbarians alike, since to not one of them is what we are doing a
+matter of unconcern. If, then, in the presence of these witnesses, the
+Lacedaemonians should prove base towards you, no one will ever again
+be eager in their cause. But our hope, our expectation should rather be
+that they will prove themselves good men and not base; since they beyond
+all others would seem persistently to have cherished a high endeavour,
+reaching forth after true praise, and holding aloof from ugly deeds.
+
+ (41) Lit. "to acquire some good."
+
+ (42) Or, "for what," etc.
+
+"But there are further considerations which it were well you should lay
+to heart. If danger were ever again to visit Hellas from the barbarian
+world outside, in whom would you place your confidence if not in the
+Lacedaemonians? Whom would you choose to stand at your right hand in
+battle if not these, whose soldiers at Thermopylae to a man preferred to
+fall at their posts rather than save their lives by giving the barbarian
+free passage into Hellas? Is it not right, then, considering for
+what thing's sake they displayed that bravery in your companionship,
+considering also the good hope there is that they will prove the like
+again--is it not just that you and we should lend them all countenance
+and goodwill? Nay, even for us their allies' sake, who are present, it
+would be worth your while to manifest this goodwill. Need you be assured
+that precisely those who continue faithful to them in their misfortunes
+would in like manner be ashamed not to requite you with gratitude?
+And if we seem to be but small states, who are willing to share their
+dangers with them, lay to heart that there is a speedy cure for this
+defect: with the accession of your city the reproach that, in spite of
+all our assistance, we are but small cities, will cease to be.
+
+"For my part, men of Athens, I have hitherto on hearsay admired and
+envied this great state, whither, I was told, every one who was wronged
+or stood in terror of aught needed only to betake himself and he would
+obtain assistance. To-day I no longer hear, I am present myself and
+see these famous citizens of Lacedaemon here, and by their side their
+trustiest friends, who have come to you, and ask you in their day of
+need to give them help. I see Thebans also, the same who in days bygone
+failed to persuade the Lacedaemonians to reduce you to absolute slavery,
+(43) to-day asking you to suffer those who saved you to be destroyed.
+
+ (43) See "Hell." II. ii. 19; III. v. 8, in reference to B.C. 405.
+
+"That was a great deed and of fair renown, attributed in old story to
+your ancestors, that they did not suffer those Argives who died on the
+Cadmeia (44) to lie unburied; but a fairer wreath of glory would
+you weave for your own brows if you suffer not these still living
+Lacedaemonians to be trampled under the heel of insolence and destroyed.
+Fair, also, was that achievement when you stayed the insolence of
+Eurystheus and saved the sons of Heracles; (45) but fairer still than
+that will your deed be if you rescue from destruction, not the primal
+authors (46) merely, but the whole city which they founded; fairest of
+all, if because yesterday the Lacedaemonians won you your preservation
+by a vote which cost them nothing, you to-day shall bring them help with
+arms, and at the price of peril. It is a proud day for some of us to
+stand here and give what aid we can in pleading for assistance to brave
+men. What, then, must you feel, who in very deed are able to render
+that assistance! How generous on your parts, who have been so often the
+friends and foes of Lacedaemon, to forget the injury and remember only
+the good they have done! How noble of you to repay, not for yourselves
+only, but for the sake of Hellas, the debt due to those who proved
+themselves good men and true in her behalf!"
+
+ (44) In reference to the Seven against Thebes, see Herod. IX. xxvii.
+    4; Isoc. "Paneg." 55.
+
+ (45) Herod. IX. xxvii. 3; see Isoc. "Paneg." 56. "The greatness of
+    Sparta was founded by the succour which Athens lent to the
+    Heraklid invaders of the Peloponnese--a recollection which ought
+    to restrain Sparta from injuring or claiming to rule Athens.
+    Argos, Thebes, Sparta were in early times, as they are now, the
+    foremost cities of Hellas; but Athens was the greatest of them all
+    --the avenger of Argos, the chastiser of Thebes, the patron of
+    those who founded Sparta."--Jebb, "Att. Or." ii. 154.
+
+ (46) Plut. "Lyc." vi.
+
+After these speeches the Athenians deliberated, and though there was
+opposition, the arguments of gainsayers (47) fell upon deaf ears. The
+assembly finally passed a decree to send assistance to Lacedaemon in
+force, and they chose Iphicrates general. Then followed the preliminary
+sacrifices, and then the general's order to his troops to take the
+evening meal in the grove of the Academy. (48) But the general himself,
+it is said, was in no hurry to leave the city; many were found at their
+posts before him. Presently, however, he put himself at the head of his
+troops, and the men followed cheerily, in firm persuasion that he was
+about to lead them to some noble exploit. On arrival at Corinth
+he frittered away some days, and there was a momentary outburst of
+discontent at so much waste of precious time; but as soon as he led the
+troops out of Corinth there was an obvious rebound. The men responded to
+all orders with enthusiasm, heartily following their general's lead, and
+attacking whatever fortified place he might confront them with.
+
+ (47) As to the anti-Laconian or Boeotian party at Athens, see Curtius,
+    "H. G." vol. v. ch. ii. (Eng. tr.)
+
+ (48) See Baedeker, "Greece," p. 103.
+
+And now reverting to the hostile forces on Laconian territory, we find
+that the Arcadians, Argives, and Eleians had retired in large numbers.
+They had every inducement so to do since their homes bordered on
+Laconia; and off they went, driving or carrying whatever they had
+looted. The Thebans and the rest were no less anxious to get out of the
+country, though for other reasons, partly because the army was melting
+away under their eyes day by day, partly because the necessities of life
+were growing daily scantier, so much had been either fairly eaten up
+and pillaged or else recklessly squandered and reduced to ashes. Besides
+this, it was winter; so that on every ground there was a general desire
+by this time to get away home.
+
+As soon as the enemy began his retreat from Laconian soil, Iphicrates
+imitated his movement, and began leading back his troops out of Arcadia
+into Corinthia. Iphicrates exhibited much good generalship, no doubt,
+with which I have no sort of fault to find. But it is not so with that
+final feature of the campaign to which we are now come. Here I find his
+strategy either meaningless in intent or inadequate in execution.
+He made an attempt to keep guard at Oneion, in order to prevent the
+Boeotians making their way out homewards; but left meanwhile far the
+best passage through Cenchreae unguarded. Again, when he wished to
+discover whether or not the Thebans had passed Oneion, he sent out on
+a reconnaissance the whole of the Athenian and Corinthian cavalry;
+whereas, for the object in view, the eyes of a small detachment would
+have been as useful as a whole regiment; (49) and when it came to
+falling back, clearly the smaller number had a better chance of hitting
+on a traversable road, and so effecting the desired movement quietly.
+But the height of folly seems to have been reached when he threw into
+the path of the enemy a large body of troops which were still too weak
+to cope with him. As a matter of fact, this body of cavalry, owing to
+their very numbers, could not help covering a large space of ground;
+and when it became necessary to retire, had to cling to a series of
+difficult positions in succession, so that they lost not fewer than
+twenty horsemen. (50) It was thus the Thebans effected their object and
+retired from Peloponnese.
+
+ (49) See "Hipparch." viii. 10 foll.
+
+ (50) See Diod. xv. 63; Plut. "Pelop." 24.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VII
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 369. In the following year (1) plenipotentiary ambassadors (2) from
+the Lacedaemonians and their allies arrived at Athens to consider and
+take counsel in what way the alliance between Athens and Lacedaemon
+might be best cemented. It was urged by many speakers, foreigners and
+Athenians also, that the alliance ought to be based on the principle of
+absolute equality, (3) "share and share alike," when Procles of Phlius
+put forward the following argument:
+
+ (1) I.e. the official year from spring to spring. See Peter, "Chron.
+    Table" 95, note 215; see Grote, "H. G." x. 346, note 1.
+
+ (2) See Hicks, 89.
+
+ (3) For the phrase {epi toi isois kai omoiois}, implying "share and
+    share alike," see Thuc. i. 145, etc.
+
+"Since you have already decided, men of Athens, that it is good to
+secure the friendship of Lacedaemon, the point, as it appears to me,
+which you ought now to consider is, by what means this friendship may be
+made to last as long as possible. The probability is, that we shall hold
+together best by making a treaty which shall suit the best interests of
+both parties. On most points we have, I believe, a tolerable unanimity,
+but there remains the question of leadership. The preliminary decree of
+your senate anticipates a division of the hegemony, crediting you with
+the chief maritime power, Lacedaemon with the chief power on land; and
+to me, personally, I confess, that seems a division not more established
+by human invention than preordained by some divine naturalness or happy
+fortune. For, in the first place, you have a geographical position
+pre-eminently adapted for naval supremacy; most of the states to whom
+the sea is important are massed round your own, and all of these are
+inferior to you in strength. Besides, you have harbours and roadsteads,
+without which it is not possible to turn a naval power to account.
+Again, you have many ships of war. To extend your naval empire is a
+traditional policy; all the arts and sciences connected with these
+matters you possess as home products, and, what is more, in skill and
+experience of nautical affairs you are far ahead of the rest of the
+world. The majority of you derive your livelihood from the sea, or
+things connected with it; so that in the very act of minding your own
+affairs you are training yourselves to enter the lists of naval combat.
+(4) Again, no other power in the world can send out a larger collective
+fleet, and that is no insignificant point in reference to the
+question of leadership. The nucleus of strength first gained becomes
+a rallying-point, round which the rest of the world will gladly
+congregate. Furthermore, your good fortune in this department must
+be looked upon as a definite gift of God: for, consider among the
+numberless great sea-fights which you have fought how few you have
+lost, how many you have won. It is only rational, then, that your allies
+should much prefer to share this particular risk with you. Indeed,
+to show you how natural and vital to you is this maritime study, the
+following reflection may serve. For several years the Lacedaemonians,
+when at war with you in old days, dominated your territory, but they
+made no progress towards destroying you. At last God granted them one
+day to push forward their dominion on the sea, and then in an instant
+you completely succumbed to them. (5) Is it not self-evident that
+your safety altogether depends upon the sea? The sea is your natural
+element--your birthright; it would be base indeed to entrust the
+hegemony of it to the Lacedaemonians, and the more so, since, as they
+themselves admit, they are far less acquainted with this business than
+yourselves; and, secondly, your risk in naval battles would not be for
+equal stakes--theirs involving only the loss of the men on board their
+ships, but yours, that of your children and your wives and the entire
+state.
+
+ (4) See "Pol. Ath." i. 19 foll.
+
+ (5) See "Hell." II. i.
+
+"And if this is a fair statement of your position, turn, now, and
+consider that of the Lacedaemonians. The first point to notice is, that
+they are an inland power; as long as they are dominant on land it does
+not matter how much they are cut off from the sea--they can carry
+on existence happily enough. This they so fully recognise, that from
+boyhood they devote themselves to training for a soldier's life. The
+keystone of this training is obedience to command, (6) and in this they
+hold the same pre-eminence on land which you hold on the sea. Just as
+you with your fleets, so they on land can, at a moment's notice, put
+the largest army in the field; and with the like consequence, that their
+allies, as is only rational, attach themselves to them with undying
+courage. (7) Further, God has granted them to enjoy on land a like good
+fortune to that vouchsafed to you on sea. Among all the many contests
+they have entered into, it is surprising in how few they have failed, in
+how many they have been successful. The same unflagging attention which
+you pay to maritime affairs is required from them on land, and, as the
+facts of history reveal, it is no less indispensable to them. Thus,
+although you were at war with them for several years and gained many a
+naval victory over them, you never advanced a step nearer to reducing
+them. But once worsted on land, in an instant they were confronted with
+a danger affecting the very lives of child and wife, and vital to the
+interests of the entire state. We may very well understand, then, the
+strangeness, not to say monstrosity, in their eyes, of surrendering to
+others the military leadership on land, in matters which they have made
+their special study for so long and with such eminent success. I end
+where I began. I agree absolutely with the preliminary decrees of your
+own senate, which I consider the solution most advantageous to both
+parties. My prayer (8) is that you may be guided in your deliberations
+to that conclusion which is best for each and all of us."
+
+ (6) Or, "the spirit of discipline." See "Mem." III. v. 16; IV. iv. 15;
+    Thuc. ii. 39; "Pol. Lac." viii.
+
+ (7) Or, "with unlimited confidence."
+
+ (8) See above, "Hell." VI. i. 13, {kai su prattois ta kratista}, "and
+    so may the best fortune attend you!"--if that reading and
+    rendering be adopted.
+
+Such were the words of the orator, and the sentiments of his speech were
+vehemently applauded by the Athenians no less than by the Lacedaemonians
+who were present. Then Cephisodotus (9) stepped forward and addressed
+the assembly. He said, "Men of Athens, do you not see how you are being
+deluded? Lend me your ears, and I will prove it to you in a moment.
+There is no doubt about your leadership by sea: it is already secured.
+But suppose the Lacedaemonians in alliance with you: it is plain they
+will send you admirals and captains, and possibly marines, of Laconian
+breed; but who will the sailors be? Helots obviously, or mercenaries
+of some sort. These are the folk over whom you will exercise your
+leadership. Reverse the case. The Lacedaemonians have issued a general
+order summoning you to join them in the field; it is plain again, you
+will be sending your heavy infantry and your cavalry. You see what
+follows. You have invented a pretty machine, by which they become leaders
+of your very selves, and you become the leaders either of their slaves
+or of the dregs of their state. I should like to put a question to the
+Lacedaemonian Timocrates seated yonder. Did you not say just now, Sir,
+that you came to make an alliance on terms of absolute equality, 'share
+and share alike'? Answer me." "I did say so." "Well, then, here is a
+plan by which you get the perfection of equality. I cannot conceive of
+anything more fair and impartial than that 'turn and turn about' each
+of us should command the navy, each the army; whereby whatever advantage
+there may be in maritime or military command we may each of us share."
+
+ (9) See above, "Hell." VI. iii. 2; Hicks, 87.
+
+These arguments were successful. The Athenians were converted, and
+passed a decree vesting the command in either state (10) for periods of
+five days alternately.
+
+ (10) See "Revenues," v. 7.
+
+B.C. 369. (11) The campaign was commenced by both Athenians and
+Lacedaemonians with their allies, marching upon Corinth, where it was
+resolved to keep watch and ward over Oneion jointly. On the advance of
+the Thebans and their allies the troops were drawn out to defend the
+pass. They were posted in detachments at different points, the most
+assailable of which was assigned to the Lacedaemonians and the men of
+Pellene. (12)
+
+ (11) See Grote, "H. G." x. 349 foll.; al. B.C. 368.
+
+ (12) "During the wars of Epameinondas Pellene adhered firmly to her
+    Spartan policy, at a time when other cities were, to say the
+    least, less strenuous in the Spartan cause."--Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
+    Gov." p. 241. Afterwards Pellene is found temporarily on the
+    Theban side ("Hell." VII. ii. 11).
+
+The Thebans and their allies, finding themselves within three or four
+miles (13) of the troops guarding the pass, encamped in the flat ground
+below; but presently, after a careful calculation of the time it would
+take to start and reach the goal in the gloaming, they advanced against
+the Lacedaemonian outposts. In spite of the difficulty they timed their
+movements to a nicety, and fell upon the Lacedaemonians and Pellenians
+just at the interval when the night pickets were turning in and the men
+were leaving their shakedowns and retiring for necessary purposes. (14)
+This was the instant for the Thebans to fling themselves upon them; they
+plied their weapons with good effect, blow upon blow. Order was pitted
+against disorder, preparation against disarray. When, however, those who
+escaped from the thick of the business had retired to the nearest rising
+ground, the Lacedaemonian polemarch, who might have taken as many heavy,
+or light, infantry of the allies as he wanted, and thus have held the
+position (no bad one, since it enabled him to get his supplies safely
+enough from Cenchreae), failed to do so. On the contrary, and in spite
+of the great perplexity of the Thebans as to how they were to get down
+from the high level facing Sicyon or else retire the way they came,
+the Spartan general made a truce, which in the opinion of the majority,
+seemed more in favour of the Thebans than himself, and so he withdrew
+his division and fell back.
+
+ (13) Lit. "thirty stades."
+
+ (14) Or, "intent on their personal concerns." See "Hell." II. iv. 6;
+    "Hipparch." vii. 12.
+
+The Thebans were now free to descend without hindrance, which they did;
+and, effecting a junction with their allies the Arcadians, Argives,
+and Eleians, at once attacked (15) Sicyon and Pellene, and, marching on
+Epidaurus, laid waste the whole territory of that people. Returning from
+that exploit with a consummate disdain for all their opponents, when
+they found themselves near the city of Corinth they advanced at the
+double against the gate facing towards Phlius; intending if they found
+it open to rush in. However, a body of light troops sallied out of the
+city to the rescue, and met the advance of the Theban picked corps (16)
+not one hundred and fifty yards (17) from the walls. Mounting on the
+monuments and commanding eminences, with volleys of sling stones and
+arrows they laid low a pretty large number in the van of the attack,
+and routing them, gave chase for three or four furlongs' (18) distance.
+After this incident the Corinthians dragged the corpses of the slain
+to the wall, and finally gave them up under a flag of truce, erecting a
+trophy to record the victory. As a result of this occurrence the allies
+of the Lacedaemonians took fresh heart.
+
+ (15) And took (apparently); see below; Diod. xv. 69.
+
+ (16) See "Anab." III. iv. 43; and above, "Hell." V. iii. 23.
+
+ (17) Lit. "four plethra."
+
+ (18) LIt. "three or four stades."
+
+At the date of the above transactions the Lacedeamonians were cheered by
+the arrival of a naval reinforcement from Dionysius, consisting of more
+than twenty warships, which conveyed a body of Celts and Iberians and
+about fifty cavalry. The day following, the Thebans and the rest of the
+allies, posted, at intervals, in battle order, and completely filling
+the flat land down to the sea on one side, and up to the knolls on
+the other which form the buttresses of the city, proceeded to destroy
+everything precious they could lay their hands on in the plain. The
+Athenian and Corinthian cavalry, eyeing the strength, physical and
+numerical, of their antagonists, kept at a safe distance from their
+armament. But the little body of cavalry lately arrived from Dionysius
+spread out in a long thin line, and one at one point and one at another
+galloped along the front, discharging their missiles as they dashed
+forward, and when the enemy rushed against them, retired, and again
+wheeling about, showered another volley. Even while so engaged they
+would dismount from their horses and take breath; and if their foemen
+galloped up while they were so dismounted, in an instant they had leapt
+on their horses' backs and were in full retreat. Or if, again, a party
+pursued them some distance from the main body, as soon as they turned to
+retire, they would press upon them, and discharging volleys of missiles,
+made terrible work, forcing the whole army to advance and retire, merely
+to keep pace with the movements of fifty horsemen.
+
+B.C. 369-368. After this the Thebans remained only a few more days
+and then turned back homewards; and the rest likewise to their several
+homes. Thereupon the troops sent by Dionysius attacked Sicyon. Engaging
+the Sicyonians in the flat country, they defeated them, killing about
+seventy men and capturing by assault the fortres of Derae. (19) After
+these achievements this first reinforcement from Dionysius re-embarked
+and set sail for Syracuse.
+
+ (19) "East of Sicyon was Epieiceia (see above, "Hell." IV. ii. 14, iv.
+    13) on the river Nemea. In the same direction was the fortress
+    Derae." ("Dict. Anct. Geog." "Topography of Sicyonia"), al. Gerae.
+    So Leake ("Morea," iii. 376), who conjectures that this fortress
+    was in the maritime plain.
+
+Up to this time the Thebans and all the states which had revolted from
+Lacedaemon had acted together in perfect harmony, and were content to
+campaign under the leadership of Thebes; but now a certain Lycomedes,
+(20) a Mantinean, broke the spell. Inferior in birth and position
+to none, while in wealth superior, he was for the rest a man of high
+ambition. This man was able to inspire the Arcadians with high thoughts
+by reminding them that to Arcadians alone the Peloponnese was in
+a literal sense a fatherland; since they and they alone were the
+indigenous inhabitants of its sacred soil, and the Arcadian stock
+the largest among the Hellenic tribes--a good stock, moreover, and of
+incomparable physique. And then he set himself to panegyrise them as the
+bravest of the brave, adducing as evidence, if evidence were needed,
+the patent fact, that every one in need of help invariably turned to
+the Arcadians. (21) Never in old days had the Lacedaemonians yet invaded
+Athens without the Arcadians. "If then," he added, "you are wise, you
+will be somewhat chary of following at the beck and call of anybody,
+or it will be the old story again. As when you marched in the train
+of Sparta you only enhanced her power, so to-day, if you follow Theban
+guidance without thought or purpose instead of claiming a division of
+the headship, you will speedily find, perhaps, in her only a second
+edition of Lacedaemon." (22)
+
+ (20) For the plan of an Arcadian Federation and the part played by
+    Lycomedes, its true author, "who certainly merits thereby a high
+    place among the statesmen of Greece," see Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
+    Gov." ch. iv. p. 199 foll.
+
+ (21) For this claim on the part of the Arcadians, see "Anab." VI. ii.
+    10 foll.
+
+ (22) Or, "Lacedaemonians under another name."
+
+These words uttered in the ears of the Arcadians were sufficient to puff
+them up with pride. They were lavish in their love of Lycomedes, and
+thought there was no one his equal. He became their hero; he had only
+to give his orders, and they appointed their magistrates (23) at his
+bidding. But, indeed, a series of brilliant exploits entitled the
+Arcadians to magnify themselves. The first of these arose out of an
+invasion of Epidaurus by the Argives, which seemed likely to end in
+their finding their escape barred by Chabrias and his foreign brigade
+with the Athenians and Corinthians. Only, at the critical moment the
+Arcadians came to the rescue and extricated the Argives, who were
+closely besieged, and this in spite not only of the enemy, but of the
+savage nature of the ground itself. Again they marched on Asine (24) in
+Laconian territory, and defeated the Lacedaemonian garrison, putting
+the polemarch Geranor, who was a Spartan, to the sword, and sacking the
+suburbs of the town. Indeed, whenever or wherever they had a mind to
+send an invading force, neither night nor wintry weather, nor length of
+road nor mountain barrier could stay their march. So that at this date
+they regarded their prowess as invincible. (25) The Thebans, it will be
+understood, could not but feel a touch of jealousy at these pretensions,
+and their former friendship to the Arcadians lost its ardour. With the
+Eleians, indeed, matters were worse. The revelation came to them when
+they demanded back from the Arcadians certain cities (26) of which the
+Lacedaemonians had deprived them. They discovered that their views
+were held of no account, but that the Triphylians and the rest who had
+revolted from them were to be made much of, because they claimed to
+be Arcadians. (27) Hence, as contrasted with the Thebans, the Eleians
+cherished feelings towards their late friends which were positively
+hostile.
+
+ (23) {arkhontas}, see below, "Hell." VII. iv. 33. The formal title of
+    these Federal magistrates may or may not have been {arkhontes};
+    Freeman, "H. F. G." 203, note 6.
+
+ (24) See Grote, "H. G." x. 356.
+
+ (25) Or, "regarded themselves as the very perfection of soldiery."
+
+ (26) In reference to "Hell." III. ii. 25 foll., see Freeman, op. cit.
+    p. 201, and below, "Hell." VII. iv. 12 (B.C. 365); Busolt, op.
+    cit. p. 186 foll., in reference to Lasion.
+
+ (27) Busolt, p. 150.
+
+B.C. 368. Self-esteem amounting to arrogance--such was the spirit which
+animated each section of the allies, when a new phase was introduced by
+the arrival of Philiscus (28) of Abydos on an embassy from Ariobarzanes
+(29) with large sums of money. This agent's first step was to assemble
+a congress of Thebans, allies, and Lacedaemonians at Delphi to treat
+of peace. On their arrival, without attempting to communicate or take
+counsel with the god as to how peace might be re-established, they fell
+to deliberating unassisted; and when the Thebans refused to acquiesce
+in the dependency of Messene (30) upon Lacedaemon, Philiscus set about
+collecting a large foreign brigade to side with Lacedaemon and to
+prosecute the war.
+
+ (28) See Hicks, 84, p. 152; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 51; Grote, "H. G."
+    x. 357; Curtius, "H. G." (Eng. tr.) iv. 458; Diod. xv. 90.
+
+ (29) See above, V. i. 28; "Ages." ii. 26.
+
+ (30) See Hicks, 86.
+
+Whilst these matters were still pending, the second reinforcements from
+Dionysius (31) arrived. There was a difference of opinion as to where
+the troops should be employed, the Athenians insisting that they ought
+to march into Thessaly to oppose the Thebans, the Lacedaemonians being
+in favour of Laconia; and among the allies this latter opinion carried
+the day. The reinforcement from Dionysius accordingly sailed round to
+Laconia, where Archidamus incorporated them with the state troops and
+opened the campaign. Caryae he took by storm, and put every one captured
+to the sword, and from this point marching straight upon the Parrhasians
+of Arcadia, he set about ravaging the country along with his Syracusan
+supporters.
+
+ (31) See above, SS. 20, 22, p. 191 foll. The date is B.C. 368
+    according to Grote, "H. G." x. 362 foll.; al. B.C. 367.
+
+Presently when the Arcadians and Argives arrived with succours, he
+retreated and encamped on the knolls above Medea. (32) While he was
+there, Cissidas, the officer in charge of the reinforcement from
+Dionysius, made the announcement that the period for his stay abroad had
+elapsed; and the words were no sooner out of his lips than off he set on
+the road to Sparta. The march itself, however, was not effected without
+delays, for he was met and cut off by a body of Messenians at a narrow
+pass, and was forced in these straits to send to Archidamus and beg for
+assistance, which the latter tendered. When they had got as far as the
+bend (33) on the road to Eutresia, there were the Arcadians and Argives
+advancing upon Laconia and apparently intending, like the Messenians, to
+shut the Spartan off from the homeward road.
+
+ (32) Or, "Melea," or "Malea." E. Curtius conjectures {Meleas} for
+    {Medeas} of the MSS., and probably the place referred to is the
+    township of Malea in the Aegytis (Pausan. VIII. xxvii. 4); see
+    above, "Hell." VI. v. 24, "the Maleatid." See Dind. "Hist. Gr.,"
+    Ox. MDCCCLIII., note ad loc.; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 459; Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 362.
+
+ (33) Or, "the resting-place"; cf. mod. "Khan." L. and S. cf. Arist.
+    "Frogs," 113. "Medea," below, is probably "Malea," (see last
+    note).
+
+Archidamus, debouching upon a flat space of ground where the roads to
+Eutresia and Medea converge, drew up his troops and offered battle. When
+happened then is thus told:--He passed in front of the regiments and
+addressed them in terms of encouragement thus: "Fellow-citizens, the day
+has come which calls upon us to prove ourselves brave men and look the
+world in the face with level eyes. (34) Now are we to deliver to those
+who come after us our fatherland intact as we received it from our
+fathers; now will we cease hanging our heads in shame before our
+children and wives, our old men and our foreign friends, in sight
+of whom in days of old we shone forth conspicuous beyond all other
+Hellenes."
+
+ (34) See Plut. "Ages." 53 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 41).
+
+The words were scarcely uttered (so runs the tale), when out of
+the clear sky came lightnings and thunderings, (35) with propitious
+manifestation to him; and it so happened that on his right wing there
+stood a sacred enclosure and a statue of Heracles, his great ancestor.
+As the result of all these things, so deep a strength and courage came
+into the hearts of his soldiers, as they tell, that the generals had
+hard work to restrain their men as they pushed forward to the front.
+Presently, when Archidamus led the advance, a few only of the enemy
+cared to await them at the spear's point, and were slain; the mass of
+them fled, and fleeing fell. Many were cut down by the cavalry, many
+by the Celts. When the battle ceased and a trophy had been erected, the
+Spartan at once despatched home Demoteles, the herald, with the news. He
+had to announce not only the greatness of the victory, but the startling
+fact that, while the enemy's dead were numerous, not one single
+Lacedaemonian had been slain. (36) Those in Sparta to whom the news was
+brought, as says the story, when they heard it, one and all, beginning
+with Agesilaus, and, after him, the elders and the ephors, wept for
+joy--so close akin are tears to joy and pain alike. There were others
+hardly less pleased than the Lacedaemonians themselves at the
+misfortune which had overtaken the Arcadians: these were the Thebans and
+Eleians--so offensive to them had the boastful behaviour of these men
+become.
+
+ (35) See Xen. "Apolog." 12; Homer, "Il." ii. 353; "Od." xx. 113 foll.
+
+ (36) According to Diod. xv. 72, ten thousand of the enemy fell.
+
+The problem perpetually working in the minds of the Thebans was how they
+were to compass the headship of Hellas; and they persuaded themselves
+that, if they sent an embassy to the King of Persia, they could not but
+gain some advantage by his help. Accordingly they did not delay, but
+called together the allies, on the plea that Euthycles the Lacedaemonian
+was already at the Persian court. The commissioners sent up were, on
+the part of the Thebans, Pelopidas; (37) on the part of the Arcadians,
+Antiochus, the pancratiast; and on that of the Eleians, Archidamus.
+There was also an Argive in attendance. The Athenians on their side,
+getting wind of the matter, sent up two commissioners, Timagoras and
+Leon.
+
+ (37) See Plut. "Pelop." 30 (Clough, vol. ii. p. 230). For the date see
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 365, 379; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 460.
+
+When they arrived at the Persian court the influence of Pelopidas was
+preponderant with the Persian. He could point out that, besides the fact
+that the Thebans alone among all the Hellenes had fought on the king's
+side at Plataeae, (38) they had never subsequently engaged in military
+service against the Persians; nay, the very ground of Lacedaemonian
+hostility to them was that they had refused to march against the Persian
+king with Agesilaus, (39) and would not even suffer him to sacrifice to
+Artemis at Aulis (where Agamemnon sacrificed before he set sail for Asia
+and captured Troy). In addition, there were two things which contributed
+to raise the prestige of Thebes, and redounded to the honour of
+Pelopidas. These were the victory of the Thebans at Leuctra, and the
+indisputable fact that they had invaded and laid waste the territory of
+Laconia. Pelopidas went on to point out that the Argives and Arcadians
+had lately been defeated in battle by the Lacedaemonians, when his own
+countrymen were not there to assist. The Athenian Timagoras supported
+all these statements of the Theban by independent testimony, and stood
+second in honour after Pelopidas.
+
+ (38) See Thuc. iii. 58, 59, 60.
+
+ (39) See above, "Hell." III. iv. 3; Lincke, "Zur. Xen. Krit." p. 315.
+
+At this point of the proceedings Pelopidas was asked by the king, what
+special clause he desired inserted in the royal rescript. He replied as
+follows: "Messene to be independent of Lacedaemon, and the Athenians
+to lay up their ships of war. Should either power refuse compliance in
+these respects, such refusal to be a casus belli; and any state refusing
+to take part in the military proceedings consequent, to be herself the
+first object of attack." These clauses were drawn up and read to the
+ambassadors, when Leon, in the hearing of the king, exclaimed: "Upon my
+word! Athenians, it strikes me it is high time you looked for some other
+friend than the great king." The secretary reported the comment of the
+Athenian envoy, and produced presently an altered copy of the document,
+with a clause inserted: "If the Athenians have any better and juster
+views to propound, let them come to the Persian court and explain them."
+(40)
+
+ (40) See Grote, "H. G." x. 402; and "Ages." viii. 3.
+
+Thus the ambassadors returned each to his own home and were variously
+received. Timagoras, on the indictment of Leon, who proved that his
+fellow-commissioner not only refused to lodge with him at the king's
+court, but in every way played into the hands of Pelopidas, was put to
+death. Of the other joint commissioners, the Eleian, Archidamus, was
+loud in his praises of the king and his policy, because he had shown
+a preference to Elis over the Arcadians; while for a converse reason,
+because the Arcadian league was slighted, Antiochus not only refused to
+accept any gift, but brought back as his report to the general assembly
+of the Ten Thousand, (41) that the king appeared to have a large army of
+confectioners and pastry-cooks, butlers and doorkeepers; but as for
+men capable of doing battle with Hellenes, he had looked carefully, and
+could not discover any. Besides all which, even the report of his wealth
+seemed to him, he said, bombastic nonsense. "Why, the golden plane-tree
+that is so belauded is not big enough to furnish shade to a single
+grasshopper." (42)
+
+ (41) See above, VI. v. 6; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." 202; Demosth. "F.
+    L." 220, etc.
+
+ (42) Or, "the golden plane-tree they romance about would not suffice
+    to," etc.
+
+At Thebes a conference of the states had been convened to listen to the
+great king's letter. The Persian who bore the missive merely pointed
+to the royal seal, and read the document; whereupon the Thebans invited
+all, who wished to be their friends, to take an oath to what they had
+just heard, as binding on the king and on themselves. To which the
+ambassadors from the states replied that they had been sent to listen to
+a report, not to take oaths; if oaths were wanted, they recommended
+the Thebans to send ambassadors to the several states. The Arcadian
+Lycomedes, moreover, added that the congress ought not to be held at
+Thebes at all, but at the seat of war, wherever that might be. This
+remark brought down the wrath of the Thebans on the speaker; they
+exclaimed that he was bent on breaking up the alliance. Whereupon the
+Arcadian refused to take a seat in the congress at all, and got up
+and betook himself off there and then, accompanied by all the Arcadian
+envoys. Since, therefore, the assembled representatives refused to take
+the oaths at Thebes, the Thebans sent to the different states, one by
+one in turn, urging each to undertake solemnly to act in accordance with
+the great king's rescript. They were persuaded that no individual state
+would venture to quarrel with themselves and the Persian monarch at
+once. As a matter of fact, however, when they arrived at Corinth--which
+was the first stated vist--the Corinthians stood out and gave as their
+answer, that they had no desire for any common oath or undertaking with
+the king. The rest of the states followed suit, giving answers of
+a similar tenor, so that this striving after empire on the part of
+Pelopidas and the Thebans melted like a cloud-castle into air.
+
+B.C. 367. (43) But Epaminondas was bent on one more effort. With a view
+to forcing the Arcadians and the rest of the allies to pay better heed
+to Thebes, he desired first to secure the adhesion of the Achaeans,
+and decided to march an army into Achaea. Accordingly, he persuaded the
+Argive Peisias, who was at the head of military affairs in Argos, to
+seize and occupy Oneion in advance. Persias, having ascertained that
+only a sorry guard was maintained over Oneion by Naucles, the general
+commanding the Lacedaemonian foreign brigade, and by Timomachus the
+Athenian, under cover of night seized and occupied with two thousand
+heavy infantry the rising ground above Cenchreae, taking with him
+provisions for seven days. Within the interval the Thebans arrived
+and surmounted the pass of Oneion; whereupon the allied troops with
+Epaminondas at their head, advanced into Achaea. The result of the
+campaign was that the better classes of Achaea gave in their adhesion
+to him; and on his personal authority Epaminondas insisted that there
+should be no driving of the aristocrats into exile, nor any modification
+of the constitution. He was content to take a pledge of fealty from the
+Achaeans to this effect: "Verily and indeed we will be your allies, and
+follow whithersoever the Thebans lead." (44)
+
+ (43) B.C. 367, according to Grote, "H. G." x. 365, note 1; al. B.C.
+    366.
+
+ (44) See Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 241: "We read of local
+    oligarchies (in the several cities of Achaia) which Epameinondas
+    found and left in possession, but which the home government of
+    Thebes thought good to expel, and to substitute democracies under
+    the protection of Theban harmosts. This policy did not answer, as
+    the large bodies of exiles thus formed contrived to recover the
+    cities, and to bring them to a far more decided Spartan
+    partisanship than before."
+
+So he departed home. The Arcadians, however, and the partisans of the
+opposite faction in Thebes were ready with an indictment against him:
+"Epaminondas," they said, "had merely swept and garnished Achaea for the
+Lacedaemonians, and then gone off." The Thebans accordingly resolved
+to send governors (45) into the states of Achaea; and those officers on
+arrival joined with the commonalty and drove out the better folk,
+and set up democracies throughout Achaea. On their side, these exiles
+coalesced, and, marching upon each separate state in turn, for they
+were pretty numerous, speedily won their restoration and dominated the
+states. As the party thus reinstated no longer steered a middle course,
+but went heart and soul into an alliance with Lacedaemon, the Arcadians
+found themselves between the upper and the nether millstone--that is to
+say, the Lacedaemonians and the Achaeans.
+
+ (45) Lit. "harmosts."
+
+At Sicyon, hitherto, (46) the constitution was based on the ancient
+laws; but at this date Euphron (who during the Lacedaemonian days had
+been the greatest man in Sicyon, and whose ambition it was to hold
+a like pre-eminence under their opponents) addressed himself to the
+Argives and Arcadians as follows: "If the wealthiest classes should ever
+come into power in Sicyon, without a doubt the city would take the first
+opportunity of readopting a Laconian policy; whereas, if a democracy be
+set up," he added, "you may rest assured Sicyon will hold fast by you.
+All I ask you is to stand by me; I will do the rest. It is I who will
+call a meeting of the people; and by that selfsame act I shall give
+you a pledge of my good faith and present you with a state firm in
+its alliance. All this, be assured," he added, "I do because, like
+yourselves, I have long ill brooked the pride of Lacedaemon, and shall
+be glad to escape the yoke of bondage."
+
+ (46) See Grote, "H. G." x. 379.
+
+These proposals found favour with the Arcadians and the Argives,
+who gladly gave the assistance demanded. Euphron straightway, in
+the market-place, in the presence of the two powers concerned,
+(47) proceeded to convene the Demos, as if there were to be a new
+constitution, based on the principle of equality. (48) When the
+convention met, he bade them appoint generals: they might choose
+whom they liked. Whereupon they elected Euphron himself, Hippodamus,
+Cleander, Acrisius, and Lysander. When these matters were arranged he
+appointed Adeas, his own son, over the foreign brigade, in place of the
+former commander, Lysimenes, whom he removed. His next step was promptly
+to secure the fidelity of the foreign mercenaries by various acts of
+kindness, and to attach others; and he spared neither the public nor the
+sacred moneys for this object. He had, to aid him, further, the property
+of all the citizens whom he exiled on the ground of Laconism, and
+of this without scruple he in every case availed himself. As for his
+colleagues in office, some he treacherously put to death, others he
+exiled, by which means he got everything under his own power, and was
+now a tyrant without disguise. The method by which he got the allies to
+connive at his doings was twofold. Partly he worked on them by pecuniary
+aid, partly by the readiness with which he lent the support of his
+foreign troops on any campaign to which they might invite him.
+
+ (47) Lit. "the Argives and the Arcadians."
+
+ (48) Lit. "on fair and equal terms." See Thuc. v. 79.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 366. Matters had so far progressed that the Argives had already
+fortified the Trikaranon above the Heraion as an outpost to threaten
+Phlius, while the Sicyonians were engaged in fortifying Thyamia (1)
+on their frontier; and between the two the Phliasians were severely
+pinched. They began to suffer from dearth of necessaries; but, in
+spite of all, remained unshaken in their alliance. It is the habit of
+historians, I know, to record with admiration each noble achievement of
+the larger powers, but to me it seems a still more worthy task to bring
+to light the great exploits of even a little state found faithful in the
+performance of fair deeds.
+
+ (1) "Thyamia is placed by Ross on the lofty hill of Spiria, the
+    northern prolongation of Tricaranum, between the villages Stimanga
+    and Skrapani."--"Dict. Anct. Geog." "Phlius."
+
+B.C. 370-369. Now these Phliasians were friends of Lacedaemon while at
+the zenith of her power. After her disaster on the field of Leuctra,
+when many of the Perioeci, and the helots to a man, revolted; when, more
+than that, the allies, save only quite a few, forsook her; (2) and
+when united Hellas, so to speak, was marching on her--these Phliasians
+remained stanch in their allegiance; and, in spite of the hostility of
+the most powerful states of the Peloponnese, to wit the Arcardians and
+the Argives, they insisted on coming to her aid. It fell to their lot
+to cross into Prasiae as the rearguard of the reinforcements, which
+consisted of the men of Corinth, of Epidaurus and of Troezen, of
+Hermione, Halieis, and Sicyon and Pellene, in the days before any of
+these had revolted. (3) Not even when the commander of the foreign
+brigade, picking up the divisions already across, left them behind and
+was gone--not even so did they flinch or turn back, but hired a guide
+from Prasiae, and though the enemy was massed round Amyclae, slipped
+through his ranks, as best they could, and so reached Sparta. It was
+then that the Lacedaemonians, besides other honours conferred upon them,
+sent them an ox as a gift of hospitality.
+
+ (2) See above, "VI." v. 29.
+
+ (3) See "Hell." VII. i. 18.
+
+B.C. 369. Later on, when the enemy had retired from Laconia, the
+Argives, ill brooking so much zeal for Lacedaemon on the part of Phlius,
+marched in full force against the little state, and fell to ravaging
+their territory. Even then they remained undaunted; and when the enemy
+turned to retire, destroying all that he could lay hands upon, out
+dashed the cavalry of the Phliasians and dogged his retreat. And
+notwithstanding that the Argive's rear consisted of the whole of his
+cavalry, with some companies of infantry to support them, they attacked
+him, sixty in number, and routed his whole rearguard. They slew, indeed,
+but a few of them; but, having so slain that handful, they paused and
+erected a trophy in full sight of the Argive army with as little concern
+as if they had cut down their enemies to a man.
+
+Once again the Lacedaemonians and their allies were guarding Oneion, (4)
+and the Thebans were threatening to scale the pass. The Arcadians and
+Eleians (5) were moving forwards through Nemea to effect a junction with
+the Thebans, when a hint was conveyed to them by some Phliasian exiles,
+"Only show yourselves before Phlius and the town is yours." An agreement
+was made, and in the dead of night a party consisting of the exiles
+themselves and others with them, about six hundred in number, planted
+themselves close under the walls with scaling-ladders. Presently the
+scouts from the Trikaranon signalled to the city that the enemy was
+advancing. The citizens were all attention; their eyes fixed upon their
+scouts. Meanwhile the traitors within were likewise signalling to those
+seated under lee of the walls "to scale"; and these, scaling up, seized
+the arms of the guards, which they found abandoned, and fell to pursuing
+the day sentinels, ten in number (one out of each squad of five being
+always left on day duty). (6) One of these was put to the sword as he
+lay asleep, and a second as he was escaping to the Heraion; but the
+other eight day-pickets leapt down the wall on the side towards the
+city, one after another. The scaling party now found themselves in
+undisputed possession of the citadel. But the shouting had reached the
+city below: the citizens rallied to the rescue; and the enemy began by
+sallying forth from the citadel, and did battle in the forefront of the
+gate leading down to the city. By and by, being strongly beleaguered
+by the ever-increasing reinforcements of the citizens, they retired,
+falling back upon the citadel; and the citizens along with the enemy
+forced their way in. The centre of the citadel was speedily deserted;
+for the enemy scaled the walls and towers, and showered blows and
+missiles upon the citizens below. These defended themselves from the
+ground, or pressed the encounter home by climbing the ladders which led
+to the walls. Once masters of certain towers on this side and the other
+of the invaders, the citizens came to close quarters with them with
+reckless desperation. The invaders, pushed and pommelled by dint of such
+audacity and hard hitting, were cooped up like sheep into narrower
+and narrower space. But at that critical moment the Arcadians and the
+Argives were circling round the city, and had begun to dig through the
+walls of the citadel from its upper side. (7) Of the citizens inside
+some were beating down their assailants on the wall; (8) others,
+those of them who were climbing up from outside and were still on the
+scaling-ladders, whilst a third set were delivering battle against
+those who had mounted the towers. These last had found fire in the
+men's quarters, and were engaged in setting the towers and all ablaze,
+bringing up sheaves of corn and grass--an ample harvesting, as luck
+would have it, garnered off the citadel itself. Thereupon the occupants
+of the towers, in terror of the flames, leapt down one by one, while
+those on the walls, under the blows of the defenders, tumbled off with
+similar expedition; and as soon as they had once begun to yield, the
+whole citadel, in almost less time than it takes to tell, was cleared of
+the enemy. In an instant out dashed the cavalry, and the enemy, seeing
+them, beat a hasty retreat, leaving behind scaling-ladders and dead,
+besides some comrades hopelessly maimed. In fact, the enemy, what
+between those who were slain inside and those who leapt from the walls,
+lost not less than eighty men. And now it was a goodly sight to see the
+brave men grasp one another by the hand and pledge each other on their
+preservation, whilst the women brought them drink and cried for joy. Not
+one there present but in very sooth was overcome by laughter mixed with
+tears. (9)
+
+ (4) B.C. 369? al. B.C. 368. See above, "Hell." VII. i. 15; Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 346.
+
+ (5) See above, "Hell." VII. i. 18, and below, S. 8.
+
+ (6) Or, "one member of both the squads of five was left behind"--i.e.
+    two out of the ten could not keep up with the rest in their
+    flight, and were taken and killed; one indeed had not started, but
+    was killed in sleep.
+
+ (7) Or, "downwards" (L. and S.); or, "in front," "von vorn" (Buchs).
+
+ (8) Reading, {tous eti toi teikhous}. See Otto Keller for various
+    emendations of the passage.
+
+ (9) In true Homeric fashion, as Pollux (ii. 64) observes. See Homer,
+    "Il." vi. 484. See above, VII. i. 32; "Cyrop." VII. v. 32;
+    "Hiero," iii. 5; "Sym." ii. 24; "Antony and Cleopatra," III. ii.
+    43.
+
+Next year also (10) Phlius was invaded by the Argives and all the
+Arcadians. The reason of this perpetually-renewed attack on Phlius is
+not far to seek: partly it was the result of spleen, partly the little
+township stood midway between them, and they cherished the hope that
+through want of the necessaries of life they would bring it over.
+During this invasion the cavalry and the picked troop of the Phliasians,
+assisted by some Athenian knights, made another famous charge at the
+crossing of the river. (11) They made it so hot for the enemy that for
+the rest of that day he was forced to retire under the mountain ridges,
+and to hold aloof as if afraid to trample down the corn-crops of a
+friendly people on the flat below.
+
+ (10) B.C. 368 (or 367).
+
+ (11) The Asopus.
+
+Again another time (12) the Theban commander in Sicyon marched out
+against Phlius, taking with him the garrison under his personal command,
+with the Sicyonians and Pellenians (for at the date of the incident
+these states followed in the wake of Thebes). Euphron was there also
+with his mercenaries, about two thousand in number, to share the
+fortunes of the field. The mass of the troops began their descent on the
+Heraion by the Trikaranon, intending to ravage the flat bottom below. At
+the gate leading to Corinth the Theban general left his Sicyonians and
+Pellenians on the height, to prevent the Phliasians getting behind him
+at this point and so over the heads of his troops as they lay at the
+Heraion beneath. (13) As soon as the citizens of Phlius found that
+hostile troops were advancing on their corn-land, out dashed the cavalry
+with the chosen band of the Phliasians and gave battle, not suffering
+the enemy to penetrate into the plain. The best part of the day was
+spent in taking long shots at one another on that field; Euphron pushing
+his attack down to the point where cavalry could operate, the citizens
+retaliating as far as the Heraion. Presently the time to withdraw
+had come, and the enemy began to retire, following the circle of the
+Trikaranon; the short cut to reach the Pellenians being barred by the
+ravine which runs in front of the walls. The Phliasians escorted their
+retreating foes a little way up the steep, and then turning off dashed
+along the road beside the walls, making for the Pellenians and those
+with them; whereupon the Theban, perceiving the haste of the Phliasians,
+began racing with his infantry to outspeed them and bring succour to the
+Pellenians. The cavalry, however, arrived first and fell to attacking
+the Pellenians, who received and withstood the shock, and the cavalry
+drew back. A second time they charged, and were supported by some
+infantry detachments, which had now come up. It ended in a hand-to-hand
+fight; and eventually the enemy gave way. On the field lay dead some
+Sicyonians, and of the Pellenians many a good man. In record of the feat
+the Phliasians began to raise a trophy, as well they might; and loud and
+clear the paean rang. As to the Theban and Euphron, they and all their
+men stood by and stared at the proceedings, like men who had raced to
+see a sight. After all was over the one party retired to Sicyon and the
+other withdrew into their city.
+
+ (12) B.C. 367 (or 366).
+
+ (13) Lit. "above the Heraion" (where his main body lay).
+
+That too was another noble exploit of the Phliasians, when they took the
+Pellenian Proxenus prisoner and, although suffering from scarcity at the
+time, sent him back without a ransom. "As generous as brave," such is
+their well-earned title who were capable of such performance.
+
+The heroic resolution with which these men maintained their loyalty to
+their friends is manifest. When excluded from the fruits of their own
+soil, they contrived to live, partly by helping themselves from the
+enemy's territory, partly by purchasing from Corinth, though to reach
+that market they must run the gauntlet of a thousand risks; and having
+reached it their troubles began afresh. There were difficulties
+in providing the requisite sum, difficulties in arranging with the
+purveyors, and it was barely possible to find sureties for the very
+beasts which should carry home their marketing. They had reached the
+depth of despair, and were absolutely at a loss what to do, when they
+arranged with Chares to escort their convoy. Once safe inside Phlius,
+they begged him to help them to convey their useless and sick folk to
+Pellene. (14) These they left at that place; and after making purchases
+and packing as many beasts of burthen as they could, they set off to
+return in the night, not in ignorance that they would be laid in wait
+for by the enemy, but persuaded that the want of provisions was a worse
+evil than mere fighting.
+
+ (14) What is the date of this incident? See above, "Hell." VII. ii. 3;
+    below VII. iv. 17.
+
+The men of Phlius pushed forward with Chares; presently they stumbled on
+the enemy and at once grappled to their work. Pressing hard on the foe,
+they called cheerily to one another, and shouted at the same time to
+Chares to bring up his aid. In short, the victory was theirs; and the
+enemy was driven off the road; and so they got themselves and their
+supplies safely home. The long night-watching superinduced sleep which
+lasted well into the next day. But Chares was no sooner out of bed then
+he was accosted by the cavalry and the pick of the heavy infantry with
+the following appeal: "Chares, to-day you have it in your power to
+perform the noblest deed of arms. The Sicyonians are fortifying an
+outpost on our borders, they have plenty of stone-masons but a mere
+handful of hoplites. We the knights of Phlius and we the flower of our
+infantry force will lead the way; and you shall follow after with your
+mercenaries. Perhaps when you appear on the scene you will find the
+whole thing finished, or perhaps your coming will send the enemy flying,
+as happened at Pellene. If you do not like the sound of these proposals,
+sacrifice and take counsel of the gods. Our belief is that the gods
+will bid you yet more emphatically than we to take this step. Only this,
+Chares, you must well consider, that if you do take it you will have
+established an outpost on the enemy's frontier; you will have saved
+from perdition a friendly city; you will win eternal glory in your own
+fatherland; and among friends and foes alike no name will be heralded
+with louder praise than that of Chares."
+
+Chares was persuaded, and proceeded to offer sacrifice. Meanwhile the
+Phliasian cavalry were donning their breastplates and bridling their
+horses, and the heavy infantry made every preparation for the march.
+Then they took their arms, fell into line, and tramped off to the place
+of sacrifice. Chares with the soothsayer stepped forward to meet them,
+announcing that the victims were favourable. "Only wait for us," they
+exclaimed; "we will sally forth with you at once." The heralds' cry
+"To arms!" was sounded, and with a zeal which was almost miraculous the
+mercenaries themselves rushed out. As soon as Chares began the march,
+the Phliasian cavalry and infantry got in front of him. At first they
+led off at a smart pace; presently they began to bowl (15) along more
+quickly, and finally the cavalry were tearing over the ground might and
+main, whilst the infantry, at the greatest pace compatible with keeping
+their ranks, tore after them; and behind them, again, came Chares
+zealously following up in their rear. There only remained a brief
+interval of daylight before the sun went down, and they came upon the
+enemy in the fortress, some washing, some cooking a savoury meal, others
+kneading their bread, others making their beds. These, when they saw
+the vehemence of the attack, at once, in utter panic, took to flight,
+leaving behind all their provisions for the brave fellows who took their
+place. They, as their reward, made a fine supper off these stores and
+others which had come from home, pouring out libations for their good
+fortune and chanting the battle-hymn; after which they posted pickets
+for the night and slumbered well. The messenger with the news of their
+success at Thyamia arrived at Corinth in the night. The citizens of that
+state with hearty friendship at once ordered out by herald all the
+oxen and beasts of burthen, which they loaded with food and brought to
+Phlius; and all the while the fortress was building day by day these
+convoys of food were duly despatched.
+
+ (15) See "Anab." VII. iii. 46.
+
+
+
+III
+
+But on this topic enough, perhaps, has been said to demonstrate the
+loyalty of the men of Phlius to their friends, their bravery in war,
+and, lastly, their steadfastness in maintaining their alliance in spite
+of famine.
+
+B.C. 367-366. It seems to have been somewhere about this date that
+Aeneas the Stymphalian, (1) who had become general of the Arcadians,
+finding that the state of affairs in Sicyon was intolerable, marched
+up with his army into the acropolis. Here he summoned a meeting of the
+Sicyonian aristocrats already within the walls, and sent to fetch
+those others who had been banished without a decree of the people. (2)
+Euphron, taking fright at these proceedings, fled for safety to the
+harbour-town of Sicyon. Hither he summoned Pasimelus from Corinth, and
+by his instrumentality handed over the harbour to the Lacedaemonians.
+Once more reappearing in his old character, he began to pose as an ally
+of Sparta. He asserted that his fidelity to Lacedaemon had never been
+interrupted; for when the votes were given in the city whether Sicyon
+should give up her allegiance to Lacedaemon, "I, with one or two
+others," said he, "voted against the measure; but afterwards these
+people betrayed me, and in my desire to avenge myself on them I set up
+a democracy. At present all traitors to yourselves are banished--I have
+seen to that. If only I could get the power into my own hands, I would
+go over to you, city and all, at once. All that I can do at present,
+I have done; I have surrendered to you this harbour." That was what
+Euphron said to his audience there, but of the many who heard his words,
+how many really believed his words is by no means evident. However,
+since I have begun the story of Euphron, I desire to bring it to its
+close.
+
+ (1) Is this man the famous writer {o taktikos}, a portion of whose
+    works, the "Treatise on Siege Operations," has been preserved
+     (recently re-edited by Arnold Hug--"Commentarius Poliorceticus,"
+    Lips. Trubner, 1884)? So Casaubon supposed. Cf. "Com. Pol." 27,
+    where the writer mentions {paneia} as the Arcadian term for
+    "panics." Readers of the "Anabasis" will recollect the tragic end
+    of another Aeneas, also of Stymphalus, an Arcadian officer. On the
+    official title {strategos} (general), Freeman ("Hist. Fed. Gov."
+    204) notes that "at the head of the whole League there seems to
+    have been, as in so many other cases, a single Federal general."
+    Cf. Diod. xv. 62.
+
+ (2) See above, VII. i. 46.
+
+Faction and party strife ran high in Sicyon between the better classes
+and the people, when Euphron, getting a body of foreign troops from
+Athens, once more obtained his restoration. The city, with the help of
+the commons, he was master of, but the Theban governor held the citadel.
+Euphron, perceiving that he would never be able to dominate the state
+whilst the Thebans held the acropolis, collected money and set off to
+Thebes, intending to persuade the Thebans to expel the aristocrats and
+once again to hand over the city to himself. But the former exiles,
+having got wind of this journey of his, and of the whole intrigue, set
+off themselves to Thebes in front of him. (3) When, however, they
+saw the terms of intimacy on which he associated with the Theban
+authorities, in terror of his succeeding in his mission some of them
+staked their lives on the attempt and stabbed Euphron in the Cadmeia,
+where the magistrates and senate were seated. The magistrates, indeed,
+could not but indict the perpetrators of the deed before the senate, and
+spoke as follows:
+
+ (3) Or, "on an opposition journey."
+
+"Fellow-citizens, it is our duty to arraign these murderers of Euphron,
+the men before you, on the capital charge. Mankind may be said to
+fall into two classes: there are the wise and temperate, (4) who are
+incapable of any wrong and unhallowed deed; and there are the base, the
+bad, who do indeed such things, but try to escape the notice of their
+fellows. The men before you are exceptional. They have so far exceeded
+all the rest of men in audacity and foul villainy that, in the very
+presence of the magistrates and of yourselves, who alone have the power
+of life and death, they have taken the law into their own hands, (5) and
+have slain this man. But they stand now before the bar of justice, and
+they must needs pay the extreme penalty; for, if you spare them, what
+visitor will have courage to approach the city? Nay, what will become
+of the city itself, if license is to be given to any one who chooses to
+murder those who come here, before they have even explained the
+object of their visit? It is our part, then, to prosecute these men as
+arch-villains and miscreants, whose contempt for law and justice is only
+matched by the supreme indifference with which they treat this city. It
+is your part, now that you have heard the charges, to impose upon them
+that penalty which seems to be the measure of their guilt."
+
+ (4) Lit. "the sound of soul."
+
+ (5) Or, "they have been judge and jury both, and executioners to
+    boot."
+
+Such were the words of the magistrates. Among the men thus accused, all
+save one denied immediate participation in the act. It was not their
+hands that had dealt the blow. This one not only confessed the deed, but
+made a defence in words somewhat as follows:
+
+"As to treating you with indifference, men of Thebes, that is not
+possible for a man who knows that with you lies the power to deal with
+him as you list. Ask rather on what I based my confidence when I slew
+the man; and be well assured that, in the first place, I based it on the
+conviction that I was doing right; next, that your verdict will also
+be right and just. I knew assuredly how you dealt with Archias (6) and
+Hypates and that company whom you detected in conduct similar to that
+of Euphron: you did not stay for formal voting, but at the first
+opportunity within your reach you guided the sword of vengeance,
+believing that by the verdict of mankind a sentence of death had already
+been passed against the conspicuously profane person, the manifest
+traitor, and him who lays to his hand to become a tyrant. See, then,
+what follows. Euphron was liable on each of these several counts: he was
+a conspicuously profane person, who took into his keeping temples rich
+in votive offerings of gold and silver, and swept them bare of their
+sacred treasures; he was an arrant traitor--for what treason could
+be more manifest than Euphron's? First he was the bosom friend of
+Lacedaemon, but presently chose you in their stead; and, after exchange
+of solemn pledges between yourselves and him, once more turned round and
+played the traitor to you, and delivered up the harbour to your enemies.
+Lastly, he was most undisguisedly a tyrant, who made not free men only,
+but free fellow-citizens his slaves; who put to death, or drove into
+exile, or robbed of their wealth and property, not malefactors, note
+you, but the mere victims of his whim and fancy; and these were ever
+the better folk. Once again restored by the help of your sworn foes
+and antagonists, the Athenians, to his native town of Sicyon, the first
+thing he did was to take up arms against the governor from Thebes; but,
+finding himself powerless to drive him from the acropolis, he collected
+money and betook himself hither. Now, if it were proved that he had
+mustered armed bands to attack you, I venture to say, you would have
+thanked me that I slew him. What then, when he came furnished with vile
+moneys, to corrupt you therewith, to bribe you to make him once more
+lord and master of the state? How shall I, who dealt justice upon him,
+justly suffer death at your hands? For to be worsted in arms implies
+injury certainly, but of the body only: the defeated man is not proved
+to be dishonest by his loss of victory. But he who is corrupted by
+filthy lucre, contrary to the standard of what is best, (7) is at once
+injured and involved in shame.
+
+ (6) See above, V. iv. 2.
+
+ (7) Or, as we should say, "in violation of conscience."
+
+"Now if he had been your friend, however much he was my national foe,
+I do confess it had been scarce honourable of me to have stabbed him to
+death in your presence: but why, I should like to ask, should the man
+who betrayed you be less your enemy than mine? 'Ah, but,' I hear some
+one retort, 'he came of his own accord.' I presume, sir, you mean that
+had he chanced to be slain by somebody at a distance from your state,
+that somebody would have won your praise; but now, on the ground that
+he came back here to work mischief on the top of mischief, 'he had the
+right to live'! (8) In what part of Hellas, tell me, sir, do Hellenes
+keep a truce with traitors, double-dyed deserters, and tyrants?
+Moreover, I must remind you that you passed a resolution--if I mistake
+not, it stands recorded in your parliamentary minutes--that 'renegades
+are liable to be apprehended (9) in any of the allied cities.' Now, here
+is a renegade restoring himself without any common decree of the allied
+states: will any one tell me on what ground this person did not deserve
+to die? What I maintain, sirs, is that if you put me to death, by so
+doing you will be aiding and abetting your bitterest foe; while, by
+a verdict sanctioning the justice of my conduct, you will prove your
+willingness to protect the interests not of yourselves only, but of the
+whole body of your allies."
+
+ (8) Or, "he was wrongfully slain."
+
+ (9) For this right of extradition see Plut. "Lys." xxvii.
+
+The Thebans on hearing these pleadings decided that Euphron had only
+suffered the fate which he deserved. His own countrymen, however,
+conveyed away the body with the honours due to a brave and good man, and
+buried him in the market-place, where they still pay pious reverence to
+his memory as "a founder of the state." So strictly, it would seem, do
+the mass of mankind confine the term brave and good to those who are the
+benefactors of themselves.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+B.C. 366. And so ends the history of Euphron. I return to the point
+reached at the commencement of this digression. (1) The Phliasians were
+still fortifying Thyamia, and Chares was still with them, when Oropus
+(2) was seized by the banished citizens of that place. The Athenians
+in consequence despatched an expedition in full force to the point of
+danger, and recalled Chares from Thyamia; whereupon the Sicyonians and
+the Arcadians seized the opportunity to recapture the harbour of Sicyon.
+Meanwhile the Athenians, forced to act single-handed, with none of their
+allies to assist them, retired from Oropus, leaving that town in the
+hands of the Thebans as a deposit till the case at issue could be
+formally adjudicated.
+
+ (1) See above, VII. ii. 23; iii. 3; Diod. xv. 76.
+
+ (2) See Thuc. viii. 60.
+
+Now Lycomedes (3) had discovered that the Athenians were harbouring a
+grievance against her allies, as follows:--They felt it hard that, while
+Athens was put to vast trouble on their account, yet in her need not a
+man among them stepped forward to render help. Accordingly he persuaded
+the assembly of Ten Thousand to open negotiations with Athens for the
+purpose of forming an alliance. (4) At first some of the Athenians were
+vexed that they, being friends of Lacedaemon, should become allied to
+her opponents; but on further reflection they discovered it was no less
+desirable for the Lacedaemonians than for themselves that the Arcadians
+should become independent of Thebes. That being so, they were quite
+ready to accept an Arcadian alliance. Lycomedes himself was still
+engaged on this transaction when, taking his departure from Athens, he
+died, in a manner which looked like divine intervention.
+
+ (3) See above, VII. i. 23.
+
+ (4) This proves that "the Ten Thousand made war and peace in the name
+    of all Arkadia"; cf. "Hell." VII. i. 38; Diod. xv. 59. "They
+    received and listened to the ambassadors of other Greek states";
+    Demosth. "F. L." 220. "They regulated and paid the standing army
+    of the Federation"; "Hell." VII. iv. 22, 23; Diod. xv. 62. "They
+    sat in judgment on political offenders against the collective
+    majority of the Arkadian League"; "Hell." VII. iv. 33; Freeman,
+    "Hist. Fed. Gov." 203, note 1.
+
+Out of the many vessels at his service he had chosen the one he liked
+best, and by the terms of contract was entitled to land at any point he
+might desire; but for some reason, selected the exact spot where a body
+of Mantinean exiles lay. Thus he died; but the alliance on which he had
+set his heart was already consummated.
+
+Now an argument was advanced by Demotion (5) in the Assembly of Athens,
+approving highly of the friendship with the Arcadians, which to his
+mind was an excellent thing, but arguing that the generals should be
+instructed to see that Corinth was kept safe for the Athenian people.
+The Corinthians, hearing this, lost no time in despatching garrisons of
+their own large enough to take the place of the Athenian garrisons at
+any point where they might have them, with orders to these latter to
+retire: "We have no further need of foreign garrisons," they said. The
+garrisons did as they were bid.
+
+ (5) Of Demotion nothing more, I think, is known. Grote ("H. G." x.
+    397) says: "The public debates of the Athenian assembly were not
+    favourable to the success of a scheme like that proposed by
+    Demotion, to which secrecy was indispensable. Compare another
+    scheme" (the attempted surprise of Mitylene, B.C. 428), "divulged
+    in like manner, in Thuc. iii. 3."
+
+As soon as the Athenian garrison troops were met together in the city
+of Corinth, the Corinthian authorities caused proclamation to be made
+inviting all Athenians who felt themselves wronged to enter their names
+and cases upon a list, and they would recover their dues. While things
+were in this state, Chares arrived at Cenchreae with a fleet. Learning
+what had been done, he told them that he had heard there were designs
+against the state of Corinth, and had come to render assistance. The
+authorities, while thanking him politely for his zeal, were not any
+the more ready to admit the vessels into the harbour, but bade him sail
+away; and after rendering justice to the infantry troops, they sent
+them away likewise. Thus the Athenians were quit of Corinth. To the
+Arcadians, to be sure, they were forced by the terms of their alliance
+to send an auxiliary force of cavalry, "in case of any foreign attack
+upon Arcadia." At the same time they were careful not to set foot on
+Laconian soil for the purposes of war.
+
+The Corinthians had begun to realise on how slender a thread their
+political existence hung. They were overmastered by land still as ever,
+with the further difficulty of Athenian hostility, or quasi-hostility,
+now added. They resolved to collect bodies of mercenary troops, both
+infantry and horse. At the head of these they were able at once to guard
+their state and to inflict much injury on their neighbouring foes. To
+Thebes, indeed, they sent ambassadors to ascertain whether they would
+have any prospect of peace if they came to seek it. The Thebans bade
+them come: "Peace they should have." Whereupon the Corinthians asked
+that they might be allowed to visit their allies; in making peace they
+would like to share it with those who cared for it, and would leave
+those who preferred war to war. This course also the Thebans sanctioned;
+and so the Corinthians came to Lacedaemon and said:
+
+"Men of Lacedaemon, we, your friends, are here to present a petition,
+and on this wise. If you can discover any safety for us whilst we
+persist in warlike courses, we beg that you will show it us; but if
+you recognise the hopelessness of our affairs, we would, in that case,
+proffer this alternative: if peace is alike conducive to your interests,
+we beg that you would join us in making peace, since there is no one
+with whom we would more gladly share our safety than with you; if, on
+the other hand, you are persuaded that war is more to your interest,
+permit us at any rate to make peace for ourselves. So saved to-day,
+perhaps we may live to help you in days to come; whereas, if to-day we
+be destroyed, plainly we shall never at any time be serviceable again."
+
+The Lacedaemonians, on hearing these proposals, counselled the
+Corinthians to arrange a peace on their own account; and as for the rest
+of their allies, they permitted any who did not care to continue the
+war along with them to take a respite and recruit themselves. "As for
+ourselves," they said, "we will go on fighting and accept whatever
+Heaven has in store for us,"--adding, "never will we submit to be
+deprived of our territory of Messene, which we received as an heirloom
+from our fathers." (6)
+
+ (6) See Isocr. "Or." vi. "Archidamos," S. 70; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii.
+    193.
+
+Satisfied with this answer, the Corinthians set off to Thebes in quest
+of peace. The Thebans, indeed, asked them to agree on oath, not to peace
+only but an alliance; to which they answered: "An alliance meant, not
+peace, but merely an exchange of war. If they liked, they were ready
+there and then," they repeated, "to establish a just and equitable
+peace." And the Thebans, admiring the manner in which, albeit in danger,
+they refused to undertake war against their benefactors, conceded to
+them and the Phliasians and the rest who came with them to Thebes, peace
+on the principle that each should hold their own territory. On these
+terms the oaths were taken.
+
+Thereupon the Phliasians, in obedience to the compact, at once retired
+from Thyamia; but the Argives, who had taken the oath of peace on
+precisely the same terms, finding that they were unable to procure the
+continuance of the Phliasian exiles in the Trikaranon as a point held
+within the limits of Argos, (7) took over and garrisoned the place,
+asserting now that this land was theirs--land which only a little while
+before they were ravaging as hostile territory. Further, they refused
+to submit the case to arbitration in answer to the challenge of the
+Phliasians.
+
+ (7) Or, "as a post held by them within the territory of the state."
+    The passage is perhaps corrupt.
+
+It was nearly at the same date that the son of Dionysius (8) (his
+father, Dionysius the first, being already dead) sent a reinforcement
+to Lacedaemon of twelve triremes under Timocrates, who on his arrival
+helped the Lacedaemonians to recover Sellasia, and after that exploit
+sailed away home.
+
+ (8) Concerning Dionysius the first, see above, VII. i. 20 foll. 28.
+
+B.C. 366-365. Not long after this the Eleians seized Lasion, (9) a
+place which in old days was theirs, but at present was attached to the
+Arcadian league. The Arcadians did not make light of the matter,
+but immediately summoned their troops and rallied to the rescue.
+Counter-reliefs came also on the side of Elis--their Three Hundred, and
+again their Four Hundred. (10) The Eleians lay encamped during the day
+face to face with the invader, but on a somewhat more level position.
+The Arcadians were thereby induced under cover of night to mount on to
+the summit of the hill overhanging the Eleians, and at day-dawn they
+began their descent upon the enemy. The Eleians soon caught sight of
+the enemy advancing from the vantage ground above them, many times
+their number; but a sense of shame forbade retreat at such a distance.
+Presently they came to close quarters; there was a hand-to-hand
+encounter; the Eleians turned and fled; and in retiring down the
+difficult ground lost many men and many arms.
+
+ (9) See above, VII. i. 26; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 201.
+
+ (10) From the sequel it would appear that the former were a picked
+    corps of infantry and the latter of cavalry. See Thuc. ii. 25;
+    Busolt, op. cit. p. 175 foll.
+
+Flushed with this achievement the Arcadians began marching on the cities
+of the Acroreia, (11) which, with the exception of Thraustus, they
+captured, and so reached Olympia. There they made an entrenched camp on
+the hill of Kronos, established a garrison, and held control over the
+Olympian hill-country. Margana also, by help of a party inside who gave
+it up, next fell into their hands.
+
+ (11) The mountainous district of Elis on the borders of Arcadia,  in
+    which the rivers Peneius and Ladon take their rise; see "Dict. of
+    Anct. Geog." s.v.; above, III. ii. 30, IV. ii. 16. Thraustus was
+    one of the four chief townships of the district. For Margana, see
+    above, III. ii. 25, 30, IV. ii. 16, VI. v. 2.
+
+These successive advantages gained by their opponents reacted on the
+Eleians, and threw them altogether into despair. Meanwhile the Arcadians
+were steadily advancing upon their capital. (12) At length they arrived,
+and penetrated into the market-place. Here, however, the cavalry and the
+rest of the Eleians made a stand, drove the enemy out with some loss,
+and set up a trophy.
+
+ (12) I.e. Elis.
+
+It should be mentioned that the city of Elis had previously been in a
+state of disruption. The party of Charopus, Thrasonidas and Argeius
+were for converting the state into a democracy; the party of Eualcas,
+Hippias, and Stratolas (13) were for oligarchy. When the Arcadians,
+backed by a large force, appeared as allies of those who favoured a
+democratic constitution, the party of Charopus were at once emboldened;
+and, having obtained the promise of assistance from the Arcadians,
+they seized the acropolis. The Knights and the Three Hundred did not
+hesitate, but at once marched up and dislodged them; with the result
+that about four hundred citizens, with Argeius and Charopus, were
+banished. Not long afterwards these exiles, with the help of some
+Arcadians, seized and occupied Pylus; (14) where many of the commons
+withdrew from the capital to join them, attracted not only by the beauty
+of the position, but by the great power of the Arcadians, in alliance
+with them.
+
+ (13) See below, VII. iv. 31; Busolt, op. cit. p. 175.
+
+ (14) Pylus, a town in "hollow" Elis, upon the mountain road from Elis
+    to Olympia, at the place where the Ladon flows into the Peneius
+    (Paus. VI. xxii. 5), near the modern village of Agrapidokhori.--
+    Baedeker, "Greece," p. 320. See Busolt, p. 179.
+
+There was subsequently another invasion of the territory of the Eleians
+on the part of the Arcadians, who were influenced by the representations
+of the exiles that the city would come over to them. But the attempt
+proved abortive. The Achaeans, who had now become friends with the
+Eleians, kept firm guard on the capital, so that the Arcadians had
+to retire without further exploit than that of ravaging the country.
+Immediately, however, on marching out of Eleian territory they were
+informed that the men of Pellene were in Elis; whereupon they executed
+a marvellously long night march and seized the Pellenian township of
+Olurus (15) (the Pellenians at the date in question having already
+reverted to their old alliance with Lacedaemon). And now the men of
+Pellene, in their turn getting wind of what had happened at Olurus,
+made their way round as best they could, and got into their own city of
+Pellene; after which there was nothing for it but to carry on war with
+the Arcadians in Olurus and the whole body of their own commons; and in
+spite of their small numbers they did not cease till they had reduced
+Olurus by siege.
+
+ (15) This fortress (placed by Leake at modern Xylokastro) lay at the
+    entrance of the gorge of the Sys, leading from the Aigialos or
+    coast-land into the territory of Pellene, which itself lay about
+    sixty stades from the sea at modern Zougra. For the part played by
+    Pellene as one of the twelve Achaean states at this period, see
+    above.
+
+B.C. 365. (16) The Arcadians were presently engaged on another campaign
+against Elis. While they were encamped between Cyllene (17) and the
+capital the Eleians attacked them, but the Arcadians made a stand
+and won the battle. Andromachus, the Eleian cavalry general, who was
+regarded as responsible for the engagement, made an end of himself;
+and the rest withdrew into the city. This battle cost the life also
+of another there present--the Spartan Socleides; since, it will be
+understood, the Lacedaemonians had by this time become allies of the
+Eleians. Consequently the Eleians, being sore pressed on their own
+territory, sent an embassy and begged the Lacedaemonians to organise an
+expedition against the Arcadians. They were persuaded that in this way
+they would best arrest the progress of the Arcadians, who would thus
+be placed between the two foes. In accordance with this suggestion
+Archidamus marched out with a body of the city troops and seized
+Cromnus. (18) Here he left a garrison--three out of the twelve regiments
+(19)--and so withdrew homewards. The Arcadians had just ended their
+Eleian campaign, and, without disbanding their levies, hastened to the
+rescue, surrounded Cromnus with a double line of trenches, and having
+so secured their position, proceeded to lay siege to those inside the
+place. The city of Lacedaemon, annoyed at the siege of their citizens,
+sent out an army, again under Archidamus, who, when he had come, set
+about ravaging Arcadia to the best of his power, as also the Sciritid,
+and did all he could to draw off, if possible, the besieging army. The
+Arcadians, for all that, were not one whit the more to be stirred: they
+seemed callous to all his proceedings.
+
+ (16) See Grote, "H. G." x. 429 foll.; al. B.C. 364.
+
+ (17) The port town of Elis.
+
+ (18) Cromnus, a township near Megalopolis. See Callisthenes, ap.
+    Athen. 10, p. 452 A. See Schneider's note ad loc.
+
+ (19) Lit. "lochi." See Arnold's note to Thuc. v. 68; below, VII. v.
+    10.
+
+Presently espying a certain rising ground, across which the Arcadians
+had drawn their outer line of circumvallation, Archidamus proposed
+to himself to take it. If he were once in command of that knoll, the
+besiegers at its foot would be forced to retire. Accordingly he set
+about leading a body of troops round to the point in question, and
+during this movement the light infantry in advance of Archidamus,
+advancing at the double, caught sight of the Arcadian Eparitoi (20)
+outside the stockade and attacked them, while the cavalry made an
+attempt to enforce their attack simultaneously. The Arcadians did not
+swerve: in compact order they waited impassively. The Lacedaemonians
+charged a second time: a second time they swerved not, but on the
+contrary began advancing. Then, as the hoarse roar and shouting
+deepened, Archidamus himself advanced in support of his troops. To do
+so he turned aside along the carriage-road leading to Cromnus, and moved
+onward in column two abreast, (21) which was his natural order. When
+they came into close proximity to one another--Archidamus's troops in
+column, seeing they were marching along a road; the Arcadians in compact
+order with shields interlinked--at this conjuncture the Lacedaemonians
+were not able to hold out for any length of time against the numbers of
+the Arcadians. Before long Archidamus had received a wound which pierced
+through his thigh, whilst death was busy with those who fought in
+front of him, Polyaenidas and Chilon, who was wedded to the sister of
+Archidamus, included. The whole of these, numbering no less than thirty,
+perished in this action. Presently, falling back along the road,
+they emerged into the open ground, and now with a sense of relief the
+Lacedaemonians got themselves into battle order, facing the foe. The
+Arcadians, without altering their position, stood in compact line, and
+though falling short in actual numbers, were in far better heart--the
+moral result of an attack on a retreating enemy and the severe loss
+inflicted on him. The Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, were sorely
+down-hearted: Archidamus lay wounded before their eyes; in their ears
+rang the names of those who had died, the fallen being not only brave
+men, but, one may say, the flower of Spartan chivalry. The two armies
+were now close together, when one of the older men lifted up his voice
+and cried: "Why need we fight, sirs? Why not rather make truce and part
+friends?" Joyously the words fell on the ears of either host, and they
+made a truce. The Lacedaemonians picked up their dead and retired; the
+Arcadians withdrew to the point where their advance originally began,
+and set up a trophy of victory.
+
+ (20) So the troops of the Arcadian Federation were named. Diodorus
+    (xv. 62) calls them "the select troops," {tous kaloumenous
+    epilektous}.
+
+ (21) See above, III. i. 22.
+
+Now, as the Arcadians lay at Cromnus, the Eleians from the capital,
+advancing in the first instance upon Pylus, fell in with the men of that
+place, who had been beaten back from Thalamae. (22) Galloping along the
+road, the cavalry of the Eleians, when they caught sight of them, did
+not hesitate, but dashed at them at once, and put some to the sword,
+while others of them fled for safety to a rising knoll. Ere long the
+Eleian infantry arrived, and succeeded in dislodging this remnant on the
+hillock also; some they slew, and others, nearly two hundred in number,
+they took alive, all of whom where either sold, if foreigners, or, if
+Eleian exiles, put to death. After this the Eleians captured the men
+of Pylus and the place itself, as no one came to their rescue, and
+recovered the Marganians.
+
+ (22) A strong fortress in an unfrequented situation, defended by
+    narrow passes (Leake, "Morea," ii. 204); it lay probably in the
+    rocky recesses of Mount Scollis (modern Santameri), on the
+    frontier of Achaea, near the modern village of Santameri. See
+    Polyb. iv. 75. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 179.
+
+The Lacedaemonians presently made a second attempt on Cromnus by a night
+attack, got possession of the part of the palisading facing the Argives,
+and at once began summoning their besieged fellow-citizens to come out.
+Out accordingly came all who happened to be within easy distance, and
+who took time by the forelock. The rest were not quick enough; a strong
+Arcadian reinforcement cut them off, and they remained shut up inside,
+and were eventually taken prisoners and distributed. One portion of
+them fell to the lot of the Argives, one to the Thebans, (23) one to the
+Arcadians, and one to the Messenians. The whole number taken, whether
+true-born Spartans or Perioeci, amounted to more than one hundred.
+
+ (23) "The Thebans must have been soldiers in garrison at Tegea,
+    Megalopolis, or Messene."--Grote, "H. G." x. 433.
+
+B.C. 364. And now that the Arcadians had leisure on the side of Cromnus,
+they were again able to occupy themselves with the Eleians, and to
+keep Olympia still more strongly garrisoned. In anticipation of the
+approaching Olympic year, (24) they began preparations to celebrate the
+Olympian games in conjunction with the men of Pisa, who claim to be
+the original presidents of the Temple. (25) Now, when the month of the
+Olympic Festival--and not the month only, but the very days, during
+which the solemn assembly is wont to meet, were come, the Eleians, in
+pursuance of preparations and invitations to the Achaeans, of which they
+made no secret, at length proceeded to march along the road to Olympia.
+The Arcadians had never imagined that they would really attack them; and
+they were themselves just now engaged with the men of Pisa in carrying
+out the details of the solemn assembly. They had already completed the
+chariot-race, and the foot-race of the pentathlon. (26) The competitors
+entitled to enter for the wrestling match had left the racecourse, and
+were getting through their bouts in the space between the racecourse and
+the great altar.
+
+ (24) I.e. "Ol. 104. 1" (July B.C. 364).
+
+ (25) For this claim on the part of the Pisatans (as the old
+    inhabitants), see above, III. ii. 31; Paus. VI. xxii. 2; Diod. xv.
+    78; Busolt, op. cit. p. 154.
+
+ (26) As to the pentathlon, see above, IV. vii. 5. Whether the
+    preceding {ippodromia} was, at this date, a horse or chariot race,
+    or both, I am unable to say.
+
+It must be understood that the Eleians under arms were already close at
+hand within the sacred enclosure. (27) The Arcadians, without advancing
+farther to meet them, drew up their troops on the river Cladaus, which
+flows past the Altis and discharges itself into the Alpheus. Their
+allies, consisting of two hundred Argive hoplites and about four hundred
+Athenian cavalry, were there to support them. Presently the Eleians
+formed into line on the opposite side of the stream, and, having
+sacrificed, at once began advancing. Though heretofore in matters of
+war despised by Arcadians and Argives, by Achaeans and Athenians alike,
+still on this day they led the van of the allied force like the bravest
+of the brave. Coming into collision with the Arcadians first, they at
+once put them to flight, and next receiving the attack of the Argive
+supports, mastered these also. Then having pursued them into the space
+between the senate-house, the temple of Hestia, and the theatre thereto
+adjoining, they still kept up the fighting as fiercely as ever, pushing
+the retreating foe towards the great altar. But now being exposed to
+missiles from the porticoes and the senate-house and the great temple,
+(28) while battling with their opponents on the level, some of the
+Eleians were slain, and amongst others the commander of the Three
+Hundred himself, Stratolas. At this state of the proceedings they
+retired to their camp.
+
+ (27) "The {temenos} must here be distinguished from the Altis, as
+    meaning the entire breadth of consecrated ground at Olympia, of
+    which the Altis formed a smaller interior portion enclosed with a
+    wall. The Eleians entered into a {temenos} before they crossed the
+    river Kladeus, which flowed through the {temenos}, but alongside
+    the Altis. The tomb of Oenomaus, which was doubtless included in
+    the {temenos}, was on the right bank of the Kladeus (Paus. VI.
+    xxi. 3); while the Altis was on the left bank of the river."--
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 438, note 1. For the position of the Altis
+    (Paus. V. x. 1) and several of the buildings here mentioned, and
+    the topography of Olympia in general, see Baedeker's "Greece," p.
+    322 foll.; and Dorpfeld's Plan ("Olympia und Umgegend," Berlin,
+    1882), there reproduced.
+
+ (28) Or, "from the porticoes of the senate-house and the great
+    temple."
+
+The Arcadians and those with them were so terrified at the thought of
+the coming day that they gave themselves neither respite nor repose
+that night, but fell to chopping up the carefully-compacted booths and
+constructing them into palisades; so that when the Eleians did again
+advance the next day and saw the strength of the barriers and the number
+mounted on the temples, they withdrew to their city. They had proved
+themselves to be warriors of such mettle as a god indeed by the breath
+of his spirit may raise up and bring to perfection in a single day, but
+into which it were impossible for mortal men to convert a coward even in
+a lifetime.
+
+B.C. 363. The employment of the sacred treasures of the temple by the
+Arcadian magistrates (29) as a means of maintaining the Eparitoi (30)
+aroused protest. The Mantineans were the first to pass a resolution
+forbidding such use of the sacred property. They set the example
+themselves of providing the necessary quota for the Troop in question
+from their state exchequer, and this sum they sent to the federal
+government. The latter, affirming that the Mantineans were undermining
+the Arcadian league, retaliated by citing their leading statesmen to
+appear before the assembly of Ten Thousand; and on their refusal to
+obey the summons, passed sentence upon them, and sent the Eparitoi to
+apprehend them as convicted persons. The Mantineans, however, closed
+their gates, and would not admit the Troop within their walls. Their
+example was speedily followed: others among the Ten Thousand began to
+protest against the enormity of so applying the sacred treasures; it
+was doubly wrong to leave as a perpetual heirloom to their children the
+imputation of a crime so heinous against the gods. But no sooner was a
+resolution passed in the general assembly (31) forbidding the use of the
+sacred moneys for profane purposes than those (members of the league)
+who could not have afforded to serve as Eparitoi without pay began
+speedily to melt away; while those of more independent means, with
+mutual encouragement, began to enrol themselves in the ranks of the
+Eparitoi--the feeling being that they ought not to be a mere tool in
+the hands of the corps, but rather that the corps itself should be their
+instrument. Those members of the government who had manipulated the
+sacred money soon saw that when they came to render an account of
+their stewardship, in all likelihood they would lose their heads. They
+therefore sent an embassy to Thebes, with instructions to the Theban
+authorities warning them that, if they did not open a campaign, the
+Arcadians would in all probability again veer round to Lacedaemon.
+
+ (29) See above, VII. i. 24. "Were these magistrates, or merely popular
+    leaders?"--Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 203, note 3.
+
+ (30) Or, "Select Troop." See above.
+
+ (31) "The common formula for a Greek confederation, {to koinon ton
+    'Arkadon}, is used as an equivalent of {oi mupioi}" (here and
+    below, SS. 35, 38)--Freeman, op. cit. 202, note 4.
+
+The Thebans, therefore, began making preparations for opening a
+campaign, but the party who consulted the best interests of Peloponnese
+(32) persuaded the general assembly of the Arcadians to send an embassy
+and tell the Thebans not to advance with an army into Arcadia, unless
+they sent for them; and whilst this was the language they addressed to
+Thebes, they reasoned among themselves that they could dispense with war
+altogether. The presidency over the temple of Zeus, they were persuaded,
+they might easily dispense with; indeed, it would at once be a more
+upright and a holier proceeding on their parts to give it back, and with
+such conduct the god, they thought, might be better pleased. As these
+were also the views and wishes of the Eleians, both parties agreed to
+make peace, and a truce was established.
+
+ (32) See below, VII. v. 1, {oi kedouenoi tes Peloponnesou}. I regard
+    these phrases as self-laudatory political catchwords.
+
+B.C. 362. The oaths were ratified; and amongst those who swore to them
+were included not only the parties immediately concerned, but the men of
+Tegea, and the Theban general himself, who was inside Tegea with three
+hundred heavy infantry of the Boeotians. Under these circumstances the
+Arcadians in Tegea remained behind feasting and keeping holy day,
+with outpouring of libations and songs of victory, to celebrate the
+establishment of peace. Here was an opportunity for the Theban and
+those of the government who regarded the forthcoming inquiry with
+apprehension. Aided by the Boeotians and those of the Eparitoi who
+shared their sentiments, they first closed the gates of the fortress of
+Tegea, and then set about sending to the various quarters to apprehend
+those of the better class. But, inasmuch as there were Arcadians present
+from all the cities, and there was a general desire for peace, those
+apprehended must needs be many. So much so, that the prison-house was
+eventually full to overflowing, and the town-hall was full also. Besides
+the number lodged in prison, a number had escaped by leaping down the
+walls, and there were others who were suffered to pass through the
+gates (a laxity easily explained, since no one, excepting those who were
+anticipating their own downfall, cherished any wrathful feeling against
+anybody). But what was a source of still graver perplexity to the Theban
+commander and those acting with him--of the Mantineans, the very people
+whom they had set their hearts on catching, they had got but very few.
+Nearly all of them, owing to the proximity of their city, had, in fact,
+betaken themselves home. Now, when day came and the Mantineans learned
+what had happened, they immediately sent and forewarned the other
+Arcadian states to be ready in arms, and to guard the passes; and they
+set the example themselves by so doing. They sent at the same time to
+Tegea and demanded the release of all Mantineans there detained. With
+regard to the rest of the Arcadians they further claimed that no one
+should be imprisoned or put to death without trial. If any one had any
+accusation to bring against any, than by the mouth of their messengers
+there present they gave notice that the state of Mantinea was ready to
+offer bail, "Verily and indeed to produce before the general assembly
+of the Arcadians all who might be summoned into court." The Theban
+accordingly, on hearing this, was at a loss what to make of the affair,
+and released his prisoners. Next day, summoning a congress of all the
+Arcadians who chose to come, he explained, with some show of apology,
+that he had been altogether deceived; he had heard, he said, that "the
+Lacedaemonians were under arms on the frontier, and that some of the
+Arcadians were about to betray Tegea into their hands." His auditors
+acquitted him for the moment, albeit they knew that as touching
+themselves he was lying. They sent, however, an embassy to Thebes and
+there accused him as deserving of death. Epaminondas (who was at that
+time the general at the head of the war department) is reported to have
+maintained that the Theban commander had acted far more rightly when he
+seized than when he let go the prisoners. "Thanks to you," he argued,
+"we have been brought into a state of war, and then you, without our
+advice or opinion asked, make peace on your own account; would it not
+be reasonable to retort upon you the charge of treason in such conduct?
+Anyhow, be assured," he added, "we shall bring an army into Arcadia,
+and along with those who share our views carry on the war which we have
+undertaken."
+
+
+
+V
+
+B.C. 362. This answer was duly reported to the general assembly of the
+Arcadians, and throughout the several states of the league. Consequently
+the Mantineans, along with those of the Arcadians who had the interests
+of Peloponnesus at heart, as also the Eleians and the Achaeans, came
+to the conclusion that the policy of the Thebans was plain. They wished
+Peloponnesus to be reduced to such an extremity of weakness that it
+might fall an easy prey into their hands who were minded to enslave it.
+"Why else," they asked, "should they wish us to fight, except that we
+may tear each other to pieces, and both sides be driven to look to them
+for support? or why, when we tell them that we have no need of them at
+present, do they insist on preparing for a foreign campaign? Is it not
+plain that these preparations are for an expedition which will do us
+some mischief?"
+
+In this mood they sent to Athens, (1) calling on the Athenians for
+military aid. Ambassadors also went to Lacedaemon on behalf of the
+Eparitoi, summoning the Lacedaemonians, if they wished to give a helping
+hand, to put a stop to the proceedings of any power approaching
+to enslave Peloponnesus. As regards the headship, they came to an
+arrangement at once, on the principle that each of the allied states
+should exercise the generalship within its own territory.
+
+ (1) For a treaty of alliance between Athens, the Arkadians, Achaeans,
+    Eleians, and Phliasians, immediately before Mantinea, B.C. 362,
+    {epi Molonos arkhontos}, see Hicks, 94; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p.
+    405. It is preserved on a stele ("broken at bottom; but the top is
+    surmounted by a relief representing Zeus enthroned, with a
+    thunderbolt; a female figure  (= the {Summakhia}?) approaches
+    lifting her veil, while Athena stands by") now standing among the
+    sculptures from the Asklepieion on the Acropolis at Athens. See
+    Milchhofer, p. 47, no. 7, "Die Museum," Athens, 1881. For the
+    date, see Demosth. "c. Polycl." 1207.
+
+While these matters were in progress, Epaminondas was prosecuting his
+march at the head of all the Boeotians, with the Euboeans, and a
+large body of Thessalians, furnished both by Alexander (2) and by his
+opponents. The Phocians were not represented. Their special agreement
+only required them to render assistance in case of an attack on Thebes;
+to assist in a hostile expedition against others was not in the bond.
+Epaminondas, however, reflected that inside Peloponnesus itself they
+might count upon the Argives and the Messenians, with that section of
+the Arcadians which shared their views. These latter were the men of
+Tegea and Megalopolis, of Asea and Pallantium, with any townships which
+owing to their small size or their position in the midst of these larger
+cities were forced to follow their lead.
+
+ (2) For Alexander of Pherae, see above, VI. iv. 34. In B.C. 363 the
+    Thebans had sent an army under Pelopidas into Thessaly to assist
+    their allies among the Thessalians with the Phthiot Achaeans and
+    the Magnetes against Alexander. At Kynos Kephelae Alexander was
+    defeated, but Pelopidas was slain (see Grote, "H. G." x. 420
+    foll.). "His death, as it brought grief, so likewise it produced
+    advantage to the allies; for the Thebans, as soon as they heard of
+    his fall, delayed not their revenge, but presently sent seven
+    thousand foot and seven hundred horse, under the command of
+    Malcitas and Diogiton. And they, finding Alexander weak and
+    without forces, compelled him to restore the cities he had taken,
+    to withdraw his garrisons from the Magnesians and Achaeans of
+    Phthiotos and swear to assist the Thebans against whatsoever
+    enemies they should require."--Plut. "Pelop." 35 (Clough, ii.
+    236).
+
+Epaminondas advanced with rapid strides; but on reaching Nemea he
+slackened speed, hoping to catch the Athenians as they passed,
+and reflecting on the magnitude of such an achievement, whether in
+stimulating the courage of his own allies, or in plunging his foes into
+despondency; since, to state the matter concisely, any blow to Athens
+would be a gain to Thebes. But during his pause at Nemea those who
+shared the opposite policy had time to converge on Mantinea. Presently
+the news reached Epaminondas that the Athenians had abandoned the idea
+of marching by land, and were preparing to bring their supports to
+Arcadia by sea through Lacedaemon. This being so, he abandoned his base
+of Nemea and pushed on to Tegea.
+
+That the strategy of the Theban general was fortunate I will not pretend
+to assert, but in the particular combination of prudence and daring
+which stamps these exploits, I look upon him as consummate. In the first
+place, I cannot but admire the sagacity which led him to form his camp
+within the walls of Tegea, where he was in greater security that he
+would have been if entrenched outside, and where his future movements
+were more completely concealed from the enemy. Again, the means to
+collect material and furnish himself with other necessaries were readier
+to his hand inside the city; while, thirdly, he was able to keep an eye
+on the movements of his opponents marching outside, and to watch their
+successful dispositions as well as their mistakes. More than this: in
+spite of his sense of superiority to his antagonists, over and over
+again, when he saw them gaining some advantage in position, he refused
+to be drawn out to attack them. It was only when he saw plainly that no
+city was going to give him its adhesion, and that time was slipping by,
+that he made up his mind that a blow must be struck, failing which, he
+had nothing to expect save a vast ingloriousness, in place of his former
+fame. (3) He had ascertained that his antagonists held a strong position
+round Mantinea, and that they had sent to fetch Agesilaus and the whole
+Lacedaemonian army. He was further aware that Agesilaus had commenced
+his advance and was already at Pellene. (4) Accordingly he passed
+the word of command (5) to his troops to take their evening meal, put
+himself at their head and advanced straight upon Sparta. Had it not been
+for the arrival (by some providential chance) of a Cretan, who brought
+the news to Agesilaus of the enemy's advance, he would have captured
+the city of Sparta like a nest of young birds absolutely bereft of its
+natural defenders. As it was, Agesilaus, being forewarned, had time to
+return to the city before the Thebans came, and here the Spartans made
+distribution of their scanty force and maintained watch and ward, albeit
+few enough in numbers, since the whole of their cavalry were away in
+Arcadia, and so was their foreign brigade, and so were three out of
+their twelve regiments. (6)
+
+ (3) Or, "dull obscurity in place of renown."
+
+ (4) Pellene (or Pellana), a town of Laconia on the Eurotas, and on the
+    road from Sparta to Arcadia; in fact the frontier fortress on the
+    Eurotas, as Sellasia on the Oenus; "Dict. of Anct. Geog." s.v.;
+    see Paus. iii. 20, S. 2; Strab. viii. 386; Polyb. iv. 81, xvi. 37;
+    Plut. "Agis," 8; Leake, "Morea," iii. 14 foll.
+
+ (5) Cf. "Hipparch." iv. 9.
+
+ (6) Lit. "lochi." See above, VII. iv. 20; "Pol. Lac." xi. 4.
+
+Arrived within the city of Sparta, (7) Epaminondas abstained from
+gaining an entry at a point where his troops would have to fight on
+level ground and under attack from the houses above; where also their
+large numbers would give them no superiority over the small numbers of
+the foemen. But, singling out a position which he conceived would give
+him the advantage, he occupied it and began his advance against the city
+upon a downward instead of an upward incline.
+
+ (7) Grote ("H. G." x. 455) says: "Though he crossed the Eurotas and
+    actually entered into the city of Sparta," as the words {epei de
+    egeneto en te polei ton Spartiaton} certainly seem to me to imply.
+    Others interpret "in the close neighbourhood of."
+
+With regard to what subsequently took place, two possible explanations
+suggest themselves: either it was miraculous, or it may be maintained
+that there is no resisting the fury of desperation. Archidamus,
+advancing at the head of but a hundred men, and crossing the one thing
+which might have been expected to form an obstacle to the enemy, (8)
+began marching uphill against his antagonists. At this crisis these
+fire-breathing warriors, these victorious heroes of Leuctra, (9) with
+their superiority at every point, aided, moreover, by the advantage of
+their position, did not withstand the attack of Archidamus and those
+with him, but swerved in flight.
+
+ (8) Or, "to serve as his defence"; or, "the one obstacle to his
+    progress," i.e. Archidamus's. It was a miraculous thing that the
+    Thebans did not stop him.
+
+ (9) See Mahaffy, "Hist. Gk. Lit." vol. ii. p. 268, 1st ed. See above,
+    "Hell." VI. iv. 24; Diod. xv. 39, 56.
+
+The vanguard of Epaminondas's troops were cut down; when, however,
+flushed with the glory of their victory, the citizens followed up their
+pursuit beyond the right point, they in turn were cut down--so plainly
+was the demarking line of victory drawn by the finger of God. So then
+Archidamus set up a trophy to note the limit of his success, and gave
+back those who had there fallen of the enemy under a truce. Epaminondas,
+on his side, reflecting that the Arcadians must already be hastening
+to the relief of Lacedaemon, and being unwilling to engage them in
+conjunction with the whole of the Lacedaemonian force, especially now
+that the star of Sparta's fortune shone, whilst theirs had suffered some
+eclipse, turned and marched back the way he came with all speed possible
+into Tegea. There he gave his heavy infantry pause and refreshment, but
+his cavalry he sent on to Mantinea; he begged them to "have courage and
+hold on," instructing them that in all likelihood they would find the
+flocks and herds of the Mantineans and the entire population itself
+outside their walls, especially as it was the moment for carrying the
+corn. So they set off.
+
+The Athenian cavalry, started from Eleusis, had made their evening
+meal at the Isthmus, and passing through Cleonae, as chance befell, had
+arrived at Mantinea and had encamped within the walls in the houses. As
+soon as the enemy were seen galloping up with evidently hostile intent,
+the Mantineans fell to praying the Athenian knights to lend them all the
+succour they could, and they showed them all their cattle outside, and
+all their labourers, and among them were many children and graybeards
+who were free-born citizens. The Athenians were touched by this appeal,
+and, though they had not yet broken fast, neither the men themselves
+nor their horses, went out eagerly to the rescue. And here we must needs
+pause to admire the valour of these men also. The enemy whom they had
+to cope with far outnumbered them, as was plain to see, and the former
+misadventure of the cavalry in Corinth was not forgotten. (10) But none
+of these things entered into their calculations now--nor yet the fact
+that they were on the point of engaging Thebans and Thessalians, the
+finest cavalry in the world by all repute. The only thing they thought
+of was the shame and the dishonour, if, being there, they did not lend a
+helping hand to their allies. In this mood, so soon as they caught sight
+of the enemy, they fell with a crash upon him in passionate longing to
+recover the old ancestral glory. Nor did they fight in vain--the
+blows they struck enabled the Mantineans to recover all their property
+outside, but among those who dealt them died some brave heroes; (11)
+brave heroes also, it is evident, were those whom they slew, since on
+either side the weapons wielded were not so short but that they could
+lunge at one another with effect. The dead bodies of their own men they
+refused to abandon; and there were some of the enemy's slain whom they
+restored to him under a flag of truce.
+
+ (10) Or, "and in Corinth an untoward incident had been experienced by
+    the cavalry." See Grote, "H. G." x. 458, note 2. Possibly in
+    reference to "Hell." VI. v. 51, 52.
+
+ (11) Probably Xenophon's own son Gryllus was among them.
+
+The thoughts now working in the mind of Epaminondas were such as these:
+that within a few days he would be forced to retire, as the period of
+the campaign was drawing to a close; if it ended in his leaving in the
+lurch those allies whom he came out to assist, they would be besieged
+by their antagonists. What a blow would that be to his own fair fame,
+already somewhat tarnished! Had he not been defeated in Lacedaemon, with
+a large body of heavy infantry, by a handful of men? defeated again at
+Mantinea, in the cavalry engagement, and himself the main cause
+finally of a coalition between five great powers--that is to say,
+the Lacedaemonians, the Arcadians, the Achaeans, the Eleians, and the
+Athenians? On all grounds it seemed to him impossible to steal past
+without a battle. And the more so as he computed the alternatives of
+victory or death. If the former were his fortune, it would resolve all
+his perplexities; if death, his end would be noble. How glorious a thing
+to die in the endeavour to leave behind him, as his last legacy to his
+fatherland, the empire of Peloponnesus! That such thoughts should pass
+through his brain strikes me as by no means wonderful, as these are
+thoughts distinctive to all men of high ambition. Far more wonderful to
+my mind was the pitch of perfection to which he had brought his army.
+There was no labour which his troops would shrink from, either by night
+or by day; there was no danger they would flinch from; and, with the
+scantiest provisions, their discipline never failed them.
+
+And so, when he gave his last orders to them to prepare for impending
+battle, they obeyed with alacrity. He gave the word; the cavalry fell
+to whitening their helmets, the heavy infantry of the Arcadians began
+inscribing their clubs as the crest on their shields, (12) as though
+they were Thebans, and all were engaged in sharpening their lances and
+swords and polishing their heavy shields. When the preparations were
+complete and he had led them out, his next movement is worthy of
+attention. First, as was natural, he paid heed to their formation, and
+in so doing seemed to give clear evidence that he intended battle; but
+no sooner was the army drawn up in the formation which he preferred,
+than he advanced, not by the shortest route to meet the enemy, but
+towards the westward-lying mountains which face Tegea, and by this
+movement created in the enemy an expectation that he would not do battle
+on that day. In keeping with this expectation, as soon as he arrived at
+the mountain-region, he extended his phalanx in long line and piled arms
+under the high cliffs; and to all appearance he was there encamping.
+The effect of this manouvre on the enemy in general was to relax the
+prepared bent of their souls for battle, and to weaken their tactical
+arrangements. Presently, however, wheeling his regiments (which were
+marching in column) to the front, with the effect of strengthening the
+beak-like (13) attack which he proposed to lead himself, at the same
+instant he gave the order, "Shoulder arms, forward," and led the way,
+the troops following.
+
+ (12) Grote ("H. G." x. 463) has another interpretation.
+
+ (13) Or, "the wedge-like attack of his own division"; see Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 469 foll. I do not, however, think that the attacking
+    column was actually wedge-shaped like the "acies cuneata" of the
+    Romans. It was the unusual depth of the column which gave it the
+    force of an ironclad's ram. Cf. "Cyrop." II. iv. for {eis
+    metopon}.
+
+When the enemy saw them so unexpectedly approaching, not one of them
+was able to maintain tranquility: some began running to their divisions,
+some fell into line, some might be seen bitting and bridling their
+horses, some donning their cuirasses, and one and all were like men
+about to receive rather than to inflict a blow. He, the while, with
+steady impetus pushed forward his armament, like a ship-of-war prow
+forward. Wherever he brought his solid wedge to bear, he meant to cleave
+through the opposing mass, and crumble his adversary's host to pieces.
+With this design he prepared to throw the brunt of the fighting on the
+strongest half of his army, while he kept the weaker portion of it in
+the background, knowing certainly that if worsted it would only cause
+discouragement to his own division and add force to the foe. The cavalry
+on the side of his opponents were disposed like an ordinary phalanx
+of heavy infantry, regular in depth and unsupported by foot-soldiers
+interspersed among the horses. (14) Epaminondas again differed in
+strengthening the attacking point of his cavalry, besides which he
+interspersed footmen between their lines in the belief that, when he
+had once cut through the cavalry, he would have wrested victory from the
+antagonist along his whole line; so hard is it to find troops who will
+care to keep their own ground when once they see any of their own side
+flying. Lastly, to prevent any attempt on the part of the Athenians, who
+were on the enemy's left wing, to bring up their reliefs in support of
+the portion next them, he posted bodies of cavalry and heavy infantry on
+certain hillocks in front of them, intending to create in their minds an
+apprehension that, in case they offered such assistance, they would be
+attacked on their own rear by these detachments. Such was the plan of
+encounter which he formed and executed; nor was he cheated in his hopes.
+He had so much the mastery at his point of attack that he caused the
+whole of the enemy's troops to take flight.
+
+ (14) See Rustow and Kochly, p. 176; and for the {amippoi}
+    Harpocration, s.v.; Pollus, i. 131; "Hipparch." v. 13; Thuc. v.
+    58; Herod. vii. 158; Caes. "B. G." i. 48; "B. Civ." iii. 84.
+
+But after he himself had fallen, the rest of the Thebans were not able
+any longer to turn their victory rightly to account. Though the
+main battle line of their opponents had given way, not a single man
+afterwards did the victorious hoplites slay, not an inch forward did
+they advance from the ground on which the collision took place. Though
+the cavalry had fled before them, there was no pursuit; not a man,
+horseman or hoplite, did the conquering cavalry cut down; but, like men
+who have suffered a defeat, as if panic-stricken (15) they slipped
+back through the ranks of the fleeing foemen. Only the footmen fighting
+amongst the cavalry and the light infantry, who had together shared in
+the victory of the cavalry, found their way round to the left wing as
+masters of the field, but it cost them dear; here they encountered the
+Athenians, and most of them were cut down.
+
+ (15) Or, "they timorously slipped back."
+
+The effective result of these achievements was the very opposite of that
+which the world at large anticipated. Here, where well-nigh the whole
+of Hellas was met together in one field, and the combatants stood rank
+against rank confronted, there was no one doubted that, in the event
+of battle, the conquerors would this day rule; and that those who lost
+would be their subjects. But God so ordered it that both belligerents
+alike set up trophies as claiming victory, and neither interfered with
+the other in the act. Both parties alike gave back their enemy's dead
+under a truce, and in right of victory; both alike, in symbol of defeat,
+under a truce took back their dead. And though both claimed to have won
+the day, neither could show that he had thereby gained any accession of
+territory, or state, or empire, or was better situated than before the
+battle. Uncertainty and confusion, indeed, had gained ground, being
+tenfold greater throughout the length and breadth of Hellas after the
+battle than before.
+
+At this point I lay aside my pen: the sequel of the story may haply
+commend itself (16) to another.
+
+ (16) Or, "win the attention of some other writer."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hellenica, by Xenophon
+
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+******The Project Gutenberg Etext of Hellenica by Xenophon******
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+#6 in our series of Xenophon translations by Dakyns
+
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+Hellenica
+
+by Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+January, 1998  [Etext #1174]
+
+
+******The Project Gutenberg Etext of Hellenica by Xenophon******
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+
+
+
+
+Etext prepared by John Bickers, jbickers@templar.actrix.gen.nz.
+
+
+
+
+
+Hellenica
+
+By Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+
+
+
+
+Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+years before having to move once more, to settle
+in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+
+The Hellenica is his chronicle of the history of
+the Hellenes from 411 to 359 B.C., starting as a
+continuation of Thucydides, and becoming his own
+brand of work from Book III onwards.
+
+
+
+PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though
+there is doubt about some of these) is:
+
+Work                                   Number of books
+
+The Anabasis                                         7
+The Hellenica                                        7
+The Cyropaedia                                       8
+The Memorabilia                                      4
+The Symposium                                        1
+The Economist                                        1
+On Horsemanship                                      1
+The Sportsman                                        1
+The Cavalry General                                  1
+The Apology                                          1
+On Revenues                                          1
+The Hiero                                            1
+The Agesilaus                                        1
+The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into
+English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The
+diacritical marks have been lost.
+
+
+
+
+Hellenica
+
+by Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+
+
+
+HELLENICA
+
+
+
+BOOK I
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 411. To follow the order of events[1]. A few days later
+Thymochares arrived from Athens with a few ships, when another sea
+fight between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians at once took place, in
+which the former, under the command of Agesandridas, gained the victory.
+
+[1] Lit. "after these events"; but is hard to conjecture to what
+    events the author refers. For the order of events and the
+    connection between the closing chapter of Thuc. viii. 109, and the
+    opening words of the "Hellenica," see introductory remarks above.
+    The scene of this sea-fight is, I think, the Hellespont.
+
+Another short interval brings us to a morning in early winter, when
+Dorieus, the son of Diagoras, was entering the Hellespont with
+fourteen ships from Rhodes at break of day. The Athenian day-watch
+descrying him, signalled to the generals, and they, with twenty sail,
+put out to sea to attack him. Dorieus made good his escape, and, as he
+shook himself free of the narrows,[2] ran his triremes aground off
+Rhoeteum. When the Athenians had come to close quarters, the fighting
+commenced, and was sustained at once from ships and shore, until at
+length the Athenians retired to their main camp at Madytus, having
+achieved nothing.
+
+[2] Lit. "as he opened" {os enoige}. This is still a mariner's phrase
+    in modern Greek, if I am rightly informed.
+
+Meanwhile Mindarus, while sacrificing to Athena at Ilium, had observed
+the battle. He at once hastened to the sea, and getting his own
+triremes afloat, sailed out to pick up the ships with Dorieus. The
+Athenians on their side put out to meet him, and engaged him off
+Abydos. From early morning till the afternoon the fight was kept up
+close to the shore.[3] Victory and defeat hung still in even balance,
+when Alcibiades came sailing up with eighteen ships. Thereupon the
+Peloponnesians fled towards Abydos, where, however, Pharnabazus
+brought them timely assistance.[4] Mounted on horseback, he pushed
+forward into the sea as far as his horse would let him, doing battle
+himself, and encouraging his troopers and the infantry alike to play
+their parts. Then the Peloponnesians, ranging their ships in close-
+packed order, and drawing up their battle line in proximity to the
+land, kept up the fight. At length the Athenians, having captured
+thirty of the enemy's vessels without their crews, and having
+recovered those of their own which they had previously lost, set sail
+for Sestos. Here the fleet, with the exception of forty vessels,
+dispersed in different directions outside the Hellespont, to collect
+money; while Thrasylus, one of the generals, sailed to Athens to
+report what had happened, and to beg for a reinforcement of troops and
+ships. After the above incidents, Tissaphernes arrived in the
+Hellespont, and received a visit from Alcibiades, who presented him
+with a single ship, bringing with him tokens of friendship and gifts,
+whereupon Tissaphernes seized him and shut him up in Sardis, giving
+out that the king's orders were to go to war with the Athenians.
+Thirty days later Alcibiades, accompanied by Mantitheus, who had been
+captured in Caria, managed to procure horses and escaped by night to
+Clazomenae.
+
+[3] The original has a somewhat more poetical ring. The author uses
+    the old Attic or Ionic word {eona}. This is a mark of style, of
+    which we shall have many instances. One might perhap produce
+    something of the effect here by translating: "the battle hugged
+    the strand."
+
+[4] Or, "came to their aid along the shore."
+
+B.C. 410. And now the Athenians at Sestos, hearing that Mindarus was
+meditating an attack upon them with a squadron of sixty sail, gave him
+the slip, and under cover of night escaped to Cardia. Hither also
+Alcibiades repaired from Clazomenae, having with him five triremes and
+a light skiff; but on learning that the Peloponnesian fleet had left
+Abydos and was in full sail for Cyzicus, he set off himself by land to
+Sestos, giving orders to the fleet to sail round and join him there.
+Presently the vessels arrived, and he was on the point of putting out
+to sea with everything ready for action, when Theramenes, with a fleet
+of twenty ships from Macedonia, entered the port, and at the same
+instant Thrasybulus, with a second fleet of twenty sail from Thasos,
+both squadrons having been engaged in collecting money. Bidding these
+officers also follow him with all speed, as soon as they had taken out
+their large sails and cleared for action, Alcibiades set sail himself
+for Parium. During the following night the united squadron, consisting
+now of eighty-six vessels, stood out to sea from Parium, and reached
+Proconnesus next morning, about the hour of breakfast. Here they
+learnt that Mindarus was in Cyzicus, and that Pharnabazus, with a body
+of infantry, was with him. Accordingly they waited the whole of this
+day at Proconnesus. On the following day Alcibiades summoned an
+assembly, and addressing the men in terms of encouragement, warned
+them that a threefold service was expected of them; that they must be
+ready for a sea fight, a land fight, and a wall fight all at once,
+"for look you," said he, "we have no money, but the enemy has
+unlimited supplies from the king."
+
+Now, on the previous day, as soon as they were come to moorings, he
+had collected all the sea-going craft of the island, big and little
+alike, under his own control, that no one might report the number of
+his squadron to the enemy, and he had further caused a proclamation to
+be made, that any one caught sailing across to the opposite coast
+would be punished with death. When the meeting was over, he got his
+ships ready for action, and stood out to sea towards Cyzicus in
+torrents of rain. Off Cyzicus the sky cleared, and the sun shone out
+and revealed to him the spectacle of Mindarus's vessels, sixty in
+number, exercising at some distance from the harbour, and, in fact,
+intercepted by himself. The Peloponnesians, perceiving at a glance the
+greatly increased number of the Athenian galleys, and noting their
+proximity to the port, made haste to reach the land, where they
+brought their vessels to anchor in a body, and prepared to engage the
+enemy as he sailed to the attack. But Alcibiades, sailing round with
+twenty of his vessels, came to land and disembarked. Seeing this,
+Mindarus also landed, and in the engagement which ensued he fell
+fighting, whilst those who were with him took to flight. As for the
+enemy's ships, the Athenians succeeded in capturing the whole of them
+(with the exception of the Syracusan vessels, which were burnt by
+their crews), and made off with their prizes to Proconnesus. From
+thence on the following day they sailed to attack Cyzicus. The men of
+that place, seeing that the Peloponnesians and Pharnabazus had
+evacuated the town, admitted the Athenians. Here Alcibiades remained
+twenty days, obtaining large sums of money from the Cyzicenes, but
+otherwise inflicting no sort of mischief on the community. He then
+sailed back to Proconnesus, and from there to Perinthus and Selybria.
+The inhabitants of the former place welcomed his troops into their
+city, but the Selybrians preferred to give money, and so escape the
+admission of the troops. Continuing the voyage the squadron reached
+Chrysopolis in Chalcedonia,[5] where they built a fort, and
+established a custom-house to collect the tithe dues which they levied
+on all merchantmen passing through the Straights from the Black Sea.
+Besides this, a detachment of thirty ships was left there under the
+two generals, Theramenes and Eubulus, with instructions not only to
+keep a look-out on the port itself and on all traders passing through
+the channel, but generally to injure the enemy in any way which might
+present itself. This done, the rest of the generals hastened back to
+the Hellespont.
+
+[5] This is the common spelling, but the coins of Calchedon have the
+    letters {KALKH}, and so the name is written in the best MSS. of
+    Herodotus, Xenophon, and other writers, by whom the place is
+    named. See "Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog." "Chalcedon."
+
+Now a despatch from Hippocrates, Mindarus's vice-admiral,[6] had been
+intercepted on its way to Lacedaemon, and taken to Athens. It ran as
+follows (in broad Doric):[7] "Ships gone; Mindarus dead; the men
+starving; at our wits' end what to do."
+
+[6] "Epistoleus," i.e. secretary or despatch writer, is the Spartan
+    title of the officer second in command to the admiral.
+
+[7] Reading {'Errei ta kala} (Bergk's conjecture for {kala}) =
+    "timbers," i.e. "ships" (a Doric word). Cf. Aristoph., "Lys."
+    1253, {potta kala}. The despatch continues: {Mindaros apessoua}
+    (al. {apessua}), which is much more racy than the simple word
+    "dead." "M. is gone off." I cannot find the right English or
+    "broad Scotch" equivalent. See Thirlwall, "Hist. Gr." IV. xxix. 88
+    note.
+
+Pharnabazus, however, was ready to meet with encouragement the
+despondency which afflicted the whole Peloponnesian army and their
+allies. "As long as their own bodies were safe and sound, why need
+they take to heart the loss of a few wooden hulls? Was there not
+timber enough and to spare in the king's territory?" And so he
+presented each man with a cloak and maintenance for a couple of
+months, after which he armed the sailors and formed them into a
+coastguard for the security of his own seaboard.
+
+He next called a meeting of the generals and trierarchs of the
+different States, and instructed them to build just as many new ships
+in the dockyards of Antandrus as they had respectively lost. He
+himself was to furnish the funds, and he gave them to understand that
+they might bring down timber from Mount Ida. While the ships were
+building, the Syracusans helped the men of Antandrus to finish a
+section of their walls, and were particularly pleasant on garrison
+duty; and that is why the Syracusans to this day enjoy the privilege
+of citizenship, with the title of "benefactors," at Antandrus. Having
+so arranged these matters, Pharnabazus proceeded at once to the rescue
+of Chalcedon.
+
+It was at this date that the Syracusan generals received news from
+home of their banishment by the democratic party. Accordingly they
+called a meeting of their separate divisions, and putting forward
+Hermocrates[8] as their spokesman, proceeded to deplore their
+misfortune, insisting upon the injustice and the illegality of their
+banishment. "And now let us admonish you," they added, "to be eager
+and willing in the future, even as in the past: whatever the word of
+command may be, show yourselves good men and true: let not the memory
+of those glorious sea fights fade. Think of those victories you have
+won, those ships you have captured by your own unaided efforts; forget
+not that long list of achievements shared by yourselves with others,
+in all which you proved yourselves invincible under our generalship.
+It was to a happy combination of our merit and your enthusiasm,
+displayed alike on land and sea, that you owe the strength and
+perfection of your discipline."
+
+[8] Hermocrates, the son of Hermon. We first hear of him in Thuc. iv.
+    58 foll. as the chief agent in bringing the Sicilian States
+    together in conference at Gela B.C. 424, with a view to healing
+    their differences and combining to frustrate the dangerous designs
+    of Athens. In 415 B.C., when the attack came, he was again the
+    master spirit in rendering it abortive (Thuc. vi. 72 foll.) In 412
+    B.C. it was he who urged the Sicilians to assist in completing the
+    overthrow of Athens, by sending a squadron to co-operate with the
+    Peloponnesian navy--for the relief of Miletus, etc. (Thuc. viii.
+    26, 27 foll.) At a later date, in 411 B.C., when the Peloponnesian
+    sailors were ready to mutiny, and "laid all their grievances to
+    the charge of Astyochus (the Spartan admiral), who humoured
+    Tissaphernes for his own gain" (Thuc. viii. 83), Hermocrates took
+    the men's part, and so incurred the hatred of Tissaphernes.
+
+With these words they called upon the men to choose other commanders,
+who should undertake the duties of their office, until the arrival of
+their successors. Thereupon the whole assembly, and more particularly
+the captains and masters of vessels and marines, insisted with loud
+cries on their continuance in command. The generals replied, "It was
+not for them to indulge in faction against the State, but rather it
+was their duty, in case any charges were forthcoming against
+themselves, at once to render an account." When, however, no one had
+any kind of accusation to prefer, they yielded to the general demand,
+and were content to await the arrival of their successors. The names
+of these were--Demarchus, the son of Epidocus; Myscon, the son of
+Mencrates; and Potamis, the son of Gnosis.
+
+The captains, for their part, swore to restore the exiled generals as
+soon as they themselves should return to Syracuse. At present with a
+general vote of thanks they despatched them to their several
+destinations. It particular those who had enjoyed the society of
+Hermocrates recalled his virtues with regret, his thoroughness and
+enthusiasm, his frankness and affability, the care with which every
+morning and evening he was wont to gather in his quarters a group of
+naval captains and mariners whose ability he recognised. These were
+his confidants, to whom he communicated what he intended to say or do:
+they were his pupils, to whom he gave lessons in oratory, now calling
+upon them to speak extempore, and now again after deliberation. By
+these means Hermocrates had gained a wide reputation at the council
+board, where his mastery of language was no less felt than the wisdom
+of his advice. Appearing at Lacedaemon as the accuser of
+Tissaphernes,[9] he had carried his case, not only by the testimony of
+Astyochus, but by the obvious sincerity of his statements, and on the
+strength of this reputation he now betook himself to Pharnabazus. The
+latter did not wait to be asked, but at once gave him money, which
+enabled him to collect friends and triremes, with a view to his
+ultimate recall to Syracuse. Meanwhile the successors of the
+Syracusans had arrived at Miletus, where they took charge of the ships
+and the army.
+
+[9] The matter referred to is fully explained Thuc. viii. 85.
+
+It was at this same season that a revolution occurred in Thasos,
+involving the expulsion of the philo-Laconian party, with the Laconian
+governor Eteonicus. The Laconian Pasippidas was charged with having
+brought the business about in conjunction with Tissaphernes, and was
+banished from Sparta in consequence. The naval force which he had been
+collecting from the allies was handed over to Cratesippidas, who was
+sent out to take his place in Chios.
+
+About the same period, while Thrasylus was still in Athens, Agis[10]
+made a foraging expedition up to the very walls of the city. But
+Thrasylus led out the Athenians with the rest of the inhabitants of
+the city, and drew them up by the side of the Lyceum Gymnasium, ready
+to engage the enemy if they approached; seeing which, Agis beat a
+hasty retreat, not however without the loss of some of his supports, a
+few of whom were cut down by the Athenian light troops. This success
+disposed the citizens to take a still more favourable view of the
+objects for which Thrasylus had come; and they passed a decree
+empowering him to call out a thousand hoplites, one hundred cavalry,
+and fifty triremes.
+
+[10] The reader will recollect that we are giving in "the Deceleian"
+    period of the war, 413-404 B.C. The Spartan king was in command of
+    the fortress of Deceleia, only fourteen miles distant from Athens,
+    and erected on a spot within sight of the city. See Thuc. vii. 19,
+    27, 28.
+
+Meanwhile Agis, as he looked out from Deceleia, and saw vessel after
+vessel laden with corn running down to Piraeus, declared that it was
+useless for his troops to go on week after week excluding the
+Athenians from their own land, while no one stopped the source of
+their corn supply by sea: the best plan would be to send
+Clearchus,[11] the son of Rhamphius, who was proxenos[12] of the
+Byzantines, to Chalcedon and Byzantium. The suggestion was approved,
+and with fifteen vessels duly manned from Megara, or furnished by
+other allies, Clearchus set out. These were troop-ships rather than
+swift-sailing men-of-war. Three of them, on reaching the Hellespont,
+were destroyed by the Athenian ships employed to keep a sharp look-out
+on all merchant craft in those waters. The other twelve escaped to
+Sestos, and thence finally reached Byzantium in safety.
+
+[11] Of Clearchus we shall hear more in the sequel, and in the
+    "Anabasis."
+
+[12] The Proxenus answered pretty nearly to our "Consul," "Agent,"
+    "Resident"; but he differed in this respect, that he was always a
+    member of the foreign State. An Athenian represented Sparta at
+    Athens; a Laconian represented Athens at Sparta, and so forth. See
+    Liddell and Scott.
+
+So closed the year--a year notable also for the expedition against
+Sicily of the Carthaginians under Hannibal with one hundred thousand
+men, and the capture, within three months, of the two Hellenic cities
+of Selinus and Himera.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 409. Next year[1] . . . the Athenians fortified Thoricus; and
+Thrasylus, taking the vessels lately voted him and five thousand of
+his seamen armed to serve as peltasts,[2] set sail for Samos at the
+beginning of summer. At Samos he stayed three days, and then continued
+his voyage to Pygela, where he proceeded to ravage the territory and
+attack the fortress. Presently a detachment from Miletus came to the
+rescue of the men of Pygela, and attacking the scattered bands of the
+Athenian light troops, put them to flight. But to the aid of the light
+troops came the naval brigade of peltasts, with two companies of heavy
+infantry, and all but annihilated the whole detachment from Miletus.
+They captured about two hundred shields, and set up a trophy. Next day
+they sailed to Notium, and from Notium, after due preparation, marched
+upon Colophon. The Colophonians capitulated without a blow. The
+following night they made an incursion into Lydia, where the corn
+crops were ripe, and burnt several villages, and captured money,
+slaves, and other booty in large quantity. But Stages, the Persian,
+who was employed in this neighbourhood, fell in with a reinforcement
+of cavalry sent to protect the scattered pillaging parties from the
+Athenian camp, whilst occupied with their individual plunder, and took
+one trooper prisoner, killing seven others. After this Thrasylus led
+his troops back to the sea, intending to sail to Ephesus. Meanwhile
+Tissaphernes, who had wind of this intention, began collecting a large
+army and despatching cavalry with a summons to the inhabitants one and
+all to rally to the defence of the goddess Artemis at Ephesus.
+
+[1] The MSS. here give a suspected passage, which may be rendered
+    thus: "The first of Olympiad 93, celebrated as the year in which
+    the newly-added two-horse race was won by Evagorias the Eleian,
+    and the stadion (200 yards foot-race) by the Cyrenaean Eubotas,
+    when Evarchippus was ephor at Sparta and Euctemon archon at
+    Athens." But Ol. 93, to which these officers,and the addition of
+    the new race at Olympia belong, is the year 408. We must therefore
+    suppose either that this passage has been accidentally inserted in
+    the wrong place by some editor or copyist, or that the author was
+    confused in his dates. The "stadium" is the famous foot-race at
+    Olympia, 606 3/4 English feet in length, run on a course also
+    called the "Stadion," which was exactly a stade long.
+
+[2] Peltasts, i.e. light infantry armed with the "pelta" or light
+    shield, instead of the heavy {aspis} of the hoplite or heavy
+    infantry soldiers.
+
+On the seventeenth day after the incursion above mentioned Thrasylus
+sailed to Ephesus. He disembarked his troops in two divisions, his
+heavy infantry in the neighbourhood of Mount Coressus; his cavalry,
+peltasts, and marines, with the remainder of his force, near the marsh
+on the other side of the city. At daybreak he pushed forward both
+divisions. The citizens of Ephesus, on their side, were not slow to
+protect themselves. They had to aid them the troops brought up by
+Tissaphernes, as well as two detachments of Syracusans, consisting of
+the crews of their former twenty vessels and those of five new vessels
+which had opportunely arrived quite recently under Eucles, the son of
+Hippon, and Heracleides, the son of Aristogenes, together with two
+Selinuntian vessels. All these several forces first attacked the heavy
+infantry near Coressus; these they routed, killing about one hundred
+of them, and driving the remainder down into the sea. They then turned
+to deal with the second division on the marsh. Here, too, the
+Athenians were put to flight, and as many as three hundred of them
+perished. On this spot the Ephesians erected a trophy, and another at
+Coressus. The valour of the Syracusans and Selinuntians had been so
+conspicuous that the citizens presented many of them, both publicly
+and privately, with prizes for distinction in the field, besides
+offering the right of residence in their city with certain immunities
+to all who at any time might wish to live there. To the Selinuntians,
+indeed, as their own city had lately been destroyed, they offered full
+citizenship.
+
+The Athenians, after picking up their dead under a truce, set sail for
+Notium, and having there buried the slain, continued their vogage
+towards Lesbos and the Hellespont. Whilst lying at anchor in the
+harbour of Methymna, in that island, they caught sight of the
+Syracusan vessels, five-and-twenty in number, coasting along from
+Ephesus. They put out to sea to attack them, and captured four ships
+with their crews, and chased the remainder back to Ephesus. The
+prisoners were sent by Thrasylus to Athens, with one exception. This
+was an Athenian, Alcibiades, who was a cousin and fellow-exile of
+Alcibiades. Him Thrasylus released.[3] From Methymna Thrasylus set
+sail to Sestos to join the main body of the army, after which the
+united forces crossed to Lampsacus. And now winter was approaching. It
+was the winter in which the Syracusan prisoners who had been immured
+in the stone quarries of Piraeus dug through the rock and escaped one
+night, some to Decelia and others to Megara. At Lampsacus Alcibiades
+was anxious to marshal the whole military force there collected in one
+body, but the old troops refused to be incorporated with those of
+Thrasylus. "They, who had never yet been beaten, with these newcomers
+who had just suffered a defeat." So they devoted the winter to
+fortifying Lampsacus. They also made an expedition against Abydos,
+where Pharnabazus, coming to the rescue of the place, encountered them
+with numerous cavalry, but was defeated and forced to flee, Alcibiades
+pursuing hard with his cavalry and one hundred and twenty infantry
+under the command of Menander, till darkness intervened. After this
+battle the soldiers came together of their own accord, and freely
+fraternised with the troops of Thrasylus. This expedition was followed
+by other incursions during the winter into the interior, where they
+found plenty to do ravaging the king's territory.
+
+[3] Reading {apelusen}. Wolf's conjecture for the MSS. {katelousen} =
+    stoned. See Thirlwall, "Hist. Gr." IV. xxix. 93 note.
+
+It was at this period also that the Lacedaemonians allowed their
+revolted helots from Malea, who had found an asylum at Coryphasium, to
+depart under a flag of truce. It was also about the same period that
+the Achaeans betrayed the colonists of Heracleia Trachinia, when they
+were all drawn up in battle to meet the hostile Oetaeans, whereby as
+many as seven hundred of them were lost, together with the governor[4]
+from Lacedaemon, Labotas. Thus the year came to its close--a year
+marked further by a revolt of the Medes from Darius, the king of
+Persia, followed by renewed submission to his authority.
+
+[4] Technically {armostes} (harmost), i.e. administrator.
+
+
+
+III
+
+B.C. 408. The year following is the year in which the temple of
+Athena, in Phocaea, was struck by lightning and set on fire.[1] With
+the cessation of winter, in early spring, the Athenians set sail with
+the whole of their force to Proconnesus, and thence advanced upon
+Chalcedon and Byzantium, encamping near the former town. The men of
+Chalcedon, aware of their approach, had taken the precaution to
+deposit all their pillageable property with their neighbours, the
+Bithynian Thracians; whereupon Alcibiades put himself at the head of a
+small body of heavy infantry with the cavalry, and giving orders to
+the fleet to follow along the coast, marched against the Bithynians
+and demanded back the property of the Chalcedonians, threatening them
+with war in case of refusal. The Bithynians delivered up the property.
+Returning to camp, not only thus enriched, but with the further
+satisfaction of having secured pledges of good behaviour from the
+Bithynians, Alcibiades set to work with the whole of his troops to
+draw lines of circumvallation round Chalcedon from sea to sea, so as
+to include as much of the river as possible within his wall, which was
+made of timber. Thereupon the Lacedaemonian governor, Hippocrates, let
+his troops out of the city and offered battle, and the Athenians, on
+their side, drew up their forces opposite to receive him; while
+Pharnabazus, from without the lines of circumvallation, was still
+advancing with his army and large bodies of horse. Hippocrates and
+Thrasylus engaged each other with their heavy infantry for a long
+while, until Alcibiades, with a detachment of infantry and the
+cavalry, intervened. Presently Hippocrates fell, and the troops under
+him fled into the city; at the same instant Pharnabazus, unable to
+effect a junction with the Lacedaemonian leader, owing to the
+circumscribed nature of the ground and the close proximity of the
+river to the enemy's lines, retired to the Heracleium,[2] belonging to
+the Chalcedonians, where his camp lay. After this success Alcibiades
+set off to the Hellespont and the Chersonese to raise money, and the
+remaining generals came to terms with Pharnabazus in respect of
+Chalcedon; according to these, the Persian satrap agreed to pay the
+Athenians twenty talents[3] in behalf of the town, and to grant their
+ambassadors a safe conduct up country to the king. It was further
+stipulated by mutual consent and under oaths provided, that the
+Chalcedonians should continue the payment of their customary tribute
+to Athens, being also bound to discharge all outstanding debts. The
+Athenians, on their side, were bound to desist from all hostilities
+until the return of their ambassadors from the king. These oaths were
+not witnessed by Alcibiades, who was now in the neighbourhood of
+Selybria. Having taken that place, he presently appeared before the
+walls of Byzantium at the head of the men of Chersonese, who came out
+with their whole force; he was aided further by troops from Thrace and
+more than three hundred horse. Accordingly Pharnabazus, insisting that
+he too must take the oath, decided to remain in Chalcedon, and to
+await his arrival from Byzantium. Alcibiades came, but was not
+prepared to bind himself by any oaths, unless Pharnabazus would, on
+his side, take oaths to himself. After this, oaths were exchanged
+between them by proxy. Alcibiades took them at Chrysopolis in the
+presence of two representatives sent by Pharnabazus--namely,
+Mitrobates and Arnapes. Pharnabazus took them at Chalcedon in the
+presence of Euryptolemus and Diotimus, who represented Alcibiades.
+Both parties bound themselves not only by the general oath, but also
+interchanged personal pledges of good faith.
+
+[1] The MSS. here give the words, "in the ephorate of Pantacles and
+    the archonship of Antigenes, two-and-twenty years from the
+    beginning of the war," but the twenty-second year of the war =
+    B.C. 410; Antigenes archon, B.C. 407 = Ol. 93, 2; the passage must
+    be regarded as a note mis-inserted by some editor or copyist (vide
+    supra, I. 11.)
+
+[2] I.e. sacred place or temple of Heracles.
+
+[3] Twenty talents = 4800 pounds; or, more exactly, 4875 pounds.
+
+This done, Pharnabazus left Chalcedon at once, with injunctions that
+those who were going up to the king as ambassadors should meet him at
+Cyzicus. The representatives of Athens were Dorotheus, Philodices,
+Theogenes, Euryptolemus, and Mantitheus; with them were two Argives,
+Cleostratus and Pyrrholochus. An embassy of the Lacedaemonians was
+also about to make the journey. This consisted of Pasippidas and his
+fellows, with whom were Hermocrates, now an exile from Syracuse, and
+his brother Proxenus. So Pharnabazus put himself at their head.
+Meanwhile the Athenians prosecuted the siege of Byzantium; lines of
+circumvallation were drawn; and they diversified the blockade by
+sharpshooting at long range and occasional assaults upon the walls.
+Inside the city lay Clearchus, the Lacedaemonian governor, and a body
+of Perioci with a small detachment of Neodamodes.[4] There was also a
+body of Megarians under their general Helixus, a Megarian, and another
+body of Boeotians, with their general Coeratadas. The Athenians,
+finding presently that they could effect nothing by force, worked upon
+some of the inhabitants to betray the place. Clearchus, meanwhile,
+never dreaming that any one would be capable of such an act, had
+crossed over to the opposite coast to visit Pharnabazus; he had left
+everything in perfect order, entrusting the government of the city to
+Coeratadas and Helixus. His mission was to obtain pay for the soldiers
+from the Persian satrap, and to collect vessels from various quarters.
+Some were already in the Hellespont, where they had been left as
+guardships by Pasippidas, or else at Antandrus. Others formed the
+fleet which Agesandridas, who had formerly served as a marine[5] under
+Mindarus, now commanded on the Thracian coast. Others Clearchus
+purposed to have built, and with the whole united squadron to so
+injure the allies of the Athenians as to draw off the besieging army
+from Byzantium. But no sooner was he fairly gone than those who were
+minded to betray the city set to work. Their names were Cydon,
+Ariston, Anaxicrates, Lycurgus, and Anaxilaus. The last-named was
+afterwards impeached for treachery in Lacedaemon on the capital
+charge, and acquitted on the plea that, to begin with, he was not a
+Lacedaemonian, but a Byzantine, and, so far from having betrayed the
+city, he had saved it, when he saw women and children perishing of
+starvation; for Clearchus had given away all the corn in the city to
+the Lacedaemonian soldiers. It was for these reasons, as Anaxilaus
+himself admitted, he had introduced the enemy, and not for the sake of
+money, nor out of hatred to Lacedaemon.
+
+[4] According to the constitution of Lacedaemon the whole government
+    was in Dorian hands. The subject population was divided into (1)
+    Helots, who were State serfs. The children of Helots were at times
+    brought up by Spartans and called "Mothakes"; Helots who had
+    received their liberty were called "Neodamodes" ({neodamodeis}).
+    After the conquest of Messenia this class was very numerous. (2)
+    Perioeci. These were the ancient Achaean inhabitants, living in
+    towns and villages, and managing their own affairs, paying
+    tribute, and serving in the army as heavy-armed soldiers. In 458
+    B.C. they were said to number thirty thousand. The Spartans
+    themselves were divided, like all Dorians, into three tribes,
+    Hylleis, Dymanes, and Pamphyli, each of which tribes was divided
+    into ten "obes," which were again divided into {oikoi} or families
+    possessed of landed properties. In 458 B.C. there were said to be
+    nine thousand such families; but in course of time, through
+    alienation of lands, deaths in war, and other causes, their
+    numbers were much diminished; and in many cases there was a loss
+    of status, so that in the time of Agis III., B.C. 244, we hear of
+    two orders of Spartans, the {omoioi} and the {upomeiones}
+    (inferiors); seven hundred Spartans (families) proper and one
+    hundred landed proprietors. See Mullers "Dorians," vol. ii. bk.
+    iii. ch. x. S. 3 (Eng. trans.); Arist. "Pol." ii. 9, 15; Plut.
+    ("Agis").
+
+[5] The greek word is {epibates}, which some think was the title of an
+    inferior naval officer in the Spartan service, but there is no
+    proof of this. Cf. Thuc. viii. 61, and Prof. Jowett's note; also
+    Grote, "Hist. of Greece," viii. 27 (2d ed.)
+
+As soon as everything was ready, these people opened the gates leading
+to the Thracian Square, as it is called, and admitted the Athenian
+troops with Alcibiades at their head. Helixus and Coeratadas, in
+complete ignorance of the plot, hastened to the Agora with the whole
+of the garrison, ready to confront the danger; but finding the enemy
+in occupation, they had nothing for it but to give themselves up. They
+were sent off as prisoners to Athens, where Coeratadas, in the midst
+of the crowd and confusion of debarkation at Piraeus, gave his guards
+the slip, and made his way in safety to Decelia.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+B.C. 407. Pharnabazus and the ambassadors were passing the winter at
+Gordium in Phrygia, when they heard of the occurrences at Byzantium.
+Continuing their journey to the king's court in the commencement of
+spring, they were met by a former embassy, which was now on its return
+journey. These were the Lacedaemonian ambassadors, Boeotius and his
+party, with the other envoys; who told them that the Lacedaemonians
+had obtained from the king all they wanted. One of the company was
+Cyrus, the new governor of all the seaboard districts, who was
+prepared to co-operate with the Lacedaemonians in war. He was the
+bearer, moreover, of a letter with the royal seal attached. It was
+addressed to all the populations of Lower Asia, and contained the
+following words: "I send down Cyrus as 'Karanos'"[1]--that is to say,
+supreme lord--"over all those who muster at Castolus." The ambassadors
+of the Athenians, even while listening to this announcement, and
+indeed after they had seen Cyrus, were still desirous, if possible, to
+continue their journey to the king, or, failing that, to return home.
+Cyrus, however, urged upon Pharnabazus either to deliver them up to
+himself, or to defer sending them home at present; his object being to
+prevent the Athenians learning what was going on. Pharnabazus, wishing
+to escape all blame, for the time being detained them, telling them,
+at one time, that he would presently escort them up country to the
+king, and at another time that he would send them safe home. But when
+three years had elapsed, he prayed Cyrus to let them go, declaring
+that he had taken an oath to bring them back to the sea, in default of
+escorting them up to the king. Then at last they received safe conduct
+to Ariobarzanes, with orders for their further transportation. The
+latter conducted them a stage further, to Cius in Mysia; and from Cius
+they set sail to join their main armament.
+
+[1] {Karanos.} Is this a Greek word, a Doric form, {karanos}, akin to
+    {kara} (cf. {karenon}) = chief? or is it not more likely a Persian
+    or native word, Karanos? and might not the title be akin
+    conceivably to the word {korano}, which occurs on many Indo-
+    Bactrian coins (see A. von Sallet, "Die Nachfolger Alexanders des
+    Grossen," p. 57, etc.)? or is {koiranos} the connecting link? The
+    words translated "that is to say, supreme lord," {to de karanon
+    esti kurion}, look very like a commentator's gloss.
+
+Alcibiades, whose chief desire was to return home to Athens with the
+troops, immediately set sail for Samos; and from that island, taking
+twenty of the ships, he sailed to the Ceramic Gulf of Caria, where he
+collected a hundred talents, and so returned to Samos.
+
+Thrasybulus had gone Thrace-wards with thirty ships. In this quarter
+he reduced various places which had revolted to Lacedaemon, including
+the island of Thasos, which was in a bad plight, the result of wars,
+revolutions, and famine.
+
+Thrasylus, with the rest of the army, sailed back straight to Athens.
+On his arrival he found that the Athenians had already chosen as their
+general Alcibiades, who was still in exile, and Thrasybulus, who was
+also absent, and as a third, from among those at home, Conon.
+
+Meanwhile Alcibiades, with the moneys lately collected and his fleet
+of twenty ships, left Samos and visited Paros. From Paros he stood out
+to sea across to Gytheum,[2] to keep an eye on the thirty ships of war
+which, as he was informed, the Lacedaemonians were equipping in that
+arsenal. Gytheum would also be a favourable point of observation from
+which to gauge the disposition of his fellow-countrymen and the
+prospects of his recall. When at length their good disposition seemed
+to him established, not only by his election as general, but by the
+messages of invitation which he received in private from his friends,
+he sailed home, and entered Piraeus on the very day of the festival of
+the Plunteria,[3] when the statue of Athena is veiled and screened
+from public gaze. This was a coincidence, as some thought, of evil
+omen, and unpropitious alike to himself and the State, for no Athenian
+would transact serious business on such a day.
+
+[2] Gytheum, the port and arsenal of Sparta, situated near the head of
+    the Laconian Gulf (now Marathonisi).
+
+[3] {ta Plunteria}, or feast of washings, held on the 25th of the
+    month Thargelion, when the image of the goddess Athena was
+    stripped in order that her clothes might be washed by the
+    Praxiergidae; neither assembly nor court was held on that day, and
+    the Temple was closed.
+
+As he sailed into the harbour, two great crowds--one from the Piraeus,
+the other from the city[4]--flocked to meet the vessels. Wonderment,
+mixed with a desire to see Alcibiades, was the prevailing sentiment of
+the multitude. Of him they spoke: some asserting that he was the best
+of citizens, and that in his sole instance banishment had been ill-
+deserved. He had been the victim of plots, hatched in the brains of
+people less able than himself, however much they might excel in
+pestilent speech; men whose one principle of statecraft was to look to
+their private gains; whereas this man's policy had ever been to uphold
+the common weal, as much by his private means as by all the power of
+the State. His own choice, eight years ago, when the charge of impiety
+in the matter of the mysteries was still fresh, would have been to
+submit to trial at once. It was his personal foes, who had succeeded
+in postponing that undeniably just procedure; who waited till his back
+was turned, and then robbed him of his fatherland. Then it was that,
+being made the very slave of circumstance, he was driven to court the
+men he hated most; and at a time when his own life was in daily peril,
+he must see his dearest friends and fellow-citizens, nay, the very
+State itself, bent on a suicidal course, and yet, in the exclusion of
+exile, be unable to lend a helping hand. "It is not men of this
+stamp," they averred, "who desire changes in affairs and revolution:
+had he not already guaranteed to him by the Democracy a position
+higher than that of his equals in age, and scarcely if at all inferior
+to his seniors? How different was the position of his enemies. It had
+been the fortune of these, though they were known to be the same men
+they had always been, to use their lately acquired power for the
+destruction in the first instance of the better classes; and then,
+being alone left surviving, to be accepted by their fellow-citizens in
+the absence of better men."
+
+[4] Or, "collected to meet the vessels from curiosity and a desire to
+    see Alcibiades."
+
+Others, however, insisted that for all their past miseries and
+misfortunes Alcibiades alone was responsible: "If more trials were
+still in store for the State, here was the master mischief-maker ready
+at his post to precipitate them."
+
+When the vessels came to their moorings, close to the land,
+Alcibiades, from fear of his enemies, was unwilling to disembark at
+once. Mounting on the quarterdeck, he scanned the multitude,[5]
+anxious to make certain of the presence of his friends. Presently his
+eyes lit upon Euryptolemus, the son of Peisianax, who was his cousin,
+and then on the rest of his relations and other friends. Upon this he
+landed, and so, in the midst of an escort ready to put down any
+attempt upon his person, made his way to the city.
+
+[5] Or, "he looked to see if his friends were there."
+
+In the Senate and Public Assembly[6] he made speeches, defending
+himself against the charge of impiety, and asserting that he had been
+the victim of injustice, with other like topics, which in the present
+temper of the assembly no one ventured to gainsay.
+
+[6] Technically the "Boule" ({Boule}) or Senate, and "Ecclesia" or
+    Popular Assembly.
+
+He was then formally declared leader and chief of the State, with
+irresponsible powers, as being the sole individual capable of
+recovering the ancient power and prestige of Athens. Armed with this
+authority, his first act was to institute anew the processional march
+to Eleusis; for of late years, owing to the war, the Athenians had
+been forced to conduct the mysteries by sea. Now, at the head of the
+troops, he caused them to be conducted once again by land. This done,
+his next step was to muster an armament of one thousand five hundred
+heavy infantry, one hundred and fifty cavalry, and one hundred ships;
+and lastly, within three months of his return, he set sail for Andros,
+which had revolted from Athens.
+
+The generals chosen to co-operate with him on land were Aristocrates
+and Adeimantus, the son of Leucophilides. He disembarked his troops on
+the island of Andros at Gaurium, and routed the Andrian citizens who
+sallied out from the town to resist the invader; forcing them to
+return and keep close within their walls, though the number who fell
+was not large. This defeat was shared by some Lacedaemonians who were
+in the place. Alcibiades erected a trophy, and after a few days set
+sail himself for Samos, which became his base of operations in the
+future conduct of the war.
+
+
+
+V
+
+At a date not much earlier than that of the incidents just described,
+the Lacedaemonians had sent out Lysander as their admiral, in the
+place of Cratesippidas, whose period of office had expired. The new
+admiral first visited Rhodes, where he got some ships, and sailed to
+Cos and Miletus, and from the latter place to Ephesus. At Ephesus he
+waited with seventy sail, expecting the advent of Cyrus in Sardis,
+when he at once went up to pay the prince a visit with the ambassadors
+from Lacedaemon. And now an opportunity was given to denounce the
+proceedings of Tissaphernes, and at the same time to beg Cyrus himself
+to show as much zeal as possible in the prosecution of the war. Cyrus
+replied that not only had he received express injunction from his
+father to the same effect, but that his own views coincided with their
+wishes, which he was determined to carry out to the letter. He had, he
+informed them, brought with him five hundred talents;[1] and if that
+sum failed, he had still the private revenue, which his father allowed
+him, to fall back upon, and when this resource was in its turn
+exhausted, he would coin the gold and silver throne on which he sat,
+into money for their benefit.[2]
+
+[1] About 120,000 pounds. One Euboic or Attic talent = sixty minae =
+    six thousand drachmae = 243 pounds 15 shillings of our money.
+
+[2] Cf. the language of Tissaphernes, Thuc. viii. 81.
+
+His audience thanked him for what he said, and further begged him to
+fix the rate of payment for the seamen at one Attic drachma per
+man,[3] explaining that should this rate of payment be adopted, the
+sailors of the Athenians would desert, and in the end there would be a
+saving of expenditure. Cyrus complimented them on the soundness of
+their arguments, but said that it was not in his power to exceed the
+injunctions of the king. The terms of agreement were precise, thirty
+minae[4] a month per vessel to be given, whatever number of vessels
+the Lacedaemonians might choose to maintain.
+
+[3] About 9 3/4 pence; a drachma (= six obols) would be very high pay
+    for a sailor--indeed, just double the usual amount. See Thuc. vi.
+    8 and viii. 29, and Prof. Jowett ad loc. Tissaphernes had, in the
+    winter of 412 B.C., distributed one month's pay among the
+    Peloponnesian ships at this high rate of a drachma a day, "as his
+    envoy had promised at Lacedaemon;" but this he proposed to reduce
+    to half a drachma, "until he had asked the king's leave, promising
+    that if he obtained it, he would pay the entire drachma. On the
+    remonstrance, however, of Hermocrates, the Syracusan general, he
+    promised to each man a payment of somewhat more than three obols."
+
+[4] Nearly 122 pounds; and thirty minae a month to each ship (the crew
+    of each ship being taken at two hundred) = three obols a day to
+    each man. The terms of agreement to which Cyrus refers may have
+    been specified in the convention mentioned above in chap. iv,
+    which Boeotius and the rest were so proud to have obtained. But
+    see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 192 note (2d ed.)
+
+To this rejoinder Lysander at the moment said nothing. But after
+dinner, when Cyrus drank to his health, asking him "What he could do
+to gratify him most?" Lysander replied, "Add an obol[5] to the
+sailors' pay." After this the pay was raised to four instead of three
+obols, as it hitherto had been. Nor did the liberality of Cyrus end
+here; he not only paid up all arrears, but further gave a month's pay
+in advance, so that, if the enthusiasm of the army had been great
+before, it was greater than ever now. The Athenians when they heard
+the news were proportionately depressed, and by help of Tissaphernes
+despatched ambassadors to Cyrus. That prince, however, refused to
+receive them, nor were the prayers of Tissaphernes of any avail,
+however much he insisted that Cyrus should adopt the policy which he
+himself, on the advice of Alcibiades, had persistently acted on. This
+was simply not to suffer any single Hellenic state to grow strong at
+the expense of the rest, but to keep them all weak alike, distracted
+by internecine strife.
+
+[5] An obol = one-sixth of a drachma; the Attic obol = rather more
+    than 1 1/2 pence.
+
+Lysander, now that the organisation of his navy was arranged to his
+satisfaction, beached his squadron of ninety vessels at Ephesus, and
+sat with hands folded, whilst the vessels dried and underwent repairs.
+Alcibiades, being informed that Thrasybulus had come south of the
+Hellespont and was fortifying Phocaea, sailed across to join him,
+leaving his own pilot Antiochus in command of the fleet, with orders
+not to attack Lysander's fleet. Antiochus, however, was tempted to
+leave Notium and sail into the harbour of Ephesus with a couple of
+ships, his own and another, past the prows of Lysander's squadron. The
+Spartan at first contented himself with launching a few of his ships,
+and started in pursuit of the intruder; but when the Athenians came
+out with other vessels to assist Antiochus, he formed his whole
+squadron into line of battle, and bore down upon them, whereupon the
+Athenians followed suit, and getting their remaining triremes under
+weigh at Notium, stood out to sea as fast as each vessel could clear
+the point.[6] Thus it befell in the engagement which ensued, that
+while the enemy was in due order, the Athenians came up in scattered
+detachments and without concert, and in the end were put to flight
+with the loss of fifteen ships of war. Of the crews, indeed, the
+majority escaped, though a certain number fell into the hands of the
+enemy. Then Lysander collected his vessels, and having erected a
+trophy on Cape Notium, sailed across to Ephesus, whilst the Athenians
+retired to Samos.
+
+[6] {os ekastos enoixen}, for this nautical term see above.
+
+On his return to Samos a little later, Alcibiades put out to sea with
+the whole squadron in the direction of the harbour of Ephesus. At the
+mouth of the harbour he marshalled his fleet in battle order, and
+tried to tempt the enemy to an engagement; but as Lysander, conscious
+of his inferiority in numbers, refused to accept the challenge, he
+sailed back again to Samos. Shortly after this the Lacedaemonians
+captured Delphinium and Eion.[7]
+
+[7] This should probably be Teos, in Ionia, in spite of the MSS.
+    {'Eiona}. The place referred to cannot at any rate be the well-
+    known Eion at the mouth of the Strymon in Thrace.
+
+But now the news of the late disaster at Notium had reached the
+Athenians at home, and in their indignation they turned upon
+Alcibiades, to whose negligence and lack of self-command they
+attributed the destruction of the ships. Accordingly they chose ten
+new generals--namely Conon, Diomedon, Leon, Pericles, Erasinides,
+Aristocrates, Archestratus, Protomachus, Thrasylus, and Aristogenes.
+Alcibiades, who was moreover in bad odour in the camp, sailed away
+with a single trireme to his private fortress in the Chersonese.
+
+After this Conon, in obedience to a decree of the Athenian people, set
+sail from Andros with the twenty vessels under his command in that
+island to Samos, and took command of the whole squadron. To fill the
+place thus vacated by Conon, Phanosthenes was sent to Andros with four
+ships. That captain was fortunate enough to intercept and capture two
+Thurian ships of war, crews and all, and these captives were all
+imprisoned by the Athenians, with the exception of their leader
+Dorieus. He was the Rhodian, who some while back had been banished
+from Athens and from his native city by the Athenians, when sentence
+of death was passed upon him and his family. This man, who had once
+enjoyed the right of citizenship among them, they now took pity on and
+released him without ransom.
+
+When Conon had reached Samos he found the armament in a state of great
+despondency. Accordingly his first measure was to man seventy ships
+with their full complement, instead of the former hundred and odd
+vessels. With this squadron he put to sea accompanied by the other
+generals, and confined himself to making descents first at one point
+and then at another of the enemy's territory, and to collecting
+plunder.
+
+And so the year drew to its close: a year signalled further by an
+invasion of Sicily by the Carthaginians, with one hundred and twenty
+ships of war and a land force of one hundred and twenty thousand men,
+which resulted in the capture of Agrigentum. The town was finally
+reduced to famine after a siege of seven months, the invaders having
+previously been worsted in battle and forced to sit down before its
+walls for so long a time.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+B.C. 406. In the following year--the year of the evening eclipse of
+the moon, and the burning of the old temple of Athena[1] at Athens[2]
+--the Lacedaemonians sent out Callicratidas to replace Lysander, whose
+period of office had now expired.[3] Lysander, when surrendering the
+squadron to his successor, spoke of himself as the winner of a sea
+fight, which had left him in undisputed mastery of the sea, and with
+this boast he handed over the ships to Callicratidas, who retorted,
+"If you will convey the fleet from Ephesus, keeping Samos[4] on your
+right" (that is, past where the Athenian navy lay), "and hand it over
+to me at Miletus, I will admit that you are master of the sea." But
+Lysander had no mind to interfere in the province of another officer.
+Thus Callicratidas assumed responsibility. He first manned, in
+addition to the squadron which he received from Lysander, fifty new
+vessels furnished by the allies from Chios and Rhodes and elsewhere.
+When all these contingents were assembled, they formed a total of one
+hundred and forty sail, and with these he began making preparations
+for engagement with the enemy. But it was impossible for him not to
+note the strong current of opposition which he encountered from the
+friends of Lysander. Not only was there lack of zeal in their service,
+but they openly disseminated an opinion in the States, that it was the
+greatest possible blunder on the part of the Lacedaemonians so to
+change their admirals. Of course, they must from time to time get
+officers altogether unfit for the post--men whose nautical knowledge
+dated from yesterday, and who, moreover, had no notion of dealing with
+human beings. It would be very odd if this practice of sending out
+people ignorant of the sea and unknown to the folk of the country did
+not lead to some catastrophe. Callicratidas at once summoned the
+Lacedaemonians there present, and addressed them in the following
+terms:--
+
+[1] I.e. as some think, the Erechtheion, which was built partly on the
+    site of the old temple of Athena Polias, destroyed by the
+    Persians. According to Dr. Dorpfeld, a quite separate building of
+    the Doric order, the site of which (S. of the Erechtheion) has
+    lately been discovered.
+
+[2] The MSS. here add "in the ephorate of Pityas and the archonship of
+    Callias at Athens;" but though the date is probably correct (cf.
+    Leake, "Topography of Athens," vol. i. p. 576 foll.), the words
+    are almost certainly a gloss.
+
+[3] Here the MSS. add "with the twenty-fourth year of the war,"
+    probably an annotator's gloss; the correct date should be twenty-
+    fifth. Pel. war 26 = B.C. 406. Pel. war 25 ended B.C. 407.
+
+[4] Lit. on the left (or east) of Samos, looking south from Ephesus.
+
+"For my part," he said, "I am content to stay at home: and if Lysander
+or any one else claim greater experience in nautical affairs than I
+possess, I have no desire to block his path. Only, being sent out by
+the State to take command of this fleet, I do not know what is left to
+me, save to carry out my instructions to the best of my ability. For
+yourselves, all I beg of you, in reference to my personal ambitions
+and the kind of charges brought against our common city, and of which
+you are as well aware as I am, is to state what you consider to be the
+best course: am I to stay where I am, or shall I sail back home, and
+explain the position of affairs out here?"
+
+No one ventured to suggest any other course than that he should obey
+the authorities, and do what he was sent to do. Callicratidas then
+went up to the court of Cyrus to ask for further pay for the sailors,
+but the answer he got from Cyrus was that he should wait for two days.
+Callicratidas was annoyed at the rebuff: to dance attendance at the
+palace gates was little to his taste. In a fit of anger he cried out
+at the sorry condition of the Hellenes, thus forced to flatter the
+barbarian for the sake of money. "If ever I get back home," he added,
+"I will do what in me lies to reconcile the Athenians and the
+Lacedaemonians." And so he turned and sailed back to Miletus. From
+Miletus he sent some triremes to Lacedaemon to get money, and
+convoking the public assembly of the Milesians, addressed them thus:--
+
+"Men of Miletus, necessity is laid upon me to obey the rulers at home;
+but for yourselves, whose neighbourhood to the barbarians has exposed
+you to many evils at their hands, I only ask you to let your zeal in
+the war bear some proportion to your former sufferings. You should set
+an example to the rest of the allies, and show us how to inflict the
+sharpest and swiftest injury on our enemy, whilst we await the return
+from Lacedaemon of my envoys with the necessary funds. Since one of
+the last acts of Lysander, before he left us, was to hand back to
+Cyrus the funds already on the spot, as though we could well dispense
+with them. I was thus forced to turn to Cyrus, but all I got from him
+was a series of rebuffs; he refused me an audience, and, for my part,
+I could not induce myself to hang about his gates like a mendicant.
+But I give you my word, men of Miletus, that in return for any
+assistance which you can render us while waiting for these aids, I
+will requite you richly. Only by God's help let us show these
+barbarians that we do not need to worship them, in order to punish our
+foes."
+
+The speech was effective; many members of the assembly arose, and not
+the least eagerly those who were accused of opposing him. These, in
+some terror, proposed a vote of money, backed by offers of further
+private contributions. Furnished with these sums, and having procured
+from Chios a further remittance of five drachmas[5] a piece as outfit
+for each seaman, he set sail to Methyma in Lesbos, which was in the
+hands of the enemy. But as the Methymnaeans were not disposed to come
+over to him (since there was an Athenian garrison in the place, and
+the men at the head of affairs were partisans of Athens), he assaulted
+and took the place by storm. All the property within accordingly
+became the spoil of the soldiers. The prisoners were collected for
+sale by Callicratidas in the market-place, where, in answer to the
+demand of the allies, who called upon him to sell the Methymnaeans
+also, he made answer, that as long as he was in command, not a single
+Hellene should be enslaved if he could help it. The next day he set at
+liberty the free-born captives; the Athenian garrison with the
+captured slaves he sold.[6] To Conon he sent word:--He would put a
+stop to his strumpeting the sea.[7] And catching sight of him, as he
+put out to sea, at break of day, he gave chase, hoping to cut him off
+from his passage to Samos, and prevent his taking refuge there.
+
+[5] About 4d.
+
+[6] Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 224 (2d ed.), thinks that
+    Callicratidas did not even sell the Athenian garrison, as if the
+    sense of the passage were: "The next day he set at liberty the
+    free-born captives with the Athenian garrison, contenting himself
+    with selling the captive slaves." But I am afraid that no
+    ingenuity of stopping will extract that meaning from the Greek
+    words, which are, {te d' usteraia tous men eleutherous apheke tous
+    de ton 'Athenaion phrourous kai ta andrapoda ta doula panta
+    apedoto}. To spare the Athenian garrison would have been too
+    extraordinary a proceeding even for Callicratidas. The idea
+    probably never entered his head. It was sufficiently noble for him
+    to refuse to sell the Methymnaeans. See the remarks of Mr. W. L.
+    Newman, "The Pol. of Aristotle," vol. i. p. 142.
+
+[7] I.e. the sea was Sparta's bride.
+
+But Conon, aided by the sailing qualities of his fleet, the rowers of
+which were the pick of several ships' companies, concentrated in a few
+vessels, made good his escape, seeking shelter within the harbour of
+Mitylene in Lesbos, and with him two of the ten generals, Leon and
+Erasinides. Callicratidas, pursuing him with one hundred and seventy
+sail, entered the harbour simultaneously; and Conon thus hindered from
+further or final escape by the too rapid movements of the enemy, was
+forced to engage inside the harbour, and lost thirty of his ships,
+though the crews escaped to land. The remaining, forty in number, he
+hauled up under the walls of the town. Callicratidas, on his side,
+came to moorings in the harbour; and, having command of the exit,
+blocked the Athenian within. His next step was to send for the
+Methymnaeans in force by land, and to transport his army across from
+Chios. Money also came to him from Cyrus.
+
+Conon, finding himself besieged by land and sea, without means of
+providing himself with corn from any quarter, the city crowded with
+inhabitants, and aid from Athens, whither no news of the late events
+could be conveyed, impossible, launched two of the fastest sailing
+vessels of his squadron. These he manned, before daybreak, with the
+best rowers whom he could pick out of the fleet, stowing away the
+marines at the same time in the hold of the ships and closing the port
+shutters. Every day for four days they held out in this fashion, but
+at evening as soon as it was dark he disembarked his men, so that the
+enemy might not suspect what they were after. On the fifth day, having
+got in a small stock of provisions, when it was already mid-day and
+the blockaders were paying little or no attention, and some of them
+even were taking their siesta, the two ships sailed out of the
+harbour: the one directing her course towards the Hellespont, whilst
+her companion made for the open sea. Then, on the part of the
+blockaders, there was a rush to the scene of action, as fast as the
+several crews could get clear of land, in bustle and confusion,
+cutting away the anchors, and rousing themselves from sleep, for, as
+chance would have it, they had been breakfasting on shore. Once on
+board, however, they were soon in hot pursuit of the ship which had
+started for the open sea, and ere the sun dipped they overhauled her,
+and after a successful engagement attached her by cables and towed her
+back into harbour, crew and all. Her comrade, making for the
+Hellespont, escaped, and eventually reached Athens with news of the
+blockade. The first relief was brought to the blockaded fleet by
+Diomedon, who anchored with twelve vessels in the Mitylenaean
+Narrows.[8] But a sudden attack of Callicratidas, who bore down upon
+him without warning, cost him ten of his vessels, Diomedon himself
+escaping with his own ship and one other.
+
+[8] Or, "Euripus."
+
+Now that the position of affairs, including the blockade, was fully
+known at Athens, a vote was passed to send out a reinforcement of one
+hundred and ten ships. Every man of ripe age,[9] whether slave or
+free, was impressed for this service, so that within thirty days the
+whole one hundred and ten vessels were fully manned and weighed
+anchor. Amongst those who served in this fleet were also many of the
+knights.[10] The fleet at once stood out across to Samos, and picked
+up the Samian vessels in that island. The muster-roll was swelled by
+the addition of more than thirty others from the rest of the allies,
+to whom the same principle of conscription applied, as also it did to
+the ships already engaged on foreign service. The actual total,
+therefore, when all the contingents were collected, was over one
+hundred and fifty vessels.
+
+[9] I.e. from eighteen to sixty years.
+
+[10] See Boeckh. "P. E. A." Bk. II. chap. xxi. p. 263 (Eng. trans.)
+
+Callicratidas, hearing that the relief squadron had already reached
+Samos, left fifty ships, under command of Eteonicus, in the harbour of
+Mitylene, and setting sail with the other one hundred and twenty, hove
+to for the evening meal off Cape Malea in Lesbos, opposite Mitylene.
+It so happened that the Athenians on this day were supping on the
+islands of Arginusae, which lie opposite Lesbos. In the night the
+Spartan not only saw their watch-fires, but received positive
+information that "these were the Athenians;" and about midnight he got
+under weigh, intending to fall upon them suddenly. But a violent
+downpour of rain with thunder and lightning prevented him putting out
+to sea. By daybreak it had cleared, and he sailed towards Arginusae.
+On their side, the Athenian squadron stood out to meet him, with their
+left wing facing towards the open sea, and drawn up in the following
+order:--Aristocrates, in command of the left wing, with fifteen ships,
+led the van; next came Diomedon with fifteen others, and immediately
+in rear of Aristocrates and Diomedon respectively, as their supports,
+came Pericles and Erasinides. Parallel with Diomedon were the Samians,
+with their ten ships drawn up in single line, under the command of a
+Samian officer named Hippeus. Next to these came the ten vessels of
+the taxiarchs, also in single line, and supporting them, the three
+ships of the navarchs, with any other allied vessels in the squadron.
+The right wing was entrusted to Protomachus with fifteen ships, and
+next to him (on the extreme right) was Thrasylus with another division
+of fifteen. Protomachus was supported by Lysias with an equal number
+of ships, and Thrasylus by Aristogenes. The object of this formation
+was to prevent the enemy from manouvring so as to break their line by
+striking them amidships,[11] since they were inferior in sailing
+power.
+
+[11] Lit. "by the diekplous." Cf. Thuc. i. 49, and Arnold's note, who
+    says: "The 'diecplus' was a breaking through the enemy's line in
+    order by a rapid turning of the vessel to strike the enemy's ship
+    on the side or stern, where it was most defenceless, and so to
+    sink it." So, it seems, "the superiority of nautical skill has
+    passed," as Grote (viii. p. 234) says, "to the Peloponnesians and
+    their allies." Well may the historian add, "How astonished would
+    the Athenian Admiral Phormion have been, if he could have
+    witnessed the fleets and the order of battle at Arginusae!" See
+    Thuc. iv. 11.
+
+The Lacedaemonians, on the contrary, trusting to their superior
+seamanship, were formed opposite with their ships all in single line,
+with the special object of manouvring so as either to break the
+enemy's line or to wheel round them. Callicratidas commanded the right
+wing in person. Before the battle the officer who acted as his pilot,
+the Megarian Hermon, suggested that it might be well to withdraw the
+fleet as the Athenian ships were far more numerous. But Callicratidas
+replied that Sparta would be no worse off even if he personally should
+perish, but to flee would be disgraceful.[12] And now the fleets
+approached, and for a long space the battle endured. At first the
+vessels were engaged in crowded masses, and later on in scattered
+groups. At length Callicratidas, as his vessel dashed her beak into
+her antagonist, was hurled off into the sea and disappeared. At the
+same instant Protomachus, with his division on the right, had defeated
+the enemy's left, and then the flight of the Peloponnesians began
+towards Chios, though a very considerable body of them made for
+Phocaea, whilst the Athenians sailed back again to Arginusae. The
+losses on the side of the Athenians were twenty-five ships, crews and
+all, with the exception of the few who contrived to reach dry land. On
+the Peloponnesian side, nine out of the ten Lacedaemonian ships, and
+more than sixty belonging to the rest of the allied squadron, were
+lost.
+
+[12] For the common reading, {oikeitai}, which is ungrammatical,
+    various conjectures have been made, e.g.
+
+      {oikieitai} = "would be none the worse off for citizens,"
+      {oikesetai} = "would be just as well administered without him,"
+
+    but as the readings and their renderings are alike doubtful, I
+    have preferred to leave the matter vague. Cf. Cicero, "De Offic."
+    i. 24; Plutarch, "Lac. Apophth." p. 832.
+
+After consultation the Athenian generals agreed that two captains of
+triremes, Theramenes and Thrasybulus, accompanied by some of the
+taxiarchs, should take forty-seven ships and sail to the assistance of
+the disabled fleet and of the men on board, whilst the rest of the
+squadron proceeded to attack the enemy's blockading squadron under
+Eteonicus at Mitylene. In spite of their desire to carry out this
+resolution, the wind and a violent storm which arose prevented them.
+So they set up a trophy, and took up their quarters for the night. As
+to Etenoicus, the details of the engagement ware faithfully reported
+to him by the express despatch-boat in attendance. On receipt of the
+news, however, he sent the despatch-boat out again the way she came,
+with an injunction to those on board of her to sail off quickly
+without exchanging a word with any one. Then on a sudden they were to
+return garlanded with wreaths of victory and shouting "Callicratidas
+has won a great sea fight, and the whole Athenian squadron is
+destroyed." This they did, and Eteonicus, on his side, as soon as the
+despatch-boat came sailing in, proceeded to offer sacrifice of
+thanksgiving in honour of the good news. Meanwhile he gave orders that
+the troops were to take their evening meal, and that the masters of
+the trading ships were silently to stow away their goods on board the
+merchant ships and make sail as fast as the favourable breeze could
+speed them to Chios. The ships of war were to follow suit with what
+speed they might. This done, he set fire to his camp, and led off the
+land forces to Methymna. Conon, finding the enemy had made off, and
+the wind had grown comparatively mild,[13] got his ships afloat, and
+so fell in with the Athenian squadron, which had by this time set out
+from Arginusae. To these he explained the proceedings of Eteonicus.
+The squadron put into Mitylene, and from Mitylene stood across to
+Chios, and thence, without effecting anything further, sailed back to
+Samos.
+
+[13] Or, "had changed to a finer quarter."
+
+
+
+VII
+
+All the above-named generals, with the exception of Conon, were
+presently deposed by the home authorities. In addition to Conon two
+new generals were chosen, Adeimantus and Philocles. Of those concerned
+in the late victory two never returned to Athens: these were
+Protomachus and Aristogenes. The other six sailed home. Their names
+were Pericles, Diomedon, Lysias, Aristocrates, Thrasylus, and
+Erasinides. On their arrival Archidemus, the leader of the democracy
+at that date, who had charge of the two obol fund,[1] inflicted a fine
+on Erasinides, and accused him before the Dicastery[2] of having
+appropriated money derived from the Hellespont, which belonged to the
+people. He brought a further charge against him of misconduct while
+acting as general, and the court sentenced him to imprisonment.
+
+[1] Reading {tes diobelais}, a happy conjecture for the MSS. {tes
+    diokelias}, which is inexplicable. See Grote, "Hist. of Greece,"
+    vol. viii. p. 244 note (2d ed.)
+
+[2] I.e. a legal tribunal or court of law. At Athens the free citizens
+    constitutionally sworn and impannelled sat as "dicasts"
+    ("jurymen," or rather as a bench of judges) to hear cases
+    ({dikai}). Any particular board of dicasts formed a "dicastery."
+
+These proceedings in the law court were followed by the statement of
+the generals before the senate[3] touching the late victory and the
+magnitude of the storm. Timocrates then proposed that the other five
+generals should be put in custody and handed over to the public
+assembly.[4] Whereupon the senate committed them all to prison. Then
+came the meeting of the public assembly, in which others, and more
+particularly Theramenes, formally accused the generals. He insisted
+that they ought to show cause why they had not picked up the
+shipwrecked crews. To prove that there had been no attempt on their
+part to attach blame to others, he might point, as conclusive
+testimony, to the despatch sent by the generals themselves to the
+senate and the people, in which they attributed the whole disaster to
+the storm, and nothing else. After this the generals each in turn made
+a defence, which was necessarily limited to a few words, since no
+right of addressing the assembly at length was allowed by law. Their
+explanation of the occurrences was that, in order to be free to sail
+against the enemy themselves, they had devolved the duty of picking up
+the shipwrecked crews upon certain competent captains of men-of-war,
+who had themselves been generals in their time, to wit Theramenes and
+Tharysbulus, and others of like stamp. If blame could attach to any
+one at all with regard to the duty in question, those to whom their
+orders had been given were the sole persons they could hold
+responsible. "But," they went on to say, "we will not, because these
+very persons have denounced us, invent a lie, and say that Theramenes
+and Thrasybulus are to blame, when the truth of the matter is that the
+magnitude of the storm alone prevented the burial of the dead and the
+rescue of the living." In proof of their contention, they produced the
+pilots and numerous other witnesses from among those present at the
+engagement. By these arguments they were in a fair way to persuade the
+people of their innocence. Indeed many private citizens rose wishing
+to become bail for the accused, but it was resolved to defer decision
+till another meeting of the assembly. It was indeed already so late
+that it would have been impossible to see to count the show of hands.
+It was further resolved that the senate meanwhile should prepare a
+measure, to be introduced at the next assembly, as to the mode in
+which the accused should take their trial.
+
+[3] This is the Senate or Council of Five Hundred. One of its chief
+    duties was to prepare measures for discussion in the assembly. It
+    had also a certain amount of judicial power, hearing complaints
+    and inflicting fines up to fifty drachmas. It sat daily, a
+    "prytany" of fifty members of each of the ten tribes in rotation
+    holding office for a month in turn.
+
+[4] This is the great Public Assembly (the Ecclesia), consisting of
+    all genuine Athenian citizens of more than twenty years of age.
+
+Then came the festival of the Aparturia,[5] with its family gatherings
+of fathers and kinsfolk. Accordingly the party of Theramenes procured
+numbers of people clad in black apparel, and close-shaven,[6] who were
+to go in and present themselves before the public assembly in the
+middle of the festival, as relatives, presumably, of the men who had
+perished; and they persuaded Callixenus to accuse the generals in the
+senate. The next step was to convoke the assembly, when the senate
+laid before it the proposal just passed by their body, at the instance
+of Callixenus, which ran as follows: "Seeing that both the parties to
+this case, to wit, the prosecutors of the generals on the one hand,
+and the accused themselves in their defence on the other, have been
+heard in the late meeting of the assembly; we propose that the people
+of Athens now record their votes, one and all, by their tribes; that a
+couple of voting urns be placed for the convenience of each several
+tribe; and the public crier in the hearing of each several tribe
+proclaim the mode of voting as follows: 'Let every one who finds the
+generals guilty of not rescuing the heroes of the late sea fight
+deposit his vote in urn No. 1. Let him who is of the contrary opinion
+deposit his vote in urn No. 2. Further, in the event of the aforesaid
+generals being found guilty, let death be the penalty. Let the guilty
+persons be delivered over to the eleven. Let their property be
+confiscated to the State, with the exception of one tithe, which falls
+to the goddess.'"
+
+[5] An important festival held in October at Athens, and in nearly all
+    Ionic cities. Its objects were (1) the recognition of a common
+    descent from Ion, the son of Apollo Patrous; and (2) the
+    maintenance of the ties of clanship. See Grote, "Hist. of Greece,"
+    vol. viii. p. 260 foll. (2d ed.); Jebb, "Theophr." xviii. 5.
+
+[6] I.e. in sign of mourning.
+
+Now there came forward in the assembly a man, who said that he had
+escaped drowning by clinging to a meal tub. The poor fellows perishing
+around him had commissioned him, if he succeeded in saving himself, to
+tell the people of Athens how bravely they had fought for their
+fatherland, and how the generals had left them there to drown.
+
+Presently Euryptolemus, the son of Peisianax, and others served a
+notice of indictment on Callixenus, insisting that his proposal was
+unconstitutional, and this view of the case was applauded by some
+members of the assembly. But the majority kept crying out that it was
+monstrous if the people were to be hindered by any stray individual
+from doing what seemed to them right. And when Lysicus, embodying the
+spirit of those cries, formally proposed that if these persons would
+not abandon their action, they should be tried by the same vote along
+with the generals: a proposition to which the mob gave vociferous
+assent; and so these were compelled to abandon their summonses. Again,
+when some of the Prytanes[7] objected to put a resolution to the vote
+which was in itself unconstitutional, Callixenus again got up and
+accused them in the same terms, and the shouting began again. "Yes,
+summons all who refuse," until the Prytanes, in alarm, all agreed with
+one exception to permit the voting. This obstinate dissentient was
+Socrates, the son of Sophroniscus, who insisted that he would do
+nothing except in accordance with the law.[8] After this Euryptolemus
+rose and spoke in behalf of the generals. He said:--
+
+[7] Prytanes--the technical term for the senators of the presiding
+    tribe, who acted as presidents of the assembly. Their chairman for
+    the day was called Epistates.
+
+[8] For the part played by Socrates see further Xenophon's
+    "Memorabilia," I. i. 18; IV. iv. 2.
+
+"I stand here, men of Athens, partly to accuse Pericles, though he is
+a close and intimate connection of my own, and Diomedon, who is my
+friend, and partly to urge certain considerations on their behalf, but
+chiefly to press upon you what seems to me the best course for the
+State collectively. I hold them to blame in that they dissuaded their
+colleagues from their intention to send a despatch to the senate and
+this assembly, which should have informed you of the orders given to
+Theramenes and Thrasybulus to take forty-seven ships of war and pick
+up the shipwrecked crews, and of the neglect of the two officers to
+carry out those orders. And it follows that though the offence was
+committed by one or two, the responsibility must be shared by all; and
+in return for kindness in the past, they are in danger at present of
+sacrificing their lives to the machinations of these very men, and
+others whom I could mention. In danger, do I say, of losing their
+lives? No, not so, if you will suffer me to persuade you to do what is
+just and right; if you will only adopt such a course as shall enable
+you best to discover the truth and shall save you from too late
+repentance, when you find you have transgressed irremediably against
+heaven and your own selves. In what I urge there is no trap nor plot
+whereby you can be deceived by me or any other man; it is a
+straightforward course which will enable you to discover and punish
+the offender by whatever process you like, collectively or
+individually. Let them have, if not more, at any rate one whole day to
+make what defence they can for themselves; and trust to your own
+unbiased judgment to guide you to the right conclusion.
+
+"You know, men of Athens, the exceeding stringency of the decree of
+Cannonus,[9] which orders that man, whosoever he be, who is guilty of
+treason against the people of Athens, to be put in irons, and so to
+meet the charge against him before the people. If he be convicted, he
+is to be thrown into the Barathron and perish, and the property of
+such an one is to be confiscated, with the exception of the tithe
+which falls to the goddess. I call upon you to try these generals in
+accordance with this decree. Yes, and so help me God--if it please
+you, begin with my own kinsman Pericles for base would it be on my
+part to make him of more account than the whole of the State. Or, if
+you prefer, try them by that other law, which is directed against
+robbers of temples and betrayers of their country, which says: if a
+man betray his city or rob a sacred temple of the gods, he shall be
+tried before a law court, and if he be convicted, his body shall not
+be buried in Attica, and his goods shall be confiscated to the State.
+Take your choice as between these two laws, men of Athens, and let the
+prisoners be tried by one or other. Let three portions of a day be
+assigned to each respectively, one portion wherein they shall listen
+to their accusation, a second wherein they shall make their defence,
+and a third wherein you shall meet and give your votes in due order on
+the question of their guilt or innocence. By this procedure the
+malefactors will receive the desert of their misdeeds in full, and
+those who are innocent will owe you, men of Athens, the recovery of
+their liberty, in place of unmerited destruction.[10]
+
+[9] "There was a rule in Attic judicial procedure, called the psephism
+    of Kannonus (originally adopted, we do not know when, on the
+    proposition of a citizen of that name, as a psephism or decree for
+    some particular case, but since generalised into common practice,
+    and grown into great prescriptive reverence), which peremptorily
+    forbade any such collective trial or sentence, and directed that a
+    separate judicial vote should in all cases be taken for or against
+    each accused party." Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 266
+    (2d ed.)
+
+[10] Reading {adikos apolountai}.
+
+"On your side, in trying the accused by recognised legal procedure,
+you will show that you obey the dictates of pious feeling, and can
+regard the sanctity of an oath, instead of joining hands with our
+enemies the Lacedaemonians and fighting their battles. For is it not
+to fight their battles, if you take their conquerors, the men who
+deprived them of seventy vessels, and at the moment of victory sent
+them to perdition untried and in the teeth of the law? What are you
+afraid of, that you press forward with such hot haste? Do you imagine
+that you may be robbed of the power of life and death over whom you
+please, should you condescend to a legal trial? but that you are safe
+if you take shelter behind an illegality, like the illegality of
+Callixenus, when he worked upon the senate to propose to this assembly
+to deal with the accused by a single vote? But consider, you may
+actually put to death an innocent man, and then repentance will one
+day visit you too late. Bethink you how painful and unavailing remorse
+will then be, and more particularly if your error has cost a fellow-
+creature his life. What a travesty of justice it would be if in the
+case of a man like Aristarchus,[11] who first tried to destroy the
+democracy and then betrayed Oenoe to our enemy the Thebans, you
+granted him a day for his defence, consulting his wishes, and conceded
+to him all the other benefits of the law; whereas now you are
+proposing to deprive of these same privileges your own generals, who
+in every way conformed to your views and defeated your enemies. Do not
+you, of all men, I implore you, men of Athens, act thus. Why, these
+laws are your own, to them, beyond all else you owe your greatness.
+Guard them jealously; in nothing, I implore you, act without their
+sanction.
+
+[11] See below, II. iii; also cf. Thuc. viii. 90, 98.
+
+"But now, turn for a moment and consider with me the actual
+occurrences which have created the suspicion of misconduct on the part
+of our late generals. The sea-fight had been fought and won, and the
+ships had returned to land, when Diomedon urged that the whole
+squadron should sail out in line and pick up the wrecks and floating
+crews. Erasinides was in favour of all the vessels sailing as fast as
+possible to deal with the enemy's forces at Mitylene. And Thrasylus
+represented that both objects could be effected, by leaving one
+division of the fleet there, and with the rest sailing against the
+enemy; and if this resolution were agreed to, he advised that each of
+the eight generals should leave three ships of his own division with
+the ten vessels of the taxiarchs, the ten Samian vessels, and the
+three belonging to the navarchs. These added together make forty-
+seven, four for each of the lost vessels, twelve in number. Among the
+taxiarchs left behind, two were Thrasybulus and Theramenes, the men
+who in the late meeting of this assembly undertook to accuse the
+generals. With the remainder of the fleet they were to sail to attack
+the enemy's fleet. Everything, you must admit, was duly and admirably
+planned. It was only common justice, therefore, that those whose duty
+it was to attack the enemy should render an account for all
+miscarriages of operations against the enemy; while those who were
+commissioned to pick up the dead and dying should, if they failed to
+carry out the instructions of the generals, be put on trial to explain
+the reasons of the failure. This indeed I may say in behalf of both
+parites. It was really the storm which, in spite of what the generals
+had planned, prevented anything being done. There are witnesses ready
+to attest the truth of this: the men who escaped as by a miracle, and
+among these one of these very generals, who was on a sinking ship and
+was saved. And this man, who needed picking up as much as anybody at
+that moment, is, they insist, to be tried by one and the same vote as
+those who neglected to perform their orders! Once more, I beg you, men
+of Athens, to accept your victory and your good fortune, instead of
+behaving like the desperate victims of misfortune and defeat.
+Recognise the finger of divine necessity; do not incur the reproach of
+stony-heartedness by discovering treason where there was merely
+powerlessness, and condemning as guilty those who were prevented by
+the storm from carrying out their instructions. Nay! you will better
+satisfy the demands of justice by crowning these conquerors with
+wreaths of victory than by punishing them with death at the
+instigation of wicked men."
+
+At the conclusion of his speech Euryptolemus proposed, as an
+amendment, that the prisoners should, in accordance with the decree of
+Cannonus, be tried each separately, as against the proposal of the
+senate to try them all by a single vote.
+
+At the show of hands the tellers gave the majority in favour of
+Euryptolemus's amendment, but upon the application of Menecles, who
+took formal exception[12] to this decision, the show of hands was gone
+through again, and now the verdict was in favour of the resolution of
+the senate. At a later date the balloting was made, and by the votes
+recorded the eight generals were condemned, and the six who were in
+Athens were put to death.
+
+[12] For this matter cf. Schomann, "De Comitiis Athen." p. 161 foll.;
+    also Grote, "Hist. of Grece," vol. viii. p. 276 note (2d ed.)
+
+Not long after, repentance seized the Athenians, and they passed a
+decree authorising the public prosecution of those who had deceived
+the people, and the appointment of proper securities for their persons
+until the trial was over. Callixenus was one of those committed for
+trail. There were, besides Callixenus, four others against whom true
+bills were declared, and they were all five imprisoned by their
+sureties. But all subsequently effected their escape before the trial,
+at the time of the sedition in which Cleophon[13] was killed.
+Callixenus eventually came back when the party in Piraeus returned to
+the city, at the date of the amnesty,[14] but only to die of hunger,
+an object of universal detestation.
+
+[13] Cleophon, the well-known demagogue. For the occasion of his death
+    see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. pp. 166, 310 (2d ed.);
+    Prof. Jebb, "Attic Orators," i. 266, ii. 288. For his character,
+    as popularly conceived, cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 677.
+
+[14] B.C. 403.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK II
+
+
+I
+
+To return to Eteonicus and his troops in Chios. During summer they
+were well able to support themselves on the fruits of the season, or
+by labouring for hire in different parts of the island, but with the
+approach of winter these means of subsistence began to fail. Ill-clad
+at the same time, and ill-shod, they fell to caballing and arranging
+plans to attack the city of Chios. It was agreed amongst them, that in
+order to guage their numbers, every member of the conspiracy should
+carry a reed. Eteonicus got wind of the design, but was at a loss how
+to deal with it, considering the number of these reed-bearers. To make
+an open attack upon them seemed dangerous. It would probably lead to a
+rush to arms, in which the conspirators would seize the city and
+commence hostilities, and, in the event of their success, everything
+hitherto achieved would be lost. Or again, the destruction on his part
+of many fellow-creatures and allies was a terrible alternative, which
+would place the Spartans in an unenviable light with regard to the
+rest of Hellas, and render the soldiers ill-disposed to the cause in
+hand. Accordingly he took with him fifteen men, armed with daggers,
+and marched through the city. Falling in with one of the reed-bearers,
+a man suffering from ophthalmia, who was returning from the surgeon's
+house, he put him to death. This led to some uproar, and people asked
+why the man was thus slain. By Eteonicus's orders the answer was set
+afloat, "because he carried a reed." As the explanation circulated,
+one reed-bearer after another threw away the symbol, each one saying
+to himself, as he heard the reason given, "I have better not be seen
+with this." After a while Eteonicus called a meeting of the Chians,
+and imposed upon them a contribution of money, on the ground that with
+pay in their pockets the sailors would have no temptation to
+revolutionary projects. The Chians acquiesced. Whereupon Eteonicus
+promptly ordered his crews to get on board their vessels. He then
+rowed alongside each ship in turn, and addressed the men at some
+length in terms of encouragement and cheery admonition, just as though
+he knew nothing of what had taken place, and so distributed a month's
+pay to every man on board.
+
+After this the Chians and the other allies held a meeting in Ephesus,
+and, considering the present posture of affairs, determined to send
+ambassadors to Lacedaemon with a statement of the facts, and a request
+that Lysander might be sent out to take command of the fleet.
+Lysander's high reputation among the allies dated back to his former
+period of office, when as admiral he had won the naval victory of
+Notium. The ambassadors accordingly were despatched, accompanied by
+envoys also from Cyrus, charged with the same message. The
+Lacedaemonians responded by sending them Lysander as second in
+command,[1] with Aracus as admiral, since it was contrary to their
+custom that the same man should be admiral twice. At the same time the
+fleet was entrusted to Lysander.[2]
+
+[1] Epistoleus. See above.
+
+[2] "At this date the war had lasted five-and-twenty years." So the
+    MSS. read. The words are probably an interpolation.
+
+It was in this year[3] that Cyrus put Autoboesaces and Mitraeus to
+death. These were sons of the sister of Dariaeus[4] (the daughter of
+Xerxes, the father of Darius).[5] He put them to death for neglecting,
+when they met him, to thrust their hands into the sleeve (or "kore")
+which is a tribute of respect paid to the king alone. This "kore" is
+longer than the ordinary sleeve, so long in fact that a man with his
+hand inside is rendered helpless. In consequence of this act on the
+part of Cyrus, Hieramenes[6] and his wife urged upon Dariaeus the
+danger of overlooking such excessive insolence on the part of the
+young prince, and Dariaeus, on the plea of sickness, sent a special
+embassy to summon Cyrus to his bedside.
+
+[3] B.C. 406.
+
+[4] Dariaeus, i.e. Darius, but the spelling of the name is correct,
+    and occurs in Ctesias, though in the "Anabasis" we have the
+    spelling Darius.
+
+[5] These words look like the note of a foolish and ignorant scribe.
+    He ought to have written, "The daughter of Artaxerxes and own
+    sister of Darius, commonly so called."
+
+[6] For Hieramenes cf. Thuc. viii. 95, and Prof. Jowett ad loc.
+
+B.C. 405. In the following year[7] Lysander arrived at Ephesus, and
+sent for Eteonicus with his ships from Chios, and collected all other
+vessels elsewhere to be found. His time was now devoted to refitting
+the old ships and having new ones built in Antandrus. He also made a
+journey to the court of Cyrus with a request for money. All Cyrus
+could say was, that not only the money sent by the king was spent, but
+much more besides; and he pointed out the various sums which each of
+the admirals had received, but at the same time he gave him what he
+asked for. Furnished with this money, Lysander appointed captains to
+the different men-of-war, and remitted to the sailors their arrears of
+pay. Meanwhile the Athenian generals, on their side, were devoting
+their energies to the improvements of their navy at Samos.
+
+[7] The MSS. add "during the ephorate of Archytas and the archonship
+    at Athens of Alexias," which, though correct enough, is probably
+    an interpolation.
+
+It was now Cyrus's turn to send for Lysander. It was the moment at
+which the envoy from his father had arrived with the message: "Your
+father is on his sick-bed and desires your presence." The king lay at
+Thamneria, in Media, near the territory of the Cadusians, against whom
+he had marched to put down a revolt. When Lysander presented himself,
+Cyrus was urgent with him not to engage the Athenians at sea unless he
+had many more ships than they. "The king," he added, "and I have
+plenty of wealth, so that, as far as money goes, you can man plenty of
+vessels." He then consigned to him all the tributes from the several
+cities which belonged to him personally, and gave him the ready money
+which he had as a gift; and finally, reminding him of the sincere
+friendship he entertained towards the state of Lacedaemon, as well as
+to himself personally, he set out up country to visit his father.
+Lysander, finding himself thus left with the complete control of the
+property of Cyrus (during the absence of that prince, so summoned to
+the bedside of his father), was able to distribute pay to his troops,
+after which he set sail for the Ceramic Gulf of Caria. Here he stormed
+a city in alliance with the Athenians named Cedreae, and on the
+following day's assault took it, and reduced the inhabitants to
+slavery. These were of a mixed Hellene and barbaric stock. From
+Cedreae he continued his voyage to Rhodes. The Athenians meanwhile,
+using Samos as their base of operations, were employed in devastating
+the king's territory, or in swooping down upon Chios and Ephesus, and
+in general were preparing for a naval battle, having but lately chosen
+three new generals in addition to those already in office, whose names
+were Menander, Tydeus, and Cephisodotus. Now Lysander, leaving Rhodes,
+and coasting along Ionia, made his way to the Hellespont, having an
+eye to the passage of vessels through the Straits, and, in a more
+hostile sense, on the cities which had revolted from Sparta. The
+Athenians also set sail from Chios, but stood out to open sea, since
+the seaboard of Asia was hostile to them.
+
+Lysander was again on the move; leaving Abydos, he passed up channel
+to Lampsacus, which town was allied with Athens; the men of Abydos and
+the rest of the troops advancing by land, under the command of the
+Lacedaemonian Thorax. They then attacked and took by storm the town,
+which was wealthy, and with its stores of wine and wheat and other
+commodities was pillaged by the soldiery. All free-born persons,
+however, were without exception released by Lysander. And now the
+Athenian fleet, following close on his heels, came to moorings at
+Elaeus, in the Chersonesus, one hundred and eighty sail in all. It was
+not until they had reached this place, and were getting their early
+meal, that the news of what had happened at Lampsacus reached them.
+Then they instantly set sail again to Sestos, and, having halted long
+enough merely to take in stores, sailed on further to Aegospotami, a
+point facing Lampsacus, where the Hellespont is not quite two miles[8]
+broad. Here they took their evening meal.
+
+[8] Lit. fifteen stades.
+
+The night following, or rather early next morning, with the first
+streak of dawn, Lysander gave the signal for the men to take their
+breakfasts and get on board their vessels; and so, having got all
+ready for a naval engagement, with his ports closed and movable
+bulwarks attached, he issued the order that no one was to stir from
+his post or put out to sea. As the sun rose the Athenians drew up
+their vessels facing the harbour, in line of battle ready for action;
+but Lysander declining to come out to meet them, as the day advanced
+they retired again to Aegospotami. Then Lysander ordered the swiftest
+of his ships to follow the Athenians, and as soon as the crews had
+disembarked, to watch what they did, sail back, and report to him.
+Until these look-outs returned he would permit no disembarkation from
+his ships. This performance he repeated for four successive days, and
+each day the Athenians put out to sea and challenged an engagement.
+
+But now Alcibiades, from one of his fortresses, could espy the
+position of his fellow-countrymen, moored on an open beach beyond
+reach of any city, and forced to send for supplies to Sestos, which
+was nearly two miles distant, while their enemies were safely lodged
+in a harbour, with a city adjoining, and everything within reach. The
+situation did not please him, and he advised them to shift their
+anchorage to Sestos, where they would have the advantage of a harbour
+and a city. "Once there," he concluded, "you can engage the enemy
+whenever it suits you." But the generals, and more particularly Tydeus
+and Menander, bade him go about his business. "We are generals now--
+not you," they said; and so he went away. And now for five days in
+succession the Athenians had sailed out to offer battle, and for the
+fifth time retired, followed by the same swift sailors of the enemy.
+But this time Lysander's orders to the vessels so sent in pursuit
+were, that as soon as they saw the enemy's crew fairly disembarked and
+dispersed along the shores of the Chersonesus (a practice, it should
+be mentioned, which had grown upon them from day to day owing to the
+distance at which eatables had to be purchased, and out of sheer
+contempt, no doubt, of Lysander, who refused to accept battle), they
+were to begin their return voyage, and when in mid-channel to hoist a
+shield. The orders were punctually carried out, and Lysander at once
+signalled to his whole squadron to put across with all speed, while
+Thorax, with the land forces, was to march parallel with the fleet
+along the coast. Aware of the enemy's fleet, which he could see
+bearing down upon him, Conon had only time to signal to the crews to
+join their ships and rally to the rescue with all their might. But the
+men were scattered far and wide, and some of the vessels had only two
+out of their three banks of rowers, some only a single one, while
+others again were completely empty. Conon's own ship, with seven
+others in attendance on him and the "Paralus,"[9] put out to sea, a
+little cluster of nine vessels, with their full complement of men; but
+every one of the remaining one hundred and seventy-one vessels were
+captured by Lysander on the beach. As to the men themselves, the large
+majority of them were easily made prisoners on shore, a few only
+escaping to the small fortresses of the neighbourhood. Meanwhile Conon
+and his nine vessels made good their escape. For himself, knowing that
+the fortune of Athens was ruined, he put into Abarnis, the promontory
+of Lampsacus, and there picked up the great sails of Lysander's ships,
+and then with eight ships set sail himself to seek refuge with
+Evagoras in Cyprus, while the "Paralus" started for Athens with
+tidings of what had taken place.
+
+[9] The "Paralus"--the Athenian sacred vessel; cf. Thuc. iii. 33 et
+    passim.
+
+Lysander, on his side, conveyed the ships and prisoners and all other
+spoil back to Lampsacus, having on board some of the Athenian
+generals, notably Philocles and Adeimantus. On the very day of these
+achievements he despatched Theopompus, a Milesian privateersman, to
+Lacedaemon to report what had taken place. This envoy arrived within
+three days and delivered his message. Lysander's next step was to
+convene the allies and bid them deliberate as to the treatment of the
+prisoners. Many were the accusations here levied against the
+Athenians. There was talk of crimes committed against the law of
+Hellas, and of cruelties sanctioned by popular decrees; which, had
+they conquered in the late sea-fight, would have been carried out;
+such as the proposal to cut off the right hand of every prisoner taken
+alive, and lastly the ill-treatment of two captured men-of-war, a
+Corinthian and an Andrian vessel, when every man on board had been
+hurled headlong down the cliff. Philocles was the very general of the
+Athenians who had so ruthlessly destroyed those men. Many other tales
+were told; and at length a resolution was passed to put all the
+Athenian prisoners, with the exception of Adeimantus, to death. He
+alone, it was pleaded, had taken exception to the proposal to cut off
+the prisoners' hands. On the other hand, he was himself accused by
+some people of having betrayed the fleet. As to Philocles, Lysander
+put to him one question, as the officer who had thrown[10] the
+Corinthians and Andrians down the cliff: What fate did the man deserve
+to suffer who had embarked on so cruel a course of illegality against
+Hellenes? and so delivered him to the executioner.
+
+[10] Reading {os . . . katekremnise}.
+
+
+
+II
+
+When he had set the affairs of Lampsacus in order, Lysander sailed to
+Byzantium and Chalcedon, where the inhabitants, having first dismissed
+the Athenian garrison under a flag of truce, admitted him within their
+walls. Those citizens of Byzantium, who had betrayed Byzantium into
+the hands of Alcibiades, fled as exiles into Pontus, but subsequently
+betaking themselves to Athens, became Athenian citizens. In dealing
+with the Athenian garrisons, and indeed with all Athenians wheresoever
+found, Lysander made it a rule to give them safe conduct to Athens,
+and to Athens only, in the certainty that the larger the number
+collected within the city and Piraeus, the more quickly the want of
+necessaries of life would make itself felt. And now, leaving
+Sthenelaus, a Laconian, as governor-general of Byzantium and
+Chalcedon, he sailed back himself to Lampsacus and devoted himself to
+refitting his ships.
+
+It was night when the "Paralus" reached Athens with her evil tidings,
+on receipt of which a bitter wail of woe broke forth. From Piraeus,
+following the line of the long walls up to the heart of the city, it
+swept and swelled, as each man to his neighbour passed on the news. On
+that night no man slept. There was mourning and sorrow for those that
+were lost, but the lamentation for the dead was merged in even deeper
+sorrow for themselves, as they pictured the evils they were about to
+suffer, the like of which they themselves had inflicted upon the men
+of Melos, who were colonists of the Lacedaemonians, when they mastered
+them by siege. Or on the men of Histiaea; on Scione and Torone; on the
+Aeginetans, and many another Hellene city.[1] On the following day the
+public assembly met, and, after debate, it was resolved to block up
+all the harbours save one, to put the walls in a state of defence, to
+post guards at various points, and to make all other necessary
+preparations for a siege. Such were the concerns of the men of Athens.
+
+[1] With regard to these painful recollections, see (1) for the siege
+    and surrender of Melos (in B.C. 416), Thuc. v. 114, 116; and cf.
+    Aristoph. "Birds," 186; Plut. ("Lysander," 14); (2) for the
+    ejection of the Histiaeans, an incident of the recovery of Euboea
+    in 445 B.C., see Thuc. i. 14; Plut. ("Pericles," 23); (3) for the
+    matter of Scione, which revolted in 423 B.C., and was for a long
+    time a source of disagreement between the Athenians and
+    Lacedaemonians, until finally captured by the former in 421 B.C.,
+    when the citizens were slain and the city given to the Plataeans,
+    see Thuc. iv. 120-122, 129-133; v. 18, 32; (4) for Torone see
+    Thuc. ib., and also v. 3; (5) for the expulsion of the Aeginetans
+    in 431 B.C. see Thuc. ii. 27.
+
+Lysander presently left the Hellespont with two hundred sail and
+arrived at Lesbos, where he established a new order of things in
+Mitylene and the other cities of the island. Meanwhile he despatched
+Eteonicus with a squadron of ten ships to the northern coasts,[2]
+where that officer brought about a revolution of affairs which placed
+the whole region in the hands of Lacedaemon. Indeed, in a moment of
+time, after the sea-fight, the whole of Hellas had revolted from
+Athens, with the solitary exception of the men of Samos. These, having
+massacred the notables,[3] held the state under their control. After a
+while Lysander sent messages to Agis at Deceleia, and to Lacedaemon,
+announcing his approach with a squadron of two hundred sail.
+
+[2] Lit. "the Thraceward districts." See above, p. 16.
+
+[3] Or, "since they had slain their notables, held the state under
+    popular control." See Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. viii. p. 303
+    note 3 (2d ed.), who thinks that the incident referred to is the
+    violent democratic revolution in Samos described in Thuc. viii.
+    21, B.C. 412.
+
+In obedience to a general order of Pausanias, the other king of
+Lacedaemon, a levy in force of the Lacedaemonians and all the rest of
+Peloponnesus, except the Argives, was set in motion for a campaign. As
+soon as the several contingents had arrived, the king put himself at
+their head and marched against Athens, encamping in the gymnasium of
+the Academy,[4] as it is called. Lysander had now reached Aegina,
+where, having got together as many of the former inhabitants as
+possible, he formally reinstated them in their city; and what he did
+in behalf of the Aeginetans, he did also in behalf of the Melians, and
+of the rest who had been deprived of their countries. He then pillaged
+the island of Salamis, and finally came to moorings off Piraeus with
+one hundred and fifty ships of the line, and established a strict
+blockade against all merchant ships entering that harbour.
+
+[4] For this most illustrious of Athenian gymnasia, which still
+    retains its name, see Leake, "Topography of Athens," i. 195 foll.
+
+The Athenians, finding themselves besieged by land and sea, were in
+sore perplexity what to do. Without ships, without allies, without
+provisions, the belief gained hold upon them that there was no way of
+escape. They must now, in their turn, suffer what they had themselves
+inflincted upon others; not in retaliation, indeed, for ills received,
+but out of sheer insolence, overriding the citizens of petty states,
+and for no better reason than that these were allies of the very men
+now at their gates. In this frame of mind they enfranchised those who
+at any time had lost their civil rights, and schooled themselves to
+endurance; and, albeit many succumbed to starvation, no thought of
+truce or reconciliation with their foes was breathed.[5] But when the
+stock of corn was absolutely insufficient, they sent an embassage to
+Agis, proposing to become allies of the Lacedaemonians on the sole
+condition of keeping their fortification walls and Piraeus; and to
+draw up articles of treaty on these terms. Agis bade them betake
+themselves to Lacedaemon, seeing that he had no authority to act
+himself. With this answer the ambassadors returned to Athens, and were
+forthwith sent on to Lacedaemon. On reaching Sellasia,[6] a town in[7]
+Laconian territory, they waited till they got their answer from the
+ephors, who, having learnt their terms (which were identical to those
+already proposed to Agis), bade them instantly to be gone, and, if
+they really desired peace, to come with other proposals, the fruit of
+happier reflection. Thus the ambassadors returned home, and reported
+the result of their embassage, whereupon despondency fell upon all. It
+was a painful reflection that in the end they would be sold into
+slavery; and meanwhile, pending the return of a second embassy, many
+must needs fall victims to starvation. The razing of their
+fortifications was not a solution which any one cared to recommend. A
+senator, Archestratus, had indeed put the question in the senate,
+whether it were not best to make peace with the Lacedaemonians on such
+terms as they were willing to propose; but he was thrown into prison.
+The Laconian proposals referred to involved the destruction of both
+long walls for a space of more than a mile. And a decree had been
+passed, making it illegal to submit any such proposition about the
+walls. Things having reached this pass, Theramenes made a proposal in
+the public assembly as follows: If they chose to send him as an
+ambassador to Lysander, he would go and find out why the
+Lacedaemonians were so unyielding about the walls; whether it was they
+really intended to enslave the city, or merely that they wanted a
+guarantee of good faith. Despatched accordingly, he lingered on with
+Lysander for three whole months and more, watching for the time when
+the Athenians, at the last pinch of starvation, would be willing to
+accede to any terms that might be offered. At last, in the fourth
+month, he returned and reported to the public assembly that Lysander
+had detained him all this while, and had ended by bidding him betake
+himself to Lacedaemon, since he had no authority himself to answer his
+questions, which must be addressed directly to the ephors. After this
+Theramenes was chosen with nine others to go to Lacedaemon as
+ambassadors with full powers. Meanwhile Lysander had sent an Athenian
+exile, named Aristoteles, in company of certain Lacedaemonians, to
+Sparta to report to the board of ephors how he had answered
+Theramenes, that they, and they alone, had supreme authority in
+matters of peace and war.
+
+[5] Or, "they refused to treat for peace."
+
+[6] Sellasia, the bulwark of Sparta in the valley of the Oenus.
+
+[7] The MSS. have "in the neighbourhood of," which words are
+    inappropriate at this date, though they may well have been added
+    by some annotator after the Cleomenic war and the battle of
+    Sellasia, B.C. 222, when Antigonus of Macedon destroyed the place
+    in the interests of the Achaean League.
+
+Theramenes and his companions presently reached Sellasia, and being
+there questioned as to the reason of their visit, replied that they
+had full powers to treat of peace. After which the ephors ordered them
+to be summoned to their presence. On their arrival a general assembly
+was convened, in which the Corinthians and Thebans more particularly,
+though their views were shared by many other Hellenes also, urged the
+meeting not to come to terms with the Athenians, but to destroy them.
+The Lacedaemonians replied that they would never reduce to slavery a
+city which was itself an integral portion of Hellas, and had performed
+a great and noble service to Hellas in the most perilous of
+emergencies. On the contrary, they were willing to offer peace on the
+terms now specified--namely, "That the long walls and the
+fortifications of Piraeus should be destroyed; that the Athenian
+fleet, with the exception of twelve vessels, should be surrendered;
+that the exiles should be restored; and lastly, that the Athenians
+should acknowledge the headship of Sparta in peace and war, leaving to
+her the choice of friends and foes, and following her lead by land and
+sea." Such were the terms which Theramenes and the rest who acted with
+him were able to report on their return to Athens. As they entered the
+city, a vast crowd met them, trembling lest their mission have proved
+fruitless. For indeed delay was no longer possible, so long already
+was the list of victims daily perishing from starvation. On the day
+following, the ambassadors delivered their report, stating the terms
+upon which the Lacedaemonians were willing to make peace. Theramenes
+acted as spokesman, insisting that they ought to obey the
+Lacedaemonians and pull down the walls. A small minority raised their
+voice in opposition, but the majority were strongly in favour of the
+proposition, and the resolution was passed to accept the peace. After
+that, Lysander sailed into the Piraeus, and the exiles were
+readmitted. And so they fell to levelling the fortifications and walls
+with much enthusiasm, to the accompaniment of female flute-players,
+deeming that day the beginning of liberty to Greece.
+
+Thus the year drew to its close[8]--during its middle months took
+place the accession of Dionysius, the son of Hermocrates the
+Syracusan, to the tyranny of Syracuse; an incident itself preceded by
+a victory gained over the Carthaginians by the Syracusans; the
+reduction of Agrigentum through famine by the Carthaginians
+themselves; and the exodus of the Sicilian Greeks from that city.
+
+[8] For the puzzling chronology of this paragraph see Grote, "Hist. of
+    Greece," vol. x. p 619 (2d ed.) If genuine, the words may perhaps
+    have slipt out of their natural place in chapter i. above, in
+    front of the words "in the following year Lysander arrived," etc.
+    L. Dindorf brackets them as spurious. Xen., "Hist. Gr." ed.
+    tertia, Lipsiae, MDCCCLXXII. For the incidents referred to see
+    above; Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. x. pp. 582, 598 (2d ed.)
+
+
+
+III
+
+B.C. 404. In the following year[1] the people passed a resolution to
+choose thirty men who were to draft a constitution based on the
+ancestral laws of the State. The following were chosen to act on this
+committee:--Polychares, Critias, Melobius, Hippolochus, Eucleides,
+Hiero, Mnesilochus, Chremo, Theramenes, Aresias, Diocles, Phaedrias,
+Chaereleos, Anaetius, Piso, Sophocles, Erastosthenes, Charicles,
+Onomacles, Theognis, Aeschines, Theogones, Cleomedes, Erasistratus,
+Pheido, Dracontides, Eumathes, Aristoteles, Hippomachus, Mnesitheides.
+After these transactions, Lysander set sail for Samos; and Agis
+withdrew the land force from Deceleia and disbanded the troops,
+dismissing the contingents to their several cities.
+
+[1] The MSS. here add "it was that year of the Olympiad cycle in which
+    Crocinas, a Thessalian, won the Stadium; when Endius was ephor at
+    Sparta, and Pythodorus archon at Athens, though the Athenians
+    indeed do not call the year by that archon's name, since he was
+    elected during the oligarchy, but prefer to speak of the year of
+    'anarchy'; the aforesaid oligarchy originated thus,"--which,
+    though correct, probably was not written by Xenophon. The year of
+    anarchy might perhaps be better rendered "the year without
+    archons."
+
+In was at this date, about the time of the solar eclipse,[2] that
+Lycophron of Pherae, who was ambitious of ruling over the whole of
+Thessaly, defeated those sections of the Thessalians who opposed him,
+such as the men of Larissa and others, and slew many of them. It was
+also about this date that Dionysius, now tyrant of Syracuse, was
+defeated by the Carthaginians and lost Gela and Camarina. And again, a
+little later, the men of Leontini, who previously had been amalgamated
+with the Syracusans, separated themselves from Syracuse and Dionysius,
+and asserted their independence, and returned to their native city.
+Another incident of this period was the sudden despatch and
+introduction of Syracusan horse into Catana by Dionysius.
+
+[2] This took place on 2d September B.C. 404.
+
+Now the Samians, though besieged by Lysander on all sides, were at
+first unwilling to come to terms. But at the last moment, when
+Lysander was on the point of assaulting the town, they accepted the
+terms, which allowed every free man to leave the island, but not to
+carry away any part of his property, except the clothes on his back.
+On these conditions they marched out. The city and all it contained
+was then delivered over to its ancient citizens by Lysander, who
+finally appointed ten governors to garrison the island.[3] After
+which, he disbanded the allied fleet, dismissing them to their
+respective cities, while he himself, with the Lacedaemonian squadron,
+set sail for Laconia, bringing with him the prows of the conquered
+vessels and the whole navy of Piraeus, with the exception of twelve
+ships. He also brought the crowns which he had received from the
+cities as private gifts, and a sum of four hundred and seventy
+talents[4] in silver (the surplus of the tribute money which Cyrus had
+assigned to him for the prosecution of the war), besides other
+property, the fruit of his military exploits. All these things
+Lysander delivered to the Lacedaemonians in the latter end of
+summer.[5]
+
+[3] A council of ten, or "decarchy." See Grote, "H. G." viii. 323 (1st
+    ed.)
+
+[4] About 112,800 pounds.
+
+[5] The MSS. add "a summer, the close of which coincided with the
+    termination of a war which had lasted twenty-eight and a half
+    years, as the list of annual ephors, appended in order, serves to
+    show. Aenesias is the first name. The war began during his
+    ephorate, in the fifteenth year of the thirty years' truce after
+    the capture of Euboea. His successors were Brasidas, Isanor,
+    Sostratidas, Exarchus, Agesistratus, Angenidas, Onomacles,
+    Zeuxippus, Pityas, Pleistolas, Cleinomachus, Harchus, Leon,
+    Chaerilas, Patesiadas, Cleosthenes, Lycarius, Eperatus,
+    Onomantius, Alexippidas, Misgolaidas, Isias, Aracus, Euarchippus,
+    Pantacles, Pityas, Archytas, and lastly, Endius, during whose year
+    of office Lysander sailed home in triumph, after performing the
+    exploits above recorded,"--the interpolation, probably, of some
+    editor or copyist, the words "twenty-eight and a half" being
+    probably a mistake on his part for "twenty-seven and a half." Cf.
+    Thuc. v. 26; also Buchsenschutz, Einleitung, p. 8 of his school
+    edition of the "Hellenica."
+
+The Thirty had been chosen almost immediately after the long walls and
+the fortifications round Piraeus had been razed. They were chosen for
+the express purpose of compiling a code of laws for the future
+constitution of the State. The laws were always on the point of being
+published, yet they were never forthcoming; and the thirty compilers
+contented themselves meanwhile with appointing a senate and the other
+magistracies as suited their fancy best. That done, they turned their
+attention, in the first instance, to such persons as were well known
+to have made their living as informers[6] under the democracy, and to
+be thorns in the side of all respectable people. These they laid hold
+on and prosecuted on the capital charge. The new senate gladly
+recorded its vote of condemnation against them; and the rest of the
+world, conscious of bearing no resemblance to them, seemed scarcely
+vexed. But the Thirty did not stop there. Presently they began to
+deliberate by what means they could get the city under their absolute
+control, in order that they might work their will upon it. Here again
+they proceeded tentatively; in the first instance, they sent (two of
+their number), Aeschines and Aristoteles, to Lacedaemon, and persuaded
+Lysander to support them in getting a Lacedaemonian garrison
+despatched to Athens. They only needed it until they had got the
+"malignants" out of the way, and had established the constitution; and
+they would undertake to maintain these troops at their own cost.
+Lysander was not deaf to their persuasions, and by his co-operation
+their request was granted. A bodyguard, with Callibius as governor,
+was sent.
+
+[6] Lit. "by sycophancy," i.e. calumnious accusation--the sycophant's
+    trade. For a description of this pest of Athenian life cf. "Dem."
+    in Arist. 1, S. 52; quoted in Jebb, "Attic Orators," chap. xxix.
+    14; cf. Aristoph. "Ach." 904; Xen. "Mem." II. ix. 1.
+
+And now that they had got the garrison, they fell to flattering
+Callibius with all servile flattery, in order that he might give
+countenance to their doings. Thus they prevailed on him to allow some
+of the guards, whom they selected, to accompany them, while they
+proceeded to lay hands on whom they would; no longer confining
+themselves to base folk and people of no account, but boldly laying
+hands on those who they felt sure would least easily brook being
+thrust aside, or, if a spirit of opposition seized them, could command
+the largest number of partisans.
+
+These were early days; as yet Critias was of one mind with Theramenes,
+and the two were friends. But the time came when, in proportion as
+Critias was ready to rush headlong into wholesale carnage, like one
+who thirsted for the blood of the democracy, which had banished him,
+Theramenes balked and thwarted him. It was barely reasonable, he
+argued, to put people to death, who had never done a thing wrong to
+respectable people in their lives, simply because they had enjoyed
+influence and honour under the democracy. "Why, you and I, Critias,"
+he would add, "have said and done many things ere now for the sake of
+popularity." To which the other (for the terms of friendly intimacy
+still subsisted) would retort, "There is no choice left to us, since
+we intend to take the lion's share, but to get rid of those who are
+best able to hinder us. If you imagine, because we are thirty instead
+of one, our government requires one whit the less careful guarding
+than an actual tyranny, you must be very innocent."
+
+So things went on. Day after day the list of persons put to death for
+no just reason grew longer. Day after day the signs of resentment were
+more significant in the groups of citizens banding together and
+forecasting the character of this future constitution; till at length
+Theramenes spoke again, protesting:--There was no help for it but to
+associate with themselves a sufficient number of persons in the
+conduct of affairs, or the oligarchy would certainly come to an end.
+Critias and the rest of the Thirty, whose fears had already converted
+Theramenes into a dangerous popular idol, proceeded at once to draw up
+a list of three thousand citizens; fit and proper persons to have a
+share in the conduct of affairs. But Theramenes was not wholly
+satisfied, "indeed he must say, for himself, he regarded it as
+ridiculous, that in their effort to associate the better classes with
+themselves in power, they should fix on just that particular number,
+three thousand, as if that figure had some necessary connection with
+the exact number of gentlemen in the State, making it impossible to
+discover any respectability outside or rascality within the magic
+number. And in the second place," he continued, "I see we are trying
+to do two things, diametrically opposed; we are manufacturing a
+government, which is based on force, and at the same time inferior in
+strength to those whom we propose to govern." That was what he said,
+but what his colleagues did, was to institute a military inspection or
+review. The Three Thousand were drawn up in the Agora, and the rest of
+the citizens, who were not included in the list, elsewhere in various
+quarters of the city. The order to take arms was given;[7] but while
+the men's backs were turned, at the bidding of the Thirty, the
+Laconian guards, with those of the citizens who shared their views,
+appeared on the scene and took away the arms of all except the Three
+Thousand, carried them up to the Acropolis, and safely deposited them
+in the temple.
+
+[7] Or, "a summons to the 'place d'armes' was given; but." Or, "the
+    order to seize the arms was given, and." It is clear from
+    Aristoph. "Acharn." 1050, that the citizens kept their weapons at
+    home. On the other hand, it was a custom not to come to any
+    meeting in arms. See Thuc. vi. 58. It seems probable that while
+    the men were being reviewed in the market-place and elsewhere, the
+    ruling party gave orders to seize their weapons (which they had
+    left at home), and this was done except in the case of the Three
+    Thousand. Cf. Arnold, "Thuc." II. 2. 5; and IV. 91.
+
+The ground being thus cleared, as it were, and feeling that they had
+it in their power to do what they pleased, they embarked on a course
+of wholesale butchery, to which many were sacrificed to the merest
+hatred, many to the accident of possessing riches. Presently the
+question rose, How they were to get money to pay their guards? and to
+meet this difficulty a resolution was passed empowering each of the
+committee to seize on one of the resident aliens apiece, to put his
+victim to death, and to confiscate his property. Theramenes was
+invited, or rather told to seize some one or other. "Choose whom you
+will, only let it be done." To which he made answer, it hardly seemed
+to him a noble or worthy course on the part of those who claimed to be
+the elite of society to go beyond the informers[8] in injustice.
+"Yesterday they, to-day we; with this difference, the victim of the
+informer must live as a source of income; our innocents must die that
+we may get their wealth. Surely their method was innocent in
+comparison with ours."
+
+[8] See above.
+
+The rest of the Thirty, who had come to regard Theramenes as an
+obstacle to any course they might wish to adopt, proceeded to plot
+against him. They addressed themselves to the members of the senate in
+private, here a man and there a man, and denounced him as the marplot
+of the constitution. Then they issued an order to the young men,
+picking out the most audacious characters they could find, to be
+present, each with a dagger hidden in the hollow of the armpit; and so
+called a meeting of the senate. When Theramenes had taken his place,
+Critias got up and addressed the meeting:
+
+"If," said he, "any member of this council, here seated, imagines that
+an undue amount of blood has been shed, let me remind him that with
+changes of constitution such things can not be avoided. It is the rule
+everywhere, but more particularly at Athens it was inevitable there
+should be found a specially large number of persons sworn foes to any
+constitutional change in the direction of oligarchy, and this for two
+reasons. First, because the population of this city, compared with
+other Hellenic cities, is enormously large; and again, owing to the
+length of time during which the people has battened upon liberty. Now,
+as to two points we are clear. The first is that democracy is a form
+of government detestable to persons like ourselves--to us and to you;
+the next is that the people of Athens could never be got to be
+friendly to our friends and saviours, the Lacedaemonians. But on the
+loyalty of the better classes the Lacedaemonians can count. And that
+is our reason for establishing an oligarchical constitution with their
+concurrence. That is why we do our best to rid us of every one whom we
+perceive to be opposed to the oligarchy; and, in our opinion, if one
+of ourselves should elect to undermine this constitution of ours, he
+would deserve punishment. Do you not agree? And the case," he
+continued, "is no imaginary one. The offender is here present--
+Theramenes. And what we say of him is, that he is bent upon destroying
+yourselves and us by every means in his power. These are not baseless
+charges; but if you will consider it, you will find them amply
+established in this unmeasured censure of the present posture of
+affairs, and his persistent opposition to us, his colleagues, if ever
+we seek to get rid of any of these demagogues. Had this been his
+guiding principle of action from the beginning, in spite of hostility,
+at least he would have escaped all imputation of villainy. Why, this
+is the very man who originated our friendly and confidential relations
+with Lacedaemon. This is the very man who authorised the abolition of
+the democracy, who urged us on to inflict punishment on the earliest
+batch of prisoners brought before us. But to-day all is changed; now
+you and we are out of odour with the people, and he accordingly has
+ceased to be pleased with our proceedings. The explanation is obvious.
+In case of a catastrophe, how much pleasanter for him once again to
+light upon his legs, and leave us to render account for our past
+performances.
+
+"I contend that this man is fairly entitled to render his account
+also, not only as an ordinary enemy, but as a traitor to yourselves
+and us. And let us add, not only is treason more formidable than open
+war, in proportion as it is harder to guard against a hidden assassin
+than an open foe, but it bears the impress of a more enduring
+hostility, inasmuch as men fight their enemies and come to terms with
+them again and are fast friends; but whoever heard of reconciliation
+with a traitor? There he stands unmasked; he has forfeited our
+confidence for evermore. But to show you that these are no new tactics
+of his, to prove to you that he is a traitor in grain, I will recall
+to your memories some points in his past history.
+
+"He began by being held in high honour by the democracy; but taking a
+leaf out of his father's, Hagnon's, book, he next showed a most
+headlong anxiety to transform the democracy into the Four Hundred,
+and, in fact, for a time held the first place in that body. But
+presently, detecting the formation of rival power to the oligarchs,
+round he shifted; and we find him next a ringleader of the popular
+party in assailing them. It must be admitted, he has well earned his
+nickname 'Buskin.'[9] Yes, Theramenes! clever you may be, but the man
+who deserves to live should not show his cleverness in leading on his
+associates into trouble, and when some obstacle presents itself, at
+once veer round; but like a pilot on shipboard, he ought then to
+redouble his efforts, until the wind is fair. Else, how in the name of
+wonderment are those mariners to reach the haven where they would be,
+if at the first contrary wind or tide they turn about and sail in the
+opposite direction? Death and destruction are concomitants of
+constitutional changes and revolution, no doubt; but you are such an
+impersonation of change, that, as you twist and turn and double, you
+deal destruction on all sides. At one swoop you are the ruin of a
+thousand oligarchs at the hands of the people, and at another of a
+thousand democrats at the hands of the better classes. Why, sirs, this
+is the man to whom the orders were given by the generals, in the sea-
+fight off Lesbos, to pick up the crews of the disabled vessels; and
+who, neglecting to obey orders, turned round and accused the generals;
+and to save himself murdered them! What, I ask you, of a man who so
+openly studied the art of self-seeking, deaf alike to the pleas of
+honour and to the claims of friendship? Would not leniency towards
+such a creature be misplaced? Can it be our duty at all to spare him?
+Ought we not rather, when we know the doublings of his nature, to
+guard against them, lest we enable him presently to practise on
+ourselves? The case is clear. We therefore hereby cite this man before
+you, as a conspirator and traitor against yourselves and us. The
+reasonableness of our conduct, one further reflection may make clear.
+No one, I take it, will dispute the splendour, the perfection of the
+Laconian constitution. Imagine one of the ephors there in Sparta, in
+lieu of devoted obedience to the majority, taking on himself to find
+fault with the government and to oppose all measures. Do you not think
+that the ephors themselves, and the whole commonwealth besides, would
+hold this renegade worthy of condign punishment? So, too, by the same
+token, if you are wise, do you spare yourselves, not him. For what
+does the alternative mean? I will tell you. His preservation will
+cause the courage of many who hold opposite views to your own to rise;
+his destruction will cut off the last hopes of all your enemies,
+whether within or without the city."
+
+[9] An annotator seems to have added here the words, occurring in the
+    MSS., "the buskin which seems to fit both legs equally, but is
+    constant to neither," unless, indeed, they are an original
+    "marginal note" of the author. For the character of Theramenes, as
+    popularly conceived, cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 538, 968 foll., and
+    Thuc. viii. 92; and Prof. Jowett, "Thuc." vol. ii. pp. 523, 524.
+
+With these words he sat down, but Theramenes rose and said: "Sirs,
+with your permission I will first touch upon the charge against me
+which Critias has mentioned last. The assertion is that as the accuser
+of the generals I was their murderer. Now I presume it was not I who
+began the attack upon them, but it was they who asserted that in spite
+of the orders given me I had neglected to pick up the unfortunates in
+the sea-fight off Lesbos. All I did was to defend myself. My defence
+was that the storm was too violent to permit any vessel to ride at
+sea, much more therefore to pick up the men, and this defence was
+accepted by my fellow-citizens as highly reasonable, while the
+generals seemed to be condemned out of their own mouths. For while
+they kept on asserting that it was possible to save the men, the fact
+still remained that they abandoned them to their fate, set sail, and
+were gone.
+
+"However, I am not surprised, I confess, at this grave
+misconception[10] on the part of Critias, for at the date of these
+occurrences he was not in Athens. He was away in Thessaly, laying the
+foundations of a democracy with Prometheus, and arming the
+Penestae[11] against their masters. Heaven forbid that any of his
+transactions there should be re-enacted here. However, I must say, I
+do heartily concur with him on one point. Whoever desires to exclude
+you from the government, or to strength the hands of your secret foes,
+deserves and ought to meet with condign punishment; but who is most
+capable of so doing? That you will best discover, I think, by looking
+a little more closely into the past and the present conduct of each of
+us. Well, then! up to the moment at which you were formed into a
+senatorial body, when the magistracies were appointed, and certain
+notorius 'informers' were brought to trial, we all held the same
+views. But later on, when our friends yonder began to hale respectable
+honest folk to prison and to death, I, on my side, began to differ
+from them. From the moment when Leon of Salamis,[12] a man of high and
+well-deserved reputation, was put to death, though he had not
+committed the shadow of a crime, I knew that all his equals must
+tremble for themselves, and, so trembling, be driven into opposition
+to the new constitution. In the same way, when Niceratus,[13] the son
+of Nicias, was arrested; a wealthy man, who, no more than his father,
+had never done anything that could be called popular or democratic in
+his life; it did not require much insight to discover that his
+compeers would be converted into our foes. But to go a step further:
+when it came to Antiphon[14] falling at our hands--Antiphon, who
+during the war contributed two fast-sailing men-of-war out of his own
+resources, it was then plain to me, that all who had ever been zealous
+and patriotic must eye us with suspicion. Once more I could not help
+speaking out in opposition to my colleagues when they suggested that
+each of us ought to seize some one resident alien.[15] For what could
+be more certain than that their death-warrant would turn the whole
+resident foreign population into enemies of the constitution. I spoke
+out again when they insisted on depriving the populace of their arms;
+it being no part of my creed that we ought to take the strength out of
+the city; nor, indeed, so far as I could see, had the Lacedaemonians
+stept between us and destruction merely that we might become a handful
+of people, powerless to aid them in the day of need. Had that been
+their object, they might have swept us away to the last man. A few
+more weeks, or even days, would have sufficed to extinguish us quietly
+by famine. Nor, again, can I say that the importation of mercenary
+foreign guards was altogether to my taste, when it would have been so
+easy for us to add to our own body a sufficient number of fellow-
+citizens to ensure our supremacy as governors over those we essayed to
+govern. But when I saw what an army of malcontents this government had
+raised up within the city walls, besides another daily increasing host
+of exiles without, I could not but regard the banishment of people
+like Thrasybulus and Anytus and Alcibiades[16] as impolitic. Had our
+object been to strengthen the rival power, we could hardly have set
+about it better than by providing the populace with the competent
+leaders whom they needed, and the would-be leaders themselves with an
+army of willing adherents.
+
+[10] Reading with Cobet {paranenomikenai}.
+
+[11] I.e. serfs--Penestae being the local name in Thessaly for the
+    villein class. Like the {Eilotes} in Laconia, they were originally
+    a conquered tribe, afterwards increased by prisoners of war, and
+    formed a link between the freemen and born slaves.
+
+[12] Cf. "Mem." IV. iv. 3; Plat. "Apol." 8. 32.
+
+[13] Cf. Lysias, "Or." 18. 6.
+
+[14] Probably the son of Lysidonides. See Thirlwall, "Hist. of
+    Greece," vol. iv. p. 179 (ed. 1847); also Lysias, "Or." 12. contra
+    Eratosth. According to Lysias, Theramenes, when a member of the
+    first Oligarchy, betrayed his own closest friends, Antiphon and
+    Archeptolemus. See Prof. Jebb, "Attic Orators," I. x. p. 266.
+
+[15] The resident aliens, or {metoikoi}, "metics," so technically
+    called.
+
+[16] Isocr. "De Bigis," 355; and Prof. Jebb's "Attic Orators," ii.
+    230. In the defence of his father's career, which the younger
+    Alcibiades, the defendant in this case (B.C. 397 probably) has
+    occasion to make, he reminds the court, that under the Thirty,
+    others were banished from Athens, but his father was driven out of
+    the civilised world of Hellas itself, and finally murdered. See
+    Plutarch, "Alcibiades," ad fin.
+
+"I ask then is the man who tenders such advice in the full light of
+day justly to be regarded as a traitor, and not as a benefactor?
+Surely Critias, the peacemaker, the man who hinders the creation of
+many enemies, whose counsels tend to the acquistion of yet more
+friends,[17] cannot be accused of strengthening the hands of the
+enemy. Much more truly may the imputation be retorted on those who
+wrongfully appropriate their neighbours' goods and put to death those
+who have done no wrong. These are they who cause our adversaries to
+grow and multiply, and who in very truth are traitors, not to their
+friends only, but to themselves, spurred on by sordid love of gain.
+
+[17] Or, "the peacemaker, the healer of differences, the cementer of
+    new alliances, cannot," etc.
+
+"I might prove the truth of what I say in many ways, but I beg you to
+look at the matter thus. With which condition of affairs here in
+Athens do you think will Thrasybulus and Anytus and the other exiles
+be the better pleased? That which I have pictured as desirable, or
+that which my colleagues yonder are producing? For my part I cannot
+doubt but that, as things now are, they are saying to themselves, 'Our
+allies muster thick and fast.' But were the real strength, the pith
+and fibre of this city, kindly disposed to us, they would find it an
+uphill task even to get a foothold anywhere in the country.
+
+"Then, with regard to what he said of me and my propensity to be for
+ever changing sides, let me draw your attention to the following
+facts. Was it not the people itself, the democracy, who voted the
+constitution of the Four Hundred? This they did, because they had
+learned to think that the Lacedaemonians would trust any other form of
+government rather than a democracy. But when the efforts of Lacedaemon
+were not a whit relaxed, when Aristoteles, Melanthius, and
+Aristarchus,[18] and the rest of them acting as generals, were plainly
+minded to construct an intrenched fortress on the mole for the purpose
+of admitting the enemy, and so getting the city under the power of
+themselves and their associates;[19] because I got wind of these
+schemes, and nipped them in the bud, is that to be a traitor to one's
+friends?
+
+[18] Cf. Thuc. viii. 90-92, for the behaviour of the Lacedaemonian
+    party at Athens and the fortification of Eetioneia in B.C. 411.
+
+[19] I.e. of the political clubs.
+
+"Then he threw in my teeth the nickname 'Buskin,' as descriptive of an
+endeavour on my part to fit both parties. But what of the man who
+pleases neither? What in heaven's name are we to call him? Yes! you--
+Critias? Under the democracy you were looked upon as the most arrant
+hater of the people, and under the aristocracy you have proved
+yourself the bitterest foe of everything respectable. Yes! Critias, I
+am, and ever have been, a foe of those who think that a democracy
+cannot reach perfection until slaves and those who, from poverty,
+would sell the city for a drachma, can get their drachma a day.[20]
+But not less am I, and ever have been, a pronounced opponent of those
+who do not think there can possibly exist a perfect oligarchy until
+the State is subjected to the despotism of a few. On the contrary, my
+own ambition has been to combine with those who are rich enough to
+possess a horse and shield, and to use them for the benefit of the
+State.[21] That was my ideal in the old days, and I hold to it without
+a shadow of turning still. If you can imagine when and where, in
+conjunction with despots or demagogues, I have set to my hand to
+deprive honest gentlefolk of their citizenship, pray speak. If you can
+convict me of such crimes at present, or can prove my perpetration of
+them in the past, I admit that I deserve to die, and by the worst of
+deaths."
+
+[20] I.e. may enjoy the senatorial stipend of a drachma a day = 9 3/4
+    pence.
+
+[21] See Thuc. viii. 97, for a momentary realisation of that "duly
+    attempered compound of Oligarchy and Democracy" which Thucydides
+    praises, and which Theramenes here refers to. It threw the power
+    into the hands of the wealthier upper classes to the exclusion of
+    the {nautikos okhlos}. See Prof. Jowett, vol. ii. note, ad loc.
+    cit.
+
+With these words he ceased, and the loud murmur of the applause which
+followed marked the favourable impression produced upon the senate. It
+was plain to Critias, that if he allowed his adversary's fate to be
+decided by formal voting, Theramenes would escape, and life to himself
+would become intolerable. Accordingly he stepped forward and spoke a
+word or two in the ears of the Thirty. This done, he went out and gave
+an order to the attendants with the daggers to stand close to the bar
+in full view of the senators. Again he entered and addressed the
+senate thus: "I hold it to be the duty of a good president, when he
+sees the friends about him being made the dupes of some delusion, to
+intervene. That at any rate is what I propose to do. Indeed our
+friends here standing by the bar say that if we propose to acquit a
+man so openly bent upon the ruin of the oligarchy, they do not mean to
+let us do so. Now there is a clause in the new code forbidding any of
+the Three Thousand to be put to death without your vote; but the
+Thirty have power of life and death over all outside that list.
+Accordingly," he proceeded, "I herewith strike this man, Theramenes,
+off the list; and this with the concurrence of my colleagues. And
+now," he continued, "we condemn him to death."
+
+Hearing these words Theramenes sprang upon the altar of Hestia,
+exclaiming: "And I, sirs, supplicate you for the barest forms of law
+and justice. Let it not be in the power of Critias to strike off
+either me, or any one of you whom he will. But in my case, in what may
+be your case, if we are tried, let our trial be in accordance with the
+law they have made concerning those on the list. I know," he added,
+"but too well, that this altar will not protect me; but I will make it
+plain that these men are as impious towards the gods as they are
+nefarious towards men. Yet I do marvel, good sirs and honest
+gentlemen, for so you are, that you will not help yourselves, and that
+too when you must see that the name of every one of you is as easily
+erased as mine."
+
+But when he had got so far, the voice of the herald was heard giving
+the order to the Eleven to seize Theramenes. They at that instant
+entered with their satellites--at their head Satyrus, the boldest and
+most shameless of the body--and Critias exclaimed, addressing the
+Eleven, "We deliver over to you Theramenes yonder, who has been
+condemned according to the law. Do you take him and lead him away to
+the proper place, and do there with him what remains to do." As
+Critias uttered the words, Satyrus laid hold upon Theramenes to drag
+him from the altar, and the attendants lent their aid. But he, as was
+natural, called upon gods and men to witness what was happening. The
+senators the while kept silence, seeing the companions of Satyrus at
+the bar, and the whole front of the senate house crowded with the
+foreign guards, nor did they need to be told that there were daggers
+in reserve among those present.
+
+And so Theramenes was dragged through the Agora, in vehement and loud
+tones proclaiming the wrongs that he was suffering. One word, which is
+said to have fallen from his lips, I cite. It is this: Satyrus, bade
+him "Be silent, or he would rue the day;" to which he made answer,
+"And if I be silent, shall I not rue it?" Also, when they brought him
+the hemlock, and the time was come to drink the fatal draught, they
+tell how he playfully jerked out the dregs from the bottom of the cup,
+like one who plays "Cottabos,"[22] with the words, "This to the lovely
+Critias." These are but "apophthegms"[23] too trivial, it may be
+thought, to find a place in history. Yet I must deem it an admirable
+trait in this man's character, if at such a moment, when death
+confronted him, neither his wits forsook him, nor could the childlike
+sportiveness vanish from his soul.
+
+[22] "A Sicilian game much in vogue at the drinking parties of young
+    men at Athens. The simplest mode was when each threw the wine left
+    in his cup so as to strike smartly in a metal basin, at the same
+    time invoking his mistress's name; if all fell into the basin and
+    the sound was clear, it was a sign he stood well with her."--
+    Liddell and Scott, sub. v. For the origin of the game compare
+    curiously enough the first line of the first Elegy of Critias
+    himself, who was a poet and political philosopher, as well as a
+    politician:--
+
+"{Kottabos ek Sikeles esti khthonos, euprepes ergon
+on skopon es latagon toxa kathistametha.}"
+Bergk. "Poetae Lyr. Graec."
+Pars II. xxx.
+
+
+[23] Or, "these are sayings too slight, perhaps, to deserve record;
+    yet," etc. By an "apophthegm" was meant originally a terse
+    (sententious) remark, but the word has somewhat altered in
+    meaning.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+So Theramenes met his death; and, now that this obstacle was removed,
+the Thirty, feeling that they had it in their power to play the tyrant
+without fear, issued an order forbidding all, whose names were not on
+the list, to set foot within the city. Retirement in the country
+districts was no protection, thither the prosecutor followed them, and
+thence dragged them, that their farms and properties might fall to the
+possession of the Thirty and their friends. Even Piraeus was not safe;
+of those who sought refuge there, many were driven forth in similar
+fashion, until Megara and Thebes overflowed with the crowd of
+refugees.
+
+Presently Thrasybulus, with about seventy followers, sallied out from
+Thebes, and made himself master of the fortress of Phyle.[1] The
+weather was brilliant, and the Thirty marched out of the city to repel
+the invader; with them were the Three Thousand and the Knights. When
+they reached the place, some of the young men, in the foolhardiness of
+youth, made a dash at the fortress, but without effect; all they got
+was wounds, and so retired. The intention of the Thirty now was to
+blockade the place; by shutting off all the avenues of supplies, they
+thought to force the garrison to capitulate. But this project was
+interrupted by a steady downfall of snow that night and the following
+day. Baffled by this all-pervading enemy they beat a retreat to the
+city, but not without the sacrifice of many of their camp-followers,
+who fell a prey to the men in Phyle. The next anxiety of the
+government in Athens was to secure the farms and country houses
+against the plunderings and forays to which they would be exposed, if
+there were no armed force to protect them. With this object a
+protecting force was despatched to the "boundary estates,"[2] about
+two miles south of Phyle. This corps consisted of the Lacedaemonian
+guards, or nearly all of them, and two divisions of horse.[3] They
+encamped in a wild and broken district, and the round of their duties
+commenced.
+
+[1] "A strong fortress (the remains of which still exist) commanding
+    the narrow pass across Mount Parnes, through which runs the direct
+    road from Thebes to Athens, past Acharnae. The precipitous rock on
+    which it stands can only be approached by a ridge on the eastern
+    side. The height commands a magnificent view of the whole Athenian
+    plain, of the city itself, of Mount Hymettus, and the Saronic
+    Gulf,"--"Dict. of Geog., The demi of the Diacria and Mount
+    Parnes."
+
+[2] Cf. Boeckh, "P. E. A." p. 63, Eng. ed.
+
+[3] Lit. tribes, each of the ten tribes furnishing about one hundred
+    horse.
+
+But by this time the small garrison above them had increased tenfold,
+until there were now something like seven hundred men collected in
+Phyle; and with these Thrasybulus one night descended. When he was not
+quite half a mile from the enemy's encampment he grounded arms, and a
+deep silence was maintained until it drew towards day. In a little
+while the men opposite, one by one, were getting to their legs or
+leaving the camp for necessary purposes, while a suppressed din and
+murmur arose, caused by the grooms currying and combing their horses.
+This was the moment for Thrasybulus and his men to snatch up their
+arms and make a dash at the enemy's position. Some they felled on the
+spot; and routing the whole body, pursued them six or seven furlongs,
+killing one hundred and twenty hoplites and more. Of the cavalry,
+Nicostratus, "the beautiful," as men called him, and two others
+besides were slain; they were caught while still in their beds.
+Returning from the pursuit, the victors set up a trophy, got together
+all the arms they had taken, besides baggage, and retired again to
+Phyle. A reinforcement of horse sent from the city could not discover
+the vestige of a foe; but waited on the scene of battle until the
+bodies of the slain had been picked up by their relatives, when they
+withdrew again to the city.
+
+After this the Thirty, who had begun to realise the insecurity of
+their position, were anxious to appropriate Eleusis, so that an asylum
+might be ready for them against the day of need. With this view an
+order was issued to the Knights; and Critias, with the rest of the
+Thirty, visited Eleusis. There they held a review of the Eleusians in
+the presence of the Knights;[4] and, on the pretext of wishing to
+discover how many they were, and how large a garrison they would
+further require, they ordered the townsfolk to enter their names. As
+each man did so he had to retire by a postern leading to the sea. But
+on the sea-beach this side there were lines of cavalry drawn up in
+waiting, and as each man appeared he was handcuffed by the satellites
+of the Thirty. When all had so been seized and secured, they gave
+orders to Lysimachus, the commander of the cavalry, to take them off
+to the city and deliver them over to the Eleven. Next day they
+summoned the heavy armed who were on the list, and the rest of the
+Knights[5] to the Odeum, and Critias rose and addressed them. He said:
+"Sirs, the constitution, the lines of which we are laying down, is a
+work undertaken in your interests no less than ours; it is incumbent
+on you therefore to participate in its dangers, even as you will
+partake of its honours. We expect you therefore, in reference to these
+Eleusians here, who have been seized and secured, to vote their
+condemnation, so that our hopes and fears may be identical." Then,
+pointing to a particular spot, he said peremptorily, "You will please
+deposit your votes there within sight of all." It must be understood
+that the Laconian guards were present at the time, and armed to the
+teeth, and filling one-half of the Odeum. As to the proceedings
+themselves, they found acceptance with those members of the State,
+besides the Thirty, who could be satisfied with a simple policy of
+self-aggrandisement.
+
+[4] Or, "in the cavalry quarters," cf. {en tois ikhthusin} = in the
+    fish market. Or, "at the review of the horse."
+
+[5] For the various Odeums at Athens vide Prof. Jebb, "Theophr."
+    xviii. 235, 236. The one here named was near the fountain
+    Callirhoe by the Ilissus.
+
+But now Thrasybulus at the head of his followers, by this time about
+one thousand strong, descended from Phyle and reached Piraeus in the
+night. The Thirty, on their side, informed of this new move, were not
+slow to rally to the rescue, with the Laconian guards, supported by
+their own cavalry and hoplites. And so they advanced, marching down
+along the broad carriage road which leads into Piraeus. The men from
+Phyle seemed at first inclined to dispute their passage, but as the
+wide circuit of the walls needed a defence beyond the reach of their
+still scanty numbers, they fell back in a compact body upon
+Munychia.[6] Then the troops from the city poured into the Agora of
+Hippodmus.[7] Here they formed in line, stretching along and filling
+the street which leads to the temple of Artemis and the Bendideum.[8]
+This line must have been at least fifty shields deep; and in this
+formation they at once began to march up. As to the men of Phyle, they
+too blocked the street at the opposite end, and facing the foe. They
+presented only a thin line, not more than ten deep, though behind
+these, certainly, were ranged a body of targeteers and light-armed
+javelin men, who were again supported by an artillery of stone-
+throwers--a tolerably numerous division drawn from the population of
+the port and district itself. While his antagonists were still
+advancing, Thrasybulus gave the order to ground their heavy shields,
+and having done so himself, whilst retaining the rest of his arms, he
+stood in the midst, and thus addressed them: "Men and fellow-citizens,
+I wish to inform some, and to remind others of you, that of the men
+you see advancing beneath us there, the right division are the very
+men we routed and pursued only five days ago; while on the extreme
+left there you see the Thirty. These are the men who have not spared
+to rob us of our city, though we did no wrong; who have hounded us
+from our homes; who have set the seal of proscription on our dearest
+friends. But to-day the wheel of fortune has revolved; that has come
+about which least of all they looked for, which most of all we prayed
+for. Here we stand with our good swords in our hands, face to face
+with our foes; and the gods themselves are with us, seeing that we
+were arrested in the midst of our peaceful pursuits; at any moment,
+whilst we supped, or slept, or marketed, sentence of banishment was
+passed upon us: we had done no wrong--nay, many of us were not even
+resident in the country. To-day, therefore, I repeat, the gods do
+visibly fight upon our side; the great gods, who raise a tempest even
+in the midst of calm for our benefit, and when we lay to our hand to
+fight, enable our little company to set up the trophy of victory over
+the multitude of our foes. On this day they have brought us hither to
+a place where the steep ascent must needs hinder our foes from
+reaching with lance or arrow further than our foremost ranks; but we
+with our volley of spears and arrows and stones cannot fail to reach
+them with terrible effect. Had we been forced to meet them vanguard to
+vanguard, on an equal footing, who could have been surprised? But as
+it is, all I say to you is, let fly your missiles with a will in right
+brave style. No one can miss his mark when the road is full of them.
+To avoid our darts they must be for ever ducking and skulking beneath
+their shields; but we will rain blows upon them in their blindness; we
+will leap upon them and lay them low. But, O sirs! let me call upon
+you so to bear yourselves that each shall be conscious to himself that
+victory was won by him and him alone. Victory--which, God willing,
+shall this day restore to us the land of our fathers, our homes, our
+freedom, and the rewards of civic life, our children, if children we
+have, our darlings, and our wives! Thrice happy those among us who as
+conquerors shall look upon this gladdest of all days. Nor less
+fortunate the man who falls to-day. Not all the wealth in the world
+shall purchase him a monument so glorious. At the right instant I will
+strike the keynote of the paean; then, with an invocation to the God
+of battle,[9] and in return for the wanton insults they put upon us,
+let us with one accord wreak vengeance on yonder men."
+
+[6] The citadel quarter of Piraeus.
+
+[7] Named after the famous architect Hippodamus, who built the town.
+    It was situated near where the two long walls joined the wall of
+    Piraeus; a broad street led from it up to the citadel of Munychia.
+
+[8] I.e. the temple of Bendis (the Thracian Artemis). Cf. Plat. "Rep."
+    327, 354; and Prof. Jowett, "Plato," vol. iii. pp. 193, 226.
+
+[9] Lit. "Enyalius," in Homer an epithet of Ares; at another date (cf.
+    Aristoph. "Peace," 456) looked upon as a distinct divinity.
+
+Having so spoken, he turned round, facing the foemen, and kept quiet,
+for the order passed by the soothsayer enjoined on them, not to charge
+before one of their side was slain or wounded. "As soon as that
+happens," said the seer, "we will lead you onwards, and the victory
+shall be yours; but for myself, if I err not, death is waiting." And
+herein he spoke truly, for they had barely resumed their arms when he
+himself as though he were driven by some fatal hand, leapt out in
+front of the ranks, and so springing into the midst of the foe, was
+slain, and lies now buried at the passage of the Cephisus. But the
+rest were victorious, and pursued the routed enemy down to the level
+ground. There fell in this engagement, out of the number of the
+Thirty, Critias himself and Hippomachus, and with them Charmides,[10]
+the son of Glaucon, one of the ten archons in Piraeus, and of the rest
+about seventy men. The arms of the slain were taken; but, as fellow-
+citizens, the conquerors forebore to despoil them of their coats. This
+being done, they proceeded to give back the dead under cover of a
+truce, when the men, on either side, in numbers stept forward and
+conversed with one another. Then Cleocritus (he was the Herald of the
+Initiated,[11] a truly "sweet-voiced herald," if ever there was),
+caused a deep silence to reign, and addressed their late combatants as
+follows: "Fellow-citizens--Why do you drive us forth? why would you
+slay us? what evil have we wrought you at any time? or is it a crime
+that we have shared with you in the most solemn rites and sacrifices,
+and in festivals of the fairest: we have been companions in the
+chorus, the school, the army. We have braved a thousand dangers with
+you by land and sea in behalf of our common safety, our common
+liberty. By the gods of our fathers, by the gods of our mothers, by
+the hallowed names of kinship, intermarriage, comradeship, those three
+bonds which knit the hearts of so many of us, bow in reverence before
+God and man, and cease to sin against the land of our fathers: cease
+to obey these most unhallowed Thirty, who for the sake of private gain
+have in eight months slain almost more men than the Peloponnesians
+together in ten years of warfare. See, we have it in our power to live
+as citizens in peace; it is only these men, who lay upon us this most
+foul burthen, this hideous horror of fratricidal war, loathed of God
+and man. Ah! be well assured, for these men slain by our hands this
+day, ye are not the sole mourners. There are among them some whose
+deaths have wrung from us also many a bitter tear."
+
+[10] He was cousin to Critias, and uncle by the mother's side to
+    Plato, who introduces him in the dialogue, which bears his name
+    (and treats of Temperance), as a very young man at the beginning
+    of the Peloponnesian War. We hear more of him also from Xenophon
+    himself in the "Memorabilia," iii. 6. 7; and as one of the
+    interlocutors in the "Symposium."
+
+[11] I.e. of the Eleusinian mysteries. He had not only a loud voice,
+    but a big body. Cf. Aristoph. "Frogs," 1237.
+
+So he spoke, but the officers and leaders of the defeated army who
+were left, unwilling that their troops should listen to such topics at
+that moment, led them back to the city. But the next day the Thirty,
+in deep down-heartedness and desolation, sat in the council chamber.
+The Three Thousand, wherever their several divisions were posted, were
+everywhere a prey to discord. Those who were implicated in deeds of
+violence, and whose fears could not sleep, protested hotly that to
+yield to the party in Piraeus were preposterous. Those on the other
+hand who had faith in their own innocence, argued in their own minds,
+and tried to convince their neighbours that they could well dispense
+with most of their present evils. "Why yield obedience to these
+Thirty?" they asked, "Why assign to them the privilege of destroying
+the State?" In the end they voted a resolution to depose the
+government, and to elect another. This was a board of ten, elected one
+from each tribe.
+
+B.C. 403. As to the Thirty, they retired to Eleusis; but the Ten,
+assisted by the cavalry officers, had enough to do to keep watch over
+the men in the city, whose anarchy and mutual distrust were rampant.
+The Knights did not return to quarters at night, but slept out in the
+Odeum, keeping their horses and shields close beside them; indeed the
+distrust was so great that from evening onwards they patrolled the
+walls on foot with their shields, and at break of day mounted their
+horses, at every moment fearing some sudden attack upon them by the
+men in Piraeus. These latter were now so numerous, and of so mixed a
+company, that it was difficult to find arms for all. Some had to be
+content with shields of wood, others of wicker-work, which they spent
+their time in coating with whitening. Before ten days had elapsed
+guarantees were given, securing full citizenship, with equality of
+taxation and tribute to all, even foreigners, who would take part in
+the fighting. Thus they were presently able to take the field, with
+large detachments both of heavy infantry and light-armed troops,
+besides a division of cavalry, about seventy in number. Their system
+was to push forward foraging parties in quest of wood and fruits,
+returning at nightfall to Piraeus. Of the city party no one ventured
+to take the field under arms; only, from time to time, the cavalry
+would capture stray pillagers from Piraeus or inflict some damage on
+the main body of their opponents. Once they fell in with a party
+belonging to the deme Aexone,[12] marching to their own farms in
+search of provisions. These, in spite of many prayers for mercy and
+the strong disapprobation of many of the knights, were ruthlessly
+slaughtered by Lysimachus, the general of cavalry. The men of Piraeus
+retaliated by putting to death a horseman, named Callistratus, of the
+tribe Leontis, whom they captured in the country. Indeed their courage
+ran so high at present that they even meditated an assault upon the
+city walls. And here perhaps the reader will pardon the record of a
+somewhat ingenious device on the part of the city engineer, who, aware
+of the enemy's intention to advance his batteries along the
+racecourse, which slopes from the Lyceum, had all the carts and
+waggons which were to be found laden with blocks of stone, each one a
+cartload in itself, and so sent them to deposit their freights
+"pele-mele" on the course in question. The annoyance created by these
+separate blocks of stone was enormous, and quite out of proportion to
+the simplicity of the contrivance.
+
+[12] On the coast south of Phalerum, celebrated for its fisheries. Cf.
+    "Athen." vii. 325.
+
+But it was to Lacedaemon that men's eyes now turned. The Thirty
+despatched one set of ambassadors from Eleusis, while another set
+representing the government of the city, that is to say the men on the
+list, was despatched to summon the Lacedaemonians to their aid, on the
+plea that the people had revolted from Sparta. At Sparta, Lysander,
+taking into account the possibility of speedily reducing the party in
+Piraeus by blockading them by land and sea, and so cutting them off
+from all supplies, supported the application, and negotiated the loan
+of one hundred talents[13] to his clients, backed by the appointment
+of himself as harmost on land, and of his brother, Libys, as admiral
+of the fleet. And so proceeding to the scene of action at Eleusis, he
+got together a large body of Peloponnesian hoplites, whilst his
+brother, the admiral, kept watch and ward by sea to prevent the
+importation of supplies into Piraeus by water. Thus the men in Piraeus
+were soon again reduced to their former helplessness, while the ardour
+of the city folk rose to a proportionally high pitch under the
+auspices of Lysander.
+
+[13] 24,375 pounds, reckoning one tal. = 243 pounds 15 shillings.
+
+Things were progressing after this sort when King Pausanias
+intervened. Touched by a certain envy of Lysander--(who seemed, by a
+final stroke of achievement, about to reach the pinnacle of
+popularity, with Athens laid like a pocket dependency at his feet)--
+the king persuaded three of the ephors to support him, and forthwith
+called out the ban. With him marched contingents of all the allied
+States, except the Boeotians and Corinthians. These maintained, that
+to undertake such an expedition against the Athenians, in whose
+conduct they saw nothing contrary to the treaty, was inconsistent with
+their oaths. But if that was the language held by them, the secret of
+their behaviour lay deeper; they seemed to be aware of a desire on the
+part of the Lacedaemonians to annex the soil of the Athenians and to
+reduce the state to vassalage. Pausanias encamped on the
+Halipedon,[14] as the sandy flat is called, with his right wing
+resting on Piraeus, and Lysander and his mercenaries forming the left.
+His first act was to send an embassage to the party in Piraeus,
+calling upon them to retire peacably to their homes; when they refused
+to obey, he made, as far as mere noise went, the semblance of an
+attack, with sufficient show of fight to prevent his kindly
+disposition being too apparent. But gaining nothing by the feint, he
+was forced to retire. Next day he took two Laconian regiments, with
+three tribes of Athenian horse, and crossed over to the Mute[15]
+Harbour, examining the lie of the ground to discover how and where it
+would be easiest to draw lines of circumvallation round Piraeus. As he
+turned his back to retire, a party of the enemy sallied out and caused
+him annoyance. Nettled at the liberty, he ordered the cavalry to
+charge at the gallop, supported by the ten-year-service[16] infantry,
+whilst he himself, with the rest of the troops, followed close,
+holding quietly back in reserve. They cut down about thirty of the
+enemy's light troops and pursued the rest hotly to the theatre in
+Piraeus. Here, as chance would have it, the whole light and heavy
+infantry of the Piraeus men were getting under arms; and in an instant
+their light troops rushed out and dashed at the assailants; thick and
+fast flew missiles of all sorts--javelins, arrows and sling stones.
+The Lacedaemonians finding the number of their wounded increasing
+every minute, and sorely called, slowly fell back step by step, eyeing
+their opponents. These meanwhile resolutely pressed on. Here fell
+Chaeron and Thibrachus, both polemarchs, here also Lacrates, an
+Olympic victor, and other Lacedaemonians, all of whom now lie entombed
+before the city gates in the Ceramicus.[17]
+
+[14] The Halipedon is the long stretch of flat sandy land between
+    Piraeus Phalerum and the city.
+
+[15] Perhaps the landlocked creek just round the promontory of
+    Eetioneia, as Leake conjectures, "Topog. of Athens," p. 389. See
+    also Prof. Jowett's note, "Thuc." v. 2; vol. ii. p. 286.
+
+[16] I.e. who had already seen ten years of service, i.e. over twenty-
+    eight, as the Spartan was eligible to serve at eighteen. Cf. Xen.
+    "Hell." III. iv. 23; VI. iv. 176.
+
+[17] The outer Ceramicus, "the most beautiful spot outside the walls."
+    Cf. Thuc. ii. 34; through it passes the street of the tombs on the
+    sacred road; and here was the place of burial for all persons
+    honoured with a public funeral. Cf. Arist. "Birds," 395.
+
+Watching how matters went, Thrasybulus began his advance with the
+whole of his heavy infantry to support his light troops and quickly
+fell into line eight deep, acting as a screen to the rest of his
+troops. Pausanias, on his side, had retired, sorely pressed, about
+half a mile towards a bit of rising ground, where he sent orders to
+the Lacedaemonians and the other allied troops to bring up
+reinforcements. Here, on this slope, he reformed his troops, giving
+his phalanx the full depth, and advanced against the Athenians, who
+did not hesitate to receive him at close quarters, but presently had
+to give way; one portion being forced into the mud and clay at
+Halae,[18] while the others wavered and broke their line; one hundred
+and fifty of them were left dead on the field, whereupon Pausanias set
+up a trophy and retired. Not even so, were his feelings embittered
+against his adversary. On the contrary he sent secretly and instructed
+the men of Piraeus, what sort of terms they should propose to himself
+and the ephors in attendance. To this advice they listened. He also
+fostered a division in the party within the city. A deputation, acting
+on his orders, sought an audience of him and the ephors. It had all
+the appearance of a mass meeting. In approaching the Spartan
+authorities, they had no desire or occasion, they stated, to look upon
+the men of Piraeus as enemies, they would prefer a general
+reconciliation and the friendship of both sides with Lacedaemon. The
+propositions were favourably received, and by no less a person than
+Nauclidas. He was present as ephor, in accordance with the custom
+which obliges two members of that board to serve on all military
+expeditions with the king, and with his colleague shared the political
+views represented by Pausanias, rather than those of Lysander and his
+party. Thus the authorities were quite ready to despatch to Lacedaemon
+the representatives of Piraeus, carrying their terms of truce with the
+Lacedaemonians, as also two private individuals belonging to the city
+party, whose names were Cephisophon and Meletus. This double
+deputation, however, had no sooner set out to Lacedaemon than the "de
+facto" government of the city followed suit, by sending a third set of
+representatives to state on their behalf: that they were prepared to
+deliver up themselves and the fortifications in their possession to
+the Lacedaemonians, to do with them what they liked. "Are the men of
+Piraeus," they asked, "prepared to surrender Piraeus and Munychia in
+the same way? If they are sincere in their profession of friendship to
+Lacedaemon, they ought to do so." The ephors and the members of
+assembly at Sparta[19] gave audience to these several parties, and
+sent out fifteen commissioners to Athens empowered, in conjunction
+with Pausanias, to discover the best settlement possible. The
+terms[20] arrived at were that a general peace between the rival
+parties should be established, liberty to return to their own homes
+being granted to all, with the exception of the Thirty, the Eleven,
+and the Ten who had been governors in Piraeus; but a proviso was
+added, enabling any of the city party who feared to remain at Athens
+to find a home in Eleusis.
+
+[18] Halae, the salt marshy ground immediately behind the great
+    harbour of Piraeus, but outside the fortification lines.
+
+[19] Cf. "Hell." VI. iii. 3, {oi ekkletoi}.
+
+[20] Cf. Prof. Jebb, "Orators," i. 262, note 2.
+
+And now that everything was happily concluded, Pausanias disbanded his
+army, and the men from Piraeus marched up under arms into the
+acropolis and offered sacrifice to Athena. When they were come down,
+the generals called a meeting of the Ecclesia,[21] and Thrasybulus
+made a speech in which, addressing the city party, he said: "Men of
+the city! I have one piece of advice I would tender to you; it is that
+you should learn to know yourselves, and towards the attainment of
+that self-knowledge I would have you make a careful computation of
+your good qualities and satisfy yourselves on the strength of which of
+these it is that you claim to rule over us. Is it that you are more
+just than ourselves? Yet the people, who are poorer--have never
+wronged you for the purposes of plunder; but you, whose wealth would
+outweight the whole of ours, have wrought many a shameful deed for the
+sake of gain. If, then, you have no monopoly of justice, can it be on
+the score of courage that you are warranted to hold your heads so
+high? If so, what fairer test of courage will you propose than the
+arbitrament of war--the war just ended? Or do you claim superiority of
+intelligence?--you, who with all your wealth of arms and walls, money
+and Peloponnesian allies, have been paralysed by men who had none of
+these things to aid them! Or is it on these Laconian friends of yours
+that you pride yourselves? What! when these same friends have dealt by
+you as men deal by vicious dogs. You know how that is. They put a
+heavy collar round the neck of the brutes and hand them over muzzled
+to their masters. So too have the Lacedaemonians handed you over to
+the people, this very people whom you have injured; and now they have
+turned their backs and are gone. But" (turning to the mass) "do not
+misconceive me. It is not for me, sirs, coldly to beg of you, in no
+respect to violate your solemn undertakings. I go further; I beg you,
+to crown your list of exploits by one final display of virtue. Show
+the world that you can be faithful to your oaths, and flawless in your
+conduct." By these and other kindred arguments he impressed upon them
+that there was no need for anarchy or disorder, seeing that there were
+the ancient laws ready for use. And so he broke up[22] the assembly.
+
+[21] I.e. the Public Assembly, see above; and reading with Sauppe
+    after Cobet {ekklesian epoiesan}, which words are supposed to have
+    dropt out of the MSS. Or, keeping to the MSS., translate "When the
+    generals were come down, Thrasybulus," etc. See next note.
+
+[22] The Greek words are {antestese ten ekklesian} (an odd phrase for
+    the more technical {eluse} or {dieluse ten ekklesian}). Or,
+    accepting the MSS. reading above (see last note), translate "he
+    set up (i.e. restored) the Assembly." So Mr. J. G. Philpotts, Mr.
+    Herbert Hailstone, and others.
+
+At this auspicious moment, then, they reappointed the several
+magistrates; the constitution began to work afresh, and civic life was
+recommenced. At a subsequent period, on receiving information that the
+party at Eleusis were collecting a body of mercenaries, they marched
+out with their whole force against them, and put to death their
+generals, who came out to parley. These removed, they introduced to
+the others their friends and connections, and so persuaded them to
+come to terms and be reconciled. The oath they bound themselves by
+consisted of a simple asseveration: "We will remember past offences no
+more;" and to this day[23] the two parties live amicably together as
+good citizens, and the democracy is steadfast to its oaths.
+
+[23] It would be interesting to know the date at which the author
+    penned these words. Was this portion of the "Hellenica" written
+    before the expedition of Cyrus? i.e. in the interval between the
+    formal restoration of the Democracy, September B.C. 403, and March
+    B.C. 401. The remaining books of the "Hellenica" were clearly
+    written after that expedition, since reference is made to it quite
+    early in Bk. III. i. 2. Practically, then, the first volume of
+    Xenophon's "History of Hellenic Affairs" ends here. This history
+    is resumed in Bk. III. i. 3. after the Cyreian expedition [of
+    which episode we have a detailed account in the "Anabasis" from
+    March B.C. 401 down to March B.C. 399, when the remnant of the Ten
+    Thousand was handed over to the Spartan general Thibron in Asia].
+    Some incidents belonging to B.C. 402 are referred to in the
+    opening paragraphs of "Hellenica," III. i. 1, 2, but only as an
+    introduction to the new matter; and with regard to the historian
+    himself, it is clear that "a change has come o'er the spirit of
+    his dream." This change of view is marked by a change of style in
+    writing. I have thought it legitimate, under the circumstances, to
+    follow the chronological order of events, and instead of
+    continuing the "Hellenica," at this point to insert the
+    "Anabasis." My next volume will contain the remaining books of the
+    "Hellenica" and the rest of Xenophon's "historical" writings.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK III
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 403-402. Thus the civil strife at Athens had an end. At a
+subsequent date Cyrus sent messengers to Lacedaemon, claiming requital
+in kind for the service which he had lately rendered in the war with
+Athens.[1] The demand seemed to the ephorate just and reasonable.
+Accordingly they ordered Samius,[2] who was admiral at the time, to
+put himself at the disposition of Cyrus for any service which he might
+require. Samius himself needed no persuasion to carry out the wishes
+of Cyrus. With his own fleet, accompanied by that of Cyrus, he sailed
+round to Cilicia, and so made it impossible for Syennesis, the ruler
+of that province, to oppose Cyrus by land in his advance against the
+king his brother.
+
+[1] Lit. "what Cyrus himself had been to the Lacedaemonians let the
+    Lacedaemonians in their turn be to Cyrus."
+
+[2] Samius (Diod. Sic. xiv. 19). But see "Anab." I. iv. 2, where
+    Pythagoras is named as admiral. Possibly the one officer succeeded
+    the other.
+
+B.C. 401. The particulars of the expedition are to be found in the
+pages of the Syracusan Themistogenes,[3] who describes the mustering
+of the armament, and the advance of Cyrus at the head of his troops;
+and then the battle, and death of Cyrus himself, and the consequent
+retreat of the Hellenes while effecting their escape to the sea.[4]
+
+[3] Lit. "as to how then Cyrus collected an army and with it went up
+    against his brother, and how the battle was fought and how he
+    died, and how in the sequal the Hellenes escaped to the sea (all
+    this), is written by (or 'for,' or 'in honour of') Themistogenes
+    the Syracusan." My impression is that Xenophon's "Anabasis," or a
+    portion of the work so named, was edited originally by
+    Themistogenes. See "Philol. Museum," vol. i. p. 489; L. Dindorf,
+    {Xen. Ell.}, Ox. MDCCCLIII., node ad loc. {Themistogenei}. Cf.
+    Diod. Sic. xiv. 19-31, 37, after Ephorus and Theopompus probably.
+
+[4] At Trapezus, March 10, B.C. 400.
+
+B.C. 400. It was in recognition of the service which he had rendered
+in this affair, that Tissaphernes was despatched to Lower Asia by the
+king his master. He came as satrap, not only of his own provinces, but
+of those which had belonged to Cyrus; and he at once demanded the
+absolute submission of the Ionic cities, without exception, to his
+authority. These communities, partly from a desire to maintain their
+freedom, and partly from fear of Tissaphernes himself, whom they had
+rejected in favour of Cyrus during the lifetime of that prince, were
+loth to admit the satrap within their gates. They thought it better to
+send an embassy to the Lacedaemonians, calling upon them as
+representatives and leaders[5] of the Hellenic world to look to the
+interests of their petitioners, who were Hellenes also, albeit they
+lived in Asia, and not to suffer their country to be ravaged and
+themselves enslaved.
+
+[5] {Prostatai}, "patrons and protectors."
+
+In answer to this appeal, the Lacedaemonians sent out Thibron[6] as
+governor, providing him with a body of troops, consisting of one
+thousand neodamodes[7] (i.e. enfranchised helots) and four thousand
+Peloponnesians. In addition to these, Thibron himself applied to the
+Athenians for a detachment of three hundred horse, for whose service-
+money he would hold himself responsible. The Athenians in answer sent
+him some of the knights who had served under the Thirty,[8] thinking
+that the people of Athens would be well rid of them if they went
+abroad and perished there.
+
+[6] "As harmost." See "Anab." ad fin.
+
+[7] See "Hell." I. iii. 15; Thuc. vii. 58.
+
+[8] See "Hell." II. iv. 2.
+
+B.C. 400-399. On their arrival in Asia, Thibron further collected
+contingents from the Hellenic cities on the continent; for at this
+time the word of a Lacedaemonian was law. He had only to command, and
+every city must needs obey.[9] But although he had this armament,
+Thibron, when he saw the cavalry, had no mind to descend into the
+plain. If he succeeded in protecting from pillage the particular
+district in which he chanced to be, he was quite content. It was only
+when the troops[10] who had taken part in the expedition of Cyrus had
+joined him on their safe return, that he assumed a bolder attitude. He
+was now ready to confront Tissaphernes, army against army, on the
+level ground, and won over a number of cities. Pergamum came in of her
+own accord. So did Teuthrania and Halisarna. These were under the
+government of Eurysthenes and Procles,[11] the descendants of
+Demaratus the Lacedaemonian, who in days of old had received this
+territory as a gift from the Persian monarch in return for his share
+in the campaign against Hellas. Gorgion and Gongylus, two brothers,
+also gave in their adhesion; they were lords, the one of Gambreum and
+Palae-Gambreum, the other of Myrina and Gryneum, four cities which,
+like those above named, had originally been gifts from the king to an
+earlier Gongylus--the sole Eretrian who "joined the Mede," and in
+consequence was banished. Other cities which were too weak to resist,
+Thibron took by force of arms. In the case of one he was not so
+successful. This was the Egyptian[12] Larisa, as it is called, which
+refused to capitulate, and was forthwith invested and subjected to a
+regular siege. When all other attempts to take it failed, he set about
+digging a tank or reservoir, and in connection with the tank an
+underground channel, by means of which he proposed to draw off the
+water supply of the inhabitants. In this he was baffled by frequent
+sallies of the besieged, and a continual discharge of timber and
+stones into the cutting. He retaliated by the construction of a wooden
+tortoise which he erected over the tank; but once more the tortoise
+was burnt to a cinder in a successful night attack on the part of the
+men of Larisa. These ineffectual efforts induced the ephors to send a
+despatch bidding Thibron give up Larisa and march upon Caria.
+
+[9] See "Anab." VI. vi. 12.
+
+[10] March B.C. 399. See the final sentence of the "Anabasis."
+
+[11] See "Anab." VII. viii. 8-16.
+
+[12] Seventy stades S.E. of Cyme in the Aeolid. See Strabo, xiii. 621.
+    For the origin of the name cf. "Cyrop." VII. i. 45.
+
+He had already reached Ephesus, and was on the point of marching into
+Caria, when Dercylidas arrived to take command of his army. The new
+general was a man whose genius for invention had won him the nickname
+of Sisyphus. Thus it was that Thibron returned home, where on his
+arrival he was fined and banished, the allies accusing him of allowing
+his troops to plunder their friends.
+
+Dercylidas was not slow to perceive and turn to account the jealousy
+which subsisted between Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus. Coming to terms
+with the former, he marched into the territory of the latter,
+preferring, as he said, to be at war with one of the pair at a time,
+rather than the two together. His hostility, indeed, to Pharnabazus
+was an old story, dating back to a period during the naval command[13]
+of Lysander, when he was himself governor in Abydos; where, thanks to
+Pharnabazus, he had got into trouble with his superior officer, and
+had been made to stand "with his shield on his arm"--a stigma on his
+honour which no true Lacedaemonian would forgive, since this is the
+punishment of insubordination.[14] For this reason, doubtless,
+Dercylidas had the greater satisfaction in marching against
+Pharnabazus. From the moment he assumed command there was a marked
+difference for the better between his methods and those of his
+predecessor. Thus he contrived to conduct his troops into that portion
+of the Aeolid which belonged to Pharnabazus, through the heart of
+friendly territory without injury to the allies.
+
+[13] Technically "navarchy," in B.C. 408-407. "Hell." I. v. 1.
+
+[14] See Plut. "Aristid." 23 (Clough, ii. p. 309).
+
+This district of Aeolis belonged to Pharnabazus,[15] but had been held
+as a satrapy under him by a Dardanian named Zenis whilst he was alive;
+but when Zenis fell sick and died, Pharnabazus made preparation to
+give the satrapy to another. Then Mania the wife of Zenis, herself
+also a Dardanian, fitted out an expedition, and taking with her gifts
+wherewith to make a present to Pharnabazus himself, and to gratify his
+concubines and those whose power was greatest with Pharnabazus, set
+forth on her journey. When she had obtained audience with him she
+spoke as follows: "O Pharnabazus, thou knowest that thy servant my
+husband was in all respects friendly to thee; moreover, he paid my
+lord the tributes which were thy due, so that thou didst praise and
+honour him. Now therefore, if I do thee service as faithfully as my
+husband, why needest thou to appoint another satrap?--nay but, if in
+any matter I please thee not, is it not in thy power to take from me
+the government on that day, and to give it to another?" When he had
+heard her words, Pharnabazus decided that the woman ought to be
+satrap. She, as soon as she was mistress of the territory, never
+ceased to render the tribute in due season, even as her husband before
+her had done. Moreover, whenever she came to the court of Pharnabazus
+she brought him gifts continually, and whenever Pharnabazus went down
+to visit her provinces she welcomed him with all fair and courteous
+entertainment beyond what his other viceroys were wont to do. The
+cities also which had been left to her by her husband, she guarded
+safely for him; while of those cities that owed her no allegiance, she
+acquired, on the seaboard, Larisa and Hamaxitus and Colonae--attacking
+their walls by aid of Hellenic mercenaries, whilst she herself sat in
+her carriage and watched the spectacle. Nor was she sparing of her
+gifts to those who won her admiration; and thus she furnished herself
+with a mercenary force of exceptional splendour. She also went with
+Pharnabazus on his campaigns, even when, on pretext of some injury
+done to the king's territory, Mysians or Pisidians were the object of
+attack. In requital, Pharnabazus paid her magnificent honour, and at
+times invited her to assist him with her counsel.[16]
+
+[15] I.e. as suzerain.
+
+[16] Grote, "H. G." ix. 292; cf. Herod. viii. 69.
+
+Now when Mania was more than forty years old, the husband of her own
+daughter, Meidias--flustered by the suggestions of certain people who
+said that it was monstrous a woman should rule and he remain a private
+person[17]--found his way into her presence, as the story goes, and
+strangled her. For Mania, albeit she carefully guarded herself against
+all ordinary comers, as behoved her in the exercise of her "tyranny,"
+trusted in Meidias, and, as a woman might her own son-in-law, was
+ready to greet him at all times with open arms. He also murdered her
+son, a youth of marvellous beauty, who was about seventeen years of
+age. He next seized upon the strong cities of Scepsis and Gergithes,
+in which lay for the most part the property and wealth of Mania. As
+for the other cities of the satrapy, they would not receive the
+usurper, their garrisons keeping them safely for Pharnabazus.
+Thereupon Meidias sent gifts to Pharnabazus, and claimed to hold the
+district even as Mania had held it; to whom the other answered, "Keep
+your gifts and guard them safely until that day when I shall come in
+person and take both you and them together"; adding, "What care I to
+live longer if I avenge not myself for the murder of Mania!"
+
+[17] Or, "his brains whimsied with insinuations."
+
+Just at the critical moment Dercylidas arrived, and in a single day
+received the adhesion of the three seaboard cities Larisa, Hamaxitus,
+and Colonae--which threw open their gates to him. Then he sent
+messengers to the cities of the Aeolid also, offering them freedom if
+they would receive him within their walls and become allies.
+Accordingly the men of Neandria and Ilium and Cocylium lent willing
+ears; for since the death of Mania their Hellenic garrisons had been
+treated but ill. But the commander of the garrison in Cebrene, a place
+of some strength, bethinking him that if he should succeed in guarding
+that city for Pharnabazus, he would receive honour at his hands,
+refused to admit Dercylidas. Whereupon the latter, in a rage, prepared
+to take the place by force; but when he came to sacrifice, on the
+first day the victims would not yield good omens; on the second, and
+again upon the third day, it was the same story. Thus for as many as
+four days he persevered in sacrificing, cherishing wrath the while--
+for he was in haste to become master of the whole Aeolid before
+Pharnabazus came to the succour of the district.
+
+Meanwhile a certain Sicyonian captain, Athenadas by name, said to
+himself: "Dercylidas does but trifle to waste his time here, whilst I
+with my own hand can draw off their water from the men of Cybrene";
+wherewith he ran forward with his division and essayed to choke up the
+spring which supplied the city. But the garrison sallied out and
+covered the Sicyonian himself with wounds, besides killing two of his
+men. Indeed, they plied their swords and missiles with such good
+effect that the whole company was forced to beat a retreat. Dercylidas
+was not a little annoyed, thinking that now the spirit of the
+besiegers would certainly die away; but whilst he was in this mood,
+behold! there arrived from the beleaguered fortress emissaries of the
+Hellenes, who stated that the action taken by the commandant was not
+to their taste; for themselves, they would far rather be joined in
+bonds of fellowship with Hellenes than with barbarians. While the
+matter was still under discussion there came a messenger also from the
+commandant, to say that whatever the former deputation had proposed
+he, on his side, was ready to endorse. Accordingly Dercylidas, who, it
+so happened, had at length obtained favourable omens on that day,
+marched his force without more ado up to the gates of the city, which
+were flung open by those within; and so he entered.[18] Here, then, he
+was content to appoint a garrison, and without further stay advanced
+upon Scepsis and Gergithes.
+
+[18] Grote ("H. G." ix. 294) says: "The reader will remark how
+    Xenophon shapes the narrative in such a manner as to inculcate the
+    pious duty in a general of obeying the warnings furnished by the
+    sacrifice--either for action or for inaction. . . . Such an
+    inference is never (I believe) to be found suggested in
+    Thucydides." See Brietenbach, "Xen. Hell." I et II, praef. in
+    alteram ed. p. xvii.
+
+And now Meidias, partly expecting the hostile advance of Pharnabazus,
+and partly mistrusting the citizens--for to such a pass things had
+come--sent to Dercylidas, proposing to meet him in conference provided
+he might take security of hostages. In answer to this suggestion the
+other sent him one man from each of the cities of the allies, and bade
+him take his pick of these, whichsoever and how many soever he chose,
+as hostages for his own security. Meidias selected ten, and so went
+out. In conversation with Dercylidas, he asked him on what terms he
+would accept his alliance. The other answered: "The terms are that you
+grant the citizens freedom and self-government." The words were
+scarcely out of his mouth before he began marching upon Scepsis.
+Whereupon Meidias, perceiving it was vain to hinder him in the teeth
+of the citizens, suffered him to enter. That done, Dercylidas offered
+sacrifice to Athena in the citadel of the Scepsians, turned out the
+bodyguards of Meidias, and handed over the city to the citizens. And
+so, having admonished them to regulate their civic life as Hellenes
+and free men ought, he left the place and continued his advance
+against Gergithes. On this last march he was escorted by many of the
+Scepsians themselves; such was the honour they paid him and so great
+their satisfaction at his exploits. Meidias also followed close at his
+side, petitioning that he would hand over the city of Gergithians to
+himself. To whom Dercylidas only made reply, that he should not fail
+to obtain any of his just rights. And whilst the words were yet upon
+his lips, he was drawing close to the gates, with Meidias at his side.
+Behind him followed the troops, marching two and two in peaceful
+fashion. The defenders of Gergithes from their towers--which were
+extraordinarily high--espied Meidias in company of the Spartan, and
+abstained from shooting. And Dercylidas said: "Bid them open the
+gates, Meidias, when you shall lead the way, and I will enter the
+temple along with you and do sacrifice to Athena." And Meidias, though
+he shrank from opening the gates, yet in terror of finding himself on
+a sudden seized, reluctantly gave the order to open the gates. As soon
+as he was entered in, the Spartan, still taking Meidias with him,
+marched up to the citadel and there ordered the main body of his
+soliders to take up their position round the walls, whilst he with
+those about him did sacrifice to Athena. When the sacrifice was ended
+he ordered Meidias's bodyguard to pile arms[19] in the van of his
+troops. Here for the future they would serve as mercenaries, since
+Meidias their former master stood no longer in need of their
+protection. The latter, being at his wits' end what to do, exclaimed:
+"Look you, I will now leave you; I go to make preparation for my
+guest." But the other replied: "Heaven forbid! Ill were it that I who
+have offered sacrifice should be treated as a guest by you. I rather
+should be the entertainer and you the guest. Pray stay with us, and
+while the supper is preparing, you and I can consider our
+obligations, and perform them."
+
+[19] I.e. take up a position, or "to order arms," whilst he addressed
+    them; not probably "to ground arms," as if likely to be mutinous.
+
+When they were seated Dercylidas put certain questions: "Tell me,
+Meidias, did your father leave you heir to his estates?" "Certainly he
+did," answered the other. "And how many dwelling-houses have you? what
+landed estates? how much pasturage?" The other began running off an
+inventory, whilst some of the Scepsians who were present kept
+interposing, "He is lying to you, Dercylidas." "Nay, you take too
+minute a view of matters," replied the Spartan. When the inventory of
+the paternal property was completed, he proceeded: "Tell me, Meidias,
+to whom did Mania belong?" A chorus of voices rejoined, "To
+Pharnabazus." "Then must her property have belonged to Pharnabazus
+too." "Certainly," they answered. "Then it must now be ours," he
+remarked, "by right of conquest, since Pharnabazus is at war with us.
+Will some one of you escort me to the place where the property of
+Mania and Pharnabazus lies?" So the rest led the way to the dwelling-
+place of Mania which Meidias had taken from her, and Meidias followed
+too. When he was entered, Dercylidas summoned the stewards, and
+bidding his attendants seize them, gave them to understand that, if
+detected stealing anything which belonged to Mania, they would lose
+their heads on the spot. The stewards proceeded to point out the
+treasures, and he, when he had looked through the whole store, bolted
+and barred the doors, affixing his seal, and setting a watch. As he
+went out he found at the doors certain of the generals[20] and
+captains, and said to them: "Here, sirs, we have pay ready made for
+the army--a year's pay nearly for eight thousand men--and if we can
+win anything besides, there will be so much the more." This he said,
+knowing that those who heard it would be all the more amenable to
+discipline, and would yield him a more flattering obedience. Then
+Meidias asked, "And where am I to live, Dercylidas?" "Where you have
+the very best right to live," replied the other, "in your native town
+of Scepsis, and in your father's house."
+
+[20] Lit. "of the taxiarchs and lochagoi."
+
+
+
+II
+
+Such were the exploits of Dercylidas: nine cities taken in eight days.
+Two considerations now began to occupy his mind: how was he to avoid
+falling into the fatal error of Thibron and becoming a burthen to his
+allies, whilst wintering in a friendly country? how, again, was he to
+prevent Pharnabazus from overriding the Hellenic states in pure
+contempt with his cavalry? Accordingly he sent to Pharnabazus and put
+it to him point-blank: Which will you have, peace or war? Whereupon
+Pharnabazus, who could not but perceive that the whole Aeolid had now
+been converted practically into a fortified base of operations, which
+threatened his own homestead of Phrygia, chose peace.
+
+B.C. 399-398. This being so, Dercylidas advanced into Bithynian
+Thrace, and there spent the winter; nor did Pharnabazus exhibit a
+shadow of annoyance, since the Bithynians were perpetually at war with
+himself. For the most part, Dercylidas continued to harry[1] Bithynia
+in perfect security, and found provisions without stint. Presently he
+was joined from the other side of the straits by some Odrysian allies
+sent by Seuthes;[2] they numbered two hundred horse and three hundred
+peltasts. These fellows pitched upon a site a little more than a
+couple of miles[3] from the Hellenic force, where they entrenched
+themselves; then having got from Dercylidas some heavy infantry
+soldiers to act as guards of their encampment, they devoted themselves
+to plundering, and succeeded in capturing an ample store of slaves and
+other wealth. Presently their camp was full of prisoners, when one
+morning the Bithynians, having ascertained the actual numbers of the
+marauding parties as well as of the Hellenes left as guards behind,
+collected in large masses of light troops and cavalry, and attacked
+the garrison, who were not more than two hundred strong. As soon as
+they came close enough, they began discharging spears and other
+missiles on the little body, who on their side continued to be wounded
+and shot down, but were quite unable to retaliate, cooped up as they
+were within a palisading barely six feet high, until in desperation
+they tore down their defences with their own hands, and dashed at the
+enemy. These had nothing to do but to draw back from the point of
+egress, and being light troops easily escaped beyond the grasp of
+heavy-armed men, while ever and again, from one point of vantage or
+another, they poured their shower of javelins, and at every sally laid
+many a brave man low, till at length, like sheep penned in a fold, the
+defenders were shot down almost to a man. A remnant, it is true, did
+escape, consisting of some fifteen who, seeing the turn affairs were
+taking, had already made off in the middle of the fighting. Slipping
+through their assailants' fingers,[4] to the small concern of the
+Bithynians, they reached the main Hellenic camp in safety. The
+Bithynians, satisfied with their achievement, part of which consisted
+in cutting down the tent guards of the Odrysian Thracians and
+recovering all their prisoners, made off without delay; so that by the
+time the Hellenes got wind of the affair and rallied to the rescue,
+they found nothing left in the camp save only the stripped corpses of
+the slain. When the Odrysians themselves returned, they fell to
+burying their own dead, quaffing copious draughts of wine in their
+honour and holding horse-races; but for the future they deemed it
+advisable to camp along with the Hellenes. Thus they harried and
+burned Bithynia the winter through.
+
+[1] {Pheson kai agon}, i.e. "there was plenty of live stock to lift
+    and chattels to make away with."
+
+[2] For Seuthes see "Anab." VII. i. 5; and below, IV. viii. 26.
+
+[3] Lit. "twenty stades."
+
+[4] Or, "slipping through the enemy's fingers, who took no heed of
+    them, they," etc.
+
+B.C. 398. With the commencement of spring Dercylidas turned his back
+upon the Bithynians and came to Lampsacus. Whilst at this place envoys
+reached him from the home authorities. These were Aracus, Naubates,
+and Antisthenes. They were sent to inquire generally into the
+condition of affairs in Asia, and to inform Dercylidas of the
+extension of his office for another year. They had been further
+commissioned by the ephors to summon a meeting of the soldiers and
+inform them that the ephors held them to blame for their former
+doings, though for their present avoidance of evil conduct they must
+needs praise them; and for the future they must understand that while
+no repetition of misdoing would be tolerated, all just and upright
+dealing by the allies would receive its meed of praise. The soldiers
+were therefore summoned, and the envoys delivered their message, to
+which the leader of the Cyreians answered: "Nay, men of Lacedaemon,
+listen; we are the same to-day as we were last year; only our general
+of to-day is different from our general in the past. If to-day we have
+avoided our offence of yesterday, the cause is not far to seek; you
+may discover it for youselves."
+
+Aracus and the other envoys shared the hospitality of Dercylidas's
+tent, and one of the party chanced to mention how they had left an
+embassy from the men of Chersonese in Lacedaemon. According to their
+statement, he added, it was impossible for them to till their land
+nowadays, so perpetually were they robbed and plundered by the
+Thracians; whereas the peninsula needed only to be walled across from
+sea to sea, and there would be abundance of good land to cultivate--
+enough for themselves and as many others from Lacedaemon as cared to
+come. "So that it would not surprise us," continued the envoys, "if a
+Lacedaemonian were actually sent out from Sparta with a force to carry
+out the project." Dercylidas kept his ears open but his counsel close,
+and so sent forward the commissioners to Ephesus.[5] It pleased him to
+picture their progress through the Hellenic cities, and the spectacle
+of peace and prosperity which would everywhere greet their eyes. When
+he knew that his stay was to be prolonged, he sent again to
+Pharnabazus and offered him once more as an alternative either the
+prolongation of the winter truce or war. And once again Pharnabazus
+chose truce. It was thus that Dercylidas was able to leave the cities
+in the neighbourhood of the satrap[6] in peace and friendship.
+Crossing the Hellespont himself he brought his army into Europe, and
+marching through Thrace, which was also friendly, was entertained by
+Seuthes,[7] and so reached the Chersonese.
+
+[5] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 301.
+
+[6] Or, reading after Cobet, {tas peri ekeina poleis}--"the cities of
+    that neighbourhood."
+
+[7] See "Anab." VII. vii. 51.
+
+This district, he soon discovered, not only contained something like a
+dozen cities,[8] but was singularly fertile. The soil was of the best,
+but ruined by the ravages of the Thracians, precisely as he had been
+told. Accordingly, having measured and found the breadth of the
+isthmus barely four miles,[9] he no longer hesitated. Having offered
+sacrifice, he commenced his line of wall, distributing the area to the
+soldiers in detachments, and promising to award them prizes for their
+industry--a first prize for the section first completed, and the rest
+as each detachment of workers might deserve. By this means the whole
+wall begun in spring was finished before autumn. Within these lines he
+established eleven cities, with numerous harbours, abundance of good
+arable land, and plenty of land under plantation, besides magnificent
+grazing grounds for sheep and cattle of every kind.
+
+[8] Lit. "eleven or twelve cities." For the natural productivity, see
+    "Anab." V. vi. 25.
+
+[9] Lit. "thirty-seven stades." Mod. Gallipoli. See Herod. vi. 36;
+    Plut. "Pericl." xix.
+
+Having finished the work, he crossed back again into Asia, and on a
+tour of inspection, found the cities for the most part in a thriving
+condition; but when he came to Atarneus he discovered that certain
+exiles from Chios had got possession of the stronghold, which served
+them as a convenient base for pillaging and plundering Ionia; and
+this, in fact, was their means of livelihood. Being further informed
+of the large supplies of grain which they had inside, he proceeded to
+draw entrenchments around the place with a view to a regular
+investment, and by this means he reduced it in eight months. Then
+having appointed Draco of Pellene[10] commandant, he stocked the
+fortress with an abundance of provisions of all sorts, to serve him as
+a halting-place when he chanced to pass that way, and so withdrew to
+Ephesus, which is three days' journey from Sardis.
+
+[10] Cf. Isocr. "Panegyr." 70; Jebb. "Att. Or." ii. p. 161. Of Pellene
+    (or Pellana) in Laconia, not Pellene in Achaia? though that is the
+    opinion of Grote and Thirlwall.
+
+B.C. 397. Up to this date peace had been maintained between
+Tissaphernes and Dercylidas, as also between the Hellenes and the
+barbarians in those parts. But the time came when an embassy arrived
+at Lacedaemon from the Ionic cities, protesting that Tissaphernes
+might, if he chose, leave the Hellenic cities independent. "Our idea,"
+they added, "is, that if Caria, the home of Tissaphernes, felt the
+pinch of war, the satrap would very soon agree to grant us
+independence." The ephors, on hearing this, sent a despatch to
+Dercylidas, and bade him cross the frontier with his army into Caria,
+whilst Pharax the admiral coasted round with the fleet. These orders
+were carried out. Meanwhile a visitor had reached Tissaphernes. This
+was not less a person than Pharnabazus. His coming was partly owing to
+the fact that Tissaphernes had been appointed general-in-chief, and
+party in order to testify his readiness to make common cause with his
+brother satrap in fighting and expelling the Hellenes from the king's
+territory; for if his heart was stirred by jealousy on account of the
+generalship bestowed upon his rival, he was not the less aggrieved at
+finding himself robbed of the Aeolid. Tissaphernes, lending willing
+ears to the proposal, had answered: "First cross over with me in
+Caria, and then we will take counsel on these matters." But being
+arrived in Caria, they determined to establish garrisons of some
+strength in the various fortresses, and so crossed back again into
+Ionia.
+
+Hearing that the satraps had recrossed the Maeander, Dercylidas grew
+apprehensive for the district which lay there unprotected. "If
+Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus," he said to Pharax, "chose to make a
+descent, they could harry the country right and left." In this mind he
+followed suit, and recrossed the frontier too. And now as they marched
+on, preserving no sort of battle order--on the supposition that the
+enemy had got far ahead of them into the district of Ephesus--suddenly
+they caught sight of his scouts perched on some monumental structures
+facing them. To send up scouts into similar edifices and towers on
+their own side was the work of a few moments, and before them lay
+revealed the long lines of troops drawn up just where their road lay.
+These were the Carians, with their white shields, and the whole
+Persian troops there present, with all the Hellenic contingents
+belonging to either satrap. Besides these there was a great cloud of
+cavalry: on the right wing the squadrons of Tissaphernes, and on the
+left those of Pharnabazus.
+
+Seeing how matters lay, Dercylidas ordered the generals of brigade and
+captains to form into line as quickly as possible, eight deep, placing
+the light infantry on the fringe of battle, with the cavalry--such
+cavalry, that is, and of such numerical strength, as he chanced to
+have. Meanwhile, as general, he sacrificed.[11] During this interval
+the troops from Peloponnese kept quiet in preparation as for battle.
+Not so the troops from Priene and Achilleum, from the islands and the
+Ionic cities, some of whom left their arms in the corn, which stood
+thick and deep in the plain of the Maeander, and took to their heels;
+while those who remained at their posts gave evident signs that their
+steadiness would not last. Pharnabazus, it was reported, had given
+orders to engage; but Tissaphernes, who recalled his experience of his
+own exploits with the Cyreian army, and assumed that all other
+Hellenes were of similar mettle, had no desire to engage, but sent to
+Dercylidas saying, he should be glad to meet him in conference. So
+Dercylidas, attended by the pick of his troops, horse and foot, in
+personal attendance on himself,[12] went forward to meet the envoys.
+He told them that for his own part he had made his preparations to
+engage, as they themselves might see, but still, if the satraps were
+minded to meet in conference, he had nothing to say against it--"Only,
+in that case, there must be mutual exchange of hostages and other
+pledges."
+
+[11] I.e. according to custom on the eve of battle. See "Pol. Lac."
+    xiii. 8.
+
+[12] Lit. "they were splendid fellows to look at." See "Anab." II.
+    iii. 3.
+
+When this proposal had been agreed to and carried out, the two armies
+retired for the night--the Asiatics to Tralles in Caria, the Hellenes
+to Leucophrys, where was a temple[13] of Artemis of great sanctity,
+and a sandy-bottomed lake more than a furlong in extent, fed by a
+spring of ever-flowing water fit for drinking and warm. For the moment
+so much was effected. On the next day they met at the place appointed,
+and it was agreed that they should mutually ascertain the terms on
+which either party was willing to make peace. On his side, Dercylidas
+insisted that the king should grant independence to the Hellenic
+cities; while Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus demanded the evacuation of
+the country by the Hellenic army, and the withdrawal of the
+Lacedaemonian governors from the cities. After this interchange of
+ideas a truce was entered into, so as to allow time for the reports of
+the proceedings to be sent by Dercylidas to Lacedaemon, and by
+Tissaphernes to the king.
+
+[13] Lately unearthed. See "Class. Rev." v. 8, p. 391.
+
+B.C. 401 (?). Whilst such was the conduct of affairs in Asia under the
+guidance of Dercylidas, the Lacedaemonians at home were at the same
+time no less busily employed with other matters. They cherished a
+long-standing embitterment against the Eleians, the grounds of which
+were that the Eleians had once[14] contracted an alliance with the
+Athenians, Argives, and Mantineans; moreover, on pretence of a
+sentence registered against the Lacedaemonians, they had excluded them
+from the horse-race and gymnastic contests. Nor was that the sum of
+their offending. They had taken and scourged Lichas,[15] under the
+following circumstances:--Being a Spartan, he had formally consigned
+his chariot to the Thebans, and when the Thebans were proclaimed
+victors he stepped forward to crown his charioteer; whereupon, in
+spite of his grey hairs, the Eleians put those indignities upon him
+and expelled him from the festival. Again, at a date subsequent to
+that occurrence, Agis being sent to offer sacrifice to Olympian Zeus
+in accordance with the bidding of an oracle, the Eleians would not
+suffer him to offer prayer for victory in war, asserting that the
+ancient law and custom[16] forbade Hellenes to consult the god for war
+with Hellenes; and Agis was forced to go away without offering the
+sacrifice.
+
+[14] In 421 B.C. (see Thuc. v. 31); for the second charge, see Thuc.
+    v. 49 foll.
+
+[15] See "Mem." I. ii. 61; Thuc. v. 50; and Jowett, note ad loc. vol.
+    ii. p. 314.
+
+[16] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 311 note.
+
+In consequence of all these annoyances the ephors and the Assembly
+determined "to bring the men of Elis to their senses." Thereupon they
+sent an embassy to that state, announcing that the authorities of
+Lacedaemon deemed it just and right that they should leave the
+country[17] townships in the territory of Elis free and independent.
+This the Eleians flatly refused to do. The cities in question were
+theirs by right of war. Thereupon the ephors called out the ban. The
+leader of the expedition was Agis. He invaded Elis through Achaia[18]
+by the Larisus; but the army had hardly set foot on the enemy's soil
+and the work of devastation begun, when an earthquake took place, and
+Agis, taking this as a sign from Heaven, marched back again out of the
+country and disbanded his army. Thereat the men of Elis were much more
+emboldened, and sent embassies to various cities which they knew to be
+hostile to the Lacedaemonians.
+
+[17] Lit. "perioecid."
+
+[18] From the north. The Larisus is the frontier stream between Achaia
+    and Elis. See Strabo, viii. 387.
+
+The year had not completed its revolution[19] ere the ephors again
+called out the ban against Elis, and the invading host of Agis was
+this time swelled by the rest of the allies, including the Athenians;
+the Boeotians and Corinthians alone excepted. The Spartan king now
+entered through Aulon,[20] and the men of Lepreum[21] at once revolted
+from the Eleians and gave in their adhesion to the Spartan, and
+simultaneously with these the Macistians and their next-door
+neighbours the Epitalians. As he crossed the river further adhesions
+followed, on the part of the Letrinians, the Amphidolians, and the
+Marganians.
+
+[19] Al. "on the coming round of the next year." See Jowett (note to
+    Thuc. i. 31), vol. ii. p. 33.
+
+[20] On the south. For the history, see Busolt, "Die Laked." pp.
+    146-200. "The river" is the Alpheus.
+
+[21] See below, VI. v. 11; Paus. IV. xv. 8.
+
+B.C. 400 (?). Upon this he pushed on into Olympian territory and did
+sacrifice to Olympian Zeus. There was no attempt to stay his
+proceedings now. After sacrifice he marched against the capital,[22]
+devastating and burning the country as he went. Multitudes of cattle,
+multitudes of slaves, were the fruits of conquest yielded, insomuch
+that the fame thereof spread, and many more Arcadians and Achaeans
+flocked to join the standard of the invader and to share in the
+plunder. In fact, the expedition became one enormous foray. Here was
+the chance to fill all the granaries of Peloponnese with corn. When he
+had reached the capital, the beautiful suburbs and gymnasia became a
+spoil to the troops; but the city itself, though it lay open before
+him a defenceless and unwalled town, he kept aloof from. He would not,
+rather than could not, take it. Such was the explanation given. Thus
+the country was a prey to devastation, and the invaders massed round
+Cyllene.
+
+[22] I.e. Elis, of which Cyllene is the port town. For the wealth of
+    the district, see Polyb. iv. 73; and below, VII. iv. 33.
+
+Then the friends of a certain Xenias--a man of whom it was said that
+he might measure the silver coin, inherited from his father, by the
+bushel--wishing to be the leading instrument in bringing over the
+state to Lacedaemon, rushed out of the house, sword in hand, and began
+a work of butchery. Amongst other victims they killed a man who
+strongly resembled the leader of the democratic party,
+Thrasydaeus.[23] Everyone believed it was really Thrasydaeus who was
+slain. The popular party were panic-stricken, and stirred neither hand
+nor foot. On their side, the cut-throats poured their armed bands into
+the market-place. But Thrasydaeus was laid asleep the while where the
+fumes of wine had overpowered him. When the people came to discover
+that their hero was not dead, they crowded round his house this side
+and that,[24] like a swarm of bees clinging to their leader; and as
+soon as Thrasydaeus had put himself in the van, with the people at his
+back, a battle was fought, and the people won. And those who had laid
+their hands to deeds of butchery went as exiles to the Lacedaemonians.
+
+[23] See Paus. III. viii. 4. He was a friend of Lysias ("Vit. X. Orat.
+    835).
+
+[24] The house was filled to overflowing by the clustering close-
+    packed crowd.
+
+After a while Agis himself retired, recrossing the Alpheus; but he was
+careful to leave a garrison in Epitalium near that river, with
+Lysippus as governor, and the exiles from Elis along with him. Having
+done so, he disbanded his army and returned home himself.
+
+B.C. 400-399 (?).[25] During the rest of the summer and the ensuing
+winter the territory of the Eleians was ravaged and ransacked by
+Lysippus and his troops, until Thrasydaeus, the following summer, sent
+to Lacedaemon and agreed to dismantle the walls of Phea and Cyllene,
+and to grant autonomy to the Triphylian townships[26]--together with
+Phrixa and Epitalium, the Letrinians, Amphidolians, and Marganians;
+and besides these to the Acroreians and to Lasion, a place claimed by
+the Arcadians. With regard to Epeium, a town midway between Heraea and
+Macistus, the Eleians claimed the right to keep it, on the plea that
+they had purchased the whole district from its then owners, for thirty
+talents,[27] which sum they had actually paid. But the Lacedaemonians,
+acting on the principle "that a purchase which forcibly deprives the
+weaker party of his possession is no more justifiable than a seizure
+by violence," compelled them to emancipate Epeium also. From the
+presidency of the temple of Olympian Zeus, however, they did not oust
+them; not that it belonged to Elis of ancient right, but because the
+rival claimants,[28] it was felt, were "villagers," hardly equal to
+the exercise of the presidency. After these concessions, peace and
+alliance between the Eleians and the Lacedaemonians were established,
+and the war between Elis and Sparta ceased.
+
+[25] Grote ("H. G." ix. 316) discusses the date of this war between
+    Elis and Sparta, which he thinks, reaches over three different
+    years, 402-400 B.C. But Curtius (vol. iv. Eng. tr. p. 196)
+    disagrees: "The Eleian war must have occurred in 401-400 B.C., and
+    Grote rightly conjectures that the Eleians were anxious to bring
+    it to a close before the celebration of the festival. But he errs
+    in extending its duration over three years." See Diod. xiv. 17.
+    24; Paus. III. viii. 2 foll.
+
+[26] Grote remarks: "There is something perplexing in Xenophon's
+    description of the Triphylian townships which the Eleians
+    surrendered" ("H. G." ix. 315). I adopt Grote's emend. {kai
+    Phrixan}. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 176.
+
+[27] = 7,312 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+[28] I.e. the men of the Pisatid. See below, VII. iv. 28; Busolt, op.
+    cit. p 156.
+
+
+
+III
+
+After this Agis came to Delphi and offered as a sacrifice a tenth of
+the spoil. On his return journey he fell ill at Heraea--being by this
+time an old man--and was carried back to Lacedaemon. He survived the
+journey, but being there arrived, death speedily overtook him. He was
+buried with a sepulchre transcending in solemnity the lot of ordinary
+mortality.[1]
+
+[1] See "Ages." xi. 16; "Pol. Lac." xv. 9.
+
+When the holy days of mourning were accomplished, and it was necessary
+to choose another king, there were rival claimants to the throne.
+Leotychides claimed it as the son, Agesilaus as the brother, of Agis.
+Then Leotychides protested: "Yet consider, Agesilaus, the law bids not
+'the king's brother,' but 'the king's son' to be king; only if there
+chance to be no son, in that case shall the brother of the king be
+king." Agesilaus: "Then must I needs be king." Leotychides: "How so,
+seeing that I am not dead?" Agesilaus: "Because he whom you call your
+father denied you, saying, 'Leotychides is no son of mine.'"
+Leotychides: "Nay, but my mother, who would know far better than he,
+said, and still to-day says, I am." Agesilaus: "Nay, but the god
+himself, Poteidan, laid his finger on thy falsity when by his
+earthquake he drove forth thy father from the bridal chamber into the
+light of day; and time, 'that tells no lies,' as the proverb has it,
+bare witness to the witness of the god; for just ten months from the
+moment at which he fled and was no more seen within that chamber, you
+were born."[2] So they reasoned together.
+
+[2] I have followed Sauppe as usual, but see Hartman ("Anal. Xen." p.
+    327) for a discussion of the whole passage. He thinks Xenophon
+    wrote {ex ou gar toi ephugen} ({o sos pater}, i.e. adulterer) {ek
+    to thalamo dekato meni tu ephus}. The Doric {ek to thalamo} was
+    corrupted into {en to thalamo} and {kai ephane} inserted. This
+    corrupt reading Plutarch had before him, and hence his distorted
+    version of the story.
+
+Diopethes,[3] a great authority upon oracles, supported Leotychides.
+There was an oracle of Apollo, he urged, which said "Beware of the
+lame reign." But Diopethes was met by Lysander, who in behalf of
+Agesilaus demurred to this interpretation put upon the language of the
+god. If they were to beware of a lame reign, it meant not, beware lest
+a man stumble and halt, but rather, beware of him in whose veins flows
+not the blood of Heracles; most assuredly the kingdom would halt, and
+that would be a lame reign in very deed, whensoever the descendants of
+Heracles should cease to lead the state. Such were the arguments on
+either side, after hearing which the city chose Agesilaus to be king.
+
+[3] See Plut. "Ages." ii. 4; "Lys." xxii. (Clough, iv. 3; iii. 129);
+    Paus. III. viii. 5.
+
+Now Agesilaus had not been seated on the throne one year when, as he
+sacrificed one of the appointed sacrifices in behalf of the city,[4]
+the soothsayer warned him, saying: "The gods reveal a conspiracy of
+the most fearful character"; and when the king sacrificed a second
+time, he said: "The aspect of the victims is now even yet more
+terrible"; but when he had sacrificed for the third time, the
+soothsayer exclaimed: "O Agesilaus, the sign is given to me, even as
+though we were in the very midst of the enemy." Thereupon they
+sacrificed to the deities who avert evil and work salvation, and so
+barely obtained good omens and ceased sacrificing. Nor had five days
+elapsed after the sacrifices were ended, ere one came bringing
+information to the ephors of a conspiracy, and named Cinadon as the
+ringleader; a young man robust of body as of soul, but not one of the
+peers.[5] Accordingly the ephors questioned their informant: "How say
+you the occurrence is to take place?" and he who gave the information
+answered: "Cinadon took me to the limit of the market-place, and bade
+me count how many Spartans there were in the market-place; and I
+counted--'king, ephors, and elders, and others--maybe forty. But tell
+me, Cinadon,' I said to him, 'why have you bidden me count them?' and
+he answered me: 'Those men, I would have you know, are your sworn
+foes; and all those others, more than four thousand, congregated there
+are your natural allies.' Then he took and showed me in the streets,
+here one and there two of 'our enemies,' as we chanced to come across
+them, and all the rest 'our natural allies'; and so again running
+through the list of Spartans to be found in the country districts, he
+still kept harping on that string: 'Look you, on each estate one
+foeman--the master--and all the rest allies.'" The ephors asked: "How
+many do you reckon are in the secret of this matter?" The informant
+answered: "On that point also he gave me to understand that there were
+by no means many in their secret who were prime movers of the affair,
+but those few to be depended on; 'and to make up,' said he, 'we
+ourselves are in their secret, all the rest of them--helots,
+enfranchised, inferiors, provincials, one and all.[6] Note their
+demeanour when Spartans chance to be the topic of their talk. Not one
+of them can conceal the delight it would give him if he might eat up
+every Spartan raw.'"[7] Then, as the inquiry went on, the question
+came: "And where did they propose to find arms?" The answer followed:
+"He explained that those of us, of course, who are enrolled in
+regiments have arms of our own already, and as for the mass--he led
+the way to the war foundry, and showed me scores and scores of knives,
+of swords, of spits, hatchets, and axes, and reaping-hooks. 'Anything
+or everything,' he told me, 'which men use to delve in earth, cut
+timber, or quarry stone, would serve our purpose; nay, the instruments
+used for other arts would in nine cases out of ten furnish weapons
+enough and to spare, especially when dealing with unarmed
+antagonists.'" Once more being asked what time the affair was to come
+off, he replied his orders were "not to leave the city."
+
+[4] "Pol. Lac." xv. 2.
+
+[5] For the {omoioi}, see Muller, "Dorians," iii. 5, 7 (vol. ii. p.
+    84); Grote, "H. G." ix. 345, note 2.
+
+[6] For the neodamodes, hypomeiones, perioeci, see Arnold, "Thuc." v.
+    34; Muller, "Dorians," ii. 43, 84, 18; Busolt, op. cit. p 16.
+
+[7] See "Anab." IV. viii. 14; and Hom. "Il." iv. 34.
+
+As the result of their inquiry the ephors were persuaded that the
+man's statements were based upon things he had really seen,[8] and
+they were so alarmed that they did not even venture to summon the
+Little Assembly,[9] as it was named; but holding informal meetings
+among themselves--a few senators here and a few there--they determined
+to send Cinadon and others of the young men to Aulon, with
+instructions to apprehend certain of the inhabitants and helots, whose
+names were written on the scytale (or scroll).[10] He had further
+instructions to capture another resident in Aulon; this was a woman,
+the fashionable beauty of the place--supposed to be the arch-
+corruptress of all Lacedaemonians, young and old, who visited Aulon.
+It was not the first mission of the sort on which Cinadon had been
+employed by the ephors. It was natural, therefore, that the ephors
+should entrust him with the scytale on which the names of the suspects
+were inscribed; and in answer to his inquiry which of the young men he
+was to take with him, they said: "Go and order the eldest of the
+Hippagretae[11] (or commanders of horse) to let you have six or seven
+who chance to be there." But they had taken care to let the commander
+know whom he was to send, and that those sent should also know that
+their business was to capture Cinadon. Further, the authorities
+instructed Cinadon that they would send three waggons to save bringing
+back his captives on foot--concealing as deeply as possible the fact
+that he, and he alone, was the object of the mission. Their reason for
+not securing him in the city was that they did not really know the
+extent of the mischief; and they wished, in the first instance, to
+learn from Cinadon who his accomplices were before these latter could
+discover they were informed against and effect their escape. His
+captors were to secure him first, and having learnt from him the names
+of his confederates, to write them down and send them as quickly as
+possible to the ephors. The ephors, indeed, were so much concerned
+about the whole occurrence that they further sent a company of horse
+to assist their agents at Aulon.[12] As soon as the capture was
+effected, and one of the horsemen was back with the list of names
+taken down on the information of Cinadon, they lost no time in
+apprehending the soothsayer Tisamenus and the rest who were the
+principals in the conspiracy. When Cinadon[13] himself was brought
+back and cross-examined, and had made a full confession of the whole
+plot, his plans, and his accomplices, they put to him one final
+question: "What was your object in undertaking this business?" He
+answered: "I wished to be inferior to no man in Lacedaemon." Let that
+be as it might, his fate was to be taken out forthwith in irons, just
+as he was, and to be placed with his two hands and his neck in the
+collar, and so under scourge and goad to be driven, himself and his
+accomplices, round the city. Thus upon the heads of those was visited
+the penalty of their offences.
+
+[8] "And pointed to a well-concerted plan."
+
+[9] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 348.
+
+[10] See Thuc. i. 131; Plut. "Lys." 19 (Clough, iii. p. 125).
+
+[11] "The Hippagretes (or commander of the three hundred guards called
+    horsemen, though they were not really mounted)." Grote, "H. G."
+    vol. ix. p. 349; see "Pol. Lac." iv. 3.
+
+[12] Or, "to those on the way to Aulon."
+
+[13] See for Cinadon's case, Arist. "Pol." v. 7, 3.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+B.C. 397.[1] It was after the incidents just recorded that a Syracusan
+named Herodas brought news to Lacedaemon. He had chanced to be in
+Phoenicia with a certain shipowner, and was struck by the number of
+Phoenician triremes which he observed, some coming into harbour from
+other ports, others already there with their ships' companies
+complete, while others again were still completing their equipments.
+Nor was it only what he saw, but he had heard say further that there
+were to be three hundred of these vessels all told; whereupon he had
+taken passage on the first sailing ship bound for Hellas. He was in
+haste to lay this information before the Lacedaemonians, feeling sure
+that the king and Tissaphernes were concerned in these preparations--
+though where the fleet was to act, or against whom, he would not
+venture to predict.
+
+[1] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 353, for chronology, etc.
+
+These reports threw the Lacedaemonians into a flutter of expectation
+and anxiety. They summoned a meeting of the allies, and began to
+deliberate as to what ought to be done. Lysander, convinced of the
+enormous superiority of the Hellenic navy, and with regard to land
+forces drawing an obvious inference from the exploits and final
+deliverance of the troops with Cyrus, persuaded Agesilaus, to
+undertake a campaign into Asia, provided the authorities would furnish
+him with thirty Spartans, two thousand of the enfranchised,[2] and
+contingents of the allies amounting to six thousand men. Apart from
+these calculations, Lysander had a personal object: he wished to
+accompany the king himself, and by his aid to re-establish the
+decarchies originally set up by himself in the different cities, but
+at a later date expelled through the action of the ephors, who had
+issued a fiat re-establishing the old order of constitution.
+
+[2] Technically, "neodamodes."
+
+B.C. 396. To this offer on the part of Agesilaus to undertake such an
+expedition the Lacedaemonians responded by presenting him with all he
+asked for, and six months' provisions besides. When the hour of
+departure came he offered all such sacrifices as are necessary, and
+lastly those "before crossing the border,"[3] and so set out. This
+done, he despatched to the several states[4] messengers with
+directions as to the numbers to be sent from each, and the points of
+rendezvous; but for himself he was minded to go and do sacrifice at
+Aulis, even as Agamemnon had offered sacrifice in that place ere he
+set sail for Troy. But when he had reached the place and had begun to
+sacrifice, the Boeotarchs[5] being apprised of his design, sent a body
+of cavalry and bade him desist from further sacrificing;[6] and
+lighting upon victims already offered, they hurled them from off the
+altars, scattering the fragments. Then Agesilaus, calling the gods to
+witness, got on board his trireme in bitter indignation, and sailed
+away. Arrived at Geraestus, he there collected as large a portion of
+his troops as possible, and with the armada made sail for Ephesus.
+
+[3] "Pol. Lac." xiii. 2 foll.
+
+[4] Or, "To the several cities he had already despatched messengers
+    with directions," etc.; see Paus. III. ix. 1-3.
+
+[5] See Freeman, "Hist. of Federal Government," ch. iv. "Constitution
+    of the Boeotian League," pp. 162, 163. The Boeotarchs, as
+    representatives of the several Boeotian cities, were the supreme
+    military commanders of the League, and, as it would appear, the
+    general administrators of Federal affairs. "The Boeotarchs of
+    course command at Delion, but they also act as administrative
+    magistrates of the League by hindering Agesilaus from sacrificing
+    at Aulis."
+
+[6] Plut. "Ages." vi.; "Pelop." xxi. See Breitenb. op. cit. Praef. p.
+    xvi.; and below, III. v. 5; VI. iv. 23.
+
+When he had reached that city the first move was made by Tissaphernes,
+who sent asking, "With what purpose he was come thither?" And the
+Spartan king made answer: "With the intention that the cities in Asia
+shall be independent even as are the cities in our quarter of Hellas."
+In answer to this Tissaphernes said: "If you on your part choose to
+make a truce whilst I send ambassadors to the king, I think you may
+well arrange the matter, and sail back home again, if so you will."
+"Willing enough should I be," replied Agesilaus, "were I not persuaded
+that you are cheating me." "Nay, but it is open to you," replied the
+satrap, "to exact a surety for the execution of the terms . . .
+'Provided always that you, Tissaphernes, carry out what you say
+without deceit, we on our side will abstain from injuring your
+dominion in any respect whatever during the truce.'"[7] Accordingly in
+the presence of three commissioners--Herippidas, Dercylidas, and
+Megillus--Tissaphernes took an oath in the words prescribed: "Verily
+and indeed, I will effect peace honestly and without guile." To which
+the commissioners, on behalf of Agesilaus, swore a counter-oath:
+"Verily and indeed, provided Tissaphernes so acts, we on our side will
+observe the truce."
+
+[7] For this corrupt passage, see Hartman, "Anal. Xen." p. 332; also
+    Otto Keller's critical edition of the "Hellenica" (Lips,
+    MDCCCLXXX.)
+
+Tissaphernes at once gave the lie to what he had sworn. Instead of
+adhering to peace he sent up to demand a large army from the king, in
+addition to what he already had. But Agesilaus, though he was fully
+alive to these proceedings, adhered as rigidly as ever to the truce.
+
+To keep quiet and enjoy leisure was his duty, in the exercise of which
+he wore away the time at Ephesus. But in reference to the organisation
+of the several states it was a season of vehement constitutional
+disturbance in the several cities; that is to say, there were neither
+democracies as in the old days of the Athenians, nor yet were there
+decarchies as in the days of Lysander. But here was Lysander back
+again. Every one recognised him, and flocked to him with petitions for
+one favour or another, which he was to obtain for them from Agesilaus.
+A crowd of suitors danced attendance on his heels, and formed so
+conspicuous a retinue that Agesilaus, any one would have supposed, was
+the private person and Lysander the king. All this was maddening to
+Agesilaus, as was presently plain. As to the rest of the Thirty,
+jealousy did not suffer them to keep silence, and they put it plainly
+to Agesilaus that the super-regal splendour in which Lysander lived
+was a violation of the constitution. So when Lysander took upon
+himself to introduce some of his petitioners to Agesilaus, the latter
+turned them a deaf ear. Their being aided and abetted by Lysander was
+sufficient; he sent them away discomfited. At length, as time after
+time things turned out contrary to his wishes, Lysander himself
+perceived the position of affairs. He now no longer suffered that
+crowd to follow him, and gave those who asked him help in anything
+plainly to understand that they would gain nothing, but rather be
+losers, by his intervention. But being bitterly annoyed at the
+degradation put upon him, he came to the king and said to him: "Ah,
+Agesilaus, how well you know the art of humbling your friends!" "Ay,
+indeed," the king replied; "those of them whose one idea it is to
+appear greater than myself; if I did not know how also to requite with
+honour those who work for my good, I should be ashamed." And Lysander
+said: "maybe there is more reason in your doings than ever guided my
+conduct;" adding, "Grant me for the rest one favour, so shall I cease
+to blush at the loss of my influence with you, and you will cease to
+be embarrassed by my presence. Send me off on a mission somewhere;
+wherever I am I will strive to be of service to you." Such was the
+proposal of Lysander. Agesilaus resolved to act upon it, and
+despatched Lysander to the Hellespont. And this is what befell.[8]
+Lysander, being made aware of a slight which had been put upon
+Spithridates the Persian by Pharnabazus, got into conversation with
+the injured man, and so worked upon him that he was persuaded to bring
+his children and his personal belongings, and with a couple of hundred
+troops to revolt. The next step was to deposit all the goods safely in
+Cyzicus, and the last to get on shipboard with Spithridates and his
+son, and so to present himself with his Persian friends to Agesilaus.
+Agesilaus, on his side, was delighted at the transaction, and set
+himself at once to get information about Pharnabazus, his territory
+and his government.
+
+[8] See "Ages." iii. 3; "Anab." VI. v. 7.
+
+Meanwhile Tissaphernes had waxed bolder. A large body of troops had
+been sent down by the king. On the strength of that he declared war
+against Agesilaus, if he did not instantly withdraw his troops from
+Asia. The Lacedaemonians there[9] present, no less than the allies,
+received the news with profound vexation, persuaded as they were that
+Agesilaus had no force capable of competing with the king's grand
+armament. But a smile lit up the face of Agesilaus as he bade the
+ambassadors return to Tissaphernes and tell him that he was much in
+his debt for the perjury by which he had won the enmity of Heaven and
+made the very gods themselves allies of Hellas. He at once issued a
+general order to the troops to equip themselves for a forward
+movement. He warned the cities through which he must pass in an
+advance upon Caria, to have markets in readiness, and lastly, he
+despatched a message to the Ionian, Aeolian, and Hellespontine
+communities to send their contingents to join him at Ephesus.
+
+[9] I.e. at Ephesus.
+
+Tissaphernes, putting together the facts that Agesilaus had no cavalry
+and that Caria was a region unadapted to that arm, and persuaded in
+his own mind also that the Spartan could not but cherish wrath against
+himself personally for his chicanery, felt convinced that he was
+really intending to invade Caria, and that the satrap's palace was his
+final goal. Accordingly he transferred the whole of his infantry to
+that province, and proceeded to lead his cavalry round into the plain
+of the Maeander. Here he conceived himself capable of trampling the
+Hellenes under foot with his horsemen before they could reach the
+craggy districts where no cavalry could operate.
+
+But, instead of marching straight into Caria, Agesilaus turned sharp
+off in the opposite direction towards Phrygia. Picking up various
+detachments of troops which met him on his march, he steadily
+advanced, laying cities prostrate before him, and by the
+unexpectedness of his attack reaping a golden harvest of spoil. As a
+rule the march was prosecuted safely; but not far from Dascylium his
+advanced guard of cavalry were pushing on towards a knoll to take a
+survery of the state of things in front, when, as chance would have
+it, a detachment of cavalry sent forward by Pharnabazus--the corps, in
+fact, of Rhathines and his natural brother Bagaeus--just about equal
+to the Hellenes in number, also came galloping up to the very knoll in
+question. The two bodies found themselves face to face not one hundred
+and fifty yards[10] apart, and for the first moment or two stood stock
+still. The Hellenic horse were drawn up like an ordinary phalanx four
+deep, the barbarians presenting a narrow front of twelve or
+thereabouts, and a very disproportionate depth. There was a moment's
+pause, and then the barbarians, taking the initiative, charged. There
+was a hand-to-hand tussle, in which any Hellene who succeeded in
+striking his man shivered his lance with the blow, while the Persian
+troopers, armed with cornel-wood javelins, speedly despatched a dozen
+men and a couple of horses.[11] At this point the Hellenic cavalry
+turned and fled. But as Agesilaus came up to the rescue with his heavy
+infantry, the Asiatics were forced in their turn to withdraw, with the
+loss of one man slain. This cavalry engagement gave them pause.
+Agesilaus on the day following it offered sacrifice. "Was he to
+continue his advance?" But the victims proved hopeless.[12] There was
+nothing for it after this manifestation but to turn and march towards
+the sea. It was clear enough to his mind that without a proper cavalry
+force it would be impossible to conduct a campaign in the flat
+country. Cavalry, therefore, he must get, or be driven to mere
+guerilla warfare. With this view he drew up a list of all the
+wealthiest inhabitants belonging to the several cities of those parts.
+Their duty would be to support a body of cavalry, with the proviso,
+however, that any one contributing a horse, arms, and rider, up to the
+standard, would be exempted from personal service. The effect was
+instantaneous. The zeal with which the recipients of these orders
+responded could hardly have been greater if they had been seeking
+substitutes to die for them.
+
+[10] Lit. "four plethra."
+
+[11] See Xenophon's treatise "On Horsemanship," xii. 12.
+
+[12] Lit. "lobeless," i.e. with a lobe of the liver wanting--a bad
+    sign.
+
+B.C. 395. After this, at the first indication of spring, he collected
+the whole of his army at Ephesus. But the army needed training. With
+that object he proposed a series of prizes--prizes to the heavy
+infantry regiments, to be won by those who presented their men in the
+best condition; prizes for the cavalry regiments which could ride
+best; prizes for those divisions of peltasts and archers which proved
+most efficient in their respective duties. And now the gymnasiums were
+a sight to see, thronged as they were, one and all, with warriors
+stripping for exercise; or again, the hippodrome crowded with horses
+and riders performing their evolutions; or the javelin men and archers
+going through their peculiar drill. In fact, the whole city where he
+lay presented under his hands a spectacle not to be forgotten. The
+market-place literally teemed with horses, arms, and accoutrements of
+all sorts for sale. The bronze-worker, the carpenter, the smith, the
+leather-cutter, the painter and embosser, were all busily engaged in
+fabricating the implements of war; so that the city of Ephesus itself
+was fairly converted into a military workshop.[13] It would have done
+a man's heart good to see those long lines of soldiers with Agesilaus
+at their head, as they stepped gaily be-garlanded from the gymnasiums
+to dedicate their wreaths to the goddess Artemis. Nor can I well
+conceive of elements more fraught with hope than were here combined.
+Here were reverence and piety towards Heaven; here practice in war and
+military training; here discipline with habitual obedience to
+authority. But contempt for one's enemy will infuse a kind of strength
+in battle. So the Spartan leader argued; and with a view to its
+production he ordered the quartermasters to put up the prisoners who
+had been captured by his foraging bands for auction, stripped naked;
+so that his Hellenic soldiery, as they looked at the white skins which
+had never been bared to sun and wind, the soft limbs unused to toil
+through constant riding in carriages, came to the conclusion that war
+with such adversaries would differ little from a fight with women.
+
+[13] See Plut. "Marc." (Clough, ii. 262); Polyb. "Hist." x. 20.
+
+By this date a full year had elapsed since the embarkation of
+Agesilaus, and the time had come for the Thirty with Lysander to sail
+back home, and for their successors, with Herippidas, to arrive. Among
+these Agesilaus appointed Xenocles and another to the command of the
+cavalry, Scythes to that of the heavy infantry of the
+enfranchised,[14] Herippidas to that of the Cyreians, and Migdon to
+that of the contingents from the states. Agesilaus gave them to
+understand that he intended to lead them forthwith by the most
+expeditious route against the stronghold of the country,[15] so that
+without further ceremony they might prepare their minds and bodies for
+the tug of battle. Tissaphernes, however, was firmly persuaded that
+this was only talk intended to deceive him; Agesilaus would this time
+certainly invade Caria. Accordingly he repeated his former tactics,
+transporting his infantry bodily into Caria and posting his cavalry in
+the valley of the Maeander. But Agesilaus was as good as his word, and
+at once invaded the district of Sardis. A three days' march through a
+region denuded of the enemy threw large supplies into his hands. On
+the fourth day the cavalry of the enemy approached. Their general
+ordered the officer in charge of his baggage-train to cross the
+Pactolus and encamp, while his troopers, catching sight of stragglers
+from the Hellenic force scattered in pursuit of booty, put several of
+them to the sword. Perceiving which, Agesilaus ordered his cavalry to
+the rescue; and the Persians on their side, seeing their advance,
+collected together in battle order to receive them, with dense
+squadrons of horse, troop upon troop. The Spartan, reflecting that the
+enemy had as yet no infantry to support him, whilst he had all
+branches of the service to depend upon, concluded that the critical
+moment had arrived at which to risk an engagement. In this mood he
+sacrificed, and began advancing his main line of battle against the
+serried lines of cavalry in front of him, at the same time ordering
+the flower of his heavy infantry--the ten-years-service men[16]--to
+close with them at a run, and the peltasts to bring up their supports
+at the double. The order passed to his cavalry was to charge in
+confidence that he and the whole body of his troops were close behind
+them. The cavalry charge was received by the Persians without
+flinching, but presently finding themselves environed by the full tide
+of war they swerved. Some found a speedy grave within the river, but
+the mass of them gradually made good their escape. The Hellenes
+followed close on the heels of the flying foe and captured his camp.
+here the peltasts not unnaturally fell to pillaging; whereupon
+Agesilaus planted his troops so as to form a cordon enclosing the
+property of friends and foes alike. The spoil taken was considerable;
+it fetched more than seventy talents,[17] not to mention the famous
+camels, subsequently brought over by Agesilaus into Hellas, which were
+captured here. At the moment of the battle Tissaphernes lay in Sardis.
+Hence the Persians argued that they had been betrayed by the satrap.
+And the king of Persia, coming to a like conclusion himself that
+Tissaphernes was to blame for the evil turn of his affairs, sent down
+Tithraustes and beheaded him.[18]
+
+[14] The neodamodes.
+
+[15] I.e. Lydia. See Plut. "Ages." x. (Clough, iv. 11).
+
+[16] See note to "Hell." II. iv. 32.
+
+[17] = 17,062 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+[18] See Diod. xiv. 80.
+
+This done, Tithraustes sent an embassy to Agesilaus with a message as
+follows: "The author of all our trouble, yours and ours, Agesilaus,
+has paid the penalty of his misdoings; the king therefore asks of you
+first that you should sail back home in peace; secondly, that the
+cities in Asia secured in their autonomy should continue to render him
+the ancient tribute." To this proposition Agesilaus made answer that
+"without the authorities at home he could do nothing in the matter."
+"Then do you, at least," replied Tithraustes, "while awaiting advice
+from Lacedaemon, withdraw into the territory of Pharnabazus. Have I
+not avenged you of your enemy?" "While, then, I am on my way thither,"
+rejoined Agesilaus, "will you support my army with provisions?" On
+this wise Tithraustes handed him thirty talents,[19] which the other
+took, and forthwith began his march into Phrygia (the Phrygia of
+Pharnabazus). He lay in the plain district above Cyme,[20] when a
+message reached him from the home authorities, giving him absolute
+disposal of the naval forces,[21] with the right to appoint the
+admiral of his choice. This course the Lacedaemonians were led to
+adopt by the following considerations: If, they argued, the same man
+were in command of both services, the land force would be greatly
+strengthened through the concentration of the double force at any
+point necessary; and the navy likewise would be far more useful
+through the immediate presence and co-operation of the land force
+where needed. Apprised of these measures, Agesilaus in the first
+instance sent an order to the cities on the islands and the seaboard
+to fit out as many ships of war as they severally might deem
+desirable. The result was a new navy, consisting of the vessels thus
+voluntarily furnished by the states, with others presented by private
+persons out of courtesy to their commander, and amounting in all to a
+fleet of one hundred and twenty sail. The admiral whom he selected was
+Peisander, his wife's brother, a man of genuine ambition and of a
+vigorous spirit, but not sufficiently expert in the details of
+equipment to achieve a great naval success. Thus while Peisander set
+off to attend to naval matters, Agesilaus continued his march whither
+he was bound to Phrygia.
+
+[19] = 7,312 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+[20] See "Cyrop." VII. i. 45.
+
+[21] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 327, note 3; Arist. "Pol." ii. 9, 33.
+
+
+
+V
+
+But now Tithraustes seemed to have discovered in Agesilaus a
+disposition to despise the fortunes of the Persian monarch--he
+evidently had no intention to withdraw from Asia; on the contrary, he
+was cherishing hopes vast enough to include the capture of the king
+himself. Being at his wits' end how to manage matters, he resolved to
+send Timocrates the Rhodian to Hellas with a gift of gold worthy fifty
+silver talents,[1] and enjoined upon him to endeavour to exchange
+solemn pledges with the leading men in the several states, binding
+them to undertake a war against Lacedaemon. Timocrates arrived and
+began to dole out his presents. In Thebes he gave gifts to
+Androcleidas, Ismenias, and Galaxidorus; in Corinth to Timolaus and
+Polyanthes; in Argos to Cylon and his party. The Athenians,[2] though
+they took no share of the gold, were none the less eager for the war,
+being of opinion that empire was theirs by right.[3] The recipients of
+the moneys forthwith began covertly to attack the Lacedaemonians in
+their respective states, and, when they had brought these to a
+sufficient pitch of hatred, bound together the most important of them
+in a confederacy.
+
+[1] = 12,187 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+[2] See Paus. III. ix. 8; Plut. "Ages." xv.
+
+[3] Reading {nomizontes auton to arkhein} with Sauppe; or if, as
+    Breitinbach suggests, {enomizon de oukh outon to arkhesthai},
+    translate "but thought it was not for them to take the
+    initiative."
+
+But it was clear to the leaders in Thebes that, unless some one struck
+the first blow, the Lacedaemonians would never be brought to break the
+truce with their allies. They therefore persuaded the Opuntian
+Locrians[4] to levy moneys on a debatable district,[5] jointly claimed
+by the Phocians and themselves, when the Phocians would be sure to
+retaliate by an attack on Locris. These expectations were fulfilled.
+The Phocians immediately invaded Locris and seized moneys on their
+side with ample interest. Then Androcleidas and his friends lost no
+time in persuading the Thebans to assist the Locrians, on the ground
+that it was no debatable district which had been entered by the
+Phocians, but the admittedly friendly and allied territory of Locris
+itself. The counter-invasion of Phocis and pillage of their country by
+the Thebans promptly induced the Phocians to send an embassy to
+Lacedaemon. In claiming assistance they explained that the war was not
+of their own seeking, but that they had attacked the Locrians in self-
+defence. On their side the Lacedaemonians were glad enough to seize a
+pretext for marching upon the Thebans, against whom they cherished a
+long-standing bitterness. They had not forgotten the claim which the
+Thebans had set up to a tithe for Apollo in Deceleia,[6] nor yet their
+refusal to support Lacedaemon in the attack on Piraeus;[7] and they
+accused them further of having persuaded the Corinthians not to join
+that expedition. Nor did they fail to call to mind some later
+proceedings of the Thebans--their refusal to allow Agesilaus to
+sacrifice in Aulis;[8] their snatching the victims already offered and
+hurling them from the altars; their refusal to join the same general
+in a campaign directed even against Asia.[9] The Lacedaemonians
+further reasoned that now, if ever, was the favourable moment to
+conduct an expedition against the Thebans, and once for all to put a
+stop to their insolent behaviour towards them. Affairs in Asia were
+prospering under the strong arm of Agesilaus, and in Hellas they had
+no other war on hand to trammel their movements. Such, therefore,
+being the general view of the situation adopted at Lacedaemon, the
+ephors proceeded to call out the ban. Meanwhile they despatched
+Lysander to Phocis with orders to put himself at the head of the
+Phocians along with the Oetaeans, Heracleotes, Melians, and
+Aenianians, and to march upon Haliartus; before the walls of which
+place Pausanias, the destined leader of the expedition, undertook to
+present himself at the head of the Lacedaemonians and other
+Peloponnesian forces by a specified date. Lysander not only carried
+out his instructions to the letter, but going a little beyond them,
+succeeded in detaching Orchomenus from Thebes.[10] Pausanias, on the
+other hand, after finding the sacrifice for crossing the frontier
+favourable, sat down at Tegea and set about despatching to and fro the
+commandants of allied troops whilst contentedly awaiting the soldiers
+from the provincial[11] districts of Laconia.
+
+[4] For an alliance between Athens and the Locrians, B.C. 395, see
+    Hicks, 67; and below, IV. ii. 17.
+
+[5] Lit. "the." See Paus. III. ix. 9.
+
+[6] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 309, 403; viii. 355.
+
+[7] "Hell." II. iv. 30, B.C. 403.
+
+[8] See above, III. iv. 3; and below, VII. i. 34.
+
+[9] See Paus. III. ix. 1-3.
+
+[10] See Freeman, op. cit. p. 167, "Ill feeling between Thebes and
+    other towns."--"Against Thebes, backed by Sparta, resistance was
+    hopeless. It was not till long after that, at last [in 395 B.C.],
+    on a favourable opportunity during the Corinthian war, Orchomenos
+    openly seceded." And for the prior "state of disaffection towards
+    Thebes on the part of the smaller cities," see "Mem." III. v. 2,
+    in reference to B.C. 407.
+
+[11] Lit. "perioecid."
+
+And now that it was fully plain to the Thebans that the Lacedaemonians
+would invade their territory, they sent ambassadors to Athens, who
+spoke as follows:--
+
+"Men of Athens, it is a mistake on your part to blame us for certain
+harsh resolutions concerning Athens at the conclusion of the war.[12]
+That vote was not authorised by the state of Thebes. It was the
+utterance merely of one man,[13] who was at that time seated in the
+congress of the allies. A more important fact is that when the
+Lacedaemonians summoned us to attack Piraeus[14] the collective state
+of Thebes passed a resolution refusing to join in the campaign. As
+then you are to a large extent the cause of the resentment which the
+Lacedaemonians feel towards us, we consider it only fair that you in
+your turn should render us assistance. Still more do we demand of you,
+sirs, who were of the city party at that date, to enter heart and soul
+into war with the Lacedaemonians. For what were their services to you?
+They first deliberately converted you into an oligarchy and placed you
+in hostility to the democracy, and then they came with a great force
+under guise of being your allies, and delivered you over to the
+majority, so that, for any service they rendered you, you were all
+dead men; and you owe your lives to our friends here, the people of
+Athens.[15]
+
+[12] See "Hell." II. ii. 19; and below, VI. v. 35.
+
+[13] Plut. "Lys." xv. "Erianthus the Theban gave his vote to pull down
+    the city, and turn the country into sheep-pasture."--Clough, iii.
+    121.
+
+[14] See "Hell." II. iv. 30.
+
+[15] See "Hell." II. iv. 38, 40, 41.
+
+"But to pass on--we all know, men of Athens, that you would like to
+recover the empire which you formerly possessed; and how can you
+compass your object better than by coming to the aid yourselves of the
+victims of Lacedaemonian injustice? Is it their wide empire of which
+you are afraid? Let not that make cowards of you--much rather let it
+embolden you as you lay to heart and ponder your own case. When your
+empire was widest then the crop of your enemies was thickest. Only so
+long as they found no opportunity to revolt did they keep their hatred
+of you dark; but no sooner had they found a champion in Lacedaemon
+than they at once showed what they really felt towards you. So too to-
+day. Let us show plainly that we mean to stand shoulder to
+shoulder[16] embattled against the Lacedaemonians; and haters enough
+of them--whole armies--never fear, will be forthcoming. To prove the
+truth of this assertion you need only to count upon your fingers. How
+many friends have they left to them to-day? The Argives have been,
+are, and ever will be, hostile to them. Of course. But the Eleians?
+Why, the Eleians have quite lately[17] been robbed of so much
+territory and so many cities that their friendship is converted into
+hatred. And what shall we say of the Corinthians? the Arcadians? the
+Achaeans? In the war which Sparta waged against you, there was no
+toil, no danger, no expense, which those peoples did not share, in
+obedience to the dulcet coaxings[18] and persuasions of that power.
+The Lacedaemonians gained what they wanted, and then not one
+fractional portion of empire, honour, or wealth did these faithful
+followers come in for. That is not all. They have no scruple in
+appointing their helots[19] as governors, and on the free necks of
+their alies, in the day of their good fortune, they have planted the
+tyrant's heel.
+
+[16] Lit. "shield to shield."
+
+[17] Lit. "to-day," "nowadays."
+
+[18] {mala liparoumenoi}. See Thuc. i. 66 foll.; vi. 88.
+
+[19] See "Pol. Lac." xiv.
+
+"Then again take the case of those whom they have detached from
+yourselves. In the most patent way they have cajoled and cheated them;
+in place of freedom they have presented them with a twofold slavery.
+The allies are tyrannised over by the governor and tyrannised over by
+the ten commissioners set up by Lysander over every city.[20] And to
+come lastly to the great king. In spite of all the enormous
+contributions with which he aided them to gain a mastery over you, is
+the lord of Asia one whit better off to-day than if he had taken
+exactly the opposite course and joined you in reducing them?
+
+[20] Grote ("H. G." ix. 323), referring to this passage, and to
+    "Hell." VI. iii. 8-11, notes the change in Spartan habits between
+    405 and 394 B.C. (i.e. between the victory of Aegospotami and the
+    defeat of Cnidos), when Sparta possessed a large public revenue
+    derived from the tribute of the dependent cities. For her earlier
+    condition, 432 B.C., cf. Thuc. i. 80. For her subsequent
+    condition, 334 B.C., cf. Arist. "Pol." ii. 6, 23.
+
+"Is it not clear that you have only to step forward once again as the
+champions of this crowd of sufferers from injustice, and you will
+attain to a pinnacle of power quite unprecedented? In the days of your
+old empire you were leaders of the maritime powers merely--that is
+clear; but your new empire to-day will be universal. You will have at
+your backs not only your former subjects, but ourselves, and the
+Peloponnesians, and the king himself, with all that mighty power which
+is his. We do not deny that we were serviceable allies enough to
+Lacedaemon, as you will bear us witness; but this we say:--If we
+helped the Lacedaemonians vigorously in the past, everything tends to
+show that we shall help you still more vigorously to-day; for our
+swords will be unsheathed, not in behalf of islanders, or Syracusans,
+or men of alien stock, as happened in the late war, but of ourselves,
+suffering under a sense of wrong. And there is another important fact
+which you ought to realise: this selfish system of organised greed
+which is Sparta's will fall more readily to pieces than your own late
+empire. Yours was the proud assertion of naval empire over subjects
+powerless by sea. Theirs is the selfish sway of a minority asserting
+dominion over states equally well armed with themselves, and many
+times more numerous. Here our remarks end. Do not forget, however, men
+of Athens, that as far as we can understand the matter, the field to
+which we invite you is destined to prove far richer in blessings to
+your own state of Athens than to ours, Thebes."
+
+With these words the speaker ended. Among the Athenians, speaker after
+speaker spoke in favour of the proposition,[21] and finally a
+unanimous resolution was passed voting assitance to the Thebans.
+Thrasybulus, in an answer communicating the resolution, pointed out
+with pride that in spite of the unfortified condition of Piraeus,
+Athens would not shrink from repaying her former debt of gratitude to
+Thebes with interest. "You," he added, "refused to join in a campaign
+against us; we are prepared to fight your battles with you against the
+enemy, if he attacks you." Thus the Thebans returned home and made
+preparations to defend themselves, whilst the Athenians made ready to
+assist them.
+
+[21] For the alliance between Boeotia and Athens, B.C. 395, see
+    Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 6; Hicks, op. cit. 65; Lys. "pro Man." S.
+    13; Jebb, "Att. Or." i. p. 247; and the two speeches of the same
+    orator Lysias against Alcibiades (son of the famous Alcibiades),
+    on a Charge of Desertion ("Or." xiv.), and on a Charge of Failure
+    to Serve ("Or." xv.)--Jebb, op. cit. i. p. 256 foll.
+
+And now the Lacedaemonians no longer hesitated. Pausanias the king
+advanced into Boeotia with the home army and the whole of the
+Peloponnesian contingents, saving only the Corinthians, who declined
+to serve. Lysander, at the head of the army supplied by Phocis and
+Orchomenus and the other strong places in those parts, had already
+reached Haliartus, in front of Pausanias. Being arrived, he refused to
+sit down quietly and await the arrival of the army from Lacedaemon,
+but at once marched with what troops he had against the walls of
+Haliartus; and in the first instance he tried to persuade the citizens
+to detach themselves from Thebes and to assume autonomy, but the
+intention was cut short by certain Thebans within the fortress.
+Whereupon Lysander attacked the place. The Thebans were made
+aware,[22] and hurried to the rescue with heavy infantry and cavalry.
+Then, whether it was that the army of relief fell upon Lysander
+unawares, or that with clear knowledge of his approach he preferred to
+await the enemy, with intent to crush him, is uncertain. This only is
+clear: a battle was fought beside the walls, and a trophy still exists
+to mark the victory of the townsfolk before the gates of Haliartus.
+Lysander was slain, and the rest fled to the mountains, the Thebans
+hotly pursuing. But when the pursuit had led them to some considerable
+height, and they were fairly environed and hemmed in by difficult
+ground and narrow space, then the heavy infantry turned to bay, and
+greeted them with a shower of darts and missiles. First two or three
+men dropped who had been foremost of the pursuers, and then upon the
+rest they poured volleys of stones down the precipitous incline, and
+pressed on their late pursuers with much zeal, until the Thebans
+turned tail and quitted the deadly slope, leaving behind them more
+than a couple of hundred corpses.
+
+[22] See Plut. "Lys." xxviii. (Clough, iii. 137).
+
+On this day, thereafter, the hearts of the Thebans failed them as they
+counted their losses and found them equal to their gains; but the next
+day they discovered that during the night the Phocians and the rest of
+them had made off to their several homes, whereupon they fell to
+pluming themselves highly on their achievement. But presently
+Pausanias appeared at the head of the Lacedaemonian army, and once
+more their dangers seemed to thicken round them. Deep, we are told,
+was the silence and abasement which reigned in their host. It was not
+until the third day, when the Athenians arrived[23] and were duely
+drawn up beside them, whilst Pausanias neither attacked nor offered
+battle, that at length the confidence of the Thebans took a larger
+range. Pausanias, on his side, having summoned his generals and
+commanders of fifties,[24] deliberated whether to give battle or to
+content himself with picking up the bodies of Lysander and those who
+fell with him, under cover of a truce.
+
+[23] See Dem. "On the Crown," 258.
+
+[24] Lit. "polemarchs and penteconters"--"colonels and lieutenants."
+    See "Pol. Lac." xi.
+
+The considerations which weighed upon the minds of Pausanias and the
+other high officers of the Lacedaemonians seem to have been that
+Lysander was dead and his defeated army in retreat; while, as far as
+they themselves were concerned, the Corinthian contingent was
+absolutely wanting, and the zeal of the troops there present at the
+lowest ebb. They further reasoned that the enemy's cavalry was
+numerous and theirs the reverse; whilst, weightiest of all, there lay
+the dead right under the walls, so that if they had been ever so much
+stronger it would have been no easy task to pick up the bodies within
+range of the towers of Haliartus. On all these grounds they determined
+to ask for a flag of truce, in order to pick up the bodies of the
+slain. These, however, the Thebans were not disposed to give back
+unless they agreed to retire from their territory. The terms were
+gladly accepted by the Lacedaemonians, who at once picked up the
+corpses of the slain, and prepared to quit the territory of Boeotia.
+The preliminaries were transacted, and the retreat commenced.
+Despondent indeed was the demeanour of the Lacedaemonians, in contrast
+with the insolent bearing of the Thebans, who visited the slightest
+attempt to trespass on their private estates with blows and chased the
+offenders back on to the high roads unflinchingly. Such was the
+conclusion of the campaign of the Lacedaemonians.
+
+As for Pausanias, on his arrival at home he was tried on the capital
+charge. The heads of indictment set forth that he had failed to reach
+Haliartus as soon as Lysander, in spite of his undertaking to be there
+on the same day: that, instead of using any endeavour to pick up the
+bodies of the slain by force of arms, he had asked for a flag of
+truce: that at an earlier date, when he had got the popular government
+of Athens fairly in his grip at Piraeus, he had suffered it to slip
+through his fingers and escape. Besides this,[25] he failed to present
+himself at the trial, and a sentence of death was passed upon him. He
+escaped to Tegea and there died of an illness whilst still in exile.
+Thus closes the chapter of events enacted on the soil of Hellas. To
+return to Asia and Agesilaus.
+
+[25] Or, add, "as a further gravamen."
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IV
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 395. With the fall of the year Agesilaus reached Phrygia--the
+Phrygia of Pharnabazus--and proceeded to burn and harry the district.
+City after city was taken, some by force and some by voluntary
+surrender. To a proposal of Spithridates to lead him into
+Paphlagonia,[1] where he would introduce the king of the country to
+him in conference and obtain his alliance, he readily acceded. It was
+a long-cherished ambition of Agesilaus to alienate some one of the
+subject nations from the Persian monarch, and he pushed forward
+eagerly.
+
+[1] See Hartman ("An. Xen." p. 339), who suggests {Otun auto} for {sun
+    auto}.
+
+On his arrival in Paphlagonia, King Otys[2] came, and an alliance was
+made. (The fact was, he had been summoned by the king to Susa and had
+not gone up.) More than that, through the persuasion of Spithridates
+he left behind as a parting gift to Agesilaus one thousand cavalry and
+a couple of thousand peltasts. Agesilaus was anxious in some way to
+show his gratitude to Spithridates for such help, and spoke as
+follows:--"Tell me," he said to Spithridates, "would you not like to
+give your daughter to King Otys?" "Much more would I like to give
+her," he answered, "than he to take her--I an outcast wanderer, and he
+lord of a vast territory and forces." Nothing more was said at the
+time about the marriage; but when Otys was on the point of departure
+and came to bid farewell, Agesilaus, having taken care that
+Spithridates should be out of the way, in the presence of the Thirty
+broached the subject:[3] "Can you tell me, Otys, to what sort of
+family Spithridates belongs?" "To one of the noblest in Persia,"
+replied the king. Agesilaus: "Have you observed how beautiful his son
+is?" Otys: "To be sure; last evening I was supping with him."
+Agesilaus: "And they tell me his daughter is yet more beautiful."
+Otys: "That may well be; beautiful she is." Agesilaus: "For my part,
+as you have proved so good a friend to us, I should like to advise you
+to take this girl to wife. Not only is she very beautiful--and what
+more should a husband ask for?--but her father is of noble family, and
+has a force at his back large enough to retaliate on Pharnabazus for
+an injury. He has made the satrap, as you see, a fugitive and a
+vagabond in his own vast territory. I need not tell you," he added,
+"that a man who can so chastise an enemy is well able to benefit a
+friend; and of this be assured: by such an alliance you will gain not
+the connection of Spithridates alone, but of myself and the
+Lacedaemonians, and, as we are the leaders of Hellas, of the rest of
+Hellas also. And what a wedding yours will be! Were ever nuptials
+celebrated on so grand a scale before? Was ever bride led home by such
+an escort of cavalry and light-armed troops and heavy infantry, as
+shall escort your wife home to your palace?" Otys asked: "Is
+Spithridates of one mind with you in this proposal?" and Agesilaus
+answered: "In good sooth he did not bid me make it for him. And for my
+own part in the matter, though it is, I admit, a rare pleasure to
+requite an enemy, yet I had far rather at any time discover some good
+fortune for my friends." Otys: "Why not ask if your project pleases
+Spithridates too?" Then Agesilaus, turning to Herippidas and the rest
+of the Thirty, bade them go to Spithridates; "and give him such good
+instruction," he added, "that he shall wish what we wish." The Thirty
+rose and retired to administer their lesson. But they seemed to tarry
+a long time, and Agesilaus asked: "What say you, King Otys--shall we
+summon him hither ourselves? You, I feel certain, are better able to
+persuade him than the whole Thirty put together." Thereupon Agesilaus
+summoned Spithridates and the others. As they came forward, Herippidas
+promptly delivered himself thus: "I spare you the details, Agesilaus.
+To make a long story short, Spithridates says, 'He will be glad to do
+whatever pleases you.'" Then Agesilaus, turning first to one and then
+to the other: "What pleases me," said he, "is that you should wed a
+daughter--and you a wife--so happily.[4] But," he added, "I do not see
+how we can well bring home the bride by land till spring." "No, not by
+land," the suitor answered, "but you might, if you chose, conduct her
+home at once by sea." Thereupon they exchanged pledges to ratify the
+compact; and so sent Otys rejoicing on his way.
+
+[2] See "Ages." iii. 4, where he is called Cotys.
+
+[3] I.e. "Spartan counsellors."
+
+[4] Or, "and may the wedding be blest!"
+
+Agesilaus, who had not failed to note the king's impatience, at once
+fitted out a ship of war and gave orders to Callias, a Lacedaemonian,
+to escort the maiden to her new home; after which he himself began his
+march on Dascylium. Here was the palace of Pharnabazus. It lay in the
+midst of abundant supplies. Here, too, were most fair hunting grounds,
+offering the hunter choice between enclosed parks[5] and a wide
+expanse of field and fell; and all around there flowed a river full of
+fish of every sort; and for the sportsman versed in fowling, winged
+game in abundance.
+
+[5] Lit. "paradises." See "Anab." I. ii. 7; "Cyrop." I. iv. 11.
+
+In these quarters the Spartan king passed the winter, collecting
+supplies for the army either on the spot or by a system of forage. On
+one of these occasions the troops, who had grown reckless and scornful
+of the enemy through long immunity from attack, whilst engaged in
+collecting supplies were scattered over the flat country, when
+Pharnabazus fell upon them with two scythe-chariots and about four
+hundred horse. Seeing him thus advancing, the Hellenes ran together,
+mustering possibly seven hundred men. The Persian did not hesitate,
+but placing his chariots in front, supported by himself and the
+cavalry, he gave the command to charge. The scythe-chariots charged
+and scattered the compact mass, and speedily the cavalry had laid low
+in the dust about a hundred men, while the rest retreated hastily,
+under cover of Agesilaus and his hoplites, who were fortunately near.
+
+It was the third or fourth day after this that Spithridates made a
+discovery: Pharnabazus lay encamped in Caue, a large village not more
+than eighteen miles[6] away. This news he lost no time in reporting to
+Herippidas. The latter, who was longing for some brilliant explout,
+begged Agesilaus to furnish him with two thousand hoplites, an equal
+number of peltasts, and some cavalry--the latter to consist of the
+horsemen of Spithridates, the Paphlagonians, and as many Hellene
+troopers as he might perchance persuade to follow him. Having got the
+promise of them from Agesilaus, he proceeded to take the auspices.
+Towards late afternoon he obtained favourable omens and broke off the
+sacrifice. Thereupon he ordered the troops to get their evening meal,
+after which they were to present themselves in front of the camp. But
+by the time darkness had closed in, not one half of them had come out.
+To abandon the project was to call down the ridicule of the rest of
+the Thirty. So he set out with the force to hand, and about daylight,
+falling on the camp of Pharnabazus, put many of his advanced guard of
+Mysians to the sword. The men themselves made good their escape in
+different directions, but the camp was taken, and with it divers
+goblets and other gear such as a man like Pharnabazus would have, not
+to speak of much baggage and many baggage animals. It was the dread of
+being surrounded and besieged, if he should establish himself for long
+at any one spot, which induced Pharnabazus to flee in gipsy fashion
+from point to point over the country, carefully obliterating his
+encampments. Now as the Paphlagonians and Spithridates brought back
+the captured property, they were met by Herippidas with his brigadiers
+and captains, who stopped them and[7] relieved them of all they had;
+the object being to have as large a list as possible of captures to
+deliver over to the officers who superintended the sale of booty.[8]
+This treatment the Asiatics found intolerable. They deemed themselves
+at once injured and insulted, got their kit together in the night, and
+made off in the direction of Sardis to join Ariaeus without mistrust,
+seeing that he too had revolted and gone to war with the king. On
+Agesilaus himself no heavier blow fell during the whole campaign than
+the desertion of Spithridates and Megabates and the Paphlagonians.
+
+[6] Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
+
+[7] Or, "captains posted to intercept them, who relieved . . ." See
+    "Anab." IV. i. 14.
+
+[8] See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 11, for these officers.
+
+Now there was a certain man of Cyzicus, Apollophanes by name; he was
+an old friend of Pharnabazus, and at this time had become a friend
+also of Agesilaus.[9] This man informed Agesilaus that he thought he
+could bring about a meeting between him and Pharnabazus, which might
+tend to friendship; and having so got ear of him, he obtained pledges
+of good faith between his two friends, and presented himself with
+Pharnabazus at the trysting-place, where Agesilaus with the Thirty
+around him awaited their coming, reclined upon a grassy sward.
+Pharnabazus presently arrived clad in costliest apparel; but just as
+his attendants were about to spread at his feet the carpets on which
+the Persians delicately seat themselves, he was touched with a sense
+of shame at his own luxury in sight of the simplicity of Agesilaus,
+and he also without further ceremony seated himself on the bare
+ground. And first the two bade one another hail, and then Pharnabazus
+stretched out his right hand and Agesilaus his to meet him, and the
+conversation began. Pharnabazus, as the elder of the two, spoke first.
+"Agesilaus," he said, "and all you Lacedaemonians here present, while
+you were at war with the Athenians I was your friend and ally; it was
+I who furnished the wealth that made your navy strong on sea; on land
+I fought on horseback by your side, and pursued your enemies into the
+sea.[10] As to duplicity like that of Tissaphernes, I challenge you to
+accuse me of having played you false by word or deed. Such have I ever
+been; and in return how am I treated by yourselves to-day?--in such
+sort that I cannot even sup in my own country unless, like the wild
+animals, I pick up the scraps you chance to leave. The beautiful
+palaces which my father left me as an heirloom, the parks[11] full of
+trees and beasts of the chase in which my heart rejoiced, lie before
+my eyes hacked to pieces, burnt to ashes. Maybe I do not comprehend
+the first principles of justice and holiness; do you then explain to
+me how all this resembles the conduct of men who know how to repay a
+simple debt of gratitude." He ceased, and the Thirty were ashamed
+before him and kept silence.[12]
+
+[9] "Ages." v. 4; Plut. "Ages." xi. (Clough, iv. p. 14).
+
+[10] See "Hell." I. i. 6.
+
+[11] Lit. "paradises."
+
+[12] Theopompus of Chios, the historian (b. B.C. 378, fl. B.C. 333),
+    "in the eleventh book [of his {Suntazis Ellenikon}] borrowed
+    Xenophon's lively account of the interview between Agesilaus and
+    Pharnabazus (Apollonius apud Euseb. B, "Praep. Evang." p. 465)."
+    See "Hist. Lit. of Anc. Gr.," Muller and Donaldson, ii. p. 380.
+
+At length, after some pause, Agesilaus spoke. "I think you are aware,"
+he said, "Pharnabazus, that within the states of Hellas the folk of
+one community contract relations of friendship and hospitality with
+one another;[13] but if these states should go to war, then each man
+will side with his fatherland, and friend will find himself pitted
+against friend in the field of battle, and, if it so betide, the one
+may even deal the other his death-blow. So too we to-day, being at war
+with your sovereign lord the king, must needs regard as our enemy all
+that he calls his; not but that with yourself personally we should
+esteem it our high fortune to be friends. If indeed it were merely an
+exchange of service--were you asked to give up your lord the king and
+to take us as your masters in his stead, I could not so advise you;
+but the fact is, by joining with us it is in your power to-day to bow
+your head to no man, to call no man master, to reap the produce of
+your own domain in freedom--freedom, which to my mind is more precious
+than all riches. Not that we bid you to become a beggar for the sake
+of freedom, but rather to use our friendship to increase not the
+king's authority, but your own, by subduing those who are your fellow-
+slaves to-day, and who to-morrow shall be your willing subjects. Well,
+then, freedom given and wealth added--what more would you desire to
+fill the cup of happiness to overflowing?" Pharnabazus replied: "Shall
+I tell you plainly what I will do?" "That were but kind and courteous
+on your part," he answered. "Thus it stands with me, then," said
+Pharnabazus. "If the king should send another general, and if he
+should wish to rank me under this new man's orders, I, for my part, am
+willing to accept your friendship and alliance; but if he offers me
+the supreme command--why, then, I plainly tell you, there is a certain
+something in the very name ambition which whispers me that I shall war
+against you to the best of my ability."[14] When he heard that,
+Agesilaus seized the satrap's hand, exclaiming: "Ah, best of mortals,
+may the day arrive which sends us such a friend! Of one thing rest
+assured. This instant I leave your territory with what haste I may,
+and for the future--even in case of war--as long as we can find foes
+elsewhere our hands shall hold aloof from you and yours."
+
+[13] Or, add, "we call them guest friends."
+
+[14] Or, "so subtle a force, it seems, is the love of honour that."
+    Grote, "H. G." ix. 386; cf. Herod. iii. 57 for "ambition,"
+    {philotimia}.
+
+And with these words he broke up the meeting. Pharnabazus mounted his
+horse and rode away, but his son by Parapita, who was still in the
+bloom of youth, lingered behind; then, running up to Agesilaus, he
+exclaimed: "See, I choose you as my friend." "And I accept you,"
+replied the king. "Remember, then," the lad answered, and with the
+word presented the beautiful javelin in his hand to Agesilaus, who
+received it, and unclasping a splendid trapping[15] which his
+secretary, Idaeus, had round the neck of his charger, he gave it in
+return to the youth; whereupon the boy leapt on his horse's back and
+galloped after his father.[16] At a later date, during the absence of
+Pharnabazus abroad, this same youth, the son of Parapita, was deprived
+of the government by his brother and driven into exile. Then Agesilaus
+took great interest in him, and as he had a strong attachment to the
+son of Eualces, an Athenian, Agesilaus did all he could to have this
+friend of his, who was the tallest of the boys, admitted to the two
+hundred yards race at Olympia.
+
+[15] {phalara}, bosses of gold, silver, or other metals, cast or
+    chased, with some appropriate device in relief, which were worn as
+    an ornamental trapping for horses, affixed to the head-stall or to
+    a throat-collar, or to a martingale over the chest.--Rich's
+    "Companion to Lat. Dict. and Greek Lex.," s.v.
+
+[16] See Grote, ix. 387; Plut. "Ages." xiv. (Clough, iv. 15); "Ages."
+    iii. 5. The incident is idealised in the "Cyrop." I. iv. 26 foll.
+    See "Lyra Heroica": CXXV. A Ballad of East and West--the incident
+    of the "turqoise-studded rein."
+
+B.C. 394. But to return to the actual moment. Agesilaus was as good as
+his word, and at once marched out of the territory of Pharnabazus. The
+season verged on spring. Reaching the plain of Thebe,[17] he encamped
+in the neighbourhood of the temple of Artemis of Astyra,[18] and there
+employed himself in collecting troops from every side, in addition to
+those which he already had, so as to form a complete armament. These
+preparations were pressed forward with a view to penetrating as far as
+possible into the interior. He was persuaded that every tribe or
+nation placed in his rear might be considered as alienated from the
+king.
+
+[17] "Anab." VII. viii. 7.
+
+[18] Vide Strab. xiii. 606, 613. Seventy stades from Thebe.
+
+
+
+II
+
+Such were the concerns and projects of Agesilaus. Meanwhile the
+Lacedaemonians at home were quite alive to the fact that moneys had
+been sent into Hellas, and that the bigger states were leagued
+together to declare war against them. It was hard to avoid the
+conclusion that Sparta herself was in actual danger, and that a
+campaign was inevitable. While busy, therefore, with preparations
+themselves, they lost no time in despatching Epicydidas to fetch
+Agesilaus. That officer, on his arrival, explained the position of
+affairs, and concluded by delivering a peremptory summons of the state
+recalling him to the assistance of the fatherland without delay. The
+announcement could not but come as a grievous blow to Agesilaus, as he
+reflected on the vanished hopes, and the honours plucked from his
+grasp. Still, he summoned the allies and announced to them the
+contents of the despatch from home. "To aid our fatherland," he added,
+"is an imperative duty. If, however, matters turn out well on the
+other side, rely upon it, friends and allies, I will not forget you,
+but I shall be back anon to carry out your wishes." When they heard
+the announcement many wept, and they passed a resolution, one and all,
+to assist Agesilaus in assisting Lacedaemon; if matters turned out
+well there, they undertook to take him as their leader and come back
+again to Asia; and so they fell to making preparations to follow him.
+
+Agesilaus, on his side, determined to leave behind him in Asia Euxenus
+as governor, and with him a garrison numbering no less than four
+thousand troops, which would enable him to protect the states in Asia.
+But for himself, as on the one hand he could see that the majority of
+the soldiers would far rather stay behind than undertake service
+against fellow-Hellenes, and on the other hand he wished to take as
+fine and large an army with him as he could, he offered prizes first
+to that state or city which should continue the best corps of troops,
+and secondly to that captain of mercenaries who should join the
+expedition with the best equipped battalion of heavy infantry,
+archers, and light infantry. On the same principle he informed the
+chief cavalry officers that the general who succeeded in presenting
+the best accoutred and best mounted regiment would receive from
+himself some victorious distinction. "The final adjudication," he
+said, "would not be made until they had crossed from Asia into Europe
+and had reached the Chersonese; and this with a view to impress upon
+them that the prizes were not for show but for real campaigners."[1]
+These consisted for the most part of infantry or cavalry arms and
+accoutrements tastefully furnished, besides which there were chaplets
+of gold. The whole, useful and ornamental alike, must have cost nearly
+a thousand pounds,[2] but as the result of this outlay, no doubt, arms
+of great value were procured for the expedition.[3] When the
+Hellespont was crossed the judges were appointed. The Lacedaemonians
+were represented by Menascus, Herippidas, and Orsippus, and the allies
+by one member from each state. As soon as the adjudication was
+complete, the army commenced its march with Agesilaus at its head,
+following the very route taken by the great king when he invaded
+Hellas.
+
+[1] Or, "that the perfection of equipment was regarded as anticipative
+    of actual service in the field." Cobet suggests for {eukrinein}
+    {dieukrinein}; cf. "Oecon." viii. 6.
+
+[2] Lit. "at least four talents" = 975 pounds.
+
+[3] Or, "beyond which, the arms and material to equip the expedition
+    were no doubt highly costly."
+
+Meanwhile the ephors had called out the ban, and as Agesipolis was
+still a boy, the state called upon Aristodemus, who was of the royal
+family and guardian of the young king, to lead the expedition; and now
+that the Lacedaemonians were ready to take the field and the forces of
+their opponents were duly mustered, the latter met[4] to consider the
+most advantageous method of doing battle.
+
+[4] At Corinth. See above, III. iv. 11; below, V. iv. 61, where the
+    victory of Nixos is described but not localised.
+
+Timolaus of Corinth spoke: "Soldiers of the allied forces," he said,
+"the growth of Lacedaemon seems to me just like that of some mighty
+river--at its sources small and easily crossed, but as it farther and
+farther advances, other rivers discharge themelves into its channel,
+and its stream grows ever more formidable. So is it with the
+Lacedaemonians. Take them at the starting-point and they are but a
+single community, but as they advance and attach city after city they
+grow more numerous and more resistless. I observe that when people
+wish to take wasps' nests--if they try to capture the creatures on the
+wing, they are liable to be attacked by half the hive; whereas, if
+they apply fire to them ere they leave their homes, they will master
+them without scathe themselves. On this principle I think it best to
+bring about the battle within the hive itself, or, short of that, as
+close to Lacedaemon as possible."[5]
+
+[5] Or, "if not actually at Lacedaemon, then at least as near as
+    possible to the hornet's nest."
+
+The arguments of the speaker were deemed sound, and a resolution was
+passed in that sense; but before it could be carried out there were
+various arrangements to be made. There was the question of headship.
+Then, again, what was the proper depth of line to be given to the
+different army corps? for if any particular state or states gave too
+great a depth to their battle line they would enable the enemy to turn
+their flank. Whilst they were debating these points, the
+Lacedaemonians had incorporated the men of Tegea and the men of
+Mantinea, and were ready to debouch into the bimarine region.[6] And
+as the two armies advanced almost at the same time, the Corinthians
+and the rest reached the Nemea,[7] and the Lacedaemonians and their
+allies occupied Sicyon. The Lacedaemonians entered by Epieiceia, and
+at first were severely handled by the light-armed troops of the enemy,
+who discharged stones and arrows from the vantage-ground on their
+right; but as they dropped down upon the Gulf of Corinth they advanced
+steadily onwards through the flat country, felling timber and burning
+the fair land. Their rivals, on their side, after a certain forward
+movement,[8] paused and encamped, placing the ravine in front of them;
+but still the Lacedaemonians advanced, and it was only when they were
+within ten furlongs[9] of the hostile position that they followed suit
+and encamped, and then they remained quiet.
+
+[6] I.e. "the shores of the Corinthian Gulf." Or, "upon the strand or
+    coast road or coast land of Achaia" [aliter {ten aigialon}(?) the
+    Strand of the Corinthian Gulf, the old name of this part of
+    Achaia].
+
+[7] Or, "the district of Nemea."
+
+[8] {epelthontes}, but see Grote ("H. G." ix. 425 note), who prefers
+    {apelthontes} = retreated and encamped.
+
+[9] Lit. "ten stades." For the numbers below, see Grote, "H. G." ix.
+    422, note 1.
+
+And here I may state the numbers on either side. The Lacedaemonian
+heavy-armed infantry levies amounted to six thousand men. Of Eleians,
+Triphylians, Acroreians, and Lasionians, there must have been nearly
+three thousand, with fifteen hundred Sicyonians, while Epidaurus,
+Troezen, Hermione, and Halieis[10] contributed at least another three
+thousand. To these heavy infantry troops must be added six hundred
+Lacedaemonian cavalry, a body of Cretan archers about three hundred
+strong, besides another force of slingers, at least four hundred in
+all, consisting of Marganians, Letrinians, and Amphidolians. The men
+of Phlius were not represented. Their plea was they were keeping "holy
+truce." That was the total of the forces on the Lacedaemonian side.
+There was collected on the enemy's side six thousand Athenian heavy
+infantry, with about, as was stated, seven thousand Argives, and in
+the absence of the men of Orchomenus something like five thousand
+Boeotians. There were besides three thousand Corinthians, and again
+from the whole of Euboea at least three thousand. These formed the
+heavy infantry. Of cavalry the Boeotians, again in the absence of the
+Orchomenians, furnished eight hundred, the Athenians[11] six hundred,
+the Chalcidians of Euboea one hundred, the Opuntian Locrians[12]
+fifty. Their light troops, including those of the Corinthians, were
+more numerous, as the Ozolian Locrians, the Melians, and
+Arcarnanians[13] helped to swell their numbers.
+
+[10] Halieis, a seafaring people (Strabo, viii. 373) and town on the
+    coast of Hermionis; Herod. vii. 137; Thuc. i. 105, ii. 56, iv. 45;
+    Diod. xi. 78; "Hell." VI. ii. 3.
+
+[11] For a treaty between Athens and Eretria, B.C. 395, see Hicks, 66;
+    and below, "Hell." IV. iii. 15; Hicks, 68, 69; Diod. xiv. 82.
+
+[12] See above, "Hell." III. v. 3.
+
+[13] See below, "Hell." IV. vi. 1; ib. vii. 1; VI. v. 23.
+
+Such was the strength of the two armies. The Boeotians, as long as
+they occupied the left wing, showed no anxiety to join battle, but
+after a rearrangement which gave them the right, placing the Athenians
+opposite the Lacedaemonians, and themselves opposite the Achaeans, at
+once, we are told,[14] the victims proved favourable, and the order
+was passed along the lines to prepare for immediate action. The
+Boeotians, in the first place, abandoning the rule of sixteen deep,
+chose to give their division the fullest possible depth, and,
+moreover, kept veering more and more to their right, with the
+intention of overlapping their opponent's flank. The consequence was
+that the Athenians, to avoid being absolutely severed, were forced to
+follow suit, and edged towards the right, though they recognised the
+risk they ran of having their flank turned. For a while the
+Lacedaemonians had no idea of the advance of the enemy, owing to the
+rough nature of the ground,[15] but the notes of the paean at length
+announced to them the fact, and without an instant's delay the
+answering order "prepare for battle" ran along the different sections
+of their army. As soon as their troops were drawn up, according to the
+tactical disposition of the various generals of foreign brigades, the
+order was passed to "follow the lead," and then the Lacedaemonians on
+their side also began edging to their right, and eventually stretched
+out their wing so far that only six out of the ten regimental
+divisions of the Athenians confronted the Lacedaemonians, the other
+four finding themselves face to face with the men of Tegea. And now
+when they were less than a furlong[16] apart, the Lacedaemonians
+sacrificed in customary fashion a kid to the huntress goddess,[17] and
+advanced upon their opponents, wheeling round their overlapping
+columns to outflank his left. As the two armies closed, the allies of
+Lacedaemon were as a rule fairly borne down by their opponents. The
+men of Pellene alone, steadily confronting the Thespiaeans, held their
+ground, and the dead of either side strewed the position.[18] As to
+the Lacedaemonians themselves: crushing that portion of the Athenian
+troops which lay immediately in front of them, and at the same time
+encircling them with their overlapping right, they slew man after man
+of them; and, absolutely unscathed themselves, their unbroken columns
+continued their march, and so passed behind the four remaining
+divisions[19] of the Athenians before these latter had returned from
+their own victorious pursuit. Whereby the four divisions in question
+also emerged from battle intact, except for the casualties inflicted
+by the Tegeans in the first clash of the engagement. The troops next
+encountered by the Lacedaemonians were the Argives retiring. These
+they fell foul of, and the senior polemarch was just on the point of
+closing with them "breast to breast" when some one, it is said,
+shouted, "Let their front ranks pass." This was done, and as the
+Argives raced past, their enemies thrust at their unprotected[20]
+sides and killed many of them. The Corinthians were caught in the same
+way as they retired, and when their turn had passed, once more the
+Lacedaemonians lit upon a portion of the Theban division retiring from
+the pursuit, and strewed the field with their dead. The end of it all
+was that the defeated troops in the first instance made for safety to
+the walls of their city, but the Corinthians within closed the gates,
+whereupon the troops took up quarters once again in their old
+encampment. The Lacedaemonians on their side withdrew to the point at
+which they first closed with the enemy, and there set up a trophy of
+victory. So the battle ended.
+
+[14] Or, "then they lost no time in discovering that the victims
+    proved favourable."
+
+[15] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 428; cf. Lys. "pro Mant." 20.
+
+[16] Lit. "a stade."
+
+[17] Lit. "our Lady of the Chase." See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 8.
+
+[18] Lit. "men on either side kept dropping at their post."
+
+[19] Lit. "tribes."
+
+[20] I.e. "right."
+
+
+
+III
+
+Meanwhile Agesilaus was rapidly hastening with his reinforcements from
+Asia. He had reached Amphipolis when Dercylidas brought the news of
+this fresh victory of the Lacedaemonians; their own loss had been
+eight men, that of the enemy considerable. It was his business at the
+same time to explain that not a few of the allies had fallen also.
+Agesilaus asked, "Would it not be opportune, Dercylidas, if the cities
+that have furnished us with contingents could hear of this victory as
+soon as possible?" And Dercylidas replied: "The news at any rate is
+likely to put them in better heart." Then said the king: "As you were
+an eye-witness there could hardly be a better bearer of the news than
+yourself." To this proposal Dercylidas lent a willing ear--to travel
+abroad[1] was his special delight--and he replied, "Yes, under your
+orders." "Then you have my orders," the king said. "And you may
+further inform the states from myself that we have not forgotten our
+promise; if all goes well over here we shall be with them again ere
+long." So Dercylidas set off on his travels, in the first instance to
+the Hellespont;[2] while Agesilaus crossed Macedonia, and arrived in
+Thessaly. And now the men of Larissa, Crannon, Scotussa, and
+Pharsalus, who were allies of the Boeotians--and in fact all the
+Thessalians except the exiles for the time being--hung on his heels[3]
+and did him damage.
+
+[1] See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 4.
+
+[2] See below, "Hell." IV. viii. 3.
+
+[3] See "Ages." ii. 2; Grote, "H. G." ix. 420, note 2.
+
+For some while he marched his troops in a hollow square,[4] posting
+half his cavalry in front and half on his rear; but finding that the
+Thessalians checked his passage by repeated charges from behind, he
+strengthened his rearguard by sending round the cavalry from his van,
+with the exception of his own personal escort.[5] The two armies stood
+confronted in battle order; but the Thessalians, not liking the notion
+of a cavalry engagement with heavy infantry, turned, and step by step
+retreated, while the others followed them with considerable caution.
+Agesilaus, perceiving the error under which both alike laboured, now
+sent his own personal guard of stalwart troopers with orders that both
+they and the rest of the horsemen should charge at full gallop,[6] and
+not give the enemy the chance to recoil. The Thessalians were taken
+aback by this unexpected onslaught, and half of them never thought of
+wheeling about, whilst those who did essay to do so presented the
+flanks of their horses to the charge,[7] and were made prisoners.
+Still Polymarchus of Pharsalus, the general in command of their
+cavalry, rallied his men for an instant, and fell, sword in hand, with
+his immediate followers. This was the signal for a flight so
+precipitate on the part of the Thessalians, that their dead and dying
+lined the road, and prisoners were taken; nor was any halt made until
+they reached Mount Narthacius. Here, then, midway between Pras and
+Narthacius, Agesilaus set up a trophy, halting for the moment, in
+unfeigned satisfaction at the exploit. It was from antagonists who
+prided themselves on their cavalry beyond everything that he had
+wrested victory, with a body of cavalry of his own mustering. Next day
+he crossed the mountains of Achaea Phthiotis, and for the future
+continued his march through friendly territory until he reached the
+confines of Boeotia.
+
+[4] See Rustow and Kochly, S. 187 foll.
+
+[5] See Thuc. v. 72; Herod. vi. 56, viii. 124.
+
+[6] Lit. "and bids them pass the order to the others and themselves to
+    charge," etc.
+
+[7] See "Horsemanship," vii. 16; Polyb. iv. 8.
+
+Here, at the entrance of that territory, the sun (in partial
+eclipse)[8] seemed to appear in a crescent shape, and the news reached
+him of the defeat of the Lacedaemonians in a naval engagement, and the
+death of the admiral Peisander. Details of the disaster were not
+wanting. The engagement of the hostile fleets took place off Cnidus.
+Pharnabazus, the Persian admiral, was present with the Phoenician
+fleet, and in front of him were ranged the ships of the Hellenic
+squadron under Conon. Peisander had ventured to draw out his squadron
+to meet the combined fleets, though the numerical inferiority of his
+fleet to that of the Hellenic navy under Conon was conspicuous, and he
+had the mortification of seeing the allies who formed his left wing
+take to flight immediately. He himself came to close quarters with the
+enemy, and was driven on shore, on board his trireme, under pressure
+of the hostile rams. The rest, as many as were driven to shore,
+deserted their ships and sought safety as best they could in the
+territory of Cnidus. The admiral alone stuck to his ship, and fell
+sword in hand.
+
+[8] B.C. 394, August 14.
+
+It was impossible for Agesilaus not to feel depressed by those tidings
+at first; on further reflection, however, it seemed to him that the
+moral quality of more than half his troops well entitled them to share
+in the sunshine of success, but in the day of trouble, when things
+looked black, he was not bound to take them into his confidence.
+Accordingly he turned round and gave out that he had received news
+that Peisander was dead, but that he had fallen in the arms of victory
+in a sea-fight; and suiting his action to the word, he proceeded to
+offer sacrifice in return for good tidings,[9] distributing portions
+of the victims to a large number of recipients. So it befell that in
+the first skirmish with the enemy the troops of Agesilaus gained the
+upper hand, in consequence of the report that the Lacedaemonians had
+won a victory by sea.
+
+[9] "Splendide mendax." For the ethics of the matter, see "Mem." IV.
+    ii. 17; "Cyrop." I. vi. 31.
+
+To confront Agesilaus stood an army composed of the Boeotians,
+Athenians, Argives, Corinthians, Aenianians, Euboeans, and both
+divisions of the Locrians. Agesilaus on his side had with him a
+division[10] of Lacedaemonians, which had crossed from Corinth, also
+half the division from Orchomenus; besides which there were the
+neodamodes[11] from Lacedaemon, on service with him already; and in
+addition to these the foreign contingent under Herippidas;[12] and
+again the quota furnished by the Hellenic cities in Asia, with others
+from the cities in Europe which he had brought over during his
+progress; and lastly, there were additional levies from the spot--
+Orchomenian and Phocian heavy infantry. In light-armed troops, it must
+be admitted, the numbers told heavily in favour of Agesilaus, but the
+cavalry[13] on both sides were fairly balanced.
+
+[10] Lit. "a mora"; for the numbers, see "Ages." ii. 6; Plut. "Ages."
+    17; Grote, "H. G." ix. 433.
+
+[11] I.e. "enfranchised helots."
+
+[12] See "Ages." ii. 10, 11; and above, "Hell." III. iv. 20.
+
+[13] See Hicks, op. cit. 68.
+
+Such were the forces of either party. I will describe the battle
+itself, if only on account of certain features which distinguish it
+from the battles of our time. The two armies met on the plain of
+Coronea--the troops of Agesilaus advancing from the Cephisus, the
+Thebans and their allies from the slopes of Helicon. Agesilaus
+commanded his own right in person, with the men of Orchomenus on his
+extreme left. The Thebans formed their own right, while the Argives
+held their left. As they drew together, for a while deep silence
+reigned on either side; but when they were not more than a furlong[14]
+apart, with the loud hurrah[15] the Thebans, quickening to a run,
+rushed furiously[16] to close quarters; and now there was barely a
+hundred yards[17] breadth between the two armies, when Herippidas with
+his foreign brigade, and with them the Ionians, Aeolians, and
+Hellespontines, darted out from the Spartans' battle-lines to greet
+their onset. One and all of the above played their part in the first
+rush forward; in another instant they were[18] within spear-thrust of
+the enemy, and had routed the section immediately before them. As to
+the Argives, they actually declined to receive the attack of
+Agesilaus, and betook themselves in flight to Helicon. At this moment
+some of the foreign division were already in the act of crowning
+Agesilaus with the wreath of victory, when some one brought him word
+that the Thebans had cut through the Orchomenians and were in among
+the baggage train. At this the Spartan general immediately turned his
+army right about and advanced against them. The Thebans, on their
+side, catching sight of their allies withdrawn in flight to the base
+of the Helicon, and anxious to get across to their own friends, formed
+in close order and tramped forward stoutly.
+
+[14] Lit. "a stade."
+
+[15] Lit. "Alalah."
+
+[16] Like a tornado.
+
+[17] Lit. "about three plethra."
+
+[18] Or, "All these made up the attacking columns . . . and coming
+    within . . . routed . . ."
+
+At this point no one will dispute the valour of Agesilaus, but he
+certainly did not choose the safest course. It was open to him to make
+way for the enemy to pass, which done, he might have hung upon his
+heels and mastered his rear. This, however, he refused to do,
+preferring to crash full front against the Thebans. Thereupon, with
+close interlock of shield wedged in with shield, they shoved, they
+fought, they dealt death,[19] they breathed out life, till at last a
+portion of the Thebans broke their way through towards Helicon, but
+paid for that departure by the loss of many lives. And now the victory
+of Agesilaus was fairly won, and he himself, wounded, had been carried
+back to the main line, when a party of horse came galloping up to tell
+him that something like eighty of the enemy, under arms, were
+sheltering under the temple, and they asked what they ought to do.
+Agesilaus, though he was covered with wounds, did not, for all that,
+forget his duty to God. He gave orders to let them retire unscathed,
+and would not suffer any injury to be done to them. And now, seeing it
+was already late, they took their suppers and retired to rest.
+
+[19] Or, "they slew, they were slain." In illustration of this famous
+    passage, twice again worked up in "Ages." ii. 12, and "Cyrop."
+    VII. i. 38, commented on by Longinus, {peri upsous}, 19, and
+    copied by Dio Cassius, 47, 45, I venture to quote a passage from
+    Mr. Rudyard Kipling, "With the Main Guard," p. 57, Mulvaney
+    loquitur: "The Tyrone was pushin' an' pushin' in, an' our men was
+    sweerin' at thim, an' Crook was workin' away in front av us all,
+    his sword-arm swingin' like a pump-handle an' his revolver
+    spittin' like a cat. But the strange thing av ut was the quiet
+    that lay upon. 'Twas like a fight in a dhrame--excipt for thim
+    that wus dead."
+
+But with the morning Gylis the polemarch received orders to draw up
+the troops in battle order, and to set up a trophy, every man crowned
+with a wreath in honour of the god, and all the pipers piping. Thus
+they busied themselves in the Spartan camp. On their side the Thebans
+sent heralds asking to bury their dead, under a truce; and in this
+wise a truce was made. Agesilaus withdrew to Delphi, where on arrival
+he offered to the god a tithe of the produce of his spoils--no less
+than a hundred talents.[20] Gylis the polemarch meanwhile withdrew
+into Phocis at the head of his troops, and from that district made a
+hostile advance into Locris. Here nearly a whole day was spent by the
+men in freely helping themselves to goods and chattels out of the
+villages and pillaging the corn;[21] but as it drew towards evening
+the troops began to retire, with the Lacedaemonians in the rear. The
+Locrians hung upon their heels with a heavy pelt of stones and
+javelins. Thereupon the Lacedaemonians turned short round and gave
+chase, laying some of their assailants low. Then the Locrians ceased
+clinging to their rear, but continued their volleys from the vantage-
+ground above. The Lacedaemonians again made efforts to pursue their
+persistent foes even up the slope. At last darkness descended on them,
+and as they retired man after man dropped, succumbing to the sheer
+difficulty of the ground; some in their inability to see what lay in
+front, or else shot down by the enemy's missiles. It was then that
+Gylis the polemarch met his end, as also Pelles, who was on his
+personal staff, and the whole of the Spartans present without
+exception--eighteen or thereabouts--perished, either crushed by stones
+or succumbing to other wounds. Indeed, except for timely aid brought
+from the camp where the men were supping, the chances are that not a
+man would have escaped to tell the tale.
+
+[20] = 25,000 pounds nearly.
+
+[21 Or, "not to speak of provisions."
+
+
+
+IV
+
+This incident ended the campaign. The army as a whole was disbanded,
+the contingents retiring to their several cities, and Agesilaus home
+across the Gulf by sea.
+
+B.C. 393. Subsequently[1] the war between the two parties recommenced.
+The Athenians, Boeotians, Argives, and the other allies made Corinth
+the base of their operations; the Lacedaemonians and their allies held
+Sicyon as theirs. As to the Corinthians, they had to face the fact
+that, owing to their proximity to the seat of war, it was their
+territory which was ravaged and their people who perished, while the
+rest of the allies abode in peace and reaped the fruits of their lands
+in due season. Hence the majority of them, including the better class,
+desired peace, and gathering into knots they indoctrinated one another
+with these views.
+
+[1] B.C. 393. See Grote, ix. p. 455, note 2 foll.; "Hell." IV. viii.
+    7.
+
+B.C. 392.[2] On the other hand, it could hardly escape the notice of
+the allied powers, the Argives, Athenians, and Boeotians, as also
+those of the Corinthians themselves who had received a share of the
+king's moneys, or for whatever reason were most directly interested in
+the war, that if they did not promptly put the peace party out of the
+way, ten chances to one the old laconising policy would again hold the
+field. It seemed there was nothing for it but the remedy of the knife.
+There was a refinement of wickedness in the plan adopted. With most
+people the life even of a legally condemned criminal is held sacred
+during a solemn season, but these men deliberately selected the last
+day of the Eucleia,[3] when they might reckon on capturing more
+victims in the crowded market-place, for their murderous purposes.
+Their agents were supplied with the names of those to be gotten rid
+of, the signal was given, and then, drawing their daggers, they fell
+to work. Here a man was struck down standing in the centre of a group
+of talkers, and there another seated; a third while peacably enjoying
+himself at the play; a fourth actually whilst officiating as a judge
+at some dramatic contest.[4] When what was taking place became known,
+there was a general flight on the part of the better classes. Some
+fled to the images of the gods in the market-place, others to the
+altars; and here these unhallowed miscreants, ringleaders and
+followers alike, utterly regardless of duty and law, fell to
+butchering their victims even within the sacred precincts of the gods;
+so that even some of those against whom no hand was lifted--honest,
+law-abiding folk--were filled with sore amazement at sight of such
+impiety. In this way many of the elder citizens, as mustering more
+thickly in the market-place, were done to death. The younger men,
+acting on a suspicion conceived by one of their number, Pasimelus, as
+to what was going to take place, kept quiet in the Kraneion;[5] but
+hearing screams and shouting and being joined anon by some who had
+escaped from the affair, they took the hint, and, running up along the
+slope of the Acrocorinthus, succeeded in repelling an attack of the
+Argives and the rest. While they were still deliberating what they
+ought to do, down fell a capital from its column--without assignable
+cause, whether of earthquake or wind. Also, when they sacrificed, the
+aspect of the victims was such that the soothsayers said it was better
+to descend from that position.
+
+[2] Others assign the incidents of this whole chapter iv. to B.C. 393.
+
+[3] The festival of Artemis Eucleia.
+
+[4] See Diod. xiv. 86.
+
+[5] See Paus. II. ii. 4.
+
+So they retired, in the first instance prepared to go into exile
+beyond the territory of Corinth. It was only upon the persuasion of
+their friends and the earnest entreaties of their mothers and sisters
+who came out to them, supported by the solemn assurance of the men in
+power themselves, who swore to guarantee them against evil
+consequences, that some of them finally consented to return home.
+Presented to their eyes was the spectacle of a tyranny in full
+exercise, and to their minds the consciousness of the obliteration of
+their city, seeing that boundaries were plucked up and the land of
+their fathers had come to be re-entitled by the name of Argos instead
+of Corinth; and furthermore, compulsion was put upon them to share in
+the constitution in vogue at Argos, for which they had ltitle
+appetite, while in their own city they wielded less power than the
+resident aliens. So that a party sprang up among them whose creed was,
+that life was not worth living on such terms: their endeavour must be
+to make their fatherland once more the Corinth of old days--to restore
+freedom to their city, purified from the murderer and his pollution
+and fairly rooted in good order and legality.[6] It was a design worth
+the venture: if they succeeded they would become the saviours of their
+country; if not--why, in the effort to grasp the fairest flower of
+happiness, they would but overreach, and find instead a glorious
+termination to existence.
+
+[6] {eunomia}. See "Pol. Ath." i. 8; Arist. "Pol." iv. 8, 6; iii. 9,
+    8; v. 7, 4.
+
+It was in furtherance of this design that two men--Pasimelus and
+Alcimenes--undertook to creep through a watercourse and effect a
+meeting with Praxitas the polemarch of the Lacedaemonians, who was on
+garrison duty with his own division in Sicyon. They told him they
+could give him ingress at a point in the long walls leading to
+Lechaeum. Praxitas, knowing from previous experience that the two men
+might be relied upon, believed their statement; and having arranged
+for the further detention in Sicyon of the division which was on the
+point of departure, he busied himself with plans for the enterprise.
+When the two men, partly by chance and partly by contrivance, came to
+be on guard at the gate where the tophy now stands, without further
+ado Praxitas presented himself with his division, taking with him also
+the men of Sicyon and the whole of the Corinthian exiles.[7] Having
+reached the gate, he had a qualm of misgiving, and hesitated to step
+inside until he had first sent in a man on whom he could rely to take
+a look at things within. The two Corinthians introduced him, and made
+so simple and straightforward a representation[8] that the visitor was
+convinced, and reported everything as free of pitfalls as the two had
+asserted. Then the polemarch entered, but owing to the wide space
+between the double walls, as soon as they came to form in line within,
+the intruders were impressed by the paucity of their numbers. They
+therefore erected a stockade, and dug as good a trench as they could
+in front of them, pending the arrival of reinforcements from the
+allies. In their rear, moreover, lay the guard of the Boeotians in the
+harbour. Thus they passed the whole day which followed the night of
+ingress without striking a blow.
+
+[8] Or, "showed him the place in so straightforward a manner."
+
+On the next day, however, the Argive troops arrived in all haste,
+hurrying to the rescue, and found the enemy duly drawn up. The
+Lacedaemonians were on their own right, the men of Sicyon next, and
+leaning against the eastern wall the Corinthian exiles, one hundred
+and fifty strong.[9] Their opponents marshalled their lines face to
+face in correspondence: Iphicrates with his mercenaries abutting on
+the eastern wall; next to them the Argives, whilst the Corinthians of
+the city held their left. In the pride inspired by numbers they began
+advancing at once. They overpowered the Sicyonians, and tearing
+asunder the stockade, pursued them to the sea and here slew numbers of
+them. At that instant Pasimachus, the cavalry general, at the head of
+a handful of troopers, seeing the Sicyonians sore presed, made fast
+the horses of his troops to the trees, and relieving the Sicyonians of
+their heavy infantry shields, advanced with his volunteers against the
+Argives. The latter, seeing the Sigmas on the shields and taking them
+to be "Sicyonians," had not the slightest fear. Whereupon, as the
+story goes, Pasimachus, exclaiming in his broad Doric, "By the twin
+gods! these Sigmas will cheat you, you Argives," came to close
+quarters, and in that battle of a handful against a host, was slain
+himself with all his followers. In another quarter of the field,
+however, the Corinthian exiles had got the better of their opponents
+and worked their way up, so that they were now touching the city
+circumvallation walls.
+
+[9] See Grote, ix. p. 333 foll.
+
+The Lacedaemonians, on their side, perceiving the discomfiture of the
+Sicyonians, sprang out with timely aid, keeping the palisade-work on
+their left. But the Argives, discovering that the Lacedaemonians were
+behind them, wheeled round and came racing back, pouring out of the
+palisade at full speed. Their extreme right, with unprotected flanks
+exposed, fell victims to the Lacedaemonians; the rest, hugging the
+wall, made good their retreat in dense masses towards the city. Here
+they encountered the Corinthian exiles, and discovering that they had
+fallen upon foes, swerved aside in the reverse direction. In this
+predicament some mounted by the ladders of the city wall, and, leaping
+down from its summit, were destroyed;[10] others yielded up their
+lives, thrust through, as they jostled at the foot of the steps;
+others again were literally trampled under one another's feet and
+suffocated.
+
+[10] Or, "plunged from its summit into perdition." See Thuc. ii. 4.
+
+The Lacedaemonians had no difficulty in the choice of victims; for at
+that instant a work was assigned to them to do,[11] such as they could
+hardly have hoped or prayed for. To find delivered into their hands a
+mob of helpless enemies, in an ecstasy of terror, presenting their
+unarmed sides in such sort that none turned to defend himself, but
+each victim rather seemed to contribute what he could towards his own
+destruction--if that was not divine interposition, I know now what to
+call it. Miracle or not, in that little space so many fell, and the
+corpses lay piled so thick, that eyes familiar with the stacking of
+corn or wood or piles of stones were called upon to gaze at layers of
+human bodies. Nor did the guard of the Boeotians in the port
+itself[12] escape death; some were slain upon the ramparts, others on
+the roofs of the dock-houses, which they had scaled for refuge.
+Nothing remained but for the Corinthians and Argives to carry away
+their dead under cover of a truce; whilst the allies of Lacedaemon
+poured in their reinforcements. When these were collected, Praxitas
+decided in the first place to raze enough of the walls to allow a free
+broadway for an army on march. This done, he put himself at the head
+of his troops and advanced on the road to Megara, taking by assault,
+first Sidus and next Crommyon. Leaving garrisons in these two
+fortresses, he retraced his steps, and finally fortifying Epieiceia as
+a garrison outpost to protect the territory of the allies, he at once
+disbanded his troops and himself withdrew to Lacedaemon.
+
+[11] Or, "Heaven assigned to them a work . . ." Lit. "The God . . ."
+
+[12] I.e. "of Lechaeum."
+
+B.C. 392-391.[13] After this the great armaments of both belligerents
+had ceased to exist. The states merely furnished garrisons--the one
+set at Corinth, the other set at Sicyon--and were content to guard the
+walls. Though even so, a vigorous war was carried on by dint of the
+mercenary troops with which both sides were furnished.
+
+[13] So Grote and Curtius; al. B.C. 393.
+
+A signal incident in the period was the invasion of Phlius by
+Iphicrates. He laid an ambuscade, and with a small body of troops
+adopting a system of guerilla war, took occasion of an unguarded sally
+of the citizens of Phlius to inflict such losses on them, that though
+they had never previously received the Lacedaemonians within their
+walls, they received them now. They had hitherto feared to do so lest
+it might lead to the restoration of the banished members of their
+community, who gave out that they owed their exile to their
+Lacedaemonian sympathies;[14] but they were now in such abject fear of
+the Corinthian party that they sent to fetch the Lacedaemonians, and
+delivered the city and citadel to their safe keeping. These latter,
+however, well disposed to the exiles of Phlius, did not, at the time
+they held the city, so much as breathe the thought of bringing back
+the exiles; on the contrary, as soon as the city seemed to have
+recovered its confidence, they took their departure, leaving city and
+laws precisely as they had found them on their entry.
+
+[14] Lit. "laconism."
+
+To return to Iphicrates and his men: they frequently extended their
+incursions even into Arcadia in many directions,[15] following their
+usual guerilla tactics, but also making assaults on fortified posts.
+The heavy infantry of the Arcadians positively refused to face them in
+the field, so profound was the terror in which they held these light
+troops. In compensation, the light troops themselves entertained a
+wholesome dread of the Lacedaemonians, and did not venture to approach
+even within javelin-range of their heavy infantry. They had been
+taught a lesson when, within that distance, some of the younger
+hoplites had made a dash at them, catching and putting some of them to
+the sword. But however profound the contempt of the Lacedaemonians for
+these light troops, their contempt for their own allies was deeper.
+(On one occasion[16] a reinforcement of Mantineans had sallied from
+the walls between Corinth and Lechaeum to engage the peltasts, and had
+no sooner come under attack than they swerved, losing some of their
+men as they made good their retreat. The Lacedaemonians were unkind
+enough to poke fun at these unfortunates. "Our allies," they said,
+"stand in as much awe of these peltasts as children of the bogies and
+hobgoblins of their nurses." For themselves, starting from Lechaeum,
+they found no difficulty in marching right round the city of Corinth
+with a single Lacedaemonian division and the Corinthian exiles.)[17]
+
+[15] See Thuc. ii. 4.
+
+[16] See Grote, ix. 472 note. Lechaeum was not taken by the
+    Lacedaemonians until the Corinthian long walls had been rebuilt by
+    the Athenians. Possibly the incidents in this section (S. 17)
+    occurred after the capture of Lechaeum. The historian introduces
+    them parenthetically, as it were, in illustration of his main
+    topic--the success of the peltasts.
+
+[17] Or, adopting Schneider's conjecture, {estratopedeuonto}, add "and
+    encamping."
+
+The Athenians, on their side, who felt the power of the Lacedaemonians
+to be dangerously close, now that the walls of Corinth had been laid
+open, and even apprehended a direct attack upon themselves, determined
+to rebuild the portion of the wall severed by Praxitas. Accordingly
+they set out with their whole force, including a suite of stonelayers,
+masons, and carpenters, and within a few days erected a quite splendid
+wall on the side facing Sicyon towards the west,[18] and then
+proceeded with more leisure to the completion of the eastern portion.
+
+[18] See Thuc. vi. 98.
+
+To turn once more to the other side: the Lacedaemonians, indignant at
+the notion that the Argives should be gathering the produce of their
+lands in peace at home, as if war were a pastime, marched against
+them. Agesilaus commanded the expedition, and after ravaging their
+territory from one end to the other, crossed their frontier at
+Tenea[19] and swooped down upon Corinth, taking the walls which had
+been lately rebuilt by the Athenians. He was supported on the sea side
+by his brother Teleutias[20] with a naval force of about twelve
+triremes, and the mother of both was able to congratulate herself on
+the joint success of both her sons; one having captured the enemy's
+walls by land and the other his ships and naval arsenal by sea, on the
+same day. These achievements sufficed Agesilaus for the present; he
+disbanded the army of the allies and led the state troops home.
+
+[19] Reading {Tenean}, Koppen's emendation for {tegean}. In the
+    parallel passage ("Ages." ii. 17) the text has {kata ta stena}.
+    See Grote, "H. G." ix. 471.
+
+[20] See below, IV. viii. 11.
+
+
+
+V
+
+B.C. 390.[1] Subsequently the Lacedaemonians made a second expedition
+against Corinth. They heard from the exiles that the citizens
+contrived to preserve all their cattle in Peiraeum; indeed, large
+numbers derived their subsistence from the place. Agesilaus was again
+in command of the expedition. In the first instance he advanced upon
+the Isthmus. It was the month of the Isthmian games,[2] and here he
+found the Argives engaged in conducting the sacrifice to Poseidon, as
+if Corinth were Argos. So when they perceived the approach of
+Agesilaus, the Argives and their friends left the offerings as they
+lay, including the preparations for the breakfast, and retired with
+undisguised alarm into the city by the Cenchrean road.[3] Agesilaus,
+though he observed the movement, refrained from giving chase, but
+taking up his quarters in the temple, there proceeded to offer victims
+to the god himself, and waited until the Corinthian exiles had
+celebrated the sacrifice to Poseidon, along with the games. But no
+sooner had Agesilaus turned his back and retired, than the Argives
+returned and celebrated the Isthmian games afresh; so that in this
+particular year there were cases in which the same competitors were
+twice defeated in this or that contest, or conversely, the same man
+was proclaimed victor twice over.
+
+[1] Al. B.C. 392. The historian omits the overtures for peace, B.C.
+    391 (or 391-390) referred to in Andoc. "De Pace." See Jebb, "Att.
+    Or." i. 83, 108; Grote, "H. G." ix. 474; Curtius, "H. G." Eng. tr.
+    iv. 261.
+
+[2] Grote and Curtius believe these to be the Isthmian games of 390
+    B.C., not of 392 B.C., as Sauppe and others suppose. See Peter,
+    "Chron. Table," p. 89, note 183; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 468, note on
+    VIII. 9, 1.
+
+[3] Lit. "road to Cenchreae."
+
+On the fourth day Agesilaus led his troops against Peiraeum, but
+finding it strongly defended, he made a sudden retrograde march after
+the morning meal in the direction of the capital, as though he
+calculated on the betrayal of the city. The Corinthians, in
+apprehension of some such possible catastrophe, sent to summon
+Iphicrates with the larger portion of his light infantry. These passed
+by duly in the night, not unobserved, however, by Agesilaus, who at
+once turned round at break of day and advanced on Piraeum. He himself
+kept to the low ground by the hot springs,[4] sending a division to
+scale the top of the pass. That night he encamped at the hot springs,
+while the division bivouacked in the open, in possession of the pass.
+Here Agesilaus distinguished himself by an invention as seasonable as
+it was simple. Among those who carried provisions for the division not
+one had thought of bringing fire. The altitude was considerable; there
+had been a fall of rain and hail towards evening and the temperature
+was low; besides which, the scaling party were clad in thin garments
+suited to the summer season. There they sat shivering in the dark,
+with scarcely heart to attack their suppers, when Agesilaus sent up to
+them as many as ten porters carrying fire in earthen pots. One found
+his way up one way, one another, and presently there were many
+bonfires blazing--magnificently enough, since there was plenty of wood
+to hand; so that all fell to oiling themselves and many supped over
+again. The same night the sky was lit up by the blaze of the temple of
+Poseidon--set on fire no one knows how.
+
+[4] Near mod. Lutraki.
+
+When the men in Piraeum perceived that the pass was occupied, they at
+once abandoned all thought of self-defence and fled for refuge to the
+Heraion[5]--men and women, slaves and free-born, with the greater part
+of their flocks and herds. Agesilaus, with the main body, meanwhile
+pursued his march by the sea-shore, and the division, simultaneously
+descending from the heights, captured the fortified position of Oenoe,
+appropriating its contents. Indeed, all the troops on that day reaped
+a rich harvest in the supplies they brought in from various
+farmsteads. Presently those who had escaped into the Heraion came out,
+offering to leave it to Agesilaus to decide what he would do with
+them. He decided to deliver up to the exiles all those concerned with
+the late butchery, and that all else should be sold. And so from the
+Heraion streamed out a long line of prisoners, whilst from other sides
+embassies arrived in numbers; and amongst these a deputation from the
+Boeotians, anxious to learn what they should do to obtain peace. These
+latter Agesilaus, with a certain loftiness of manner, affected not
+even to see, although Pharax,[6] their proxenus, stood by their side
+to introduce them. Seated in a circular edifice on the margin of the
+lake,[7] he surveyed the host of captives and valuables as they were
+brought out. Beside the prisoners, to guard them, stepped the
+Lacedaemonian warriors from the camp, carrying their spears--and
+themselves plucked all gaze their way, so readily will success and the
+transient fortune of the moment rivet attention. But even while
+Agesilaus was still thus seated, wearing a look betokening
+satisfaction at some great achievement, a horseman came galloping up;
+the flanks of his charger streamed with sweat. To the many inquiries
+what news he brought, the rider responded never a word; but being now
+close beside Agesilaus, he leaped from his horse, and running up to
+him with lowering visage narrated the disaster of the Spartan
+division[8] at Lechaeum. At these tidings the king sprang instantly
+from his seat, clutching his spear, and bade his herald summon to a
+meeting the generals, captains of fifties, and commanders of foreign
+brigades.[9] When these had rapidly assembled he bade them, seeing
+that the morning meal had not yet been tasted, to swallow hastily what
+they could, and with all possible speed to overtake him. But for
+himself, he, with the officers of the royal staff,[10] set off at once
+without breakfast. His bodyguard, with their heavy arms, accompanied
+him with all speed--himself in advance, the officers following behind.
+In this fashion he had already passed beyond the warm springs, and was
+well within the plateau of Lechaeum, when three horsemen rode up with
+further news: the dead bodies had been picked up. On receipt of these
+tidings he commanded the troops to order arms, and having rested them
+a little space, led them back again to the Heraion. The next day he
+spent in disposing of the captured property.[11]
+
+[5] Or, "Heraeum," i.e. sanctuary of Hera, on a promontory so called.
+    See Leake, "Morea," iii. 317.
+
+[6] See "Hell." III. ii. 12, if the same.
+
+[7] Or, "on the round pavilion by the lake" (mod. Vuliasmeni).
+
+[8] Technically "mora."
+
+[9] Lit. the polemarchs, penteconters, and xenagoi.
+
+[10] See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 1.
+
+[11] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 480, in reference to "Ages." vii. 6.
+
+The ambassadors of the Boeotians were then summoned, and, being asked
+to explain the object of their coming, made no further mention of the
+word "peace," but replied that, if there was nothing to hinder it,
+they wished to have a pass to their own soldiers within the capital.
+The king answered with a smile: "I know your desire is not so much to
+see your soldiers as to feast your eyes on the good fortune of your
+friends, and to measure its magnitude. Wait then, I will conduct you
+myself; with me you will be better able to discover the true value of
+what has taken place." And he was as good as his word. Next day he
+sacrificed, and led his army up to the gates of Corinth. The trophy he
+respected, but not one tree did he leave standing--chopping and
+burning, as proof positive that no one dared to face him in the field.
+And having so done, he encamped about Lechaeum; and as to the Theban
+ambassadors, in lieu of letting them pass into the city, he sent them
+off by sea across to Creusis.
+
+But in proportion to the unwontedness of such a calamity befalling
+Lacedaemonians, a widespread mourning fell upon the whole Laconian
+army, those alone excepted whose sons or fathers or brothers had died
+at their post. The bearing of these resembled that of conquerors,[12]
+as with bright faces they moved freely to and fro, glorying in their
+domestic sorrow. Now the tragic fate which befell the division was on
+this wise: It was the unvaried custom of the men of Amyclae to return
+home at the Hyacinthia,[13] to join in the sacred paean, a custom not
+to be interrupted by active service or absence from home or for any
+other reason. So, too, on this occasion, Agesilaus had left behind all
+the Amyclaeans serving in any part of his army at Lechaeum. At the
+right moment the general in command of the garrison at that place had
+posted the garrison troops of the allies to guard the walls during his
+absence, and put himself at the head of his division of heavy infantry
+with that of the cavalry,[14] and led the Amyclaeans past the walls of
+Corinth. Arrived at a point within three miles or so[15] of Sicyon,
+the polemarch turned back himself in the direction of Lechaeum with
+his heavy infantry regiment, six hundred strong, giving orders to the
+cavalry commandant to escort the Amyclaeans with his division as far
+as they required, and then to turn and overtake him. It cannot be said
+that the Lacedaemonians were ignorant of the large number of light
+troops and heavy infantry inside Corinth, but owing to their former
+successes they arrogantly presumed that no one would attack them.
+Within the capital of the Corinthians, however, their scant numbers--a
+thin line of heavy infantry unsupported by light infantry or cavalry--
+had been noted; and Callias, the son of Hipponicus,[16] who was in
+command of the Athenian hoplites, and Iphicrates at the head of his
+peltasts, saw no risk in attacking with the light brigade. Since if
+the enemy continued his march by the high road, he would be cut up by
+showers of javelins on his exposed right flank; or if he were tempted
+to take the offensive, they with their peltasts, the nimblest of all
+light troops, would easily slip out of the grasp of his hoplites.
+
+[12] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 488.
+
+[13] Observed on three days of the month Hecatombaeus (= July). See
+    Muller's "Dorians," ii. 360. For Amyclae, see Leake, "Morea," i.
+    ch. iv. p. 145 foll.; Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279.
+
+[14] See below, "Hell." VI. iv. 12; and "Pol. Lac." xi. 4, xiii. 4.
+
+[15] Lit. "twenty or thirty stades."
+
+[16] See Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.
+
+With this clearly-conceived idea they led out their troops; and while
+Callias drew up his heavy infantry in line at no great distance from
+the city, Iphicrates and his peltasts made a dash at the returning
+division.
+
+The Lacedaemonians were presently within range of the javelins.[17]
+Here a man was wounded, and there another dropped, not to rise again.
+Each time orders were given to the attendant shield-bearers[18] to
+pick up the men and bear them into Lechaeum; and these indeed were the
+only members of the mora who were, strictly speaking, saved. Then the
+polemarch ordered the ten-years-service men[19] to charge and drive
+off their assailants. Charge, however, as they might, they took
+nothing by their pains--not a man could they come at within javelin
+range. Being heavy infantry opposed to light troops, before they could
+get to close quarters the enemy's word of command sounded "Retire!"
+whilst as soon as their own ranks fell back, scattered as they were in
+consequence of a charge where each man's individual speed had told,
+Iphicrates and his men turned right about and renewed the javelin
+attack, while others, running alongside, harassed their exposed flank.
+At the very first charge the assailants had shot down nine or ten,
+and, encouraged by this success, pressed on with increasing audacity.
+These attacks told so severely that the polemarch a second time gave
+the order (and this time for the fifteen-years-service men) to charge.
+The order was promptly obeyed, but on retiring they lost more men than
+on the first occasion, and it was not until the pick and flower of the
+division had succumbed that they were joined by their returning
+cavalry, in whose company they once again attempted a charge. The
+light infantry gave way, but the attack of the cavalry was feebly
+enforced. Instead of pressing home the charge until at least they had
+sabred some of the enemy, they kept their horses abreast of their
+infantry skirmishers,[20] charging and wheeling side by side.
+
+[17] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 467, note on the improvements of
+    Iphicrates.
+
+[18] Grote, "H. G." ix. 484; cf. "Hell." IV. viii. 39; "Anab." IV. ii.
+    20; Herod. ix. 10-29.
+
+[19] Youngest rank and file, between eighteen and twenty-eight years
+    of age, who formed the first line. The Spartan was liable to
+    service at the age of eighteen. From twenty-eight to thirty-three
+    he would belong to the fifteen-years-service division (the second
+    line); and so on. See below, IV. vi. 10.
+
+[20] See Thuc. iv. 125.
+
+Again and again the monotonous tale of doing and suffering repeated
+itself, except that as their own ranks grew thinner and their courage
+ebbed, the courage of their assailants grew bolder and their numbers
+increased. In desperation they massed compactly upon the narrow slope
+of a hillock, distant a couple of furlongs[21] or so from the sea, and
+a couple of miles[22] perhaps from Lechaeum. Their friends in
+Lechaeum, perceiving them, embarked in boats and sailed round until
+they were immediately under the hillock. And now, in the very slough
+of despair, being so sorely troubled as man after man dropped dead,
+and unable to strike a blow, to crown their distress they saw the
+enemy's heavy infantry advancing. Then they took to flight; some of
+them threw themselves into the sea; others--a mere handful--escaped
+with the cavalry into Lechaeum. The death-roll, including those who
+fell in the second fight and the final flight, must have numbered two
+hundred and fifty slain, or thereabouts.[23] Such is the tale of the
+destruction of the Lacedaemonian mora.
+
+[21] Lit. "two stades."
+
+[22] Lit. "sixteen or seventeen stades."
+
+[23] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 486.
+
+Subsequently, with the mutilated fragment of the division, Agesilaus
+turned his back upon Lechaeum, leaving another division behind to
+garrison that port. On his passage homewards, as he wound his way
+through the various cities, he made a point of arriving at each as
+late in the day as possible, renewing his march as early as possible
+next morning. Leaving Orchomenus at the first streak of dawn, he
+passed Mantinea still under cover of darkness. The spectacle of the
+Mantineans rejoicing at their misfortune would have been too severe an
+ordeal for his soldiers.
+
+But Iphicrates had not yet reached the summit of his good fortune.
+Success followed upon success. Lacedaemonian garrisons had been placed
+in Sidus and Crommyon by Praxitas when he took these fortresses, and
+again in Oenoe, when Peiraeum was taken quite lately by Agesilaus. One
+and all of these now fell into the hands of Iphicrates. Lechaeum still
+held out, garrisoned as it was by the Lacedaemonians and their allies;
+while the Corinthian exiles, unable since[24] the disaster of the mora
+any longer to pass freely by land from Sicyon, had the sea passage
+still open to them, and using Lechaeum as their base,[25] kept up a
+game of mutual annoyance with the party in the capital.
+
+[24] Lit. "owing to."
+
+[25] The illustrative incidents narrated in chapter iv. 17 may belong
+    to this period.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+B.C. 390-389.[1] At a later date the Achaeans, being in possession of
+Calydon, a town from old times belonging to Aetolia, and having
+further incorporated the Calydonians as citizens,[2] were under the
+necessity of garrisoning their new possession. The reason was, that
+the Arcarnanians were threatening the place with an army, and were
+aided by contingents from Athens and Boeotia, who were anxious to help
+their allies.[3] Under the strain of this combined attack the Achaeans
+despatched ambassadors to Lacedaemon, who on arrival complained of the
+unfair conduct of Lacedaemon towards themselves. "We, sirs," they
+said, "are ever ready to serve in your armies, in obedience to
+whatever orders you choose to issue; we follow you whithersoever you
+think fit to lead; but when it comes to our being beleaguered by the
+Acarnanians, with their allies the Athenians and Boeotians, you show
+not the slightest concern. Understand, then, that if things go on thus
+we cannot hold out; but either we must give up all part in the war in
+Peloponnesus and cross over in full force to engage the Arcarnanians,
+or we must make peace with them on whatever terms we can." This
+language was a tacit threat that if they failed to obtain the
+assistance they felt entitled to from Lacedaemon they would quit the
+alliance.
+
+[1] According to others (who suppose that the Isthmia and the events
+    recorded in chapter v. 1-19 above belong to B.C. 392), we have now
+    reached B.C. 391.
+
+[2] Or, "having conferred a city organisation on the Calydonians."
+
+[3] See Thuc. ii. 68.
+
+The ephors and the assembly concluded that there was no alternative
+but to assist the Achaeans in their campaign against the Acarnanians.
+Accordingly they sent out Agesilaus with two divisions and the proper
+complement of allies. The Achaeans none the less marched out in full
+force themselves. No sooner had Agesilaus crossed the gulf than there
+was a general flight of the population from the country districts into
+the towns, whilst the flocks and herds were driven into remote
+districts that they might not be captured by the troops. Being now
+arrived on the frontier of the enemy's territory, Agesilaus sent to
+the general assembly of the Acarnanians at Stratus,[4] warning them
+that unless they chose to give up their alliance with the Boeotians
+and Athenians, and to take instead themselves and their allies, he
+would ravage their territory through its length and breadth, and not
+spare a single thing. When they turned a deaf ear to this summons, the
+other proceeded to do what he threatened, systematically laying the
+district waste, felling the timber and cutting down the fruit-trees,
+while slowly moving on at the rate of ten or twelve furlongs a day.
+The Acarnanians, owing to the snail-like progress of the enemy, were
+lulled into a sense of security. They even began bringing down their
+cattle from their alps, and devoted themselves to the tillage of far
+the greater portion of their fields. But Agesilaus only waited till
+their rash confidence reached its climax; then on the fifteenth or
+sixteenth day after he head first entered the country he sacrificed at
+early dawn, and before evening had traversed eighteen miles[5] or so
+of country to the lake[6] round which were collected nearly all the
+flocks and herds of the Acarnanians, and so captured a vast quantity
+of cattle, horses, and grazing stock of all kinds, besides numerous
+slaves.
+
+[4] "The Akarnanians had, in early times, occupied the hill of Olpai
+    as a place for judicial proceedings common to the whole nation"
+    (see Thuc. iii. 105). "But in Thucydides' own time Stratos had
+    attained its position as the greatest city of Akarnania, and
+    probably the Federal Assemblies were already held there" (Thuc.
+    ii. 80). "In the days of Agesilaos we find Stratos still more
+    distinctly marked as the place of Federal meeting."--Freeman,
+    "Hist. Fed. Gov." ch. iv. p. 148 foll., "On the constitution of
+    the League."
+
+[5] Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
+
+[6] See Thuc. ii. 80; vi. 106.
+
+Having secured this prize, he stayed on the spot the whole of the
+following day, and devoted himself to disposing of the captured
+property by public sale. While he was thus engaged, a large body of
+Arcarnanian light infantry appeared, and availing themselves of the
+position in which Agesilaus was encamped against the mountain side,
+assailed him with volleys of sling-stones and rocks from the
+razor-edge of the mountain, without suffering any scathe themselves.
+By this means they succeeded in dislodging and forcing his troops down
+into the level plain, and that too at an hour when the whole camp was
+engaged in preparations for the evening meal. As night drew on, the
+Acarnanians retired; sentinels were posted, and the troops slept in
+peace.
+
+Next day Agesilaus led off his army. The exit from the plain and
+meadow-land round the lake was a narrow aperture through a close
+encircling range of hills. In occupation of this mountain barrier the
+Acarnanians, from the vantage-ground above, poured down a continuous
+pelt of stones and other missiles, or, creeping down to the fringes,
+dogged and annoyed them so much that the army was no longer able to
+proceed. If the heavy infantry or cavalry made sallies from the main
+line they did no harm to their assailants, for the Acarnanians had
+only to retire and they had quickly gained their strongholds. It was
+too severe a task, Agesilaus thought, to force his way through the
+narrow pass so sorely beset. He made up his mind, therefore, to charge
+that portion of the enemy who dogged his left, though these were
+pretty numerous. The range of hills on this side was more accessible
+to heavy infantry and horse alike. During the interval needed for the
+inspection of victims, the Acarnanians kept plying them with javelins
+and bullets, and, coming into close proximity, wounded man after man.
+But presently came the word of command, "Advance!" and the fifteen-
+years-service men of the heavy infantry[7] ran forward, accompanied by
+the cavalry, at a round pace, the general himself steadily following
+with the rest of the column. Those of the Acarnanians who had crept
+down the mountain side at that instant in the midst of their
+sharpshooting turned and fled, and as they climbed the steep, man
+after man was slain. When, however, the top of the pass was reached,
+there stood the hoplites of the Acarnanians drawn up in battle line,
+and supported by the mass of their light infantry. There they steadily
+waited, keeping up a continuous discharge of missiles the while, or
+launching their long spears; whereby they dealt wounds to the cavalry
+troopers and death in some cases to the horses. But when they were all
+but within the clutches of the advancing heavy infantry[8] of the
+Lacedaemonians their firmness forsook them; they swerved and fled, and
+there died of them on that day about three hundred. So ended the
+affair.
+
+[7] I.e. "the first two ranks." See above, IV. v. 14.
+
+[8] See "Ages." ii. 20, for an extraordinary discrepancy.
+
+Agesilaus set up a trophy of victory, and afterwards making a tour of
+the country, he visited it with fire and sword.[9] Occasionally, in
+obedience to pressure put upon him by the Achaeans, he would assault
+some city, but did not capture a single one. And now, as the season of
+autumn rapidly approached, he prepared to leave the country; whereupon
+the Achaeans, who looked upon his exploits as abortive, seeing that
+not a single city, willingly or unwillingly, had as yet been detached
+from their opponents, begged him, as the smallest service he could
+render them, at any rate to stay long enough in the country to prevent
+the Acarnanians from sowing their corn. He answered that the course
+they suggested ran counter to expediency. "You forget," he said, "that
+I mean to invade your enemies again next summer; and therefore the
+larger their sowing now, the stronger will be their appetite for peace
+hereafter." With this retort he withdrew overland through Aetolia, and
+by roads, moreover, which no army, small or great, could possibly have
+traversed without the consent of the inhabitants. The Aetolians,
+however, were only too glad to yield the Spartan king a free passage,
+cherishing hopes as they did that he would aid them to recover
+Naupactus. On reaching Rhium[10] he crossed the gulf at that point and
+returned homewards, the more direct passage from Calydon to
+Peloponnesus being effectually barred by an Athenian squadron
+stationed at Oeniadae.
+
+[9] Or lit. "burning and felling."
+
+[10] Or Antirrhium (as more commonly called).
+
+
+
+VII
+
+B.C. 389-388.[1] On the expiration of winter, and in fulfilment of his
+promise to the Achaeans, Agesilaus called out the ban once more with
+early spring to invade the Acarnanians. The latter were apprised of
+his intention, and, being persuaded that owing to the midland
+situation of their cities they would just as truly be blockaded by an
+enemy who chose to destroy their corn as they would be if besieged
+with entrenchments in regular form, they sent ambassadors to
+Lacedaemon, and made peace with the Achaeans and alliance with the
+Lacedaemonians. Thus closes this page of history concerning the
+affairs of Arcarnania.
+
+[1] According to others, B.C. 390.
+
+To turn to the next. There was a feeling on the part of the
+Lacedaemonians[2] that no expedition against Athens or Boeotia would
+be safe so long as a state so important and so close to their own
+frontier as Argos remained in open hostility behind them. Accordingly
+they called out the ban against Argos. Now when Agesipolis learnt that
+the duty of leadership devolved on him, and, moreover, that the
+sacrifices before crossing the frontier were favourable, he went to
+Olympia and consulted the will of the god. "Would it be lawful to
+him," he inquired, "not to accept the holy truce, on the ground that
+the Argives made the season for it[3] depend not on a fixed date, but
+on the prospect of a Lacedaemonian invasion?" The god indicated to the
+inquirer that he might lawfully repudiate any holy truce which was
+fraudulently antedated.[4] Not content with this, the young king, on
+leaving Olympia, went at once to Delphi, and at that shrine put the
+same question to Apollo: "Were his views in accordance with his
+Father's as touching the holy truce?"--to which the son of Zeus made
+answer: "Yea, altogether in accordance."[5]
+
+[2] Or, "It was agreed by the Lacedaemonians."
+
+[3] I.e. "the season of the Carneia."
+
+[4] Or, "wrongfully put forward." See below, V. i. 29; iii. 28; Paus.
+    III. v. 8; Jebb. "Att. Or." i. p. 131; Grote, "H. G." ix. 494
+    foll.; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 315; note to Thuc. V. liv. 3.
+
+[5] Grote; cf. Aristot. "Rhet." ii. 33.
+
+Then without further hesitation, picking up his army at Phlius (where,
+during his absence to visit the temples, the troops had been
+collecting), he advanced by Nemea into the enemy's territory. The
+Argives, on their side, perceiving that they would be unable to hinder
+his advance, in accordance with their custom sent a couple of heralds,
+garlanded, and presented their usual plea of a holy truce. Agesipolis
+answered them curtly that the gods were not satisfied with the justice
+of their plea, and, refusing to accept the truce, pushed forward,
+causing thereby great perplexity and consternation throughout the
+rural districts and the capital itself.
+
+But while he was getting his evening meal that first evening in the
+Argive territory--just at the moment when the after-dinner libation
+had been poured out--the god sent an earthquake; and with one consent
+the Lacedaemonians, beginning with the officers of the royal quarters,
+sang the sacred hymn of Poseidon. The soldiers, in general, expected
+to retreat, arguing that, on the occurrence of an earthquake once
+before, Agis had retired from Elis. But Agesipolis held another view:
+if the god had sent his earthquake at the moment when he was
+meditating invasion, he should have understood that the god forbade
+his entrance; but now, when the invasion was a thing effected, he must
+needs take it as a signal of his approval.[6] Accordingly next morning
+he sacrificed to Poseidon, and advanced a short distance further into
+the country.
+
+[6] Or, "interpret the signal as a summons to advance."
+
+The late expedition of Agesilaus into Argos[7] was still fresh in
+men's minds, and Agesipolis was eager to ascertain from the soldiers
+how close his predecessor had advanced to the fortification walls; or
+again, how far he had gone in ravaging the open country--not unlike a
+competitor in the pentathlon,[8] eager to cap the performance of his
+rival in each event. On one occasion it was only the discharge of
+missiles from the towers which forced him to recross the trenches
+round the walls; on another, profiting by the absence of the majority
+of the Argives in Laconian territory, he came so close to the gates
+that their officers actually shut out their own Boeotian cavalry on
+the point of entering, in terror lest the Lacedaemonians might pour
+into the town in company, and these Boeotian troopers were forced to
+cling, like bats to a wall, under each coign of vantage beneath the
+battlements. Had it not been for the accidental absence of the
+Cretans,[9] who had gone off on a raid to Nauplia, without a doubt
+numbers of men and horses would have been shot down. At a later date,
+while encamping in the neighbourhood of the Enclosures,[10] a thunder-
+bolt fell into his camp. One or two men were struck, while others died
+from the effect of the concussion on their brains. At a still later
+period he was anxious to fortify some sort of garrison outpost in the
+pass of Celusa,[11] but upon offering sacrifice the victims proved
+lobeless,[12] and he was constrained to lead back and disband his army
+--not without serious injury inflicted on the Argives, as the result
+of an invasion which had taken them wholly by surprise.
+
+[7] See above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
+
+[8] The pentathlon of Olympia and the other great games consisted of
+    five contests, in the following order--(1) leaping, (2) discus-
+    throwing, (3) javelin-throwing, (4) running, (5) wrestling. Cf.
+    Simonides, {alma podokeien diskon akonta palen}, where, "metri
+    gratia," the order is inverted. The competitors were drawn in
+    pairs. The odd man who drew a bye in any particular round or heat
+    was called the "ephedros." The successful athletes of the pairs,
+    that is, those who had won any three events out of five, would
+    then again be drawn against each other, and so on until only two
+    were left, between whom the final heat took place. See, for an
+    exhaustive discussion of the subject, Prof. Percy Gardner, "The
+    Pentathlon of the Greeks" ("Journal of Hellenic Studies," vol. i.
+    9, p. 210 foll. pl. viii.), from whom this note is taken.
+
+[9] See Thuc. vii. 57.
+
+[10] {peri tas eirktas}--what these were no one knows, possibly a
+    stone quarry used as a prison. Cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 19; "Mem." II.
+    i. 5; see Grote, "H. G." ix. 497; Paus. III. v.. 8.
+
+[11] Or Celossa. See Strabo, viii. 382.
+
+[12] I.e. "hopeless." See above, III. iv. 15.
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+394 B.C. Such were the land operations in the war. Meanwhile another
+series of events was being enacted on the sea and within the seaboard
+cities; and these I will now narrate in detail. But I shall confine my
+pen to the more memorable incidents, and others of less account I
+shall pass over.
+
+In the first place, then, Pharnabazus and Conon, after defeating the
+Lacedaemonians in the naval engagement of Cnidus, commenced a tour of
+inspection round the islands and the maritime states, expelling from
+them, as they visited them, one after another the Spartan
+governors.[1] Everywhere they gave consolatory assurances to the
+citizens that they had no intention of establishing fortress citadels
+within their walls, or in any way interfering with their self-
+government.[2] Such words fell soothingly upon the ears of those to
+whom they were addressed; the proposals were courteously accepted; all
+were eager to present Pharnabazus with gifts of friendship and
+hospitality. The satrap, indeed, was only applying the instructions of
+his master Conon on these matters--who had taught him that if he acted
+thus all the states would be friendly to him, whereas, if he showed
+any intention to enslave them, the smallest of them would, as Conon
+insisted, be capable of causing a world of trouble, and the chances
+were, if apprehensions were once excited, he would find himself face
+to face with a coalition of united Hellas. To these admonitions
+Pharnabazus lent a willing ear.
+
+[1] Lit. "the Laconian harmosts."
+
+[2] See Hicks, 70, "Honours to Konon," Inscript. found at Erythrae in
+    Ionia. Cf. Diod. xiv. 84.
+
+Accordingly, when disembarking at Ephesus, he presented Conon with a
+fleet of forty sail,[3] and having further instructed him to meet him
+at Sestos,[4] set off himself by land along the coast to visit his own
+provinces. For here it should be mentioned that his old enemy
+Dercylidas happened to be in Abydos at the time of the sea-fight;[5]
+nor had he at a later date suffered eclipse with the other
+governors,[6] but on the contrary, had kept tight hold of Abydos and
+still preserved it in attachment to Lacedaemon. The course he had
+adopted was to summon a meeting of the Abydenians, when he made them a
+speech as follows: "Sirs, to-day it is possible for you, who have
+before been friends to my city, to appear as benefactors of the
+Lacedaemonians. For a man to prove faithful to his friends in the
+heyday of their good fortune is no great marvel; but to prove
+steadfast when his friends are in misfortune--that is a service
+monumental for all time. But do not mistake me. It does not follow
+that, because we have been defeated in a great sea-fight, we are
+therefore annihilated.[7] Certainly not. Even in old days, you will
+admit, when Athens was mistress of the sea, our state was not
+powerless to benefit friends or chastise enemies. Moreover, in
+proportion as the rest of the cities have joined hands with fortune to
+turn their backs upon us, so much the more certainly will the grandeur
+of your fidelity shine forth. Or, is any one haunted by the fear that
+we may find ourselves blockaded by land and sea?--let him consider
+that at present there is no Hellenic navy whatever on the seas, and if
+the barbarian attempts to clutch the empire of the sea, Hellas will
+not sit by and suffer it; so that, if only in self-defence, she must
+inevitably take your side."
+
+[3] See Diod. xiv. 83.
+
+[4] See above, "Hell." II. i. 27 foll.
+
+[5] See above, "Hell." IV. iii. 3.
+
+[6] Lit. "harmosts."
+
+[7] Or, "we are beaten, ergo, it is all over with us."
+
+To this the Abydenians lent no deaf ears, but rather responded with
+willingness approaching enthusiasm--extending the hand of fellowship
+to the ex-governors, some of whom were already flocking to Abydos as a
+harbour of refuge, whilst others they sent to summon from a distance.
+
+So when a number of efficient and serviceable men had been collected,
+Dercylidas ventured to cross over to Sestos--lying, as it does, not
+more than a mile[8] distant, directly facing Abydos. There he not only
+set about collecting those who held lands in the Chersonese through
+Lacedaemonian influence, but extended his welcome also to the
+governors[9] who had been driven out of European states.[10] He
+insisted that, if they came to think of it, not even was their case
+desperate, reminding them that even in Asia, which originally belonged
+to the Persian monarch, places were to be found--such as the little
+state of Temnos, or Aegae, and others, capable of administering their
+affairs, unsubjected to the king of Persia. "But," he added, "if you
+want a strong impregnable position, I cannot conceive what better you
+can find than Sestos. Why, it would need a combined naval and military
+force to invest that port." By these and such like arguments he
+rescued them from the lethargy of despair.
+
+[8] Lit. "eight stades."
+
+[9] Lit. "harmosts."
+
+[10] See Demos. "de Cor." 96.
+
+Now when Pharnabazus found Abydos and Sestos so conditioned, he gave
+them to understand that unless they chose to eject the Lacedaemonians,
+he would bring war to bear upon them; and when they refused to obey,
+having first assigned to Conon as his business to keep the sea closed
+against them, he proceeded in person to ravage the territory of the
+men of Abydos. Presently, finding himself no nearer the fulfilment of
+his object--which was their reduction--he set off home himself and
+left it to Conon the while so to conciliate the Hellespontine states
+that as large a naval power as possible might be mustered against the
+coming spring. In his wrath against the Lacedaemonians, in return for
+the treatment he had received from them, his paramount object was to
+invade their territory and exact what vengeance he could.
+
+B.C. 393. The winter was thus fully taken up with preparations; but
+with the approach of spring, Pharnabazus and Conon, with a large fleet
+fully manned, and a foreign mercenary brigade to boot, threaded their
+way through the islands to Melos.[11] This island was to serve as a
+base of operations against Lacedaemon. And in the first instance he
+sailed down to Pherae[12] and ravaged that district, after which he
+made successive descents at various other points on the seaboard, and
+did what injury he could. But in apprehension of the harbourless
+character of the coast, coupled with the enemy's facility of
+reinforcement and his own scarcity of supplies, he very soon turned
+back and sailed away, until finally he came to moorings in the harbour
+of Phoenicus in Cythera. The occupants of the city of the Cytherians,
+in terror of being taken by storm, evacuated the walls. To dismiss
+these under a flag of truce across to Laconia was his first step; his
+second was to repair the fortress in question and to leave a garrison
+in the island under an Athenian governor--Nicophemus. After this he
+set sail to the Isthmus of Corinth, where he delivered an exhortation
+to the allies begging them to prosecute the war vigorously, and to
+show themselves faithful to the Great King; and so, having left them
+all the moneys he had with him, set off on his voyage home.
+
+[11] See Lys. xix. "de bon. Arist." 19 foll.; and Hicks, 71, "Honours
+    to Dionysios I. and his court"; Grote, "H. G." ix. 453.
+
+[12] Mod. Kalamata.
+
+But Conon had a proposal to make:--If Pharnabazus would allow him to
+keep the fleet, he would undertake, in the first place, to support it
+free of expense from the islands; besides which, he would sail to his
+own country and help his fellow-citizens the Athenians to rebuild
+their long walls and the fortifications round Piraeus. No heavier
+blow, he insisted, could well be inflicted on Lacedaemon. "In this
+way, I can assure you," he added, "you will win the eternal gratitude
+of the Athenians and wreak consummate vengeance on the Lacedaemonians,
+since at one stroke you will render null and void that on which they
+have bestowed their utmost labour." These arguments so far weighed
+with Pharnabazus that he despatched Conon to Athens with alacrity, and
+further supplied him with funds for the restoration of the walls. Thus
+it was that Conon, on his arrival at Athens, was able to rebuild a
+large portion of the walls--partly by lending his own crews, and
+partly by giving pay to carpenters and stone-masons, and meeting all
+the necessary expenses. There were other portions of the walls which
+the Athenians and Boeotians and other states raised as a joint
+voluntary undertaking.
+
+Nor must it be forgotten that the Corinthians, with the funds left
+them by Pharnabazus, manned a fleet--the command of which they
+entrusted to their admiral Agathinus--and so were undisputed masters
+of the sea within the gulf round Achaia and Lechaeum.
+
+B.C. 393-391. The Lacedaemonians, in opposition, fitted out a fleet
+under the command of Podanemus. That officer, in an attack of no great
+moment, lost his life, and Pollis,[13] his second in command, was
+presently in his turn obliged to retire, being wounded, whereupon
+Herippidas took command of the vessels. On the other hand, Proaenus
+the Corinthian, who had relieved Agathinus, evacuated Rhium, and the
+Lacedaemonians recovered that post. Subsequently Teleutias succeeded
+to Herippidas's fleet, and it was then the turn of that admiral to
+dominate the gulf.[14]
+
+[13] See "Hell." I. i. 23.
+
+[14] According to Grote ("H. G." ix. 471, note 2), this section
+    summarises the Lacedaemonian maritime operations in the Corinthian
+    Gulf from the late autumn of 393 B.C. till the appointment of
+    Teleutias in the spring or early summer of 391 B.C., the year of
+    the expedition of Agesilaus recounted above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
+
+B.C. 392. The Lacedaemonians were well informed of the proceedings of
+Conon. They knew that he was not only restoring the fortifications of
+Athens by help of the king's gold, but maintaining a fleet at his
+expense besides, and conciliating the islands and seaboard cities
+towards Athens. If, therefore, they could indoctrinate Tiribazus--who
+was a general of the king--with their sentiments, they believed they
+could not fail either to draw him aside to their own interests, or, at
+any rate, to put a stop to his feeding Conon's navy. With this
+intention they sent Antalcidas to Tiribazus:[15] his orders were to
+carry out this policy and, if possible, to arrange a peace between
+Lacedaemon and the king. The Athenians, getting wind of this, sent a
+counter-embassy, consisting of Hermogenes, Dion, Callisthenes, and
+Callimedon, with Conon himself. They at the same time invited the
+attendance of ambassadors from the allies, and there were also present
+representatives of the Boeotians, of Corinth, and of Argos. When they
+had arrived at their destination, Antalcidas explained to Tiribazus
+the object of his visit: he wished, if possible, to cement a peace
+between the state he represented and the king--a peace, moreover,
+exactly suited to the aspirations of the king himself; in other words,
+the Lacedaemonians gave up all claim to the Hellenic cities in Asia as
+against the king, while for their own part they were content that all
+the islands and other cities should be independent. "Such being our
+unbiassed wishes," he continued, "for what earthly reason should [the
+Hellenes or] the king go to war with us? or why should he expend his
+money? The king is guaranteed against attack on the part of Hellas,
+since the Athenians are powerless apart from our hegemony, and we are
+powerless so long as the separate states are independent." The
+proposals of Antalcidas sounded very pleasantly in the ears of
+Tiribazus, but to the opponents of Sparta they were the merest talk.
+The Athenians were apprehensive of an agreement which provided for the
+independence of the cities in the islands, whereby they might be
+deprived of Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros. The Thebans, again, were
+afraid of being compelled to let the Boeotian states go free. The
+Argives did not see how such treaty contracts and covenants were
+compatible with the realisation of their own great object--the
+absorption of Corinth by Argos. And so it came to pass that this
+peace[16] proved abortive, and the representatives departed each to
+his own home.
+
+[15] See Plut. "Ages." xxiii. (Clough, iv. p. 27); and for the date
+    B.C. 392 (al. B.C. 393) see Grote, "H. G." ix. 498.
+
+[16] See Andoc. "de Pace"; Jebb, "Attic Or." i. 83, 128 foll. Prof.
+    Jebb assigns this speech to B.C. 390 rather than B.C. 391. See
+    also Grote, "H. G." ix. 499; Diod. xiv. 110.
+
+Tiribazus, on his side, thought it hardly consistent with his own
+safety to adopt the cause of the Lacedaemonians without the
+concurrence of the king--a scruple which did not prevent him from
+privately presenting Antalcidas with a sum of money, in hopes that
+when the Athenians and their allies discovered that the Lacedaemonians
+had the wherewithal to furnish a fleet, they might perhaps be more
+disposed to desire peace. Further, accepting the statements of the
+Lacedaemonians as true, he took on himself to secure the person of
+Conon, as guilty of wrongdoing towards the king, and shut him up.[17]
+That done, he set off up country to the king to recount the proposals
+of Lacedaemon, with his own subsequent capture of Conon as a
+mischievous man, and to ask for further guidance on all these matters.
+
+[17] See Diod. xiv. 85; and Corn. Nep. 5.
+
+On the arrival of Tiribazus at the palace, the king sent down Struthas
+to take charge of the seaboard district. The latter, however, was a
+strong partisan of Athens and her allies, since he found it impossible
+to forget the long list of evils which the king's country had suffered
+at the hands of Agesilaus; so that the Lacedaemonians, contrasting the
+hostile disposition of the new satrap towards themselves with his
+friendliness to the Athenians, sent Thibron to deal with him by force
+of arms.
+
+B.C. 391.[18] That general crossed over and established his base of
+operations in Ephesus and the towns in the plain of the Maeander--
+Priene, Leucophrys, and Achilleum--and proceeded to harry the king's
+territory, sparing neither live nor dead chattels. But as time went
+on, Struthas, who could not but note the disorderly, and indeed
+recklessly scornful manner in which the Lacedaemonian brought up his
+supports on each occasion, despatched a body of cavalry into the
+plain. Their orders were to gallop down and scour the plain, making a
+clean sweep[19] of all they could lay their hands on. Thibron, as it
+befell, had just finished breakfast, and was returning to the mess
+with Thersander the flute-player. The latter was not only a good
+flute-player, but, as affecting Lacedaemonian manners, laid claim to
+personal prowess. Struthas, then, seeing the disorderly advance of the
+supports and the paucity of the vanguard, appeared suddenly at the
+head of a large body of cavalry, all in orderly array. Thibron and
+Thersander were the first to be cut down, and when these had fallen
+the rest of the troops were easily turned. A mere chase ensued, in
+which man after man was felled to earth, though a remnant contrived to
+escape into the friendly cities; still larger numbers owed their
+safety to their late discovery of the business on hand. Nor, indeed,
+was this the first time the Spartan commander had rushed to the field,
+without even issuing a general order. So ends the history of these
+events.
+
+[18] Al. B.C. 392, al. B.C. 390.
+
+[19] See "Hell." VII. i. 40; "Cyrop." I. iv. 17; III. iii. 23; "Anab."
+    VI. iii. 3.
+
+B.C. 390.[20] We pass on to the arrival at Lacedaemon of a party of
+Rhodian exiles expelled by the popular party. They insisted that it
+was not equitable to allow the Athenians to subjugate Rhodes and thus
+build up so vast a power. The Lacedaemonians were alive to the fact
+that the fate of Rhodes depended on which party in the state
+prevailed: if the democracy were to dominate, the whole island must
+fall into the hands of Athens; if the wealthier classes,[21] into
+their own. Accordingly they fitted out for them a fleet of eight
+vessels, and put Ecdicus in command of it as admiral.
+
+[20] Grote, "H. G." ix. 504; al. B.C. 391.
+
+[21] Or, "the Lacedaemonians were not slow to perceive that the whole
+    island of Rhodes was destined to fall either into the hands of
+    Athens or of themselves, according as the democracy or the
+    wealthier classes respectively dominated."
+
+At the same time they despatched another officer on board these
+vessels named Diphridas, on a separate mission. His orders were to
+cross over into Asia and to secure the states which had received
+Thibron. He was also to pick up the survivors of Thibron's army, and
+with these troops, aided by a second army which he would collect from
+any other quarter open to him, he was to prosecute the war against
+Struthas. Diphridas followed out his instructions, and amongst other
+achievements was fortunate enough to capture Tigranes,[22] the son-in-
+law of Struthas, with his wife, on their road to Sardis. The sum paid
+for their ransom was so large that he at once had the wherewithal to
+pay his mercenaries. Diphridas was no less attractive than his
+predecessor Thibron; but he was of a more orderly temperament,
+steadier, and incomparably more enterprising as a general; the secret
+of this superiority being that he was a man over whom the pleasures of
+the body exercised no sway. He became readily absorbed in the business
+before him--whatever he had to do he did it with a will.
+
+[22] See "Anab." VII. viii. 9 for a similar exploit.
+
+Ecdicus having reached Cnidus, there learned that the democracy in
+Rhones were entirely masters of the situation. They were dominant by
+land and sea; indeed they possessed a fleet twice the size of his own.
+He was therefore content to keep quiet in Cnidus until the
+Lacedaemonians, perceiving that his force was too small to allow him
+to benefit their friends, determined to relieve him. With this view
+they ordered Teleutias to take the twelve ships which formed his
+squadron (at present in the gulf adjoining Achaia and Lechaeum),[23]
+and to feel his way round to Ecdicus: that officer he was to send
+home. For himself, he was to undertake personally to protect the
+interests of all who cared to be their friends, whilst injuring the
+enemy by every possible means.
+
+[23] See above, IV. viii. 11.
+
+So then Teleutias, having reached Samos, where he added some vessels
+to his fleet, set sail to Cnidus. At this point Ecdicus returned home,
+and Teleutias, continuing his voyage, reached Rhodes, at the head now
+of seven-and-twenty vessels. It was during this portion of the voyage
+that he fell in with Philocrates, the son of Ephialtes, who was
+sailing from Athens to Cyprus with ten triremes, in aid of their ally
+Evagoras.[24] The whole flotilla fell into the Spartan's hands--a
+curious instance, it may be added, of cross purposes on the part of
+both belligerents. Here were the Athenians, supposed to be on friendly
+terms with the king, engaged in sending an allied force to support
+Evagoras, who was at open war with him; and here again was Teleutias,
+the representative of a people at war with Persia, engaged in
+crippling a fleet which had been despatched on a mission hostile to
+their adversary. Teleutias put back into Cnidus to dispose of his
+captives, and so eventually reached Rhodes, where his arrival brought
+timely aid to the party in favour of Lacedaemon.
+
+[24] See Diod. xiv. 98; Hicks, 72; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p. 397;
+    Isoc. "Evag." 54-57; Paus. I. iii. 1; Lys. "de bon. Ar." 20; Dem.
+    p. 161.
+
+B.C. 389.[25] And now the Athenians, fully impressed with the belief
+that their rivals were laying the basis of a new naval supremacy,
+despatched Thrasybulus the Steirian to check them, with a fleet of
+forty sail. That officer set sail, but abstained from bringing aid to
+Rhodes, and for good reasons. In Rhodes the Lacedaemonian party had
+hold of the fortress, and would be out of reach of his attack,
+especially as Teleutias was close at hand to aid them with his fleet.
+On the other hand, his own friends ran no danger of succumbing to the
+enemy, as they held the cities and were numerically much stronger, and
+they had established their superiority in the field. Consequently he
+made for the Hellespont, where, in the absence of any rival power, he
+hoped to achieve some stroke of good fortune for his city. Thus, in
+the first place, having detected the rivalries existing between
+Medocus,[26] the king of the Odrysians, and Seuthes,[27] the rival
+ruler of the seaboard, he reconciled them to each other, and made them
+friends and allies of Athens; in the belief that if he secured their
+friendship the Hellenic cities on the Thracian coast would show
+greater proclivity to Athens. Such being the happy state of affairs
+not only in Europe but as regards the states in Asia also, thanks to
+the friendly attitude of the king to his fellow-citizens, he sailed
+into Byzantium and sold the tithe-duty levied on vessels arriving from
+the Euxine. By another stroke he converted the oligarchy of Byzantium
+into a democracy. The result of this was that the Byzantine demos[28]
+were no longer sorry to see as vast a concourse of Athenians in their
+city as possible. Having so done, and having further won the
+friendship of the men of Calchedon, he set sail south of the
+Hellespont. Arrived at Lesbos, he found all the cities devoted to
+Lacedaemon with the exception of Mytilene. He was therefore loth to
+attack any of the former until he had organised a force within the
+latter. This force consisted of four hundred hoplites, furnished from
+his own vessels, and a corps of exiles from the different cities who
+had sought shelter in Mytilene; to which he added a stout contingent,
+the pick of the Mytileneian citizens themselves. He stirred the ardour
+of the several contingents by suitable appeals: representing to the
+men of Mytilene that by their capture of the cities they would at once
+become the chiefs and patrons of Lesbos; to the exiles he made it
+appear that if they would but unite to attack each several city in
+turn, they might all reckon on their particular restoration; while he
+needed only to remind his own warriors that the acquisition of Lesbos
+meant not only the attachment of a friendly city, but the discovery of
+a mine of wealth. The exhortations ended and the contingents
+organised, he advanced against Methymna.
+
+[25] Grote, "H. G." ix. 507.
+
+[26] Al. Amedocus.
+
+[27] For Seuthes, see above, "Hell." III. ii. 2, if the same.
+
+[28] For the varying fortunes of the democrats at Byzantium in 408
+    B.C. and 405 B.C., see above, "Hell." I. iii. 18; II. ii. 2); for
+    the present moment, 390-389 B.C., see Demosth. "c. Lept." 475; for
+    the admission of Byzantium into the new naval confederacy in 378
+    B.C., see Hicks, 68; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 19; and for B.C. 363,
+    Isocr. "Phil." 53; Diod. xv. 79; and for its commercial
+    prosperity, Polyb. iv. 38-47.
+
+Therimachus, who chanced to be the Lacedaemonian governor at the time,
+on hearing of the meditated attack of Thrasybulus, had taken a body of
+marines from his vessels, and, aided by the citizens of Methymna
+themselves, along with all the Mytileneian exiles to be found in that
+place, advanced to meet the enemy on their borders. A battle was
+fought and Therimachus was slain, a fate shared by several of the
+exiles of his party.
+
+As a result[29] of his victory the Athenian general succeeded in
+winning the adhesion of some of the states; or, where adhesion was
+refused, he could at least raise supplies for his soldiers by
+freebooting expeditions, and so hastened to reach his goal, which was
+the island of Rhodes. His chief concern was to support as powerful an
+army as possible in those parts, and with this object he proceeded to
+levy money aids, visiting various cities, until he finally reached
+Aspendus, and came to moorings in the river Eurymedon. The money was
+safely collected from the Aspendians, and the work completed, when,
+taking occasion of some depredations[30] of the soldiers on the
+farmsteads, the people of the place in a fit of irritation burst into
+the general's quarters at night and butchered him in his tent.
+
+[29] According to some critics, B.C. 389 is only now reached.
+
+[30] See Diod. xiv. 94.
+
+So perished Thrasybulus,[31] a good and great man by all admission. In
+room of him the Athenians chose Agyrrhius,[32] who was despatched to
+take command of the fleet. And now the Lacedaemonians--alive to the
+fact that the sale of the Euxine tithe-dues had been negotiated in
+Byzantium by Athens; aware also that as long as the Athenians kept
+hold on Calchedon the loyalty of the other Hellespontine cities was
+secured to them (at any rate while Pharnabazus remained their friend)
+--felt that the state of affairs demanded their serious attention.
+They attached no blame indeed to Dercylidas. Anaxibius, however,
+through the friendship of the ephors, contrived to get himself
+appointed as governor, on a mission to Abydos. With the requisite
+funds and ships, he promised to exert such hostile pressure upon
+Athens that at least her prospects in the Hellespont would cease to be
+so sunny. His friends the ephors granted him in return for these
+promises three ships of war and funds to support a thousand
+mercenaries, and so they despatched him on his mission. Reaching
+Abydos, he set about improving his naval and military position. First
+he collected a foreign brigade, by help of which he drew off some of
+the Aeolid cities from Pharnabazus. Next he set on foot a series of
+retaliatory expeditions against the states which attacked Abydos,
+marching upon them and ravaging their territories; and lastly, manning
+three vessels besides those which he already held in the harbour of
+Abydos, he intercepted and brought into port all the merchant ships of
+Athens or of her allies which he could lay hands on.
+
+[31] "Thus perished the citizen to whom, more than any one else,
+    Athens owed not only her renovated democracy, but its wise,
+    generous, and harmonious working, after renovation."--Grote, "H.
+    G." ix. 509.
+
+[32] For this statesman, see Demosth. "c. Timocr." 742; Andoc. "de
+    Myst." 133; Aristot. "Ath. Pol." 41, and Mr. Kenyon's notes ad
+    loc.; Aristoph. "Eccles." 102, and the Schol. ad loc.; Diod. xiv.
+    99; Curtius, "H. G." Eng tr. iv. 280.
+
+Getting wind of these proceedings, the Athenians, fearing lest the
+fair foundation laid for them by Thrasybulus in the Hellespont should
+be ruined, sent out Iphicrates with eight vessels and twelve hundred
+peltasts. The majority of them[33] consisted of troops which he had
+commanded at Corinth. In explanation it may be stated that the
+Argives, when once they had appropriated Corinth and incorporated it
+with Argos, gave out they had no further need of Iphicrates and his
+troops; the real fact being that he had put to death some of the
+partisans of Argos.[34] And so it was he turned his back on Corinth
+and found himself at home in Athens at the present crisis.
+
+[33] Or, "The mass of them."
+
+[34] See Grote, "H. G." ix. p. 491 note. The "Argolising" or philo-
+    Argeian party, as opposed to the philo-Laconian party. See above,
+    "Hell." IV. iv. 6.
+
+B.C. 389-388. When Iphicrates first reached the Chersonese he and
+Anaxibius carried on war against each other by the despatch of
+guerilla or piratic bands across the straits. But as time wore on,
+information reached him of the departure of Anaxibius to Antandrus,
+accompanied by his mercenaries and his own bodyguard of Laconians and
+two hundred Abydenian hoplites. Hearing further that Anaxibius had won
+the friendly adhesion of Antandrus, Iphicrates conjectured that after
+establishing a garrison in that place he would make the best of his
+way back, if only to bring the Abydenians home again. He therefore
+crossed in the night, selecting a desert point on the Abydene coast,
+from which he scaled the hills above the town and planted himself in
+ambuscade within their folds. The triremes which brought him across
+had orders at break of day to coast up northwards along the
+Chersonese, which would suggest the notion that he was only out on one
+of his customary voyages to collect money. The sequel more than
+fulfilled his expectations. Anaxibius began his return march, and if
+report speaks truly, he did so notwithstanding that the victims were
+against his marching that day; contemptuously disregarding the
+warning, and satisfied that his march lay all along through a friendly
+country and was directed to a friendly city. Besides which, those whom
+he met assured him that Iphicrates was off on a voyage to Proconnesus:
+hence the unusual absence of precaution on the march. On his side
+Iphicrates saw the chance, but, so long as the troops of Anaxibius
+lingered on the level bottoms, refused to spring from his lair,
+waiting for the moment when the Abydenian division in the van was
+safely landed in the plain of Cremaste, at the point where the gold
+mines stand; the main column following on the downward slope, and
+Anaxibius with his Laconians just beginning the descent. At that
+instant Iphicrates set his ambuscade in motion, and dashed against the
+Spartan at full speed. The latter quickly discerned that there was no
+hope of escape as he scanned the long straggling line of his
+attenuated column. The troops in advance, he was persuaded, would
+never be able to come back to his aid up the face of that acclivity;
+besides which, he observed the utter bewilderment of the whole body at
+sight of the ambuscade. He therefore turned to those next him, and
+spoke as follows: "Sirs, it is good for me to die on this spot, where
+honour bids me; but for you, sirs, yonder your path lies, haste and
+save yourselves[35] before the enemy can close with us." As the words
+died on his lips he took from the hands of his attendant shield-bearer
+his heavy shield, and there, at his post, unflinchingly fought and
+fell; not quite alone, for by his side faithfully lingered a favourite
+youth, and of the Lacedaemonian governors who had rallied to Abydos
+from their several cities yet other twelve fought and fell beside the
+pair. The rest fled, dropping down one by one as the army pursued them
+to the walls of the city. The death-roll amounted to something like
+fifty hoplites of the Abydenians, and of the rest two hundred. After
+this exploit Iphicrates returned to the Chersonese.[36]
+
+[35] Or, "sauve qui peut."
+
+[36] See Hicks, 76; and below, "Hell." V. i. 31.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK V
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 388. Such was the state of affairs in the Hellespont, so far at
+least as Athens and Sparta are concerned. Eteonicus was once more in
+Aegina; and notwithstanding that the Aeginetans and Athenians had up
+to this time held commercial intercourse, yet now that the war was
+plainly to be fought out on the sea, that officer, with the
+concurrence of the ephorate, gave permission to any one who liked to
+plunder Attica.[1] The Athenians retaliated by despatching a body of
+hoplites under their general Pamphilus, who constructed a fort against
+the Aeginetans,[2] and proceeded to blockade them by land and sea with
+ten warships. Teleutias, however, while threading his way among the
+islands in question of contributions, had chanced to reach a point
+where he received information of the turn in affairs with regard to
+the construction of the fortress, whereupon he came to the rescue of
+the beleaguered Aeginetans, and so far succeeded that he drove off the
+enemy's blockading squadron. But Pamphilus kept a firm hold on the
+offensive fortress, and was not to be dislodged.
+
+[1] Or, "determined to let slip the hounds of war;" or, more
+    prosaically, "issued letters of marque." See Grote, "H. G." ix.
+    517.
+
+[2] I.e. in Aegina as an {epiteikhisma}.
+
+After this the new admiral Hierax arrived from Lacedaemon. The naval
+force was transferred into his successor's hands, and under the
+happiest auspices Teleutias set sail for home. As he descended to the
+seashore to start on his homeward voyage there was not one among his
+soldiers who had not a warm shake of the hand for their old admiral.
+Here one presented him with a crown, and there another with a victor's
+wreath; and those who arrived too late, still, as the ship weighed
+anchor, threw garlands into the sea and wafted him many a blessing
+with prayerful lips. I am well aware that in the above incident I have
+no memorable story of munificence, peril, or invention to narrate, but
+in all sincerity I protest that a man may find food for reflection in
+the inquiry what Teleutias had done to create such a disposition in
+his subordinates. Here we are brought face to face with a true man's
+work more worthy of account than multitudes of riches or adventure.[3]
+
+[3] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 518: "The ideal of government as it
+    presented itself to Xenophon was the paternal despotism or
+    something like it," {to ethelonton arkhein}. Cf. "Cyrop." passim,
+    "Heiro," and his various other compositions.
+
+The new admiral Hierax, taking with him the larger portion of the
+fleet, set sail once more for Rhodes. He left behind him twelve
+vessels in Aegina under his vice-admiral Gorgopas, who was now
+installed as governor of that island. In consequence of this chance
+the Athenian troops inside the fortres were more blockaded than the
+Aeginetans themselves, so much so that a vote was passed by the
+Athenian assembly, in obedience to which a large fleet was manned, and
+the garrison, after four months' sojourn in Aegina, were brought back.
+But this was no sooner done than they began to be harassed by Gorgopas
+and the privateers again. To operate aganst these they fitted out
+thirteen vessels, choosing Eunomus as admiral in command. Hierax was
+still in Rhodes when the Lacedaemonians sent out a new admiral,
+Antalcidas; they believed that they could not find a better mode of
+gratifying Tiribazus. Accordingly Antalcidas, after visiting Aegina in
+order to pick up the vessels under Gorgopas, set sail for Ephesus. At
+this point he sent back Gorgopas with his twelve ships to Aegina, and
+appointed his vice-admiral Nicolochus to command the remainder of the
+fleet.
+
+Nicolochus was to relieve Abydos, and thither set sail; but in the
+course of the voyage turned aside to Tenedos, where he ravaged the
+territory, and, with the money so secured, sailed on to Abydos. The
+Athenian generals[4] on their side, collecting from Samothrace,
+Thasos, and the fortresses in that quarter, hastened to the relief of
+Tenedos; but, finding that Nicolochus had continued his voyage to
+Abydos, they selected the Chersonese as their base, and proceeded to
+blockade him and his fleet of five-and-twenty vessels with the two-
+and-thirty vessels under their joint command.
+
+[4] And among the rest Iphicrates and Diotimus. See below, S. 25;
+    above, IV. viii. 39.
+
+Meanwhile Gorgopas, returning from Ephesus, fell in with the Athenian
+admiral Eunomus, and, shunning an encounter at the moment, sought
+shelter in Aegina, which he reached a little before sunset; and at
+once disembarking his men, set them down to their evening meal; whilst
+Eunomus on his side, after hanging back for a little while, sailed
+away. Night fell, and the Athenian, showing the customary signal light
+to prevent his squadron straggling, led the way in the darkness.
+Gorgopas instantly got his men on board again, and, taking the lantern
+for his guide, followed the Athenians, craftily lagging behind a
+little space, so as not to show himself or raise any suspicion of his
+presence. In place of the usual cry the boatswains timed the rowers by
+a clink of stones, and silently the oars slid, feathering through the
+waves[5]; and just when the squadron of Eunomus was touching the
+coast, off Cape Zoster[6] in Attica, the Spartan sounded the
+bugle-note for the charge. Some of Eunomus's vessels were in the act
+of discharging their crews, others were still getting to their
+moorings, whilst others were as yet only bearing down to land. The
+engagement was fought by the light of the moon, and Gorgopas captured
+four triremes, which he tied astern, and so set sail with his prizes
+in tow towards Aegina. The rest of the Athenian squadron made their
+escape into the harbour of Piraeus.
+
+[5] Lit. "the boatswains employing a clink of stones and a sliding
+    motion of the oars."
+
+[6] I.e. "Cape Girdle," mod. Cape Karvura. See Tozer, "Geog. of
+    Greece," pp. 78, 372.
+
+It was after these events that Chabrias[7] commenced his voyage to
+Cyprus, bringing relief to Evagoras. His force consisted at first of
+eight hundred light troops and ten triremes, but was further increased
+by other vessels from Athens and a body of heavy infantry. Thus
+reinforced, the admiral chose a night and landed in Aegina; and
+secreted himself in ambuscade with his light troops in hollow ground
+some way beyond the temple of Heracles. At break of day, as
+prearranged, the Athenian hoplites made their appearance under command
+of Demaenetus, and began mounting up between two and three miles[8]
+beyond the Kerakleion at Tripurgia, as it is called. The news soon
+reached Gorgopas, who sallied out to the rescue with the Aeginetans
+and the marines of his vessels, being further accompanied by eight
+Spartans who happened to be with him. Not content with these he issued
+orders inviting any of the ships' crews, who were free men, to join
+the relief party. A large number of these sailors responded. They
+armed themselves as best they could, and the advance commenced. When
+the vanguard were well past the ambuscade, Chabrias and his men sprang
+up from their hiding-place, and poured a volley of javelins and stones
+upon the enemy. At the same moment the hoplites, who had
+disembarked,[9] were advancing, so that the Spartan vanguard, in the
+absence of anything like collective action, were speedily cut down,
+and among them fell Gorgopas with the Lacedaemonians. At their fall
+the rest of course turned and fled. One hundred and fifty Aeginetans
+were numbered among the slain, while the loss incurred by the
+foreigners, metics, and sailors who had joined the relief party,
+reached a total of two hundred. After this the Athnenians sailed the
+sea as freely as in the times of actual peace. Nor would anything
+induce the sailors to row a single stroke for Eteonicus--even under
+pressure--since he had no pay to give.
+
+[7] According to Diod. xiv. 92, Chabrias had been for some time in
+    Corinth. See also above, IV. viii. 24.
+
+[8] Lit. "about sixteen stades."
+
+[9] Or, reading {oi anabebekotes}, "who had scaled the height." See
+    Hartman, "Anal. Xen." p. 364.
+
+Subsequently the Lacedaemonians despatched Teleutias once again to
+take command of the squadron, and when the sailors saw it was he who
+had come, they were overjoyed. He summoned a meeting and addressed
+them thus: "Soldiers, I am back again, but I bring with me no money.
+Yet if God be willing, and your zeal flag not, I will endeavour to
+supply you with provisions without stint. Be well assured, as often as
+I find myself in command of you, I have but one prayer--that your
+lives may be spared no less than mine; and as for the necessaries of
+existence, perhaps it would astonish you if I said I would rather you
+should have them than I. Yet by the gods I swear I would welcome two
+days' starvation in order to spare you one. Was not my door open in
+old days to every comer? Open again it shall stand now; and so it
+shall be; where your own board overflows, you shall look in and mark
+the luxury of your general; but if at other times you see him bearing
+up against cold and heat and sleepless nights, you must apply the
+lesson to yourselves and study to endure those evils. I do not bid you
+do aught of this for self-mortification's sake, but that you may
+derive some after-blessing from it. Soldiers, let Lacedaemon, our own
+mother-city, be to you an example. Her good fortune is reputed to
+stand high. That you know; and you know too, that she purchased her
+glory and her greatness not by faint-heartedness, but by choosing to
+suffer pain and incur dangers in the day of need. 'Like city,' I say,
+'like citizens.' You, too, as I can bear you witness, have been in
+times past brave; but to-day must we strive to be better than
+ourselves. So shall we share our pains without repining, and when
+fortune smiles, mingle our joys; for indeed the sweetest thing of all
+surely is to flatter no man, Hellene or Barbarian, for the sake of
+hire; we will suffice to ourselves, and from a source to which honour
+pre-eminently invites us; since, I need not remind you, abundance won
+from the enemy in war furnishes forth not bodily nutrition only, but a
+feast of glory the wide world over."
+
+So he spoke, and with one voice they all shouted to him to issue what
+orders he thought fit; they would not fail him in willing service. The
+general's sacrifice was just concluded, and he answered: "Good, then,
+my men; go now, as doubtless you were minded, and take your evening
+meal, and next provide yourselves, please, with one day's food. After
+that repair to your ships without delay, for we have a voyage on hand,
+whither God wills, and must arrive in time." So then, when the men
+returned, he embarked them on their ships, and sailed under cover of
+night for the great harbour of Piraeus: at one time he gave the rowers
+rest, passing the order to take a snatch of sleep; at another he
+pushed forward towards his goal with rise and fall of oars. If any one
+supposes that there was a touch of madness in such an expedition--with
+but twelve triremes to attack an enemy possessed of a large fleet--he
+should consider the calculations of Teleutias. He was under the firm
+persuasion that the Athenians were more careless than ever about their
+navy in the harbour since the death of Gorgopas; and in case of
+finding warships riding at anchor--even so, there was less danger, he
+conjectured, in attacking twenty ships in the port of Athens than ten
+elsewhere; for, whereas, anywhere outside the harbour the sailors
+would certainly be quartered on board, at Athens it was easy to divine
+that the captains and officers would be sleeping at their homes, and
+the crews located here and there in different quarters.
+
+This minded he set sail, and when he was five or six furlongs[10]
+distant from the harbour he lay on his oars and rested. But with the
+first streak of dawn he led the way, the rest following. The admiral's
+orders to the crews were explicit. They were on no account to sink any
+merchant vessel; they were equally to avoid damaging[11] their own
+vessels, but if at any point they espied a warship at her moorings
+they must try and cripple her. The trading vessels, provided they had
+got their cargoes on board, they must seize and tow out of the
+harbour; those of larger tonnage they were to board wherever they
+could and capture the crews. Some of his men actually jumped on to the
+Deigma quay,[12] where they seized hold of various traders and pilots
+and deposited them bodily on board ship. So the Spartan admiral
+carried out his programme.
+
+[10] Lit. "five or six stades."
+
+[11] See Hartman, "Anal. Xen." pp. 365, 366.
+
+[12] See Grote ("H. G." ix. 523): cf. Thuc. ii. 94, the attempt of
+    Brasidas on the port of Megara. For the wealth of Piraeus, Grote
+    "H. G." ix. 351. See below, "Pol. Ath." i. 17; "Rev." iii. 13.
+
+As to the Athenians, meanwhile, some of them who got wind of what was
+happening rushed from indoors outside to see what the commotion meant,
+others from the streets home to get their arms, and others again were
+off to the city with the news. The whole of Athens rallied to the
+rescue at that instant, heavy infantry and cavalry alike, the
+apprehension being that Piraeus was taken. But the Spartan sent off
+the captured vessels to Aegina, telling off three or four of his
+triremes to convoy them thither; with the rest he followed along the
+coast of Attica, and emerging in seemingly innocent fashion from the
+harbour, captured a number of fishing smacks, and passage boats laden
+with passengers crossing to Piraeus from the islands; and finally, on
+reaching Sunium he captured some merchantmen laden with corn or other
+merchandise. After these performances he sailed back to Aegina, where
+he sold his prizes, and with the proceeds was able to provide his
+troops with a month's pay, and for the future was free to cruise about
+and make what reprisals chance cast in his way. By such a procedure he
+was able to support a full quota of mariners on board his squadron,
+and procured to himself the prompt and enthusiastic service of his
+troops.
+
+B.C. 388-387. Antalcidas had now returned from the Persian court with
+Tiribazus. The negotiations had been successful. He had secured the
+alliance of the Persian king and his military co-operation in case the
+Athenians and their allies refused to abide by the peace which the
+king dictated. But learning that his second in command, Nicolochus,
+was being blockaded with his fleet by Iphicrates and Diotimus[13] in
+Abydos, he set off at once by land for that city. Being come thither
+he took the fleet one night and put out to sea, having first spread a
+story that he had invitations from a party in Calchedon; but as a
+matter of fact he came to anchorage in Percote and there kept quiet.
+Meanwhile the Athenian forces under Demaenetus and Dionysius and
+Leontichus and Phanias had got wind of his movement, and were in hot
+pursuit towards Proconnesus. As soon as they were well past, the
+Spartan veered round and returned to Abydos, trusting to information
+brought him of the approach of Polyxenus with the Syracusan[14] and
+Italian squadron of twenty ships, which he wished to pick up and
+incorporate with his own.
+
+[13] See above; Lysias, "de bon. Arist." (Jebb, "Att. Or." i. p. 327).
+
+[14] See below, VI. ii. 4 foll; Hicks, 71, 84, 88.
+
+A little later the Athenian Thrasybulus[15] (of Collytus) was making
+his way up with eight ships from Thrace, his object being to effect a
+junction with the main Athenian squadron. The scouts signalled the
+approach of eight triremes, whereupon Antalcidas, embarking his
+marines on board twelve of the fastest sailers of his fleet, ordered
+them to make up their full complements, where defective, from the
+remaining vessels; and so lay to, skulking in his lair with all
+possible secrecy. As soon as the enemy's vessels came sailing past he
+gave chase; and they catching sight of him took to flight. With his
+swiftest sailors he speedily overhauled their laggards, and ordering
+his vanguard to let these alone, he followed hard on those ahead. But
+when the foremost had fallen into his clutches, the enemy's hinder
+vessels, seeing their leaders taken one by one, out of sheer
+despondency fell an easy prey to the slower sailors of the foe, so
+that not one of the eight vessels escaped.
+
+[15] His name occurs on the famous stele of the new Athenian
+    confederacy, B.C. 378. See Hicks, 81; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 17;
+    Demos. "de. Cor." p. 301; Arist. "Rhet." ii. 23; Demos. "c.
+    Timocr." 742.
+
+Presently the Syracusan squadron of twenty vessels joined him, and
+again another squadron from Ionia, or rather so much of that district
+as lay under the control of Tiribazus. The full quota of the
+contingent was further made up from the territory of Ariobarzanes
+(which whom Antalcidas kept up a friendship of long standing), in the
+absence of Pharnabazus, who by this date had already been summoned up
+country on the occasion of his marriage with the king's daughter. With
+this fleet, which, from whatever sources derived, amounted to more
+than eighty sail, Antalcidas ruled the seas, and was in a position not
+only to cut off the passage of vessels bound to Athens from the
+Euxine, but to convoy them into the harbours of Sparta's allies.
+
+The Athenians could not but watch with alarm the growth of the enemy's
+fleet, and began to fear a repetition of their former discomfiture. To
+be trampled under foot by the hostile power seemed indeed no remote
+possibility, now that the Lacedaemonians had procured an ally in the
+person of the Persian monarch, and they were in little less than a
+state of siege themselves, pestered as they were by privateers from
+Aegina. On all these grounds the Athenians became passionately
+desirous of peace.[16] The Lacedaemonians were equally out of humour
+with the war for various reasons--what with their garrison duties, one
+mora at Lechaeum and another at Orchomenus, and the necessity of
+keeping watch and ward on the states, if loyal not to lose them, if
+disaffected to prevent their revolt; not to mention that reciprocity
+of annoyance[17] of which Corinth was the centre. So again the Argives
+had a strong appetite for peace; they knew that the ban had been
+called out against them, and, it was plain, that no fictitious
+alteration of the calendar would any longer stand them in good stead.
+Hence, when Tiribazus issued a summons calling on all who were willing
+to listen to the terms of peace sent down by the king[18] to present
+themselves, the invitation was promptly accepted. At the opening of
+the conclave[19] Tiribazus pointed to the king's seal attached to the
+document, and proceeded to read the contents, which ran as follows:
+
+[16] See, at this point, Grote on the financial condition of Athens
+    and the "Theorikon," "H. G." ix. 525.
+
+[17] Or, "that give-and-take of hard knocks."
+
+[18] See Hicks, 76.
+
+[19] At Sardis, doubtless.
+
+"The king, Artaxerxes, deems it just that the cities in Asia, with the
+islands of Clazomenae and Cyprus, should belong to himself; the rest
+of the Hellenic cities he thinks it just to leave independent, both
+small and great, with the exception of Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros,
+which three are to belong to Athens as of yore. Should any of the
+parties concerned not accept this peace, I, Artaxerxes, will war
+against him or them with those who share my views. This will I do by
+land and by sea, with ships and with money."
+
+After listening to the above declaration the ambassadors from the
+several states proceeded to report the same to their respective
+governments. One and all of these took the oaths[20] to ratify and
+confirm the terms unreservedly, with the exception of the Thebans, who
+claimed to take the oaths in behalf of all Boeotians. This claim
+Agesilaus repudiated: unless they chose to take the oaths in precise
+conformity with the words of the king's edict, which insisted on "the
+future autonomy of each state, small or great," he would not admit
+them. To this the Theban ambassadors made no other reply, except that
+the instructions they had received were different. "Pray go, then,"
+Agesilaus retorted, "and ask the question; and you may inform your
+countrymen that if they will not comply, they will be excluded from
+the treaty." The Theban ambassadors departed, but Agesilaus, out of
+hatred to the Thebans, took active measures at once. Having got the
+consent of the ephors he forthwith offered sacrifice. The offerings
+for crossing the frontier were propitious, and he pushed on to Tegea.
+From Tegea he despatched some of the knights right and left to vist
+the perioeci and hasten their mobilisation, and at the same time sent
+commanders of foreign brigades to the allied cities on a similar
+errand. But before he had started from Tegea the answer from Thebes
+arrived; the point was yielded, they would suffer the states to be
+independent. Under these circumstances the Lacedaemonians returned
+home, and the Thebans were forced to accept the truce unconditionally,
+and to recognise the autonomy of the Boeotian cities.[21] But now the
+Corinthians were by no means disposed to part with the garrison of the
+Argives. Accordingly Agesilaus had a word of warning for both. To the
+former he said, "if they did not forthwith dismiss the Argives," and
+to the latter, "if they did not instantly quit Corinth," he would
+march an army into their territories. The terror of both was so great
+that the Argives marched out of Corinth, and Corinth was once again
+left to herself;[22] whereupon the "butchers"[23] and their
+accomplices in the deed of blood determined to retire from Corinth,
+and the rest of the citizens welcomed back their late exiles
+voluntarily.
+
+[20] At Sparta, doubtless.
+
+[21] See Freeman, op. cit. pp. 168, 169.
+
+[22] See "Ages." ii. 21; Grote, "H. G." ix. 537.
+
+[23] {oi sphageis}, a party catchword (in reference to the incidents
+    narrated above, "Hell." IV. iv. 2). See below, {ton bareon
+    demagogon}, "Hell." V. ii. 7; {oi kedomenoi tes Peloponnesou},
+    "Hell." VII. v. 1; above, {oi sphageis}, "Hell." III. ii. 27, of
+    the philo-Laconian oligarchs in Elis. See Dem. "c. Lept." 473.
+
+Now that the transactions were complete, and the states were bound by
+their oaths to abide by the peace sent down to them by the king, the
+immediate result was a general disarmament, military and naval forces
+being alike disbanded; and so it was that the Lacedaemonians and
+Athenians, with their allies, found themselves in the enjoyment of
+peace for the first time since the period of hostilities subsequent to
+the demolition of the walls of Athens. From a condition which, during
+the war, can only be described as a sort of even balance with their
+antagonists, the Lacedaemonians now emerged; and reached a pinnacle of
+glory consequent upon the Peace of Antalcidas,[24] so called. As
+guarantors of the peace presented by Hellas to the king, and as
+administrators personally of the autonomy of the states, they had
+added Corinth to their alliance; they had obtained the independence of
+the states of Boeotia at the expense of Thebes,[25] which meant the
+gratification of an old ambition; and lastly, by calling out the ban
+in case the Argives refused to evacuate Corinth, they had put a stop
+to the appopriation of that city by the Argives.
+
+[24] Or, more correctly, the peace "under," or "at the date of," {ep
+    'Antalkidou}. See Grote, "H. G." x. 1, note 1.
+
+[25] Or, "they had made the states of Boeotia independent of Thebes."
+    See Grote, "H. G." x. 44.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 386. Indeed the late events had so entirely shaped themselves in
+conformity with the wishes of the Lacedaemonians, that they determined
+to go a step farther and chastise those of their allies who either had
+borne hard on them during the war, or otherwise had shown themselves
+less favourable to Lacedaemon than to her enemies.[1] Chastisement was
+not all; they must lay down such secure foundations for the future as
+should render the like disloyalty impossible again.[2] As the first
+step towards this policy they sent a dictatorial message to the
+Mantinaeans, and bade them raze their fortifications, on the sole
+ground that they could not otherwise trust them not to side with their
+enemies. Many things in their conduct, they alleged, from time to
+time, had not escaped their notice: their frequent despatches of corn
+to the Argives while at war with Lacedaemon; at other times their
+refusal to furnish contingents during a campaign, on the pretext of
+some holy truce or other;[3] or if they did reluctantly take the field
+--the miserable inefficiency of their service. "But, more than that,"
+they added, "we note the jealousy with which you eye any good fortune
+which may betide our state; the extravagant pleasure[4] you exhibit at
+the sudden descent of some disaster."
+
+[1] See Hartman, "An. Xen." p. 367 foll.; Busolt, "Die Lak." p. 129
+    foll.
+
+[2] Or, "they determined to chastise . . . and reduce to such order
+    that disloyalty should be impossible."
+
+[3] See above, "Hell." IV. ii. 16.
+
+[4] Ib. IV. v. 18.
+
+This very year, moreover, it was commonly said,[5] saw the expiration,
+as far as the Mantineans were concerned, of the thirty years' truce,
+consequent upon the battle of Mantinea. On their refusal, therefore,
+to raze their fortification walls the ban was called out against them.
+Agesilaus begged the state to absolve him from the conduct of this war
+on the plea that the city of Mantinea had done frequent service to his
+father[6] in his Messenian wars. Accordingly Agesipolis led the
+expedition--in spite of the cordial relations of his father
+Pausanias[7] with the leaders of the popular party in Mantinea.
+
+[5] As to this point, see Curtius, "H. G." V. v. (iv. 305 note, Eng.
+    trans.) There appears to be some confusion. According to Thuc. v.
+    81, "When the Argives deserted the alliance [with Mantinea,
+    Athens, and Elis, making a new treaty of alliance with Lacedaemon
+    for fifty years] the Mantineans held out for a time, but without
+    the Argives they were helpless, and so they came to terms with the
+    Lacedaemonians, and gave up their claims to supremacy over the
+    cities in Arcadia, which had been subject to them. . . . These
+    changes were effected at the close of winter [418 B.C.] towards
+    the approach of spring [417 B.C.], and so ended the fourteenth
+    year of the war." Jowett. According to Diod. xv. 5, the
+    Lacedaemonians attacked Mantinea within two years after the Peace
+    of Antalcidas, apparently in 386 B.C. According to Thuc. v. 82,
+    and "C. I. A." 50, in B.C. 417 Argos had reverted to her alliance
+    with Athens, and an attempt to connect the city with the sea by
+    long walls was made," certain other states in Peloponnese being
+    privy to the project" (Thuc. v. 83)--an attempt frustrated by
+    Lacedaemon early in B.C. 416. Is it possible that a treaty of
+    alliance between Mantinea and Lacedaemon for thirty years was
+    formally signed in B.C. 416?
+
+[6] I.e. Archidamus.
+
+[7] See above, "Hell." III. v. 25.
+
+B.C. 385. The first move of the invader was to subject the enemy's
+territory to devastation; but failing by such means to induce them to
+raze their walls, he proceeded to draw lines of circumvallation round
+the city, keeping half his troops under arms to screen the entrenching
+parties whilst the other half pushed on the work with the spade. As
+soon as the trench was completed, he experienced no further difficulty
+in building a wall round the city. Aware, however, of the existence of
+a huge supply of corn inside the town, the result of the bountiful
+harvest of the preceding year, and averse to the notion of wearing out
+the city of Lacedaemon and her allies by tedious campaigning, he hit
+upon the expedient of damming up the river which flowed through the
+town.
+
+It was a stream of no inconsiderable size.[8] By erecting a barrier at
+its exit from the town he caused the water to rise above the basements
+of the private dwellings and the foundations of the fortification
+walls. Then, as the lower layers of bricks became saturated and
+refused their support to the rows above, the wall began to crack and
+soon to totter to its fall. The citizens for some time tried to prop
+it with pieces of timber, and used other devices to avert the imminent
+ruin of their tower; but finding themselves overmatched by the water,
+and in dread lest the fall at some point or other of the circular
+wall[9] might deliver them captive to the spear of the enemy, they
+signified their consent to raze their walls. But the Lacedaemonians
+now steadily refused any form of truce, except on the further
+condition that the Mantineans would suffer themselves to be broken up
+and distributed into villages. They, looking the necessity in the
+face, consented to do even that. The sympathisers with Argos among
+them, and the leaders of their democracy, thought their fate was
+sealed. Then the father treated with the son, Pausanias with
+Agesipolis, on their behalf, and obtained immunity for them--sixty in
+number--on condition that they should quit the city. The Lacedaemonian
+troops stood lining the road on both sides, beginning from the gates,
+and watched the outgoers; and with their spears in their hands, in
+spite of bitter hatred, kept aloof from them with less difficulty than
+the Mantineans of the better classes themselves--a weighty testimony
+to the power of Spartan discipline, be it said. In conclusion, the
+wall was razed, and Mantinea split up into four parts,[10] assuming
+once again its primitive condition as regards inhabitants. The first
+feeling was one of annoyance at the necessity of pulling down their
+present houses and erecting others, yet when the owners[11] found
+themselves located so much nearer their estates round about the
+villages, in the full enjoyment of aristocracy, and rid for ever of
+"those troublesome demagogues," they were delighted with the turn
+which affairs had taken. It became the custom for Sparta to send them,
+not one commander of contingents,[12] but four, one for each village;
+and the zeal displayed, now that the quotas for military service were
+furnished from the several village centres, was far greater than it
+had been under the democratic system. So the transactions in
+connection with Mantinea were brought to a conclusion, and thereby one
+lesson of wisdom was taught mankind--not to conduct a river through a
+fortress town.
+
+[8] I.e. the Ophis. See Leake, "Morea," III. xxiv. p. 71; Pausan.
+    "Arcad." 8; Grote, "H. G." x. 48, note 2.
+
+[9] Or, "in the circuit of the wall."
+
+[10] See Diod. xv. 5; Strab. viii. 337; Ephor. fr. 138, ed. Did.; and
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 51.
+
+[11] Or, "holders of properties." The historian is referring not to
+    the population at large, I think, but to the rich landowners, i.e.
+    the {Beltistoi}, and is not so partial as Grote supposes ("H. G."
+    x. 51 foll.)
+
+[12] Technically {zenagoi}, Lacedaemonian officers who commanded the
+    contingents of the several allies. See above, "Hell." III. v. 7;
+    Thuc. ii. 76; and Arnold's note ad loc.; also C. R. Kennedy, "ap.
+    Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities," s.v.; Muller, "Dorians,"
+    ii. 250, Eng. tr.; Busolt, "Die Lak." p. 125.
+
+B.C. 384-383. To pass on. The party in exile from Phlius, seeing the
+severe scrutiny to which the behaviour of the allies of Lacedaemon
+during the late war was being subjected, felt that their opportunity
+had come. They repaired to Lacedaemon, and laid great emphasis on the
+fact that, so long as they had been in power themselves at home,
+"their city used to welcome Lacedaemonians within her walls, and her
+citizens flocked to the campaign under their leadership; but no sooner
+had they been driven into exile than a change had come. The men of
+Phlius now flatly refused to follow Lacedaemon anywhere; the
+Lacedaemonians, alone of all men living, must not be admitted within
+their gates." After listening to their story, the ephors agreed that
+the matter demanded attention. Then they sent to the state of Phlius a
+message to this effect; the Phliasian exiles were friends of
+Lacedaemon; nor did it appear that they owed their exile to any
+misdoing. Under the circumstances, Lacedaemon claimed their recall
+from banishment, not by force, but as a concession voluntarily
+granted. When the matter was thus stated, the Phliasians were not
+without alarm that an army might much upon Phlius, and a party inside
+the town might admit the enemy within the walls; for within the walls
+of Phlius were to be found many who, either as blood relations or for
+other reasons, were partisans of the exiles, and as so often happens,
+at any rate in the majority of states, there was a revolutionary party
+who, in their ardour to reform, would welcome gladly their
+restoration. Owing to fears of this character, a formal decree was
+passed: to welcome home the exiles, and to restore to them all
+undisputed property, the purchasers of the same being indemnified from
+the treasury of the state; and in the event of any ambiguity or
+question arising between the parties, the same to be determined before
+a court of justice. Such was the position of affairs in connection
+with the Phliasian exiles at the date in question.
+
+B.C. 383.[13] And now from yet another quarter ambassadors arrived at
+Lacedaemon: that is to say, from Acanthus and Apollonia, the two
+largest and most important states of the Olynthian confederacy. The
+ephorate, after learning from them the object of their visit,
+presented them to the assembly and the allies, in presence of whom
+Cleigenes of Acanthus made a speech to this effect:
+
+[13] Al. B.C. 382.
+
+"Men of Lacedaemon and of the allied states," he said, "are you aware
+of a silent but portentous growth within the bosom of Hellas?[14] Few
+here need to be told that for size and importance Olynthus now stands
+at the head of the Thracian cities. But are you aware that the
+citizens of Olynthus had already brought over several states by the
+bribe of joint citizenship and common laws; that they have forcibly
+annexed some of the larger states; and that, so encouraged, they have
+taken in hand further to free the cities of Macedonia from Amyntas the
+king of the Macedonians; that, as soon as their immediate neighbours
+had shown compliance, they at once proceeded to attack larger and more
+distant communities; so much so, that when we started to come hither,
+we left them masters not only of many other places, but of Pella
+itself, the capital of Macedonia. Amyntas,[15] we saw plainly, must
+ere long withdraw from his cities, and was in fact already all but in
+name an outcast from Macedonia.
+
+[14] Or, "are you aware of a new power growing up in Hellas?"
+
+[15] For Amyntas's reign, see Diod. xiv. 89, 92; xv. 19; Isocr.
+    "Panegyr." 126, "Archid." 46.
+
+"The Olynthians have actually sent to ourselves and to the men of
+Apollonia a joint embassy, warning us of their intention to attack us
+if we refuse to present ourselves at Olynthus with a military
+contingent. Now, for our parts, men of Lacedaemon, we desire nothing
+better than to abide by our ancestral laws and institutions, to be
+free and independent citizens; but if aid from without is going to
+fail us, we too must follow the rest and coalesce with the Olynthians.
+Why, even now they muster no less than eight hundred[16] heavy
+infantry and a considerably larger body of light infantry, while their
+cavalry, when we have joined them, will exceed one thousand men. At
+the date of our departure we left embassies from Athens and Boeotia in
+Olynthus, and we were told that the Olynthians themselves had passed a
+formal resolution to return the compliment. They were to send an
+embassy on their side to the aforesaid states to treat of an alliance.
+And yet, if the power of the Athenians and the Thebans is to be
+further increased by such an accession of strength, look to it," the
+speaker added, "whether hereafter you will find things so easy to
+manage in that quarter.
+
+[16] See Grote, "H. G." x. 72; Thirlwall, "H. G." v. 12 (ch. xxxvii).
+
+"They hold Potidaea, the key to the isthmus of Pallene, and therefore,
+you can well believe, they can command the states within that
+peninsula. If you want any further proof of the abject terror of those
+states, you have it in the fact that notwithstanding the bitter hatred
+which they bear to Olynthus, not one of them has dared to send
+ambassadors along with us to apprise you of these matters.
+
+"Reflect, how you can reconcile your anxiety to prevent the
+unification of Boeotia with your neglect to hinder the solidifying of
+a far larger power--a power destined, moreover, to become formidable
+not on land only, but by sea? For what is to stop it, when the soil
+itself supplies timber for shipbuilding,[17] and there are rich
+revenues derived from numerous harbours and commercial centres?--it
+cannot but be that abundance of food and abundance of population will
+go hand in hand. Nor have we yet reached the limits of Olynthian
+expansion; there are their neighbours to be thought of--the kingless
+or independent Thracians. These are already to-day the devoted
+servants of Olynthus, and when it comes to their being actually under
+her, that means at once another vast accession of strength to her.
+With the Thracians in her train, the gold mines of Pangaeus would
+stretch out to her the hand of welcome.
+
+[17] See Hicks, 74, for a treaty between Amyntas and the Chalcidians,
+    B.C. 390-389: "The article of the treaty between Amyntas III.,
+    father of Philip, and the Chalcidians, about timber, etc., reminds
+    us that South Macedonia, the Chalcidic peninsula, and Amphipolis
+    were the chief sources whence Athens derived timber for her
+    dockyards." Thuc. iv. 108; Diod. xx. 46; Boeckh, "P. E. A." p.
+    250; and for a treaty between Athens and Amyntas, B.C. 382, see
+    Hicks, 77; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 397, 423.
+
+"In making these assertions, we are but uttering remarks ten thousand
+times repeated in the democracy of Olynthus. And as to their confident
+spirit, who shall attempt to describe it? It is God, for aught I know,
+who, with the growth of a new capacity, gives increase also to the
+proud thoughts and vast designs of humanity. For ourselves, men of
+Lacedaemon and of the allied states, our task is completed. We have
+played our parts in announcing to you how things stand there. To you
+it is left to determine whether what we have described is worthy of
+your concern. One only thing further you ought to recognise: the power
+we have spoken of as great is not as yet invincible, for those states
+which are involuntary participants in the citizenship of Olynthus
+will, in prospect of any rival power appearing in the field, speedily
+fall away. On the contrary, let them be once closely knit and welded
+together by the privileges of intermarriage and reciprocal rights of
+holding property in land--which have already become enactments; let
+them discover that it is a gain to them to follow in the wake of
+conquerors (just as the Arcadians,[18] for instance, find it
+profitable to march in your ranks, whereby they save their own
+property and pillage their neighbours'); let these things come to
+pass, and perhaps you may find the knot no longer so easy to unloose."
+
+[18] For the point of the comparison, see Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov."
+    ch. iv. "Real nature of the Olynthian scheme," pp. 190 foll., and
+    note 2, p. 197; also Grote, "H. G." x. 67 foll., 278 foll.
+
+At the conclusion of this address, the Lacedaemonians requested the
+allies to speak, bidding them give their joint advice as to the best
+course to be pursued in the interests of Peloponnese and the allies.
+Thereupon many members, and especially those who wished to gratify the
+Lacedaemonians, agreed in counselling active measures; and it was
+resolved that the states should severally send contingents to form a
+total of ten thousand men. Proposals were also made to allow any
+state, so wishing, to give money instead of men, at the rate of three
+Aeginetan obols[19] a day per man; or where the contingent consisted
+of cavalry, the pay given for one horseman was to be the equivalent to
+that of four hoplites; while, in the event of any defaulting in
+service, the Lacedaemonians should be allowed to mulct the said state
+of a stater per man per diem. These resolutions were passed, and the
+deputies from Acanthus rose again. They argued that, though excellent,
+these resolutions were not of a nature to be rapidly carried into
+effect. Would it not be better, they asked, pending the mobilisation
+of the troops, to despatch an officer at once in command of a force
+from Lacedaemon and the other states, not too large to start
+immediately. The effect would be instantaneous, for the states which
+had not yet given in their adhesion to Olynthus would be brought to a
+standstill, and those already forcibly enrolled would be shaken in
+their alliance. These further resolutions being also passed, the
+Lacedaemonians despatched Eudamidas, accompanied by a body of
+neodamodes, with perioeci and Sciritae,[20] to the number of two
+thousand odd. Eudamidas lost no time in setting out, having obtained
+leave from the ephors for his brother Phoebidas to follow later with
+the remainder of the troops assigned to him. Pushing on himself to the
+Thracian territory, he set about despatching garrisons to various
+cities at their request. He also secured the voluntary adhesion of
+Potidaea, although already a member of the Olynthian alliance; and
+this town now served as his base of operations for carrying on war on
+a scale adapted to his somewhat limited armament.
+
+[19] I.e. "rather more than sixpence a day for a hoplite, and two
+    shillings for a horseman." "The Aeginetan stater weighed about 196
+    grains, rather more than two of our shillings, and was divided
+    into two drachms of 98 grains, each of which contained six obols
+    of about 16 grains each." See Percy Gardner, "Types of Greek
+    Coins," "Hist. Int." p. 8; Jowett, note to Thuc. III. lxx. 4, vol.
+    i. pp. 201, 202.
+
+[20] Or, "new citizens, provincials, and Sciritae."
+
+Phoebidas, when the remaining portion of his brother's forces was duly
+mustered, put himself at their head and commenced his march. On
+reaching Thebes the troops encamped outside the city, round the
+gymnasium. Faction was rife within the city. The two polemarchs in
+office, Ismenias and Leontiades, were diametrically opposed,[21] being
+the respective heads of antagonistic political clubs. Hence it was
+that, while Ismenias, ever inspired by hatred to the Lacedaemonians,
+would not come anywhere near the Spartan general, Leontiades, on the
+other hand, was assiduous in courting him; and when a sufficient
+intimacy was established between them, he made a proposal as follows:
+"You have it in your power," he said, addressing Phoebidas, "this very
+day to confer supreme benefit on your country. Follow me with your
+hoplites, and I will introduce you into the citadel. That done, you
+may rest assured Thebes will be completely under the thumb of
+Lacedaemon and of us, your friends. At present, as you see, there is a
+proclamation forbidding any Theban to take service with you against
+Olynthus, but we will change all that. You have only to act with us as
+we suggest, and we shall at once be able to furnish you with large
+supplies of infantry and cavalry, so that you will join your brother
+with a magnificent reinforcement, and pending his proposed reduction
+of Olynthus, you will have accomplished the reduction of a far larger
+state than that--to wit, this city of Thebes."
+
+[21] See Grote, "H. G." vol. x. p. 80: "We have little or no
+    information respecting the government of Thebes," etc. The "locus
+    classicus" seems to be Plut. "de Genio Socratis." See Freeman, op.
+    cit. ch. iv. S. 2, "Of the Boeotian League," pp. 154-184; and, in
+    reference to the seizure of the Kadmeia, p. 170.
+
+The imagination of Phoebidas was kindled as he listened to the
+tempting proposal. To do a brilliant deed was far dearer to him than
+life;[22] on the other hand, he had no reasoning capacity, and would
+seem to have been deficient altogether in sound sense. The consent of
+the Spartan secured, Leontiades bade him set his troops in motion, as
+if everything were ready for his departure. "And anon, when the hour
+is come," added the Theban, "I will be with you, and show you the way
+myself."
+
+[22] Or, "Renown was his mistress." See Grote, "H. G." x. 84.
+
+The senate was seated in the arcade or stoa in the market-place, since
+the Cadmeia was in possession of the women who were celebrating the
+Thesmophoria.[23] It was noon of a hot summer's day; scarcely a soul
+was stirring in the streets. This was the moment for Leontiades. He
+mounted on horseback and galloped off to overtake Phoebidas. He turned
+him back, and led him without further delay into the acropolis. Having
+posted Phoebidas and his soldiers inside, he handed him the key of the
+gates, and warning him not to suffer any one to enter into the citadel
+without a pass from himself, he straightway betook himself to the
+senate. Arrived there, he delivered himself thus: "Sirs, the
+Lacedaemonians are in possession of the citadel; but that is no cause
+for despondency, since, as they assure us, they have no hostile
+intention, except, indeed, towards any one who has an appetite for
+war. For myself, and acting in obedience to the law, which empowers
+the polemarch to apprehend all persons suspected of capital crimes, I
+hereby seize the person of Ismenias as an arch-formenter of war. I
+call upon you, sirs, who are captains of companies, and you who are
+ranked with them, to do your duty. Arise and secure the prisoner, and
+lead him away to the place appointed."
+
+[23] An ancient festival held by women in honour of Demeter and
+    Persephone ({to Thesmophoro}), who gave the first impulse to civil
+    society, lawful marriage, etc. See Herod. ii. 171; Diod. v. 5.
+
+Those who were privy to the affair, it will be understood, presented
+themselves, and the orders were promptly carried out. Of those not in
+the secret, but opposed to the party of Leontiades, some sought refuge
+at once outside the city in terror for their lives; whilst the rest,
+albeit they retired to their houses at first, yet when they found that
+Ismenias was imprisoned in the Cadmeia, and further delay seemed
+dangerous, retreated to Athens. These were the men who shared the
+views of Androcleidas and Ismenias, and they must have numbered about
+three hundred.
+
+Now that the transactions were concluded, another polemarch was chosen
+in place of Ismenias, and Leontiades at once set out to Lacedaemon.
+There he found the ephors and the mass of the community highly
+incensed agaisnt Phoebidas, "who had failed to execute the orders
+assigned to him by the state." Against this general indignation,
+however, Agesilaus protested.[24] If mischief had been wrought to
+Lacedaemon by this deed, it was just that the doer of it should be
+punished; but, if good, it was a time-honoured custom to allow full
+scope for impromptu acts of this character. "The sole point you have
+to look to," he urged, "is whether what has been done is good or
+evil." After this, however, Leontiades presented himself to the
+assembly[25] and addressed the members as follows: "Sirs,
+Lacedaemonians, the hostile attitude of Thebes towards you, before the
+occurrence of late events, was a topic constantly on your lips, since
+time upon time your eyes were called upon to witness her friendly
+bearing to your foes in contrast with her hatred of your friends. Can
+it be denied that Thebes refused to take part with you in the campaign
+against your direst enemy, the democracy in Piraeus; and balanced that
+lukewarmness by on onslaught on the Phocians, whose sole crime was
+cordiality to yourselves?[26] Nor is that all. In full knowledge that
+you were likly to be engaged in war with Olynthus, she proceeded at
+once to make an alliance with that city. So that up to the last moment
+you were in constant expectation of hearing that the whole of Boeotia
+was laid at the feet of Thebes. With the late incidents all is
+changed. You need fear Thebes no longer. One brief despatch[27] in
+cipher will suffice to procure a dutiful subservience to your every
+wish in that quarter, provided only you will take as kindly an
+interest in us as we in you."
+
+[24] See "Ages." vii.
+
+[25] "Select Committee." See "Hell." II. iv. 38; and below, VI. iii.
+    3.
+
+[26] See above, "Hell." III. v. 4.
+
+[27] Lit. "scytale."
+
+This appeal told upon the meeting, and the Lacedaemonians[28] resolved
+formally, now that the citadel had been taken, to keep it, and to put
+Ismenias on his trial. In consequence of this resolution a body of
+commissioners[29] was despatched, three Lacedaemonians and one for
+each of the allied states, great and small alike. The court of inquiry
+thus constituted, the sittings commenced, and an indictment was
+preferred against Ismenias. He was accused of playing into the hands
+of the barbarian; of seeking amity with the Persians to the detriment
+of Hellas; of accepting sums of money as bribes from the king; and,
+finally, of being, along with Androcleidas, the prime cause of the
+whole intestine trouble to which Hellas was a prey. Each of these
+charges was met by the defendant, but to no purpose, since he failed
+to disabuse the court of their conviction that the grandeur of his
+designs was only equalled by their wickedness.[30] The verdict was
+given against him, and he was put to death. The party of Leontiades
+thus possessed the city; and went beyond the injunctions given them in
+the eager performance of their services.
+
+[28] See Grote, "H. G." vol. x. p. 85; Diod. xv. 20; Plut. "Pelop."
+    vi.; ib. "de Genio Socratis," V. vii. 6 A; Cor. Nep. "Pelop." 1.
+
+[29] Lit. "Dicasts."
+
+[30] Or, "that he was a magnificent malefactor." See Grote, "H. G."
+    vol. ix. p. 420, "the great wicked man" (Clarendon's epithets for
+    Cromwell); Plato, "Meno." 90 B; "Republic," 336 A, "a rich and
+    mighty man." See also Plut. "Ages." xxxii. 2, Agesilaus's
+    exclamation at sight of Epaminondas, {o tou megalopragmonos
+    anthropou}.
+
+B.C. 382. As a result of these transactions the Lacedaemonians pressed
+on the combined campaign against Olynthus with still greater
+enthusiasm. They not only set out Teleutias as governor, but by their
+united efforts furnished him with an aggregate army of ten thousand
+men.[31] They also sent despatches to the allied states, calling upon
+them to support Teleutias in accordance with the resolution of the
+allies. All the states were ready to display devotion to Teleutias,
+and to do him service, since he was a man who never forgot a service
+rendered him. Nor was Thebes an exception; for was not the governor a
+brother of Agesilaus? Thebes, therefore, was enthusiastic in sending
+her contribution of heavy infantry and cavalry. The Spartan conducted
+his march slowly and surely, taking the utmost pains to avoid injuring
+his friends, and to collect as large a force as possible. He also sent
+a message in advance to Amyntas, begging him, if he were truly
+desirous of recovering his empire, to raise a body of mercenaries, and
+to distribute sums of money among the neighbouring kings with a view
+to their alliance. Nor was that all. He sent also to Derdas, the ruler
+of Elimia, pointing out to him that the Olynthians, having laid at
+their feet the great power of Macedonia, would certainly not suffer
+his lesser power to escape unless they were stayed up by force in arms
+in their career of insolence. Proceeding thus, by the time he had
+reached the territory of the allied powers he was at the head of a
+very considerable army. At Potidaea he halted to make the necessary
+disposition of his troops, and thence advanced into the territory of
+the enemy. As he approached the hostile city, he abstained from
+felling and firing alike, being persuaded that to do so was only to
+create difficulties in his own path, whether advancing or retreating;
+it would be time enough, when he retired from Olynthus, to fell the
+trees and lay them as a barrier in the path of any assailant in the
+rear.
+
+[31] Lit. "sent out along with him the combined force of ten thousand
+    men," in ref to S. 20 above.
+
+Being now within a mile or so[32] of the city he came to a halt. The
+left division was under his personal command, for it suited him to
+advance in a line opposite the gate from which the enemy sallied; the
+other division of the allies stretched away to the right. The cavalry
+were thus distributed: the Laconians, Thebans, and all the Macedonians
+present were posted on the right. With his own division he kept Derdas
+and his troopers, four hundred strong. This he did partly out of
+genuine admiration for this body of horse, and partly as a mark of
+courtesy to Derdas, which should make him not regret his coming.
+
+[32] Lit. "ten stades."
+
+Presently the enemy issued forth and formed in line opposite, under
+cover of their walls. Then their cavalry formed in close order and
+commenced the attack. Dashing down upon the Laconians and Boeotians
+they dismounted Polycharmus, the Lacedaemonian cavalry general,
+inflicting a hundred wounds on him as he lay on the ground, and cut
+down others, and finally put to flight the cavalry on the right wing.
+The flight of these troopers infected the infantry in close proximity
+to them, who in turn swerved; and it looked as if the whole army was
+about to be worsted, when Derdas at the head of his cavalry dashed
+straight at the gates of Olynthus, Teleutias supporting him with the
+troops of his division. The Olynthian cavalry, seeing how matters were
+going, and in dread of finding the gates closed upon them, wheeled
+round and retired with alacrity. Thus it was that Derdas had his
+chance to cut down man after man as their cavalry ran the gauntlet
+past him. In the same way, too, the infantry of the Olynthians
+retreated within their city, though, owing to the closeness of the
+walls in their case, their loss was trifling. Teleutias claimed the
+victory, and a trophy was duly erected, after which he turned his back
+on Olynthus and devoted himself to felling the fruit-trees. This was
+the campaign of the summer. He now dismissed both the Macedonians and
+the cavalry force of Derdas. Incursions, however, on the part of the
+Olynthians themselves against the states allied to Lacedaemon were
+frequent; lands were pillaged, and people put to the sword.
+
+
+
+III
+
+B.C. 381. With the first symptoms of approaching spring the Olynthian
+cavalry, six hundred strong, had swooped into the territory of
+Apollonia--about the middle of the day--and dispersing over the
+district, were employed in pillaging; but as luck would have it,
+Derdas had arrived that day with his troopers, and was breakfasting in
+Apollonia. He noted the enemy's incursion, but kept quiet, biding his
+time; his horses were ready saddled, and his troopers armed cap-a-
+pied. As the Olynthians came galloping up contemptuously, not only
+into the suburbs, but to the very gates of the city, he seized his
+opportunity, and with his compact and well-ordered squadron dashed
+out; whereupon the invaders took to flight. Having once turned them,
+Derdas gave them no respite, pursuing and slaughtering them for ten
+miles or more,[1] until he had driven them for shelter within the very
+ramparts of Olynthus. Report said that Derdas slew something like
+eighty men in this affair. After this the Olynthians were more
+disposed to keep to their walls, contenting themselves with tilling
+the merest corner of their territory.
+
+[1] Lit. "ninety stades."
+
+Time advanced, and Teleutias was in conduct of another expedition
+against the city of Olynthus. His object was to destroy any timber[2]
+still left standing, or fields still cultivated in the hostile
+territory. This brought out the Olynthian cavalry, who, stealthily
+advancing, crossed the river which washes the walls of the town, and
+again continued their silent march right up to the adversary's camp.
+At sight of an audacity which nettled him, Teleutias at once ordered
+Tlemonidas, the officer commanding his light infantry division, to
+charge the assailants at the run. On their side the men of Olynthus,
+seeing the rapid approach of the light infantry, wheeled and quietly
+retired until they had recrossed the river, drawing the enemy on, who
+followed with conspicuous hardihood. Arrogating to themselves the
+position of pursuers towards fugitives, they did not hesitate to cross
+the river which stood between them and their prey. Then the Olynthian
+cavalry, choosing a favourable moment, when those who had crossed
+seemed easy to deal with, wheeled and attacked them, putting
+Tlemonidas himself to the sword with more than a hundred others of his
+company. Teleutias, when he saw what was happening, snatched up his
+arms in a fit of anger and began leading his hoplites swiftly forward,
+ordering at the same time his peltasts and cavalry to give chase and
+not to slacken. Their fate was the fate of many before and since, who,
+in the ardour of pursuit, have come too close to the enemy's walls and
+found it hard to get back again. Under a hail of missiles from the
+walls they were forced to retire in disorder and with the necessity of
+guarding themselves against the missiles. At this juncture the
+Olynthians sent out their cavalry at full gallop, backed by supports
+of light infantry; and finally their heavy infantry reserves poured
+out and fell upon the enemy's lines, now in thorough confusion. Here
+Teleutias fell fighting, and when that happened, without further pause
+the troops immediately about him swerved. Not one soul longer cared to
+make a stand, but the flight became general, some fleeing towards
+Spartolus, others in the direction of Acanthus, a third set seeking
+refuge within the walls of Apollonia, and the majority within those of
+Potidaea. As the tide of fugitives broke into several streams, so also
+the pursuers divided the work between them; this way and that they
+poured, dealing death wholesale. So perished the pith and kernel of
+the armament.
+
+[2] I.e. fruit-trees.
+
+Such calamities are not indeed without a moral. The lesson they are
+meant to teach mankind, I think, is plain. If in a general sense one
+ought not to punish any one, even one's own slave, in anger--since the
+master in his wrath may easily incur worse evil himself than he
+inflicts--so, in the case of antagonists in war, to attack an enemy
+under the influence of passion rather than of judgment is an absolute
+error. For wrath is but a blind impulse devoid of foresight, whereas
+to the penetrating eye of reason a blow parried may be better than a
+wound inflicted.[3]
+
+[3] See, for the same sentiment, "Horsemanship," vi. 13. See also
+    Plut. "Pel." and "Marc." (Clough, ii. p. 278).
+
+When the news of what had happened reached Lacedaemon it was agreed,
+after due deliberation, that a force should be sent, and of no
+trifling description, if only to quench the victors' pride, and to
+prevent their own achievements from becoming null and void. In this
+determination they sent out King Agesipolis, as general, attended,
+like Agesilaus[4] on his Asiatic campaign, by thirty Spartans.[5]
+Volunteers flocked to his standard. They were partly the pick and
+flower of the provincials,[6] partly foreigners of the class called
+Trophimoi,[7] or lastly, bastard sons of Spartans, comely and
+beautiful of limb, and well versed in the lore of Spartan chivalry.
+The ranks of this invading force were further swelled by volunteers
+from the allied states, the Thessalians notably contributing a corps
+of cavalry. All were animated by the desire of becoming known to
+Agesipolis, so that even Amyntas and Derdas in zeal of service outdid
+themselves. With this promise of success Agesipolis marched forward
+against Olynthus.
+
+[4] See above, "Hell." III. iv. 2.
+
+[5] Lit. "Spartiates." The new army was sent out B.C. 380, according
+    to Grote.
+
+[6] Lit. "beautiful and brave of the Perioeci."
+
+[7] Xenophon's own sons educated at Sparta would belong to this class.
+    See Grote, "H. G." x. 91.
+
+Meanwhile the state of Phlius, complimented by Agesipolis on the
+amount of the funds contributed by them to his expedition and the
+celerity with which the money had been raised, and in full belief that
+while one king was in the field they were secure against the hostile
+attack of the other (since it was hardly to be expected that both
+kings should be absent from Sparta at one moment), boldly desisted
+from doing justice by her lately reinstated citizens. On the one hand,
+these exiles claimed that points in dispute should be determined
+before an impartial court of justice; the citizens, on the other,
+insisted on the claimants submitting the cases for trial in the city
+itself. And when the latter demurred to that solution, asking "What
+sort of trial that would be where the offenders were also the judges?"
+they appealed to deaf ears. Consequently the restored party appealed
+at Sparta, to prefer a complaint against their city. They were
+accompanied by other members of the community, who stated that many of
+the Phliasians themselves besides the appellants recognised the
+injustice of their treatment. The state of Phlius was indignant at
+this manouvre, and retaliated by imposing a fine on all who had
+betaken themselves to Lacedaemon without a mandate from the state.
+Those who incurred the fine hesitated to return home; they preferred
+to stay where they were and enforce their views: "It is quite plain
+now who were the perpetrators of all the violence--the very people who
+originally drove us into exile, and shut their gates upon Lacedaemon;
+the confiscators of our property one day, the ruthless opponents of
+its restoration the next. Who else but they have now brought it about
+that we should be fined for appearing at Lacedaemon? and for what
+purpose but to deter any one else for the future from venturing to
+expose the proceedings at Phlius?" Thus far the appellants. And in
+good sooth the conduct of the men of Phlius did seem to savour of
+insolence; so much so that the ephors called out the ban against them.
+
+B.C. 380. Nor was Agesilaus otherwise than well satisfied with this
+decision, not only on the ground of old relations of friendly
+hospitality between his father Archidamus and the party of Podanemus,
+who were numbered among the restored exiles at this time, but because
+personally he was bound by similar ties himself towards the adherents
+of Procles, son of Hipponicus. The border sacrifices proving
+favourable, the march commenced at once. As he advanced, embassy after
+embassy met him, and would fain by presents of money avert invasion.
+But the king answered that the purpose of his march was not to commit
+wrongdoing, but to protect the victims of injustice. Then the
+petitioners offered to do anything, only they begged him to forgo
+invasion. Again he replied--How could he trust to their words when
+they had lied to him already? He must have the warrant of acts, not
+promises. And being asked, "What act (would satisfy him)?" he answered
+once more, saying, "The same which you performed aforetime, and
+suffered no wrong at our hands"--in other words, the surrender of the
+acropolis.[8] But to this they could not bring themselves. Whereupon
+he invaded the territory of Phlius, and promptly drawing lines of
+circumvallation, commenced the siege. Many of the Lacedaemonians
+objected, for the sake of a mere handful of wretched people, so to
+embroil themselves with a state of over five thousand men.[9] For,
+indeed, to leave no doubt on this score, the men of Phlius met
+regularly in assembly in full view of those outside. But Agesilaus was
+not to be beaten by this move. Whenever any of the townsmen came out,
+drawn by friendship or kinship with the exiles, in every case the
+king's instructions were to place the public messes[10] at the service
+of the visitors, and, if they were willing to go through the course of
+gymnastic training, to give them enough to procure necessaries. All
+members of these classes were, by the general's strict injunctions,
+further to be provided with arms, and loans were to be raised for the
+purpose without delay. Presently the superintendents of this branch of
+the service were able to turn out a detachment of over a thousand men,
+in the prime of bodily perfection, well disciplined and splendidly
+armed, so that in the end the Lacedaemonians affirmed: "Fellow-
+soldiers of this stamp are too good to lose." Such were the concerns
+of Agesilaus.
+
+[8] See above, IV. iv. 15.
+
+[9] See Grote, "H. G." x. 45, note 4; and below, V. iv. 13.
+
+[10] See "Pol. Lac." v.
+
+Meanwhile Agesipolis on leaving Macedonia advanced straight upon
+Olynthus and took up a strategical position in front of the town.
+Finding that no one came out to oppose him, he occupied himself for
+the present with pillaging any remnant of the district till intact,
+and with marching into the territory allied with the enemy, where he
+destroyed the corn. The town of Torone he attacked and took by storm.
+But while he was so engaged, in the height of mid-summer he was
+attacked by a burning fever. In this condition his mind reverted to a
+scene once visited, the temple of Dionysus at Aphytis, and a longing
+for its cool and sparkling waters and embowered shades[11] seized him.
+To this spot accordingly he was carried, still living, but only to
+breathe his last outside the sacred shrine, within a week of the day
+on which he sickened. His body was laid in honey and conveyed home to
+Sparta, where he obtained royal sepulchre.
+
+[11] Lit. "shady tabernacles."
+
+When the news reached Agesilaus he displayed none of the satisfaction
+which might possibly have been expected at the removal of an
+antagonist. On the contrary, he wept and pined for the companionship
+so severed, it being the fashion at Sparta for the kings when at home
+to mess together and to share the same quarters. Moreover, Agesipolis
+was admirably suited to Agesilaus, sharing with the merriment of youth
+in tales of the chase and horsemanship and boyish loves;[12] while, to
+crown all, the touch of reverence due from younger to elder was not
+wanting in their common life. In place of Agesipolis, the
+Lacedaemonians despatched Polybiades as governor to Olynthus.
+
+[12] See "Ages." viii. 2.
+
+B.C. 379. Agesilaus had already exceeded the time during which the
+supplies of food in Phlius were expected to last. The difference, in
+fact, between self-command and mere appetite is so great that the men
+of Phlius had only to pass a resolution to cut down the food
+expenditure by one half, and by doing so were able to prolong the
+siege for twice the calculated period. But if the contrast between
+self-restraint and appetite is so great, no less startling is that
+between boldness and faint-heartedness. A Phliasian named Delphion, a
+real hero, it would seem, took to himself three hundred Phliasians,
+and not only succeeded in preventing the peace-party from carrying out
+their wishes, but was equal to the task of incarcerating and keeping
+safely under lock and key those whom he mistrusted. Nor did his
+ability end there. He succeeded in forcing the mob of citizens to
+perform garrison duty, and by vigorous patrolling kept them constant
+to the work. Over and over again, accompanied by his personal
+attendants, he would dash out of the walls and drive in the enemy's
+outposts, first at one point and then at another of the beleaguering
+circle. But the time eventually came when, search as they might by
+every means, these picked defenders[13] could find no further store of
+food within the walls, and they were forced to send to Agesilaus,
+requesting a truce for an embassy to visit Sparta, adding that they
+were resolved to leave it to the discretion of the authorities at
+Lacedaemon to do with their city what they liked. Agesilaus granted a
+pass to the embassy, but, at the same time, he was so angry at their
+setting his personal authority aside, that he sent to his friends at
+home and arranged that the fate of Phlius should be left to his
+discretion. Meanwhile he proceeded to tighten the cordon of
+investment, so as to render it impossible that a single soul inside
+the city should escape. In spite of this, however, Delphion, with one
+comrade, a branded dare-devil, who had shown great dexterity in
+relieving the besieging parties of their arms, escaped by night.
+Presently the deputation returned with the answer from Lacedaemon that
+the state simply left it entirely to the discretion of Agesilaus to
+decide the fate of Phlius as seemed to him best. Then Agesilaus
+announced his verdict. A board of one hundred--fifty taken from the
+restored exiles, fifty from those within the city--were in the first
+place to make inquisition as to who deserved to live and who to die,
+after which they were to lay down laws as the basis of a new
+constitution. Pending the carrying out of these transactions, he left
+a detachment of troops to garrison the place for six months, with pay
+for that period. After this he dismissed the allied forces, and led
+the state[14] division home. Thus the transactions concerning Phlius
+were brought to a conclusion, having occupied altogether one year and
+eight months.
+
+[13] See below, "Hell." VII. i. 19.
+
+[14] {to politokon}, the citizen army. See above, IV. iv. 19; "Pol.
+    Lac." xi.
+
+Meanwhile Polybiades had reducd the citizens of Olynthus to the last
+stage of misery through famine. Unable to supply themselves with corn
+from their own land, or to import it by sea, they were forced to send
+an embassy to Lacedaemon to sue for peace. The plenipotentiaries on
+their arrival accepted articles of agreement by which they bound
+themselves to have the same friends and the same foes as Lacedaemon,
+to follow her lead, and to be enrolled among her allies; and so,
+having taken an oath to abide by these terms, they returned home.
+
+On every side the affairs of Lacedaemon had signally prospered: Thebes
+and the rest of the Boeotian states lay absolutely at her feet;
+Corinth had become her most faithful ally; Argos, unable longer to
+avail herself of the subterfuge of a movable calendar, was humbled to
+the dust; Athens was isolated; and, lastly, those of her own allies
+who displayed a hostile feeling towards her had been punished; so
+that, to all outward appearance, the foundations of her empire were at
+length absolutely well and firmly laid.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+Abundant examples might be found, alike in Hellenic and in foreign
+history, to prove that the Divine powers mark what is done amiss,
+winking neither at impiety nor at the commission of unhallowed acts;
+but at present I confine myself to the facts before me.[1] The
+Lacedaemonians, who had pledged themselves by oath to leave the states
+independent, had laid violent hands on the acropolis of Thebes, and
+were eventually punished by the victims of that iniquity single-handed
+--the Lacedaemonians, be it noted, who had never before been mastered
+by living man; and not they alone, but those citizens of Thebes who
+introduced them to their acropolis, and who wished to enslave their
+city to Lacedaemon, that they might play the tyrant themselves--how
+fared it with them? A bare score of the fugitives were sufficient to
+destroy their government. How this happened I will now narrate in
+detail.
+
+[1] Or, "it is of my own subject that I must now speak." For the
+    "peripety," or sudden reversal of circumstances, on which the plot
+    of the "Hellenica" hinges, see Grote, "H. G." x. 100-108. Cf.
+    Soph. "Oed. Tyr." 450; "Antig." 1066; Thuc. v. 116; "Hellenica
+    Essays," "Xenophon," p. 382 foll. This passage is perhaps the key
+    to the historian's position.
+
+There was a man named Phyllidas--he was secretary to Archias, that is,
+to the polemarchs.[2] Beyond his official duties, he had rendered his
+chief other services, and all apparently in an exemplary fashion. A
+visit to Athens in pursuance of some business brought this man into
+contact with a former acquaintance of his, Melon, one of the exiles
+who had fled for safety to Athens. Melon had various questions to ask
+touching the sort of tyranny practised by Archias in the exercise of
+the polemarchy, and by Philip. He soon discovered that affairs at home
+were still more detestable to Phyllidas than to himself. It only
+remained to exchange pledges, and to arrange the details of what was
+to be done. After a certain interval Melon, accompanied by six of the
+trustiest comrades he could find among his fellow-exiles, set off for
+Thebes. They were armed with nothing but daggers, and first of all
+crept into the neighbourhood under cover of night. The whole of the
+next day they lay concealed in a desert place, and drew near to the
+city gates in the guise of labourers returning home with the latest
+comers from the fields. Having got safely within the city, they spent
+the whole of that night at the house of a man named Charon, and again
+the next day in the same fashion. Phyllidas meanwhile was busily taken
+up with the concerns of the polemarchs, who were to celebrate a feast
+of Aphrodite on going out of office. Amongst other things, the
+secretary was to take this opportunity of fulfilling an old
+undertaking, which was the introduction of certain women to the
+polemarchs. They were to be the most majestic and the most beautiful
+to be found in Thebes. The polemarchs, on their side (and the
+character of the men is sufficiently marked), were looking forward to
+the pleasures of the night with joyful anticipation. Supper was over,
+and thanks to the zeal with which the master of the ceremonies
+responded to their mood, they were speedily intoxicated. To their oft-
+repeated orders to introduce their mistresses, he went out and fetched
+Melon and the rest, three of them dressed up as ladies and the rest as
+their attendant maidens. Having brought them into the treasury of the
+polemarchs' residence,[3] he returned himself and announced to Archias
+and his friends that the women would not present themselves as long as
+any of the attendants remained in the room; whereupon they promptly
+bade all withdraw, and Phyllidas, furnishing the servants with a stoup
+of wine, sent them off to the house of one of them. And now at last he
+introduced the mistresses, and led them to their seats beside their
+respective lords. It was preconcerted that as soon as they were seated
+they were to throw aside their veils and strike home. That is one
+version of the death of the polemarchs.[4] According to another, Melon
+and his friends came in as revellers, and so despatched their victims.
+
+[2] Lit. "to Archias and his (polemarchs)"; but the Greek phrase does
+    not, as the English would, imply that there were actually more
+    than two polemarchs, viz. Archias and Philippus. Hypates and
+    Leontiades belonged to the faction, but were neither of them
+    polemarchs.
+
+[3] Lit. "Polemarcheion."
+
+[4] Or, "and so, according to the prevalent version of the matter, the
+    polemarchs were slain. But some say that . . ."
+
+That over, Phyllidas, with three of the band, set off to the house of
+Leontiades. Arrived there, he knocked on the door, and sent in word
+that he had a message from the polemarchs. Leontiades, as chance
+befell, was still reclining in privacy after dinner, and his wife was
+seated beside him working wools. The fidelity of Phyllidas was well
+known to him, and he gave orders to admit him at once. They entered,
+slew Leontiades, and with threats silenced his wife. As they went out
+they ordered the door to be shut, threatening that if they found it
+open they would kill every one in the house. And now that this deed
+was done, Phyllidas, with two of the band, presented himself at the
+prison, telling the gaoler he had brought a man from the polemarchs to
+be locked up. The gaoler opened the door, and was at once despatched,
+and the prisoners were released. These they speedily supplied with
+arms taken from the armoury in the stoa, and then led them to the
+Ampheion,[5] and bade them take up a position there, after which they
+at once made a proclamation calling on all Thebans to come out, horse
+and foot, seeing that the tyrants were dead. The citizens, indeed, as
+long as it was night, not knowing whom or what to trust, kept quiet,
+but when day dawned and revealed what had occurred, the summons was
+responded to with alacrity, heavy infantry and cavalry under arms
+alike sallying forth. Horsemen were also despatched by the now
+restored exiles to the two Athenian generals on the frontier; and
+they, being aware of the object of the mesage [promptly responded].[6]
+
+[5] See plan of Thebes, "Dict. Geog."; Arrian, "Anab." i. 8; Aesch.
+    "Sept. c. Theb." 528.
+
+[6] Supply {epeboethoun}. There is a lacuna in the MSS. at this point.
+
+On the other hand, the Lacedaemonian governor in the citadel, as soon
+as that night's proclamation reached his ears, was not slow to send to
+Plataeae[7] and Thespiae for reinforcements. The approach of the
+Plataeans was perceived by the Theban cavalry, who met them and killed
+a score of them and more, and after that achievement returned to the
+city, to find the Athenians from the frontier already arrived. Then
+they assaulted the acropolis. The troops within recognised the paucity
+of their own numbers, whilst the zeal of their opponents (one and all
+advancing to the attack) was plainly visible, and loud were the
+proclamations, promising rewards to those who should be first to scale
+the walls. All this so worked upon their fears that they agreed to
+evacuate the place if the citizens would allow them a safe-conduct to
+retire with their arms. To this request the others gladly yielded, and
+they made a truce. Oaths were taken on the terms aforesaid, and the
+citizens dismissed their adversaries. For all that, as the garrison
+retired, those of them who were recognised as personal foes were
+seized and put to death. Some were rescued through the good offices of
+the Athenian reinforcements from the frontier, who smuggled them
+across and saved them. The Thebans were not content with putting the
+men to death; if any of them had children, these also were sacrificed
+to their vengeance.
+
+[7] This city had been refounded in B.C. 386 (Isocr. "Plat." 20, 21).
+    See Freeman, op. cit. ch. iv. p. 170: "Its restoration implied not
+    only a loss of Theban supremacy, but the actual loss of that
+    portion of the existing Theban territory which had formerly formed
+    the Plataian district."
+
+B.C. 378. When the news of these proceedings reached Sparta the first
+thing the Lacedaemonians did was to put to death the governor, who had
+abandoned the Cadmeia instead of awaiting reinforcements, and the next
+was to call out the ban against Thebes. Agesilaus had little taste to
+head the expedition; he pointed out that he had seen more than forty
+years' service,[8] and that the exemption from foreign duty applicable
+to others at that age was applicable on the same principle to the
+king. Such were the ostensible grounds on which he excused himself
+from the present expedition, but his real objections lay deeper. He
+felt certain that if he led the expedition his fellow-citizens would
+say: "Agesilaus caused all this trouble to the state in order to aid
+and abet tyrants." Therefore he preferred to leave his countrymen to
+settle the matter themselves as they liked. Accordingly the ephors,
+instructed by the Theban exiles who had escaped the late massacres,
+despatched Cleombrotus. He had not commanded before, and it was the
+depth of winter.
+
+[8] And was therefore more than fifty-eight years old at this date.
+    See "Ages." i. 6.
+
+Now while Chabrias, with a body of Athenian peltasts, kept watch and
+ward over the road through Eleutherae, Cleombrotus made his way up by
+the direct route to Plataeae. His column of light infantry, pushing
+forward in advance, fell upon the men who had been released from the
+Theban prison, guarding the summit, to the number of about one hundred
+and fifty. These, with the exception of one or two who escaped, were
+cut down by the peltasts, and Cleombrotus descended in person upon
+Plataeae, which was still friendly to Sparta. Presently he reached
+Thespiae, and that was the base for an advance upon Cynoscephalae,
+where he encamped on Theban territory. Here he halted sixteen days,
+and then again fell back upon Thespiae. At this latter place he now
+left Sphodrias as governor, with a third portion of each of the
+contingents of the allies, handing over to him all the moneys he had
+brought with him from home, with directions to supplement his force
+with a contingent of mercenaries.
+
+While Sphodrias was so employed, Cleombrotus himself commenced his
+homeward march, following the road through Creusis at the head of his
+own moiety of the troops, who indeed were in considerable perplexity
+to discover whether they were at war with the Thebans or at peace,
+seeing that the general had led his army into Theban territory, had
+inflicted the minimum of mischief, and again retired. No sooner,
+however, was his back turned than a violent wind storm assailed him in
+his rear, which some construed as an omen clearly significant of what
+was about to take place. Many a blow this assailant dealt them, and as
+the general and his army, crossing from Creusis, scaled that face of
+the mountain[9] which stretches seaward, the blast hurled headlong
+from the precipices a string of asses, baggage and all: countless arms
+were wrested from the bearers' grasp and whirled into the sea;
+finally, numbers of the men, unable to march with their arms,
+deposited them at different points of the pass, first filling the
+hollow of their shields with stones. For the moment, then, they halted
+at Aegosthena, on Megarian soil, and supped as best they could. Next
+day they returned and recovered their arms. After this adventure the
+contingents lost no time in returning to their several homes, as
+Cleombrotus disbanded them.
+
+[9] I.e. "Cithaeron."
+
+Meanwhile at Athens and Thebes alike fear reigned. To the Athenians
+the strength of the Lacedaemonians was unmistakable: the war was
+plainly no longer confined to Corinth; on the contrary, the
+Lacedaemonians had ventured to skirt Athenian territory and to invade
+Thebes. They were so worked upon by their alarm that the two generals
+who had been privy to the insurrection of Melon against Leontiades and
+his party had to suffer: the one was formally tried and put to death;
+the other, refusing to abide his trial, was banished.
+
+The apprehensions of the Thebans were of a different sort: their fear
+was rather lest they should find themselves in single-handed war with
+Lacedaemon. To prevent this they hit upon the following expedient.
+They worked upon Sphodrias,[10] the Spartan governor left in Thespiae,
+by offering him, as at least was suspected, a substantial sum, in
+return for which he was to make an incursion into Attica; their great
+object being to involve Athens and Lacedaemon in hostilities.
+Sphodrias lent a willing ear, and, pretending that he could easily
+capture Piraeus in its present gateless condition, gave his troops an
+early evening meal and marched out of Thespiae, saying that he would
+reach Piraeus before daybreak. As a matter of fact day overtook him at
+Thria, nor did he take any pains even to draw a veil over his
+intentions; on the contrary, being forced to turn aside, he amused
+himself by recklessly lifting cattle and sacking houses. Meanwhile
+some who chanced upon him in the night had fled to the city and
+brought news to the men of Athens that a large body of troops was
+approaching. It needs no saying with what speed the cavalry and heavy
+infantry armed themselves and stood on guard to protect the city. As
+chance befell, there were some Lacedaemonian ambassadors in Athens at
+the moment, at the house of Callias their proxenos; their names were
+Etymocles, Aristolochus, and Ocyllus. Immediately on receipt of the
+news the Athenians seized these three and imprisoned them, as not
+improbably concerned in the plot. Utterly taken aback by the affair
+themselves, the ambassadors pleaded that, had they been aware of an
+attempt to seize Piraeus, they would hardly have been so foolish as to
+put themselves into the power of the Athenians, or have selected the
+house of their proxenos for protection, where they were so easily to
+be found. It would, they further urged, soon be plain to the Athenians
+themselves that the state of Lacedaemon was quite as little cognisant
+of these proceedings as they. "You will hear before long"--such was
+their confident prediction--"that Sphodrias has paid for his behaviour
+by his life." On this wise the ambassadors were acquitted of all
+concern in the matter and dismissed. Sphodrias himself was recalled
+and indicted by the ephors on the capital charge, and, in spite of his
+refusal to face the trial, he was acquitted. This miscarriage of
+justice, as it seemed to many, who described it as unprecedented in
+Lacedaemon, has an explanation.
+
+[10] See Plut. "Pel." xiv. (Clough, ii. p. 214).
+
+Sphodrias had a son named Cleonymus. He was just at the age when youth
+emerges from boyhood, very handsome and of high repute among his
+fellows. To this youth Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, was
+passionately attached. Now the friends of Cleombrotus, as comrades of
+Sphodrias, were disposed to acquit him; but they feared Agesilaus and
+his friends, not to mention the intermediate party, for the enormity
+of his proceeding was clear. So when Sphodrias addressed his son
+Cleonymus: "You have it in your power, my son, to save your father, if
+you will, by begging Archidamus to dispose Agesilaus favourably to me
+at my trial." Thus instructed, the youth did not shrink from visiting
+Archidamus, and implored him for his sake to save his father. Now when
+Archidamus saw how Cleonymus wept, he too was melted to tears as he
+stood beside him, but to his petition he made answer thus: "Nay,
+Cleonymus, it is the bare truth I tell you, I cannot so much as look
+my father in the face;[11] if I wished anything transacted for me in
+the city I would beg assistance from the whole world sooner than from
+my father. Still, since it is you who bid me, rest assured I will do
+my best to bring this about for you as you desire." He then left the
+common hall[12] and retired home to rest, but with dawn he arose and
+kept watch that his father might not go out without his knowledge.
+Presently, when he saw him ready to go forth, first some citizen was
+present, and then another and another; and in each case he stepped
+aside, while they held his father in conversation. By and by a
+stranger would come, and then another; and so it went on until he even
+found himself making way for a string of petitioning attendants. At
+last, when his father had turned his back on the Eurotas, and was
+entering his house again, he was fain to turn his back also and be
+gone without so much as accosting him. The next day he fared no
+better: all happened as on the previous day. Now Agesilaus, although
+he had his suspicions why his son went to and fro in this way, asked
+no questions, but left him to take his own course. Archidamus, on his
+side, was longing, as was natural, to see his friend Cleonymus; but
+how he was to visit him, without having held the desired conversation
+with his father, he knew not. The friends of Sphodrias, observing that
+he who was once so frequent a visitor had ceased coming, were in
+agony; he must surely have been deterred by the reproaches of his
+father. At last, however, Archidamus dared to go to his father, and
+said, "Father, Cleonymus bids me ask you to save his father; grant me
+this boon, if possible, I beg you." He answered: "For yourself, my
+son, I can make excuse, but how shall my city make excuse for me if I
+fail to condemn that man who, for his own base purpose, traffics to
+the injury of the state?" For the moment the other made no reply, but
+retired crestfallen before the verdict of justice. Afterwards, whether
+the thought was his own or that he was prompted by some other, he came
+and said, "Father, if Sphodrias had done no wrong you would have
+released him, that I know; but now, if he has done something wrong,
+may he not be excused by you for our sakes?" And the father answered:
+"If it can be done without loss of honour on our parts, so shall it
+be." At that word the young man, in deep despondency, turned and went.
+Now one of the friends of Sphodrias, conversing with Etymocles,
+remarked to him: "You are all bent on putting Sphodrias to death, I
+take it, you friends of Agesilaus?" And Etymocles replied: "If that be
+so, we all are bent on one thing, and Agesilaus on another, since in
+all his conversations he still harps upon one string: that Sphodrias
+has done a wrong there is no denying, yet Sphodrias is a man who, from
+boyhood to ripe manhood,[13] was ever constant to the call of honour.
+To put such a man as that to death is hard; nay, Sparta needs such
+soldiers." The other accordingly went off and reported what he had
+just heard to Cleonymus; and he in the joy of his heart went
+straightway to Archidamus and said: "Now we know that you care for us;
+rest assured, Archidamus, that we in turn will take great pains that
+you shall never have cause to blush for our friendship." Nor did his
+acts belie his words; but so long as he lived he was ever faithful to
+the code of Spartan chivalry; and at Leuctra, fighting in front of the
+king side by side with Deinon the polemarch, thrice fell or ever he
+yielded up his breath--foremost of the citizens amidst the foe. And
+so, albeit he caused his friend the bitterest sorrow, yet to that
+which he had promised he was faithful, seeing he wrought Archidamus no
+shame, but contrariwise shed lustre on him.[14] In this way Sphodrias
+obtained his acquittal.
+
+[11] See "Cyrop." I. iv. 12.
+
+[12] Lit. "the Philition." See "Pol. Lac." iii. 6.
+
+[13] Lit. "who, whether as child, boy, or young man"; and for the
+    three stages of growth, see "Pol. Lac." ii. iii. iv.
+
+[14] I.e. both in life and in death.
+
+At Athens the friends of Boeotia were not slow to instruct the people
+that his countrymen, so far from punishing Sphodrias, had even
+applauded him for his designs on Athens; and in consequence of this
+the Athenians not only furnished Piraeus with gates, but set to work
+to build a fleet, and displayed great zeal in sending aid to the
+Boeotians.[15] The Lacedaemonians, on their side, called out the ban
+against the Thebans; and being persuaded that in Agesilaus they would
+find a more prudent general than Cleombrotus had proved, they begged
+the former to undertake the expedition.[16] He, replying that the wish
+of the state was for him law, began making preparations to take the
+field.
+
+[15] For the new Athenian confederacy of Delos of this year, B.C. 378,
+    see "Pol. Lac." xiv. 6; "Rev." v. 6; Diod. xv. 28-30; Plut.
+    "Pelop." xv.; Hicks, 78, 81; and for an alliance between Athens
+    and Chalcis in Euboea, see Hicks, 79; and for a treaty with Chios,
+    Hicks, 80.
+
+[16] See "Ages." ii. 22.
+
+Now he had come to the conclusion that without the occupation of Mount
+Cithaeron any attack on Thebes would be difficult. Learning then that
+the men of Cleitor were just now at war with the men of
+Orchomenus,[17] and were maintaing a foreign brigade, he came to an
+understanding with the Cleitorians that in the event of his needing
+it, this force would be at his service; and as soon as the sacrifices
+for crossing the frontier proved favourable, he sent to the commander
+of the Cleitorian mercenaries, and handing him a month's pay, ordered
+him to occupy Cithaeron with his men. This was before he himself
+reached Tegea. Meanwhile he sent a message to the men of Orchomenus
+that so long as the campaign lasted they must cease from war. If any
+city during his campaign abroad took on itself to march against
+another city, his first duty, he declared, would be to march against
+such offending city in accordance with a decree of the allies.
+
+[17] In Arcadia. See Busolt, "Die Lak." 120 foll.
+
+Thus crossing Cithaeron he reached Thespiae,[18] and from that base
+made the territory of Thebes his objective. Finding the great plain
+fenced round with ditch and palisade, as also the most valuable
+portions of the country, he adopted the plan of shifting his
+encampment from one place to another. Regularly each day, after the
+morning meal, he marched out his troops and ravaged the territory,
+confining himself to his own side of the palisadings and trench. The
+appearance of Agesilaus at any point whatever was a signal to the
+enemy, who within the circuit of his entrenchment kept moving in
+parallel line to the invader, and was ever ready to defend the
+threatened point. On one occasion, the Spartan king having retired and
+being well on the road back to camp, the Theban cavalry, hitherto
+invisible, suddenly dashed out, following one of the regularly
+constructed roads out of the entrenchment. Taking advantage of the
+enemy's position--his light troops breaking off to supper or busily
+preparing the meal, and the cavalry, some of them on their legs
+just[19] dismounted, and others in the act of mounting--on they rode,
+pressing the charge home. Man after man of the light troops was cut
+down; and three cavalry troopers besides--two Spartans, Cleas and
+Epicydidas by name, and the third a provincial[20] named Eudicus, who
+had not had time to mount their horses, and whose fate was shared by
+some Theban[21] exiles. But presently Agesilaus wheeled about and
+advanced with his heavy infantry to the succour; his cavalry dashed at
+the enemy's cavalry, and the flower of the heavy infantry, the ten-
+years-service men, charged by their side. The Theban cavalry at that
+instant looked like men who had been imbibing too freely in the
+noontide heat--that is to say, they awaited the charge long enough to
+hurl their spears; but the volley sped without effect, and wheeling
+about within that distance they left twelve of their number dead upon
+the field.
+
+[18] By Cynoscephalae. See "Ages." ii. 22.
+
+[19] Read, after Courier, {arti} for the vulg. {eti}; or, better
+    still, adopt Hartman's emendation (op. cit. p. 379), {ton men ede
+    katabebekoton ton de katabainonton}, and translate "some--already
+    dismounted, and others dismounting."
+
+[20] Lit. "one of the perioeci."
+
+[21] Reading {Thebaion} after Dind. for {'Athenaion}.
+
+Agesilaus had not failed to note with what regularity the enemy
+presented himself after the morning meal. Turning the observation to
+account, he offered sacrifice with day's dawn, and marched with all
+possible speed, and so crossed within the palisadings, through what
+might have been a desert, as far as defence or sign of living being
+went. Once well inside, he proceeded to cut down and set on fire
+everything up to the city gates. After this exploit he beat a retreat,
+retiring into Thespiae, where he fortified their citadel for them.
+Here he left Phoebidas as governor, while he himself crossed the
+passes back into Megara. Arrived here he disbanded the allies, and led
+the city troops homewards.
+
+After the departure of Agesilaus, Phoebidas devoted himself to
+harrying the Thebans by sending out robber bands, and laid waste their
+land by a system of regular incursions. The Thebans, on their side,
+desiring to retaliate, marched out with their whole force into the
+territory of Thespiae. But once well inside the district they found
+themselves closely beset by Phoebidas and his light troops, who would
+not give them the slightest chance to scatter from their main body, so
+that the Thebans, heartily vexed at the turn their foray had taken,
+beat a retreat quicker than they had come. The muleteers threw away
+with their own hands the fruits they had captured, in their anxiety to
+get home as quickly as possible; so dire a dread had fallen upon the
+invading army. This was the chance for the Spartan to press home his
+attack boldly, keeping his light division in close attendance on
+himself, and leaving the heavy infantry under orders to follow him in
+battle order. He was in hopes even that he might put the enemy to
+complete rout, so valiantly did he lead the advance, encouraging the
+light troops to "come to a close grip with the invadors," or summoning
+the heavy infantry of the Thespiaeans to "bring up their supports."
+Presently the Theban cavalry as they retired found themselves face to
+face with an impassable glen or ravine, where in the first instance
+they collected in a mob, and next wheeled right-about-face in sheer
+resourcelessness where to cross. The handful of light troops who
+formed the Spartan vanguard took fright at the Thebans and fled, and
+the Theban horsemen seeing this put in practice the lesson of attack
+which the fugitives taught them. As for Phoebidas himself, he and two
+or three with him fell sword in hand, whereupon his mercenary troops
+all took to their heels.
+
+When the stream of fugitives reached the Thespiaean heavy infantry
+reserves, they too, in spite of much boasting beforehand that they
+would never yield to Thebans, took to flight, though there was now
+absolutely no pursuit whatever, for it was now late. The number slain
+was not large, but, for all that, the men of Thespiae did not come to
+a standstill until they found themselves safe inside their walls. As a
+sequel, the hopes and spirits of the Thebans were again kindled into
+new life, and they made campaigns against Thespiae and the other
+provincial cities of Boeotia.[22] It must be admitted that in each
+case the democratical party retired from these cities to Thebes; since
+absolute governments had been established in all of them on the
+pattern previously adopted at Thebes; and the result was that the
+friends of Lacedaemon in these cities also needed her assistance.[23]
+After the death of Phoebidas the Lacedaemonians despatched a polemarch
+with a division by sea to form the garrison of Thespiae.
+
+[22] Lit. "their other perioecid cities." For the significance of this
+    title as applied by the Thebans (and perhaps commonly) to the
+    other cities of Boeotia, see Freeman, op. cit. ch. iv. pp. 157,
+    173 foll.
+
+[23] See Grote, "H. G." x. 174; Freeman, op. cit. iv. 171, 172.
+
+B.C. 377. With the advent of spring[24] the ephors again called out
+the ban against Thebes, and requested Agesilaus to lead the
+expedition, as on the former campaign. He, holding to his former
+theory with regard to the invasion, even before sacrificing the
+customary frontier sacrifice, sent a despatch to the polemarch at
+Thespiae, with orders to seize the pass which commands the road over
+Cithaeron, and to guard it against his arrival. Then, having once more
+crossed the pass and reached Plataeae, he again made a feint of
+marching first into Thespiae, and so sent a despatch ordering supplies
+to be in readiness, and all embassies to be waiting his arrival there;
+so that the Thebans concentrated their attention on the approaches
+from Thespiae, which they strongly guarded. Next morning, however,
+Agesilaus sacrificed at daybreak and set out on the road to
+Erythrae,[25] and completing in one day what was a good two days'
+march for an army, gave the Thebans the slip, and crossed their
+palisade-work at Scolus before the enemy had arrived from the closely-
+guarded point at which he had effected his entrance formerly. This
+done he proceeded to ravage the eastward-facing districts of the city
+of Thebes as far as the territory of Tanagra, for at that date Tanagra
+was still in the hands of Hypatodorus and his party, who were friends
+of the Lacedaemonians. After that he turned to retire, keeping the
+walls of Thebes on his left. But the Thebans, who had stolen, as it
+were, upon the scene, drew up at the spot called "The Old Wife's
+Breast,"[26] keeping the trench and palisading in their rear: they
+were persuaded that here, if anywhere, lay their chance to risk a
+decisive engagement, the ground at this point being somewhat narrow
+and difficult to traverse. Agesilaus, however, in view of the
+situation, refused to accept the challenge. Instead of marching upon
+them he turned sharp off in the direction of the city; and the
+Thebans, in alarm for the city in its undefended state, abandoned the
+favourable ground on which they were drawn up in battle line, and
+retired at the double towards the city along the road to Potniae,
+which seemed the safer route. This last move of Agesilaus may be
+described as a stroke of genius:[27] while it allowed him to retire to
+a distance, it forced the enemy themselves to retreat at the double.
+In spite of this, however, one or two of the polemarchs, with their
+divisions, charged the foe as he raced past. But again the Thebans,
+from the vantage-ground of their heights, sent volleys of spears upon
+the assailants, which cost one of the polemarchs, Alypetus, his life.
+He fell pierced by a spear. But again from this particular crest the
+Thebans on their side were forced to turn in flight; so much so that
+the Sciritae, with some of the cavalry, scaled up and speedily cut
+down the rearmost ranks of the Thebans as they galloped past into the
+city. When, however, they were close under cover of their walls the
+Thebans turned, and the Sciritae seeing them retreated at more than a
+steady walking pace. No one, it is true, was slain; but the Thebans
+all the same set up a trophy in record of the incident at the point
+where the scaling party had been forced to retreat.
+
+[24] See for affairs of Delos, never actually named by Xenophon,
+    between B.C. 377 and 374, the Sandwich Marble in Trinity College,
+    Cambridge; Boeckh, "C. I. G" 158, and "P. E. A." ii. p. 78 foll.;
+    Hicks, 82.
+
+[25] Erythrae (Redlands) stands between Hysiae and Scolus, east of
+    Katzula.--Leake, "N. Gr." ii. 329. See Herod. ix. 15, 25; Thuc.
+    iii. 24; Paus. IX. ii. 1; Strab. IX. ii.
+
+[26] Lit. "Graos Stethos."
+
+[27] Or, "and this move of Agesilaus was regarded as a very pretty
+    one."
+
+And now, since the hour was come, Agesilaus fell back and encamped on
+the very site on which he had seen the enemy drawn up in battle array.
+Next day he retired by the road to Thespiae. The light troops, who
+formed a free corps in the pay of the Thebans, hung audaciously at his
+heels. Their shouts could be heard calling out to Chabrias[28] for not
+bringing up his supports; when the cavalry of the Olynthians (who now
+contributed a contingent in accordance with their oaths)[29] wheeled
+round on them, caught the pursuers in the heat of their pursuit, and
+drove them uphill, putting large numbers of them to the sword--so
+quickly are infantry overhauled by cavalry on steep ground which can
+be ridden over. Being arrived within the walls of Thespiae, Agesilaus
+found the citizens in a state of party feud, the men of Lacedaemonian
+proclivities desiring to put their political opponents, one of whom
+was Menon, to death[30]--a proceeding which Agesilaus would not
+sanction. After having healed their differences and bound them over by
+solemn oath to keep the peace with one another, he at once retired,
+taking his old route across Cithaeron to Megara. Here once more he
+disbanded the allies, and at the head of the city troops himself
+marched back to Sparta.
+
+[28] For the exploits of Chabrias, who commanded a division of mixed
+    Athenians and mercenaries (see above, S. 14), see Dem. "c. Lept."
+    479; Polyaen. ii. 1, 2; Diod. xv. 32, 33, who gives interesting
+    details; Grote, "H. G." x. 172 foll.
+
+[29] See above, "Hell." V. iii. 26.
+
+[30] Or, "under the pretext of furthering Laconian interests there was
+    a desire to put political opponents to death." For "Menon," Diod.
+    conj. "Melon."
+
+The Thebans had not gathered in the fruits of their soil for two years
+now, and began to be sorely pinched for want of corn; they therefore
+sent a body of men on board a couple of triremes to Pagasae, with ten
+talents[31] in hand for the purchase of corn. But while these
+commissioners were engaged in effecting their purchases, Alcetas, the
+Lacedaemonian who was garrisoning Oreus,[32] fitted out three
+triremes, taking precautions that no rumour of his proceedings should
+leak out. As soon as the corn was shipped and the vessels under weigh,
+he captured not only the corn but the triremes, escort and all,
+numbering no less than three hundred men. This done he locked up his
+prisoners in the citadel, where he himself was also quartered. Now
+there was a youth, the son of a native of Oreus, fair of mien and of
+gentle breeding,[33] who danced attendance on the commandant: and the
+latter must needs leave the citadel and go down to busy himself with
+this youth. This was a piece of carelessness which the prisoners did
+not fail to observe, and turned to good account by seizing the
+citadel, whereupon the town revolted, and the Thebans experienced no
+further difficulty in obtaining corn supplies.
+
+[31] = 2,437 pounds: 10 shillings.
+
+[32] Oreus, formerly called Histiaea, in the north of Euboea. See
+    Thuc. vii. 57, viii. 95; Diod. xv. 30; Grote, "H. G." ix. 263. For
+    Pagasae at the north extremity of the Pagasaean Gulf, "the cradle
+    of Greek navigation," see Tozer, "Geog. Gr." vi. p. 124; Strab.
+    IX. v. 15.
+
+[33] Or, "beautiful and brave if ever youth was."
+
+B.C. 376. At the return of spring Agesilaus lay sick--a bedridden
+invalid. The history of the case is this: During the withdrawal of his
+army from Thebes the year before, when at Megara, while mounting from
+the Aphrodision[34] to the Government house he ruptured a vein or
+other vessel of the body. This was followed by a rush of blood to his
+sound leg. The knee was much swelled, and the pain intolerable, until
+a Syracusan surgeon made an incision in the vein near the ankle. The
+blood thus let flowed night and day; do what they could to stop the
+discharge, all failed, till the patient fainted away; then it ceased.
+In this plight Agesilaus was conveyed home on a litter to Lacedaemon,
+and remained an invalid the rest of that summer and throughout the
+winter.
+
+[34] Pausanius (I. xi. 6) mentions a temple of Aphrodite
+    {'Epistrophoa} (Verticordia), on the way up to the Carian
+    Acropolis of Megara.
+
+But to resume: at the first burst of spring the Lacedaemonians again
+called out the ban, and gave orders to Cleombrotus to lead the
+expedition. The king found himself presently with his troops at the
+foot of Cithaeron, and his light infantry advanced to occupy the pass
+which commands the road. But here they found a detachment of Thebans
+and Athenians already in occupation of the desired height, who for a
+while suffered them to approach; but when they were close upon them,
+sprang from their position and charged, putting about forty to the
+sword. This incident was sufficient to convince Cleombrotus that to
+invade Thebes by this mountain passage was out of the question, and in
+this faith he led back and disbanded his troops.
+
+The allies met in Lacedaemon, and arguments were adduced on the part
+of the allies to show that faintheartedness would very soon lead to
+their being absolutely worn out by the war. They had got it in their
+power, it was urged, to fit out a fleet far outnumbering that of
+Athens, and to reduce that city by starvation; it was open to them, in
+the self-same ships, to carry an army across into Theban territory,
+and they had a choice of routes--the road into Phocis, or, if they
+preferred, by Creusis. After thus carefully considering the matter
+they manned a fleet of sixty triremes, and Pollis was appointed
+admiral in command. Nor indeed were their expectations altogether
+belied. The Athenians were soon so closely blockaded that their corn
+vessels could get no farther than Geraestus;[35] there was no inducing
+them to coast down father south, with a Lacedaemonian navy hovering
+about Aegina and Ceos and Andros. The Athenians, making a virtue of
+necessity, manned their ships in person, gave battle to Pollis under
+the leadership of Chabrias, and came out of the sea-fight[36]
+victorious.
+
+[35] The promontory at the southern extremity of Euboea.
+
+[36] Battle of Naxos, B.C. 376. For interesting details, see Diod. xv.
+    35, 35.
+
+B.C. 375. Then the corn supplies flowed freely into Athens. The
+Lacedaemonians, on their side, were preparing to transport an army
+across the water into Boeotia, when the Thebans sent a request to the
+Athenians urging them to despatch an armament round Peloponnesus,
+under the persuasion that if this were done the Lacedaemonians would
+find it impossible at once to guard their own or the allied territory
+in that part of the world, and at the same time to convery an army of
+any size to operate against Thebes. The proposals fell in with the
+present temper of the Athenians, irritated with Lacedaemon on account
+of the exploit of Sphodrias. Accordingly they eagerly manned a fleet
+of sixty vessels, appointing Timotheus as admiral in command, and
+despatched it on a cruise round Peloponnesus.
+
+The Thebans, seeing that there had been no hostile invasion of their
+territory for so long (neither during the campaign of Cleombrotus nor
+now,[37] whilst Timotheus prosecuted his coasting voyage), felt
+emboldened to carry out a campaign on their own account against the
+provincial cities;[38] and one by one they again recovered them.
+
+[37] Lit. "nor at the date of Timotherus's periplus." To the historian
+    writing of the events of this period several years later, the
+    coasting voyage of Timotheus is a single incident ({periepleuse}),
+    and as Grote ("H. G." x. 185, note 3) observes, the words may
+    "include not simply the time which Timotheus took in actually
+    circumnavigating Peloponnesos, but the year which he spent
+    afterwards in the Ionian sea, and the time which he occupied in
+    performing his exploits near Korkyra, Leukas, and the
+    neighbourhood generally." For the character and exploits of
+    Timotheus, son of Conon, see Isocr. "Or." xv. "On the Antidosis,"
+    SS. 101-139; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii. p. 140 foll.; Rehdantz, "Vit.
+    Iphicr. Chabr. Timoth. Atheniensium."
+
+[38] Or, "the cities round about their territory," lit. "the perioecid
+    cities." For the import of the epithet, see V. iv. 46; Freeman,
+    op. cit. iv. 173, note 1, in reference to Grote, "H. G." x. 183,
+    note 4. For the battle of Tegyra see Grote, ib. 182; Plut.
+    "Pelop." 17; Diod. xv. 57 ("evidently this battle," Grote);
+    Callisthenes, fr. 3, ed. Did. Cf. Steph. Byz., {Tegura}.
+
+Timotheus in his cruise reached Corcyra, and reduced it at a blow.
+That done, he neither enslaved the inhabitants nor drove them into
+exile, nor changed their laws. And of this conduct he reaped the
+benefit of the increased cordiality[39] of all the cities of those
+parts. The Lacedaemonians thereupon fitted out and despatched a
+counter fleet, with Nicolochus in command, an officer of consummate
+boldness. This admiral no sooner caught sight of Timotheus's fleet
+than without hesitation, and in spite of the absence of six Ambraciot
+vessels which formed part of his squadron, he gave battle, with
+fifty-five ships to the enemy's sixty. The result was a defeat at the
+moment, and Timotheus set up a trophy at Alyzia. But as soon as the
+six missing Ambraciot vessels had reinforced him--the ships of
+Timotheus meanwhile being docked and undergoing repairs--he bore down
+upon Alyzia in search of the Athenian, and as Timotheus refused to put
+out to meet him, the Lacedaemonian in turn set up a trophy on the
+nearest group of islands.
+
+[39] The Corcyraeans, Acarnanians, and Cephallenians join the alliance
+    B.C. 375; see Hicks, 83. "This decree dates from the autumn of
+    B.C. 375, immediately after Timotheos's visit to Korkyra (Xen.
+    'Hell.' V. iv. 64). The result was that the names of Korkyra,
+    Kephallenia, and Akarnania were inscribed upon the list (No. 81),
+    and an alliance was made with them." See "C. I. A." ii. p. 399
+    foll.; Hicks, loc. cit.; "Hell." VI. v. 23); "C. I. A." ii. 14.
+    The tablet is in the Asclepeian collection at the entrance of the
+    Acropolis at Athens. See Milchofer, "Die Museum Athens," 1881, p.
+    45.
+
+B.C. 374. Timotheus, after repairing his original squadron and manning
+more vessels from Corcyra, found himself at the head of more than
+seventy ships. His naval superiority was undisputed, but he was forced
+to send to Athens for moneys, seeing his fleet was large and his wants
+not trifling.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VI
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 374. The Athenians and Lacedaemonians were thus engaged. But to
+return to the Thebans. After the subjugation of the cities in Boeotia,
+they extended the area of aggression and marched into Phocis. The
+Phocians, on their side, sent an embassy to Lacedaemon, and pleaded
+that without assistance from that power they must inevitably yield to
+Thebes. The Lacedaemonians in response conveyed by sea into the
+territory of Phocis their king Cleombrotus, at the head of four
+regiments and the contingents of the allies.
+
+About the same time Polydamus of Pharsalus arrived from Thessaly to
+address the general assembly[1] of Lacedaemon. He was a man of high
+repute throughout the whole of Thessaly, while in his native city he
+was regarded as so true a gentleman that the faction-ridden
+Pharsalians were content to entrust the citadel to his keeping, and to
+allow their revenues to pass through his hands. It was his privilege
+to disburse the money needed for sacred rites or other expenditure,
+within the limits of their written law and constitution. Out of these
+moneys this faithful steward of the state was able to garrison and
+guard in safety for the citizens their capital. Every year he rendered
+an account of his administration in general. If there was a deficit he
+made it up out of his own pocket, and when the revenues expanded he
+paid himself back. For the rest, his hospitality to foreigners and his
+magnificence were on a true Thessalian scale. Such was the style and
+character of the man who now arrived in Lacedaemon and spoke as
+follows:
+
+[1] {pros to koinon}, "h.e. vel ad ad senatum vel ad ephoros vel ad
+    concionem."--Sturz, "Lex. Xen." s.v.
+
+"Men of Lacedaemon, it is in my capacity as 'proxenos' and
+'benefactor' (titles borne by my ancestry from time immemorial) that I
+claim, or rather am bound, in case of any difficulty to come to you,
+and, in case of any complication dangerous to your interests in
+Thessaly, to give you warning. The name of Jason, I feel sure, is not
+unknown to Lacedaemonian ears. His power as a prince is sufficiently
+large, and his fame widespread. It is of Jason I have to speak. Under
+cover of a treaty of peace he has lately conferred with me, and this
+is the substance of what he urged: 'Polydamas,' he said, 'if I chose I
+could lay your city at my feet, even against its will, as the
+following considerations will prove to you. See,' he went on, 'the
+majority and the most important of the states of Thessaly are my
+allies. I subdued them in campaigns in which you took their side in
+opposition to myself. Again, you do not need to be told that I have
+six thousand mercenaries who are a match in themselves, I take it, for
+any single state. It is not the mere numbers on which I insist. No
+doubt as large an army could be raised in other quarters; but these
+citizen armies have this defect--they include men who are already
+advanced in years, with others whose beards are scarcely grown. Again,
+it is only a fraction of the citizens who attend to bodily training in
+a state, whereas with me no one takes mercenary service who is not as
+capable of endurance as myself.'
+
+"And here, Lacedaemonians, I must tell you what is the bare truth.
+This Jason is a man stout of limb and robust of body, with an
+insatiable appetite for toil. Equally true is it that he tests the
+mettle of those with him day by day. He is always at their head,
+whether on a field-day under arms, or in the gymnasium, or on some
+military expedition. The weak members of the corps he weeds out, but
+those whom he sees bear themselves stout-heartedly in the face of war,
+like true lovers of danger and of toil, he honours with double,
+treble, and quadruple pay, or with other gifts. On the bed of sickness
+they will not lack attendance, nor honour in their graves. Thus every
+foreigner in his service knows that his valour in war may obtain for
+him a livelihood--a life replete at once with honour and abundance.[2]
+
+[2] Or, "a life satisfying at once to soul and body."
+
+"Then with some parade he pointed out to me what I knew before, that
+the Maracians, and the Dolopians, and Alcetas the hyparch[3] in
+Epirus, were already subject to his sway; 'so that I may fairly ask
+you, Polydamas,' he proceeded, 'what I have to apprehend that I should
+not look on your future subjugation as mere child's play. Perhaps some
+one who did not know me, and what manner of man I am, might put it to
+me: "Well! Jason, if all you say be true, why do you hesitate? why do
+you not march at once against Pharsalia?" For the good reason, I
+reply, that it suits me better to win you voluntarily than to annex
+you against your wills. Since, if you are forced, you will always be
+planning all the mischief you can against me, and I on my side shall
+be striving to diminish your power; whereas if you throw in your lot
+with mine trustfully and willingly, it is certain we shall do what we
+can to help each other. I see and know, Polydamas, that your country
+fixes her eyes on one man only, and that is yourself: what I guarantee
+you, therefore, is that, if you will dispose her lovingly to myself, I
+on my side will raise you up to be the greatest man in Hellas next to
+me. Listen, while I tell you what it is in which I offer you the
+second prize. Listen, and accept nothing which does not approve itself
+as true to your own reasoning. First, is it not plain to us both, that
+with the adhesion of Pharsalus and the swarm of pettier states
+dependent on yourselves, I shall with infinite ease become Tagos[4] of
+all the Thessalians; and then the corollary--Thessaly so united--
+sixteen thousand cavalry and more than ten thousand heavy infantry
+leap into life. Indeed, when I contemplate the physique and proud
+carriage of these men, I cannot but persuade myself that, with proper
+handling, there is not a nation or tribe of men to which Thessalians
+would deign to yield submission. Look at the broad expanse of Thessaly
+and consider: when once a Tagos is established here, all the tribes in
+a circle round will lie stilled in subjection; and almost every member
+of each of these tribes is an archer born, so that in the light
+infantry division of the service our power must needs excel.
+Furthermore, the Boeotians and all the rest of the world in arms
+against Lacedaemon are my allies; they clamour to follow my banner, if
+only I will free them from Sparta's yoke. So again the Athenians, I
+make sure, will do all they can to gain our alliance; but with them I
+do not think we will make friends, for my persuasion is that empire by
+sea will be even easier to acquire than empire by land; and to show
+you the justice of this reasoning I would have you weigh the following
+considerations. With Macedonia, which is the timber-yard[5] of the
+Athenian navy, in our hands we shall be able to construct a far larger
+fleet than theirs. That stands to reason. And as to men, which will be
+the better able to man vessels, think you--Athens, or ourselves with
+our stalwart and numerous Penestae?[6] Which will better support
+mariners--a nation which, like our own, out of her abundance exports
+her corn to foriegn parts, or Athens, which, but for foreign
+purchases, has not enough to support herself? And so as to wealth in
+general it is only natural, is it not, that we, who do not look to a
+string of little islands for supplies, but gather the fruits of
+continental peoples, should find our resources more copious? As soon
+as the scattered powers of Thessaly are gathered into a principality,
+all the tribes around, I repeat, will become our tributaries. I need
+not tell you that the king of Persia reaps the fruits, not of islands,
+but of a continent, and he is the wealthiest of men! But the reduction
+of Persia will be still more practicable, I imagine, than that of
+Hellas, for there the men, save one, are better versed in slavery than
+in prowess. Nor have I forgotten, during the advance of Cyrus, and
+afterwards under Agesilaus, how scant the force was before which the
+Persian quailed.'
+
+[3] Or, "his underlord in Epirus." By hyparch, I suppose, is implied
+    that Alcetas regarded Jason as his suzerain. Diodorus (xv. 13, 36)
+    speaks of him as "king" of the Molossians.
+
+[4] Or, "Prince," and below, "Thessaly so converted into a
+    Principality." "The Tagos of Thessaly was not a King, because his
+    office was not hereditary or even permanent; neither was he
+    exactly a Tyrant, because his office had some sort of legal
+    sanction. But he came much nearer to the character either of a
+    King or of a Tyrant than to that of a Federal President like the
+    General of the Achaians. . . . Jason of Pherai acts throughout
+    like a King, and his will seems at least as uncontrolled as that
+    of his brother sovereign beyond the Kambunian hills. Even Jason
+    seems to have been looked upon as a Tyrant (see below, 'Hell.' VI.
+    iv. 32); possibly, like the Athenian Demos, he himself did not
+    refuse the name" (cf. Arist. "Pol." iii. 4, 9).--Freeman, "Hist.
+    Fed. Gov." "No True Federation in Thessaly," iv. pp. 152 foll.
+
+[5] See above, and Hicks, 74.
+
+[6] Or, "peasantry."
+
+"Such, Lacedaemonians, were the glowing arguments of Jason. In answer
+I told him that what he urged was well worth weighing, but that we,
+the friends of Lacedaemon, should so, without a quarrel, desert her
+and rush into the arms of her opponents, seemed to me sheer madness.
+Whereat he praised me, and said that now must he needs cling all the
+closer to me if that were my disposition, and so charged me to come to
+you and tell you the plain truth, which is, that he is minded to march
+against Pharsalus if we will not hearken to him. Accordingly he bade
+me demand assistance from you; 'and if they suffer you,'[7] he added,
+'so to work upon them that they will send you a force sufficient to do
+battle with me, it is well: we will abide by war's arbitrament, nor
+quarrel with the consequence; but if in your eyes that aid is
+insufficient, look to yourself. How shall you longer be held blameless
+before that fatherland which honours you and in which you fare so
+well?'[8]
+
+[7] Or, reading {theoi}, after Cobet; translate "if providentially
+    they should send you."
+
+[8] Reading {kai e su pratteis}, after Cobet. The chief MSS. give {ouk
+    ede anegkletos an dikaios eies en te patridi e se tima kai su
+    prattois ta kratista}, which might be rendered either, "and how be
+    doing best for yourself?" [lit. "and you would not be doing best
+    for yourself," {ouk an} carried on from previous clause], or
+    (taking {prattois} as pure optative), "may you be guided to adopt
+    the course best for yourself!" "may the best fortune attend you!
+    Farewell." See Otto Keller, op. cit. ad loc. for various
+    emendations.
+
+"These are the matters," Polydamas continued, "which have brought me
+to Lacedaemon. I have told you the whole story; it is based partly on
+what I see to be the case, and partly on what I have heard from yonder
+man. My firm belief is, men of Lacedaemon, that if you are likely to
+despatch a force sufficient, not in my eyes only, but in the eyes of
+all the rest of Thessaly, to cope with Jason in war, the states will
+revolt from him, for they are all in alarm as to the future
+development of the man's power; but if you think a company of newly-
+enfranchised slaves and any amateur general will suffice, I advise you
+to rest in peace. You may take my word for it, you will have a great
+power to contend against, and a man who is so prudent a general that,
+in all he essays to do, be it an affair of secrecy, or speed, or
+force, he is wont to hit the mark of his endeavours: one who is
+skilled, should occasion serve, to make the night of equal service to
+him with the day;[9] or, if speed be needful, will labour on while
+breakfasting or taking an evening meal. And as for repose, he thinks
+that the time for it has come when the goal is reached or the business
+on hand accomplished. And to this same practice he has habituated
+those about him. Right well he knows how to reward the expectations of
+his soldiers, when by the extra toil which makes the difference they
+have achieved success; so that in his school all have laid to heart
+that maxim, 'Pain first and pleasure after.'[10] And in regard to
+pleasure of the senses, of all men I know, he is the most continent;
+so that these also are powerless to make him idle at the expense of
+duty. You must consider the matter then and tell me, as befits you,
+what you can and will do."
+
+[9] See "Cyrop." III. i. 19.
+
+[10] For this sentiment, see "Mem." II. i. 20 et passim.
+
+Such were the representations of Polydamas. The Lacedaemonians, for
+the time being, deferred their answer; but after calculating the next
+day and the day following how many divisions[11] they had on foreign
+service, and how many ships on the coast of Laconia to deal with the
+foreign squadron of the Athenians, and taking also into account the
+war with their neighbours, they gave their answer to Polydamas: "For
+the present they would not be able to send him sufficient aid: under
+the circumstances they advised him to go back and make the best
+settlement he could of his own affairs and those of his city." He,
+thanking the Lacedaemonians for their straightforwardness, withdrew.
+
+[11] Lit. "morai."
+
+The citadel of Pharsalus he begged Jason not to force him to give up:
+his desire was to preserve it for those who had entrusted it to his
+safe keeping; his own sons Jason was free to take as hostages, and he
+would do his best to procure for him the voluntary adhesion of his
+city by persuasion, and in every way to further his appointment as
+Tagos of Thessaly. Accordingly, after interchange of solemn assurances
+between the pair, the Pharsalians were let alone and in peace, and ere
+long Jason was, by general consent, appointed Tagos of all the
+Thessalians. Once fairly vested with that authority, he drew up a list
+of the cavalry and heavy infantry which the several states were
+capable of furnishing as their quota, with the result that his
+cavalry, inclusive of allies, numbered more than eight thousand, while
+his infantry force was computed at not less than twenty thousand; and
+his light troops would have been a match for those of the whole world
+--the mere enumeration of their cities would be a labour in
+itself.[12] His next act was a summons to all the dwellers round[13]
+to pay tribute exactly the amount imposed in the days of Scopas.[14]
+And here in this state of accomplishment we may leave these matters. I
+return to the point reached when this digression into the affairs of
+Jason began.
+
+[12] See "Cyrop." I. i. 5.
+
+[13] Lit. perioeci.
+
+[14] It is conjectured that the Scopadae ruled at Pherae and Cranusa
+    in the earlier half of the fifth century B.C.; see, for the change
+    of dynasty, what is said of Lycophron of Pherae in "Hell." II.
+    iii. 4. There was a famous Scopas, son of Creon, to whom Simonides
+    addressed his poem--
+
+{Andr' agathon men alatheos genesthai
+khalepon khersin te kai posi kai noo tetragonon, aneu psogou tetugmenon.}
+
+a sentiment criticised by Plato, "Protag." 359 A. "Now Simonides
+says to Scopas, the son of Creon, the Thessalian:
+
+'Hardly on the one hand can a man become truly good; built
+four-square in hands and feet and mind, a work without a flaw.'
+
+Do you know the poem?"--Jowett, "Plat." i. 153. But whether this
+Scopas is the Scopas of our text and a hero of Jason's is not clear.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 374. The Lacedaemonians and their allies were collecting in
+Phocia, and the Thebans, after retreating into their own territory,
+were guarding the approaches. At this juncture the Athenians, seeing
+the Thebans growing strong at their expense without contributing a
+single penny to the maintenance of the fleet, while they themselves,
+what with money contributions, and piratical attacks from Aegina, and
+the garrisoning of their territory, were being pared to the bone,
+conceived a desire to cease from war. In this mood they sent an
+embassy to Lacedaemon and concluded peace.[1]
+
+[1] See Curtius, "H. G." vol. iv. p. 376 (Eng. trans.)
+
+B.C. 374-373. This done, two of the ambassadors, in obedience to a
+decree of the state, set sail at once from Laconian territory, bearing
+orders to Timotheus to sail home, since peace was established. That
+officer, while obeying his orders, availed himself of the homeward
+voyage to land certain Zacynthian exiles[2] on their native soil,
+whereupon the Zacynthian city party sent to Lacedaemon and complained
+of the treatment they had received from Timotheus; and the
+Lacedaemonians, without further consideration, decided that the
+Athenians were in the wrong, and proceeded to equip another navy, and
+at length collected from Laconia itself, from Corinth, Leucas,[3]
+Ambracia, Elis, Zacynthus, Achaia, Epidaurus, Troezen, Hermione, and
+Halieis, a force amounting to sixty sail. In command of this squadron
+they appointed Mnasippus admiral, with orders to attack Corcyra, and
+in general to look after their interests in those seas. They,
+moreover, sent an embassy to Dionysius, instructing him that his
+interests would be advanced by the withdrawal of Corcyra from Athenian
+hands.
+
+[2] See Hicks, 81, p. 142.
+
+[3] Ibid. 81, 86.
+
+B.C. 373. Accordingly Mnasippus set sail, as soon as his squadron was
+ready, direct to Corcyra; he took with him, besides his troops from
+Lacedaemon, a body of mercenaries, making a total in all of no less
+than fifteen hundred men. His disembarked, and soon became master of
+the island, the country district falling a prey to the spoiler. It was
+in a high state of cultivation, and rich with fruit-trees, not to
+speak of magnificent dwelling-houses and wine-cellars fitted up on the
+farms: so that, it was said, the soldiers reached such a pitch of
+luxury that they refused to drink wine which had not a fine bouquet. A
+crowd of slaves, too, and fat beasts were captured on the estates.
+
+The general's next move was to encamp with his land forces about
+three-quarters of a mile[4] from the city district, so that any
+Corcyraean who attempted to leave the city to go into the country
+would certainly be cut off on that side. The fleet he stationed on the
+other side of the city, at a point where he calculated on detecting
+and preventing the approach of convoys. Besides which he established a
+blockade in front of the harbour when the weather permitted. In this
+way the city was completely invested.
+
+[4] Lit. "five stades."
+
+The Corcyraeans, on their side, were in the sorest straits. They could
+get nothing from their soil owing to the vice in which they were
+gripped by land, whilst owing to the predominance of the enemy at sea
+nothing could be imported. Accordingly they sent to the Athenians and
+begged for their assistance. They urged upon them that it would be a
+great mistake if they suffered themselves to be robbed of Corcyra. If
+they did so, they would not only throw away a great advantage to
+themselves, but add a considerable strength to their enemy; since,
+with the exception of Athens, no state was capable of furnishing a
+larger fleet or revenue. Moreover, Corcyra lay favourably[5] for
+commanding the Corinthian gulf and the cities which line its shores;
+it was splendidly situated for injuring the rural districts of
+Laconia, and still more splendidly in relation to the opposite shores
+of the continent of Epirus, and the passage between Peloponnesus and
+Sicily.
+
+[5] See Thuc. i. 36.
+
+This appeal did not fall on deaf ears. The Athenians were persuaded
+that the matter demanded their most serious attention, and they at
+once despatched Stesicles as general,[6] with about six hundred
+peltasts. They also requested Alcetas to help them in getting their
+troops across. Thus under cover of night the whole body were conveyed
+across to a point in the open country, and found their way into the
+city. Nor was that all. The Athenians passed a decree to man sixty
+ships of war, and elected[7] Timotheus admiral. The latter, being
+unable to man the fleet on the spot, set sail on a cruise to the
+islands and tried to make up the complements of his crews from those
+quarters. He evidently looked upon it as no light matter to sail round
+Peloponnesus as if on a voyage of pleasure, and to attack a fleet in
+the perfection of training.[8] To the Athenians, however, it seemed
+that he was wasting the precious time seasonable for the coastal
+voyage, and they were not disposed to condone such an error, but
+deposed him, appointing Iphicrates in his stead. The new general was
+no sooner appointed than he set about getting his vessels manned with
+the utmost activity, putting pressure on the trierarchs. He further
+procured from the Athenians for his use not only any vessels cruising
+on the coast of Attica, but the Paralus and Salaminia[9] also,
+remarking that, if things turned out well yonder, he would soon send
+them back plenty of ships. Thus his numbers grew to something like
+seventy sail.
+
+[6] The name of the general was Ctesicles, according to Diod. xv. 47.
+    Read {strategon} for {tagon}, with Breitenbach, Cobet, etc. For
+    Alcetas, see above, "Hell." VI. i. 7.
+
+[7] I.e. by show of hands, {ekheirotonoun}.
+
+[8] See Jowett, note to Thuc. VIII. xcv. 2, ii. p. 525.
+
+[9] The two sacred galleys. See Thuc. iii. 33; Aristoph. "Birds," 147
+    foll.
+
+Meanwhile the Corcyraeans were sore beset with famine: desertion
+became every day more frequent, so much so that Mnasippus caused
+proclamation to be made by herald that all deserters would be sold
+there and then;[10] and when that had no effect in lessening the
+stream of runaways, he ended by driving them back with the lash. Those
+within the walls, however, were not disposed to receive these
+miserable slaves within the lines, and numbers died outside.
+Mnasippus, not blind to what was happening, soon persuaded himself
+that he had as good as got the city into his possession: and he began
+to try experiments on his mercenaries. Some of them he had already
+paid off;[11] others still in his service had as much as two months'
+pay owing to them by the general, who, if report spoke true, had no
+lack of money, since the majority of the states, not caring for a
+campaign across the seas, sent him hard cash instead of men. But now
+the beleaguered citizens, who could espy from their towers that the
+outposts were less carefully guarded than formerly, and the men
+scattered about the rural districts, made a sortie, capturing some and
+cutting down others. Mnasippus, perceiving the attack, donned his
+armour, and, with all the heavy troops he had, rushed to the rescue,
+giving orders to the captains and brigadiers[12] to lead out the
+mercenaries. Some of the captains answered that it was not so easy to
+command obedience when the necessaries of life were lacking; whereat
+the Spartan struck one man with his staff, and another with the butt
+of his spear. Without spirit and full of resentment against their
+general, the men mustered--a condition very unfavourable to success in
+battle. Having drawn up the troops, the general in person repulsed the
+division of the enemy which was opposite the gates, and pursued them
+closely; but these, rallying close under their walls, turned right
+about, and from under cover of the tombs kept up a continuous
+discharge of darts and other missiles; other detachments, dashing out
+at other gates, meanwhile fell heavily on the flanks of the enemy. The
+Lacedaemonians, being drawn up eight deep, and thinking that the wing
+of their phalanx was of inadeqate strength, essayed to wheel around;
+but as soon as they began the movement the Corcyraeans attacked them
+as if they were fleeing, and they were then unable to recover
+themselves,[13] while the troops next in position abandoned themselves
+to flight. Mnasippus, unable to succour those who were being pressed
+owing to the attack of the enemy immediately in front, found himself
+left from moment to moment with decreasing numbers. At last the
+Corcyraeans collected, and with one united effort made a final rush
+upon Mnasippus and his men, whose numbers were now considerably
+reduced. At the same instant the townsmen,[14] eagerly noticing the
+posture of affairs, rushed out to play their part. First Mnasippus was
+slain, and then the pursuit became general; nor could the pursuers
+well have failed to capture the camp, barricade and all, had they not
+caught sight of the mob of traffickers with a long array of attendants
+and slaves, and thinking that here was a prize indeed, desisted from
+further chase.
+
+[10] Or, "he would knock them all down to the hammer."
+
+[11] Or, "cut off from their pay."
+
+[12] Lit. "lochagoi and taxiarchs."
+
+[13] Or, "to retaliate"; or, "to complete the movement."
+
+[14] Reading, after Dindorf, {oi politai}, or, if with the MSS., {oi
+    oplitai}; translate "the heavy-armed among the assailants saw
+    their advantage and pressed on."
+
+The Corcyraeans were well content for the moment to set up a trophy
+and to give back the enemy's dead under a flag of truce; but the
+after-consequences were even more important to them in the revival of
+strength and spirits which were sunk in despondency. The rumour spread
+that Iphicrates would soon be there--he was even at the doors; and in
+fact the Corcyraeans themselves were manning a fleet. So Hypermenes,
+who was second in command to Mnasippus and the bearer of his
+despatches, manned every vessel of the fleet as full as it would hold,
+and then sailing round to the entrenched camp, filled all the
+transports with prisoners and valuables and other stock, and sent them
+off. He himself, with his marines and the survivors of his troops,
+kept watch over the entrenchments; but at last even this remnant in
+the excess of panic and confusion got on board the men-of-war and
+sailed off, leaving behind them vast quantities of corn and wine, with
+numerous prisoners and invalided soldiers. The fact was, they were
+sorely afraid of being caught by the Athenians in the island, and so
+they made safely off to Leucas.
+
+Meanwhile Iphicrates had commenced his voyage of circumnavigation,
+partly voyaging and partly making every preparation for an engagement.
+He at once left his large sails behind him, as the voyage was only to
+be the prelude of a battle; his flying jibs, even if there was a good
+breeze, were but little used, since by making his progres depend on
+sheer rowing, he hoped at once to improve the physique of his men and
+the speed of his attack. Often when the squadron was about to put into
+shore for the purpose of breakfast or supper, he would seize the
+moment, and draw back the leading wing of the column from the land off
+the point in question; and then facing round again with the triremes
+posted well in line, prow for prow, at a given signal let loose the
+whole fleet in a stoutly contested race for the shore. Great was the
+triumph in being the first to take in water or whatever else they
+might need, or the first to breakfast; just as it was a heavy penalty
+on the late-comers, not only to come short in all these objects of
+desire, but to have to put out to sea with the rest as soon as the
+signal was given; since the first-comers had altogether a quiet time
+of it, whilst the hindmost must get through the whole business in hot
+haste. So again, in the matter of outposts, if he chanced to be
+getting the morning meal on hostile territory, pickets would be
+posted, as was right and proper, on the land; but, apart from these,
+he would raise his masts and keep look-out men on the maintops. These
+commanded of course a far wider prospect from their lofty perches than
+the outposts on the level ground. So too, when he dined or slept he
+had no fires burning in the camp at night, but only a beacon kindled
+in front of the encampment to prevent any unseen approach; and
+frequently in fine weather he put out to sea immediately after the
+evening meal, when, if the breeze favoured, they ran along and took
+their rest simultaneously, or if they depended on oars he gave his
+mariners repose by turns. During the voyage in daytime he would at one
+time signal to "sail in column," and at another signal "abreast in
+line." So that whilst they prosecuted the voyage they at the same time
+became (both as to theory and practice) well versed in all the details
+of an engagement before they reached the open sea--a sea, as they
+imagined, occupied by their foes. For the most part they breakfasted
+and dined on hostile territory; but as he confined himelf to bare
+necessaries he was always too quick for the enemy. Before the hostile
+reinforcement would come up he had finished his business and was out
+to sea again.
+
+At the date of Mnasippus's death he chanced to be off Sphagiae in
+Laconian territory. Reaching Elis, and coasting past the mouth of the
+Alpheus, he came to moorings under Cape Ichthus,[15] as it is called.
+The next day he put out from that port for Cephallenia, so drawing up
+his line and conducting the voyage that he might be prepared in every
+detail to engage if necessary. The tale about Mnasippus and his demise
+had reached him, but he had not heard it from an eye-witness, and
+suspected that it might have been invented to deceive him and throw
+him off his guard. He was therefore on the look-out. It was, in fact,
+only on arrival in Cephallenia that he learned the news in an explicit
+form, and gave his troops rest.
+
+[15] Cape Fish, mod. Cape Katakolon, protecting harbour of Pyrgos in
+    Elis.
+
+I am well aware that all these details of practice and manouvring are
+customary in anticipation of a sea-fight, but what I single out for
+praise in the case before us is the skill with which the Athenian
+admiral attained a twofold object. Bearing in mind that it was his
+duty to reach a certain point at which he expected to fight a naval
+battle without delay, it was a happy discovery on his part not to
+allow tactical skill, on the one hand, to be sacrificed to the pace of
+sailing,[16] nor, on the other, the need of training to interfere with
+the date of arrival.
+
+[16] Lit. "the voyage."
+
+After reducing the towns of Cephallenia, Iphicrates sailed to Corcyra.
+There the first news he heard was that the triremes sent by Dionysius
+were expected to relieve the Lacedaemonians. On receipt of this
+information he set off in person and surveyed the country, in order to
+find a spot from which it would be possible to see the vessels
+approaching and to signal to the city. Here he stationed his look-out
+men. A code of signals was agreed upon to signify "vessels in sight,"
+"mooring," etc.; which done he gave his orders to twenty of his
+captains of men-of-war who were to follow him at a given word of
+command. Any one who failed to follow him must not grumble at the
+penalty; that he warned them. Presently the vessels were signalled
+approaching; the word of command was given, and then the enthusiasm
+was a sight to see--every man of the crews told off for the expedition
+racing to join his ship and embark. Sailing to the point where the
+enemy's vessels lay, he had no difficulty in capturing the crews, who
+had disembarked from all the ships with one exception. The exception
+was that of Melanippus the Rhodian, who had advised the other captains
+not to stop at this point, and had then manned his own vessel and
+sailed off. Thus he encountered the ships of Iphicrates, but contrived
+to slip through his fingers, while the whole of the Syracusan vessels
+were captured, crews and all.
+
+Having cut the beaks off the prows, Iphicrates bore down into the
+harbour of Corcyra with the captured triremes in tow. With the captive
+crews themselves he came to an agreement that each should pay a fixed
+sum as ransom, with one exception, that of Crinippus, their commander.
+Him he kept under guard, with the intention apparently of exacting a
+handsome sum in his case or else of selling him. The prisoner,
+however, from vexation of spirit, put an end to his own life. The rest
+were sent about their business by Iphicrates, who accepted the
+Corcyraeans as sureties for the money. His own sailors he supported
+for the most part as labourers on the lands of the Corcyraeans, while
+at the head of his light infantry and the hoplites of the contingent
+he crossed over into Acarnania, and there lent his aid to any friendly
+state that needed his services; besides which he went to war with the
+Thyrians,[17] a sturdy race of warriors in possession of a strong
+fortress.
+
+[17] Thyreum (or Thyrium), in Acarnania, a chief city at the time of
+    the Roman wars in Greece; and according to Polybius (xxxviii. 5),
+    a meeting-place of the League on one occasion. See "Dict. Anct.
+    Geog." s.v.; Freeman, op. cit. iv. 148; cf. Paus. IV. xxvi. 3, in
+    reference to the Messenians and Naupactus; Grote, "H. G." x. 212.
+
+B.C. 372. Having attached to his squadron the navy also of Corcyra,
+with a fleet numbering now about ninety ships he set sail, in the
+first instance to Cephallenia, where he exacted money--which was in
+some cases voluntarily paid, in others forcibly extorted. In the next
+place he began making preparations partly to harass the territory of
+the Lacedaemonians, and partly to win over voluntarily the other
+states in that quarter which were hostile to Athens; or in case of
+refusal to go to war with them.
+
+The whole conduct of the campaign reflects, I think, the highest
+credit on Iphicrates. If his strategy was admirable, so too was the
+instinct which led him to advise the association with himself of two
+such colleagues as Callistratus and Chabrias--the former a popular
+orator but no great friend of himself politically,[18] the other a man
+of high military reputation. Either he looked upon them as men of
+unusual sagacity, and wished to profit by their advice, in which case
+I commend the good sense of the arrangement, or they were, in his
+belief, antagonists, in which case the determination to approve
+himself a consummate general, neither indolent nor incautious, was
+bold, I admit, but indicative of a laudable self-confidence. Here,
+however, we must part with Iphicrates and his achievements to return
+to Athens.
+
+[18] Reading with the MSS. {ou mala epitedeion onta}. See Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 206. Boeckh ("P. E. A.," trans. Cornewall Lewis, p. 419)
+    wished to read {eu mala} for {ou mala k.t.l.}, in which case
+    translate "the former a popular orator, and a man of singular
+    capacity"; and for {epitedeion} in that sense, see "Hipparch." i.
+    8; for {eu mala}, see "Hipparch." i. 25. For details concerning
+    Callistratus, see Dindorf, op. cit. note ad. loc.; Curtius, "H.
+    G." iv. 367, 381 foll., v. 90. For Chabrias, Rehdantz, op. cit. In
+    the next sentence I have again adhered to the reading of the MSS.,
+    but the pasage is commonly regarded as corrupt; see Otto Keller,
+    op. cit. p. 215 for various emendations.
+
+
+
+III
+
+The Athenians, forced to witness the expatriation from Boeotia of
+their friends the Plataeans (who had sought an asylum with
+themselves), forced also to listen to the supplications of the
+Thespiaeans (who begged them not to suffer them to be robbed of their
+city), could no longer regard the Thebans with favour;[1] though, when
+it came to a direct declaration of war, they were checked in part by a
+feeling of shame, and partly by considerations of expediency. Still,
+to go hand in hand with them, to be a party to their proceedings, this
+they absolutely refused, now that they saw them marching against time-
+honoured friends of the city like the Phocians, and blotting out
+states whose loyalty in the great Persian war was conspicuous no less
+than their friendship to Athens. Accordingly the People passed a
+decree to make peace; but in the first instance they sent an embassy
+to Thebes, inviting that state to join them if it pleased them on an
+embassy which they proposed to send to Lacedaemon to treat of peace.
+In the next place they despatched such an embassy on their own
+account. Among the commissioners appointed were Callias the son of
+Hipponicus, Autocles the son of Strombichides, Demostratus the son of
+Aristophon, Aristocles, Cephisodotus,[2] Melanopus, and Lycaethus.
+
+[1] Plataea destroyed in B.C. 373. See Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 397.
+
+[2] See below, "Hell." VII. i. 12; Hicks, 87.
+
+B.C. 371. [These were formally introduced to the Deputies of the
+Lacedaemonians and the allies.[3]] Nor ought the name of Callistratus
+to be omitted. That statesman and orator was present. He had obtained
+furlough from Iphicrates on an undertaking either to send money for
+the fleet or to arrange a peace. Hence his arrival in Athens and
+transactions in behalf of peace. After being introduced to the
+assembly[4] of the Lacedaemonians and to the allies, Callias,[5] who
+was the dadouchos (or torch-holder) in the mysteries, made the first
+speech. He was a man just as well pleased to praise himself as to hear
+himself praised by others. He opened the proceedings as follows:
+
+[3] The bracketed words read like an annotator's comment, or possibly
+    they are a note by the author.
+
+[4] See above, "Hell." II. iv. 38.
+
+[5] See above, "Hell." IV. v. 13; Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.;
+    Xen. "Symp."; Plat. "Protag."; Andoc. "de Myst." If this is one
+    and the same person he must have been an elderly man at this date,
+    371 B.C.
+
+"Lacedaemonians, the duty of representing you as proxenos at Athens is
+a privilege which I am not the first member of my family to enjoy; my
+father's father held it as an heirloom of our family and handed it
+down as a heritage to his descendants. If you will permit me, I should
+like to show you the disposition of my fatherland towards yourselves.
+If in times of war she chooses us as her generals, so when her heart
+is set upon quiet she sends us out as her messengers of peace. I
+myself have twice already[6] stood here to treat for conclusion of
+war, and on both embassies succeeded in arranging a mutually agreeable
+peace. Now for the third time I am come, and I flatter myself that to-
+day again I shall obtain a reconciliation, and on grounds
+exceptionally just. My eyes bear witness that our hearts are in
+accord; you and we alike are pained at the effacement of Plataeae and
+Thespiae. Is it not then reasonable that out of agreement should
+spring concord rather than discord? It is never the part, I take it,
+of wise men to raise the standard of war for the sake of petty
+differences; but where there is nothing but unanimity they must be
+marvellous folk who refuse the bond of peace. But I go further. It
+were just and right on our parts even to refuse to bear arms against
+each other; since, as the story runs, the first strangers to whom our
+forefather Triptolemus showed the unspeakable mystic rites of Demeter
+and Core, the mother and the maiden, were your ancestors;--I speak of
+Heracles, the first founder of your state, and of your two citizens,
+the great twin sons of Zeus--and to Peloponnesus first he gave as a
+gift the seed of Demeter's corn-fruits. How, then, can it be just or
+right either that you should come and ravage the corn crops of those
+from whom you got the sacred seed of corn, or that we should not
+desire that they to whom the gift was given should share abundantly of
+this boon? But if, as it would seem, it is a fixed decree of heaven
+that war shall never cease among men, yet ought we--your people and
+our people--to be as slow as possible to begin it, and being in it, as
+swift as possible to bring it to an end."
+
+[6] B.C. 387 and 374; see Curtius, "H. G." vol. iv. p. 376 (Eng. ed.)
+
+After him Autocles[7] spoke: he was of repute as a versatile lawyer
+and orator, and addressed the meeting as follows: "Lacedaemonians, I
+do not conceal from myself that what I am about to say is not
+calculated to please you, but it seems to me that, if you wish the
+friendship which we are cementing to last as long as possible, we are
+wise to show each other the underlying causes of our wars. Now, you
+are perpetually saying that the states ought to be independent; but it
+is you yourselves who most of all stand in the way of independence--
+your first and last stipulation with the allied states being that they
+should follow you whithersoever you choose to lead; and yet what has
+this principle of follow-my-leader got to do with independent
+action?[8] Again, you pick quarrels without consulting your allies,
+and lead them against those whom you account enemies; so that in many
+cases, with all their vaunted independence, they are forced to march
+against their greatest friends; and, what is still more opposed to
+independence than all else, you are for ever setting up here your
+decarchies and there your thirty commissioners, and your chief aim in
+appointing these officers and governors seems to be, not that they
+should fulfil their office and govern legally, but that they should be
+able to keep the cities under their heels by sheer force. So that it
+looks as if you delighted in despotisms rather than free
+constitutions. Let us go back to the date[9] at which the Persian king
+enjoined the independence of the states. At that time you made no
+secret of your conviction that the Thebans, if they did not suffer
+each state to govern itself and to use the laws of its own choice,
+would be failing to act in the spirit of the king's rescript. But no
+sooner had you got hold of Cadmeia than you would not suffer the
+Thebans themselves to be independent. Now, if the maintenance of
+friendship be an object, it is no use for people to claim justice from
+others while they themselves are doing all they can to prove the
+selfishness of their aims."
+
+[7] For the political views of Autocles, see Curtius, "H. G." iv. 387,
+    v. 94 (Eng. tr.); see also Grote, "H. G." x. 225.
+
+[8] Or, "what consistency is there between these precepts of yours and
+    political independence?"
+
+[9] Sixteen years before--B.C. 387. See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 5.
+
+These remarks were received in absolute silence, yet in the hearts of
+those who were annoyed with Lacedaemon they stirred pleasure. After
+Autocles spoke Callistratus: "Trespasses, men of Lacedaemon, have been
+committed on both sides, yours and ours, I am free to confess; but
+still it is not my view that because a man has done wrong we can never
+again have dealings with him. Experience tells me that no man can go
+very far without a slip, and it seems to me that sometimes the
+transgressor by reason of his transgression becomes more tractable,
+especially if he be chastened through the error he has committed, as
+has been the case with us. And so on your own case I see that
+ungenerous acts have sometimes reaped their own proper reward: blow
+has been met by counter-blow; and as a specimen I take the seizure of
+the Cadmeia in Thebes. To-day, at any rate, the very cities whose
+independence you strove for have, since your unrighteous treatment of
+Thebes, fallen one and all of them again into her power.[10] We are
+schooled now, both of us, to know that grasping brings not gain. We
+are prepared, I hope, to be once more moderate under the influence of
+a mutual friendship. Some, I know, in their desire to render our
+peace[11] abortive accuse us falsely, as though we were come hither,
+not seeking friendship, but because we dread the arrival of some[12]
+Antalcidas with moneys from the king. But consider, what arrant
+nonsense they talk! Was it not, pray, the great king who demanded that
+all the states in Hellas should be independent? and what have we
+Athenians, who are in full agreement with the king, both in word and
+deed, to fear from him? Or is it conceivable that he prefers spending
+money in making others great to finding his favourite projects
+realised without expense?
+
+[10] Reading, with Breitenbach and Hartman, {as} instead of {os
+    espoudasate k.t.l.}
+
+[11] Or, more lit. "to avert the peace" as an ill-omened thing.
+
+[12] Without inserting {tis}, as Hartman proposes ("An. Xen." p. 387),
+    that, I think, is the sense. Antalcidas is the arch-diplomat--a
+    name to conjure with, like that of Bismarck in modern European
+    politics. But see Grote, "H. G." x. 213, note 2.
+
+"Well! what is it really that has brought us here? No especial need or
+difficulty in our affairs. That you may discover by a glance at our
+maritime condition, or, if you prefer, at the present posture of our
+affairs on land. Well, then, how does the matter stand? It is obvious
+that some of our allies please us no better than they please you;[13]
+and, possibly, in return for your former preservation of us, we may be
+credited with a desire to point out to you the soundness of our
+policy.
+
+[13] See, for this corrupt passage, Otto Keller, op. cit. p. 219;
+    Hartman, op. cit. p. 387; and Breitenbach, n. ad loc. In the next
+    sentence I should like to adopt Hartman's emendation (ib.) {on
+    orthos egnote} for the MSS. {a orthos egnomen}, and translate "we
+    may like to prove to you the soundness of your policy at the
+    time." For the "preservation" referred to, see below, VI. v. 35,
+    and above, II. ii. 20.
+
+"But, to revert once more to the topic of expediency and common
+interests. It is admitted, I presume, that, looking at the states
+collectively, half support your views, half ours; and in every single
+state one party is for Sparta and another for Athens. Suppose, then,
+we were to shake hands, from what quarter can we reasonably anticipate
+danger and trouble? To put the case in so many words, so long as you
+are our friends no one can vex us by land; no one, whilst we are your
+supports, can injure you by sea. Wars like tempests gather and grow to
+a head from time to time, and again they are dispelled. That we all
+know. Some future day, if not to-day, we shall crave, both of us, for
+peace. Why, then, need we wait for that moment, holding on until we
+expire under the multitude of our ills, rather than take time by the
+forelock and, before some irremediable mischief betide, make peace? I
+cannot admire the man who, because he has entered the lists and has
+scored many a victory and obtained to himself renown, is so eaten up
+with the spirit of rivalry that he must needs go on until he is beaten
+and all his training is made futile. Nor again do I praise the gambler
+who, if he makes one good stroke of luck, insists on doubling the
+stakes. Such conduct in the majority of cases must end in absolute
+collapse. Let us lay the lesson of these to heart, and forbear to
+enter into any such lists as theirs for life or death; but, while we
+are yet in the heyday of our strength and fortune, shake hands in
+mutual amity. So assuredly shall we through you and you through us
+attain to an unprecedented pinnacle of glory throughout Hellas."
+
+The arguments of the speakers were approved, and the Lacedaemonians
+passed a resolution to accept peace on a threefold basis: the
+withdrawal of the governors from the cities,[14] the disbanding of
+armaments naval and military, and the guarantee of independence to the
+states. "If any state transgressed these stipulations, it lay at the
+option of any power whatsoever to aid the states so injured, while,
+conversely, to bring such aid was not compulsory on any power against
+its will." On these terms the oaths were administered and accepted by
+the Lacedaemonians on behalf of themselves and their allies, and by
+the Athenians and their allies separately state by state. The Thebans
+had entered their individual name among the states which accepted the
+oaths, but their ambassadors came the next day with instructions to
+alter the name of the signatories, substituting for Thebans
+Boeotians.[15] But Agesilaus answered to this demand that he would
+alter nothing of what they had in the first instance sworn to and
+subscribed. If they did not wish to be included in the treaty, he was
+willing to erase their name at their bidding. So it came to pass that
+the rest of the world made peace, the sole point of dispute being
+confined to the Thebans; and the Athenians came to the conclusion that
+there was a fair prospect of the Thebans being now literally
+decimated.[16] As to the Thebans themselves, they retired from Sparta
+in utter despondency.
+
+[14] Grote ("H. G." x. 236) thinks that Diod. xv. 38 ({exagogeis})
+    belongs to this time, not to the peace between Athens and Sparta
+    in 374 B.C.
+
+[15] See, for a clear explanation of the matter, Freeman, "Hist. Red.
+    Gov." iv. p. 175, note 3, in reference to Grote, ib. x. 231 note,
+    and Paus. IX. xiii. 2; Plut. "Ages." 28; Thirlwall, "H. G." v. p
+    69 note.
+
+[16] Or, "as the saying is, taken and tithed." See below, VI. v. 35,
+    and for the origin of the saying, Herod. vii. 132.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+In consequence of the peace the Athenians proceeded to withdraw their
+garrisons from the different sates, and sent to recall Iphicrates with
+his fleet; besides which they forced him to restore eveything captured
+subsequently to the late solemn undertaking at Lacedaemon. The
+Lacedaemonians acted differently. Although they withdrew their
+governors and garrisons from the other states, in Phocis they did not
+do so. Here Cleombrotus was quartered with his army, and had sent to
+ask directions from the home authorities. A speaker, Prothous,
+maintained that their business was to disband the army in accordance
+with their oaths, and then to send round invitations to the states to
+contribute what each felt individually disposed, and lay such sum in
+the temple of Apollo; after which, if any attempt to hinder the
+independence of the states on any side were manifested, it would be
+time enough then again to invite all who cared to protect the
+principle of autonomy to march against its opponents. "In this way,"
+he added, "I think the goodwill of heaven will be secured, and the
+states will suffer least annoyance." But the Assembly, on hearing
+these views, agreed that this man was talking nonsense. Puppets in the
+hands of fate![1] An unseen power, it would seem, was already driving
+them onwards; so they sent instructions to Cleombrotus not to disband
+the army, but to march straight against the Thebans if they refused to
+recognise the autonomy of the states. [Cleombrotus, it is understood,
+had, on hearing the news of the establishment of peace, sent to the
+ephorate to ask for guidance; and then they sent him the above
+instructions, bidding him under the circumstances named to march upon
+Thebes.[2]]
+
+[1] See Grote, "H. G." x. 237: "The miso-Theban impulse now drove them
+    on with a fury which overcame all other thoughts . . . a
+    misguiding inspiration sent by the gods--like that of the Homeric
+    Ate."
+
+[2] This passage reads like an earlier version for which the above was
+    substituted by the author.
+
+The Spartan king soon perceived that, so far from leaving the Boeotian
+states their autonomy, the Thebans were not even preparing to disband
+their army, clearly in view of a general engagement; he therefore felt
+justified in marching his troops into Boeotia. The point of ingress
+which he adopted was not that which the Thebans anticipated from
+Phocis, and where they were keeping guard at a defile; but, marching
+through Thisbae by a mountainous and unsuspected route, he arrived
+before Creusis, taking that fortress and capturing twelve Theban war-
+vessels besides. After this achievement he advanced from the seaboard
+and encamped in Leuctra on Thespian territory. The Thebans encamped in
+a rising ground immediately opposite at no great distance, and were
+supported by no allies except the Boeotians.
+
+At this juncture the friends of Cleombrotus came to him and urged upon
+him strong reasons for delivering battle. "If you let the Thebans
+escape without a battle," they said, "you will run great risks of
+suffering the extreme penalty at the hands of the state. People will
+call to mind against you the time when you reached Cynoscephelae and
+did not ravage a square foot of Theban territory; and again, a
+subsequent expedition when you were driven back foiled in your attempt
+to make an entry into the enemy's country--while Agesilaus on each
+occasion found his entry by Mount Cithaeron. If then you have any care
+for yourself, or any attachment to your fatherland, march you against
+the enemy." That was what his friends urged. As to his opponents, what
+they said was, "Now our fine friend will show whether he really is so
+concerned on behalf of the Thebans as he is said to be."
+
+Cleombrotus, with these words ringing in his ears, felt driven[3] to
+join battle. On their side the leaders of Thebes calculated that, if
+they did not fight, their provincial cities[4] would hold aloof from
+them and Thebes itself would be besieged; while, if the commonalty of
+Thebes failed to get supplies, there was every prospect that the city
+itself would turn against them; and, seeing that many of them had
+already tasted the bitterness of exile, they came to the conclusion
+that it was better for them to die on the field of battle than to
+renew that experience. Besides this they were somewhat encouraged by
+the recital of an oracle which predicted that the Lacedaemonians would
+be defeated on the spot where the monument of the maidens stood, who,
+as the story goes, being violated by certain Lacedaemonians, had slain
+themselves.[5] This sepulchral monument the Thebans decked with
+ornaments before the battle. Furthermore, tidings were brought them
+from the city that all the temples had opened of their own accord; and
+the priestesses asserted that the gods revealed victory. Again, from
+the Heracleion men said that the arms had disappeared, as though
+Heracles himself had sallied forth to battle. It is true that another
+interpretation[6] of these marvels made them out to be one and all the
+artifices of the leaders of Thebes. However this may be, everything in
+the battle turned out adverse to the Lacedaemonians; while fortune
+herself lent aid to the Thebans and crowned their efforts with
+success. Cleombrotus held his last council "whether to fight or not,"
+after the morning meal. In the heat of noon a little goes a long way;
+and the people said that it took a somewhat provocative effect on
+their spirits.[7]
+
+[3] Or, "was provoked."
+
+[4] Lit. "perioecid." See Thuc. iv. 76, Arnold's note, and "Hell." V.
+    iv. 46, 63.
+
+[5] See Diod. xv. 54; Paus. IX. xiii. 3; Plut. "Pelop." xx.
+
+[6] Or, "it is true that some people made out these marvels."
+
+[7] Or, "they were somewhat excited by it."
+
+Both sides were now arming, and there was the unmistakeable signs of
+approaching battle, when, as the first incident, there issued from the
+Boeotian lines a long train bent on departure--these were the
+furnishers of the market, a detachment of baggage bearers, and in
+general such people as had no inclination to join in the fight. These
+were met on their retreat and attacked by the mercenary troops under
+Hiero, who got round them by a circular movement.[8] The mercenaries
+were supported by the Phocian light infantry and some squadrons of
+Heracleot and Phliasian cavalry, who fell upon the retiring train and
+turned them back, pursuing them and driving them into the camp of the
+Boeotians. The immediate effect was to make the Boeotian portion of
+the army more numerous and closer packed than before. The next feature
+of the combat was that in consequence of the flat space of plain[9]
+between the opposing armies, the Lacedaemonians posted their cavalry
+in front of their squares of infantry, and the Thebans followed suit.
+Only there was this difference--the Theban cavalry was in a high state
+of training and efficiency, owing to their war with the Orchomenians
+and again their war with Thespiae, whilst the cavalry of the
+Lacedaemonians was at its worst at this period.[10] The horses were
+reared and kept by the wealthiest members of the state; but whenever
+the ban was called out, an appointed trooper appeared who took the
+horse with any sort of arms which might be presented to him, and set
+off on the expedition at a moment's notice. Moreover, these troopers
+were the least able-bodied of the men: raw recruits set simply astride
+their horses, and devoid of soldierly ambition. Such was the cavalry
+of either antagonist.
+
+[8] Or, "surrounded them."
+
+[9] See Rustow and Kochly, op. cit. p. 173.
+
+[10] See "Hipparch." ix. 4; also "Cyrop." VIII. viii.
+
+The heavy infantry of the Lacedaemonians, it is said, advanced by
+sections three files abreast,[11] allowing a total depth to the whole
+line of not more than twelve. The Thebans were formed in close order
+of not less than fifty shields deep, calculating that victory gained
+over the king's division of the army implied the easy conquest of the
+rest.
+
+[11] It would appear that the "enomoty" (section) numbered thirty-six
+    files. See "Pol. Lac." xi. 4; xiii. 4. For further details as to
+    the tactical order of the Thebans, see Diod. xv. 55; Plut.
+    "Pelop." xxiii.
+
+Cleombrotus had hardly begun to lead his division against the foe
+when, before in fact the troops with him were aware of his advance,
+the cavalry had already come into collision, and that of the
+Lacedaemonians was speedily worsted. In their flight they became
+involved with their own heavy infantry; and to make matters worse, the
+Theban regiments were already attacking vigorously. Still strong
+evidence exists for supposing that Cleombrotus and his division were,
+in the first instance, victorious in the battle, if we consider the
+fact that they could never have picked him up and brought him back
+alive unless his vanguard had been masters of the situation for the
+moment.
+
+When, however, Deinon the polemarch and Sphodrias, a member of the
+king's council, with his son Cleonymus,[12] had fallen, then it was
+that the cavalry and the polemarch's adjutants,[13] as they are
+called, with the rest, under pressure of the mass against them, began
+retreating; and the left wing of the Lacedaemonians, seeing the right
+borne down in this way, also swerved. Still, in spite of the numbers
+slain, and broken as they were, as soon as they had crossed the trench
+which protected their camp in front, they grounded arms on the
+spot[14] whence they had rushed to battle. This camp, it must be borne
+in mind, did not lie at all on the level, but was pitched on a
+somewhat steep incline. At this juncture there were some of the
+Lacedaemonians who, looking upon such a disaster as intolerable,
+maintained that they ought to prevent the enemy from erecting a
+trophy, and try to recover the dead not under a flag of truce but by
+another battle. The polemarchs, however, seeing that nearly a thousand
+men of the total Lacedaemonian troops were slain; seeing also that of
+the seven hundred Spartans themselves who were on the field something
+like four hundred lay dead;[15] aware, further, of the despondency
+which reigned among the allies, and the general disinclination on
+their parts to fight longer (a frame of mind not far removed in some
+instances from positive satisfaction at what had taken place)--under
+the circumstances, I say, the polemarchs called a council of the
+ablest representatives of the shattered army[16] and deliberated as to
+what should be done. Finally the unanimous opinion was to pick up the
+dead under a flag of truce, and they sent a herald to treat for terms.
+The Thebans after that set up a trophy and gave back the bodies under
+a truce.
+
+[12] See above, V. iv. 33.
+
+[13] {sumphoreis}. For the readings of this corrupt passage see Otto
+    Keller.
+
+[14] Or, "in orderly way." See Curt. "H. G." iv. 400.
+
+[15] See "Ages." ii. 24.
+
+[16] {tous epikairiotatous}. See above, III. iii. 10; "Cyrop." VII.
+    iv. 4; VIII. iv. 32, vi. 2.
+
+After these events, a messenger was despatched to Lacedaemon with news
+of the calamity. He reached his destination on the last day of the
+gymnopaediae,[17] just when the chorus of grown men had entered the
+theatre. The ephors heard the mournful tidings not without grief and
+pain, as needs they must, I take it; but for all that they did not
+dismiss the chorus, but allowed the contest to run out its natural
+course. What they did was to deliver the names of those who had fallen
+to their friends and families, with a word of warning to the women not
+to make any loud lamentations but to bear their sorrow in silence; and
+the next day it was a striking spectacle to see those who had
+relations among the slain moving to and fro in public with bright and
+radiant looks, whilst of those whose friends were reported to be
+living barely a man was to be seen, and these flitted by with lowered
+heads and scowling brows, as if in humiliation.
+
+[17] The festival was celebrated annually about midsummer. See Herod.
+    vi. 67; Thuc. v. 82, and Arnold's note; Pollux. iv. 105; Athen.
+    xiv. 30, xv. 22; Muller, "Dorians," ii. 389.
+
+After this the ephors proceeded to call out the ban, including the
+forty-years-service men of the two remaining regiments;[18] and they
+proceeded further to despatch the reservces of the same age belonging
+to the six regiments already on foreign service. Hitherto the Phocian
+campaign had only drawn upon the thirty-five-years-service list.
+Besides these they now ordered out on active service the troops
+retained at the beginning of the campaign in attendance on the
+magistrates at the government offices. Agesilaus being still disabled
+by his infirmity, the city imposed the duty of command upon his son
+Archidamus. The new general found eager co-operators in the men of
+Tegea. The friends of Stasippus at this date were still living,[19]
+and they were stanch in their Lacedaemonian proclivities, and wielded
+considerable power in their state. Not less stoutly did the Mantineans
+from their villages under their aristocratic form of government flock
+to the Spartan standard. Besides Tegea and Mantinea, the Corinthians
+and Sicyonians, the Phliasians and Achaeans were equally enthusiastic
+to joining the campaign, whilst other states sent out soldiers. Then
+came the fitting out and manning of ships of war on the part of the
+Lacedaemonians themselves and of the Corinthians, whilst the
+Sicyonians were requested to furnish a supply of vessels on board of
+which it was proposed to transport the army across the gulf. And so,
+finally, Archidamus was able to offer the sacrifices usual at the
+moment of crossing the frontier. But to return to Thebes.
+
+[18] I.e. every one up to fifty-eight years of age.
+
+[19] See below, VI. v. 9.
+
+Imediately after the battle the Thebans sent a messenger to Athens
+wearing a chaplet. Whilst insisting on the magnitude of the victory
+they at the same time called upon the Athenians to send them aid, for
+now the opportunity had come to wreak vengeance on the Lacedaemonians
+for all the evil they had done to Athens. As it chanced, the senate of
+the Athenians was holding a session on the Acropolis. As soon as the
+news was reported, the annoyance caused by its announcement was
+unmistakeable. They neither invited the herald to accept of
+hospitality nor sent back one word in reply to the request for
+assistance. And so the herald turned his back on Athens and departed.
+
+But there was Jason still to look to, and he was their ally. To him
+then the Thebans sent, and earnestly besought his aid, their thoughts
+running on the possible turn which events might take. Jason on his
+side at once proceeded to man a fleet, with the apparent intention of
+sending assistance by sea, besides which he got together his foreign
+brigade and his own cavalry; and although the Phocians and he were
+implacable enemies,[20] he marched through their territory to Boeotia.
+Appearing like a vision to many of the states before his approach was
+even announced--at any rate before levies could be mustered from a
+dozen different points--he had stolen a march upon them and was a long
+way ahead, giving proof that expedition is sometimes a better tool to
+work with than sheer force.
+
+[20] Or, "though the Phocians maintained a war 'a outrance' with him."
+
+When he arrived in Boeotia the Thebans urged upon him that now was the
+right moment to attack the Lacedaemonians: he with his foreign brigade
+from the upper ground, they face to face in front; but Jason dissuaded
+them from their intention. He reminded them that after a noble
+achievement won it was not worth their while to play for so high a
+stake, involving a still greater achievement or else the loss of
+victory already gained. "Do you not see," he urged, "that your success
+followed close on the heels of necessity? You ought then to reflect
+that the Lacedaemonians in their distress, with a choice between life
+and death, will fight it out with reckless desperation. Providence, as
+it seems, ofttimes delights to make the little ones great and the
+great ones small."[21]
+
+[21] Cf. "Anab." III. ii. 10.
+
+By such arguments he diverted the Thebans from the desperate
+adventure. But for the Lacedaemonians also he had words of advice,
+insisting on the difference between an army defeated and an army
+flushed with victory. "If you are minded," he said, "to forget this
+disaster, my advice to you is to take time to recover breath and
+recruit your energies. When you have grown stronger then give battle
+to these unconquered veterans.[22] At present," he continued, "you
+know without my telling you that among your own allies there are some
+who are already discussing terms of friendship with your foes. My
+advice is this: by all means endeavour to obtain a truce. This," he
+added, "is my own ambition: I want to save you, on the ground of my
+father's friendship with yourselves, and as being myself your
+representative."[23] Such was the tenor of his speech, but the secret
+of action was perhaps to be found in a desire to make these mutual
+antagonists put their dependence on himself alone. Whatever his
+motive, the Lacedaemonians took his advice, and commissioned him to
+procure a truce.
+
+[22] Or, "the invincibles."
+
+[23] Lit. "your proxenos."
+
+As soon as the news arrived that the terms were arranged, the
+polemarchs passed an order round: the troops were to take their
+evening meal, get their kit together, and be ready to set off that
+night, so as to scale the passes of Cithaeron by next morning. After
+supper, before the hour of sleep, the order to march was given, and
+with the generals at their head the troops advanced as the shades of
+evening fell, along the road to Creusis, trusting rather to the chance
+of their escaping notice, than to the truce itself. It was weary
+marching in the dead of night, making their retreat in fear, and along
+a difficult road, until they fell in with Archidamus's army of relief.
+At this point, then, Archidamus waited till all the allies had
+arrived, and so led the whole of the united armies back to Corinth,
+from which point he dismissed the allies and led his fellow-citizens
+home.
+
+Jason took his departure from Boeotia through Phocis, where he
+captured the suburbs of Hyampolis[24] and ravaged the country
+districts, putting many to the sword. Content with this, he traversed
+the rest of Phocis without meddling or making. Arrived at
+Heraclea,[25] he knocked down the fortress of the Heracleots, showing
+that he was not troubled by any apprehension lest when the pass was
+thrown open somebody or other might march against his own power at
+some future date. Rather was he haunted by the notion that some one or
+other might one day seize Heraclea, which commanded the pass, and bar
+his passage into Hellas--should Hellas ever be his goal.[26] At the
+moment of his return to Thessaly he had reached the zenith of his
+greatness. He was the lawfully constituted Prince[27] of Thessaly, and
+he had under him a large mercenary force of infantry and cavalry, and
+all in the highest perfection of training. For this twofold reason he
+might claim the title great. But he was still greater as the head of a
+vast alliance. Those who were prepared to fight his battles were
+numerous, and he might still count upon the help of many more eager to
+do so; but I call Jason greatest among his contemporaries, because not
+one among them could afford to look down upon him.[28]
+
+[24] An ancient town in Phocis (see Hom. "Il." ii. 521) on the road
+    leading from Orchomenus to Opus, and commanding a pass from Locris
+    into Phocis and Boeotia. See Herod. viii. 28; Paus. ix. 35, S. 5;
+    Strab. ix. 424; "Dict. of Geog." s.v.
+
+[25] Or, "Heracleia Trachinia," a fortress city founded (as a colony)
+    by the Lacedaemonians in B.C. 426, to command the approach to
+    Thermopylae from Thessaly, and to protect the Trachinians and the
+    neighbouring Dorians from the Oetean mountaineers. See "Dict. of
+    Geog." "Trachis"; Thuc. iii. 92, 93, v. 51, 52; Diod. xii. 59.
+
+[26] B.C. 370. The following sections 28-37 form an episode concerning
+    Thessalian affairs between B.C. 370 and B.C. 359.
+
+[27] Lit. "Tagos."
+
+[28] For a similar verbal climax see below, VI. v. 47.
+
+B.C. 370. The Pythian games were now approaching, and an order went
+round the cities from Jason to make preparation for the solemn
+sacrifice of oxen, sheep and goats, and swine. It was reported that
+although the requisitions upon the several cities were moderate, the
+number of beeves did not fall short of a thousand, while the rest of
+the sacrificial beasts exceeded ten times that number. He issued a
+proclamation also to this effect: a golden wreath of victory should be
+given to whichever city could produce the best-bred bull to head the
+procession in honour of the god. And lastly there was an order issued
+to all the Thessalians to be ready for a campaign at the date of the
+Pythian games. His intention, as people said, was to act as manager of
+the solemn assembly and games in person. What the thought was that
+passed through his mind with reference to the sacred money, remains to
+this day uncertain; only, a tale is rife to the effect that in answer
+to the inquiry of the Delphians, "What ought we to do, if he takes any
+of the treasures of the god?" the god made answer, "He would see to
+that himself." This great man, his brain teeming with vast designs of
+this high sort, came now to his end. He had ordered a military
+inspection. The cavalry of the Pheraeans were to pass muster before
+him. He was already seated, delivering answers to all petitioners,
+when seven striplings approached, quarrelling, as it seemed, about
+some matter. Suddenly by these seven the Prince was despatched; his
+throat gashed, his body gored with wounds. Stoutly his guard rushed to
+the rescue with their long spears, and one of the seven, while still
+in the act of aiming a blow at Jason, was thrust through with a lance
+and died; a second, in the act of mounting his horse, was caught, and
+dropped dead, the recipient of many wounds. The rest leaped on the
+horses which they had ready waiting and escaped. To whatever city of
+Hellas they came honours were almost universally accorded them. The
+whole incident proves clearly that the Hellenes stood in much alarm of
+Jason. They looked upon him as a tyrant in embryo.
+
+So Jason was dead; and his brothers Polydorus and Polyphron were
+appointed princes[29] in his place. But of these twain, as they
+journeyed together to Larissa, Polydorus was slain in the night, as he
+slept, by his brother Polyphron, it was thought; since a death so
+sudden, without obvious cause, could hardly be otherwise accounted
+for.
+
+[29] Lit. "Tagoi."
+
+Polyphron governed for a year, and by the year's end he had
+refashioned his princedom into the likeness of a tyranny. In Pharsalus
+he put to death Polydamas[30] and eight other of the best citizens;
+and from Larissa he drove many into exile. But while he was thus
+employed, he, in his turn, was done to death by Alexander, who slew
+him to avenge Polydorus and to destroy the tyranny. This man now
+assumed the reins of office, and had no sooner done so than he showed
+himself a harsh prince to the Thessalians: harsh too and hostile to
+the Thebans and Athenians,[31] and an unprincipled freebooter
+everywhere by land and by sea. But if that was his character, he too
+was doomed to perish shortly. The perpetrators of the deed were his
+wife's brothers.[32] The counsellor of it and the inspiring soul was
+the wife herself. She it was who reported to them that Alexander had
+designs against them; who hid them within the house a whole day; who
+welcomed home her husband deep in his cups and laid him to rest, and
+then while the lamp still burned brought out the prince's sword. It
+was she also who, perceiving her brothers shrank bank, fearing to go
+in and attack Alexander, said to them, "If you do not be quick and do
+the deed, I will wake him up!" After they had gone in, she, too, it
+was who caught and pulled to the door, clinging fast to the knocker
+till the breath was out of her husband's body.[33] Her fierce hatred
+against the man is variously explained. By some it was said to date
+from the day when Alexander, having imprisoned his own favourite--who
+was a fair young stripling--when his wife supplicated him to release
+the boy, brought him forth and stabbed him in the throat. Others say
+it originated through his sending to Thebes and seeking the hand of
+the wife of Jason in marriage, because his own wife bore him no
+children. These are the various causes assigned to explain the treason
+of his wife against him. Of the brothers who executed it, the eldest,
+Tisiphonus, in virtue of his seniority accepted, and up to the date of
+this history[34] succeeded in holding, the government.
+
+[30] See above, VI. i. 2 foll.
+
+[31] See Dem. "c. Aristocr." 120; Diod. xv. 60 foll.
+
+[32] B.C. 359 or 358.
+
+[33] The woman's name was Thebe. See Diod. xvi. 14; Cicero, "de
+    Inven." II. xlix. 144; "de Div." I. xxv. 52; "de Off." II. vii.
+    25; Ovid, "Ibis," iii. 21 foll.
+
+[34] Or, "portion of my work;" lit. "argument," {logos}. See
+    {Kuprianos, Peri ton 'Ell}: p. 111.
+
+
+
+V
+
+The above is a sketch of Thessalian affairs, including the incidents
+connected with Jason, and those subsequent to his death, down to the
+government of Tisiphonus. I now return to the point at which we
+digressed.
+
+B.C. 371. Archidamus, after the relief of the army defeated at
+Leuctra, had led back the united forces. When he was gone, the
+Athenians, impressed by the fact that the Peloponessians still felt
+under an obligation to follow the Lacedaemonians to the field, whilst
+Sparta herself was by no means as yet reduced to a condition
+resembling that to which she had reduced Athens, sent invitations to
+those states which cared to participate in the peace authorised by the
+great king.[1] A congress met, and they passed a resolution in
+conjunction with those who wished to make common cause with them to
+bind themselves by oath as follows: "I will abide by the treaty terms
+as conveyed in the king's rescript, as also by the decrees of the
+Athenians and the allies. If any one marches against any city among
+those which have accepted this oath, I will render assistance to that
+city with all my strength." The oath gave general satisfaction, the
+Eleians alone gainsaying its terms and protesting that it was not
+right to make either the Marganians or the Scilluntians or the
+Triphylians independent, since these cities belonged to them, and were
+a part of Elis.[2] The Athenians, however, and the others passed the
+decree in the precise language of the king's rescript: that all
+states--great and small alike--were to be independent; and they sent
+out administrators of the oath, and enjoined upon them to administer
+it to the highest authorities in each state. This oath they all, with
+the exception of the Eleians, swore to.
+
+[1] I.e. in B.C. 387, the peace "of" Antalcidas. See Grote, "H. G." x.
+    274.
+
+[2] See Busolt, op. cit. p. 186.
+
+B.C. 371-370. As an immediate consequence of this agreement, the
+Mantineans, on the assumption that they were now absolutely
+independent, met in a body and passed a decree to make Mantinea into a
+single state and to fortify the town.[3] The proceeding was not
+overlooked by the Lacedaemonians, who thought it would be hard if this
+were done without their consent. Accordingly they despatched Agesilaus
+as ambassador to the Mantineans, choosing him as the recognised
+ancestral friend of that people. When the ambassador arrived, however,
+the chief magistrates had no inclination to summon a meeting of the
+commons to listen to him, but urged him to make a statement of his
+wishes to themselves. He, on his side, was ready to undertake for
+himself and in their interests that, if they would at present desist
+from their fortification work, he would bring it about that the
+defensive walls should be built with the sanction of Lacedaemon and
+without cost. Their answer was, that it was impossible to hold back,
+since a decree had been passed by the whole state of Mantinea to build
+at once. Whereupon Agesilaus went off in high dudgeon; though as to
+sending troops to stop them,[4] the idea seemed impracticable, as the
+peace was based upon the principle of autonomy. Meanwhile the
+Mantineans received help from several of the Arcadian states in the
+building of their walls; and the Eleians contributed actually three
+talents[5] of silver to cover the expense of their construction. And
+here leaving the Mantineans thus engaged, we will turn to the men of
+Tegea.
+
+[3] For the restoration of Mantinea, see Freeman, "Fed. Gov." iv. p.
+    198; Grote, "H. G." x. 283 foll.
+
+[4] See above, V. ii. 1, sub anno B.C. 386.
+
+[5] = 731 pounds: 5 shillings. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 199.
+
+There were in Tegea two political parties. The one was the party of
+Callibius and Proxenus, who were for drawing together the whole
+Arcadian population in a confederacy,[6] in which all measures carried
+in the common assembly should be held valid for the individual
+component states. The programme of the other (Stasippus's) party was
+to leave Tegea undisturbed and in the enjoyment of the old national
+laws. Perpetually defeated in the Sacred College,[7] the party of
+Callibius and Proxenus were persuaded that if only the commons met
+they would gain an easy victory by an appeal to the multitude; and in
+this faith they proceeded to march out the citizen soldiers.[8] At
+sight of this Stasippus and his friends on their side armed in
+opposition, and proved not inferior in numbers. The result was a
+collision and battle, in which Proxenus and some few others with him
+were slain and the rest put to flight; though the conquerors did not
+pursue, for Stasippus was a man who did not care to stain his hands
+with the blood of his fellow-citizens.[9]
+
+[6] Although the historian does not recount the foundation of
+    Megalopolis (see Pausanias and Diodorus), the mention of the
+    common assembly of the League {en to koino} in this passage and,
+    still more, of the Ten Thousand (below, "Hell." VII. i. 38),
+    implies it. See Freeman, op. cit. iv. 197 foll.; Grote, "H. G." x.
+    306 foll., ii. 599; "Dict. of Geog." "Megalopolis." As to the date
+    of its foundation Pausanias (VIII. xxvii. 8) says "a few months
+    after the battle of Leuctra," before midsummer B.C. 370; Diodorus
+    (xv. 72) says B.C. 368. The great city was not built in a day.
+    Messene, according to Paus. IV. xxvii. 5, was founded between the
+    midsummers of B.C. 370 and B.C. 369.
+
+[7] Lit. "in the Thearoi." For the Theari, see Thuc. v. 47, Arnold's
+    note; and "C. I. G." 1756 foll.; and for the revolution at Tegea
+    here recounted, see Grote, "H. G." x. 285 foll.
+
+[8] Or, "they mustered under arms."
+
+[9] Or, "opposed to a wholesale slaughter of the citizens."
+
+Callibius and his friends had retired under the fortification walls
+and gates facing Mantinea; but, as their opponents made no further
+attempts against them, they here collected together and remained
+quiet. Some while ago they had sent messages to the Mantineans
+demanding assistance, but now they were ready to discuss terms of
+reconciliation with the party of Stasippus. Presently they saw the
+Mantineans advancing; whereupon some of them sprang to the walls, and
+began calling to them to bring succour with all speed. With shouts
+they urged upon them to make haste, whilst others threw open wide the
+gates to them. Stasippus and his party, perceiving what was happening,
+poured out by the gates leading to Pallantium,[10] and, outspeeding
+their pursuers, succeeded in reaching the temple of Artemis, where
+they found shelter, and, shutting to the doors, kept quiet. Following
+close upon their heels, however, their foes scaled the temple, tore
+off the roof, and began striking them down with the tiles. They,
+recognising that there was no choice, called upon their assailants to
+desist, and undertook to come forth. Then their opponents, capturing
+them like birds in a fowler's hand, bound them with chains, threw them
+on to the prisoner's van,[11] and led them off to Tegea. Here with the
+Mantineans they sentenced and put them to death.
+
+[10] Pallantium, one of the most ancient towns of Arcadia, in the
+    Maenalia (Paus. VIII. xliv. 5; Livy, i. 5), situated somewhat
+    south of the modern Tripolitza (see "Dict. of Anc. Geog."); like
+    Asea and Eutaea it helped to found Megalopolis (Paus. VIII. xxvii.
+    3, where for {'Iasaia} read {'Asea}); below, VII. v. 5; Busolt,
+    op. cit. p. 125.
+
+[11] For the sequel of the matter, see above, "Hell." VI. iv. 18;
+    Busolt, op. cit. p. 134.
+
+The outcome of these proceedings was the banishment to Lacedaemon of
+the Tegeans who formed the party of Stasippus, numbering eight
+hundred; but as a sequel to what had taken place, the Lacedaemonians
+determined that they were bound by their oaths to aid the banished
+Tegeans and to avenge the slain. With this purpose they marched
+against the Mantineans, on the ground that they had violated their
+oaths in marching against Tegea with an armed force. The ephors called
+out the ban and the state commanded Agesilaus to head the expedition.
+
+Meanwhile most of the Arcadian contingents were mustering at Asea.[12]
+The Orchomenians not only refused to take part in the Arcadian league,
+on account of their personal hatred to Mantinea, but had actually
+welcomed within their city a mercenary force under Polytropus, which
+had been collected at Corinth. The Mantineans themselves were forced
+to stay at home to keep an eye on these. The men of Heraea and Lepreum
+made common cause with the Lacedaemonians in a campaign against
+Mantinea.
+
+[12] Asea is placed by Leake ("Travels in Morea," i. 84; iii. 34) near
+    Frangovrysi, a little south of Pallantium.
+
+    Heraea, the most important town of Arcadia in the Cynuria, near
+    Elis, on the high road to Olympia, and commanding other main
+    roads. See Leake, "Peloponnesiaca," p. 1 foll.; "Morea," ii. 91.
+
+    Lepreum, chief town of the Triphylia (Herod. iv. 148, ix. 28;
+    Thuc. v. 31; above, III. ii. 25; Paus. V. v. 3; Polyb. iv. 77
+    foll.; Strab. viii. 345), near modern Strovitzi; Leake, "Morea,"
+    i. 56; Dodwell, "Tour," ii. 347.
+
+    Eutaea is placed by Leake between Asea and Pallantium at Barbitza
+    ("Morea," iii. 31); but see Grote, "H. G." x. 288.
+
+Finding the frontier sacrifices favourable, Agesilaus began his march
+at once upon Arcadia. He began by occupying the border city of Eutaea,
+where he found the old men, women, and children dwelling in their
+houses, while the rest of the population of a military age were off to
+join the Arcadian league. In spite of this he did not stir a finger
+unjustly against the city, but suffered the inhabitants to continue in
+their homes undisturbed. The troops took all they needed, and paid for
+it in return; if any pillage had occurred on his first entrance into
+the town, the property was hunted up and restored by the Spartan king.
+Whilst awaiting the arrival of Polytropus's mercenaries, he amused
+himself by repairing such portions of their walls as necessity
+demanded.
+
+Meanwhile the Mantineans had taken the field against Orchomenus; but
+from the walls of that city the invaders had some difficulty in
+retiring, and lost some of their men. On their retreat they found
+themselves in Elymia;[13] here the heavy infantry of the Orchomenians
+ceased to follow them; but Polytropus and his troops continued to
+assail their rear with much audacity. At this conjuncture, seeing at a
+glance that either they must beat back the foe or suffer their own men
+to be shot down, the Mantineans turned right about and met the
+assailant in a hand-to-hand encounter. Polytropus fell fighting on
+that battlefield; and of the rest who took to flight, many would have
+shared his fate, but for the opportune arrival of the Phliasian
+cavalry, who swooped round to the conqueror's rear and checked him in
+his pursuit.[14]
+
+[13] Elymia, mentioned only by Xenophon, must have been on the
+    confines of the Mantinice and Orchomenus, probably at Levidhi.--
+    Leake, "Morea," iii. 75; "Peloponn." p. 229.
+
+[14] See "Cyrop." VII. i. 36.
+
+Content with this achievement, the Mantineans retired homewards; while
+Agesilaus, to whom the news was brought, no longer expecting that the
+Orchomenian mercenaries could effect a junction with himself,
+determined to advance without further delay.[15] On the first day he
+encamped for the evening meal in the open country of Tegea, and the
+day following crossed into Mantinean territory. Here he encamped under
+the westward-facing[16] mountains of Mantinea, and employed himself in
+ravaging the country district and sacking the farmsteads; while the
+troops of the Arcadians who were mustered in Asea stole by night into
+Tegea. The next day Agesilaus shifted his position, encamping about
+two miles'[17] distance from Mantinea; and the Arcadians, issuing from
+Tegea and clinging to the mountains between Mantinea and that city,
+appeared with large bodies of heavy infantry, wishing to effect a
+junction with the Mantineans. The Argives, it is true, supported them,
+but they were not in full force. And here counsellors were to be found
+who urged on Agesilaus to attack these troops separately; but fearing
+lest, in proportion as he pressed on to engage them, the Mantineans
+might issue from the city behind and attack him on flank and rear, he
+decided it was best to let the two bodies coalesce, and then, if they
+would accept battle, to engage them on an open and fair field.
+
+[15] See "Ages." ii. 23.
+
+[16] See Leake, "Morea," iii. 73.
+
+[17] Lit. "twenty stades."
+
+And so ere long the Arcadians had effected their object and were
+united with the Mantineans. The next incident was the sudden
+apparition at break of day, as Agesilaus was sacrificing in front of
+the camp, of a body of troops. These proved to be the light infantry
+from Orchomenus, who in company with the Phliasian cavalry had during
+the night made their way across past the town of Mantinea; and so
+caused the mass of the army to rush to their ranks, and Agesilaus
+himself to retire within the lines. Presently, however, the newcomers
+were recognised as friends; and as the sacrifices were favourable,
+Agesilaus led his army forward a stage farther after breakfast. As the
+shades of evening descended he encamped unobserved within the fold of
+the hills behind the Mantinean territory, with mountains in close
+proximity all round.[18]
+
+[18] Lit. "within the hindmost bosom of the Mantinice." In reference
+    to the position, Leake ("Morea," iii. 75) says: "The northern bay
+    [of the Mantinic plain between Mantinea and the Argon] corresponds
+    better by its proximity to Mantinea; by Mount Alesium it was
+    equally hidden from the city, while its small dimensions, and the
+    nearness of the encumbent mountains, rendered it a more hazardous
+    position to an army under the circumstances of that of Agesilaus"
+    [than had he encamped in the Argon itself]. For the Argon (or
+    Inert Plain), see Leake, ib. 54 foll.
+
+On the next morning, as day broke, he sacrificed in front of the army;
+and observing a mustering of men from the city of Mantinea on the
+hills which overhung the rear of his army, he decided that he must
+lead his troops out of the hollow by the quickest route. But he feared
+lest, if he himself led off, the enemy might fall upon his rear. In
+this dilemma he kept quiet; presenting a hostile front to the enemy,
+he sent orders to his rear to face about to the right,[19] and so
+getting into line behind his main body, to move forward upon him; and
+in this way he at once extricated his troops from their cramped
+position and kept continually adding to the weight and solidity of his
+line. As soon as the phalanx was doubled in depth he emerged upon the
+level ground, with his heavy infantry battalions in this order, and
+then again extended his line until his troops were once more nine or
+ten shields deep. But the Mantineans were no longer so ready to come
+out. The arguments of the Eleians who had lent them their co-operation
+had prevailed: that it was better not to engage until the arrival of
+the Thebans. The Thebans, it was certain, would soon be with them; for
+had they not borrowed ten talents[20] from Elis in order to be able to
+send aid? The Arcadians with this information before them kept quiet
+inside Mantinea. On his side Agesilaus was anxious to lead off his
+troops, seeing it was midwinter; but, to avoid seeming to hurry his
+departure out of fear, he preferred to remain three days longer and no
+great distance from Mantinea. On the fourth day, after an early
+morning meal, the retreat commenced. His intention was to encamp on
+the same ground which he had made his starting-point on leaving
+Eutaea. But as none of the Arcadians appeared, he marched with all
+speed and reached Eutaea itself, although very late, that day; being
+anxious to lead off his troops without catching a glimpse of the
+enemy's watch-fires, so as to silence the tongues of any one
+pretending that he withdrew in flight. His main object was in fact
+achieved. To some extent he had recovered the state from its late
+despondency, since he had invaded Arcadia and ravaged the country
+without any one caring to offer him battle. But, once arrived on
+Laconian soil, he dismissed the Spartan troops to their homes and
+disbanded the provincials[21] to their several cities.
+
+[19] See "Anab." IV. iii. 29; "Pol. Lac." xi. 10.
+
+[20] 2,437 pounds: 10 shillings. See Busult, op. cit. p. 199.
+
+[21] Lit. "perioeci"; and below, SS. 25, 32.
+
+B.C. 370-369. The Arcadians, now that Agesilaus had retired, realising
+that he had disbanded his troops, while they themselves were fully
+mustered, marched upon Heraea, the citizens of which town had not only
+refused to join the Arcadian league, but had joined the Lacedaemonians
+in their invasion of Arcadia. For this reason they entered the
+country, burning the homesteads and cutting down the fruit-trees.
+
+Meanwhile news came of the arrival of the Theban reinforcements at
+Mantinea, on the strength of which they left Heraea and hastened to
+fraternise[22] with their Theban friends. When they were met together,
+the Thebans, on their side, were well content with the posture of
+affairs: they had duly brought their succour, and no enemy was any
+longer to be discovered in the country; so they made preparations to
+return home. But the Arcadians, Argives and Eleians were eager in
+urging them to lead the united forces forthwith into Laconia: they
+dwelt proudly on their own numbers, extolling above measure the
+armament of Thebes. And, indeed, the Boeotians one and all were
+resolute in their military manouvres and devotion to arms,[23]
+exulting in the victory of Leuctra. In the wake of Thebes followed the
+Phocians, who were now their subjects, Euboeans from all the townships
+of the island, both sections of the Locrians, the Acarnanians,[24] and
+the men of Heraclea and of Melis; while their force was further
+swelled by Thessalian cavalry and light infantry. With the full
+consciousness of facts like these, and further justifying their appeal
+by dwelling on the desolate condition of Lacedaemon, deserted by her
+troops, they entreated them not to turn back without invading the
+territory of Laconia. But the Thebans, albeit they listened to their
+prayers, urged arguments on the other side. In the first place,
+Laconia was by all accounts most difficult to invade; and their belief
+was that garrisons were posted at all the points most easily
+approached. (As a matter of fact, Ischolaus was posted at Oeum in the
+Sciritid, with a garrison of neodamodes and about four hundred of the
+youngest of the Tegean exiles; and there was a second outpost on
+Leuctrum above the Maleatid.[25]) Again it occurred to the Thebans
+that the Lacedaemonian forces, though disbanded, would not take long
+to muster, and once collected they would fight nowhere better than on
+their own native soil. Putting all these considerations together, they
+were not by any means impatient to march upon Lacedaemon. A strong
+counter-impulse, however, was presently given by the arrival of
+messengers from Caryae, giving positive information as to the
+defenceless condition of the country, and offering to act as guides
+themselves; they were ready to lose their lives if they were convicted
+of perfidy. A further impulse in the same direction was given by the
+presence of some of the provincials,[26] with invitations and promises
+of revolt, if only they would appear in the country. These people
+further stated that even at the present moment, on a summons of the
+Spartans proper, the provincials did not care to render them
+assistance. With all these arguments and persuasions echoing from all
+sides, the Thebans at last yielded, and invaded. They chose the Caryan
+route themselves, while the Arcadians entered by Oeum in the
+Sciritid.[27]
+
+[22] Or, "effect a junction with."
+
+[23] Or, "in practising gymnastics about the place of arms." See "Pol.
+    Lac." xii. 5.
+
+[24] See "Hell." IV. vii. 1; "Ages." ii. 20. For a sketch of the
+    relations of Acarnania to Athens and Sparta, see Hicks, No. 83, p.
+    150; and above, "Hell." V. iv. 64.
+
+[25] Leuctrum, a fortress of the district Aegytis on the confines of
+    Arcadia and Laconia ("in the direction of Mount Lycaeum," Thuc. v.
+    54). See Leake, "Morea," ii. 322; also "Peloponn." p. 248, in
+    which place he corrects his former view as to the situation of
+    Leuctrum and the Maleatid.
+
+    Oeum or Ium, the chief town of the Sciritis, probably stood in the
+    Klisura or series of narrow passes through the watershed of the
+    mountains forming the natural boundary between Laconia and Arcadia
+    (in the direct line north from Sparta to Tegea), "Dict. of Anc.
+    Geog." s.v. Leake says ("Morea," iii. 19, 30 foll.) near the
+    modern village of Kolina; Baedeker ("Greece," p. 269) says perhaps
+    at Palaeogoulas.
+
+    Caryae. This frontier town was apparently (near Arachova) on the
+    road from Thyrea (in the direction of the Argolid) to Sparta
+    (Thuc. v. 55; Paus. III. x. 7; Livy, xxxiv. 26, but see Leake,
+    "Morea," iii. 30; "Peloponn." p. 342).
+
+    Sellasia, probably rightly placed "half an hour above Vourlia"
+    (Baedeker, "Greece," p. 269). The famous battle of Sellasia, in
+    the spring of B.C. 221, in which the united Macedonians under
+    Antigonus and the Achaeans finally broke the power of Sparta, was
+    fought in the little valley where the stream Gorgylus joins the
+    river Oenus and the Khan of Krevatas now stands. For a plan, see
+    "Dict. of Anc. Geog." s.v.
+
+[26] "Perioeci."
+
+[27] Diodorus (xv. 64) gives more details; he makes the invaders
+    converge upon Sellasia by four separate routes. See Leake,
+    "Morea," iii. 29 foll.
+
+By all accounts Ischolaus made a mistake in not advancing to meet them
+on the difficult ground above Oeum. Had he done so, not a man, it is
+believed, would have scaled the passes there. But for the present,
+wishing to turn the help of the men of Oeum to good account, he waited
+down in the village; and so the invading Arcadians scaled the heights
+in a body. At this crisis Ischolaus and his men, as long as they
+fought face to face with their foes, held the superiority; but,
+presently, when the enemy, from rear and flank, and even from the
+dwelling-houses up which they scaled, rained blows and missiles upon
+them, then and there Ischolaus met his end, and every man besides,
+save only one or two who, failing to be recognised, effected their
+escape.
+
+After these achievements the Arcadians marched to join the Thebans at
+Caryae, and the Thebans, hearing what wonders the Arcadians had
+performed, commenced their descent with far greater confidence. Their
+first exploit was to burn and ravage the district of Sellasia, but
+finding themselves ere long in the flat land within the sacred
+enclosure of Apollo, they encamped for the night, and the next day
+continued their march along the Eurotas. When they came to the bridge
+they made no attempt to cross it to attack the city, for they caught
+sight of the heavy infantry in the temple of Alea[28] ready to meet
+them. So, keeping the Eurotas on their right, they tramped along,
+burning and pillaging homesteads stocked with numerous stores. The
+feelings of the citizens may well be imagined. The women who had never
+set eyes upon a foe[29] could scarcely contain themselves as they
+beheld the cloud of smoke. The Spartan warriors, inhabiting a city
+without fortifications, posted at intervals, here one and there
+another, were in truth what they appeared to be--the veriest handful.
+And these kept watch and ward. The authorities passed a resolution to
+announce to the helots that whosoever among them chose to take arms
+and join a regiment should have his freedom guaranteed to him by
+solemn pledges in return for assistance in the common war.[30] More
+than six thousand helots, it is said, enrolled themselves, so that a
+new terror was excited by the very incorporation of these men, whose
+numbers seemed to be excessive. But when it was found that the
+mercenaries from Orchomenus remained faithful, and reinforcements came
+to Lacedaemon from Phlius, Corinth, Epidaurus, and Pellene, and some
+other states, the dread of these new levies was speedily diminished.
+
+[28] See Pausanias, III. xix. 7.
+
+[29] See Plutarch, "Ages." xxxi. 3 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 38); Aristot.
+    "Pol." ii. 9-10.
+
+[30] See below, VII. ii. 2.
+
+The enemy in his advance came to Amyclae.[31] Here he crossed the
+Eurotas. The Thebans wherever they encamped at once formed a stockade
+of the fruit-trees they had felled, as thickly piled as possible, and
+so kept ever on their guard. The Arcadians did nothing of the sort.
+They left their camping-ground and took themselves off to attack the
+homesteads and loot. On the third or fourth day after their arrival
+the cavalry advanced, squadron by squadron, as far as the
+racecourse,[32] within the sacred enclosure of Gaiaochos. These
+consisted of the entire Theban cavalry and the Eleians, with as many
+of the Phocian or Thessalian or Locrian cavalry as were present. The
+cavalry of the Lacedaemonians, looking a mere handful, were drawn up
+to meet them. They had posted an ambuscade chosen from their heavy
+infantry, the younger men, about three hundred in number, in the house
+of the Tyndarids[33]; and while the cavalry charged, out rushed the
+three hundred at the same instant at full pace. The enemy did not wait
+to receive the double charge, but swerved, and at sight of that many
+also of the infantry took to headlong flight. But the pursuers
+presently paused; the Theban army remained motionless; and both
+parties returned to their camps. And now the hope, the confidence
+strengthened that an attack upon the city itself would never come; nor
+did it. The invading army broke up from their ground, and marched off
+on the road to Helos and Gytheum.[34] The unwalled cities were
+consigned to the flames, but Gytheum, where the Lacedaemonians had
+their naval arsenal, was subjected to assault for three days. Certain
+of the provincials[35] also joined in this attack, and shared the
+campaign with the Thebans and their friends.
+
+[31] For this ancient (Achaean) town, see Paus. III. ii. 6; Polyb. v.
+    19. It lay only twenty stades (a little more than two miles) from
+    the city of Sparta.
+
+[32] Or, "hippodrome." See Paus. III. ii. 6.
+
+[33] Paus. III. xvi. 2.
+
+[34] See Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279. Was Gytheum taken? See Grote,
+    "H. G." x. 305; Curt. "H. G." Eng. trans. iv. 431.
+
+[35] "Perioeci." See above, III. iii. 6; VI. v. 25; below, VII. ii. 2;
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 301. It is a pity that the historian should
+    hurry us off to Athens just at this point. The style here is
+    suggestive of notes ({upomnemata}) unexpanded.
+
+The news of these proceedings set the Athenians deeply pondering what
+they ought to do concerning the Lacedaemonians, and they held an
+assembly in accordance with a resolution of the senate. It chanced
+that the ambassadors of the Lacedaemonians and the allies still
+faithful to Lacedaemon were present. The Lacedaemonian ambassadors
+were Aracus, Ocyllus, Pharax, Etymocles, and Olontheus, and from the
+nature of the case they all used, roughly speaking, similar arguments.
+They reminded the Athenians how they had often in old days stood
+happily together, shoulder to shoulder, in more than one great crisis.
+They (the Lacedaemonians), on their side, had helped to expel the
+tyrant from Athens, and the Athenians, when Lacedaemon was besieged by
+the Messenians, had heartly leant her a helping hand.[36] Then they
+fell to enumerating all the blessings that marked the season when the
+two states shared a common policy, hinting how in common they had
+warred against the barbarians, and more boldly recalling how the
+Athenians with the full consent and advice of the Lacedaemonians were
+chosen by united Hellas leaders of the common navy[37] and guardians
+of all the common treasure, while they themselves were selected by all
+the Hellenes as confessedly the rightful leaders on land; and this
+also not without the full consent and concurrence of the Athenians.
+
+[36] In reference (1) to the expulsion of the Peisistratidae (Herod.
+    v. 64); (2) the "third" Messenian war (Thuc. i. 102).
+
+[37] See "Revenues," v. 6.
+
+One of the speakers ventured on a remark somewhat to this strain: "If
+you and we, sirs, can only agree, there is hope to-day that the old
+saying may be fulfilled, and Thebes be 'taken and tithed.'"[38] The
+Athenians, however, were not in the humour to listen to that style of
+argument. A sort of suppressed murmur ran through the assembly which
+seemed to say, "That language may be well enough now; but when they
+were well off they pressed hard enough on us." But of all the pleas
+put forward by the Lacedaemonians, the weightiest appeared to be this:
+that when they had reduced the Athenians by war, and the Thebans
+wished to wipe Athens off the face of the earth, they (the
+Lacedaemonians) themselves had opposed the measure.[39] If that was
+the argument of most weight, the reasoning which was the most commonly
+urged was to the effect that "the solemn oaths necessitated the aid
+demanded. Sparta had done no wrong to justify this invasion on the
+part of the Arcadians and their allies. All she had done was to assist
+the men of Tegea when[40] the Mantineans had marched against that
+township contrary to their solemn oaths." Again, for the second time,
+at these expressions a confused din ran through the assembly, half the
+audience maintaining that the Mantineans were justified in supporting
+Proxenus and his friends, who were put to death by the party with
+Stasippus; the other half that they were wrong in bringing an armed
+force against the men of Tegea.
+
+[38] Or, "the Thebans be decimated"; for the phrase see above, "Hell."
+    VI. iii. 20.
+
+[39] See "Hell." II. ii. 19; and "Hell." III. v. 8.
+
+[40] Lit. "because," {oti}.
+
+Whilst these distinctions were being drawn by the assembly itself,
+Cleiteles the Corinthian got up and spoke as follows: "I daresay, men
+of Athens, there is a double answer to the question, Who began the
+wrongdoing? But take the case of ourselves. Since peace began, no one
+can accuse us either of wantonly attacking any city, or of seizing the
+wealth of any, or of ravaging a foreign territory. In spite of which
+the Thebans have come into our country and cut down our fruit-treees,
+burnt to the ground our houses, filched and torn to pieces our cattle
+and our goods. How then, I put it to you, will you not be acting
+contrary to your solemn oaths if you refuse your aid to us, who are so
+manifestly the victims of wrongdoings? Yes; and when I say solemn
+oaths, I speak of oaths and undertakings which you yourselves took
+great pains to exact from all of us." At that point a murmur of
+applause greeted Cleiteles, the Athenians feeling the truth and
+justice of the speaker's language.
+
+He sat down, and then Procles of Phlius got up and spoke as follows:
+"What would happen, men of Athens, if the Lacedaemonians were well out
+of the way? The answer to that question is obvious. You would be the
+first object of Theban invasion. Clearly; for they must feel that you
+and you alone stand in the path between them and empire over Hellas.
+If this be so, I do not consider that you are more supporting
+Lacedaemon by a campaign in her behalf than you are helping
+yourselves. For imagine the Thebans, your own sworn foes and next-door
+neighbours, masters of Hellas! You will find it a painful and onerous
+exchange indeed for the distant antagonism of Sparta. As a mere matter
+of self-interest, now is the time to help yourselves, while you may
+still reckon upon allies, instead of waiting until they are lost, and
+you are forced to fight a life-and-death battle with the Thebans
+single-handed. But the fear suggests itself, that should the
+Lacedaemonians escape now, they will live to cause you trouble at some
+future date. Lay this maxim to heart, then, that it is not the
+potential greatness of those we benefit, but of those we injure, which
+causes apprehension. And this other also, that it behoves individuals
+and states alike so to better their position[41] while yet in the
+zenith of their strength that, in the day of weakness, when it comes,
+they may find some succour and support in what their former labours
+have achieved.[42] To you now, at this time, a heaven-sent opportunity
+is presented. In return for assistance to the Lacedaemonians in their
+need, you may win their sincere, unhesitating friendship for all time.
+Yes, I say it deliberately, for the acceptance of these benefits at
+your hands will not be in the presence of one or two chance witnesses.
+The all-seeing gods, in whose sight to-morrow is even as to-day, will
+be cognisant of these things. The knowledge of them will be jointly
+attested by allies and enemies; nay, by Hellenes and barbarians alike,
+since to not one of them is what we are doing a matter of unconcern.
+If, then, in the presence of these witnesses, the Lacedaemonians
+should prove base towards you, no one will ever again be eager in
+their cause. But our hope, our expectation should rather be that they
+will prove themselves good men and not base; since they beyond all
+others would seem persistently to have cherished a high endeavour,
+reaching forth after true praise, and holding aloof from ugly deeds.
+
+[41] Lit. "to acquire some good."
+
+[42] Or, "for what," etc.
+
+"But there are further considerations which it were well you should
+lay to heart. If danger were ever again to visit Hellas from the
+barbarian world outside, in whom would you place your confidence if
+not in the Lacedaemonians? Whom would you choose to stand at your
+right hand in battle if not these, whose soldiers at Thermopylae to a
+man preferred to fall at their posts rather than save their lives by
+giving the barbarian free passage into Hellas? Is it not right, then,
+considering for what thing's sake they dislayed that bravery in your
+companionship, considering also the good hope there is that they will
+prove the like again--is it not just that you and we should lend them
+all countenance and goodwill? Nay, even for us their allies' sake, who
+are present, it would be worth your while to manifest this goodwill.
+Need you be assured that precisely those who continue faithful to them
+in their misfortunes would in like manner be ashamed not to requite
+you with gratitude? And if we seem to be but small states, who are
+willing to share their dangers with them, lay to heart that there is a
+speedy cure for this defect: with the accession of your city the
+reproach that, in spite of all our assistance, we are but small
+cities, will cease to be.
+
+"For my part, men of Athens, I have hitherto on hearsay admired and
+envied this great state, whither, I was told, every one who was
+wronged or stood in terror of aught needed only to betake himself and
+he would obtain assistance. To-day I no longer hear, I am present
+myself and see these famous citizens of Lacedaemon here, and by their
+side their trustiest friends, who have come to you, and ask you in
+their day of need to give them help. I see Thebans also, the same who
+in days bygone failed to persuade the Lacedaemonians to reduce you to
+absolute slavery,[43] to-day asking you to suffer those who saved you
+to be destroyed.
+
+[43] See "Hell." II. ii. 19; III. v. 8, in reference to B.C. 405.
+
+"That was a great deed and of fair renown, attributed in old story to
+your ancestors, that they did not suffer those Argives who died on the
+Cadmeia[44] to lie unburied; but a fairer wreath of glory would you
+weave for your own brows if you suffer not these still living
+Lacedaemonians to be trampled under the heel of insolence and
+destroyed. Fair, also, was that achievement when you stayed the
+insolence of Eurystheus and saved the sons of Heracles;[45] but fairer
+still than that will your deed be if you rescue from destruction, not
+the primal authors[46] merely, but the whole city which they founded;
+fairest of all, if because yesterday the Lacedaemonians won you your
+preservation by a vote which cost them nothing, you to-day shall bring
+them help with arms, and at the price of peril. It is a proud day for
+some of us to stand here and give what aid we can in pleading for
+asistance to brave men. What, then, must you feel, who in very deed
+are able to render that assistance! How generous on your parts, who
+have been so often the friends and foes of Lacedaemon, to forget the
+injury and remember only the good they have done! How noble of you to
+repay, not for yourelves only, but for the sake of Hellas, the debt
+due to those who proved themselves good men and true in her behalf!"
+
+[44] In reference to the Seven against Thebes, see Herod. IX. xxvii.
+    4; Isoc. "Paneg." 55.
+
+[45] Herod. IX. xxvii. 3; see Isoc. "Paneg." 56. "The greatness of
+    Sparta was founded by the succour which Athens lent to the
+    Heraklid invaders of the Peloponnese--a recollection which ought
+    to restrain Sparta from injuring or claiming to rule Athens.
+    Argos, Thebes, Sparta were in early times, as they are now, the
+    foremost cities of Hellas; but Athens was the greatest of them all
+    --the avenger of Argos, the chastiser of Thebes, the patron of
+    those who founded Sparta."--Jebb, "Att. Or." ii. 154.
+
+[46] Plut. "Lyc." vi.
+
+After these speeches the Athenians deliberated, and though there was
+opposition, the arguments of gainsayers[47] fell upon deaf ears. The
+assembly finally passed a decree to send assistance to Lacedaemon in
+force, and they chose Iphicrates general. Then followed the
+preliminary sacrifices, and then the general's order to his troops to
+take the evening meal in the grove of the Academy.[48] But the general
+himself, it is said, was in no hurry to leave the city; many were
+found at their posts before him. Presently, however, he put himself at
+the head of his troops, and the men followed cheerily, in firm
+persuasion that he was about to lead them to some noble exploit. On
+arrival at Corinth he frittered away some days, and there was a
+momentary outburst of discontent at so much waste of precious time;
+but as soon as he led the troops out of Corinth there was an obvious
+rebound. The men responded to all orders with enthusiasm, heartily
+following their general's lead, and attacking whatever fortified place
+he might confront them with.
+
+[47] As to the anti-Laconian or Boeotian party at Athens, see Curtius,
+    "H. G." vol. v. ch. ii. (Eng. tr.)
+
+[48] See Baedeker, "Greece," p. 103.
+
+And now reverting to the hostile forces on Laconian territory, we find
+that the Arcadians, Argives, and Eleians had retired in large numbers.
+They had every inducement so to do since their homes bordered on
+Laconia; and off they went, driving or carrying whatever they had
+looted. The Thebans and the rest were no less anxious to get out of
+the country, though for other reasons, partly because the army was
+melting away under their eyes day by day, partly because the
+necessities of life were growing daily scantier, so much had been
+either fairly eaten up and pillaged or else recklessly squandered and
+reduced to ashes. Besides this, it was winter; so that on every ground
+there was a general desire by this time to get away home.
+
+As son as the enemy began his retreat from Laconian soil, Iphicrates
+imitated his movement, and began leading back his troops out of
+Arcadia into Corinthia. Iphicrates exhibited much good generalship, no
+doubt, with which I have no sort of fault to find. But it is not so
+with that final feature of the campaign to which we are now come. Here
+I find his strategy either meaningless in intent or inadequate in
+execution. He made an attempt to keep guard at Oneion, in order to
+prevent the Boeotians making their way out homewards; but left
+meanwhile far the best passage through Cenchreae unguarded. Again,
+when he wished to discover whether or not the Thebans had passed
+Oneion, he sent out on a reconnaissance the whole of the Athenian and
+Corinthian cavalry; whereas, for the object in view, the eyes of a
+small detachment would have been as useful as a whole regiment;[49]
+and when it came to falling back, clearly the smaller number had a
+better chance of hitting on a traversable road, and so effecting the
+desired movement quietly. But the height of folly seems to have been
+reached when he threw into the path of the enemy a large body of
+troops which were still too weak to cope with him. As a matter of
+fact, this body of cavalry, owing to their very numbers, could not
+help covering a large space of ground; and when it became necessary to
+retire, had to cling to a series of difficult positions in succession,
+so that they lost not fewer than twenty horsemen.[50] It was thus the
+Thebans effected their object and retired from Peloponnese.
+
+[49] See "Hipparch." viii. 10 foll.
+
+[50] See Diod. xv. 63; Plut. "Pelop." 24.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VII
+
+
+
+I
+
+B.C. 369. In the following year[1] plenipotentiary ambassadors[2] from
+the Lacedaemonians and their allies arrived at Athens to consider and
+take counsel in what way the alliance between Athens and Lacedaemon
+might be best cemented. It was urged by many speakers, foreigners and
+Athenians also, that the alliance ought to be based on the principle
+of absolute equality,[3] "share and share alike," when Procles of
+Phlius put forward the following argument:
+
+[1] I.e. the official year from spring to spring. See Peter, "Chron.
+    Table" 95, note 215; see Grote, "H. G." x. 346, note 1.
+
+[2] See Hicks, 89.
+
+[3] For the phrase {epi toi isois kai omoiois}, implying "share and
+    share alike," see Thuc. i. 145, etc.
+
+"Since you have already decided, men of Athens, that it is good to
+secure the friendship of Lacedaemon, the point, as it appears to me,
+which you ought now to consider is, by what means this friendship may
+be made to last as long as possible. The probability is, that we shall
+hold together best by making a treaty which shall suit the best
+interests of both parties. On most points we have, I believe, a
+tolerable unanimity, but there remains the question of leadership. The
+preliminary decree of your senate anticipates a division of the
+hegemony, crediting you with the chief maritime power, Lacedaemon with
+the chief power on land; and to me, personally, I confess, that seems
+a division not more established by human invention than preordained by
+some divine naturalness or happy fortune. For, in the first place, you
+have a geographical position pre-eminently adapted for naval
+supremacy; most of the states to whom the sea is important are massed
+round your own, and all of these are inferior to you in strength.
+Besides, you have harbours and roadsteads, without which it is not
+possible to turn a naval power to account. Again, you have many ships
+of war. To extend your naval empire is a traditional policy; all the
+arts and sciences connected with these matters you possess as home
+products, and, what is more, in skill and experience of nautical
+affairs you are far ahead of the rest of the world. The majority of
+you derive your livelihood from the sea, or things connected with it;
+so that in the very act of minding your own affairs you are training
+yourselves to enter the lists of naval combat.[4] Again, no other
+power in the world can send out a larger collective fleet, and that is
+no insignificant point in reference to the question of leadership. The
+nucleus of strength first gained becomes a rallying-point, round which
+the rest of the world will gladly congregate. Furthermore, your good
+fortune in this department must be looked upon as a definite gift of
+God: for, consider among the numberless great sea-fights which you
+have fought how few you have lost, how many you have won. It is only
+rational, then, that your allies should much prefer to share this
+particular risk with you. Indeed, to show you how natural and vital to
+you is this maritime study, the following reflection may serve. For
+several years the Lacedaemonians, when at war with you in old days,
+dominated your territory, but they made no progress towards destroying
+you. At last God granted them one day to push forward their dominion
+on the sea, and then in an instant you completely succumbed to
+them.[5] Is it not self-evident that your safety altogether depends
+upon the sea? The sea is your natural element--your birthright; it
+would be base indeed to entrust the hegemony of it to the
+Lacedaemonians, and the more so, since, as they themselves admit, they
+are far less acquained with this business than yourselves; and,
+secondly, your risk in naval battles would not be for equal stakes--
+theirs involving only the loss of the men on board their ships, but
+yours, that of your children and your wives and the entire state.
+
+[4] See "Pol. Ath." i. 19 foll.
+
+[5] See "Hell." II. i.
+
+"And if this is a fair statement of your position, turn, now, and
+consider that of the Lacedaemonians. The first point to notice is,
+that they are an inland power; as long as they are dominant on land it
+does not matter how much they are cut off from the sea--they can carry
+on existence happily enough. This they so fully recognise, that from
+boyhood they devote themselves to training for a soldier's life. The
+keystone of this training is obedience to command,[6] and in this they
+hold the same pre-eminence on land which you hold on the sea. Just as
+you with your fleets, so they on land can, at a moment's notice, put
+the largest army in the field; and with the like consequence, that
+their allies, as is only rational, attach themselves to them with
+undying courage.[7] Further, God has granted them to enjoy on land a
+like good fortune to that vouchsafed to you on sea. Among all the many
+contests they have entered into, it is surprising in how few they have
+failed, in how many they have been successful. The same unflagging
+attention which you pay to maritime affairs is required from them on
+land, and, as the facts of history reveal, it is no less indispensable
+to them. Thus, although you were at war with them for several years
+and gained many a naval victory over them, you never advanced a step
+nearer to reducing them. But once worsted on land, in an instant they
+were confronted with a danger affecting the very lives of child and
+wife, and vital to the interests of the entire state. We may very well
+understand, then, the strangeness, not to say monstrosity, in their
+eyes, of surrendering to others the military leadership on land, in
+matters which they have made their special study for so long and with
+such eminent success. I end where I began. I agree absolutely with the
+preliminary decrees of your own senate, which I consider the solution
+most advantageous to both parties. My prayer[8] is that you may be
+guided in your deliberations to that conclusion which is best for each
+and all of us."
+
+[6] Or, "the spirit of discipline." See "Mem." III. v. 16; IV. iv. 15;
+    Thuc. ii. 39; "Pol. Lac." viii.
+
+[7] Or, "with unlimited confidence."
+
+[8] See above, "Hell." VI. i. 13, {kai su prattois ta kratista}, "and
+    so may the best fortune attend you!"--if that reading and
+    rendering be adopted.
+
+Such were the words of the orator, and the sentiments of his speech
+were vehemently applauded by the Athenians no less than by the
+Lacedaemonians who were present. Then Cephisodotus[9] stepped forward
+and addressed the assembly. He said, "Men of Athens, do you not see
+how you are being deluded? Lend me your ears, and I will prove it to
+you in a moment. There is no doubt about your leadership by sea: it is
+already secured. But suppose the Lacedaemonians in alliance with you:
+it is plain they will send you admirals and captains, and possibly
+marines, of Laconian breed; but who will the sailors be? Helots
+obviously, or mercenaries of some sort. These are the folk over whom
+you will exercise your leadership. Reverse the case. The
+Lacedaemonians have issued a general order summoning you to join them
+in the field; it is plain again, you will be sending your heavy
+infantry and your cavalry. You see what follows. You have invented a
+pretty machine, by which they become leders of your very selves, and
+you become the leaders either of their slaves or of the dregs of their
+state. I should like to put a question to the Lacedaemonian Timocrates
+seated yonder. Did you not say just now, Sir, that you came to make an
+alliance on terms of absolute equality, 'share and share alike'?
+Answer me." "I did say so." "Well, then, here is a plan by which you
+get the perfection of equality. I cannot conceive of anything more
+fair and impartial than that 'turn and turn about' each of us should
+command the navy, each the army; whereby whatever advantage there may
+be in maritime or military command we may each of us share."
+
+[9] See above, "Hell." VI. iii. 2; Hicks, 87.
+
+These arguments were successful. The Athenians were converted, and
+passed a decree vesting the command in either state[10] for periods of
+five days alternately.
+
+[10] See "Revenues," v. 7.
+
+B.C. 369.[11] The campaign was commenced by both Athenians and
+Lacedaemonians with their allies, marching upon Corinth, where it was
+resolved to keep watch and ward over Oneion jointly. On the advance of
+the Thebans and their allies the troops were drawn out to defend the
+pass. They were posted in detachments at different points, the most
+assailable of which was assigned to the Lacedaemonians and the men of
+Pellene.[12]
+
+[11] See Grote, "H. G." x. 349 foll.; al. B.C. 368.
+
+[12] "During the wars of Epameinondas Pellene adhered firmly to her
+    Spartan policy, at a time when other cities were, to say the
+    least, less strenuous in the Spartan cause."--Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
+    Gov." p. 241. Afterwards Pellene is found temporarily on the
+    Theban side ("Hell." VII. ii. 11).
+
+The Thebans and their allies, finding themselves within three or four
+miles[13] of the troops guarding the pass, encamped in the flat ground
+below; but presently, after a careful calculation of the time it would
+take to start and reach the goal in the gloaming, they advanced
+against the Lacedaemonian outposts. In spite of the difficulty they
+timed their movements to a nicety, and fell upon the Lacedaemonians
+and Pellenians just at the interval when the night pickets were
+turning in and the men were leaving their shakedowns and retiring for
+necessary purposes.[14] This was the instant for the Thebans to fling
+themselves upon them; they plied their weapons with good effect, blow
+upon blow. Order was pitted against disorder, preparation against
+disarray. When, however, those who escaped from the thick of the
+business had retired to the nearest rising ground, the Lacedaemonian
+polemarch, who might have taken as many heavy, or light, infantry of
+the allies as he wanted, and thus have held the position (no bad one,
+since it enabled him to get his supplies safely enough from
+Cenchreae), failed to do so. On the contrary, and in spite of the
+great perplexity of the Thebans as to how they were to get down from
+the high level facing Sicyon or else retire the way they came, the
+Spartan general made a truce, which in the opinion of the majority,
+seemed more in favour of the Thebans than himself, and so he withdrew
+his division and fell back.
+
+[13] Lit. "thirty stades."
+
+[14] Or, "intent on their personal concerns." See "Hell." II. iv. 6;
+    "Hipparch." vii. 12.
+
+The Thebans were now free to descend without hindrance, which they
+did; and, effecting a junction with their allies the Arcadians,
+Argives, and Eleians, at once attacked[15] Sicyon and Pellene, and,
+marching on Epidaurus, laid waste the whole territory of that people.
+Returning from that exploit with a consummate disdain for all their
+opponents, when they found themselves near the city of Corinth they
+advanced at the double against the gate facing towards Phlius;
+intending if they found it open to rush in. However, a body of light
+troops sallied out of the city to the rescue, and met the advance of
+the Theban picked corps[16] not one hundred and fifty yards[17] from
+the walls. Mounting on the monuments and commanding eminences, with
+volleys of sling stones and arrows they laid low a pretty large number
+in the van of the attack, and routing them, gave chase for three or
+four furlongs'[18] distance. After this incident the Corinthians
+dragged the corpses of the slain to the wall, and finally gave them up
+under a flag of truce, erecting a trophy to record the victory. As a
+result of this occurrence the allies of the Lacedaemonians took fresh
+heart.
+
+[15] And took (apparently); see below; Diod. xv. 69.
+
+[16] See "Anab." III. iv. 43; and above, "Hell." V. iii. 23.
+
+[17] Lit. "four plethra."
+
+[18] LIt. "three or four stades."
+
+At the date of the above transactions the Lacedeamonians were cheered
+by the arrival of a naval reinforcement from Dionysius, consisting of
+more than twenty warships, which conveyed a body of Celts and Iberians
+and about fifty cavalry. The day following, the Thebans and the rest
+of the allies, posted, at intervals, in battle order, and completely
+filling the flat land down to the sea on one side, and up to the
+knolls on the other which form the buttresses of the city, proceeded
+to destroy everything precious they could lay their hands on in the
+plain. The Athenian and Corinthian cavalry, eyeing the strength,
+physical and numerical, of their antagonists, kept at a safe distance
+from their armament. But the little body of cavalry lately arrived
+from Dionysius spread out in a long thin line, and one at one point
+and one at another galloped along the front, discharging their
+missiles as they dashed forward, and when the enemy rushed against
+them, retired, and again wheeling about, showered another volley. Even
+while so engaged they would dismount from their horses and take
+breath; and if their foemen galloped up while they were so dismounted,
+in an instant they had leapt on their horses' backs and were in full
+retreat. Or if, again, a party pursued them some distance from the
+main body, as soon as they turned to retire, they would press upon
+them, and discharging volleys of missiles, made terrible work, forcing
+the whole army to advance and retire, merely to keep pace with the
+movements of fifty horsemen.
+
+B.C. 369-368. After this the Thebans remained only a few more days and
+then turned back homewards; and the rest likewise to their several
+homes. Thereupon the troops sent by Dionysius attacked Sicyon.
+Engaging the Sicyonians in the flat country, they defeated them,
+killing about seventy men and capturing by assault the fortres of
+Derae.[19] After these achievements this first reinforcement from
+Dionysius re-embarked and set sail for Syracuse.
+
+[19] "East of Sicyon was Epieiceia (see above, "Hell." IV. ii. 14, iv.
+    13) on the river Nemea. In the same direction was the fortress
+    Derae." ("Dict. Anct. Geog." "Topography of Sicyonia"), al. Gerae.
+    So Leake ("Morea," iii. 376), who conjectures that this fortress
+    was in the maritime plain.
+
+Up to this time the Thebans and all the states which had revolted from
+Lacedaemon had acted together in perfect harmony, and were content to
+campaign under the leadership of Thebes; but now a certain
+Lycomedes,[20] a Mantinean, broke the spell. Inferior in birth and
+position to none, while in wealth superior, he was for the rest a man
+of high ambition. This man was able to inspire the Arcadians with high
+thoughts by reminding them that to Arcadians alone the Peloponnese was
+in a literal sense a fatherland; since they and they alone were the
+indigenous inhabitants of its sacred soil, and the Arcadian stock the
+largest among the Hellenic tribes--a good stock, moreover, and of
+incomparable physique. And then he set himself to panegyrise them as
+the bravest of the brave, adducing as evidence, if evidence were
+needed, the patent fact, that every one in need of help invariably
+turned to the Arcadians.[21] Never in old days had the Lacedaemonians
+yet invaded Athens without the Arcadians. "If then," he added, "you
+are wise, you will be somewhat chary of following at the beck and call
+of anybody, or it will be the old story again. As when you marched in
+the train of Sparta you only enhanced her power, so to-day, if you
+follow Theban guidance without thought or purpose instead of claiming
+a division of the headship, you will speedily find, perhaps, in her
+only a second edition of Lacedaemon."[22]
+
+[20] For the plan of an Arcadian Federation and the part played by
+    Lycomedes, its true author, "who certainly merits thereby a high
+    place among the statesmen of Greece," see Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
+    Gov." ch. iv. p. 199 foll.
+
+[21] For this claim on the part of the Arcadians, see "Anab." VI. ii.
+    10 foll.
+
+[22] Or, "Lacedaemonians under another name."
+
+These words uttered in the ears of the Arcadians were sufficient to
+puff them up with pride. They were lavish in their love of Lycomedes,
+and thought there was no one his equal. He became their hero; he had
+only to give his orders, and they appointed their magistrates[23] at
+his bidding. But, indeed, a series of brilliant exploits entitled the
+Arcadians to magnify themselves. The first of these arose out of an
+invasion of Epidaurus by the Argives, which seemed likely to end in
+their finding their escape barred by Chabrias and his foreign brigade
+with the Athenians and Corinthians. Only, at the critical moment the
+Arcadians came to the rescue and extricated the Argives, who were
+closely besieged, and this in spite not only of the enemy, but of the
+savage nature of the ground itself. Again they marched on Asine[24] in
+Laconian territory, and defeated the Lacedaemonian garrison, putting
+the polemarch Geranor, who was a Spartan, to the sword, and sacking
+the suburbs of the town. Indeed, whenever or wherever they had a mind
+to send an invading force, neither night nor wintry weather, nor
+length of road nor mountain barrier could stay their march. So that at
+this date they regarded their prowess as invincible.[25] The Thebans,
+it will be understood, could not but feel a touch of jealousy at these
+pretensions, and their former friendship to the Arcadians lost its
+ardour. With the Eleians, indeed, matters were worse. The revelation
+came to them when they demanded back from the Arcadians certain
+cities[26] of which the Lacedaemonians had deprived them. They
+discovered that their views were held of no account, but that the
+Triphylians and the rest who had revolted from them were to be made
+much of, because they claimed to be Arcadians.[27] Hence, as
+contrasted with the Thebans, the Eleians cherished feelings towards
+their late friends which were positively hostile.
+
+[23] {arkhontas}, see below, "Hell." VII. iv. 33. The formal title of
+    these Federal magistrates may or may not have been {arkhontes};
+    Freeman, "H. F. G." 203, note 6.
+
+[24] See Grote, "H. G." x. 356.
+
+[25] Or, "regarded themselves as the very perfection of soldiery."
+
+[26] In reference to "Hell." III. ii. 25 foll., see Freeman, op. cit.
+    p. 201, and below, "Hell." VII. iv. 12 (B.C. 365); Busolt, op.
+    cit. p. 186 foll., in reference to Lasion.
+
+[27] Busolt, p. 150.
+
+B.C. 368. Self-esteem amounting to arrogance--such was the spirit
+which animated each section of the allies, when a new phase was
+introduced by the arrival of Philiscus[28] of Abydos on an embassy
+from Ariobarzanes[29] with large sums of money. This agent's first
+step was to assemble a congress of Thebans, allies, and Lacedaemonians
+at Delphi to treat of peace. On their arrival, without attempting to
+communicate or take counsel with the god as to how peace might be re-
+established, they fell to deliberating unassisted; and when the
+Thebans refused to acquiesce in the dependency of Messene[30] upon
+Lacedaemon, Philiscus set about collecting a large foreign brigade to
+side with Lacedaemon and to prosecute the war.
+
+[28] See Hicks, 84, p. 152; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 51; Grote, "H. G."
+    x. 357; Curtius, "H. G." (Eng. tr.) iv. 458; Diod. xv. 90.
+
+[29] See above, V. i. 28; "Ages." ii. 26.
+
+[30] See Hicks, 86.
+
+Whilst these matters were still pending, the second reinforcements
+from Dionysius[31] arrived. There was a difference of opinion as to
+where the troops should be employed, the Athenians insisting that they
+ought to march into Thessaly to oppose the Thebans, the Lacedaemonians
+being in favour of Laconia; and among the allies this latter opinion
+carried the day. The reinforcement from Dionysius accordingly sailed
+round to Laconia, where Archidamus incorporated them with the state
+troops and opened the campaign. Caryae he took by storm, and put every
+one captured to the sword, and from this point marching straight upon
+the Parrhasians of Arcadia, he set about ravaging the country along
+with his Syracusan supporters.
+
+[31] See above, SS. 20, 22, p. 191 foll. The date is B.C. 368
+    according to Grote, "H. G." x. 362 foll.; al. B.C. 367.
+
+Presently when the Arcadians and Argives arrived with succours, he
+retreated and encamped on the knolls above Medea.[32] While he was
+there, Cissidas, the officer in charge of the reinforcement from
+Dionysius, made the announcement that the period for his stay abroad
+had elapsed; and the words were no sooner out of his lips than off he
+set on the road to Sparta. The march itself, however, was not effected
+without delays, for he was met and cut off by a body of Messenians at
+a narrow pass, and was forced in these straits to send to Archidamus
+and beg for assistance, which the latter tendered. When they had got
+as far as the bend[33] on the road to Eutresia, there were the
+Arcadians and Argives advancing upon Laconia and apparently intending,
+like the Messenians, to shut the Spartan off from the homeward road.
+
+[32] Or, "Melea," or "Malea." E. Curtius conjectures {Meleas} for
+    {Medeas} of the MSS., and probably the place referred to is the
+    township of Malea in the Aegytis (Pausan. VIII. xxvii. 4); see
+    above, "Hell." VI. v. 24, "the Maleatid." See Dind. "Hist. Gr.,"
+    Ox. MDCCCLIII., note ad loc.; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 459; Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 362.
+
+[33] Or, "the resting-place"; cf. mod. "Khan." L. and S. cf. Arist.
+    "Frogs," 113. "Medea," below, is probably "Malea," (see last
+    note).
+
+Archidamus, debouching upon a flat space of ground where the roads to
+Eutresia and Medea converge, drew up his troops and offered battle.
+When happened then is thus told:--He passed in front of the regiments
+and addressed them in terms of encouragement thus: "Fellow-citizens,
+the day has come which calls upon us to prove ourselves brave men and
+look the world in the face with level eyes.[34] Now are we to deliver
+to those who come after us our fatherland intact as we received it
+from our fathers; now will we cease hanging our heads in shame before
+our children and wives, our old men and our foreign friends, in sight
+of whom in days of old we shone forth conspicuous beyond all other
+Hellenes."
+
+[34] See Plut. "Ages." 53 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 41).
+
+The words were scarcely uttered (so runs the tale), when out of the
+clear sky came lightnings and thunderings,[35] with propitious
+manifestation to him; and it so happened that on his right wing there
+stood a sacred enclosure and a statue of Heracles, his great ancestor.
+As the result of all these things, so deep a strength and courage came
+into the hearts of his soldiers, as they tell, that the generals had
+hard work to restrain their men as they pushed forward to the front.
+Presently, when Archidamus led the advance, a few only of the enemy
+cared to await them at the spear's point, and were slain; the mass of
+them fled, and fleeing fell. Many were cut down by the cavalry, many
+by the Celts. When the battle ceased and a trophy had been erected,
+the Spartan at once despatched home Demoteles, the herald, with the
+news. He had to announce not only the greatness of the victory, but
+the startling fact that, while the enemy's dead were numerous, not one
+single Lacedaemonian had been slain.[36] Those in Sparta to whom the
+news was brought, as says the story, when they heard it, one and all,
+beginning with Agesilaus, and, after him, the elders and the ephors,
+wept for joy--so close akin are tears to joy and pain alike. There
+were others hardly less pleased than the Lacedaemonians themselves at
+the misfortune which had overtaken the Arcadians: these were the
+Thebans and Eleians--so offensive to them had the boastful behaviour
+of these men become.
+
+[35] See Xen. "Apolog." 12; Homer, "Il." ii. 353; "Od." xx. 113 foll.
+
+[36] According to Diod. xv. 72, ten thousand of the enemy fell.
+
+The problem perpetually working in the minds of the Thebans was how
+they were to compass the headship of Hellas; and they persuaded
+themselves that, if they sent an embassy to the King of Persia, they
+could not but gain some advantage by his help. Accordingly they did
+not delay, but called together the allies, on the plea that Euthycles
+the Lacedaemonian was already at the Persian court. The commissioners
+sent up were, on the part of the Thebans, Pelopidas;[37] on the part
+of the Arcadians, Antiochus, the pancratiast; and on that of the
+Eleians, Archidamus. There was also an Argive in attendance. The
+Athenians on their side, getting wind of the matter, sent up two
+commissioners, Timagoras and Leon.
+
+[37] See Plut. "Pelop." 30 (Clough, vol. ii. p. 230). For the date see
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 365, 379; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 460.
+
+When they arrived at the Persian court the influence of Pelopidas was
+preponderant with the Persian. He could point out that, besides the
+fact that the Thebans alone among all the Hellenes had fought on the
+king's side at Plataeae,[38] they had never subsequently engaged in
+military service against the Persians; nay, the very ground of
+Lacedaemonian hostility to them was that they had refused to march
+against the Persian king with Agesilaus,[39] and would not even suffer
+him to sacrifice to Artemis at Aulis (where Agamemnon sacrificed
+before he set sail for Asia and captured Troy). In addition, there
+were two things which contributed to raise the prestige of Thebes, and
+redounded to the honour of Pelopidas. These were the victory of the
+Thebans at Leuctra, and the indisputable fact that they had invaded
+and laid waste the territory of Laconia. Pelopidas went on to point
+out that the Argives and Arcadians had lately been defeated in battle
+by the Lacedaemonians, when his own countrymen were not there to
+assist. The Athenian Timagoras supported all these statements of the
+Theban by independent testimony, and stood second in honour after
+Pelopidas.
+
+[38] See Thuc. iii. 58, 59, 60.
+
+[39] See above, "Hell." III. iv. 3; Lincke, "Zur. Xen. Krit." p. 315.
+
+At this point of the proceedings Pelopidas was asked by the king, what
+special clause he desired inserted in the royal rescript. He replied
+as follows: "Messene to be independent of Lacedaemon, and the
+Athenians to lay up their ships of war. Should either power refuse
+compliance in these respects, such refusal to be a casus belli; and
+any state refusing to take part in the military proceedings
+consequent, to be herself the first object of attack." These clauses
+were drawn up and read to the ambassadors, when Leon, in the hearing
+of the king, exclaimed: "Upon my word! Athenians, it strikes me it is
+high time you looked for some other friend than the great king." The
+secretary reported the comment of the Athenian envoy, and produced
+presently an altered copy of the document, with a clause inserted: "If
+the Athenians have any better and juster views to propound, let them
+come to the Persian court and explain them."[40]
+
+[40] See Grote, "H. G." x. 402; and "Ages." viii. 3.
+
+Thus the ambassadors returned each to his own home and were variously
+received. Timagoras, on the indictment of Leon, who proved that his
+fellow-commissioner not only refused to lodge with him at the king's
+court, but in every way played into the hands of Pelopidas, was put to
+death. Of the other joint commissioners, the Eleian, Archidamus, was
+loud in his praises of the king and his policy, because he had shown a
+preference to Elis over the Arcadians; while for a converse reason,
+because the Arcadian league was slighted, Antiochus not only refused
+to accept any gift, but brought back as his report to the general
+assembly of the Ten Thousand,[41] that the king appeared to have a
+large army of confectioners and pastry-cooks, butlers and doorkeepers;
+but as for men capable of doing battle with Hellenes, he had looked
+carefully, and could not discover any. Besides all which, even the
+report of his wealth seemed to him, he said, bombastic nonsense. "Why,
+the golden plane-tree that is so belauded is not big enough to furnish
+shade to a single grasshopper."[42]
+
+[41] See above, VI. v. 6; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." 202; Demosth. "F.
+    L." 220, etc.
+
+[42] Or, "the golden plane-tree they romance about would not suffice
+    to," etc.
+
+At Thebes a conference of the states had been convened to listen to
+the great king's letter. The Persian who bore the missive merely
+pointed to the royal seal, and read the document; whereupon the
+Thebans invited all, who wished to be their friends, to take an oath
+to what they had just heard, as binding on the king and on themselves.
+To which the ambassadors from the states replied that they had been
+sent to listen to a report, not to take oaths; if oaths were wanted,
+they recommended the Thebans to send ambassadors to the several
+states. The Arcadian Lycomedes, moreover, added that the congress
+ought not to be held at Thebes at all, but at the seat of war,
+wherever that might be. This remark brought down the wrath of the
+Thebans on the speaker; they exclaimed that he was bent on breaking up
+the alliance. Whereupon the Arcadian refused to take a seat in the
+congress at all, and got up and betook himself off there and then,
+accompanied by all the Arcadian envoys. Since, therefore, the
+assembled representatives refused to take the oaths at Thebes, the
+Thebans sent to the different states, one by one in turn, urging each
+to undertake solemnly to act in accordance with the great king's
+rescript. They were persuaded that no individual state would venture
+to quarrel with themselves and the Persian monarch at once. As a
+matter of fact, however, when they arrived at Corinth--which was the
+first stated visted--the Corinthians stood out and gave as their
+answer, that they had no desire for any common oath or undertaking
+with the king. The rest of the states followed suit, giving answers of
+a similar tenor, so that this striving after empire on the part of
+Pelopidas and the Thebans melted like a cloud-castle into air.
+
+B.C. 367.[43] But Epaminondas was bent on one more effort. With a view
+to forcing the Arcadians and the rest of the allies to pay better heed
+to Thebes, he desired first to secure the adhesion of the Achaeans,
+and decided to march an army into Achaea. Accordingly, he persuaded
+the Argive Peisias, who was at the head of military affairs in Argos,
+to seize and occupy Oneion in advance. Persias, having ascertained
+that only a sorry guard was maintained over Oneion by Naucles, the
+general commanding the Lacedaemonian foreign brigade, and by
+Timomachus the Athenian, under cover of night seized and occupied with
+two thousand heavy infantry the rising ground above Cenchreae, taking
+with him provisions for seven days. Within the interval the Thebans
+arrived and surmounted the pass of Oneion; whereupon the allied troops
+with Epaminondas at their head, advanced into Achaea. The result of
+the campaign was that the better classes of Achaea gave in their
+adhesion to him; and on his personal authority Epaminondas insisted
+that there should be no driving of the aristocrats into exile, nor any
+modification of the constitution. He was content to take a pledge of
+fealty from the Achaeans to this effect: "Verily and indeed we will be
+your allies, and follow whithersoever the Thebans lead."[44]
+
+[43] B.C. 367, according to Grote, "H. G." x. 365, note 1; al. B.C.
+    366.
+
+[44] See Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 241: "We read of local
+    oligarchies (in the several cities of Achaia) which Epameinondas
+    found and left in possession, but which the home government of
+    Thebes thought good to expel, and to substitute democracies under
+    the protection of Theban harmosts. This policy did not answer, as
+    the large bodies of exiles thus formed contrived to recover the
+    cities, and to bring them to a far more decided Spartan
+    partisanship than before."
+
+So he departed home. The Arcadians, however, and the partisans of the
+opposite faction in Thebes were ready with an indictment against him:
+"Epaminondas," they said, "had merely swept and garnished Achaea for
+the Lacedaemonians, and then gone off." The Thebans accordingly
+resolved to send governors[45] into the states of Achaea; and those
+officers on arrival joined with the commonalty and drove out the
+better folk, and set up democracies throughout Achaea. On their side,
+these exiles coalesced, and, marching upon each separate state in
+turn, for they were pretty numerous, speedily won their restoration
+and dominated the states. As the party thus reinstated no longer
+steered a middle course, but went heart and soul into an alliance with
+Lacedaemon, the Arcadians found themselves between the upper and the
+nether millstone--that is to say, the Lacedaemonians and the Achaeans.
+
+[45] Lit. "harmosts."
+
+At Sicyon, hitherto,[46] the constitution was based on the ancient
+laws; but at this date Euphron (who during the Lacedaemonian days had
+been the greatest man in Sicyon, and whose ambition it was to hold a
+like pre-eminence under their opponents) addressed himself to the
+Argives and Arcadians as follows: "If the wealthiest classes should
+ever come into power in Sicyon, without a doubt the city would take
+the first opportunity of readopting a Laconian policy; whereas, if a
+democracy be set up," he added, "you may rest assured Sicyon will hold
+fast by you. All I ask you is to stand by me; I will do the rest. It
+is I who will call a meeting of the people; and by that selfsame act I
+shall give you a pledge of my good faith and present you with a state
+firm in its alliance. All this, be assured," he added, "I do because,
+like yourselves, I have long ill brooked the pride of Lacedaemon, and
+shall be glad to escape the yoke of bondage."
+
+[46] See Grote, "H. G." x. 379.
+
+These proposals found favour with the Arcadians and the Argives, who
+gladly gave the assistance demanded. Euphron straightway, in the
+market-place, in the presence of the two powers concerned,[47]
+proceeded to convene the Demos, as if there were to be a new
+constitution, based on the principle of equality.[48] When the
+convention met, he bade them appoint generals: they might choose whom
+they liked. Whereupon they elected Euphron himself, Hippodamus,
+Cleander, Acrisius, and Lysander. When these matters were arranged he
+appointed Adeas, his own son, over the foreign brigade, in place of
+the former commander, Lysimenes, whom he removed. His next step was
+promptly to secure the fidelity of the foreign mercenaries by various
+acts of kindness, and to attach others; and he spared neither the
+public nor the sacred moneys for this object. He had, to aid him,
+further, the property of all the citizens whom he exiled on the ground
+of Laconism, and of this without scruple he in every case availed
+himself. As for his colleagues in office, some he treacherously put to
+death, others he exiled, by which means he got everything under his
+own power, and was now a tyrant without disguise. The method by which
+he got the allies to connive at his doings was twofold. Partly he
+worked on them by pecuniary aid, partly by the readiness with which he
+lent the support of his foreign troops on any campaign to which they
+might invite him.
+
+[47] Lit. "the Argives and the Arcadians."
+
+[48] Lit. "on fair and equal terms." See Thuc. v. 79.
+
+
+
+II
+
+B.C. 366. Matters had so far progressed that the Argives had already
+fortified the Trikaranon above the Heraion as an outpost to threaten
+Phlius, while the Sicyonians were engaged in fortifying Thyamia[1] on
+their frontier; and between the two the Phliasians were severely
+pinched. They began to suffer from dearth of necessaries; but, in
+spite of all, remained unshaken in their alliance. It is the habit of
+historians, I know, to record with admiration each noble achievement
+of the larger powers, but to me it seems a still more worthy task to
+bring to light the great exploits of even a little state found
+faithful in the performance of fair deeds.
+
+[1] "Thyamia is placed by Ross on the lofty hill of Spiria, the
+    northern prolongation of Tricaranum, between the villages Stimanga
+    and Skrapani."--"Dict. Anct. Geog." "Phlius."
+
+B.C. 370-369. Now these Phliasians were friends of Lacedaemon while at
+the zenith of her power. After her disaster on the field of Leuctra,
+when many of the Perioeci, and the helots to a man, revolted; when,
+more than that, the allies, save only quite a few, forsook her;[2] and
+when united Hellas, so to speak, was marching on her--these Phliasians
+remained stanch in their allegiance; and, in spite of the hostility of
+the most powerful states of the Peloponnese, to wit the Arcardians and
+the Argives, they insisted on coming to her aid. It fell to their lot
+to cross into Prasiae as the rearguard of the reinforcements, which
+consisted of the men of Corinth, of Epidaurus and of Troezen, of
+Hermione, Halieis, and Sicyon and Pellene, in the days before any of
+these had revolted.[3] Not even when the commander of the foreign
+brigade, picking up the divisions already across, left them behind and
+was gone--not even so did they flinch or turn back, but hired a guide
+from Prasiae, and though the enemy was massed round Amyclae, slipped
+through his ranks, as best they could, and so reached Sparta. It was
+then that the Lacedaemonians, besides other honours conferred upon
+them, sent them an ox as a gift of hospitality.
+
+[2] See above, "VI." v. 29.
+
+[3] See "Hell." VII. i. 18.
+
+B.C. 369. Later on, when the enemy had retired from Laconia, the
+Argives, ill brooking so much zeal for Lacedaemon on the part of
+Phlius, marched in full force against the little state, and fell to
+ravaging their territory. Even then they remained undaunted; and when
+the enemy turned to retire, destroying all that he could lay hands
+upon, out dashed the cavalry of the Phliasians and dogged his retreat.
+And notwithstanding that the Argive's rear consisted of the whole of
+his cavalry, with some companies of infantry to support them, they
+attacked him, sixty in number, and routed his whole rearguard. They
+slew, indeed, but a few of them; but, having so slain that handful,
+they paused and erected a trophy in full sight of the Argive army with
+as little concern as if they had cut down their enemies to a man.
+
+Once again the Lacedaemonians and their allies were guarding
+Oneion,[4] and the Thebans were threatening to scale the pass. The
+Arcadians and Eleians[5] were moving forwards through Nemea to effect
+a junction with the Thebans, when a hint was conveyed to them by some
+Phliasian exiles, "Only show yourselves before Phlius and the town is
+yours." An agreement was made, and in the dead of night a party
+consisting of the exiles themselves and others with them, about six
+hundred in number, planted themselves close under the walls with
+scaling-ladders. Presently the scouts from the Trikaranon signalled to
+the city that the enemy was advancing. The citizens were all
+attention; their eyes fixed upon their scouts. Meanwhile the traitors
+within were likewise signalling to those seated under lee of the walls
+"to scale"; and these, scaling up, seized the arms of the guards,
+which they found abandoned, and fell to pursuing the day sentinels,
+ten in number (one out of each squad of five being always left on day
+duty).[6] One of these was put to the sword as he lay asleep, and a
+second as he was escaping to the Heraion; but the other eight day-
+pickets leapt down the wall on the side towards the city, one after
+another. The scaling party now found themselves in undisputed
+possession of the citadel. But the shouting had reached the city
+below: the citizens rallied to the rescue; and the enemy began by
+sallying forth from the citadel, and did battle in the forefront of
+the gate leading down to the city. By and by, being strongly
+beleaguered by the ever-increasing reinforcements of the citizens,
+they retired, falling back upon the citadel; and the citizens along
+with the enemy forced their way in. The centre of the citadel was
+speedily deserted; for the enemy scaled the walls and towers, and
+showered blows and missiles upon the citizens below. These defended
+themselves from the ground, or pressed the encounter home by climbing
+the ladders which led to the walls. Once masters of certain towers on
+this side and the other of the invaders, the citizens came to close
+quarters with them with reckless desperation. The invaders, pushed and
+pommelled by dint of such audacity and hard hitting, were cooped up
+like sheep into narrower and narrower space. But at that critical
+moment the Arcadians and the Argives were circling round the city, and
+had begun to dig through the walls of the citadel from its upper
+side.[7] Of the citizens inside some were beating down their
+assailants on the wall;[8] others, those of them who were climbing up
+from outside and were still on the scaling-ladders, whilst a third set
+were delivering battle against those who had mounted the towers. These
+last had found fire in the men's quarters, and were engaged in setting
+the towers and all ablaze, bringing up sheaves of corn and grass--an
+ample harvesting, as luck would have it, garnered off the citadel
+itself. Thereupon the occupants of the towers, in terror of the
+flames, leapt down one by one, while those on the walls, under the
+blows of the defenders, tumbled off with similar expedition; and as
+soon as they had once begun to yield, the whole citadel, in almost
+less time than it takes to tell, was cleared of the enemy. In an
+instant out dashed the cavalry, and the enemy, seeing them, beat a
+hasty retreat, leaving behind scaling-ladders and dead, besides some
+comrades hopelessly maimed. In fact, the enemy, what between those who
+were slain inside and those who leapt from the walls, lost not less
+than eighty men. And now it was a goodly sight to see the brave men
+grasp one another by the hand and pledge each other on their
+preservation, whilst the women brought them drink and cried for joy.
+Not one there present but in very sooth was overcome by laughter mixed
+with tears.[9]
+
+[4] B.C. 369? al. B.C. 368. See above, "Hell." VII. i. 15; Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 346.
+
+[5] See above, "Hell." VII. i. 18, and below, S. 8.
+
+[6] Or, "one member of both the squads of five was left behind"--i.e.
+    two out of the ten could not keep up with the rest in their
+    flight, and were taken and killed; one indeed had not started, but
+    was killed in sleep.
+
+[7] Or, "downwards" (L. and S.); or, "in front," "von vorn" (Buchs).
+
+[8] Reading, {tous eti toi teikhous}. See Otto Keller for various
+    emendations of the passage.
+
+[9] In true Homeric fashion, as Pollux (ii. 64) observes. See Homer,
+    "Il." vi. 484. See above, VII. i. 32; "Cyrop." VII. v. 32;
+    "Hiero," iii. 5; "Sym." ii. 24; "Antony and Cleopatra," III. ii.
+    43.
+
+Next year also[10] Phlius was invaded by the Argives and all the
+Arcadians. The reason of this perpetually-renewed attack on Phlius is
+not far to seek: partly it was the result of spleen, partly the little
+township stood midway between them, and they cherished the hope that
+through want of the necessaries of life they would bring it over.
+During this invasion the cavalry and the picked troop of the
+Phliasians, assisted by some Athenian knights, made another famous
+charge at the crossing of the river.[11] They made it so hot for the
+enemy that for the rest of that day he was forced to retire under the
+mountain ridges, and to hold aloof as if afraid to trample down the
+corn-crops of a friendly people on the flat below.
+
+[10] B.C. 368 (or 367).
+
+[11] The Asopus.
+
+Again another time[12] the Theban commander in Sicyon marched out
+against Phlius, taking with him the garrison under his personal
+command, with the Sicyonians and Pellenians (for at the date of the
+incident these states followed in the wake of Thebes). Euphron was
+there also with his mercenaries, about two thousand in number, to
+share the fortunes of the field. The mass of the troops began their
+descent on the Heraion by the Trikaranon, intending to ravage the flat
+bottom below. At the gate leading to Corinth the Theban general left
+his Sicyonians and Pellenians on the height, to prevent the Phliasians
+getting behind him at this point and so over the heads of his troops
+as they lay at the Heraion beneath.[13] As soon as the citizens of
+Phlius found that hostile troops were advancing on their corn-land,
+out dashed the cavalry with the chosen band of the Phliasians and gave
+battle, not suffering the enemy to penetrate into the plain. The best
+part of the day was spent in taking long shots at one another on that
+field; Euphron pushing his attack down to the point where cavalry
+could operate, the citizens retaliating as far as the Heraion.
+Presently the time to withdraw had come, and the enemy began to
+retire, following the circle of the Trikaranon; the short cut to reach
+the Pellenians being barred by the ravine which runs in front of the
+walls. The Phliasians escorted their retreating foes a little way up
+the steep, and then turning off dashed along the road beside the
+walls, making for the Pellenians and those with them; whereupon the
+Theban, perceiving the haste of the Phliasians, began racing with his
+infantry to outspeed them and bring succour to the Pellenians. The
+cavalry, however, arrived first and fell to attacking the Pellenians,
+who received and withstood the shock, and the cavalry drew back. A
+second time they charged, and were supported by some infantry
+detachments, which had now come up. It ended in a hand-to-hand fight;
+and eventually the enemy gave way. On the field lay dead some
+Sicyonians, and of the Pellenians many a good man. In record of the
+feat the Phliasians began to raise a trophy, as well they might; and
+loud and clear the paean rang. As to the Theban and Euphron, they and
+all their men stood by and stared at the proceedings, like men who had
+raced to see a sight. After all was over the one party retired to
+Sicyon and the other withdrew into their city.
+
+[12] B.C. 367 (or 366).
+
+[13] Lit. "above the Heraion" (where his main body lay).
+
+That too was another noble exploit of the Phliasians, when they took
+the Pellenian Proxenus prisoner and, although suffering from scarcity
+at the time, sent him back without a ransom. "As generous as brave,"
+such is their well-earned title who were capable of such performance.
+
+The heroic resolution with which these men maintained their loyalty to
+their friends is manifest. When excluded from the fruits of their own
+soil, they contrived to live, partly by helping themselves from the
+enemy's territory, partly by purchasing from Corinth, though to reach
+that market they must run the gauntlet of a thousand risks; and having
+reached it their troubles began afresh. There were difficulties in
+providing the requisite sum, difficulties in arranging with the
+purveyors, and it was barely possible to find sureties for the very
+beasts which should carry home their marketing. They had reached the
+depth of despair, and were absolutely at a loss what to do, when they
+arranged with Chares to escort their convoy. Once safe inside Phlius,
+they begged him to help them to convey their useless and sick folk to
+Pellene.[14] These they left at that place; and after making purchases
+and packing as many beasts of burthen as they could, they set off to
+return in the night, not in ignorance that they would be laid in wait
+for by the enemy, but persuaded that the want of provisions was a
+worse evil than mere fighting.
+
+[14] What is the date of this incident? See above, "Hell." VII. ii. 3;
+    below VII. iv. 17.
+
+The men of Phlius pushed forward with Chares; presently they stumbled
+on the enemy and at once grappled to their work. Pressing hard on the
+foe, they called cheerily to one another, and shouted at the same time
+to Chares to bring up his aid. In short, the victory was theirs; and
+the enemy was driven off the road; and so they got themselves and
+their supplies safely home. The long night-watching superinduced sleep
+which lasted well into the next day. But Chares was no sooner out of
+bed then he was accosted by the cavalry and the pick of the heavy
+infantry with the following appeal: "Chares, to-day you have it in
+your power to perform the noblest deed of arms. The Sicyonians are
+fortifying an outpost on our borders, they have plenty of stone-masons
+but a mere handful of hoplites. We the knights of Phlius and we the
+flower of our infantry force will lead the way; and you shall follow
+after with your mercenaries. Perhaps when you appear on the scene you
+will find the whole thing finished, or perhaps your coming will send
+the enemy flying, as happened at Pellene. If you do not like the sound
+of these proposals, sacrifice and take counsel of the gods. Our belief
+is that the gods will bid you yet more emphatically than we to take
+this step. Only this, Chares, you must well consider, that if you do
+take it you will have established an outpost on the enemy's frontier;
+you will have saved from perdition a friendly city; you will win
+eternal glory in your own fatherland; and among friends and foes alike
+no name will be heralded with louder praise than that of Chares."
+
+Chares was persuaded, and proceeded to offer sacrifice. Meanwhile the
+Phliasian cavalry were donning their breastplates and bridling their
+horses, and the heavy infantry made every preparation for the march.
+Then they took their arms, fell into line, and tramped off to the
+place of sacrifice. Chares with the soothsayer stepped forward to meet
+them, announcing that the victims were favourable. "Only wait for us,"
+they exclaimed; "we will sally forth with you at once." The heralds'
+cry "To arms!" was sounded, and with a zeal which was almost
+miraculous the mercenaries themselves rushed out. As soon as Chares
+began the march, the Phliasian cavalry and infantry got in front of
+him. At first they led off at a smart pace; presently they began to
+bowl[15] along more quickly, and finally the cavalry were tearing over
+the ground might and main, whilst the infantry, at the greatest pace
+compatible with keeping their ranks, tore after them; and behind them,
+again, came Chares zealously following up in their rear. There only
+remained a brief interval of daylight before the sun went down, and
+they came upon the enemy in the fortress, some washing, some cooking a
+savoury meal, others kneading their bread, others making their beds.
+These, when they saw the vehemence of the attack, at once, in utter
+panic, took to flight, leaving behind all their provisions for the
+brave fellows who took their place. They, as their reward, made a fine
+supper off these stores and others which had come from home, pouring
+out libations for their good fortune and chanting the battle-hymn;
+after which they posted pickets for the night and slumbered well. The
+messenger with the news of their success at Thyamia arrived at Corinth
+in the night. The citizens of that state with hearty friendship at
+once ordered out by herald all the oxen and beasts of burthen, which
+they loaded with food and brought to Phlius; and all the while the
+fortress was building day by day these convoys of food were duly
+despatched.
+
+[15] See "Anab." VII. iii. 46.
+
+
+
+III
+
+But on this topic enough, perhaps, has been said to demonstrate the
+loyalty of the men of Phlius to their friends, their bravery in war,
+and, lastly, their steadfastness in maintaining their alliance in
+spite of famine.
+
+B.C. 367-366. It seems to have been somewhere about this date that
+Aeneas the Stymphalian,[1] who had become general of the Arcadians,
+finding that the state of affairs in Sicyon was intolerable, marched
+up with his army into the acropolis. Here he summoned a meeting of the
+Sicyonian aristocrats already within the walls, and sent to fetch
+those others who had been banished without a decree of the people.[2]
+Euphron, taking fright at these proceedings, fled for safety to the
+harbour-town of Sicyon. Hither he summoned Pasimelus from Corinth, and
+by his instrumentality handed over the harbour to the Lacedaemonians.
+Once more reappearing in his old character, he began to pose as an
+ally of Sparta. He asserted that his fidelity to Lacedaemon had never
+been interrupted; for when the votes were given in the city whether
+Sicyon should give up her allegiance to Lacedaemon, "I, with one or
+two others," said he, "voted against the measure; but afterwards these
+people betrayed me, and in my desire to avenge myself on them I set up
+a democracy. At present all traitors to yourselves are banished--I
+have seen to that. If only I could get the power into my own hands, I
+would go over to you, city and all, at once. All that I can do at
+present, I have done; I have surrendered to you this harbour." That
+was what Euphron said to his audience there, but of the many who heard
+his words, how many really believed his words is by no means evident.
+However, since I have begun the story of Euphron, I desire to bring it
+to its close.
+
+[1] Is this man the famous writer {o taktikos}, a portion of whose
+    works, the "Treatise on Siege Operations," has been preserved
+    [recently re-edited by Arnold Hug--"Commentarius Poliorceticus,"
+    Lips. Trubner, 1884]? So Casaubon supposed. Cf. "Com. Pol." 27,
+    where the writer mentions {paneia} as the Arcadian term for
+    "panics." Readers of the "Anabasis" will recollect the tragic end
+    of another Aeneas, also of Stymphalus, an Arcadian officer. On the
+    official title {strategos} (general), Freeman ("Hist. Fed. Gov."
+    204) notes that "at the head of the whole League there seems to
+    have been, as in so many other cases, a single Federal general."
+    Cf. Diod. xv. 62.
+
+[2] See above, VII. i. 46.
+
+Faction and party strife ran high in Sicyon between the better classes
+and the people, when Euphron, getting a body of foreign troops from
+Athens, once more obtained his restoration. The city, with the help of
+the commons, he was master of, but the Theban governor held the
+citadel. Euphron, perceiving that he would never be able to dominate
+the state whilst the Thebans held the acropolis, collected money and
+set off to Thebes, intending to persuade the Thebans to expel the
+aristocrats and once again to hand over the city to himself. But the
+former exiles, having got wind of this journey of his, and of the
+whole intrigue, set off themselves to Thebes in front of him.[3] When,
+however, they saw the terms of intimacy on which he associated with
+the Theban authorities, in terror of his succeeding in his mission
+some of them staked their lives on the attempt and stabbed Euphron in
+the Cadmeia, where the magistrates and senate were seated. The
+magistrates, indeed, could not but indict the perpetrators of the deed
+before the senate, and spoke as follows:
+
+[3] Or, "on an opposition journey."
+
+"Fellow-citizens, it is our duty to arraign these murderers of
+Euphron, the men before you, on the capital charge. Mankind may be
+said to fall into two classes: there are the wise and temperate,[4]
+who are incapable of any wrong and unhallowed deed; and there are the
+base, the bad, who do indeed such things, but try to escape the notice
+of their fellows. The men before you are exceptional. They have so far
+exceeded all the rest of men in audacity and foul villiany that, in
+the very presence of the magistrates and of yourselves, who alone have
+the power of life and death, they have taken the law into their own
+hands,[5] and have slain this man. But they stand now before the bar
+of justice, and they must needs pay the extreme penalty; for, if you
+spare them, what visitor will have courage to approach the city? Nay,
+what will become of the city itself, if license is to be given to any
+one who chooses to murder those who come here, before they have even
+explained the object of their visit? It is our part, then, to
+prosecute these men as arch-villains and miscreants, whose contempt
+for law and justice is only matched by the supreme indifference with
+which they treat this city. It is your part, now that you have heard
+the charges, to impose upon them that penalty which seems to be the
+measure of their guilt."
+
+[4] Lit. "the sound of soul."
+
+[5] Or, "they have been judge and jury both, and executioners to
+    boot."
+
+Such were the words of the magistrates. Among the men thus accused,
+all save one denied immediate participation in the act. It was not
+their hands that had dealt the blow. This one not only confessed the
+deed, but made a defence in words somewhat as follows:
+
+"As to treating you with indifference, men of Thebes, that is not
+possible for a man who knows that with you lies the power to deal with
+him as you list. Ask rather on what I based my confidence when I slew
+the man; and be well assured that, in the first place, I based it on
+the conviction that I was doing right; next, that your verdict will
+also be right and just. I knew assuredly how you dealt with Archias[6]
+and Hypates and that company whom you detected in conduct similar to
+that of Euphron: you did not stay for formal voting, but at the first
+opportunity within your reach you guided the sword of vengeance,
+believing that by the verdict of mankind a sentence of death had
+already been passed against the conspicuously profane person, the
+manifest traitor, and him who lays to his hand to become a tyrant.
+See, then, what follows. Euphron was liable on each of these several
+counts: he was a conspicuously profane person, who took into his
+keeping temples rich in votive offerings of gold and silver, and swept
+them bare of their sacred treasures; he was an arrant traitor--for
+what treason could be more manifest than Euphron's? First he was the
+bosom friend of Lacedaemon, but presently chose you in their stead;
+and, after exchange of solemn pledges between yourselves and him, once
+more turned round and played the traitor to you, and delivered up the
+harbour to your enemies. Lastly, he was most undisguisedly a tyrant,
+who made not free men only, but free fellow-citizens his slaves; who
+put to death, or drove into exile, or robbed of their wealth and
+property, not malefactors, note you, but the mere victims of his whim
+and fancy; and these were ever the better folk. Once again restored by
+the help of your sworn foes and antagonists, the Athenians, to his
+native town of Sicyon, the first thing he did was to take up arms
+against the governor from Thebes; but, finding himself powerless to
+drive him from the acropolis, he collected money and betook himself
+hither. Now, if it were proved that he had mustered armed bands to
+attack you, I venture to say, you would have thanked me that I slew
+him. What then, when he came furnished with vile moneys, to corrupt
+you therewith, to bribe you to make him once more lord and master of
+the state? How shall I, who dealt justice upon him, justly suffer
+death at your hands? For to be worsted in arms implies injury
+certainly, but of the body only: the defeated man is not proved to be
+dishonest by his loss of victory. But he who is corrupted by filthy
+lucre, contrary to the standard of what is best,[7] is at once injured
+and involved in shame.
+
+[6] See above, V. iv. 2.
+
+[7] Or, as we should say, "in violation of conscience."
+
+"Now if he had been your friend, however much he was my national foe,
+I do confess it had been scarce honourable of me to have stabbed him
+to death in your presence: but why, I should like to ask, should the
+man who betrayed you be less your enemy than mine? 'Ah, but,' I hear
+some one retort, 'he came of his own accord.' I presume, sir, you mean
+that had he chanced to be slain by somebody at a distance from your
+state, that somebody would have won your praise; but now, on the
+ground that he came back here to work mischief on the top of mischief,
+'he had the right to live'![8] In what part of Hellas, tell me, sir,
+do Hellenes keep a truce with traitors, double-dyed deserters, and
+tyrants? Moreover, I must remind you that you passed a resolution--if
+I mistake not, it stands recorded in your parliamentary minutes--that
+'renegades are liable to be apprehended[9] in any of the allied
+cities.' Now, here is a renegade restoring himself without any common
+decree of the allied states: will any one tell me on what ground this
+person did not deserve to die? What I maintain, sirs, is that if you
+put me to death, by so doing you will be aiding and abetting your
+bitterest foe; while, by a verdict sanctioning the justice of my
+conduct, you will prove your willingness to protect the interests not
+of yourselves only, but of the whole body of your allies."
+
+[8] Or, "he was wrongfully slain."
+
+[9] For this right of extradition see Plut. "Lys." xxvii.
+
+The Thebans on hearing these pleadings decided that Euphron had only
+suffered the fate which he deserved. His own countrymen, however,
+conveyed away the body with the honours due to a brave and good man,
+and buried him in the market-place, where they still pay pious
+reverence to his memory as "a founder of the state." So strictly, it
+would seem, do the mass of mankind confine the term brave and good to
+those who are the benefactors of themselves.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+B.C. 366. And so ends the history of Euphron. I return to the point
+reached at the commencement of this digression.[1] The Phliasians were
+still fortifying Thyamia, and Chares was still with them, when
+Oropus[2] was seized by the banished citizens of that place. The
+Athenians in consequence despatched an expedition in full force to the
+point of danger, and recalled Chares from Thyamia; whereupon the
+Sicyonians and the Arcadians seized the opportunity to recapture the
+harbour of Sicyon. Meanwhile the Athenians, forced to act single-
+handed, with none of their allies to assist them, retired from Oropus,
+leaving that town in the hands of the Thebans as a deposit till the
+case at issue could be formally adjudicated.
+
+[1] See above, VII. ii. 23; iii. 3; Diod. xv. 76.
+
+[2] See Thuc. viii. 60.
+
+Now Lycomedes[3] had discovered that the Athenians were harbouring a
+grievance against her allies, as follows:--They felt it hard that,
+while Athens was put to vast trouble on their account, yet in her need
+not a man among them stepped forward to render help. Accordingly he
+persuaded the assembly of Ten Thousand to open negotiations with
+Athens for the purpose of forming an alliance.[4] At first some of the
+Athenians were vexed that they, being friends of Lacedaemon, should
+become allied to her opponents; but on further reflection they
+discovered it was no less desirable for the Lacedaemonians than for
+themselves that the Arcadians should become independent of Thebes.
+That being so, they were quite ready to accept an Arcadian alliance.
+Lycomedes himself was still engaged on this transaction when, taking
+his departure from Athens, he died, in a manner which looked like
+divine intervention.
+
+[3] See above, VII. i. 23.
+
+[4] This proves that "the Ten Thousand made war and peace in the name
+    of all Arkadia"; cf. "Hell." VII. i. 38; Diod. xv. 59. "They
+    received and listened to the ambassadors of other Greek states";
+    Demosth. "F. L." 220. "They regulated and paid the standing army
+    of the Federation"; "Hell." VII. iv. 22, 23; Diod. xv. 62. "They
+    sat in judgment on political offenders against the collective
+    majority of the Arkadian League"; "Hell." VII. iv. 33; Freeman,
+    "Hist. Fed. Gov." 203, note 1.
+
+Out of the many vessels at his service he had chosen the one he liked
+best, and by the terms of contract was entitled to land at any point
+he might desire; but for some reason, selected the exact spot where a
+body of Mantinean exiles lay. Thus he died; but the alliance on which
+he had set his heart was already consummated.
+
+Now an argument was advanced by Demotion[5] in the Assembly of Athens,
+approving highly of the friendship with the Arcadians, which to his
+mind was an excellent thing, but arguing that the generals should be
+instructed to see that Corinth was kept safe for the Athenian people.
+The Corinthians, hearing this, lost no time in despatching garrisons
+of their own large enough to take the place of the Athenian garrisons
+at any point where they might have them, with orders to these latter
+to retire: "We have no further need of foreign garrisons," they said.
+The garrisons did as they were bid.
+
+[5] Of Demotion nothing more, I think, is known. Grote ("H. G." x.
+    397) says: "The public debates of the Athenian assembly were not
+    favourable to the success of a scheme like that proposed by
+    Demotion, to which secrecy was indispensable. Compare another
+    scheme" (the attempted surprise of Mitylene, B.C. 428), "divulged
+    in like manner, in Thuc. iii. 3."
+
+As soon as the Athenian garrison troops were met together in the city
+of Corinth, the Corinthian authorities caused proclamation to be made
+inviting all Athenians who felt themselves wronged to enter their
+names and cases upon a list, and they would recover their dues. While
+things were in this state, Chares arrived at Cenchreae with a fleet.
+Learning what had been done, he told them that he had heard there were
+designs against the state of Corinth, and had come to render
+assistance. The authorities, while thanking him politely for his zeal,
+were not any the more ready to admit the vessels into the harbour, but
+bade him sail away; and after rendering justice to the infantry
+troops, they sent them away likewise. Thus the Athenians were quit of
+Corinth. To the Arcadians, to be sure, they were forced by the terms
+of their alliance to send an auxiliary force of cavalry, "in case of
+any foreign attack upon Arcadia." At the same time they were careful
+not to set foot on Laconian soil for the purposes of war.
+
+The Corinthians had begun to realise on how slender a thread their
+political existence hung. They were overmastered by land still as
+ever, with the further difficulty of Athenian hostility, or quasi-
+hostility, now added. They resolved to collect bodies of mercenary
+troops, both infantry and horse. At the head of these they were able
+at once to guard their state and to inflict much injury on their
+neighbouring foes. To Thebes, indeed, they sent ambassadors to
+ascertain whether they would have any prospect of peace if they came
+to seek it. The Thebans bade them come: "Peace they should have."
+Whereupon the Corinthians asked that they might be allowed to visit
+their allies; in making peace they would like to share it with those
+who cared for it, and would leave those who preferred war to war. This
+course also the Thebans sanctioned; and so the Corinthians came to
+Lacedaemon and said:
+
+"Men of Lacedaemon, we, your friends, are here to present a petition,
+and on this wise. If you can discover any safety for us whilst we
+persist in warlike courses, we beg that you will show it us; but if
+you recognise the hopelessness of our affairs, we would, in that case,
+proffer this alternative: if peace is alike conducive to your
+interests, we beg that you would join us in making peace, since there
+is no one with whom we would more gladly share our safety than with
+you; if, on the other hand, you are persuaded that war is more to your
+interest, permit us at any rate to make peace for ourselves. So saved
+to-day, perhaps we may live to help you in days to come; whereas, if
+to-day we be destroyed, plainly we shall never at any time be
+serviceable again."
+
+The Lacedaemonians, on hearing these proposals, counselled the
+Corinthians to arrange a peace on their own account; and as for the
+rest of their allies, they permitted any who did not care to continue
+the war along with them to take a respite and recruit themselves. "As
+for ourselves," they said, "we will go on fighting and accept whatever
+Heaven has in store for us,"--adding, "never will we submit to be
+deprived of our territory of Messene, which we received as an heirloom
+from our fathers."[6]
+
+[6] See Isocr. "Or." vi. "Archidamos," S. 70; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii.
+    193.
+
+Satisfied with this answer, the Corinthians set off to Thebes in quest
+of peace. The Thebans, indeed, asked them to agree on oath, not to
+peace only but an alliance; to which they answered: "An alliance
+meant, not peace, but merely an exchange of war. If they liked, they
+were ready there and then," they repeated, "to establish a just and
+equitable peace." And the Thebans, admiring the manner in which,
+albeit in danger, they refused to undertake war against their
+benefactors, conceded to them and the Phliasians and the rest who came
+with them to Thebes, peace on the principle that each should hold
+their own territory. On these terms the oaths were taken.
+
+Thereupon the Phliasians, in obedience to the compact, at once retired
+from Thyamia; but the Argives, who had taken the oath of peace on
+precisely the same terms, finding that they were unable to procure the
+continuance of the Phliasian exiles in the Trikaranon as a point held
+within the limits of Argos,[7] took over and garrisoned the place,
+asserting now that this land was theirs--land which only a little
+while before they were ravaging as hostile territory. Further, they
+refused to submit the case to arbitration in answer to the challenge
+of the Phliasians.
+
+[7] Or, "as a post held by them within the territory of the state."
+    The passage is perhaps corrupt.
+
+It was nearly at the same date that the son of Dionysius[8] (his
+father, Dionysius the first, being already dead) sent a reinforcement
+to Lacedaemon of twelve triremes under Timocrates, who on his arrival
+helped the Lacedaemonians to recover Sellasia, and after that exploit
+sailed away home.
+
+[8] Concerning Dionysius the first, see above, VII. i. 20 foll. 28.
+
+B.C. 366-365. Not long after this the Eleians seized Lasion,[9] a
+place which in old days was theirs, but at present was attached to the
+Arcadian league. The Arcadians did not make light of the matter, but
+immediately summoned their troops and rallied to the rescue. Counter-
+reliefs came also on the side of Elis--their Three Hundred, and again
+their Four Hundred.[10] The Eleians lay encamped during the day face
+to face with the invader, but on a somewhat more level position. The
+Arcadians were thereby induced under cover of night to mount on to the
+summit of the hill overhanging the Eleians, and at day-dawn they began
+their descent upon the enemy. The Eleians soon caught sight of the
+enemy advancing from the vantage ground above them, many times their
+number; but a sense of shame forbade retreat at such a distance.
+Presently they came to close quarters; there was a hand-to-hand
+encounter; the Eleians turned and fled; and in retiring down the
+difficult ground lost many men and many arms.
+
+[9] See above, VII. i. 26; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 201.
+
+[10] From the sequel it would appear that the former were a picked
+    corps of infantry and the latter of cavalry. See Thuc. ii. 25;
+    Busolt, op. cit. p. 175 foll.
+
+Flushed with this achievement the Arcadians began marching on the
+cities of the Acroreia,[11] which, with the exception of Thraustus,
+they captured, and so reached Olympia. There they made an entrenched
+camp on the hill of Kronos, established a garrison, and held control
+over the Olympian hill-country. Margana also, by help of a party
+inside who gave it up, next fell into their hands.
+
+[11] The mountainous district of Elis on the borders of Arcadia,  in
+    which the rivers Peneius and Ladon take their rise; see "Dict. of
+    Anct. Geog." s.v.; above, III. ii. 30, IV. ii. 16. Thraustus was
+    one of the four chief townships of the district. For Margana, see
+    above, III. ii. 25, 30, IV. ii. 16, VI. v. 2.
+
+These successive advantages gained by their opponents reacted on the
+Eleians, and threw them altogether into despair. Meanwhile the
+Arcadians were steadily advancing upon their capital.[12] At length
+they arrived, and penetrated into the market-place. Here, however, the
+cavalry and the rest of the Eleians made a stand, drove the enemy out
+with some loss, and set up a trophy.
+
+[12] I.e. Elis.
+
+It should be mentioned that the city of Elis had previously been in a
+state of disruption. The party of Charopus, Thrasonidas and Argeius
+were for converting the state into a democracy; the party of Eualcas,
+Hippias, and Stratolas[13] were for oligarchy. When the Arcadians,
+backed by a large force, appeared as allies of those who favoured a
+democratic constitution, the party of Charopus were at once
+emboldened; and, having obtained the promise of assistance from the
+Arcadians, they seized the acropolis. The Knights and the Three
+Hundred did not hesitate, but at once marched up and dislodged them;
+with the result that about four hundred citizens, with Argeius and
+Charopus, were banished. Not long afterwards these exiles, with the
+help of some Arcadians, seized and occupied Pylus;[14] where many of
+the commons withdrew from the capital to join them, attracted not only
+by the beauty of the position, but by the great power of the
+Arcadians, in alliance with them.
+
+[13] See below, VII. iv. 31; Busolt, op. cit. p. 175.
+
+[14] Pylus, a town in "hollow" Elis, upon the mountain road from Elis
+    to Olympia, at the place where the Ladon flows into the Peneius
+    (Paus. VI. xxii. 5), near the modern village of Agrapidokhori.--
+    Baedeker, "Greece," p. 320. See Busolt, p. 179.
+
+There was subsequently another invasion of the territory of the
+Eleians on the part of the Arcadians, who were influenced by the
+representations of the exiles that the city would come over to them.
+But the attempt proved abortive. The Achaeans, who had now become
+friends with the Eleians, kept firm guard on the capital, so that the
+Arcadians had to retire without further exploit than that of ravaging
+the country. Immediately, however, on marching out of Eleian territory
+they were informed that the men of Pellene were in Elis; whereupon
+they executed a marvellously long night march and seized the Pellenian
+township of Olurus[15] (the Pellenians at the date in question having
+already reverted to their old alliance with Lacedaemon). And now the
+men of Pellene, in their turn getting wind of what had happened at
+Olurus, made their way round as best they could, and got into their
+own city of Pellene; after which there was nothing for it but to carry
+on war with the Arcadians in Olurus and the whole body of their own
+commons; and in spite of their small numbers they did not cease till
+they had reduced Olurus by siege.
+
+[15] This fortress (placed by Leake at modern Xylokastro) lay at the
+    entrance of the gorge of the Sys, leading from the Aigialos or
+    coast-land into the territory of Pellene, which itself lay about
+    sixty stades from the sea at modern Zougra. For the part played by
+    Pellene as one of the twelve Achaean states at this period, see
+    above.
+
+B.C. 365.[16] The Arcadians were presently engaged on another campaign
+against Elis. While they were encamped between Cyllene[17] and the
+capital the Eleians attacked them, but the Arcadians made a stand and
+won the battle. Andromachus, the Eleian cavalry general, who was
+regarded as responsible for the engagement, made an end of himself;
+and the rest withdrew into the city. This battle cost the life also of
+another there present--the Spartan Socleides; since, it will be
+understood, the Lacedaemonians had by this time become allies of the
+Eleians. Consequently the Eleians, being sore pressed on their own
+territory, sent an embassy and begged the Lacedaemonians to organise
+an expedition against the Arcadians. They were persuaded that in this
+way they would best arrest the progress of the Arcadians, who would
+thus be placed between the two foes. In accordance with this
+suggestion Archidamus marched out with a body of the city troops and
+seized Cromnus.[18] Here he left a garrison--three out of the twelve
+regiments[19]--and so withdrew homewards. The Arcadians had just ended
+their Eleian campaign, and, without disbanding their levies, hastened
+to the rescue, surrounded Cromnus with a double line of trenches, and
+having so secured their position, proceeded to lay seige to those
+inside the place. The city of Lacedaemon, annoyed at the siege of
+their citizens, sent out an army, again under Archidamus, who, when he
+had come, set about ravaging Arcadia to the best of his power, as also
+the Sciritid, and did all he could to draw off, if possible, the
+besieging army. The Arcadians, for all that, were not one whit the
+more to be stirred: they seemed callous to all his proceedings.
+
+[16] See Grote, "H. G." x. 429 foll.; al. B.C. 364.
+
+[17] The port town of Elis.
+
+[18] Cromnus, a township near Megalopolis. See Callisthenes, ap.
+    Athen. 10, p. 452 A. See Schneider's note ad loc.
+
+[19] Lit. "lochi." See Arnold's note to Thuc. v. 68; below, VII. v.
+    10.
+
+Presently espying a certain rising ground, across which the Arcadians
+had drawn their outer line of circumvallation, Archidamus proposed to
+himself to take it. If he were once in command of that knoll, the
+besiegers at its foot would be forced to retire. Accordingly he set
+about leading a body of troops round to the point in question, and
+during this movement the light infantry in advance of Archidamus,
+advancing at the double, caught sight of the Arcadian Eparitoi[20]
+outside the stockade and attacked them, while the cavalry made an
+attempt to enforce their attack simultaneously. The Arcadians did not
+swerve: in compact order they waited impassively. The Lacedaemonians
+charged a second time: a second time they swerved not, but on the
+contrary began advancing. Then, as the hoarse roar and shouting
+deepened, Archidamus himself advanced in support of his troops. To do
+so he turned aside along the carriage-road leading to Cromnus, and
+moved onward in column two abreast,[21] which was his natural order.
+When they came into close proximity to one another--Archidamus's
+troops in column, seeing they were marching along a road; the
+Arcadians in compact order with shields interlinked--at this
+conjuncture the Lacedaemonians were not able to hold out for any
+length of time against the numbers of the Arcadians. Before long
+Archidamus had received a wound which pierced through his thigh,
+whilst death was busy with those who fought in front of him,
+Polyaenidas and Chilon, who was wedded to the sister of Archidamus,
+included. The whole of these, numbering no less than thirty, perished
+in this action. Presently, falling back along the road, they emerged
+into the open ground, and now with a sense of relief the
+Lacedaemonians got themselves into battle order, facing the foe. The
+Arcadians, without altering their position, stood in compact line, and
+though falling short in actual numbers, were in far better heart--the
+moral result of an attack on a retreating enemy and the severe loss
+inflicted on him. The Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, were sorely
+down-hearted: Archidamus lay wounded before their eyes; in their ears
+rang the names of those who had died, the fallen being not only brave
+men, but, one may say, the flower of Spartan chivalry. The two armies
+were now close together, when one of the older men lifted up his voice
+and cried: "Why need we fight, sirs? Why not rather make truce and
+part friends?" Joyously the words fell on the ears of either host, and
+they made a truce. The Lacedaemonians picked up their dead and
+retired; the Arcadians withdrew to the point where their advance
+originally began, and set up a trophy of victory.
+
+[20] So the troops of the Arcadian Federation were named. Diodorus
+    (xv. 62) calls them "the select troops," {tous kaloumenous
+    epilektous}.
+
+[21] See above, III. i. 22.
+
+Now, as the Arcadians lay at Cromnus, the Eleians from the capital,
+advancing in the first instance upon Pylus, fell in with the men of
+that place, who had been beaten back from Thalamae.[22] Galloping
+along the road, the cavalry of the Eleians, when they caught sight of
+them, did not hesitate, but dashed at them at once, and put some to
+the sword, while others of them fled for safety to a rising knoll. Ere
+long the Eleian infantry arrived, and succeeded in dislodging this
+remnant on the hillock also; some they slew, and others, nearly two
+hundred in number, they took alive, all of whom where either sold, if
+foreigners, or, if Eleian exiles, put to death. After this the Eleians
+captured the men of Pylus and the place itself, as no one came to
+their rescue, and recovered the Marganians.
+
+[22] A strong fortress in an unfrequented situation, defended by
+    narrow passes (Leake, "Morea," ii. 204); it lay probably in the
+    rocky recesses of Mount Scollis (modern Santameri), on the
+    frontier of Achaea, near the modern village of Santameri. See
+    Polyb. iv. 75. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 179.
+
+The Lacedaemonians presently made a second attempt on Cromnus by a
+night attack, got possession of the part of the palisading facing the
+Argives, and at once began summoning their besieged fellow-citizens to
+come out. Out accordingly came all who happened to be within easy
+distance, and who took time by the forelock. The rest were not quick
+enough; a strong Arcadian reinforcement cut them off, and they
+remained shut up inside, and were eventually taken prisoners and
+distributed. One portion of them fell to the lot of the Argives, one
+to the Thebans,[23] one to the Arcadians, and one to the Messenians.
+The whole number taken, whether true-born Spartans or Perioeci,
+amounted to more than one hundred.
+
+[23] "The Thebans must have been soldiers in garrison at Tegea,
+    Megalopolis, or Messene."--Grote, "H. G." x. 433.
+
+B.C. 364. And now that the Arcadians had leisure on the side of
+Cromnus, they were again able to occupy themselves with the Eleians,
+and to keep Olympia still more strongly garrisoned. In anticipation of
+the approaching Olympic year,[24] they began preparations to celebrate
+the Olympian games in conjunction with the men of Pisa, who claim to
+be the original presidents of the Temple.[25] Now, when the month of
+the Olympic Festival--and not the month only, but the very days,
+during which the solemn assembly is wont to meet, were come, the
+Eleians, in pursuance of preparations and invitations to the Achaeans,
+of which they made no secret, at length proceeded to march along the
+road to Olympia. The Arcadians had never imagined that they would
+really attack them; and they were themselves just now engaged with the
+men of Pisa in carrying out the details of the solemn assembly. They
+had already completed the chariot-race, and the foot-race of the
+pentathlon.[26] The competitors entitled to enter for the wrestling
+match had left the racecourse, and were getting through their bouts in
+the space between the racecourse and the great altar.
+
+[24] I.e. "Ol. 104. 1" (July B.C. 364).
+
+[25] For this claim on the part of the Pisatans (as the old
+    inhabitants), see above, III. ii. 31; Paus. VI. xxii. 2; Diod. xv.
+    78; Busolt, op. cit. p. 154.
+
+[26] As to the pentathlon, see above, IV. vii. 5. Whether the
+    preceding {ippodromia} was, at this date, a horse or chariot race,
+    or both, I am unable to say.
+
+It must be understood that the Eleians under arms were already close
+at hand within the sacred enclosure.[27] The Arcadians, without
+advancing farther to meet them, drew up their troops on the river
+Cladaus, which flows past the Altis and discharges itself into the
+Alpheus. Their allies, consisting of two hundred Argive hoplites and
+about four hundred Athenian cavalry, were there to support them.
+Presently the Eleians formed into line on the opposite side of the
+stream, and, having sacrificed, at once began advancing. Though
+heretofore in matters of war despised by Arcadians and Argives, by
+Achaeans and Athenians alike, still on this day they led the van of
+the allied force like the bravest of the brave. Coming into collision
+with the Arcadians first, they at once put them to flight, and next
+receiving the attack of the Argive supports, mastered these also. Then
+having pursued them into the space between the senate-house, the
+temple of Hestia, and the theatre thereto adjoining, they still kept
+up the fighting as fiercely as ever, pushing the retreating foe
+towards the great altar. But now being exposed to missiles from the
+porticoes and the senate-house and the great temple,[28] while
+battling with their opponents on the level, some of the Eleians were
+slain, and amongst others the commander of the Three Hundred himself,
+Stratolas. At this state of the proceedings they retired to their
+camp.
+
+[27] "The {temenos} must here be distinguished from the Altis, as
+    meaning the entire breadth of consecrated ground at Olympia, of
+    which the Altis formed a smaller interior portion enclosed with a
+    wall. The Eleians entered into a {temenos} before they crossed the
+    river Kladeus, which flowed through the {temenos}, but alongside
+    the Altis. The tomb of Oenomaus, which was doubtless included in
+    the {temenos}, was on the right bank of the Kladeus (Paus. VI.
+    xxi. 3); while the Altis was on the left bank of the river."--
+    Grote, "H. G." x. 438, note 1. For the position of the Altis
+    (Paus. V. x. 1) and several of the buildings here mentioned, and
+    the topography of Olympia in general, see Baedeker's "Greece," p.
+    322 foll.; and Dorpfeld's Plan ("Olympia und Umgegend," Berlin,
+    1882), there reproduced.
+
+[28] Or, "from the porticoes of the senate-house and the great
+    temple."
+
+The Arcadians and those with them were so terrified at the thought of
+the coming day that they gave themselves neither respite nor repose
+that night, but fell to chopping up the carefully-compacted booths and
+constructing them into palisades; so that when the Eleians did again
+advance the next day and saw the strength of the barriers and the
+number mounted on the temples, they withdrew to their city. They had
+proved themselves to be warriors of such mettle as a god indeed by the
+breath of his spirit may raise up and bring to perfection in a single
+day, but into which it were impossible for mortal men to convert a
+coward even in a lifetime.
+
+B.C. 363. The employment of the sacred treasures of the temple by the
+Arcadian magistrates[29] as a means of maintaining the Eparitoi[30]
+aroused protest. The Mantineans were the first to pass a resolution
+forbidding such use of the sacred property. They set the example
+themselves of providing the necessary quota for the Troop in question
+from their state exchequer, and this sum they sent to the federal
+government. The latter, affirming that the Mantineans were undermining
+the Arcadian league, retaliated by citing their leading statesmen to
+appear before the assembly of Ten Thousand; and on their refusal to
+obey the summons, passed sentence upon them, and sent the Eparitoi to
+apprehend them as convicted persons. The Mantineans, however, closed
+their gates, and would not admit the Troop within their walls. Their
+example was speedily followed: others among the Ten Thousand began to
+protest against the enormity of so applying the sacred treasures; it
+was doubly wrong to leave as a perpetual heirloom to their children
+the imputation of a crime so heinous against the gods. But no sooner
+was a resolution passed in the general assembly[31] forbidding the use
+of the sacred moneys for profane purposes than those (members of the
+league) who could not have afforded to serve as Eparitoi without pay
+began speedily to melt away; while those of more independent means,
+with mutual encouragement, began to enrol themselves in the ranks of
+the Eparitoi--the feeling being that they ought not to be a mere tool
+in the hands of the corps, but rather that the corps itself should be
+their instrument. Those members of the government who had manipulated
+the sacred money soon saw that when they came to render an account of
+their stewardship, in all likelihood they would lose their heads. They
+therefore sent an embassy to Thebes, with instructions to the Theban
+authorities warning them that, if they did not open a campaign, the
+Arcadians would in all probability again veer round to Lacedaemon.
+
+[29] See above, VII. i. 24. "Were these magistrates, or merely popular
+    leaders?"--Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 203, note 3.
+
+[30] Or, "Select Troop." See above.
+
+[31] "The common formula for a Greek confederation, {to koinon ton
+    'Arkadon}, is used as an equivalent of {oi mupioi}" (here and
+    below, SS. 35, 38)--Freeman, op. cit. 202, note 4.
+
+The Thebans, therefore, began making preparations for opening a
+campaign, but the party who consulted the best interests of
+Peloponnese[32] persuaded the general assembly of the Arcadians to
+send an embassy and tell the Thebans not to advance with an army into
+Arcadia, unless they sent for them; and whilst this was the language
+they addressed to Thebes, they reasoned among themselves that they
+could dispense with war altogether. The presidency over the temple of
+Zeus, they were persuaded, they might easily dispense with; indeed, it
+would at once be a more upright and a holier proceeding on their parts
+to give it back, and with such conduct the god, they thought, might be
+better pleased. As these were also the views and wishes of the
+Eleians, both parties agreed to make peace, and a truce was
+established.
+
+[32] See below, VII. v. 1, {oi kedouenoi tes Peloponnesou}. I regard
+    these phrases as self-laudatory political catchwords.
+
+B.C. 362. The oaths were ratified; and amongst those who swore to them
+were included not only the parties immediately concerned, but the men
+of Tegea, and the Theban general himself, who was inside Tegea with
+three hundred heavy infantry of the Boeotians. Under these
+circumstances the Arcadians in Tegea remained behind feasting and
+keeping holy day, with outpouring of libations and songs of victory,
+to celebrate the establishment of peace. Here was an opportunity for
+the Theban and those of the government who regarded the forthcoming
+inquiry with apprehension. Aided by the Boeotians and those of the
+Eparitoi who shared their sentiments, they first closed the gates of
+the fortress of Tegea, and then set about sending to the various
+quarters to apprehend those of the better class. But, inasmuch as
+there were Arcadians present from all the cities, and there was a
+general desire for peace, those apprehended must needs be many. So
+much so, that the prison-house was eventually full to overflowing, and
+the town-hall was full also. Besides the number lodged in prison, a
+number had escaped by leaping down the walls, and there were others
+who were suffered to pass through the gates (a laxity easily
+explained, since no one, excepting those who were anticipating their
+own downfall, cherished any wrathful feeling against anybody). But
+what was a source of still graver perplexity to the Theban commander
+and those acting with him--of the Mantineans, the very people whom
+they had set their hearts on catching, they had got but very few.
+Nearly all of them, owing to the proximity of their city, had, in
+fact, betaken themselves home. Now, when day came and the Mantineans
+learned what had happened, they immediately sent and forewarned the
+other Arcadian states to be ready in arms, and to guard the passes;
+and they set the example themselves by so doing. They sent at the same
+time to Tegea and demanded the release of all Mantineans there
+detained. With regard to the rest of the Arcadians they further
+claimed that no one should be imprisoned or put to death without
+trial. If any one had any accusation to bring against any, than by the
+mouth of their messengers there present they gave notice that the
+state of Mantinea was ready to offer bail, "Verily and indeed to
+produce before the general assembly of the Arcadians all who might be
+summoned into court." The Theban accordingly, on hearing this, was at
+a loss what to make of the affair, and released his prisoners. Next
+day, summoning a congress of all the Arcadians who chose to come, he
+explained, with some show of apology, that he had been altogether
+deceived; he had heard, he said, that "the Lacedaemonians were under
+arms on the frontier, and that some of the Arcadians were about to
+betray Tegea into their hands." His auditors acquitted him for the
+moment, albeit they knew that as touching themselves he was lying.
+They sent, however, an embassy to Thebes and there accused him as
+deserving of death. Epaminondas (who was at that time the general at
+the head of the war department) is reported to have maintained that
+the Theban commander had acted far more rightly when he seized than
+when he let go the prisoners. "Thanks to you," he argued, "we have
+been brought into a state of war, and then you, without our advice or
+opinion asked, make peace on your own account; would it not be
+reasonable to retort upon you the charge of treason in such conduct?
+Anyhow, be assured," he added, "we shall bring an army into Arcadia,
+and along with those who share our views carry on the war which we
+have undertaken."
+
+
+
+V
+
+B.C. 362. This answer was duly reported to the general assembly of the
+Arcadians, and throughout the several states of the league.
+Consequently the Mantineans, along with those of the Arcadians who had
+the interests of Peloponnesus at heart, as also the Eleians and the
+Achaeans, came to the conclusion that the policy of the Thebans was
+plain. They wished Peloponnesus to be reduced to such an extremity of
+weakness that it might fall an easy prey into their hands who were
+minded to enslave it. "Why else," they asked, "should they wish us to
+fight, except that we may tear each other to pieces, and both sides be
+driven to look to them for support? or why, when we tell them that we
+have no need of them at present, do they insist on preparing for a
+foreign campaign? Is it not plain that these preparations are for an
+expedition which will do us some mischief?"
+
+In this mood they sent to Athens,[1] calling on the Athenians for
+military aid. Ambassadors also went to Lacedaemon on behalf of the
+Eparitoi, summoning the Lacedaemonians, if they wished to give a
+helping hand, to put a stop to the proceedings of any power
+approaching to enslave Peloponnesus. As regards the headship, they
+came to an arrangement at once, on the principle that each of the
+allied states should exercise the generalship within its own
+territory.
+
+[1] For a treaty of alliance between Athens, the Arkadians, Achaeans,
+    Eleians, and Phliasians, immediately before Mantinea, B.C. 362,
+    {epi Molonos arkhontos}, see Hicks, 94; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p.
+    405. It is preserved on a stele ("broken at bottom; but the top is
+    surmounted by a relief representing Zeus enthroned, with a
+    thunderbolt; a female figure [= the {Summakhia}?] approaches
+    lifting her veil, while Athena stands by") now standing among the
+    sculptures from the Asklepieion on the Acropolis at Athens. See
+    Milchhofer, p. 47, no. 7, "Die Museum," Athens, 1881. For the
+    date, see Demosth. "c. Polycl." 1207.
+
+While these matters were in progress, Epaminondas was prosecuting his
+march at the head of all the Boeotians, with the Euboeans, and a large
+body of Thessalians, furnished both by Alexander[2] and by his
+opponents. The Phocians were not represented. Their special agreement
+only required them to render assistance in case of an attack on
+Thebes; to assist in a hostile expedition against others was not in
+the bond. Epaminondas, however, reflected that inside Peloponnesus
+itself they might count upon the Argives and the Messenians, with that
+section of the Arcadians which shared their views. These latter were
+the men of Tegea and Megalopolis, of Asea and Pallantium, with any
+townships which owing to their small size or their position in the
+midst of these larger cities were forced to follow their lead.
+
+[2] For Alexander of Pherae, see above, VI. iv. 34. In B.C. 363 the
+    Thebans had sent an army under Pelopidas into Thessaly to assist
+    their allies among the Thessalians with the Phthiot Achaeans and
+    the Magnetes against Alexander. At Kynos Kephelae Alexander was
+    defeated, but Pelopidas was slain (see Grote, "H. G." x. 420
+    foll.). "His death, as it brought grief, so likewise it produced
+    advantage to the allies; for the Thebans, as soon as they heard of
+    his fall, delayed not their revenge, but presently sent seven
+    thousand foot and seven hundred horse, under the command of
+    Malcitas and Diogiton. And they, finding Alexander weak and
+    without forces, compelled him to restore the cities he had taken,
+    to withdraw his garrisons from the Magnesians and Achaeans of
+    Phthiotos and swear to assist the Thebans against whatsoever
+    enemies they should require."--Plut. "Pelop." 35 (Clough, ii.
+    236).
+
+Epaminondas advanced with rapid strides; but on reaching Nemea he
+slackened speed, hoping to catch the Athenians as they passed, and
+reflecting on the magnitude of such an achievement, whether in
+stimulating the courage of his own allies, or in plunging his foes
+into despondency; since, to state the matter concisely, any blow to
+Athens would be a gain to Thebes. But during his pause at Nemea those
+who shared the opposite policy had time to converge on Mantinea.
+Presently the news reached Epaminondas that the Athenians had
+abandoned the idea of marching by land, and were preparing to bring
+their supports to Arcadia by sea through Lacedaemon. This being so, he
+abandoned his base of Nemea and pushed on to Tegea.
+
+That the strategy of the Theban general was fortunate I will not
+pretend to assert, but in the particular combination of prudence and
+daring which stamps these exploits, I look upon him as consummate. In
+the first place, I cannot but admire the sagacity which led him to
+form his camp within the walls of Tegea, where he was in greater
+security that he would have been if entrenched outside, and where his
+future movements were more completely concealed from the enemy. Again,
+the means to collect material and furnish himself with other
+necessaries were readier to his hand inside the city; while, thirdly,
+he was able to keep an eye on the movements of his opponents marching
+outside, and to watch their successful dispositions as well as their
+mistakes. More than this: in spite of his sense of superiority to his
+antagonists, over and over again, when he saw them gaining some
+advantage in position, he refused to be drawn out to attack them. It
+was only when he saw plainly that no city was going to give him its
+adhesion, and that time was slipping by, that he made up his mind that
+a blow must be struck, failing which, he had nothing to expect save a
+vast ingloriousness, in place of his former fame.[3] He had
+ascertained that his antagonists held a strong position round
+Mantinea, and that they had sent to fetch Agesilaus and the whole
+Lacedaemonian army. He was further aware that Agesilaus had commenced
+his advance and was already at Pellene.[4] Accordingly he passed the
+word of command[5] to his troops to take their evening meal, put
+himself at their head and advanced straight upon Sparta. Had it not
+been for the arrival (by some providential chance) of a Cretan, who
+brought the news to Agesilaus of the enemy's advance, he would have
+captured the city of Sparta like a nest of young birds absolutely
+bereft of its natural defenders. As it was, Agesilaus, being
+forewarned, had time to return to the city before the Thebans came,
+and here the Spartans made distribution of their scanty force and
+maintained watch and ward, albeit few enough in numbers, since the
+whole of their cavalry were away in Arcadia, and so was their foreign
+brigade, and so were three out of their twelve regiments.[6]
+
+[3] Or, "dull obscurity in place of renown."
+
+[4] Pellene (or Pellana), a town of Laconia on the Eurotas, and on the
+    road from Sparta to Arcadia; in fact the frontier fortress on the
+    Eurotas, as Sellasia on the Oenus; "Dict. of Anct. Geog." s.v.;
+    see Paus. iii. 20, S. 2; Strab. viii. 386; Polyb. iv. 81, xvi. 37;
+    Plut. "Agis," 8; Leake, "Morea," iii. 14 foll.
+
+[5] Cf. "Hipparch." iv. 9.
+
+[6] Lit. "lochi." See above, VII. iv. 20; "Pol. Lac." xi. 4.
+
+Arrived within the city of Sparta,[7] Epaminondas abstained from
+gaining an entry at a point where his troops would have to fight on
+level ground and under attack from the houses above; where also their
+large numbers would give them no superiority over the small numbers of
+the foemen. But, singling out a position which he conceived would give
+him the advantage, he occupied it and began his advance against the
+city upon a downward instead of an upward incline.
+
+[7] Grote ("H. G." x. 455) says: "Though he crossed the Eurotas and
+    actually entered into the city of Sparta," as the words {epei de
+    egeneto en te polei ton Spartiaton} certainly seem to me to imply.
+    Others interpret "in the close neighbourhood of."
+
+With regard to what subsequently took place, two possible explanations
+suggest themselves: either it was miraculous, or it may be maintained
+that there is no resisting the fury of desperation. Archidamus,
+advancing at the head of but a hundred men, and crossing the one thing
+which might have been expected to form an obstacle to the enemy,[8]
+began marching uphill against his antagonists. At this crisis these
+fire-breathing warriors, these victorious heroes of Leuctra,[9] with
+their superiority at every point, aided, moreover, by the advantage of
+their position, did not withstand the attack of Archidamus and those
+with him, but swerved in flight.
+
+[8] Or, "to serve as his defence"; or, "the one obstacle to his
+    progress," i.e. Archidamus's. It was a miraculous thing that the
+    Thebans did not stop him.
+
+[9] See Mahaffy, "Hist. Gk. Lit." vol. ii. p. 268, 1st ed. See above,
+    "Hell." VI. iv. 24; Diod. xv. 39, 56.
+
+The vanguard of Epaminondas's troops were cut down; when, however,
+flushed with the glory of their victory, the citizens followed up
+their pursuit beyond the right point, they in turn were cut down--so
+plainly was the demarking line of victory drawn by the finger of God.
+So then Archidamus set up a trophy to note the limit of his success,
+and gave back those who had there fallen of the enemy under a truce.
+Epaminondas, on his side, reflecting that the Arcadians must already
+be hastening to the relief of Lacedaemon, and being unwilling to
+engage them in conjunction with the whole of the Lacedaemonian force,
+especially now that the star of Sparta's fortune shone, whilst theirs
+had suffered some eclipse, turned and marched back the way he came
+with all speed possible into Tegea. There he gave his heavy infantry
+pause and refreshment, but his cavalry he sent on to Mantinea; he
+begged them to "have courage and hold on," instructing them that in
+all likelihood they would find the flocks and herds of the Mantineans
+and the entire population itself outside their walls, especially as it
+was the moment for carrying the corn. So they set off.
+
+The Athenian cavalry, started from Eleusis, had made their evening
+meal at the Isthmus, and passing through Cleonae, as chance befell,
+had arrived at Mantinea and had encamped within the walls in the
+houses. As soon as the enemy were seen galloping up with evidently
+hostile intent, the Mantineans fell to praying the Athenian knights to
+lend them all the succour they could, and they showed them all their
+cattle outside, and all their labourers, and among them were many
+children and graybeards who were free-born citizens. The Athenians
+were touched by this appeal, and, though they had not yet broken fast,
+neither the men themselves nor their horses, went out eagerly to the
+rescue. And here we must needs pause to admire the valour of these men
+also. The enemy whom they had to cope with far outnumbered them, as
+was plain to see, and the former misadventure of the cavalry in
+Corinth was not forgotten.[10] But none of these things entered into
+their calculations now--nor yet the fact that they were on the point
+of engaging Thebans and Thessalians, the finest cavalry in the world
+by all repute. The only thing they thought of was the shame and the
+dishonour, if, being there, they did not lend a helping hand to their
+allies. In this mood, so soon as they caught sight of the enemy, they
+fell with a crash upon him in passionate longing to recover the old
+ancestral glory. Nor did they fight in vain--the blows they struck
+enabled the Mantineans to recover all their property outside, but
+among those who dealt them died some brave heroes;[11] brave heroes
+also, it is evident, were those whom they slew, since on either side
+the weapons wielded were not so short but that they could lunge at one
+another with effect. The dead bodies of their own men they refused to
+abandon; and there were some of the enemy's slain whom they restored
+to him under a flag of truce.
+
+[10] Or, "and in Corinth an untoward incident had been experienced by
+    the cavalry." See Grote, "H. G." x. 458, note 2. Possibly in
+    reference to "Hell." VI. v. 51, 52.
+
+[11] Probably Xenophon's own son Gryllus was among them.
+
+The thoughts now working in the mind of Epaminondas were such as
+these: that within a few days he would be forced to retire, as the
+period of the campaign was drawing to a close; if it ended in his
+leaving in the lurch those allies whom he came out to assist, they
+would be besieged by their antagonists. What a blow would that be to
+his own fair fame, already somewhat tarnished! Had he not been
+defeated in Lacedaemon, with a large body of heavy infantry, by a
+handful of men? defeated again at Mantinea, in the cavalry engagement,
+and himself the main cause finally of a coalition between five great
+powers--that is to say, the Lacedaemonians, the Arcadians, the
+Achaeans, the Eleians, and the Athenians? On all grounds it seemed to
+him impossible to steal past without a battle. And the more so as he
+computed the alternatives of victory or death. If the former were his
+fortune, it would resolve all his perplexities; if death, his end
+would be noble. How glorious a thing to die in the endeavour to leave
+behind him, as his last legacy to his fatherland, the empire of
+Peloponnesus! That such thoughts should pass through his brain strikes
+me as by no means wonderful, as these are thoughts distinctive to all
+men of high ambition. Far more wonderful to my mind was the pitch of
+perfection to which he had brought his army. There was no labour which
+his troops would shrink from, either by night or by day; there was no
+danger they would flinch from; and, with the scantiest provisions,
+their discipline never failed them.
+
+And so, when he gave his last orders to them to prepare for impending
+battle, they obeyed with alacrity. He gave the word; the cavalry fell
+to whitening their helmets, the heavy infantry of the Arcadians began
+inscribing their clubs as the crest on their shields,[12] as though
+they were Thebans, and all were engaged in sharpening their lances and
+swords and polishing their heavy shields. When the preparations were
+complete and he had led them out, his next movement is worthy of
+attention. First, as was natural, he paid heed to their formation, and
+in so doing seemed to give clear evidence that he intended battle; but
+no sooner was the army drawn up in the formation which he preferred,
+than he advanced, not by the shortest route to meet the enemy, but
+towards the westward-lying mountains which face Tegea, and by this
+movement created in the enemy an expectation that he would not do
+battle on that day. In keeping with this expectation, as soon as he
+arrived at the mountain-region, he extended his phalanx in long line
+and piled arms under the high cliffs; and to all appearance he was
+there encamping. The effect of this manouvre on the enemy in general
+was to relax the prepared bent of their souls for battle, and to
+weaken their tactical arrangements. Presently, however, wheeling his
+regiments (which were marching in column) to the front, with the
+effect of strengthening the beak-like[13] attack which he proposed to
+lead himself, at the same instant he gave the order, "Shoulder arms,
+forward," and led the way, the troops following.
+
+[12] Grote ("H. G." x. 463) has another interpretation.
+
+[13] Or, "the wedge-like attack of his own division"; see Grote, "H.
+    G." x. 469 foll. I do not, however, think that the attacking
+    column was actually wedge-shaped like the "acies cuneata" of the
+    Romans. It was the unusual depth of the column which gave it the
+    force of an ironclad's ram. Cf. "Cyrop." II. iv. for {eis
+    metopon}.
+
+When the enemy saw them so unexpectedly approaching, not one of them
+was able to maintain tranquility: some began running to their
+divisions, some fell into line, some might be seen bitting and
+bridling their horses, some donning their cuirasses, and one and all
+were like men about to receive rather than to inflict a blow. He, the
+while, with steady impetus pushed forward his armament, like a ship-
+of-war prow forward. Wherever he brought his solid wedge to bear, he
+meant to cleave through the opposing mass, and crumble his adversary's
+host to pieces. With this design he prepared to throw the brunt of the
+fighting on the strongest half of his army, while he kept the weaker
+portion of it in the background, knowing certainly that if worsted it
+would only cause discouragement to his own division and add force to
+the foe. The cavalry on the side of his opponents were disposed like
+an ordinary phalanx of heavy infantry, regular in depth and
+unsupported by foot-soldiers interspersed among the horses.[14]
+Epaminondas again differed in strengthening the attacking point of his
+cavalry, besides which he interspersed footmen between their lines in
+the belief that, when he had once cut through the cavalry, he would
+have wrested victory from the antagonist along his whole line; so hard
+is it to find troops who will care to keep their own ground when once
+they see any of their own side flying. Lastly, to prevent any attempt
+on the part of the Athenians, who were on the enemy's left wing, to
+bring up their reliefs in support of the portion next them, he posted
+bodies of cavalry and heavy infantry on certain hillocks in front of
+them, intending to create in their minds an apprehension that, in case
+they offered such assistance, they would be attacked on their own rear
+by these detachments. Such was the plan of encounter which he formed
+and executed; nor was he cheated in his hopes. He had so much the
+mastery at his point of attack that he caused the whole of the enemy's
+troops to take flight.
+
+[14] See Rustow and Kochly, p. 176; and for the {amippoi}
+    Harpocration, s.v.; Pollus, i. 131; "Hipparch." v. 13; Thuc. v.
+    58; Herod. vii. 158; Caes. "B. G." i. 48; "B. Civ." iii. 84.
+
+But after he himself had fallen, the rest of the Thebans were not able
+any longer to turn their victory rightly to account. Though the main
+battle line of their opponents had given way, not a single man
+afterwards did the victorious hoplites slay, not an inch forward did
+they advance from the ground on which the collision took place. Though
+the cavalry had fled before them, there was no pursuit; not a man,
+horseman or hoplite, did the conquering cavalry cut down; but, like
+men who have suffered a defeat, as if panic-stricken[15] they slipped
+back through the ranks of the fleeing foemen. Only the footmen
+fighting amongst the cavalry and the light infantry, who had together
+shared in the victory of the cavalry, found their way round to the
+left wing as masters of the field, but it cost them dear; here they
+encountered the Athenians, and most of them were cut down.
+
+[15] Or, "they timorously slipped back."
+
+The effective result of these achievements was the very opposite of
+that which the world at large anticipated. Here, where well-nigh the
+whole of Hellas was met together in one field, and the combatants
+stood rank against rank confronted, there was no one doubted that, in
+the event of battle, the conquerors would this day rule; and that
+those who lost would be their subjects. But God so ordered it that
+both belligerents alike set up trophies as claiming victory, and
+neither interfered with the other in the act. Both parties alike gave
+back their enemy's dead under a truce, and in right of victory; both
+alike, in symbol of defeat, under a truce took back their dead. And
+though both claimed to have won the day, neither could show that he
+had thereby gained any accession of territory, or state, or empire, or
+was better situated than before the battle. Uncertainty and confusion,
+indeed, had gained ground, being tenfold greater throughout the length
+and breadth of Hellas after the battle than before.
+
+At this point I lay aside my pen: the sequel of the story may haply
+commend itself[16] to another.
+
+[16] Or, "win the attention of some other writer."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of Hellenica by Xenophon
+
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