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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11515 ***
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. XIX. No. 532.] SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1832. [PRICE 2_d_.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CASTLE OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.]
+
+[Illustration: CAVERN OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.]
+
+ROBERT THE DEVIL.
+
+All the town, and the country too, by paragraph circumstantial, and puff
+direct, must have learned that every theatre in this Metropolis, and
+consequently, every stage in the country, is to have its version of the
+splendid French opera _Robert le Diable_. Its success in Paris has been
+what the good folks there call _magnifique_, and playing the devil has
+been the theatrical order of day and night since the Revolution. As we
+know nothing of its merits, and do not write of what we neither see nor
+hear, nor believe any report of, we do not put up our hopes for its
+success. But, as the story of the opera is a pretty piece of Norman
+romance, some fair penciller has sent us the sketches of the annexed cuts,
+and our Engraver has thus pitted himself with Grieve, Stanfield, Roberts,
+and scores of minor scene-painters, who are building canvass castles, and
+scooping out caverns for the King's Theatre, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane
+Theatres. Theirs will be but candle-light glories: our scenes will be the
+same by all lights. But as scenes are of little use without actors, and
+cuts of less worth without description, we append our fair Correspondent's
+historical notices of the sites and the _dram. pers._ of "this our
+tragedy."
+
+CASTLE OF ROBERT LE DIABLE, OR ROBERT THE DEVIL.
+
+The founder of this ancient castle bears the name of _Robert the Devil_.
+It is a wonderful relic of old Norman fortification, being so defended by
+nature, as to bid defiance to its enemies, and could only have fallen by
+stratagem. It is situated on the left side of the River Seine and in the
+province of Normandy. The subterranean caverns by their amazing extent
+sufficiently attest the ancient importance of this structure; tradition
+says they extend to the banks of the Seine. Its antiquity is fully proved
+by some of the architectural fragments bearing the stamp of 912. On
+arriving at the summit of the mountain, the tourist receives an impression
+like enchantment: the castle seems to have been conveyed there by fairies;
+and at the base the eye is charmed by the fine and picturesque forest of
+Bourgtheroulde: villages elegantly grouped, enrich with their beautiful
+fabrics each bank of the Seine which majestically traverses a luxurious
+landscape. Romance, fable, and the tradition of shepherds and peasants
+describe Robert the Devil as Governor of Neustria, and a descendent of
+Rollo the celebrated Norman chief, whose name was changed to Robert, Duke
+of Normandy in 923, on his marriage with the daughter of Charles the
+simple, King of France. His great and valiant achievements are remembered
+in that country so renowned by his race, and where his name still awakens
+every sentiment of superstitious awe. All in the environs of the castle
+recount his wonderful and warlike exploits; his numerous amours; and his
+rigid penitence by which he hoped to appease the wrath of offended Heaven.
+The moans of his victims are said to resound in the Northern subterranean
+caverns; the peasantry also believe that the spirit of Robert is condemned
+to haunt the ruins of his castle, and the tombs of his "Ladies Fair." In
+justice to his memory be it remembered, that his acts of cruelty were
+alone aimed at the rapacious and guilty, and that in him helpless
+innocence ever found a protector.
+
+Robert the Devil was cotemporary with our Danish King Harold, 1065; he
+assisted Henry, the eldest son of Robert of Normandy, in gaining
+possession of the crown, and accompanied him with a large army into the
+capital of France, where they ravaged the territory of the rebels, by
+burning the towns and villages, and putting the inhabitants to the sword:
+on this account he was called Robert the Devil.
+
+When tranquillity was restored, and Henry freed from his enemies, Robert
+made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with other powerful potentates. On his
+return he was taken ill, and appointed an illegitimate son his successor,
+whose mother was the daughter of a dealer in skins at Falaise, and this
+son became that celebrated William of Normandy, our renowned conqueror!
+The Normans instigated the people to reject him, on the plea of his
+illegitimacy; but Henry I., then King of France, gratefully remembered the
+good offices of Robert the Devil, William's Father: therefore espoused his
+cause, and raised an army of three thousand men to invade Normandy; long
+and obstinate wars continued, which did not terminate till William had
+accomplished the successful invasion of England; he was the grandson of
+Rollo, known after his marriage as Robert the 1st., Duke of Normandy, who
+died 935. Thus from one of his numerous amours sprung our new dynasty of
+kings, which totally changed the aspect of the times. By some historians
+he is called Robert the IInd., Duke of Normandy, but the name by which he
+is generally known, is that dignified one of William the Conqueror.
+
+CAVERN OF ROBERT LE DIABLE.
+
+The remains of this cavern (situated in Normandy) command the attention of
+the lovers of history, not only from its antiquity, but also from its
+gloomy recesses, having afforded a safe shelter to our weak and cruel King
+John. Here he bade farewell to this province which he abandoned to the
+French Knights, and from whom he carefully concealed every trace of his
+retreat. The entrance is almost obscured, and tradition says it is so
+artfully managed as to have the appearance of a passage to another. The
+spot is barren, and it appears as if a thunder-bolt had burnt up the
+verdure. The spirit of _Robert le Diable_ is supposed to haunt the cavern
+in the form of a wolf, and advances uttering piteous cries, and
+steadfastly gazing on its place of defence (the caverns extending to the
+River Seine) reviews his former glory and conquests, and seems bitterly to
+lament the present decay. In vain the peasants commence the chase; they
+assert that the wolf though closely pursued always eludes the vigilance of
+the huntsman. On the death of Richard I. of England, 1199, his Brother
+John was proclaimed King of Normandy and Aquitaine; the Duchies of
+Brittany, the Counties of Anjou, Maine, Tours and others, acknowledged
+Arthur, John's nephew, as their sovereign, and claimed the protection of
+the King of France, Philip II., surnamed Augustus; but he despairing of
+being able to retain these provinces against the will of their inhabitants,
+sacrificed Arthur and his followers to John, who in a skirmish with some
+of the Norman Lords, carried them all prisoners into Normandy, where
+Arthur soon disappeared: the Britons assert that he was murdered by his
+uncle; and the Normans that he was accidentally killed in endeavouring to
+escape. The death of their favourite Prince stung the Britons to madness,
+as in him centered their last hope of regaining independence: an ardent
+imagination led them to believe their future destiny connected with this
+child, which inspired them with a wild affection for Philip, as being the
+enemy of his murderer. They accused John before the French King of
+Arthur's murder, and he was summoned as a Vassal of Normandy to appear and
+defend himself before the twelve Peers of France. This command being
+treated with contempt, the lands John held under the French crown were
+declared forfeit, and an army levied to put it into execution. It was on
+this emergency that John found a safe place of concealment in the cavern
+of Robert the Devil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LACONICS, &c.
+
+(_Continued from page 53_.)
+
+
+Generosity is not the virtue of the multitude, and for this reason:
+selfishness is often the consequence of ignorance, and it requires a
+cultivated mind to discern where the rights of others interfere with our
+own wishes.
+
+If commerce has benefited, it has also injured the human race; and the
+invention of the compass has brought disease as well as wealth in its
+train.
+
+The days of joy are as long and perhaps as frequent as those of grief; but
+either the memory is treacherous or the mind is too morbid to admit this
+to be the case.
+
+Without occasional seriousness and even melancholy, mirth loses its magic,
+and pleasure becomes unpalatable.
+
+It is unlucky that experience being our best teacher, we have only learnt
+its lessons perfectly, when we no longer stand in need of them; and have
+provided ourselves armour we can never wear.
+
+Chastity in women may be said to arise more from attention to worldly
+motives than deference to moral obligation: there is not so much
+continence amongst men, because there is not the same restriction.
+
+A resolution to put up calmly with misfortune, invariably has the effect
+of lightening the load.
+
+Conceit is usually seen during our first investigations after knowledge;
+but time and more accurate research teach us that not only is our
+comprehension limited, but knowledge itself is so imperfect, as not to
+warrant any vanity upon it at all.
+
+Extravagance is of course merely comparative: a man may be a spendthrift
+in copper as well as gold.
+
+We had rather be made acquainted at any time with the reality and
+certainty of distress, than be tortured by the feverish and restless
+anxiety of doubt.
+
+A too great nicety about diet is being over scrupulous, and is converting
+moderation into a fault; but on the other hand it is little better than
+gluttony, if we cannot refrain from what may by possibility be even
+slightly injurious.
+
+A celebrated traveller who had been twice round the world and visited
+every remarkable country, declared, that thought he had seen many
+wonderful things, he had never chanced to see a handsome old woman.
+
+It is difficult enough to persuade a tool, but persuasion is not all the
+difficulty: obstinacy still remains to be brought under subjection.
+
+A prejudiced person is universally condemned and yet many of our
+prejudices are excusable, and some of them necessary: if we do not indulge
+a few of our prejudices, we shall have to go on doubting and inquiring for
+ever.
+
+Scepticism has ever been the bugbear of youthful vanity, and it is
+considered knowing to quarrel with existing institutions and established
+truths; our experienced reflection regrets this inclination and we become
+weary of distracting ourselves with endless difficulties.
+
+In dreaming, it is remarkable how easily and yet imperceptibly the mind
+connects events altogether differing in their nature; and if we hear any
+noise during sleep, how instantaneously the sound is woven in with the
+events of our dream and as satisfactorily accounted.
+
+The unpleasant sensation that is produced by modesty, is amply compensated
+by the prepossession it creates in our favour.
+
+Public virtue prospers by the vices of individuals. The spendthrift gives
+a circulation to the coin of the realm, while the miser is equally useful
+in gleaning and scraping together what others have too profusely scattered.
+Luxury gives a livelihood to thousands, and the numbers supported by
+vanity are beyond calculation.
+
+There is a distinction to be drawn between self-love and selfishness,
+though they are usually confounded. Self-love is the effect of instinct,
+and is necessary for our preservation in common with other animals; but
+selfishness is a mental defect and is generated by narrowness of soul.
+
+The difference between honour and honesty is this: honour is dictated by a
+regard to character, honesty arises from a feeling of duty.
+
+It is difficult to avoid envy without laying ourselves open to contempt;
+for in being too scrupulous not to trespass on others we lay ourselves
+open to be trifled with and trampled on.
+
+That "familiarity breeds contempt" does not only mean, that he who is too
+familiar with us incurs our contempt; but also that novelty being
+indispensably necessary to our happiness we cease to admire what habit has
+familiarized.
+
+Poverty, like every thing else has its fair side. The poor man has the
+gratification of knowing that no one can have any interest in his death;
+and in his intercourse with the world he can be certain that wherever he
+is welcome, it is exclusively on his own account.
+
+If the poor have but few comforts, they are free from many miseries,
+mental as well as personal, that their superiors are subjected to: they
+have no physicians who live by their sufferings, and they never experience
+the curse of sensibility.
+
+Eloquence, engaging as it is, must always be regarded with suspicion. The
+great use made of it in the history of literature, has been to mislead the
+head by an appeal to the heart, and it was for this reason the Athenians
+forbid their orators the use of it.
+
+Conceit is generally proportionate with high station, and the greatest
+geniuses have not been entirely free from it: what indeed is ambition but
+an immoderate love of praise?
+
+When we call to mind the humiliating necessities of human nature as far as
+the body is concerned, and in our intellectual resolves the meanness or
+paltriness of many of our motives to action, we may well be surprised that
+man who has so much cause to be humble should indulge for a moment in
+pride.
+
+It is not so easy as philosophers tell us to lay aside our prejudices;
+mere volition cannot enable us to divest ourselves of long established
+feelings, and even reason is averse to laying aside theories it has once
+been taught to admire.
+
+A man may start at impending danger or wince at the sensation of pain: and
+yet he may be a true philosopher and not be afraid of death.
+
+The epicure, the drunkard, and the man of loose morals are equally
+contemptible: though the brutes obey instinct, they never exceed the
+bounds of moderation; and besides, it is beneath the dignity of man to
+place felicity in the service of his senses.
+
+A passionate man should be regarded with the same caution as a loaded
+blunderbuss, which may unexpectedly go off and do us an injury.
+
+There are many fools in the world and few wise men; at any rate there are
+more false than sound reasoners; wherefore it would seem more politic to
+adopt the opinion of the minority on most occasions.
+
+Those who are deficient in any particular accomplishment usually contrive
+either openly or indirectly to express their contempt for it: thus
+removing that obstacle which removes them from the same level.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSLATION OF DELLA CASA'S SONNET TO THE CITY OF VENICE.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+  Where these rich palaces and stately piles
+  Now rear their marble fronts, in sculptur'd pride,
+  Stood once a few rude scatter'd huts, beside
+  The desert shores of some poor clust'ring isles.
+  Yet here a hardy band, from vices free,
+  In fragile barks, rode fearless o'er the sea:
+  Not seeking over provinces to stride,
+  But here to dwell, afar from slavery.
+  They knew not fierce ambition's lust of power,
+  And while their hearts were free from thirst of gold,
+  Rather than falsehood--death they would behold.
+  If heaven hath granted thee a mightier dower,
+  I honour not the fruits that spring from thee
+  With thy new riches:--Death and Tyranny.
+
+E.L.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HOUSE OF UNDER.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+There are few families more ancient, more generally known, or more widely
+diffused throughout the known world, than that of Under: indeed, in every
+nation, though bearing different names, some branch of this family is
+extant; and there is no doubt that the _Dessous_ of France, the _Unters_
+of Germany, and the _Onders_ of the Land-_under_-water, belong to the same
+ancient and venerable house. The founders of the house, however, were of
+_low_ origin, and generally _down_ in the world. _Undergo_ was the job of
+the family, as patient as a lamb: he encouraged the blessed martyrs in
+times of yore, and is still in existence, though his patience has somewhat
+diminished. _Underhand_ is a far different character to the preceding, a
+double-dealing rascal, and as sly as a fox; he greets you with a smiling
+countenance, and while one hand is employed in shaking yours, he is
+disembarrassing you of the contents of your pocket with the other.
+_Underline_ is a gentleman of some literary attainments, though not
+entirely divested of quackery; he is particularly noted for the emphasis
+he gives to certain points in his discourse, and though in some cases,
+perhaps, he is a little too prodigal of this kind of effect, yet we could
+not well do without him. _Undermine_ is a greater rascal than Underhand,
+and had it not been for the counter-acting influence of _Underproof_, our
+house had fallen to the ground; to the ground it might have fallen, but
+had it gone farther, it would have been only to be revived in the person
+of _Underground_, a gentleman well known in the kitchens and pantries of
+the metropolis, the pantries in particular, he being a constant companion
+to the _Under-butler_. _Understand_ is the pride of the house, and by his
+shining qualities, has raised himself to an eminence never reached by any
+other member of the family. He is a conspicuous exception to the downcast
+looks of so many of his relations. _Undertake_ is an enterprising fellow,
+but he is often deceived and fails in his schemes; not so Undertaker,
+(whose similarity in name would make some folks believe there was some
+connexion;) no, _his_ affairs are calculated to a wonderful nicety, and
+every tear is priced. _Underwriter_ is a speculative genius, and--but the
+less we say of him the better. _Underrate_ is a character I cannot avoid
+mentioning, though I wish with all my heart he was dead: his greatest
+pleasure consists in detracting from the good qualities of his neighbours.
+
+I have only mentioned the English part of "Our House," although there are
+even some of that branch, whom I cannot at present call to mind, except
+_Underdone_, a lover of raw beef-steaks, and _Undervalue_, a person who
+has proved himself a great friend to custom-house officers, having some
+of the cunning of _Underhand_, but not quite so much luck, and subjecting
+his goods to seizure, for having tried to cheat the king. But I must leave
+this subject, and take my leave, till a fitter opportunity occurs for
+giving you further particulars of the "House of Under;" in the meanwhile,
+believe me, courteous reader, yours, sincerely,
+
+UNDER THE ROSE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830.
+
+We quote a page or two from the second and concluding volume of _Paris and
+its Historical Scenes_, in the _Library of Entertaining Knowledge_, which
+gives the best account of _la Grande Semaine_ that has yet appeared. The
+editor has taken Lord Bacon's advice--to read, not to take for
+granted--but to weigh and consider; and amidst the discrepancies of
+contemporary pamphleteers and journalists, his reader will not be
+surprised at the difficulty of obtaining correct information of what
+happens beneath our very window, as one of the great men of history
+confessed upwards of two centuries since. In this respect, mankind has
+scarcely progressed a jot, though men be more sceptical in not taking for
+granted.
+
+Our extract is, we hope, to the point:
+
+"It is curious to what an extent opposite feelings and opinions will
+colour even material scenes and objects to the eyes of different observers.
+Count Tasistro was also present at the capture of the Tuileries; and gives
+us in his narrative a description of what he witnessed of the conduct of
+the people after they had established themselves within the palace. Before
+presenting the reader, however, with what he says upon this subject, we
+will transcribe part of his account of his adventures in the earlier part
+of this day. 'The morning of the 29th,' he says, 'was ushered in by the
+dismal ringing of bells, the groans of distant guns, and the savage shouts
+of the populace; and I arose from a long train of dreams, which defied
+recollection as well as interpretation. The rabble, headed by a few
+beardless boys just let loose from the Polytechnic School and other
+seminaries, had been pleased to fix their head-quarters in our street.
+About half-past eleven, however, those of them who were collected here
+having heard that the popular forces who were fighting before the Louvre
+were nearly disabled by the cannon of the troops occupying that palace,
+their Polytechnic chief called upon them to follow him to the assistance
+of their brethren. Having entreated them to refrain from extravagant
+excesses, he rushed forward, and soon arrived at the scene of action. Here
+I saw him turn round and address his followers thus, 'Le cannon a déjà
+exterminé plusieurs de vos comarades; dans un instant il est à vous;
+suivez moi, et apprenez comme il faut mourir;' (_the cannon has already
+destroyed numbers of your brethren; the next instant it will be directed
+against you: follow me, and learn how to die_.) Having uttered these words,
+he darted forward, just as the gun which was pointed at him was discharged,
+and was blown into atoms. The people, however, following where he had led,
+in the enthusiasm of the moment seized the gun, and turned it immediately
+against the Swiss and the Guards that were stationed at the balconies of
+the Louvre. Other guns were afterwards taken--and the consequence was that
+the soldiers at last retreated with great precipitation, and concentrated
+their strength on the Place du Carrousel. The tricolour was already waving
+over the Louvre. I observed a little, insignificant urchin climb up the
+walls, and plant it during the contest.
+
+"The last struggle made by the Guards for their royal master was to save
+the proud palace of his ancestors; but, alas, the attempt was vain. A
+storm of balls was poured in upon them from so many sides, that the little
+presence of mind they had preserved until now, deserted them at this
+trying moment; and after a few ineffectual discharges, they retreated
+toward the Champs Elysées; and the populace, unchecked by any power but
+their own will, rushed _en masse_ into the regal mansion.
+
+"During this attack, short as it was, I happened to be in a situation far
+more critical than that of the generality of the combatants on either side.
+On entering the Place du Carrousel by the archway leading from the Quays,
+we found the confusion extreme--and, as the fire besides grew every moment
+hotter and hotter, I felt the necessity of taking refuge somewhere, and in
+my agitation ran forward and sheltered myself under the Triumphal Arch.
+Here I passed the short interval during which the combat lasted in a
+confusion of all the senses, which extended minutes to months, and gave to
+something less than half a quarter of an hour the importance of a century;
+for I was all the time between the two fires. Fortunately, as I have said,
+the affair did not last very long; and when the victorious rabble at last
+rushed into the Tuileries, I followed the general movement, and soon after
+found myself in the throne hall, where I was joined by my two missing
+friends."
+
+The Count now proceeds to inveigh in general terms against what he
+describes as the atrocious conduct of the unruly rabble--the devastation,
+pillage, and other enormities of which they were guilty. Having concluded
+this diatribe, he goes on with his narrative as follows: "Indeed the
+passion of mischief had taken such strong possession of the minds of
+all--the temptation was so widely thrown open wherever one went--that even
+I felt a touch of the desire; and, as I passed along the library hall,
+where a most splendid stock of books had been thrown on the floor, spying
+among many precious treasures a beautifully ornamented little volume,
+which, to say nothing of its gay appearance, promised to occupy no great
+room in the pocket, with the conviction that I was doing a good action, I
+picked it up. On opening it I found that it was neither a bible, nor a
+poem, nor a _congurare_ (_?_), as I had anticipated, but simply a pocket
+memorandum-book in which his Majesty had been accustomed to note his
+_parties de chasse_, and the numbers of game he killed. I immediately
+thrust it into my pocket, and have since preserved it as a keepsake--but
+shall be most happy to restore it to the owner, should that august
+personage at any time feel disposed to claim it. Would that all the rest
+of the many articles that were this day pilfered were held as sacred, and
+ready to be as punctually surrendered!
+
+"Tolerably tired at last of looking on the grim faces that surrounded us,
+we agreed to make our retreat; and descended into the garden, intending to
+pass out by the gate leading to the Quays. Here, however, we were met by a
+figure, at the sight of which we found it almost impossible to restrain
+our risibility. It was a man keeping watch at the gate as a sentinel,
+dressed for the most part as we commonly see the masters of chimney-sweeps,
+without a vestige of either shoes or shirt, and what were intended for
+coat and trousers having very doubtful pretensions to those
+designations--but, to make amends for this condition of his general
+habiliments, having a highly polished musket in his hand, a most splendid
+sword dangling by his side, and on his head a superb Marshal's hat! 'Où
+allez vous?' was the imperious demand of this extraordinary looking
+personage. 'Où nous voulons' was the instant and haughty reply of my
+friend M. The fellow, not being accustomed to such insubordination,
+ordered us to take off our hats to show whether we carried anything away
+with us. M. at this would have struck him down but for the sudden
+appearance of six men, whose looks and dress were not much better than
+those of the sentinel. These men, on being informed of our _hauteur_ (as
+it was termed), insisted on our helping them, by way of penalty for our
+offence, to carry off the dead. This was more than I, with all my
+disposition to forbearance, could submit to; so, addressing myself to the
+ugliest of them, who seemed to be the commanding officer of the party, I
+told him scornfully and in good French, that we were foreign gentlemen,
+who had nothing to do either with the dead or the living of their
+country--and that it was a very _despotic_ act to stop peaceable
+passengers in that manner. But this expostulation served only to irritate
+the raggamuffins; and one of them taking hold of my arm tried to force me
+into compliance with his orders. This was our trying moment; we all three
+made one desperate effort 'for liberty;' and, each of us having dealt his
+opponent a severe blow on the cheek, we broke from them, and ran off at
+our best speed. Three shots were immediately fired, and still we galloped
+on unhurt;--another went off, and I felt it--not that I was mortally
+wounded; it was only a spent ball that lodged itself in the flesh of my
+leg. The accident lamed me, however, for the time, and consequently put an
+end to my adventures. I was carried to my hotel, and the ball was
+extracted; but still the wound confined me to my room for two months."
+
+The battle-pieces, and head and tail-cuts, well bespeak the ups and downs
+and bursts of the Revolution. They are as plentiful in this volume, as the
+balls were about Paris in _La Grande Semaine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TIME'S TELESCOPE FOR 1832
+
+Is, as usual, a multifarious volume, and abounds with reading that must
+please all tastes. It has, moreover, to meet the exigencies of the day, a
+pretty sprinkling of cuts and plates, respecting the number of which we do
+not quarrel; in the choice of some of them we must, however, dissent from
+the editor. The Astronomical portion, by Mr. Barker, is unusually copious,
+and the cometary plates are well executed. We quote a passage:
+
+_On the probability of a concussion of a Comet with the earth_.
+
+It has been stated that the comet of 1770, passed through the system of
+the planet Jupiter, without in the slightest degree affecting the motions
+of either the primary or his satellites; also, that it passed sufficiently
+near our planet to have shortened the length of the year had its mass been
+equal to that of the earth. No effect whatever was produced, from whence
+it may be concluded, that the neighbourhood of a comet is not of
+sufficient importance to excite any alarming apprehensions for the safety
+of the habitation of man.
+
+Most of the calculations that have been made respecting the effect of the
+proximity of a comet to our earth have proceeded on erroneous
+principles,--over-rating the quantity of matter in comets, and losing
+sight of their great velocity when in this part of the system. For a comet
+to produce any direful effect, it ought to contain not merely a
+considerable quantity of matter, but also ought to be vertical and
+stationary to the earth's surface for several hours; instead of which, we
+have sufficient reason to believe that though vast in volume, comets
+contain but little matter in proportion, consequently, their attractive
+energy would be inconsiderable; also their velocity would, in a very short
+period, carry them beyond the limit of exerting any influence on the
+waters of the globe. Of course, this general statement would be modified
+by the rate and direction of a comet's motion, and also the earth's
+rotation.
+
+It may, then, be asserted with safety that the close appulse of a comet
+would not be attended with any fatal results; and that this security
+principally consists in its great velocity, which would so swiftly remove
+it to a distance. But, the very circumstance which, in the case of
+_proximity_, would be the security of our globe, (its velocity,) would, in
+the event of a _contact_, be attended with the direst effects. It is true
+that the probability of a contact is less, in an almost infinite degree,
+than the proximity of a comet, which, notwithstanding, is an event which
+every astronomer is fully aware, is within the verge of possibility.
+
+The effects of a contact would be greatly modified by circumstance. Should
+the comet strike the earth obliquely, it would glance off, and the
+consequences would be partial. If the point of collision were on a
+continent of the globe, mountains would be hurled from their bases, and
+new ones would elevate their ridges towards the clouds. Were the place of
+meeting on either of the great oceans, some regions would be deserted, and
+others would be inundated by the waters of the sea. These dreadful
+consequences would be increased, in an indefinite proportion, if the point
+of contact were in the direction of the earth's centre; the meeting would
+be terrific; the earth's period of revolution would, in all probability,
+be altered, either by carrying it nearer to or farther from the sun; a
+different inclination of the axis might be given, and there would be a
+consequent change of seasons; the diurnal motion might be either
+accelerated or retarded, by which the length of the day would be affected;
+the vast continents of the globe would be again covered with the ocean,
+which, deserting its bed, would rush towards the new equator.
+
+Infinitely more tremendous would be the catastrophe if the earth were
+struck by a _retrograde comet_ in the direction of the terrestrial centre,
+the comet making up, by its velocity, the deficiency of mass: in this case
+the centrifugal force of both bodies might be annihilated,--the
+centripetal principle alone obeyed, and both comet and earth rush to the
+sun!
+
+It must, however, be stated, that the probability of such an event is all
+but infinitely removed: the most likely of any that is known, to effect
+such a consummation, is the comet of Encke, which it has been calculated
+would come in collision with our earth after a lapse of 219 millions of
+years! This calculation proceeds on the soundest principles of reasoning,
+and proves not so much the safety of our globe from cometary destruction,
+(for some comet, hitherto unseen by mortal eyes, may _now_ be winging its
+flight directly towards our globe,) as the astonishing powers of the mind
+of man, which can thus essay to penetrate the veil of futurity, and read
+the destiny of a world.
+
+But destruction to this terrestrial orb and its teeming inhabitants, may
+be more speedily brought about than by a concussion with these celestial
+agents. A single principle of motion annihilated, evaporation suspended,
+or a component part of the atmosphere abstracted, and "final ruin would
+drive her ploughshare o'er creation;" universal conflagration would
+instantly ensue from the separation of the oxygen from the nitrogen of the
+atmosphere,--the former exerting its native energies without control
+wherever it extends,--solid rocks, ponderous marble, metals, and even
+water itself, would burst into an intensity of flame, and change the
+aspect of all sublunary things.
+
+But all these vast bodies of the universe are, doubtless, kept in their
+prescribed limits as with so many "reins and bridles," and when this earth
+has completed its destined circles, and fulfilled the purposes for which
+it was called out of nothing, it will need but the command of the glorious
+Creator who at first spoke this beautiful frame into being, bliss, and
+light, to return it to its primeval gloom, or bid it shine forth with new
+resplendent beauty and lustre.
+
+The "Notes of a Naturalist" are stated to be by Professor Rennie; but we
+question if they have been written expressly for this volume, as we
+recognise many passages from other works.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+SCOTTISH LITERARY DINNER.
+
+_As reported by Three Hands_.
+
+It is a miserable thing to quarrel or even differ over a dinner, although
+the whole affair be but a matter of taste. It is likewise a miserable
+thing to differ after dinner, since it lamentably disturbs the digestion
+of the food, as in this case it may the temper of the feeders. Yet
+respecting the dinner to celebrate the Birthday of Burns in Freemasons'
+Hall, there is a remarkable difference among the critical craft; which
+difference, by the way, no shades of opinion can reconcile. As we were not
+of the party, (and we congratulate ourselves on the escape from a Scottish
+half-dinner,) it may be well to quote from three of the reports that have
+appeared, rather than let the affair pass unnoticed in our pages. We do so
+from a wish to preserve certain traits and anecdotes which the occasion
+drew forth,--to give the pleasant rather than the "untoward" events of the
+day: though we must own the whole appears to have been a very droll
+business, always excepting the _semi-pransus_.
+
+We start with an extract from Dr. Granville's _Catechism of Health_:--
+
+_Q_. What should a dinner consist of?
+
+_A_. Of any wholesome food that is in season, plainly dressed.
+
+_Q_. Should the dinner be composed of many dishes?
+
+_A_. The most wholesome dinner is that which consists of a single dish of
+meat, with a proper quantity of vegetables.
+
+Whether the Scottish dinner was as aforesaid, we know not. Call the
+evidence.
+
+_Court Journal_.--A public dinner at a public-house (this is a court
+sneer)--provided by Scotch booksellers, presided at by a Scotch baronet,
+accompanied by Scotch bagpipes, and prepared for two hundred Scotch
+appetites, there being four hundred of the said appetites admitted to
+partake of it.
+
+_Athenaeum_.--Nearly five hundred persons were present at a dinner ordered
+for two hundred and fifty.
+
+_Literary Gazette_.--The stewards provided for 300 guests: another hundred
+coming without notice of their intention, were speedily accommodated; and
+surely the exertion to accomplish this is more to be praised, than any
+little partial failure or inconvenience (such as attends all large public
+dinners) is to be cavilled at and blamed. The dinner and wines were of the
+first order, and at least nine-tenths of those present were highly
+gratified by their entertainment.
+
+But we will first quote the _Athenaeum_ account, from its being the most
+brief as well as more circumstantial, and then add the _variorum_ opinions.
+
+"Little else has been talked of these ten days, in the literary world of
+London, but the Festival in memory of the birthday of Burns and the visit
+of the Ettrick Shepherd. The names of stewards, noble and learned, were
+announced in the newspapers: hopes were held out that verses in honour of
+the occasion, written by Campbell, would be recited by Reding: and it was
+moreover added, that Captain Burns was to be present, and that the
+punch-bowl of Murray marble, filled with the liquor which his great father
+loved, would be smoking on the table. The Festival took place in
+Freemasons' Hall on Wednesday last, and though arrangements were made for
+two hundred and fifty guests, such was the curiosity, and such the crush,
+that by six o' clock, four hundred and fifty tickets were disposed of, and
+the like number of gentlemen sat down, amid no little confusion, about
+seven o' clock, to dinner. Sir John Malcolm, well known for his 'History
+of Central India,' was in the chair; on his left hand sat the eldest and
+youngest sons of Burns; the former like his father, the latter more
+resembling his mother; and on the other hand sat James Hogg, accompanied
+by many gentlemen distinguished in science and literature. The punch-bowl
+of Burns, now the property of Mr. Hastie, stood before the chair, and
+beside it, a drinking quaigh, formed from the Wallace Oak of the Torwood,
+brimmed with silver, and bearing on the bottom the grim visage of the
+northern hero."
+
+"Sir John Malcolm having consumed some time in introductory toasts, which
+the company received with impatience, proceeded to propose 'the Memory of
+ROBERT BURNS:' he dwelt less on his history than on the wide influence of
+his works, and recited many verses with taste and feeling. He related how
+deeply his fame had taken root in the East, and instanced the admiration
+of Byron in proof of his wonderful genius: but no such testimony is at all
+wanting; the songs of Burns are sung in every quarter of the globe, and
+his poems are treasured in millions of memories, so that his fame may set
+fate at defiance. All this was rapturously received; nor was the
+approbation of the company less coldly manifested when the chairman
+proposed 'the health of the ETTRICK SHEPHERD;' it appeared, however, that
+he was much less familiar with his works than with those of Burns, and
+though a native of a pastoral district, made sad work among the romances
+and ballads of the imaginative shepherd. This want was, however, in some
+degree supplied, by a most characteristic speech from Hogg himself, in
+which he related how the inspiration of the muse came upon him, in
+consequence of his being born, like Burns, on the 25th of January; how, on
+the evening of his birth, a man and horse were dispatched for the midwife,
+but the night being wild, and Ettrick deep in flood, the rider was lost;
+nevertheless, the familiar spirit called Brownie--the Lubber-Fiend of
+Milton--supplied his place, and brought the marvelling midwife in time to
+achieve the adventure of the future poet of Kilmeny. All this, and much
+more he related in a way hovering between jest and earnest, and in a
+strong Ettrick tone, to the consternation of the English part of the
+meeting, for whom it was rather peculiar and learned. The audience
+evidently, one and all, regarded the Shepherd with wonder, and hundreds
+were on tiptoe to have a look at him as he stood on a table to relate his
+own varied fortunes.
+
+"But on the banks of Tweed the chairman was aware that a wizard, still
+more enchanting than him of Yarrow, lived, or rather, lately lived; and he
+accordingly gave the health of 'SIR WALTER SCOTT, and a safe return to his
+native country.' It is needless to say with what rapture the health of
+this most illustrious of all the sons of Scotland was drunk. This
+honour--such is the word--was acknowledged by Mr. Lockhart, in a speech
+worth any two chapters in the whole range of British Biography;--it was
+clear and concise--vigorous and picturesque--and abounding with anecdote.
+Of his illustrious father-in-law, he told how Burns predicted his future
+fame, in the house of Adam Ferguson; and of Hogg he related how Scott
+found him, thirty-five years ago, with his plaid and dog, watching his
+sheep on Ettrick Banks, with more old border ballads on his memory than
+any traditionary dame of the district, and with more true poetry in his
+heart than was usual to the lot of poets. Of Hogg himself he said much
+that was amusing and instructive: one anecdote will not soon be forgotten.
+The Shepherd was at the dinner-table of a duchess, when her Grace said,
+'Mr. Hogg, where you ever here before?' 'Madam,' said the poet, 'I have
+driven cattle often past your gates, but I never was within them till
+now.'"
+
+
+"But we must have done with this splendid Festival: we cannot, however,
+conclude without a remark:--the health of 'Lord Porchester and the Poets
+of England,' was drunk; and when his Lordship made his acknowledgments, he
+was interrupted by the titter of a hundred tongues and sat down, no doubt,
+feeling that the spirit of nationality was a little too exclusive. We
+forgot to mention that neither Campbell nor his poem made their appearance,
+which we regretted for several reasons, and also that the memory of Burns
+was not drunk out of his punch-bowl. For this relique of the bard, a Jew
+of the name of Isaac, gave 60_l_. in pledge, and begged the key to keep in
+memory of the poet, when it was bought by its present possessor; and an
+Irish gentleman, not long ago, sent a 300_l_. check for it, and threatened
+Mr. Hastie with the law when he refused to give him up the punch-bowl."
+
+"We are indebted to a friend for this very pleasant notice, and must, in
+our predominent love of truth, say so. As far as the presence of numbers
+could testify general affection for the memory of Burns and respect for
+the Ettrick Shepherd, the meeting was most satisfactory; in every other
+respect it was a failure."
+
+Now let us turn to the _Court Journal_, which in its first column
+decides the Burns' Dinner to have been "the most ill-conceived,
+ill-concocted, ill-managed, and ill-attended affair of its kind that
+ever flung disgrace and ridicule on the public hospitality of the most
+inhospitable public on record." The advertised list of stewards is
+described as "hoax the first." Their names were used as baits--their
+presence being represented under the ominous forms of half-a-dozen
+well-known illustrious unknowns, headed by two "enterprising"
+booksellers! there being not a single distinguished writer present,
+except Mr. Lockhart, and he evidently _cutting_ the whole affair,--so
+far I mean as relates to taking any part in the (mis)management of it.
+Nevertheless, I see by the Papers, that "all the leading characters of
+the Metropolis were present! the poetical department of them being
+represented by Lord Porchester, and the prose department by Lord Mahon."
+Our Court visiter bears his lot with good humour: but, observes he "not
+small must have been the contemptuous pity felt for me, by those
+superior intelligences who, on my entering the Dinner Room, I found had
+already secured their seats, probably by the only practical method--that
+of taking possession of them overnight! And there is no denying the wit
+of this proceeding, on the part of those who were in the secret, that
+the repast was ordered for two hundred individuals, (nine-tenths of them
+probably _Scotch_ individuals) and was to be partaken of by _four_
+hundred." This proportion is probably correct, since "nine-tenths," are
+the precise proportion of the company gratified.--(_See the Gazette_.)
+
+Among the _élite_, or the company at the upper table, "Sir Peter Laurie
+was one, and Mr. Lockhart was not _one_: for he sat among the
+undistinguished at a side table." Our _Court_ guest also sat at a side
+table though he pleads guilty to "foul" means--"that of displacing an
+engine-turned and satine-ed card, which had been deposited therein, as the
+worthy _locum tenens_ and representative of its owner."
+
+But the contradictions circumstantial appear to (dis)advantage in the
+_Literary Gazette_, as will be seen among our quotations. The health of
+Burns being drunk "Both the sons of the poet standing up, the eldest
+expressed their gratitude for the tribute to their father's genius." The
+_Gazette_ states the Shepherd's health to have been prefaced by an "apt
+and interesting address," but the _Athenaeum_ represents the chairman to
+have "made sad work among the romances, &c." Upon the health of the poets
+of England being drunk, Lord Porchester is stated in the Gazette to have
+spoken "eloquently in reply, and pronounced a beautiful eulogium upon the
+ameliorating effects produced upon individuals and communities by the
+cultivation of the Muses:" a very pretty subject for a school theme, to be
+sure, but unfortunate in comparison with the "titter of a hundred tongues"
+by which Lord Porchester is elsewhere stated to have been silenced.
+
+"The toast of 'Sir George Murray, and the military heroes of Scotland,'
+called up that gallant officer, who addressed his applauding countrymen in
+a manner which seemed to be peculiarly grateful to their feelings. While
+he disclaimed it for his own humble services, he nobly awarded the laurel
+to his glorious companions in arms,--a Hopetoun, an Abercrombie, a Moore,
+and a Graham. He then mentioned his early recollection of Burns, whom he
+considered his father's house to have been honoured by receiving within
+its walls; and playfully alluded to what the chairman had stated of his
+sister being the 'Phemy' of the poet,
+
+        "a bonnier lass
+  Than braes of Yarrow ever saw;"
+
+and expressed his hope, as every bard was in duty bound to maintain the
+peerless beauty of the fair whom he selected for his theme, that the
+Ettrick Shepherd (whose acquaintance he this night rejoiced to have made),
+would not be provoked to jealousy in consequence of this comparison above
+the beauties of Yarrow."
+
+After a few more toasts, the Gazette observes "the night was wearing late,
+and the rest of the proceedings were obliged to be hurried through in
+rather a tumultuous manner." The unluckiest occurrence of all followed by
+Captain Basil Hall's mention of the word "politics," which "let slip the
+dogs of war," or at least led to much confusion. This was explained away;
+but the Captain was "put out," and "he was again unfortunate in attempting
+to pay a pleasant compliment, upon the excellence of his dinners, to Sir
+George Warrender, whose health was next drunk, in conjunction with the
+Scottish members of the legislature.--Sir George Warrender said he had no
+claim to have his name introduced on this occasion, and, however kindly
+intended, it had been done in a manner alike unexpected and painful to him.
+He came there as a Scotchman, proud to assist at a festival in honour of
+one of those eminent men who, in giving an imperishable fame to the poetry
+of Scotland, obtained for their country triumphs far more noble, far more
+durable, than even those which his gallant friend, who had lately
+addressed them, or than any other statesman or warrior, could achieve; for
+when the contests of individuals, and even of nations, for power had
+passed away, and were heard of no more, the verses of Burns and Walter
+Scott would still live in every quarter of the globe, to perpetuate their
+own glory, and to inspire ardent patriotism and intense love of native
+land into every Scottish heart.--Mr. P.S. Stewart, as another of the
+Scottish members, addressed the company with much energy, and restored
+harmony by remarking, that if he was not tried by his dinners, he hoped to
+be always tried by his deserts. In conclusion, he drank the health of Mr.
+Galt, whose literary talents shed a lustre on the west of Scotland, with
+which he was particularly connected. It was now, however, near the
+witching hour of night, or we might say of night's black arch, the key
+stane; and many from the lower parts of the hall had crowded up to the top;
+so that regularity of speech, or bumper, or song, there could be none.
+Galt's thanks died in embryo; and the concluding toasts of Mr. Murchison
+and Mr. Sedgewick, and the sciences of Scotland and England; the London
+Burns' Club, the stewards, and even the ladies, had but their cheers, and
+passed away. At length the pipes droned forth, and the festive drama
+closed.
+
+"We ought to record that it was enlivened by many bowls of punch brewed by
+Hogg in Burns' bowl, and in general very kindly and socially helped into
+the many glasses sent up for it by Lord Mahon: there was also some
+beautiful singing by Broadhurst, Wilson, Templeton, and Messrs. Jolly,
+Stansbury, Chapman, and other vocalists. The Shepherd, too, treated us
+with an original song, the burden of which was 'Robin's awa.' It is a
+lament for Burns as the best of the minstrels; but it was brought in by a
+laugh, in consequence of the toast-master calling for silence for a song
+from _Mr_. Shepherd."
+
+By the _Gazette_ report we conclude the Festival must have ended as many
+such meetings do; and never better expressed than by Lord Byron in his
+facete moments--"then talky, then argumentative, then disputatious, then
+unintelligible, then altogethery, then inarticulate, and then"--but we
+have done.
+
+There is some talk of an annual national meeting on this day among the
+parties with whom this "Festival" originated: but we think others will say
+it were better to leave ill-done alone, lest it become worse. Probably the
+next "Noctes" of _Blackwood's Magazine_ will set the matter at rest by
+giving the world the only true and faithful account of this memorable
+meeting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+
+LACONIC JUSTICE.
+
+Over the door of the town-hall, in Zante, one of the Greek Islands (the
+better to instruct the magistrates in their public duty) these verses are
+inscribed:--
+
+Hic locus 1 odit, 2 amat, 3 punit, 4 conservat, 5 honorat,
+1 Nequitiam, 2 pacem, 3 crimina, 4 jura, 5 probos.
+
+
+_Thus Englished by G. Sandys_.
+
+This place doth 1 hate, 2 love, 3 punish, 4 keep, 5 requite,
+1 voluptuous not, 2 peace, 3 crimes, 4 laws, 5 th' upright
+
+_From Heylyn's Cosmographie_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FLOATING SCHEME.
+
+In George the Third's collection of tracts, now in the British Museum, is
+a broadside of one page, commencing thus:--"In the name of God, amen! John
+Bulmer, of London, esquire, Master and Surveyor of the King's Majesties
+Mines, &c. &c. propoundeth--by God's assistance, that he the said John
+Bulmer, shall and will, at and in a flowing water, set out a boat or
+vessel with an engine, floating with a man or boy, in and on board the
+said boat, in the River of Thames, over against the Tower-wharf, or lower.
+Which said boat, with the said man or boy, in or aboard her, shall the
+same tide before low-water again, by art of the said John Bulmer, and help
+of the said engine, be advanced and elevated so high, as that the same
+shall pass and be delivered over London Bridge, together with this said
+man or boy, in and on board her, and float again in the said River of
+Thames, on the other side the said bridge in safety." He then proceeds to
+covenant for himself, his heirs, &c., to perform this within the space of
+one month, &c., or so soon as the undertakers, wagering against him six
+for one, should have deposited in the assurance office such a sum as he
+should consider sufficient to countervail his charges of contriving the
+boat and engine. Captain Bulmer was also to deposit his proportion of
+money, &c. This scheme was brought out in 1643.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GREEK SAILORS
+
+Still preserve the custom mentioned by Homer, of hauling their vessels on
+shore with the prows resting on the beach; having done this, they place
+the mast lengthwise across the prow and the poop, and spread the sail over
+it, so as to form a tent; beneath these tents they sing their songs,
+drinking wine freely, and accompanying their voices with the lyre, or
+three-stringed viol.
+
+T.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BILLS OF MORTALITY.
+
+"Bills of Mortality took rise," says Pennant, "in 1592; in which year
+began a great pestilence; which continued till the 18th of December, 1595.
+During this period they were kept, in order to ascertain the number of
+persons who died; but, when the plague ceased, the bills were discontinued.
+They were resumed again in 1603. At their original institution there were
+only 109 in parishes; others were gradually added; and, by the year 1681,
+the number was 132. Since that time, 14 more have been added, so that the
+whole amounts to 146, viz. 97 within the walls; 16 without the walls; 23
+out-parishes in Middlesex and Surrey; and 10 in the City and Liberties of
+Westminster."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TAILORS.
+
+Sir John Hawkwood, (the first English general,) was usually styled Joannes
+Acutus, from the sharpness, it is said, of his needle or his sword. Fuller,
+the historian, says, he "turned his needle into a sword, and his thimble
+into a shield. He was the son of a tanner, and was bound apprentice to a
+tailor, and was pressed for a soldier." He served under Edward III., and
+was knighted, distinguished himself at the battle of Poictiers, where he
+gained the esteem of the Black Prince, and finished his military career in
+the pay of the Florentines, in 1394, at his native place, Hedingham, in
+Essex. There is a monument to his memory in the parish church.
+
+Sir Ralph Blackwell was his fellow apprentice, knighted for his bravery by
+Edward III.; married his master's daughter, and founded Blackwell Hall.
+
+John Speed, the historian, was a Cheshire tailor.
+
+John Stowe, the antiquary, was also a tailor; he was born in London, in
+1525, and lived to the age of 80.
+
+Benjamin Robins was the son of a tailor, of Bath; he compiled Lord Anson's
+Voyage round the World.
+
+Elliott's regiment of light-horse was chiefly composed of tailors; and the
+first man who suggested the idea of abolishing the Slave Trade, was Thomas
+Woolman, a quaker, and tailor, of New Jersey. He published many tracts on
+this species of traffic, went great distances to consult individuals on
+the subject, on which business he came to England, and went to York, where
+he caught the small-pox, and died October 7, 1772.
+
+T.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HINTS TO COCKNEY EQUESTRIANS.
+
+The following hints are offered "in the milk of human kindness" to all
+"young gentlemen" who hire a horse, or a horse and gig, to go the amazing
+distance of Kew or Richmond, on Sundays; and may be compelled to flog the
+"tired jade" the last three miles back, in order to get it home before
+midnight; also to prevent the annoying necessity of pulling up in a street
+adjacent to the livery-stables, to cut off the frayed end of the whip
+thong, that the ostler may not detect their flagellation.
+
+M.A.S.
+
+
+I. _How to make a horse go that is utterly tired._
+
+Dismount from thy horse and prick his sides all over with little holes
+with a nayle or fine awle, in the spurring place. Take then window glass
+and stamp it unto a subtile powder, which rub into his pricked sides; then
+mounting, but touch him not with the spur, and you shall have your desire,
+for be sure if he have any life in him he will not fayle to go.
+
+
+II. _Here followeth another torment._
+
+Dismount from thy horse and get a stick, which with your knife, jag and
+cut like unto the notches of a saw, make then a slit with your knife in
+the ear of the horse, thrust therein the stick, and when you find him to
+tyre, by working the stick backwards and forwards in the ear, you will
+have your desire, for be sure if he have any life in him, he will not
+fayle to go.
+
+
+III. _Another torment may be used as follows_.--
+
+Dismount from thy horse (or gig) and take two round, smooth pebbles, which
+put into one ear of your horse, and tye up the ear, that they escape not,
+then mounting and proceeding on thy journey, thou shall have thy desire,
+for the noise of the stones jingling in his ear, will not fayle to make
+him go, until he is utterly tired.--_Markham's Farriery_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+BEAUTIES OF THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.
+
+The characteristic peculiarity of the Pilgrim's Progress is, that it is
+the only work of its kind which possesses a strong human interest. Other
+allegories only amuse the fancy. The allegory of Bunyan has been read by
+many thousands with tears. There are some good allegories in Johnson's
+works, and some of still higher merit by Addison. In these performances
+there is, perhaps, as much wit and ingenuity as in the Pilgrim's Progress.
+But the pleasure which is produced by the Vision of Mirza, or the Vision
+of Theodore, the genealogy of Wit, or the contest between Rest and Labour,
+is exactly similar to the pleasure which we derive from one of Cowley's
+Odes, or from a Canto of Hudibras. It is a pleasure which belongs wholly
+to the understanding, and in which the feelings have no part whatever. Nay,
+even Spencer himself, though assuredly one of the greatest poets that ever
+lived, could not succeed in the attempt to make allegory interesting. It
+was in vain that he lavished the riches of his mind on the House of Pride,
+and the House of Temperance. One unpardonable fault, the fault of
+tediousness, pervades the whole of the Fairy Queen. We become sick of
+Cardinal Virtues and Deadly Sins, and long for the society of plain men
+and women. Of the persons who read the first Canto, not one in ten reaches
+the end of the first book, and not one in a hundred perseveres to the end
+of the poem. Very few and very weary are those who are in at the death of
+the Blatant Beast. If the last six books, which are said to have been
+destroyed in Ireland, had been preserved, we doubt whether any heart less
+stout than that of a commentator would have held out to the end.
+
+It is not so with the Pilgrim's Progress. That wonderful book, while it
+obtains admiration from the most fastidious critics, is loved by those who
+are too simple to admire it. Doctor Johnson, all whose studies were
+desultory, and who hated, as he said, to read books through, made an
+exception in favour of the Pilgrim's Progress. That work, he said, was one
+of the two or three works which he wished longer. It was by no common
+merit that the illiterate sectary extracted praise like this from the most
+pedantic of critics, and the most bigoted of tories. In the wildest parts
+of Scotland the Pilgrim's Progress is the delight of the peasantry. In
+every nursery the Pilgrim's Progress is a greater favourite than Jack the
+Giant-Killer. Every reader knows the straight and narrow path as well as
+he knows a road in which he has gone backward and forward a hundred times.
+This is the highest miracle of genius,--that things which are not should
+be as though they were,--that the imaginations of one mind should become
+the personal recollections of another. And this miracle the tinker has
+wrought. There is no ascent, no declivity, no resting-place, no turn-stile,
+with which we are not perfectly acquainted. The wicket gate, and the
+desolate swamp which separates it from the City of Destruction,--the long
+line of road, as straight as a rule can make it,--the Interpreter's house,
+and all its fair shows,--the prisoner in the iron cage,--the palace, at
+the doors of which armed men kept guard, and on the battlements of which
+walked persons clothed all in gold,--the cross and the sepulchre,--the
+steep hill and the pleasant arbour,--the stately front of the House
+Beautiful by the wayside,--the low green valley of Humiliation, rich with
+grass and covered with flocks,--all are as well known to us as the sights
+of our own street. Then we come to the narrow place where Apollyon strode
+right across the whole breadth of the way, to stop the journey of
+Christian, and where afterwards the pillar was set up to testify how
+bravely the pilgrim had fought the good fight. As we advance, the valley
+becomes deeper and deeper. The shade of the precipices on both sides falls
+blacker and blacker. The clouds gather overhead. Doleful voices, the
+clanking of chains, and the rushing of many feet to and fro, are heard
+through the darkness. The way, hardly discernible in gloom, runs close by
+the mouth of the burning pit, which sends forth its flames, its noisome
+smoke, and its hideous shapes, to terrify the adventurer. Thence he goes
+on, amidst the snares and pitfalls, with the mangled bodies of those who
+have perished lying in the ditch by his side. At the end of the long dark
+valley, he passes the dens in which the old giants dwelt, amidst the bones
+and ashes of those whom they had slain.
+
+Then the road passes straight on through a waste moor, till at length the
+towers of a distant city appear before the traveller; and soon he is in
+the midst of the innumerable multitudes of Vanity Fair. There are the
+jugglers and the apes, the shops and the puppet-shows. There are Italian
+Row, and French Row, and Spanish Row, and Britain Row, with their crowds
+of buyers, sellers, and loungers, jabbering all the languages of the earth.
+
+Thence we go on by the little hill of the silver mine, and through the
+meadow of lilies, along the bank of that pleasant river which is bordered
+on both sides by fruit-trees. On the left side, branches off the path
+leading to that horrible castle, the courtyard of which is paved with the
+skulls of pilgrims; and right onwards are the sheepfolds and orchards of
+the Delectable Mountains.
+
+From the Delectable Mountains, the way lies through the logs and briers of
+the Enchanted Ground, with here and there a bed of soft cushions spread
+under a green arbour. And beyond is the land of Beulah, where the flowers,
+the grapes, and the songs of birds never cease, and where the sun shines
+night and day. Thence are plainly seen the golden pavements and streets of
+pearl, on the other side of that black and cold river over which there is
+no bridge.
+
+All the stages of the journey,--all the forms which cross or overtake the
+pilgrims,--giants and hobgoblins, ill-favoured ones, and shining
+ones,--the tall, comely, swarthy Madam Bubble, with her great purse by her
+side, and her fingers playing with the money,--the black man in the bright
+vesture,--Mr. Worldly-Wiseman, and my Lord Hategood,--Mr. Talkative, and
+Mrs. Timorous,--all are actually existing beings to us. We follow the
+travellers through their allegorical progress with interest not inferior
+to that with which we follow Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, or Jeanie
+Deans from Edinburgh to London. Bunyan is almost the only writer that ever
+gave to the abstract the interest of the concrete. In the works of many
+celebrated authors, men are mere personifications. We have not an Othello,
+but jealousy; not an Iago but perfidy; not a Brutus, but patriotism. The
+mind of Bunyan, on the contrary, was so imaginative, that personifications,
+when he dealt with them, became men. A dialogue between two qualities, in
+his dream, has more dramatic effect than a dialogue between two human
+beings in most plays.
+
+The Pilgrim's Progress undoubtedly is not a perfect allegory. The types
+are often inconsistent with each other; and sometimes the allegorical
+disguise is altogether thrown off. The river, for example, is emblematic
+of death; and we are told that every human being must pass through the
+river. But Faithful does not pass through it. He is martyred, not in
+shadow, but in reality, at Vanity Fair. Hopeful talks to Christian about
+Esau's birthright, and about his own convictions of sin, as Bunyan might
+have talked with one of his own congregation. The damsels at the House
+Beautiful catechise Christiana's boys, as any good ladies might catechise
+any boys at a Sunday School. But we do not believe, that any man, whatever
+might be his genius, and whatever his good luck, could long continue a
+figurative history without falling into many inconsistencies.
+
+The passages which it is most difficult to defend, are those in which he
+altogether drops the allegory, and puts into the mouth of his pilgrims
+religious ejaculations and disquisitions, better suited to his own pulpit
+at Bedford or Reading, than to the Enchanted Ground or the Interpreter's
+Garden. Yet even these passages, though we will not undertake to defend
+them against the objection of critics, we feel that we could ill spare. We
+feel that the story owes much of its charm to these occasional glimpses of
+solemn and affecting subjects, which will not be hidden, which force
+themselves through the veil, and appear before us in their native aspect.
+The effect is not unlike that which is said to have been produced on the
+ancient stage, when the eyes of the actor were seen flaming through his
+mask, and giving life and expression to what would else have been an
+inanimate and uninteresting disguise.
+
+The style of Bunyan is delightful to every reader, and invaluable as a
+study to every person who wishes to obtain a wide command over the English
+language. The vocabulary is the vocabulary of the common people. There is
+not an expression, if we except a few technical terms of theology, which
+would puzzle the rudest peasant. We have observed several pages which do
+not contain a single word of more than two syllables. Yet no writer has
+said more exactly what he meant to say. For magnificence, for pathos, for
+vehement exhortation, for subtle disquisition, for every purpose of the
+poet, the orator, and the divine, this homely dialect--the dialect of
+plain working men--was perfectly sufficient. There is no book in our
+literature on which we would so readily stake the fame of the old
+unpolluted English language--no book which shows so well how rich that
+language is in its own proper wealth, and how little it has been improved
+by all that it has borrowed.
+
+Cowper said, forty or fifty years ago, that he dared not name John Bunyan
+in his verse, for fear of moving a sneer. To our refined forefathers, we
+suppose, Lord Roscommon's Essay on Translated Verse, and the Duke of
+Buckinghamshire's Essay on Poetry, appeared to be compositions infinitely
+superior to the allegory of the preaching tinker. We live in better times;
+and we are not afraid to say, that, though there were many clever men in
+England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only
+two great creative minds. One of those minds produced the Paradise Lost,
+the other the Pilgrim's Progress.--_Edinburgh Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+A London publisher advertises a collection of Nursery Tales as a "handsome
+present for _youth_." Here the schoolmaster is surely behind-hand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPROMPTU.--TO A LADY.
+
+(_From the Italian_.)
+
+  Think not thy _faults_, my pretty scold,
+    Like transient clouds will pass away;
+  Thine image in the rose behold,
+    Whose leaves fade ere the _thorns_ decay.
+
+E.L.J.
+
+This trifle was sent to the _Mirror_ a few days since, and last Saturday
+it appeared in the _Literary Gazette_, with the same signature, E.L.J.--Is
+not this double-dealing?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Pantomimes_.--Four hundred persons are nightly employed in the pantomime
+at Covent Garden Theatre, on the stage, behind the scenes, and in the
+orchestra. Of this number are 90 carpenters in the machinery, property,
+and scenic department. The usual cost of one of these relics of olden
+Christmas at a patent theatre is £2,000.; and upwards of £10,000. are
+annually expended in producing pantomimes for the amusement of the large
+and little children of this great metropolis.
+
+
+_How to keep away the Cholera_.--Fear has proved at all times, but more
+particularly during the prevalence of cholera, a fruitful predisposing
+cause of disease; be firm, therefore, and confident. Cheerfulness of
+disposition, equanimity and serenity of mind, are essential means of
+preservation from epidemic disorders, cholera especially. You have now the
+consoling assurance of the New Board of Health, in confirmation of what we,
+the anti-contagionists, in regard to cholera, had long before declared and
+contended for, that the disease _does not pass to those about the sick_,
+and seldom spreads in families. Cholera, therefore, is thus disarmed of
+one of its worst terrors. You only run the average share of risk of one in
+1,200,000 individual inhabitants of the metropolis, of being affected by
+the epidemic influence of the atmosphere, while that influence lasts; and
+as you are put in possession of several means to counteract that influence,
+the chances are greatly in your favour that you will not be attacked by
+cholera at all. To this conclusion I am authorized to come by my
+experience, which has been very considerable, and my observations, in more
+than one general epidemic, and by what I have read in all the authors
+(twenty or thirty of them) who have treated of cholera.--_Dr. Granville_.
+
+
+_The Cholera_.--An interesting experiment was tried at Newcastle last week,
+on the state of the atmosphere. A kite was sent up, having attached to it
+a piece of fresh butcher's meat, a fresh haddock, and a small loaf of
+bread. The kite ascended to a considerable height, and remained at that
+elevation for an hour and a quarter. When brought to the ground, it was
+found that the fish and the piece of meat were both in a putrid state,
+particularly the fish; and the loaf, when examined through, a microscope,
+was discovered to be pervaded with legions of animalculae. It may be worth
+while to repeat the experiment in other places to which cholera may
+unfortunately extend itself.--_Evening Paper._
+
+_Foreign Books._--From official accounts it appears that the foreign books
+imported into the United Kingdom in the year 1830, weighed 3,441 cwt.
+3 qrs. 13 lbs. the amount of duty upon which was £11,865 4_s_. 4_d_.
+We find this in a paper on the Duties on Foreign Books in the _Foreign
+Quarterly Review_, just published; in which the imported old books have
+obtained a considerable ascendancy over the new ones.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The lovers of the Fine Arts will hear with sorrow, the destruction by fire
+of Mr. Wilmshurst's splendid Painted Window of the Tournament of the Field
+of the Cloth of Gold, described at page 246, vol. xv. of _The Mirror_. It
+was completed about two years since at a cost of nearly 2,000_l_., and
+three years' labour of the artist.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FAMILIAR SCIENCE.
+
+
+
+This Day was published, with many Engravings, price 5_s_.,
+
+  ARCANA of SCIENCE,
+  AND
+  ANNUAL REGISTER of the USEFUL ARTS,
+  for 1832;
+
+Abridged from the Transactions of Public Societies, and Scientific
+Journals, British and Foreign, for the past year.
+
+*** This volume will contain all the Important Facts in the year 1831--in
+the
+
+  MECHANIC ARTS,
+  CHEMICAL SCIENCE,
+  ZOOLOGY,
+  BOTANY,
+  MINERALOGY,
+  GEOLOGY,
+  METEOROLOGY,
+  RURAL ECONOMY,
+  GARDENING.
+  DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
+  USEFUL AND ELEGANT ARTS,
+  GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES,
+  MISCELLANEOUS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.
+
+Printing for John Limbird, 143, Strand; of whom may be had volumes (upon
+the same plan) for 1828, price 4_s_. 6_d_., 1829--30--31, price 5_s_. each.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11515 ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. XIX. No. 532. Saturday, February 4, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 8, 2004 [EBook #11515]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. XIX. No. 532.] SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1832. [PRICE 2_d_.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CASTLE OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.]
+
+[Illustration: CAVERN OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.]
+
+ROBERT THE DEVIL.
+
+All the town, and the country too, by paragraph circumstantial, and puff
+direct, must have learned that every theatre in this Metropolis, and
+consequently, every stage in the country, is to have its version of the
+splendid French opera _Robert le Diable_. Its success in Paris has been
+what the good folks there call _magnifique_, and playing the devil has
+been the theatrical order of day and night since the Revolution. As we
+know nothing of its merits, and do not write of what we neither see nor
+hear, nor believe any report of, we do not put up our hopes for its
+success. But, as the story of the opera is a pretty piece of Norman
+romance, some fair penciller has sent us the sketches of the annexed cuts,
+and our Engraver has thus pitted himself with Grieve, Stanfield, Roberts,
+and scores of minor scene-painters, who are building canvass castles, and
+scooping out caverns for the King's Theatre, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane
+Theatres. Theirs will be but candle-light glories: our scenes will be the
+same by all lights. But as scenes are of little use without actors, and
+cuts of less worth without description, we append our fair Correspondent's
+historical notices of the sites and the _dram. pers._ of "this our
+tragedy."
+
+CASTLE OF ROBERT LE DIABLE, OR ROBERT THE DEVIL.
+
+The founder of this ancient castle bears the name of _Robert the Devil_.
+It is a wonderful relic of old Norman fortification, being so defended by
+nature, as to bid defiance to its enemies, and could only have fallen by
+stratagem. It is situated on the left side of the River Seine and in the
+province of Normandy. The subterranean caverns by their amazing extent
+sufficiently attest the ancient importance of this structure; tradition
+says they extend to the banks of the Seine. Its antiquity is fully proved
+by some of the architectural fragments bearing the stamp of 912. On
+arriving at the summit of the mountain, the tourist receives an impression
+like enchantment: the castle seems to have been conveyed there by fairies;
+and at the base the eye is charmed by the fine and picturesque forest of
+Bourgtheroulde: villages elegantly grouped, enrich with their beautiful
+fabrics each bank of the Seine which majestically traverses a luxurious
+landscape. Romance, fable, and the tradition of shepherds and peasants
+describe Robert the Devil as Governor of Neustria, and a descendent of
+Rollo the celebrated Norman chief, whose name was changed to Robert, Duke
+of Normandy in 923, on his marriage with the daughter of Charles the
+simple, King of France. His great and valiant achievements are remembered
+in that country so renowned by his race, and where his name still awakens
+every sentiment of superstitious awe. All in the environs of the castle
+recount his wonderful and warlike exploits; his numerous amours; and his
+rigid penitence by which he hoped to appease the wrath of offended Heaven.
+The moans of his victims are said to resound in the Northern subterranean
+caverns; the peasantry also believe that the spirit of Robert is condemned
+to haunt the ruins of his castle, and the tombs of his "Ladies Fair." In
+justice to his memory be it remembered, that his acts of cruelty were
+alone aimed at the rapacious and guilty, and that in him helpless
+innocence ever found a protector.
+
+Robert the Devil was cotemporary with our Danish King Harold, 1065; he
+assisted Henry, the eldest son of Robert of Normandy, in gaining
+possession of the crown, and accompanied him with a large army into the
+capital of France, where they ravaged the territory of the rebels, by
+burning the towns and villages, and putting the inhabitants to the sword:
+on this account he was called Robert the Devil.
+
+When tranquillity was restored, and Henry freed from his enemies, Robert
+made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with other powerful potentates. On his
+return he was taken ill, and appointed an illegitimate son his successor,
+whose mother was the daughter of a dealer in skins at Falaise, and this
+son became that celebrated William of Normandy, our renowned conqueror!
+The Normans instigated the people to reject him, on the plea of his
+illegitimacy; but Henry I., then King of France, gratefully remembered the
+good offices of Robert the Devil, William's Father: therefore espoused his
+cause, and raised an army of three thousand men to invade Normandy; long
+and obstinate wars continued, which did not terminate till William had
+accomplished the successful invasion of England; he was the grandson of
+Rollo, known after his marriage as Robert the 1st., Duke of Normandy, who
+died 935. Thus from one of his numerous amours sprung our new dynasty of
+kings, which totally changed the aspect of the times. By some historians
+he is called Robert the IInd., Duke of Normandy, but the name by which he
+is generally known, is that dignified one of William the Conqueror.
+
+CAVERN OF ROBERT LE DIABLE.
+
+The remains of this cavern (situated in Normandy) command the attention of
+the lovers of history, not only from its antiquity, but also from its
+gloomy recesses, having afforded a safe shelter to our weak and cruel King
+John. Here he bade farewell to this province which he abandoned to the
+French Knights, and from whom he carefully concealed every trace of his
+retreat. The entrance is almost obscured, and tradition says it is so
+artfully managed as to have the appearance of a passage to another. The
+spot is barren, and it appears as if a thunder-bolt had burnt up the
+verdure. The spirit of _Robert le Diable_ is supposed to haunt the cavern
+in the form of a wolf, and advances uttering piteous cries, and
+steadfastly gazing on its place of defence (the caverns extending to the
+River Seine) reviews his former glory and conquests, and seems bitterly to
+lament the present decay. In vain the peasants commence the chase; they
+assert that the wolf though closely pursued always eludes the vigilance of
+the huntsman. On the death of Richard I. of England, 1199, his Brother
+John was proclaimed King of Normandy and Aquitaine; the Duchies of
+Brittany, the Counties of Anjou, Maine, Tours and others, acknowledged
+Arthur, John's nephew, as their sovereign, and claimed the protection of
+the King of France, Philip II., surnamed Augustus; but he despairing of
+being able to retain these provinces against the will of their inhabitants,
+sacrificed Arthur and his followers to John, who in a skirmish with some
+of the Norman Lords, carried them all prisoners into Normandy, where
+Arthur soon disappeared: the Britons assert that he was murdered by his
+uncle; and the Normans that he was accidentally killed in endeavouring to
+escape. The death of their favourite Prince stung the Britons to madness,
+as in him centered their last hope of regaining independence: an ardent
+imagination led them to believe their future destiny connected with this
+child, which inspired them with a wild affection for Philip, as being the
+enemy of his murderer. They accused John before the French King of
+Arthur's murder, and he was summoned as a Vassal of Normandy to appear and
+defend himself before the twelve Peers of France. This command being
+treated with contempt, the lands John held under the French crown were
+declared forfeit, and an army levied to put it into execution. It was on
+this emergency that John found a safe place of concealment in the cavern
+of Robert the Devil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LACONICS, &c.
+
+(_Continued from page 53_.)
+
+
+Generosity is not the virtue of the multitude, and for this reason:
+selfishness is often the consequence of ignorance, and it requires a
+cultivated mind to discern where the rights of others interfere with our
+own wishes.
+
+If commerce has benefited, it has also injured the human race; and the
+invention of the compass has brought disease as well as wealth in its
+train.
+
+The days of joy are as long and perhaps as frequent as those of grief; but
+either the memory is treacherous or the mind is too morbid to admit this
+to be the case.
+
+Without occasional seriousness and even melancholy, mirth loses its magic,
+and pleasure becomes unpalatable.
+
+It is unlucky that experience being our best teacher, we have only learnt
+its lessons perfectly, when we no longer stand in need of them; and have
+provided ourselves armour we can never wear.
+
+Chastity in women may be said to arise more from attention to worldly
+motives than deference to moral obligation: there is not so much
+continence amongst men, because there is not the same restriction.
+
+A resolution to put up calmly with misfortune, invariably has the effect
+of lightening the load.
+
+Conceit is usually seen during our first investigations after knowledge;
+but time and more accurate research teach us that not only is our
+comprehension limited, but knowledge itself is so imperfect, as not to
+warrant any vanity upon it at all.
+
+Extravagance is of course merely comparative: a man may be a spendthrift
+in copper as well as gold.
+
+We had rather be made acquainted at any time with the reality and
+certainty of distress, than be tortured by the feverish and restless
+anxiety of doubt.
+
+A too great nicety about diet is being over scrupulous, and is converting
+moderation into a fault; but on the other hand it is little better than
+gluttony, if we cannot refrain from what may by possibility be even
+slightly injurious.
+
+A celebrated traveller who had been twice round the world and visited
+every remarkable country, declared, that thought he had seen many
+wonderful things, he had never chanced to see a handsome old woman.
+
+It is difficult enough to persuade a tool, but persuasion is not all the
+difficulty: obstinacy still remains to be brought under subjection.
+
+A prejudiced person is universally condemned and yet many of our
+prejudices are excusable, and some of them necessary: if we do not indulge
+a few of our prejudices, we shall have to go on doubting and inquiring for
+ever.
+
+Scepticism has ever been the bugbear of youthful vanity, and it is
+considered knowing to quarrel with existing institutions and established
+truths; our experienced reflection regrets this inclination and we become
+weary of distracting ourselves with endless difficulties.
+
+In dreaming, it is remarkable how easily and yet imperceptibly the mind
+connects events altogether differing in their nature; and if we hear any
+noise during sleep, how instantaneously the sound is woven in with the
+events of our dream and as satisfactorily accounted.
+
+The unpleasant sensation that is produced by modesty, is amply compensated
+by the prepossession it creates in our favour.
+
+Public virtue prospers by the vices of individuals. The spendthrift gives
+a circulation to the coin of the realm, while the miser is equally useful
+in gleaning and scraping together what others have too profusely scattered.
+Luxury gives a livelihood to thousands, and the numbers supported by
+vanity are beyond calculation.
+
+There is a distinction to be drawn between self-love and selfishness,
+though they are usually confounded. Self-love is the effect of instinct,
+and is necessary for our preservation in common with other animals; but
+selfishness is a mental defect and is generated by narrowness of soul.
+
+The difference between honour and honesty is this: honour is dictated by a
+regard to character, honesty arises from a feeling of duty.
+
+It is difficult to avoid envy without laying ourselves open to contempt;
+for in being too scrupulous not to trespass on others we lay ourselves
+open to be trifled with and trampled on.
+
+That "familiarity breeds contempt" does not only mean, that he who is too
+familiar with us incurs our contempt; but also that novelty being
+indispensably necessary to our happiness we cease to admire what habit has
+familiarized.
+
+Poverty, like every thing else has its fair side. The poor man has the
+gratification of knowing that no one can have any interest in his death;
+and in his intercourse with the world he can be certain that wherever he
+is welcome, it is exclusively on his own account.
+
+If the poor have but few comforts, they are free from many miseries,
+mental as well as personal, that their superiors are subjected to: they
+have no physicians who live by their sufferings, and they never experience
+the curse of sensibility.
+
+Eloquence, engaging as it is, must always be regarded with suspicion. The
+great use made of it in the history of literature, has been to mislead the
+head by an appeal to the heart, and it was for this reason the Athenians
+forbid their orators the use of it.
+
+Conceit is generally proportionate with high station, and the greatest
+geniuses have not been entirely free from it: what indeed is ambition but
+an immoderate love of praise?
+
+When we call to mind the humiliating necessities of human nature as far as
+the body is concerned, and in our intellectual resolves the meanness or
+paltriness of many of our motives to action, we may well be surprised that
+man who has so much cause to be humble should indulge for a moment in
+pride.
+
+It is not so easy as philosophers tell us to lay aside our prejudices;
+mere volition cannot enable us to divest ourselves of long established
+feelings, and even reason is averse to laying aside theories it has once
+been taught to admire.
+
+A man may start at impending danger or wince at the sensation of pain: and
+yet he may be a true philosopher and not be afraid of death.
+
+The epicure, the drunkard, and the man of loose morals are equally
+contemptible: though the brutes obey instinct, they never exceed the
+bounds of moderation; and besides, it is beneath the dignity of man to
+place felicity in the service of his senses.
+
+A passionate man should be regarded with the same caution as a loaded
+blunderbuss, which may unexpectedly go off and do us an injury.
+
+There are many fools in the world and few wise men; at any rate there are
+more false than sound reasoners; wherefore it would seem more politic to
+adopt the opinion of the minority on most occasions.
+
+Those who are deficient in any particular accomplishment usually contrive
+either openly or indirectly to express their contempt for it: thus
+removing that obstacle which removes them from the same level.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSLATION OF DELLA CASA'S SONNET TO THE CITY OF VENICE.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+  Where these rich palaces and stately piles
+  Now rear their marble fronts, in sculptur'd pride,
+  Stood once a few rude scatter'd huts, beside
+  The desert shores of some poor clust'ring isles.
+  Yet here a hardy band, from vices free,
+  In fragile barks, rode fearless o'er the sea:
+  Not seeking over provinces to stride,
+  But here to dwell, afar from slavery.
+  They knew not fierce ambition's lust of power,
+  And while their hearts were free from thirst of gold,
+  Rather than falsehood--death they would behold.
+  If heaven hath granted thee a mightier dower,
+  I honour not the fruits that spring from thee
+  With thy new riches:--Death and Tyranny.
+
+E.L.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HOUSE OF UNDER.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+There are few families more ancient, more generally known, or more widely
+diffused throughout the known world, than that of Under: indeed, in every
+nation, though bearing different names, some branch of this family is
+extant; and there is no doubt that the _Dessous_ of France, the _Unters_
+of Germany, and the _Onders_ of the Land-_under_-water, belong to the same
+ancient and venerable house. The founders of the house, however, were of
+_low_ origin, and generally _down_ in the world. _Undergo_ was the job of
+the family, as patient as a lamb: he encouraged the blessed martyrs in
+times of yore, and is still in existence, though his patience has somewhat
+diminished. _Underhand_ is a far different character to the preceding, a
+double-dealing rascal, and as sly as a fox; he greets you with a smiling
+countenance, and while one hand is employed in shaking yours, he is
+disembarrassing you of the contents of your pocket with the other.
+_Underline_ is a gentleman of some literary attainments, though not
+entirely divested of quackery; he is particularly noted for the emphasis
+he gives to certain points in his discourse, and though in some cases,
+perhaps, he is a little too prodigal of this kind of effect, yet we could
+not well do without him. _Undermine_ is a greater rascal than Underhand,
+and had it not been for the counter-acting influence of _Underproof_, our
+house had fallen to the ground; to the ground it might have fallen, but
+had it gone farther, it would have been only to be revived in the person
+of _Underground_, a gentleman well known in the kitchens and pantries of
+the metropolis, the pantries in particular, he being a constant companion
+to the _Under-butler_. _Understand_ is the pride of the house, and by his
+shining qualities, has raised himself to an eminence never reached by any
+other member of the family. He is a conspicuous exception to the downcast
+looks of so many of his relations. _Undertake_ is an enterprising fellow,
+but he is often deceived and fails in his schemes; not so Undertaker,
+(whose similarity in name would make some folks believe there was some
+connexion;) no, _his_ affairs are calculated to a wonderful nicety, and
+every tear is priced. _Underwriter_ is a speculative genius, and--but the
+less we say of him the better. _Underrate_ is a character I cannot avoid
+mentioning, though I wish with all my heart he was dead: his greatest
+pleasure consists in detracting from the good qualities of his neighbours.
+
+I have only mentioned the English part of "Our House," although there are
+even some of that branch, whom I cannot at present call to mind, except
+_Underdone_, a lover of raw beef-steaks, and _Undervalue_, a person who
+has proved himself a great friend to custom-house officers, having some
+of the cunning of _Underhand_, but not quite so much luck, and subjecting
+his goods to seizure, for having tried to cheat the king. But I must leave
+this subject, and take my leave, till a fitter opportunity occurs for
+giving you further particulars of the "House of Under;" in the meanwhile,
+believe me, courteous reader, yours, sincerely,
+
+UNDER THE ROSE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830.
+
+We quote a page or two from the second and concluding volume of _Paris and
+its Historical Scenes_, in the _Library of Entertaining Knowledge_, which
+gives the best account of _la Grande Semaine_ that has yet appeared. The
+editor has taken Lord Bacon's advice--to read, not to take for
+granted--but to weigh and consider; and amidst the discrepancies of
+contemporary pamphleteers and journalists, his reader will not be
+surprised at the difficulty of obtaining correct information of what
+happens beneath our very window, as one of the great men of history
+confessed upwards of two centuries since. In this respect, mankind has
+scarcely progressed a jot, though men be more sceptical in not taking for
+granted.
+
+Our extract is, we hope, to the point:
+
+"It is curious to what an extent opposite feelings and opinions will
+colour even material scenes and objects to the eyes of different observers.
+Count Tasistro was also present at the capture of the Tuileries; and gives
+us in his narrative a description of what he witnessed of the conduct of
+the people after they had established themselves within the palace. Before
+presenting the reader, however, with what he says upon this subject, we
+will transcribe part of his account of his adventures in the earlier part
+of this day. 'The morning of the 29th,' he says, 'was ushered in by the
+dismal ringing of bells, the groans of distant guns, and the savage shouts
+of the populace; and I arose from a long train of dreams, which defied
+recollection as well as interpretation. The rabble, headed by a few
+beardless boys just let loose from the Polytechnic School and other
+seminaries, had been pleased to fix their head-quarters in our street.
+About half-past eleven, however, those of them who were collected here
+having heard that the popular forces who were fighting before the Louvre
+were nearly disabled by the cannon of the troops occupying that palace,
+their Polytechnic chief called upon them to follow him to the assistance
+of their brethren. Having entreated them to refrain from extravagant
+excesses, he rushed forward, and soon arrived at the scene of action. Here
+I saw him turn round and address his followers thus, 'Le cannon a déjà
+exterminé plusieurs de vos comarades; dans un instant il est à vous;
+suivez moi, et apprenez comme il faut mourir;' (_the cannon has already
+destroyed numbers of your brethren; the next instant it will be directed
+against you: follow me, and learn how to die_.) Having uttered these words,
+he darted forward, just as the gun which was pointed at him was discharged,
+and was blown into atoms. The people, however, following where he had led,
+in the enthusiasm of the moment seized the gun, and turned it immediately
+against the Swiss and the Guards that were stationed at the balconies of
+the Louvre. Other guns were afterwards taken--and the consequence was that
+the soldiers at last retreated with great precipitation, and concentrated
+their strength on the Place du Carrousel. The tricolour was already waving
+over the Louvre. I observed a little, insignificant urchin climb up the
+walls, and plant it during the contest.
+
+"The last struggle made by the Guards for their royal master was to save
+the proud palace of his ancestors; but, alas, the attempt was vain. A
+storm of balls was poured in upon them from so many sides, that the little
+presence of mind they had preserved until now, deserted them at this
+trying moment; and after a few ineffectual discharges, they retreated
+toward the Champs Elysées; and the populace, unchecked by any power but
+their own will, rushed _en masse_ into the regal mansion.
+
+"During this attack, short as it was, I happened to be in a situation far
+more critical than that of the generality of the combatants on either side.
+On entering the Place du Carrousel by the archway leading from the Quays,
+we found the confusion extreme--and, as the fire besides grew every moment
+hotter and hotter, I felt the necessity of taking refuge somewhere, and in
+my agitation ran forward and sheltered myself under the Triumphal Arch.
+Here I passed the short interval during which the combat lasted in a
+confusion of all the senses, which extended minutes to months, and gave to
+something less than half a quarter of an hour the importance of a century;
+for I was all the time between the two fires. Fortunately, as I have said,
+the affair did not last very long; and when the victorious rabble at last
+rushed into the Tuileries, I followed the general movement, and soon after
+found myself in the throne hall, where I was joined by my two missing
+friends."
+
+The Count now proceeds to inveigh in general terms against what he
+describes as the atrocious conduct of the unruly rabble--the devastation,
+pillage, and other enormities of which they were guilty. Having concluded
+this diatribe, he goes on with his narrative as follows: "Indeed the
+passion of mischief had taken such strong possession of the minds of
+all--the temptation was so widely thrown open wherever one went--that even
+I felt a touch of the desire; and, as I passed along the library hall,
+where a most splendid stock of books had been thrown on the floor, spying
+among many precious treasures a beautifully ornamented little volume,
+which, to say nothing of its gay appearance, promised to occupy no great
+room in the pocket, with the conviction that I was doing a good action, I
+picked it up. On opening it I found that it was neither a bible, nor a
+poem, nor a _congurare_ (_?_), as I had anticipated, but simply a pocket
+memorandum-book in which his Majesty had been accustomed to note his
+_parties de chasse_, and the numbers of game he killed. I immediately
+thrust it into my pocket, and have since preserved it as a keepsake--but
+shall be most happy to restore it to the owner, should that august
+personage at any time feel disposed to claim it. Would that all the rest
+of the many articles that were this day pilfered were held as sacred, and
+ready to be as punctually surrendered!
+
+"Tolerably tired at last of looking on the grim faces that surrounded us,
+we agreed to make our retreat; and descended into the garden, intending to
+pass out by the gate leading to the Quays. Here, however, we were met by a
+figure, at the sight of which we found it almost impossible to restrain
+our risibility. It was a man keeping watch at the gate as a sentinel,
+dressed for the most part as we commonly see the masters of chimney-sweeps,
+without a vestige of either shoes or shirt, and what were intended for
+coat and trousers having very doubtful pretensions to those
+designations--but, to make amends for this condition of his general
+habiliments, having a highly polished musket in his hand, a most splendid
+sword dangling by his side, and on his head a superb Marshal's hat! 'Où
+allez vous?' was the imperious demand of this extraordinary looking
+personage. 'Où nous voulons' was the instant and haughty reply of my
+friend M. The fellow, not being accustomed to such insubordination,
+ordered us to take off our hats to show whether we carried anything away
+with us. M. at this would have struck him down but for the sudden
+appearance of six men, whose looks and dress were not much better than
+those of the sentinel. These men, on being informed of our _hauteur_ (as
+it was termed), insisted on our helping them, by way of penalty for our
+offence, to carry off the dead. This was more than I, with all my
+disposition to forbearance, could submit to; so, addressing myself to the
+ugliest of them, who seemed to be the commanding officer of the party, I
+told him scornfully and in good French, that we were foreign gentlemen,
+who had nothing to do either with the dead or the living of their
+country--and that it was a very _despotic_ act to stop peaceable
+passengers in that manner. But this expostulation served only to irritate
+the raggamuffins; and one of them taking hold of my arm tried to force me
+into compliance with his orders. This was our trying moment; we all three
+made one desperate effort 'for liberty;' and, each of us having dealt his
+opponent a severe blow on the cheek, we broke from them, and ran off at
+our best speed. Three shots were immediately fired, and still we galloped
+on unhurt;--another went off, and I felt it--not that I was mortally
+wounded; it was only a spent ball that lodged itself in the flesh of my
+leg. The accident lamed me, however, for the time, and consequently put an
+end to my adventures. I was carried to my hotel, and the ball was
+extracted; but still the wound confined me to my room for two months."
+
+The battle-pieces, and head and tail-cuts, well bespeak the ups and downs
+and bursts of the Revolution. They are as plentiful in this volume, as the
+balls were about Paris in _La Grande Semaine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TIME'S TELESCOPE FOR 1832
+
+Is, as usual, a multifarious volume, and abounds with reading that must
+please all tastes. It has, moreover, to meet the exigencies of the day, a
+pretty sprinkling of cuts and plates, respecting the number of which we do
+not quarrel; in the choice of some of them we must, however, dissent from
+the editor. The Astronomical portion, by Mr. Barker, is unusually copious,
+and the cometary plates are well executed. We quote a passage:
+
+_On the probability of a concussion of a Comet with the earth_.
+
+It has been stated that the comet of 1770, passed through the system of
+the planet Jupiter, without in the slightest degree affecting the motions
+of either the primary or his satellites; also, that it passed sufficiently
+near our planet to have shortened the length of the year had its mass been
+equal to that of the earth. No effect whatever was produced, from whence
+it may be concluded, that the neighbourhood of a comet is not of
+sufficient importance to excite any alarming apprehensions for the safety
+of the habitation of man.
+
+Most of the calculations that have been made respecting the effect of the
+proximity of a comet to our earth have proceeded on erroneous
+principles,--over-rating the quantity of matter in comets, and losing
+sight of their great velocity when in this part of the system. For a comet
+to produce any direful effect, it ought to contain not merely a
+considerable quantity of matter, but also ought to be vertical and
+stationary to the earth's surface for several hours; instead of which, we
+have sufficient reason to believe that though vast in volume, comets
+contain but little matter in proportion, consequently, their attractive
+energy would be inconsiderable; also their velocity would, in a very short
+period, carry them beyond the limit of exerting any influence on the
+waters of the globe. Of course, this general statement would be modified
+by the rate and direction of a comet's motion, and also the earth's
+rotation.
+
+It may, then, be asserted with safety that the close appulse of a comet
+would not be attended with any fatal results; and that this security
+principally consists in its great velocity, which would so swiftly remove
+it to a distance. But, the very circumstance which, in the case of
+_proximity_, would be the security of our globe, (its velocity,) would, in
+the event of a _contact_, be attended with the direst effects. It is true
+that the probability of a contact is less, in an almost infinite degree,
+than the proximity of a comet, which, notwithstanding, is an event which
+every astronomer is fully aware, is within the verge of possibility.
+
+The effects of a contact would be greatly modified by circumstance. Should
+the comet strike the earth obliquely, it would glance off, and the
+consequences would be partial. If the point of collision were on a
+continent of the globe, mountains would be hurled from their bases, and
+new ones would elevate their ridges towards the clouds. Were the place of
+meeting on either of the great oceans, some regions would be deserted, and
+others would be inundated by the waters of the sea. These dreadful
+consequences would be increased, in an indefinite proportion, if the point
+of contact were in the direction of the earth's centre; the meeting would
+be terrific; the earth's period of revolution would, in all probability,
+be altered, either by carrying it nearer to or farther from the sun; a
+different inclination of the axis might be given, and there would be a
+consequent change of seasons; the diurnal motion might be either
+accelerated or retarded, by which the length of the day would be affected;
+the vast continents of the globe would be again covered with the ocean,
+which, deserting its bed, would rush towards the new equator.
+
+Infinitely more tremendous would be the catastrophe if the earth were
+struck by a _retrograde comet_ in the direction of the terrestrial centre,
+the comet making up, by its velocity, the deficiency of mass: in this case
+the centrifugal force of both bodies might be annihilated,--the
+centripetal principle alone obeyed, and both comet and earth rush to the
+sun!
+
+It must, however, be stated, that the probability of such an event is all
+but infinitely removed: the most likely of any that is known, to effect
+such a consummation, is the comet of Encke, which it has been calculated
+would come in collision with our earth after a lapse of 219 millions of
+years! This calculation proceeds on the soundest principles of reasoning,
+and proves not so much the safety of our globe from cometary destruction,
+(for some comet, hitherto unseen by mortal eyes, may _now_ be winging its
+flight directly towards our globe,) as the astonishing powers of the mind
+of man, which can thus essay to penetrate the veil of futurity, and read
+the destiny of a world.
+
+But destruction to this terrestrial orb and its teeming inhabitants, may
+be more speedily brought about than by a concussion with these celestial
+agents. A single principle of motion annihilated, evaporation suspended,
+or a component part of the atmosphere abstracted, and "final ruin would
+drive her ploughshare o'er creation;" universal conflagration would
+instantly ensue from the separation of the oxygen from the nitrogen of the
+atmosphere,--the former exerting its native energies without control
+wherever it extends,--solid rocks, ponderous marble, metals, and even
+water itself, would burst into an intensity of flame, and change the
+aspect of all sublunary things.
+
+But all these vast bodies of the universe are, doubtless, kept in their
+prescribed limits as with so many "reins and bridles," and when this earth
+has completed its destined circles, and fulfilled the purposes for which
+it was called out of nothing, it will need but the command of the glorious
+Creator who at first spoke this beautiful frame into being, bliss, and
+light, to return it to its primeval gloom, or bid it shine forth with new
+resplendent beauty and lustre.
+
+The "Notes of a Naturalist" are stated to be by Professor Rennie; but we
+question if they have been written expressly for this volume, as we
+recognise many passages from other works.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+SCOTTISH LITERARY DINNER.
+
+_As reported by Three Hands_.
+
+It is a miserable thing to quarrel or even differ over a dinner, although
+the whole affair be but a matter of taste. It is likewise a miserable
+thing to differ after dinner, since it lamentably disturbs the digestion
+of the food, as in this case it may the temper of the feeders. Yet
+respecting the dinner to celebrate the Birthday of Burns in Freemasons'
+Hall, there is a remarkable difference among the critical craft; which
+difference, by the way, no shades of opinion can reconcile. As we were not
+of the party, (and we congratulate ourselves on the escape from a Scottish
+half-dinner,) it may be well to quote from three of the reports that have
+appeared, rather than let the affair pass unnoticed in our pages. We do so
+from a wish to preserve certain traits and anecdotes which the occasion
+drew forth,--to give the pleasant rather than the "untoward" events of the
+day: though we must own the whole appears to have been a very droll
+business, always excepting the _semi-pransus_.
+
+We start with an extract from Dr. Granville's _Catechism of Health_:--
+
+_Q_. What should a dinner consist of?
+
+_A_. Of any wholesome food that is in season, plainly dressed.
+
+_Q_. Should the dinner be composed of many dishes?
+
+_A_. The most wholesome dinner is that which consists of a single dish of
+meat, with a proper quantity of vegetables.
+
+Whether the Scottish dinner was as aforesaid, we know not. Call the
+evidence.
+
+_Court Journal_.--A public dinner at a public-house (this is a court
+sneer)--provided by Scotch booksellers, presided at by a Scotch baronet,
+accompanied by Scotch bagpipes, and prepared for two hundred Scotch
+appetites, there being four hundred of the said appetites admitted to
+partake of it.
+
+_Athenaeum_.--Nearly five hundred persons were present at a dinner ordered
+for two hundred and fifty.
+
+_Literary Gazette_.--The stewards provided for 300 guests: another hundred
+coming without notice of their intention, were speedily accommodated; and
+surely the exertion to accomplish this is more to be praised, than any
+little partial failure or inconvenience (such as attends all large public
+dinners) is to be cavilled at and blamed. The dinner and wines were of the
+first order, and at least nine-tenths of those present were highly
+gratified by their entertainment.
+
+But we will first quote the _Athenaeum_ account, from its being the most
+brief as well as more circumstantial, and then add the _variorum_ opinions.
+
+"Little else has been talked of these ten days, in the literary world of
+London, but the Festival in memory of the birthday of Burns and the visit
+of the Ettrick Shepherd. The names of stewards, noble and learned, were
+announced in the newspapers: hopes were held out that verses in honour of
+the occasion, written by Campbell, would be recited by Reding: and it was
+moreover added, that Captain Burns was to be present, and that the
+punch-bowl of Murray marble, filled with the liquor which his great father
+loved, would be smoking on the table. The Festival took place in
+Freemasons' Hall on Wednesday last, and though arrangements were made for
+two hundred and fifty guests, such was the curiosity, and such the crush,
+that by six o' clock, four hundred and fifty tickets were disposed of, and
+the like number of gentlemen sat down, amid no little confusion, about
+seven o' clock, to dinner. Sir John Malcolm, well known for his 'History
+of Central India,' was in the chair; on his left hand sat the eldest and
+youngest sons of Burns; the former like his father, the latter more
+resembling his mother; and on the other hand sat James Hogg, accompanied
+by many gentlemen distinguished in science and literature. The punch-bowl
+of Burns, now the property of Mr. Hastie, stood before the chair, and
+beside it, a drinking quaigh, formed from the Wallace Oak of the Torwood,
+brimmed with silver, and bearing on the bottom the grim visage of the
+northern hero."
+
+"Sir John Malcolm having consumed some time in introductory toasts, which
+the company received with impatience, proceeded to propose 'the Memory of
+ROBERT BURNS:' he dwelt less on his history than on the wide influence of
+his works, and recited many verses with taste and feeling. He related how
+deeply his fame had taken root in the East, and instanced the admiration
+of Byron in proof of his wonderful genius: but no such testimony is at all
+wanting; the songs of Burns are sung in every quarter of the globe, and
+his poems are treasured in millions of memories, so that his fame may set
+fate at defiance. All this was rapturously received; nor was the
+approbation of the company less coldly manifested when the chairman
+proposed 'the health of the ETTRICK SHEPHERD;' it appeared, however, that
+he was much less familiar with his works than with those of Burns, and
+though a native of a pastoral district, made sad work among the romances
+and ballads of the imaginative shepherd. This want was, however, in some
+degree supplied, by a most characteristic speech from Hogg himself, in
+which he related how the inspiration of the muse came upon him, in
+consequence of his being born, like Burns, on the 25th of January; how, on
+the evening of his birth, a man and horse were dispatched for the midwife,
+but the night being wild, and Ettrick deep in flood, the rider was lost;
+nevertheless, the familiar spirit called Brownie--the Lubber-Fiend of
+Milton--supplied his place, and brought the marvelling midwife in time to
+achieve the adventure of the future poet of Kilmeny. All this, and much
+more he related in a way hovering between jest and earnest, and in a
+strong Ettrick tone, to the consternation of the English part of the
+meeting, for whom it was rather peculiar and learned. The audience
+evidently, one and all, regarded the Shepherd with wonder, and hundreds
+were on tiptoe to have a look at him as he stood on a table to relate his
+own varied fortunes.
+
+"But on the banks of Tweed the chairman was aware that a wizard, still
+more enchanting than him of Yarrow, lived, or rather, lately lived; and he
+accordingly gave the health of 'SIR WALTER SCOTT, and a safe return to his
+native country.' It is needless to say with what rapture the health of
+this most illustrious of all the sons of Scotland was drunk. This
+honour--such is the word--was acknowledged by Mr. Lockhart, in a speech
+worth any two chapters in the whole range of British Biography;--it was
+clear and concise--vigorous and picturesque--and abounding with anecdote.
+Of his illustrious father-in-law, he told how Burns predicted his future
+fame, in the house of Adam Ferguson; and of Hogg he related how Scott
+found him, thirty-five years ago, with his plaid and dog, watching his
+sheep on Ettrick Banks, with more old border ballads on his memory than
+any traditionary dame of the district, and with more true poetry in his
+heart than was usual to the lot of poets. Of Hogg himself he said much
+that was amusing and instructive: one anecdote will not soon be forgotten.
+The Shepherd was at the dinner-table of a duchess, when her Grace said,
+'Mr. Hogg, where you ever here before?' 'Madam,' said the poet, 'I have
+driven cattle often past your gates, but I never was within them till
+now.'"
+
+
+"But we must have done with this splendid Festival: we cannot, however,
+conclude without a remark:--the health of 'Lord Porchester and the Poets
+of England,' was drunk; and when his Lordship made his acknowledgments, he
+was interrupted by the titter of a hundred tongues and sat down, no doubt,
+feeling that the spirit of nationality was a little too exclusive. We
+forgot to mention that neither Campbell nor his poem made their appearance,
+which we regretted for several reasons, and also that the memory of Burns
+was not drunk out of his punch-bowl. For this relique of the bard, a Jew
+of the name of Isaac, gave 60_l_. in pledge, and begged the key to keep in
+memory of the poet, when it was bought by its present possessor; and an
+Irish gentleman, not long ago, sent a 300_l_. check for it, and threatened
+Mr. Hastie with the law when he refused to give him up the punch-bowl."
+
+"We are indebted to a friend for this very pleasant notice, and must, in
+our predominent love of truth, say so. As far as the presence of numbers
+could testify general affection for the memory of Burns and respect for
+the Ettrick Shepherd, the meeting was most satisfactory; in every other
+respect it was a failure."
+
+Now let us turn to the _Court Journal_, which in its first column
+decides the Burns' Dinner to have been "the most ill-conceived,
+ill-concocted, ill-managed, and ill-attended affair of its kind that
+ever flung disgrace and ridicule on the public hospitality of the most
+inhospitable public on record." The advertised list of stewards is
+described as "hoax the first." Their names were used as baits--their
+presence being represented under the ominous forms of half-a-dozen
+well-known illustrious unknowns, headed by two "enterprising"
+booksellers! there being not a single distinguished writer present,
+except Mr. Lockhart, and he evidently _cutting_ the whole affair,--so
+far I mean as relates to taking any part in the (mis)management of it.
+Nevertheless, I see by the Papers, that "all the leading characters of
+the Metropolis were present! the poetical department of them being
+represented by Lord Porchester, and the prose department by Lord Mahon."
+Our Court visiter bears his lot with good humour: but, observes he "not
+small must have been the contemptuous pity felt for me, by those
+superior intelligences who, on my entering the Dinner Room, I found had
+already secured their seats, probably by the only practical method--that
+of taking possession of them overnight! And there is no denying the wit
+of this proceeding, on the part of those who were in the secret, that
+the repast was ordered for two hundred individuals, (nine-tenths of them
+probably _Scotch_ individuals) and was to be partaken of by _four_
+hundred." This proportion is probably correct, since "nine-tenths," are
+the precise proportion of the company gratified.--(_See the Gazette_.)
+
+Among the _élite_, or the company at the upper table, "Sir Peter Laurie
+was one, and Mr. Lockhart was not _one_: for he sat among the
+undistinguished at a side table." Our _Court_ guest also sat at a side
+table though he pleads guilty to "foul" means--"that of displacing an
+engine-turned and satine-ed card, which had been deposited therein, as the
+worthy _locum tenens_ and representative of its owner."
+
+But the contradictions circumstantial appear to (dis)advantage in the
+_Literary Gazette_, as will be seen among our quotations. The health of
+Burns being drunk "Both the sons of the poet standing up, the eldest
+expressed their gratitude for the tribute to their father's genius." The
+_Gazette_ states the Shepherd's health to have been prefaced by an "apt
+and interesting address," but the _Athenaeum_ represents the chairman to
+have "made sad work among the romances, &c." Upon the health of the poets
+of England being drunk, Lord Porchester is stated in the Gazette to have
+spoken "eloquently in reply, and pronounced a beautiful eulogium upon the
+ameliorating effects produced upon individuals and communities by the
+cultivation of the Muses:" a very pretty subject for a school theme, to be
+sure, but unfortunate in comparison with the "titter of a hundred tongues"
+by which Lord Porchester is elsewhere stated to have been silenced.
+
+"The toast of 'Sir George Murray, and the military heroes of Scotland,'
+called up that gallant officer, who addressed his applauding countrymen in
+a manner which seemed to be peculiarly grateful to their feelings. While
+he disclaimed it for his own humble services, he nobly awarded the laurel
+to his glorious companions in arms,--a Hopetoun, an Abercrombie, a Moore,
+and a Graham. He then mentioned his early recollection of Burns, whom he
+considered his father's house to have been honoured by receiving within
+its walls; and playfully alluded to what the chairman had stated of his
+sister being the 'Phemy' of the poet,
+
+        "a bonnier lass
+  Than braes of Yarrow ever saw;"
+
+and expressed his hope, as every bard was in duty bound to maintain the
+peerless beauty of the fair whom he selected for his theme, that the
+Ettrick Shepherd (whose acquaintance he this night rejoiced to have made),
+would not be provoked to jealousy in consequence of this comparison above
+the beauties of Yarrow."
+
+After a few more toasts, the Gazette observes "the night was wearing late,
+and the rest of the proceedings were obliged to be hurried through in
+rather a tumultuous manner." The unluckiest occurrence of all followed by
+Captain Basil Hall's mention of the word "politics," which "let slip the
+dogs of war," or at least led to much confusion. This was explained away;
+but the Captain was "put out," and "he was again unfortunate in attempting
+to pay a pleasant compliment, upon the excellence of his dinners, to Sir
+George Warrender, whose health was next drunk, in conjunction with the
+Scottish members of the legislature.--Sir George Warrender said he had no
+claim to have his name introduced on this occasion, and, however kindly
+intended, it had been done in a manner alike unexpected and painful to him.
+He came there as a Scotchman, proud to assist at a festival in honour of
+one of those eminent men who, in giving an imperishable fame to the poetry
+of Scotland, obtained for their country triumphs far more noble, far more
+durable, than even those which his gallant friend, who had lately
+addressed them, or than any other statesman or warrior, could achieve; for
+when the contests of individuals, and even of nations, for power had
+passed away, and were heard of no more, the verses of Burns and Walter
+Scott would still live in every quarter of the globe, to perpetuate their
+own glory, and to inspire ardent patriotism and intense love of native
+land into every Scottish heart.--Mr. P.S. Stewart, as another of the
+Scottish members, addressed the company with much energy, and restored
+harmony by remarking, that if he was not tried by his dinners, he hoped to
+be always tried by his deserts. In conclusion, he drank the health of Mr.
+Galt, whose literary talents shed a lustre on the west of Scotland, with
+which he was particularly connected. It was now, however, near the
+witching hour of night, or we might say of night's black arch, the key
+stane; and many from the lower parts of the hall had crowded up to the top;
+so that regularity of speech, or bumper, or song, there could be none.
+Galt's thanks died in embryo; and the concluding toasts of Mr. Murchison
+and Mr. Sedgewick, and the sciences of Scotland and England; the London
+Burns' Club, the stewards, and even the ladies, had but their cheers, and
+passed away. At length the pipes droned forth, and the festive drama
+closed.
+
+"We ought to record that it was enlivened by many bowls of punch brewed by
+Hogg in Burns' bowl, and in general very kindly and socially helped into
+the many glasses sent up for it by Lord Mahon: there was also some
+beautiful singing by Broadhurst, Wilson, Templeton, and Messrs. Jolly,
+Stansbury, Chapman, and other vocalists. The Shepherd, too, treated us
+with an original song, the burden of which was 'Robin's awa.' It is a
+lament for Burns as the best of the minstrels; but it was brought in by a
+laugh, in consequence of the toast-master calling for silence for a song
+from _Mr_. Shepherd."
+
+By the _Gazette_ report we conclude the Festival must have ended as many
+such meetings do; and never better expressed than by Lord Byron in his
+facete moments--"then talky, then argumentative, then disputatious, then
+unintelligible, then altogethery, then inarticulate, and then"--but we
+have done.
+
+There is some talk of an annual national meeting on this day among the
+parties with whom this "Festival" originated: but we think others will say
+it were better to leave ill-done alone, lest it become worse. Probably the
+next "Noctes" of _Blackwood's Magazine_ will set the matter at rest by
+giving the world the only true and faithful account of this memorable
+meeting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+
+LACONIC JUSTICE.
+
+Over the door of the town-hall, in Zante, one of the Greek Islands (the
+better to instruct the magistrates in their public duty) these verses are
+inscribed:--
+
+Hic locus 1 odit, 2 amat, 3 punit, 4 conservat, 5 honorat,
+1 Nequitiam, 2 pacem, 3 crimina, 4 jura, 5 probos.
+
+
+_Thus Englished by G. Sandys_.
+
+This place doth 1 hate, 2 love, 3 punish, 4 keep, 5 requite,
+1 voluptuous not, 2 peace, 3 crimes, 4 laws, 5 th' upright
+
+_From Heylyn's Cosmographie_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FLOATING SCHEME.
+
+In George the Third's collection of tracts, now in the British Museum, is
+a broadside of one page, commencing thus:--"In the name of God, amen! John
+Bulmer, of London, esquire, Master and Surveyor of the King's Majesties
+Mines, &c. &c. propoundeth--by God's assistance, that he the said John
+Bulmer, shall and will, at and in a flowing water, set out a boat or
+vessel with an engine, floating with a man or boy, in and on board the
+said boat, in the River of Thames, over against the Tower-wharf, or lower.
+Which said boat, with the said man or boy, in or aboard her, shall the
+same tide before low-water again, by art of the said John Bulmer, and help
+of the said engine, be advanced and elevated so high, as that the same
+shall pass and be delivered over London Bridge, together with this said
+man or boy, in and on board her, and float again in the said River of
+Thames, on the other side the said bridge in safety." He then proceeds to
+covenant for himself, his heirs, &c., to perform this within the space of
+one month, &c., or so soon as the undertakers, wagering against him six
+for one, should have deposited in the assurance office such a sum as he
+should consider sufficient to countervail his charges of contriving the
+boat and engine. Captain Bulmer was also to deposit his proportion of
+money, &c. This scheme was brought out in 1643.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GREEK SAILORS
+
+Still preserve the custom mentioned by Homer, of hauling their vessels on
+shore with the prows resting on the beach; having done this, they place
+the mast lengthwise across the prow and the poop, and spread the sail over
+it, so as to form a tent; beneath these tents they sing their songs,
+drinking wine freely, and accompanying their voices with the lyre, or
+three-stringed viol.
+
+T.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BILLS OF MORTALITY.
+
+"Bills of Mortality took rise," says Pennant, "in 1592; in which year
+began a great pestilence; which continued till the 18th of December, 1595.
+During this period they were kept, in order to ascertain the number of
+persons who died; but, when the plague ceased, the bills were discontinued.
+They were resumed again in 1603. At their original institution there were
+only 109 in parishes; others were gradually added; and, by the year 1681,
+the number was 132. Since that time, 14 more have been added, so that the
+whole amounts to 146, viz. 97 within the walls; 16 without the walls; 23
+out-parishes in Middlesex and Surrey; and 10 in the City and Liberties of
+Westminster."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TAILORS.
+
+Sir John Hawkwood, (the first English general,) was usually styled Joannes
+Acutus, from the sharpness, it is said, of his needle or his sword. Fuller,
+the historian, says, he "turned his needle into a sword, and his thimble
+into a shield. He was the son of a tanner, and was bound apprentice to a
+tailor, and was pressed for a soldier." He served under Edward III., and
+was knighted, distinguished himself at the battle of Poictiers, where he
+gained the esteem of the Black Prince, and finished his military career in
+the pay of the Florentines, in 1394, at his native place, Hedingham, in
+Essex. There is a monument to his memory in the parish church.
+
+Sir Ralph Blackwell was his fellow apprentice, knighted for his bravery by
+Edward III.; married his master's daughter, and founded Blackwell Hall.
+
+John Speed, the historian, was a Cheshire tailor.
+
+John Stowe, the antiquary, was also a tailor; he was born in London, in
+1525, and lived to the age of 80.
+
+Benjamin Robins was the son of a tailor, of Bath; he compiled Lord Anson's
+Voyage round the World.
+
+Elliott's regiment of light-horse was chiefly composed of tailors; and the
+first man who suggested the idea of abolishing the Slave Trade, was Thomas
+Woolman, a quaker, and tailor, of New Jersey. He published many tracts on
+this species of traffic, went great distances to consult individuals on
+the subject, on which business he came to England, and went to York, where
+he caught the small-pox, and died October 7, 1772.
+
+T.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HINTS TO COCKNEY EQUESTRIANS.
+
+The following hints are offered "in the milk of human kindness" to all
+"young gentlemen" who hire a horse, or a horse and gig, to go the amazing
+distance of Kew or Richmond, on Sundays; and may be compelled to flog the
+"tired jade" the last three miles back, in order to get it home before
+midnight; also to prevent the annoying necessity of pulling up in a street
+adjacent to the livery-stables, to cut off the frayed end of the whip
+thong, that the ostler may not detect their flagellation.
+
+M.A.S.
+
+
+I. _How to make a horse go that is utterly tired._
+
+Dismount from thy horse and prick his sides all over with little holes
+with a nayle or fine awle, in the spurring place. Take then window glass
+and stamp it unto a subtile powder, which rub into his pricked sides; then
+mounting, but touch him not with the spur, and you shall have your desire,
+for be sure if he have any life in him he will not fayle to go.
+
+
+II. _Here followeth another torment._
+
+Dismount from thy horse and get a stick, which with your knife, jag and
+cut like unto the notches of a saw, make then a slit with your knife in
+the ear of the horse, thrust therein the stick, and when you find him to
+tyre, by working the stick backwards and forwards in the ear, you will
+have your desire, for be sure if he have any life in him, he will not
+fayle to go.
+
+
+III. _Another torment may be used as follows_.--
+
+Dismount from thy horse (or gig) and take two round, smooth pebbles, which
+put into one ear of your horse, and tye up the ear, that they escape not,
+then mounting and proceeding on thy journey, thou shall have thy desire,
+for the noise of the stones jingling in his ear, will not fayle to make
+him go, until he is utterly tired.--_Markham's Farriery_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+BEAUTIES OF THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.
+
+The characteristic peculiarity of the Pilgrim's Progress is, that it is
+the only work of its kind which possesses a strong human interest. Other
+allegories only amuse the fancy. The allegory of Bunyan has been read by
+many thousands with tears. There are some good allegories in Johnson's
+works, and some of still higher merit by Addison. In these performances
+there is, perhaps, as much wit and ingenuity as in the Pilgrim's Progress.
+But the pleasure which is produced by the Vision of Mirza, or the Vision
+of Theodore, the genealogy of Wit, or the contest between Rest and Labour,
+is exactly similar to the pleasure which we derive from one of Cowley's
+Odes, or from a Canto of Hudibras. It is a pleasure which belongs wholly
+to the understanding, and in which the feelings have no part whatever. Nay,
+even Spencer himself, though assuredly one of the greatest poets that ever
+lived, could not succeed in the attempt to make allegory interesting. It
+was in vain that he lavished the riches of his mind on the House of Pride,
+and the House of Temperance. One unpardonable fault, the fault of
+tediousness, pervades the whole of the Fairy Queen. We become sick of
+Cardinal Virtues and Deadly Sins, and long for the society of plain men
+and women. Of the persons who read the first Canto, not one in ten reaches
+the end of the first book, and not one in a hundred perseveres to the end
+of the poem. Very few and very weary are those who are in at the death of
+the Blatant Beast. If the last six books, which are said to have been
+destroyed in Ireland, had been preserved, we doubt whether any heart less
+stout than that of a commentator would have held out to the end.
+
+It is not so with the Pilgrim's Progress. That wonderful book, while it
+obtains admiration from the most fastidious critics, is loved by those who
+are too simple to admire it. Doctor Johnson, all whose studies were
+desultory, and who hated, as he said, to read books through, made an
+exception in favour of the Pilgrim's Progress. That work, he said, was one
+of the two or three works which he wished longer. It was by no common
+merit that the illiterate sectary extracted praise like this from the most
+pedantic of critics, and the most bigoted of tories. In the wildest parts
+of Scotland the Pilgrim's Progress is the delight of the peasantry. In
+every nursery the Pilgrim's Progress is a greater favourite than Jack the
+Giant-Killer. Every reader knows the straight and narrow path as well as
+he knows a road in which he has gone backward and forward a hundred times.
+This is the highest miracle of genius,--that things which are not should
+be as though they were,--that the imaginations of one mind should become
+the personal recollections of another. And this miracle the tinker has
+wrought. There is no ascent, no declivity, no resting-place, no turn-stile,
+with which we are not perfectly acquainted. The wicket gate, and the
+desolate swamp which separates it from the City of Destruction,--the long
+line of road, as straight as a rule can make it,--the Interpreter's house,
+and all its fair shows,--the prisoner in the iron cage,--the palace, at
+the doors of which armed men kept guard, and on the battlements of which
+walked persons clothed all in gold,--the cross and the sepulchre,--the
+steep hill and the pleasant arbour,--the stately front of the House
+Beautiful by the wayside,--the low green valley of Humiliation, rich with
+grass and covered with flocks,--all are as well known to us as the sights
+of our own street. Then we come to the narrow place where Apollyon strode
+right across the whole breadth of the way, to stop the journey of
+Christian, and where afterwards the pillar was set up to testify how
+bravely the pilgrim had fought the good fight. As we advance, the valley
+becomes deeper and deeper. The shade of the precipices on both sides falls
+blacker and blacker. The clouds gather overhead. Doleful voices, the
+clanking of chains, and the rushing of many feet to and fro, are heard
+through the darkness. The way, hardly discernible in gloom, runs close by
+the mouth of the burning pit, which sends forth its flames, its noisome
+smoke, and its hideous shapes, to terrify the adventurer. Thence he goes
+on, amidst the snares and pitfalls, with the mangled bodies of those who
+have perished lying in the ditch by his side. At the end of the long dark
+valley, he passes the dens in which the old giants dwelt, amidst the bones
+and ashes of those whom they had slain.
+
+Then the road passes straight on through a waste moor, till at length the
+towers of a distant city appear before the traveller; and soon he is in
+the midst of the innumerable multitudes of Vanity Fair. There are the
+jugglers and the apes, the shops and the puppet-shows. There are Italian
+Row, and French Row, and Spanish Row, and Britain Row, with their crowds
+of buyers, sellers, and loungers, jabbering all the languages of the earth.
+
+Thence we go on by the little hill of the silver mine, and through the
+meadow of lilies, along the bank of that pleasant river which is bordered
+on both sides by fruit-trees. On the left side, branches off the path
+leading to that horrible castle, the courtyard of which is paved with the
+skulls of pilgrims; and right onwards are the sheepfolds and orchards of
+the Delectable Mountains.
+
+From the Delectable Mountains, the way lies through the logs and briers of
+the Enchanted Ground, with here and there a bed of soft cushions spread
+under a green arbour. And beyond is the land of Beulah, where the flowers,
+the grapes, and the songs of birds never cease, and where the sun shines
+night and day. Thence are plainly seen the golden pavements and streets of
+pearl, on the other side of that black and cold river over which there is
+no bridge.
+
+All the stages of the journey,--all the forms which cross or overtake the
+pilgrims,--giants and hobgoblins, ill-favoured ones, and shining
+ones,--the tall, comely, swarthy Madam Bubble, with her great purse by her
+side, and her fingers playing with the money,--the black man in the bright
+vesture,--Mr. Worldly-Wiseman, and my Lord Hategood,--Mr. Talkative, and
+Mrs. Timorous,--all are actually existing beings to us. We follow the
+travellers through their allegorical progress with interest not inferior
+to that with which we follow Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, or Jeanie
+Deans from Edinburgh to London. Bunyan is almost the only writer that ever
+gave to the abstract the interest of the concrete. In the works of many
+celebrated authors, men are mere personifications. We have not an Othello,
+but jealousy; not an Iago but perfidy; not a Brutus, but patriotism. The
+mind of Bunyan, on the contrary, was so imaginative, that personifications,
+when he dealt with them, became men. A dialogue between two qualities, in
+his dream, has more dramatic effect than a dialogue between two human
+beings in most plays.
+
+The Pilgrim's Progress undoubtedly is not a perfect allegory. The types
+are often inconsistent with each other; and sometimes the allegorical
+disguise is altogether thrown off. The river, for example, is emblematic
+of death; and we are told that every human being must pass through the
+river. But Faithful does not pass through it. He is martyred, not in
+shadow, but in reality, at Vanity Fair. Hopeful talks to Christian about
+Esau's birthright, and about his own convictions of sin, as Bunyan might
+have talked with one of his own congregation. The damsels at the House
+Beautiful catechise Christiana's boys, as any good ladies might catechise
+any boys at a Sunday School. But we do not believe, that any man, whatever
+might be his genius, and whatever his good luck, could long continue a
+figurative history without falling into many inconsistencies.
+
+The passages which it is most difficult to defend, are those in which he
+altogether drops the allegory, and puts into the mouth of his pilgrims
+religious ejaculations and disquisitions, better suited to his own pulpit
+at Bedford or Reading, than to the Enchanted Ground or the Interpreter's
+Garden. Yet even these passages, though we will not undertake to defend
+them against the objection of critics, we feel that we could ill spare. We
+feel that the story owes much of its charm to these occasional glimpses of
+solemn and affecting subjects, which will not be hidden, which force
+themselves through the veil, and appear before us in their native aspect.
+The effect is not unlike that which is said to have been produced on the
+ancient stage, when the eyes of the actor were seen flaming through his
+mask, and giving life and expression to what would else have been an
+inanimate and uninteresting disguise.
+
+The style of Bunyan is delightful to every reader, and invaluable as a
+study to every person who wishes to obtain a wide command over the English
+language. The vocabulary is the vocabulary of the common people. There is
+not an expression, if we except a few technical terms of theology, which
+would puzzle the rudest peasant. We have observed several pages which do
+not contain a single word of more than two syllables. Yet no writer has
+said more exactly what he meant to say. For magnificence, for pathos, for
+vehement exhortation, for subtle disquisition, for every purpose of the
+poet, the orator, and the divine, this homely dialect--the dialect of
+plain working men--was perfectly sufficient. There is no book in our
+literature on which we would so readily stake the fame of the old
+unpolluted English language--no book which shows so well how rich that
+language is in its own proper wealth, and how little it has been improved
+by all that it has borrowed.
+
+Cowper said, forty or fifty years ago, that he dared not name John Bunyan
+in his verse, for fear of moving a sneer. To our refined forefathers, we
+suppose, Lord Roscommon's Essay on Translated Verse, and the Duke of
+Buckinghamshire's Essay on Poetry, appeared to be compositions infinitely
+superior to the allegory of the preaching tinker. We live in better times;
+and we are not afraid to say, that, though there were many clever men in
+England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only
+two great creative minds. One of those minds produced the Paradise Lost,
+the other the Pilgrim's Progress.--_Edinburgh Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+A London publisher advertises a collection of Nursery Tales as a "handsome
+present for _youth_." Here the schoolmaster is surely behind-hand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPROMPTU.--TO A LADY.
+
+(_From the Italian_.)
+
+  Think not thy _faults_, my pretty scold,
+    Like transient clouds will pass away;
+  Thine image in the rose behold,
+    Whose leaves fade ere the _thorns_ decay.
+
+E.L.J.
+
+This trifle was sent to the _Mirror_ a few days since, and last Saturday
+it appeared in the _Literary Gazette_, with the same signature, E.L.J.--Is
+not this double-dealing?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Pantomimes_.--Four hundred persons are nightly employed in the pantomime
+at Covent Garden Theatre, on the stage, behind the scenes, and in the
+orchestra. Of this number are 90 carpenters in the machinery, property,
+and scenic department. The usual cost of one of these relics of olden
+Christmas at a patent theatre is £2,000.; and upwards of £10,000. are
+annually expended in producing pantomimes for the amusement of the large
+and little children of this great metropolis.
+
+
+_How to keep away the Cholera_.--Fear has proved at all times, but more
+particularly during the prevalence of cholera, a fruitful predisposing
+cause of disease; be firm, therefore, and confident. Cheerfulness of
+disposition, equanimity and serenity of mind, are essential means of
+preservation from epidemic disorders, cholera especially. You have now the
+consoling assurance of the New Board of Health, in confirmation of what we,
+the anti-contagionists, in regard to cholera, had long before declared and
+contended for, that the disease _does not pass to those about the sick_,
+and seldom spreads in families. Cholera, therefore, is thus disarmed of
+one of its worst terrors. You only run the average share of risk of one in
+1,200,000 individual inhabitants of the metropolis, of being affected by
+the epidemic influence of the atmosphere, while that influence lasts; and
+as you are put in possession of several means to counteract that influence,
+the chances are greatly in your favour that you will not be attacked by
+cholera at all. To this conclusion I am authorized to come by my
+experience, which has been very considerable, and my observations, in more
+than one general epidemic, and by what I have read in all the authors
+(twenty or thirty of them) who have treated of cholera.--_Dr. Granville_.
+
+
+_The Cholera_.--An interesting experiment was tried at Newcastle last week,
+on the state of the atmosphere. A kite was sent up, having attached to it
+a piece of fresh butcher's meat, a fresh haddock, and a small loaf of
+bread. The kite ascended to a considerable height, and remained at that
+elevation for an hour and a quarter. When brought to the ground, it was
+found that the fish and the piece of meat were both in a putrid state,
+particularly the fish; and the loaf, when examined through, a microscope,
+was discovered to be pervaded with legions of animalculae. It may be worth
+while to repeat the experiment in other places to which cholera may
+unfortunately extend itself.--_Evening Paper._
+
+_Foreign Books._--From official accounts it appears that the foreign books
+imported into the United Kingdom in the year 1830, weighed 3,441 cwt.
+3 qrs. 13 lbs. the amount of duty upon which was £11,865 4_s_. 4_d_.
+We find this in a paper on the Duties on Foreign Books in the _Foreign
+Quarterly Review_, just published; in which the imported old books have
+obtained a considerable ascendancy over the new ones.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The lovers of the Fine Arts will hear with sorrow, the destruction by fire
+of Mr. Wilmshurst's splendid Painted Window of the Tournament of the Field
+of the Cloth of Gold, described at page 246, vol. xv. of _The Mirror_. It
+was completed about two years since at a cost of nearly 2,000_l_., and
+three years' labour of the artist.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FAMILIAR SCIENCE.
+
+
+
+This Day was published, with many Engravings, price 5_s_.,
+
+  ARCANA of SCIENCE,
+  AND
+  ANNUAL REGISTER of the USEFUL ARTS,
+  for 1832;
+
+Abridged from the Transactions of Public Societies, and Scientific
+Journals, British and Foreign, for the past year.
+
+*** This volume will contain all the Important Facts in the year 1831--in
+the
+
+  MECHANIC ARTS,
+  CHEMICAL SCIENCE,
+  ZOOLOGY,
+  BOTANY,
+  MINERALOGY,
+  GEOLOGY,
+  METEOROLOGY,
+  RURAL ECONOMY,
+  GARDENING.
+  DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
+  USEFUL AND ELEGANT ARTS,
+  GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES,
+  MISCELLANEOUS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.
+
+Printing for John Limbird, 143, Strand; of whom may be had volumes (upon
+the same plan) for 1828, price 4_s_. 6_d_., 1829--30--31, price 5_s_. each.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 11515-8.txt or 11515-8.zip *****
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+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
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+  <title>The Mirror of Literature, Volume XIX. No. 532.</title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. XIX. No. 532. Saturday, February 4, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 8, 2004 [EBook #11515]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+ <hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page65"
+  name="page65">
+  </a>[pg 65]
+</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>Vol. XIX. No. 532.]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1832.</b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>CAVERN OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.</h3>
+
+<div class="figure" style="width:100%;"><a href="images/532-001.png">
+<img width = "100%" src="images/532-001.png" alt="CASTLE OF ROBERT THE DEVIL." /></a></div>
+
+<h3>CASTLE OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.</h3>
+
+<div class="figure" style="width:100%;"><a href="images/532-002.png">
+<img width = "100%" src="images/532-002.png" alt="CAVERN OF ROBERT THE DEVIL." /></a></div>
+
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page66"
+  name="page66">
+  </a>[pg 66]
+</span>
+
+<h2>ROBERT THE DEVIL.</h2>
+<p>
+All the town, and the country too, by paragraph circumstantial, and puff
+direct, must have learned that every theatre in this Metropolis, and
+consequently, every stage in the country, is to have its version of the
+splendid French opera <i>Robert le Diable</i>. Its success in Paris has been
+what the good folks there call <i>magnifique</i>, and playing the devil has
+been the theatrical order of day and night since the Revolution. As we
+know nothing of its merits, and do not write of what we neither see nor
+hear, nor believe any report of, we do not put up our hopes for its
+success. But, as the story of the opera is a pretty piece of Norman
+romance, some fair penciller has sent us the sketches of the annexed cuts,
+and our Engraver has thus pitted himself with Grieve, Stanfield, Roberts,
+and scores of minor scene-painters, who are building canvass castles, and
+scooping out caverns for the King's Theatre, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane
+Theatres. Theirs will be but candle-light glories: our scenes will be the
+same by all lights. But as scenes are of little use without actors, and
+cuts of less worth without description, we append our fair Correspondent's
+historical notices of the sites and the <i>dram. pers.</i> of "this our
+tragedy."
+</p>
+
+<h3>CASTLE OF ROBERT LE DIABLE, OR ROBERT THE DEVIL.</h3>
+
+<p>
+The founder of this ancient castle bears the name of <i>Robert the Devil</i>.
+It is a wonderful relic of old Norman fortification, being so defended by
+nature, as to bid defiance to its enemies, and could only have fallen by
+stratagem. It is situated on the left side of the River Seine and in the
+province of Normandy. The subterranean caverns by their amazing extent
+sufficiently attest the ancient importance of this structure; tradition
+says they extend to the banks of the Seine. Its antiquity is fully proved
+by some of the architectural fragments bearing the stamp of 912. On
+arriving at the summit of the mountain, the tourist receives an impression
+like enchantment: the castle seems to have been conveyed there by fairies;
+and at the base the eye is charmed by the fine and picturesque forest of
+Bourgtheroulde: villages elegantly grouped, enrich with their beautiful
+fabrics each bank of the Seine which majestically traverses a luxurious
+landscape. Romance, fable, and the tradition of shepherds and peasants
+describe Robert the Devil as Governor of Neustria, and a descendent of
+Rollo the celebrated Norman chief, whose name was changed to Robert, Duke
+of Normandy in 923, on his marriage with the daughter of Charles the
+simple, King of France. His great and valiant achievements are remembered
+in that country so renowned by his race, and where his name still awakens
+every sentiment of superstitious awe. All in the environs of the castle
+recount his wonderful and warlike exploits; his numerous amours; and his
+rigid penitence by which he hoped to appease the wrath of offended Heaven.
+The moans of his victims are said to resound in the Northern subterranean
+caverns; the peasantry also believe that the spirit of Robert is condemned
+to haunt the ruins of his castle, and the tombs of his "Ladies Fair." In
+justice to his memory be it remembered, that his acts of cruelty were
+alone aimed at the rapacious and guilty, and that in him helpless
+innocence ever found a protector.
+</p>
+<p>
+Robert the Devil was cotemporary with our Danish King Harold, 1065; he
+assisted Henry, the eldest son of Robert of Normandy, in gaining
+possession of the crown, and accompanied him with a large army into the
+capital of France, where they ravaged the territory of the rebels, by
+burning the towns and villages, and putting the inhabitants to the sword:
+on this account he was called Robert the Devil.
+</p>
+<p>
+When tranquillity was restored, and Henry freed from his enemies, Robert
+made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with other powerful potentates. On his
+return he was taken ill, and appointed an illegitimate son his successor,
+whose mother was the daughter of a dealer in skins at Falaise, and this
+son became that celebrated William of Normandy, our renowned conqueror!
+The Normans instigated the people to reject him, on the plea of his
+illegitimacy; but Henry I., then King of France, gratefully remembered the
+good offices of Robert the Devil, William's Father: therefore espoused his
+cause, and raised an army of three thousand men to invade Normandy; long
+and obstinate wars continued, which did not terminate till William had
+accomplished the successful invasion of England; he was the grandson of
+Rollo, known after his marriage as Robert the 1st., Duke of Normandy, who
+died 935. Thus from one of his numerous amours sprung our new dynasty of
+kings, which totally changed the aspect of the times. By some historians
+he is called Robert the IInd., Duke of Normandy, but the name by which he
+is generally known, is that dignified one of William the Conqueror.
+</p>
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page67"
+  name="page67">
+  </a>[pg 67]
+</span>
+<h3>CAVERN OF ROBERT LE DIABLE.</h3>
+
+<p>
+The remains of this cavern (situated in Normandy) command the attention of
+the lovers of history, not only from its antiquity, but also from its
+gloomy recesses, having afforded a safe shelter to our weak and cruel King
+John. Here he bade farewell to this province which he abandoned to the
+French Knights, and from whom he carefully concealed every trace of his
+retreat. The entrance is almost obscured, and tradition says it is so
+artfully managed as to have the appearance of a passage to another. The
+spot is barren, and it appears as if a thunder-bolt had burnt up the
+verdure. The spirit of <i>Robert le Diable</i> is supposed to haunt the cavern
+in the form of a wolf, and advances uttering piteous cries, and
+steadfastly gazing on its place of defence (the caverns extending to the
+River Seine) reviews his former glory and conquests, and seems bitterly to
+lament the present decay. In vain the peasants commence the chase; they
+assert that the wolf though closely pursued always eludes the vigilance of
+the huntsman. On the death of Richard I. of England, 1199, his Brother
+John was proclaimed King of Normandy and Aquitaine; the Duchies of
+Brittany, the Counties of Anjou, Maine, Tours and others, acknowledged
+Arthur, John's nephew, as their sovereign, and claimed the protection of
+the King of France, Philip II., surnamed Augustus; but he despairing of
+being able to retain these provinces against the will of their inhabitants,
+sacrificed Arthur and his followers to John, who in a skirmish with some
+of the Norman Lords, carried them all prisoners into Normandy, where
+Arthur soon disappeared: the Britons assert that he was murdered by his
+uncle; and the Normans that he was accidentally killed in endeavouring to
+escape. The death of their favourite Prince stung the Britons to madness,
+as in him centered their last hope of regaining independence: an ardent
+imagination led them to believe their future destiny connected with this
+child, which inspired them with a wild affection for Philip, as being the
+enemy of his murderer. They accused John before the French King of
+Arthur's murder, and he was summoned as a Vassal of Normandy to appear and
+defend himself before the twelve Peers of France. This command being
+treated with contempt, the lands John held under the French crown were
+declared forfeit, and an army levied to put it into execution. It was on
+this emergency that John found a safe place of concealment in the cavern
+of Robert the Devil.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>LACONICS, &amp;c.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Continued from page 53.)</i></h4>
+
+<p>
+Generosity is not the virtue of the multitude, and for this reason:
+selfishness is often the consequence of ignorance, and it requires a
+cultivated mind to discern where the rights of others interfere with our
+own wishes.
+</p>
+<p>
+If commerce has benefited, it has also injured the human race; and the
+invention of the compass has brought disease as well as wealth in its
+train.
+</p>
+<p>
+The days of joy are as long and perhaps as frequent as those of grief; but
+either the memory is treacherous or the mind is too morbid to admit this
+to be the case.
+</p>
+<p>
+Without occasional seriousness and even melancholy, mirth loses its magic,
+and pleasure becomes unpalatable.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is unlucky that experience being our best teacher, we have only learnt
+its lessons perfectly, when we no longer stand in need of them; and have
+provided ourselves armour we can never wear.
+</p>
+<p>
+Chastity in women may be said to arise more from attention to worldly
+motives than deference to moral obligation: there is not so much
+continence amongst men, because there is not the same restriction.
+</p>
+<p>
+A resolution to put up calmly with misfortune, invariably has the effect
+of lightening the load.
+</p>
+<p>
+Conceit is usually seen during our first investigations after knowledge;
+but time and more accurate research teach us that not only is our
+comprehension limited, but knowledge itself is so imperfect, as not to
+warrant any vanity upon it at all.
+</p>
+<p>
+Extravagance is of course merely comparative: a man may be a spendthrift
+in copper as well as gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+We had rather be made acquainted at any time with the reality and
+certainty of distress, than be tortured by the feverish and restless
+anxiety of doubt.
+</p>
+<p>
+A too great nicety about diet is being over scrupulous, and is converting
+moderation into a fault; but on the other hand it is little better than
+gluttony, if we cannot refrain from what may by possibility be even
+slightly injurious.
+</p>
+<p>
+A celebrated traveller who had been twice round the world and visited
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page68"
+  name="page68">
+  </a>[pg 68]
+</span>
+every remarkable country, declared, that thought he had seen many
+wonderful things, he had never chanced to see a handsome old woman.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is difficult enough to persuade a tool, but persuasion is not all the
+difficulty: obstinacy still remains to be brought under subjection.
+</p>
+<p>
+A prejudiced person is universally condemned and yet many of our
+prejudices are excusable, and some of them necessary: if we do not indulge
+a few of our prejudices, we shall have to go on doubting and inquiring for
+ever.
+</p>
+<p>
+Scepticism has ever been the bugbear of youthful vanity, and it is
+considered knowing to quarrel with existing institutions and established
+truths; our experienced reflection regrets this inclination and we become
+weary of distracting ourselves with endless difficulties.
+</p>
+<p>
+In dreaming, it is remarkable how easily and yet imperceptibly the mind
+connects events altogether differing in their nature; and if we hear any
+noise during sleep, how instantaneously the sound is woven in with the
+events of our dream and as satisfactorily accounted.
+</p>
+<p>
+The unpleasant sensation that is produced by modesty, is amply compensated
+by the prepossession it creates in our favour.
+</p>
+<p>
+Public virtue prospers by the vices of individuals. The spendthrift gives
+a circulation to the coin of the realm, while the miser is equally useful
+in gleaning and scraping together what others have too profusely scattered.
+Luxury gives a livelihood to thousands, and the numbers supported by
+vanity are beyond calculation.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is a distinction to be drawn between self-love and selfishness,
+though they are usually confounded. Self-love is the effect of instinct,
+and is necessary for our preservation in common with other animals; but
+selfishness is a mental defect and is generated by narrowness of soul.
+</p>
+<p>
+The difference between honour and honesty is this: honour is dictated by a
+regard to character, honesty arises from a feeling of duty.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is difficult to avoid envy without laying ourselves open to contempt;
+for in being too scrupulous not to trespass on others we lay ourselves
+open to be trifled with and trampled on.
+</p>
+<p>
+That "familiarity breeds contempt" does not only mean, that he who is too
+familiar with us incurs our contempt; but also that novelty being
+indispensably necessary to our happiness we cease to admire what habit has
+familiarized.
+</p>
+<p>
+Poverty, like every thing else has its fair side. The poor man has the
+gratification of knowing that no one can have any interest in his death;
+and in his intercourse with the world he can be certain that wherever he
+is welcome, it is exclusively on his own account.
+</p>
+<p>
+If the poor have but few comforts, they are free from many miseries,
+mental as well as personal, that their superiors are subjected to: they
+have no physicians who live by their sufferings, and they never experience
+the curse of sensibility.
+</p>
+<p>
+Eloquence, engaging as it is, must always be regarded with suspicion. The
+great use made of it in the history of literature, has been to mislead the
+head by an appeal to the heart, and it was for this reason the Athenians
+forbid their orators the use of it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Conceit is generally proportionate with high station, and the greatest
+geniuses have not been entirely free from it: what indeed is ambition but
+an immoderate love of praise?
+</p>
+<p>
+When we call to mind the humiliating necessities of human nature as far as
+the body is concerned, and in our intellectual resolves the meanness or
+paltriness of many of our motives to action, we may well be surprised that
+man who has so much cause to be humble should indulge for a moment in
+pride.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is not so easy as philosophers tell us to lay aside our prejudices;
+mere volition cannot enable us to divest ourselves of long established
+feelings, and even reason is averse to laying aside theories it has once
+been taught to admire.
+</p>
+<p>
+A man may start at impending danger or wince at the sensation of pain: and
+yet he may be a true philosopher and not be afraid of death.
+</p>
+<p>
+The epicure, the drunkard, and the man of loose morals are equally
+contemptible: though the brutes obey instinct, they never exceed the
+bounds of moderation; and besides, it is beneath the dignity of man to
+place felicity in the service of his senses.
+</p>
+<p>
+A passionate man should be regarded with the same caution as a loaded
+blunderbuss, which may unexpectedly go off and do us an injury.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are many fools in the world
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page69"
+  name="page69">
+  </a>[pg 69]
+</span>
+ and few wise men; at any rate there are
+more false than sound reasoners; wherefore it would seem more politic to
+adopt the opinion of the minority on most occasions.
+</p>
+<p>
+Those who are deficient in any particular accomplishment usually contrive
+either openly or indirectly to express their contempt for it: thus
+removing that obstacle which removes them from the same level.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>(To be concluded in our next.)</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>TRANSLATION OF DELLA CASA'S SONNET TO THE CITY OF VENICE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+  <p>Where these rich palaces and stately piles</p>
+  <p>Now rear their marble fronts, in sculptur'd pride,</p>
+  <p>Stood once a few rude scatter'd huts, beside</p>
+  <p>The desert shores of some poor clust'ring isles.</p>
+  <p>Yet here a hardy band, from vices free,</p>
+  <p>In fragile barks, rode fearless o'er the sea:</p>
+  <p>Not seeking over provinces to stride,</p>
+  <p>But here to dwell, afar from slavery.</p>
+  <p>They knew not fierce ambition's lust of power,</p>
+  <p>And while their hearts were free from thirst of gold,</p>
+  <p>Rather than falsehood&mdash;death they would behold.</p>
+  <p>If heaven hath granted thee a mightier dower,</p>
+  <p>I honour not the fruits that spring from thee</p>
+  <p>With thy new riches:&mdash;Death and Tyranny.</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>
+E.L.J.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>THE HOUSE OF UNDER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+<p>
+There are few families more ancient, more generally known, or more widely
+diffused throughout the known world, than that of Under: indeed, in every
+nation, though bearing different names, some branch of this family is
+extant; and there is no doubt that the <i>Dessous</i> of France, the <i>Unters</i>
+of Germany, and the <i>Onders</i> of the Land-<i>under</i>-water, belong to the same
+ancient and venerable house. The founders of the house, however, were of
+<i>low</i> origin, and generally <i>down</i> in the world. <i>Undergo</i> was the job of
+the family, as patient as a lamb: he encouraged the blessed martyrs in
+times of yore, and is still in existence, though his patience has somewhat
+diminished. <i>Underhand</i> is a far different character to the preceding, a
+double-dealing rascal, and as sly as a fox; he greets you with a smiling
+countenance, and while one hand is employed in shaking yours, he is
+disembarrassing you of the contents of your pocket with the other.
+<i>Underline</i> is a gentleman of some literary attainments, though not
+entirely divested of quackery; he is particularly noted for the emphasis
+he gives to certain points in his discourse, and though in some cases,
+perhaps, he is a little too prodigal of this kind of effect, yet we could
+not well do without him. <i>Undermine</i> is a greater rascal than Underhand,
+and had it not been for the counter-acting influence of <i>Underproof</i>, our
+house had fallen to the ground; to the ground it might have fallen, but
+had it gone farther, it would have been only to be revived in the person
+of <i>Underground</i>, a gentleman well known in the kitchens and pantries of
+the metropolis, the pantries in particular, he being a constant companion
+to the <i>Under-butler</i>. <i>Understand</i> is the pride of the house, and by his
+shining qualities, has raised himself to an eminence never reached by any
+other member of the family. He is a conspicuous exception to the downcast
+looks of so many of his relations. <i>Undertake</i> is an enterprising fellow,
+but he is often deceived and fails in his schemes; not so Undertaker,
+(whose similarity in name would make some folks believe there was some
+connexion;) no, <i>his</i> affairs are calculated to a wonderful nicety, and
+every tear is priced. <i>Underwriter</i> is a speculative genius, and&mdash;but the
+less we say of him the better. <i>Underrate</i> is a character I cannot avoid
+mentioning, though I wish with all my heart he was dead: his greatest
+pleasure consists in detracting from the good qualities of his neighbours.
+</p>
+<p>
+I have only mentioned the English part of "Our House," although there are
+even some of that branch, whom I cannot at present call to mind, except
+<i>Underdone</i>, a lover of raw beef-steaks, and <i>Undervalue</i>, a person who
+has proved himself a great friend to custom-house officers, having some
+of the cunning of <i>Underhand</i>, but not quite so much luck, and subjecting
+his goods to seizure, for having tried to cheat the king. But I must leave
+this subject, and take my leave, till a fitter opportunity occurs for
+giving you further particulars of the "House of Under;" in the meanwhile,
+believe me, courteous reader, yours, sincerely,
+</p>
+<p>
+UNDER THE ROSE.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2>
+<hr />
+
+<h3>FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830.</h3>
+
+<p>
+We quote a page or two from the second and concluding volume of <i>Paris and
+its Historical Scenes</i>, in the <i>Library of Entertaining Knowledge</i>, which
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page70"
+  name="page70">
+  </a>[pg 70]
+</span>
+gives the best account of <i>la Grande Semaine</i> that has yet appeared. The
+editor has taken Lord Bacon's advice&mdash;to read, not to take for
+granted&mdash;but to weigh and consider; and amidst the discrepancies of
+contemporary pamphleteers and journalists, his reader will not be
+surprised at the difficulty of obtaining correct information of what
+happens beneath our very window, as one of the great men of history
+confessed upwards of two centuries since. In this respect, mankind has
+scarcely progressed a jot, though men be more sceptical in not taking for
+granted.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our extract is, we hope, to the point:
+</p>
+<p>
+"It is curious to what an extent opposite feelings and opinions will
+colour even material scenes and objects to the eyes of different observers.
+Count Tasistro was also present at the capture of the Tuileries; and gives
+us in his narrative a description of what he witnessed of the conduct of
+the people after they had established themselves within the palace. Before
+presenting the reader, however, with what he says upon this subject, we
+will transcribe part of his account of his adventures in the earlier part
+of this day. 'The morning of the 29th,' he says, 'was ushered in by the
+dismal ringing of bells, the groans of distant guns, and the savage shouts
+of the populace; and I arose from a long train of dreams, which defied
+recollection as well as interpretation. The rabble, headed by a few
+beardless boys just let loose from the Polytechnic School and other
+seminaries, had been pleased to fix their head-quarters in our street.
+About half-past eleven, however, those of them who were collected here
+having heard that the popular forces who were fighting before the Louvre
+were nearly disabled by the cannon of the troops occupying that palace,
+their Polytechnic chief called upon them to follow him to the assistance
+of their brethren. Having entreated them to refrain from extravagant
+excesses, he rushed forward, and soon arrived at the scene of action. Here
+I saw him turn round and address his followers thus, 'Le cannon a déjà
+exterminé plusieurs de vos comarades; dans un instant il est à vous;
+suivez moi, et apprenez comme il faut mourir;' (<i>the cannon has already
+destroyed numbers of your brethren; the next instant it will be directed
+against you: follow me, and learn how to die</i>.) Having uttered these words,
+he darted forward, just as the gun which was pointed at him was discharged,
+and was blown into atoms. The people, however, following where he had led,
+in the enthusiasm of the moment seized the gun, and turned it immediately
+against the Swiss and the Guards that were stationed at the balconies of
+the Louvre. Other guns were afterwards taken&mdash;and the consequence was that
+the soldiers at last retreated with great precipitation, and concentrated
+their strength on the Place du Carrousel. The tricolour was already waving
+over the Louvre. I observed a little, insignificant urchin climb up the
+walls, and plant it during the contest.
+</p>
+<p>
+"The last struggle made by the Guards for their royal master was to save
+the proud palace of his ancestors; but, alas, the attempt was vain. A
+storm of balls was poured in upon them from so many sides, that the little
+presence of mind they had preserved until now, deserted them at this
+trying moment; and after a few ineffectual discharges, they retreated
+toward the Champs Elysées; and the populace, unchecked by any power but
+their own will, rushed <i>en masse</i> into the regal mansion.
+</p>
+<p>
+"During this attack, short as it was, I happened to be in a situation far
+more critical than that of the generality of the combatants on either side.
+On entering the Place du Carrousel by the archway leading from the Quays,
+we found the confusion extreme&mdash;and, as the fire besides grew every moment
+hotter and hotter, I felt the necessity of taking refuge somewhere, and in
+my agitation ran forward and sheltered myself under the Triumphal Arch.
+Here I passed the short interval during which the combat lasted in a
+confusion of all the senses, which extended minutes to months, and gave to
+something less than half a quarter of an hour the importance of a century;
+for I was all the time between the two fires. Fortunately, as I have said,
+the affair did not last very long; and when the victorious rabble at last
+rushed into the Tuileries, I followed the general movement, and soon after
+found myself in the throne hall, where I was joined by my two missing
+friends."
+</p>
+<p>
+The Count now proceeds to inveigh in general terms against what he
+describes as the atrocious conduct of the unruly rabble&mdash;the devastation,
+pillage, and other enormities of which they were guilty. Having concluded
+this diatribe, he goes on with his narrative as follows: "Indeed the
+passion of mischief had taken such strong possession of the minds of
+all&mdash;the temptation was so widely thrown open wherever one went&mdash;that even
+I felt a touch of the desire;
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page71"
+  name="page71">
+  </a>[pg 71]
+</span>
+ and, as I passed along the library hall,
+where a most splendid stock of books had been thrown on the floor, spying
+among many precious treasures a beautifully ornamented little volume,
+which, to say nothing of its gay appearance, promised to occupy no great
+room in the pocket, with the conviction that I was doing a good action, I
+picked it up. On opening it I found that it was neither a bible, nor a
+poem, nor a <i>congurare</i> (<i>?</i>), as I had anticipated, but simply a pocket
+memorandum-book in which his Majesty had been accustomed to note his
+<i>parties de chasse</i>, and the numbers of game he killed. I immediately
+thrust it into my pocket, and have since preserved it as a keepsake&mdash;but
+shall be most happy to restore it to the owner, should that august
+personage at any time feel disposed to claim it. Would that all the rest
+of the many articles that were this day pilfered were held as sacred, and
+ready to be as punctually surrendered!
+</p>
+<p>
+"Tolerably tired at last of looking on the grim faces that surrounded us,
+we agreed to make our retreat; and descended into the garden, intending to
+pass out by the gate leading to the Quays. Here, however, we were met by a
+figure, at the sight of which we found it almost impossible to restrain
+our risibility. It was a man keeping watch at the gate as a sentinel,
+dressed for the most part as we commonly see the masters of chimney-sweeps,
+without a vestige of either shoes or shirt, and what were intended for
+coat and trousers having very doubtful pretensions to those
+designations&mdash;but, to make amends for this condition of his general
+habiliments, having a highly polished musket in his hand, a most splendid
+sword dangling by his side, and on his head a superb Marshal's hat! 'Où
+allez vous?' was the imperious demand of this extraordinary looking
+personage. 'Où nous voulons' was the instant and haughty reply of my
+friend M. The fellow, not being accustomed to such insubordination,
+ordered us to take off our hats to show whether we carried anything away
+with us. M. at this would have struck him down but for the sudden
+appearance of six men, whose looks and dress were not much better than
+those of the sentinel. These men, on being informed of our <i>hauteur</i> (as
+it was termed), insisted on our helping them, by way of penalty for our
+offence, to carry off the dead. This was more than I, with all my
+disposition to forbearance, could submit to; so, addressing myself to the
+ugliest of them, who seemed to be the commanding officer of the party, I
+told him scornfully and in good French, that we were foreign gentlemen,
+who had nothing to do either with the dead or the living of their
+country&mdash;and that it was a very <i>despotic</i> act to stop peaceable
+passengers in that manner. But this expostulation served only to irritate
+the raggamuffins; and one of them taking hold of my arm tried to force me
+into compliance with his orders. This was our trying moment; we all three
+made one desperate effort 'for liberty;' and, each of us having dealt his
+opponent a severe blow on the cheek, we broke from them, and ran off at
+our best speed. Three shots were immediately fired, and still we galloped
+on unhurt;&mdash;another went off, and I felt it&mdash;not that I was mortally
+wounded; it was only a spent ball that lodged itself in the flesh of my
+leg. The accident lamed me, however, for the time, and consequently put an
+end to my adventures. I was carried to my hotel, and the ball was
+extracted; but still the wound confined me to my room for two months."
+</p>
+<p>
+The battle-pieces, and head and tail-cuts, well bespeak the ups and downs
+and bursts of the Revolution. They are as plentiful in this volume, as the
+balls were about Paris in <i>La Grande Semaine</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>TIME'S TELESCOPE FOR 1832</h3>
+
+<p>
+Is, as usual, a multifarious volume, and abounds with reading that must
+please all tastes. It has, moreover, to meet the exigencies of the day, a
+pretty sprinkling of cuts and plates, respecting the number of which we do
+not quarrel; in the choice of some of them we must, however, dissent from
+the editor. The Astronomical portion, by Mr. Barker, is unusually copious,
+and the cometary plates are well executed. We quote a passage:
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>On the probability of a concussion of a Comet with the earth</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+It has been stated that the comet of 1770, passed through the system of
+the planet Jupiter, without in the slightest degree affecting the motions
+of either the primary or his satellites; also, that it passed sufficiently
+near our planet to have shortened the length of the year had its mass been
+equal to that of the earth. No effect whatever was produced, from whence
+it may be concluded, that the neighbourhood of a comet is not of
+sufficient importance to excite any alarming apprehensions for the safety
+of the habitation of man.
+</p>
+<p>
+Most of the calculations that have
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page72"
+  name="page72">
+  </a>[pg 72]
+</span>
+ been made respecting the effect of the
+proximity of a comet to our earth have proceeded on erroneous
+principles,&mdash;over-rating the quantity of matter in comets, and losing
+sight of their great velocity when in this part of the system. For a comet
+to produce any direful effect, it ought to contain not merely a
+considerable quantity of matter, but also ought to be vertical and
+stationary to the earth's surface for several hours; instead of which, we
+have sufficient reason to believe that though vast in volume, comets
+contain but little matter in proportion, consequently, their attractive
+energy would be inconsiderable; also their velocity would, in a very short
+period, carry them beyond the limit of exerting any influence on the
+waters of the globe. Of course, this general statement would be modified
+by the rate and direction of a comet's motion, and also the earth's
+rotation.
+</p>
+<p>
+It may, then, be asserted with safety that the close appulse of a comet
+would not be attended with any fatal results; and that this security
+principally consists in its great velocity, which would so swiftly remove
+it to a distance. But, the very circumstance which, in the case of
+<i>proximity</i>, would be the security of our globe, (its velocity,) would, in
+the event of a <i>contact</i>, be attended with the direst effects. It is true
+that the probability of a contact is less, in an almost infinite degree,
+than the proximity of a comet, which, notwithstanding, is an event which
+every astronomer is fully aware, is within the verge of possibility.
+</p>
+<p>
+The effects of a contact would be greatly modified by circumstance. Should
+the comet strike the earth obliquely, it would glance off, and the
+consequences would be partial. If the point of collision were on a
+continent of the globe, mountains would be hurled from their bases, and
+new ones would elevate their ridges towards the clouds. Were the place of
+meeting on either of the great oceans, some regions would be deserted, and
+others would be inundated by the waters of the sea. These dreadful
+consequences would be increased, in an indefinite proportion, if the point
+of contact were in the direction of the earth's centre; the meeting would
+be terrific; the earth's period of revolution would, in all probability,
+be altered, either by carrying it nearer to or farther from the sun; a
+different inclination of the axis might be given, and there would be a
+consequent change of seasons; the diurnal motion might be either
+accelerated or retarded, by which the length of the day would be affected;
+the vast continents of the globe would be again covered with the ocean,
+which, deserting its bed, would rush towards the new equator.
+</p>
+<p>
+Infinitely more tremendous would be the catastrophe if the earth were
+struck by a <i>retrograde comet</i> in the direction of the terrestrial centre,
+the comet making up, by its velocity, the deficiency of mass: in this case
+the centrifugal force of both bodies might be annihilated,&mdash;the
+centripetal principle alone obeyed, and both comet and earth rush to the
+sun!
+</p>
+<p>
+It must, however, be stated, that the probability of such an event is all
+but infinitely removed: the most likely of any that is known, to effect
+such a consummation, is the comet of Encke, which it has been calculated
+would come in collision with our earth after a lapse of 219 millions of
+years! This calculation proceeds on the soundest principles of reasoning,
+and proves not so much the safety of our globe from cometary destruction,
+(for some comet, hitherto unseen by mortal eyes, may <i>now</i> be winging its
+flight directly towards our globe,) as the astonishing powers of the mind
+of man, which can thus essay to penetrate the veil of futurity, and read
+the destiny of a world.
+</p>
+<p>
+But destruction to this terrestrial orb and its teeming inhabitants, may
+be more speedily brought about than by a concussion with these celestial
+agents. A single principle of motion annihilated, evaporation suspended,
+or a component part of the atmosphere abstracted, and "final ruin would
+drive her ploughshare o'er creation;" universal conflagration would
+instantly ensue from the separation of the oxygen from the nitrogen of the
+atmosphere,&mdash;the former exerting its native energies without control
+wherever it extends,&mdash;solid rocks, ponderous marble, metals, and even
+water itself, would burst into an intensity of flame, and change the
+aspect of all sublunary things.
+</p>
+<p>
+But all these vast bodies of the universe are, doubtless, kept in their
+prescribed limits as with so many "reins and bridles," and when this earth
+has completed its destined circles, and fulfilled the purposes for which
+it was called out of nothing, it will need but the command of the glorious
+Creator who at first spoke this beautiful frame into being, bliss, and
+light, to return it to its primeval gloom, or bid it shine forth with new
+resplendent beauty and lustre.
+</p>
+<p>
+The "Notes of a Naturalist" are stated to be by Professor Rennie; but
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page73"
+  name="page73">
+  </a>[pg 73]
+</span>
+ we question if they have been written expressly for this volume, as we
+recognise many passages from other works.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>NOTES OF A READER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>SCOTTISH LITERARY DINNER.</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>As reported by Three Hands</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is a miserable thing to quarrel or even differ over a dinner, although
+the whole affair be but a matter of taste. It is likewise a miserable
+thing to differ after dinner, since it lamentably disturbs the digestion
+of the food, as in this case it may the temper of the feeders. Yet
+respecting the dinner to celebrate the Birthday of Burns in Freemasons'
+Hall, there is a remarkable difference among the critical craft; which
+difference, by the way, no shades of opinion can reconcile. As we were not
+of the party, (and we congratulate ourselves on the escape from a Scottish
+half-dinner,) it may be well to quote from three of the reports that have
+appeared, rather than let the affair pass unnoticed in our pages. We do so
+from a wish to preserve certain traits and anecdotes which the occasion
+drew forth,&mdash;to give the pleasant rather than the "untoward" events of the
+day: though we must own the whole appears to have been a very droll
+business, always excepting the <i>semi-pransus</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+We start with an extract from Dr. Granville's <i>Catechism of Health</i>:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Q</i>. What should a dinner consist of?
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>A</i>. Of any wholesome food that is in season, plainly dressed.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Q</i>. Should the dinner be composed of many dishes?
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>A</i>. The most wholesome dinner is that which consists of a single dish of
+meat, with a proper quantity of vegetables.
+</p>
+<p>
+Whether the Scottish dinner was as aforesaid, we know not. Call the
+evidence.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Court Journal</i>.&mdash;A public dinner at a public-house (this is a court
+sneer)&mdash;provided by Scotch booksellers, presided at by a Scotch baronet,
+accompanied by Scotch bagpipes, and prepared for two hundred Scotch
+appetites, there being four hundred of the said appetites admitted to
+partake of it.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Athenaeum</i>.&mdash;Nearly five hundred persons were present at a dinner ordered
+for two hundred and fifty.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Literary Gazette</i>.&mdash;The stewards provided for 300 guests: another hundred
+coming without notice of their intention, were speedily accommodated; and
+surely the exertion to accomplish this is more to be praised, than any
+little partial failure or inconvenience (such as attends all large public
+dinners) is to be cavilled at and blamed. The dinner and wines were of the
+first order, and at least nine-tenths of those present were highly
+gratified by their entertainment.
+</p>
+<p>
+But we will first quote the <i>Athenaeum</i> account, from its being the most
+brief as well as more circumstantial, and then add the <i>variorum</i> opinions.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Little else has been talked of these ten days, in the literary world of
+London, but the Festival in memory of the birthday of Burns and the visit
+of the Ettrick Shepherd. The names of stewards, noble and learned, were
+announced in the newspapers: hopes were held out that verses in honour of
+the occasion, written by Campbell, would be recited by Reding: and it was
+moreover added, that Captain Burns was to be present, and that the
+punch-bowl of Murray marble, filled with the liquor which his great father
+loved, would be smoking on the table. The Festival took place in
+Freemasons' Hall on Wednesday last, and though arrangements were made for
+two hundred and fifty guests, such was the curiosity, and such the crush,
+that by six o' clock, four hundred and fifty tickets were disposed of, and
+the like number of gentlemen sat down, amid no little confusion, about
+seven o' clock, to dinner. Sir John Malcolm, well known for his 'History
+of Central India,' was in the chair; on his left hand sat the eldest and
+youngest sons of Burns; the former like his father, the latter more
+resembling his mother; and on the other hand sat James Hogg, accompanied
+by many gentlemen distinguished in science and literature. The punch-bowl
+of Burns, now the property of Mr. Hastie, stood before the chair, and
+beside it, a drinking quaigh, formed from the Wallace Oak of the Torwood,
+brimmed with silver, and bearing on the bottom the grim visage of the
+northern hero."
+</p>
+<p>
+"Sir John Malcolm having consumed some time in introductory toasts, which
+the company received with impatience, proceeded to propose 'the Memory of
+ROBERT BURNS:' he dwelt less on his history than on the wide influence of
+his works, and recited many verses with taste and feeling. He related how
+deeply his fame had taken root in the East, and instanced the admiration
+of Byron in proof of his wonderful genius: but no such testimony is at all
+wanting; the songs of Burns are sung in every quarter of the globe, and
+his poems are treasured in millions of memories, so that his fame may set
+fate at defiance. All
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page74"
+  name="page74">
+  </a>[pg 74]
+</span>
+ this was rapturously received; nor was the
+approbation of the company less coldly manifested when the chairman
+proposed 'the health of the ETTRICK SHEPHERD;' it appeared, however, that
+he was much less familiar with his works than with those of Burns, and
+though a native of a pastoral district, made sad work among the romances
+and ballads of the imaginative shepherd. This want was, however, in some
+degree supplied, by a most characteristic speech from Hogg himself, in
+which he related how the inspiration of the muse came upon him, in
+consequence of his being born, like Burns, on the 25th of January; how, on
+the evening of his birth, a man and horse were dispatched for the midwife,
+but the night being wild, and Ettrick deep in flood, the rider was lost;
+nevertheless, the familiar spirit called Brownie&mdash;the Lubber-Fiend of
+Milton&mdash;supplied his place, and brought the marvelling midwife in time to
+achieve the adventure of the future poet of Kilmeny. All this, and much
+more he related in a way hovering between jest and earnest, and in a
+strong Ettrick tone, to the consternation of the English part of the
+meeting, for whom it was rather peculiar and learned. The audience
+evidently, one and all, regarded the Shepherd with wonder, and hundreds
+were on tiptoe to have a look at him as he stood on a table to relate his
+own varied fortunes.
+</p>
+<p>
+"But on the banks of Tweed the chairman was aware that a wizard, still
+more enchanting than him of Yarrow, lived, or rather, lately lived; and he
+accordingly gave the health of 'SIR WALTER SCOTT, and a safe return to his
+native country.' It is needless to say with what rapture the health of
+this most illustrious of all the sons of Scotland was drunk. This
+honour&mdash;such is the word&mdash;was acknowledged by Mr. Lockhart, in a speech
+worth any two chapters in the whole range of British Biography;&mdash;it was
+clear and concise&mdash;vigorous and picturesque&mdash;and abounding with anecdote.
+Of his illustrious father-in-law, he told how Burns predicted his future
+fame, in the house of Adam Ferguson; and of Hogg he related how Scott
+found him, thirty-five years ago, with his plaid and dog, watching his
+sheep on Ettrick Banks, with more old border ballads on his memory than
+any traditionary dame of the district, and with more true poetry in his
+heart than was usual to the lot of poets. Of Hogg himself he said much
+that was amusing and instructive: one anecdote will not soon be forgotten.
+The Shepherd was at the dinner-table of a duchess, when her Grace said,
+'Mr. Hogg, where you ever here before?' 'Madam,' said the poet, 'I have
+driven cattle often past your gates, but I never was within them till
+now.'"
+</p>
+<p>
+"But we must have done with this splendid Festival: we cannot, however,
+conclude without a remark:&mdash;the health of 'Lord Porchester and the Poets
+of England,' was drunk; and when his Lordship made his acknowledgments, he
+was interrupted by the titter of a hundred tongues and sat down, no doubt,
+feeling that the spirit of nationality was a little too exclusive. We
+forgot to mention that neither Campbell nor his poem made their appearance,
+which we regretted for several reasons, and also that the memory of Burns
+was not drunk out of his punch-bowl. For this relique of the bard, a Jew
+of the name of Isaac, gave 60<i>l</i>. in pledge, and begged the key to keep in
+memory of the poet, when it was bought by its present possessor; and an
+Irish gentleman, not long ago, sent a 300<i>l</i>. check for it, and threatened
+Mr. Hastie with the law when he refused to give him up the punch-bowl."
+</p>
+<p>
+"We are indebted to a friend for this very pleasant notice, and must, in
+our predominent love of truth, say so. As far as the presence of numbers
+could testify general affection for the memory of Burns and respect for
+the Ettrick Shepherd, the meeting was most satisfactory; in every other
+respect it was a failure."
+</p>
+<p>
+Now let us turn to the <i>Court Journal</i>, which in its first column
+decides the Burns' Dinner to have been "the most ill-conceived,
+ill-concocted, ill-managed, and ill-attended affair of its kind that
+ever flung disgrace and ridicule on the public hospitality of the most
+inhospitable public on record." The advertised list of stewards is
+described as "hoax the first." "Their names were used as baits&mdash;their
+presence being represented under the ominous forms of half-a-dozen
+well-known illustrious unknowns, headed by two "enterprising"
+booksellers! there being not a single distinguished writer present,
+except Mr. Lockhart, and he evidently <i>cutting</i> the whole affair,&mdash;so
+far I mean as relates to taking any part in the (mis)management of it.
+Nevertheless, I see by the Papers, that "all the leading characters of
+the Metropolis were present! the poetical department of them being
+represented by Lord Porchester, and the prose department by Lord Mahon."
+Our Court visiter bears his lot with good humour: but, observes he "not
+small must have
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page75"
+  name="page75">
+  </a>[pg 75]
+</span>
+ been the contemptuous pity felt for me, by those
+superior intelligences who, on my entering the Dinner Room, I found had
+already secured their seats, probably by the only practical method&mdash;that
+of taking possession of them overnight! And there is no denying the wit
+of this proceeding, on the part of those who were in the secret, that
+the repast was ordered for two hundred individuals, (nine-tenths of them
+probably <i>Scotch</i> individuals) and was to be partaken of by <i>four</i>
+hundred." This proportion is probably correct, since "nine-tenths," are
+the precise proportion of the company gratified.&mdash;(<i>See the Gazette</i>.)
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the <i>élite</i>, or the company at the upper table, "Sir Peter Laurie
+was one, and Mr. Lockhart was not <i>one</i>: for he sat among the
+undistinguished at a side table." Our <i>Court</i> guest also sat at a side
+table though he pleads guilty to "foul" means&mdash;"that of displacing an
+engine-turned and satine-ed card, which had been deposited therein, as the
+worthy <i>locum tenens</i> and representative of its owner."
+</p>
+<p>
+But the contradictions circumstantial appear to (dis)advantage in the
+<i>Literary Gazette</i>, as will be seen among our quotations. The health of
+Burns being drunk "Both the sons of the poet standing up, the eldest
+expressed their gratitude for the tribute to their father's genius." The
+<i>Gazette</i> states the Shepherd's health to have been prefaced by an "apt
+and interesting address," but the <i>Athenaeum</i> represents the chairman to
+have "made sad work among the romances, &amp;." Upon the health of the poets
+of England being drunk, Lord Porchester is stated in the Gazette to have
+spoken "eloquently in reply, and pronounced a beautiful eulogium upon the
+ameliorating effects produced upon individuals and communities by the
+cultivation of the Muses:" a very pretty subject for a school theme, to be
+sure, but unfortunate in comparison with the "titter of a hundred tongues"
+by which Lord Porchester is elsewhere stated to have been silenced.
+</p>
+<p>
+"The toast of 'Sir George Murray, and the military heroes of Scotland,'
+called up that gallant officer, who addressed his applauding countrymen in
+a manner which seemed to be peculiarly grateful to their feelings. While
+he disclaimed it for his own humble services, he nobly awarded the laurel
+to his glorious companions in arms,&mdash;a Hopetoun, an Abercrombie, a Moore,
+and a Graham. He then mentioned his early recollection of Burns, whom he
+considered his father's house to have been honoured by receiving within
+its walls; and playfully alluded to what the chairman had stated of his
+sister being the 'Phemy' of the poet,
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+  <p class="i14">"a bonnier lass</p>
+  <p>Than braes of Yarrow ever saw;"</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>
+and expressed his hope, as every bard was in duty bound to maintain the
+peerless beauty of the fair whom he selected for his theme, that the
+Ettrick Shepherd (whose acquaintance he this night rejoiced to have made),
+would not be provoked to jealousy in consequence of this comparison above
+the beauties of Yarrow."
+</p>
+<p>
+After a few more toasts, the Gazette observes "the night was wearing late,
+and the rest of the proceedings were obliged to be hurried through in
+rather a tumultuous manner." The unluckiest occurrence of all followed by
+Captain Basil Hall's mention of the word "politics," which "let slip the
+dogs of war," or at least led to much confusion. This was explained away;
+but the Captain was "put out," and "he was again unfortunate in attempting
+to pay a pleasant compliment, upon the excellence of his dinners, to Sir
+George Warrender, whose health was next drunk, in conjunction with the
+Scottish members of the legislature.&mdash;Sir George Warrender said he had no
+claim to have his name introduced on this occasion, and, however kindly
+intended, it had been done in a manner alike unexpected and painful to him.
+He came there as a Scotchman, proud to assist at a festival in honour of
+one of those eminent men who, in giving an imperishable fame to the poetry
+of Scotland, obtained for their country triumphs far more noble, far more
+durable, than even those which his gallant friend, who had lately
+addressed them, or than any other statesman or warrior, could achieve; for
+when the contests of individuals, and even of nations, for power had
+passed away, and were heard of no more, the verses of Burns and Walter
+Scott would still live in every quarter of the globe, to perpetuate their
+own glory, and to inspire ardent patriotism and intense love of native
+land into every Scottish heart.&mdash;Mr. P.S. Stewart, as another of the
+Scottish members, addressed the company with much energy, and restored
+harmony by remarking, that if he was not tried by his dinners, he hoped to
+be always tried by his deserts. In conclusion, he drank the health of Mr.
+Galt, whose literary talents shed a lustre on the west of Scotland, with
+which he was particularly connected. It was now, however, near the
+witching hour of
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page76"
+  name="page76">
+  </a>[pg 76]
+</span>
+ night, or we might say of night's black arch, the key
+stane; and many from the lower parts of the hall had crowded up to the top;
+so that regularity of speech, or bumper, or song, there could be none.
+Galt's thanks died in embryo; and the concluding toasts of Mr. Murchison
+and Mr. Sedgewick, and the sciences of Scotland and England; the London
+Burns' Club, the stewards, and even the ladies, had but their cheers, and
+passed away. At length the pipes droned forth, and the festive drama
+closed.
+</p>
+<p>
+"We ought to record that it was enlivened by many bowls of punch brewed by
+Hogg in Burns' bowl, and in general very kindly and socially helped into
+the many glasses sent up for it by Lord Mahon: there was also some
+beautiful singing by Broadhurst, Wilson, Templeton, and Messrs. Jolly,
+Stansbury, Chapman, and other vocalists. The Shepherd, too, treated us
+with an original song, the burden of which was 'Robin's awa.' It is a
+lament for Burns as the best of the minstrels; but it was brought in by a
+laugh, in consequence of the toast-master calling for silence for a song
+from <i>Mr</i>. Shepherd."
+</p>
+<p>
+By the <i>Gazette</i> report we conclude the Festival must have ended as many
+such meetings do; and never better expressed than by Lord Byron in his
+facete moments&mdash;"then talky, then argumentative, then disputatious, then
+unintelligible, then altogethery, then inarticulate, and then"&mdash;but we
+have done.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is some talk of an annual national meeting on this day among the
+parties with whom this "Festival" originated: but we think others will say
+it were better to leave ill-done alone, lest it become worse. Probably the
+next "Noctes" of <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i> will set the matter at rest by
+giving the world the only true and faithful account of this memorable
+meeting.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>LACONIC JUSTICE.</h3>
+
+<p>
+Over the door of the town-hall, in Zante, one of the Greek Islands (the
+better to instruct the magistrates in their public duty) these verses are
+inscribed:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+  <p>Hic locus 1 odit, 2 amat, 3 punit, 4 conservat, 5 honorat,</p>
+  <p>1 Nequitiam, 2 pacem, 3 crimina, 4 jura, 5 probos.</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>
+<i>Thus Englished by G. Sandys</i>.
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+  <p>This place doth 1 hate, 2 love, 3 punish, 4 keep, 5 requite,</p>
+  <p>1 voluptuous not, 2 peace, 3 crimes, 4 laws, 5 th' upright</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>
+<i>From Heylyn's Cosmographie</i>.
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<h3>FLOATING SCHEME.</h3>
+<p>
+In George the Third's collection of tracts, now in the British Museum, is
+a broadside of one page, commencing thus:&mdash;"In the name of God, amen! John
+Bulmer, of London, esquire, Master and Surveyor of the King's Majesties
+Mines, &amp;. &amp;. propoundeth&mdash;by God's assistance, that he the said John
+Bulmer, shall and will, at and in a flowing water, set out a boat or
+vessel with an engine, floating with a man or boy, in and on board the
+said boat, in the River of Thames, over against the Tower-wharf, or lower.
+Which said boat, with the said man or boy, in or aboard her, shall the
+same tide before low-water again, by art of the said John Bulmer, and help
+of the said engine, be advanced and elevated so high, as that the same
+shall pass and be delivered over London Bridge, together with this said
+man or boy, in and on board her, and float again in the said River of
+Thames, on the other side the said bridge in safety." He then proceeds to
+covenant for himself, his heirs, &amp;., to perform this within the space of
+one month, &amp;., or so soon as the undertakers, wagering against him six
+for one, should have deposited in the assurance office such a sum as he
+should consider sufficient to countervail his charges of contriving the
+boat and engine. Captain Bulmer was also to deposit his proportion of
+money, &amp;. This scheme was brought out in 1643.
+</p>
+<p>
+W.G.C.
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>THE GREEK SAILORS</h3>
+<p>
+Still preserve the custom mentioned by Homer, of hauling their vessels on
+shore with the prows resting on the beach; having done this, they place
+the mast lengthwise across the prow and the poop, and spread the sail over
+it, so as to form a tent; beneath these tents they sing their songs,
+drinking wine freely, and accompanying their voices with the lyre, or
+three-stringed viol.
+</p>
+<p>
+T.G.
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<h3>BILLS OF MORTALITY.</h3>
+<p>
+"Bills of Mortality took rise," says Pennant, "in 1592; in which year
+began a great pestilence; which continued till the 18th of December, 1595.
+During this period they were kept, in order to ascertain the number of
+persons who died; but, when the plague ceased, the bills were discontinued.
+They were resumed again in 1603. At their original institution there were
+only 109 in parishes; others were gradually
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page77"
+  name="page77">
+  </a>[pg 77]
+</span>
+ added; and, by the year 1681,
+the number was 132. Since that time, 14 more have been added, so that the
+whole amounts to 146, viz. 97 within the walls; 16 without the walls; 23
+out-parishes in Middlesex and Surrey; and 10 in the City and Liberties of
+Westminster."
+</p>
+<p>
+W.G.C.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h3>TAILORS.</h3>
+
+<p>
+Sir John Hawkwood, (the first English general,) was usually styled Joannes
+Acutus, from the sharpness, it is said, of his needle or his sword. Fuller,
+the historian, says, he "turned his needle into a sword, and his thimble
+into a shield. He was the son of a tanner, and was bound apprentice to a
+tailor, and was pressed for a soldier." He served under Edward III., and
+was knighted, distinguished himself at the battle of Poictiers, where he
+gained the esteem of the Black Prince, and finished his military career in
+the pay of the Florentines, in 1394, at his native place, Hedingham, in
+Essex. There is a monument to his memory in the parish church.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sir Ralph Blackwell was his fellow apprentice, knighted for his bravery by
+Edward III.; married his master's daughter, and founded Blackwell Hall.
+</p>
+<p>
+John Speed, the historian, was a Cheshire tailor.
+</p>
+<p>
+John Stowe, the antiquary, was also a tailor; he was born in London, in
+1525, and lived to the age of 80.
+</p>
+<p>
+Benjamin Robins was the son of a tailor, of Bath; he compiled Lord Anson's
+Voyage round the World.
+</p>
+<p>
+Elliott's regiment of light-horse was chiefly composed of tailors; and the
+first man who suggested the idea of abolishing the Slave Trade, was Thomas
+Woolman, a quaker, and tailor, of New Jersey. He published many tracts on
+this species of traffic, went great distances to consult individuals on
+the subject, on which business he came to England, and went to York, where
+he caught the small-pox, and died October 7, 1772.
+</p>
+<p>
+T.G.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>HINTS TO COCKNEY EQUESTRIANS.</h3>
+
+<p>
+The following hints are offered "in the milk of human kindness" to all
+"young gentlemen" who hire a horse, or a horse and gig, to go the amazing
+distance of Kew or Richmond, on Sundays; and may be compelled to flog the
+"tired jade" the last three miles back, in order to get it home before
+midnight; also to prevent the annoying necessity of pulling up in a street
+adjacent to the livery-stables, to cut off the frayed end of the whip
+thong, that the ostler may not detect their flagellation.
+</p>
+<p>
+M.A.S.
+</p>
+<p>
+I. <i>How to make a horse go that is utterly tired.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+Dismount from thy horse and prick his sides all over with little holes
+with a nayle or fine awle, in the spurring place. Take then window glass
+and stamp it unto a subtile powder, which rub into his pricked sides; then
+mounting, but touch him not with the spur, and you shall have your desire,
+for be sure if he have any life in him he will not fayle to go.
+</p>
+<p>
+II. <i>Here followeth another torment.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+Dismount from thy horse and get a stick, which with your knife, jag and
+cut like unto the notches of a saw, make then a slit with your knife in
+the ear of the horse, thrust therein the stick, and when you find him to
+tyre, by working the stick backwards and forwards in the ear, you will
+have your desire, for be sure if he have any life in him, he will not
+fayle to go.
+</p>
+<p>
+III. <i>Another torment may be used as follows</i>.&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+Dismount from thy horse (or gig) and take two round, smooth pebbles, which
+put into one ear of your horse, and tye up the ear, that they escape not,
+then mounting and proceeding on thy journey, thou shall have thy desire,
+for the noise of the stones jingling in his ear, will not fayle to make
+him go, until he is utterly tired.&mdash;<i>Markham's Farriery</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>BEAUTIES OF THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p>
+The characteristic peculiarity of the Pilgrim's Progress is, that it is
+the only work of its kind which possesses a strong human interest. Other
+allegories only amuse the fancy. The allegory of Bunyan has been read by
+many thousands with tears. There are some good allegories in Johnson's
+works, and some of still higher merit by Addison. In these performances
+there is, perhaps, as much wit and ingenuity as in the Pilgrim's Progress.
+But the pleasure which is produced by the Vision of Mirza, or the Vision
+of Theodore, the genealogy of Wit, or the contest between Rest and Labour,
+is exactly similar to the pleasure which we derive from one of Cowley's
+Odes, or from a Canto of Hudibras. It is a pleasure which belongs wholly
+to the understanding,
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page78"
+  name="page78">
+  </a>[pg 78]
+</span>
+ and in which the feelings have no part whatever. Nay,
+even Spencer himself, though assuredly one of the greatest poets that ever
+lived, could not succeed in the attempt to make allegory interesting. It
+was in vain that he lavished the riches of his mind on the House of Pride,
+and the House of Temperance. One unpardonable fault, the fault of
+tediousness, pervades the whole of the Fairy Queen. We become sick of
+Cardinal Virtues and Deadly Sins, and long for the society of plain men
+and women. Of the persons who read the first Canto, not one in ten reaches
+the end of the first book, and not one in a hundred perseveres to the end
+of the poem. Very few and very weary are those who are in at the death of
+the Blatant Beast. If the last six books, which are said to have been
+destroyed in Ireland, had been preserved, we doubt whether any heart less
+stout than that of a commentator would have held out to the end.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is not so with the Pilgrim's Progress. That wonderful book, while it
+obtains admiration from the most fastidious critics, is loved by those who
+are too simple to admire it. Doctor Johnson, all whose studies were
+desultory, and who hated, as he said, to read books through, made an
+exception in favour of the Pilgrim's Progress. That work, he said, was one
+of the two or three works which he wished longer. It was by no common
+merit that the illiterate sectary extracted praise like this from the most
+pedantic of critics, and the most bigoted of tories. In the wildest parts
+of Scotland the Pilgrim's Progress is the delight of the peasantry. In
+every nursery the Pilgrim's Progress is a greater favourite than Jack the
+Giant-Killer. Every reader knows the straight and narrow path as well as
+he knows a road in which he has gone backward and forward a hundred times.
+This is the highest miracle of genius,&mdash;that things which are not should
+be as though they were,&mdash;that the imaginations of one mind should become
+the personal recollections of another. And this miracle the tinker has
+wrought. There is no ascent, no declivity, no resting-place, no turn-stile,
+with which we are not perfectly acquainted. The wicket gate, and the
+desolate swamp which separates it from the City of Destruction,&mdash;the long
+line of road, as straight as a rule can make it,&mdash;the Interpreter's house,
+and all its fair shows,&mdash;the prisoner in the iron cage,&mdash;the palace, at
+the doors of which armed men kept guard, and on the battlements of which
+walked persons clothed all in gold,&mdash;the cross and the sepulchre,&mdash;the
+steep hill and the pleasant arbour,&mdash;the stately front of the House
+Beautiful by the wayside,&mdash;the low green valley of Humiliation, rich with
+grass and covered with flocks,&mdash;all are as well known to us as the sights
+of our own street. Then we come to the narrow place where Apollyon strode
+right across the whole breadth of the way, to stop the journey of
+Christian, and where afterwards the pillar was set up to testify how
+bravely the pilgrim had fought the good fight. As we advance, the valley
+becomes deeper and deeper. The shade of the precipices on both sides falls
+blacker and blacker. The clouds gather overhead. Doleful voices, the
+clanking of chains, and the rushing of many feet to and fro, are heard
+through the darkness. The way, hardly discernible in gloom, runs close by
+the mouth of the burning pit, which sends forth its flames, its noisome
+smoke, and its hideous shapes, to terrify the adventurer. Thence he goes
+on, amidst the snares and pitfalls, with the mangled bodies of those who
+have perished lying in the ditch by his side. At the end of the long dark
+valley, he passes the dens in which the old giants dwelt, amidst the bones
+and ashes of those whom they had slain.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then the road passes straight on through a waste moor, till at length the
+towers of a distant city appear before the traveller; and soon he is in
+the midst of the innumerable multitudes of Vanity Fair. There are the
+jugglers and the apes, the shops and the puppet-shows. There are Italian
+Row, and French Row, and Spanish Row, and Britain Row, with their crowds
+of buyers, sellers, and loungers, jabbering all the languages of the earth.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thence we go on by the little hill of the silver mine, and through the
+meadow of lilies, along the bank of that pleasant river which is bordered
+on both sides by fruit-trees. On the left side, branches off the path
+leading to that horrible castle, the courtyard of which is paved with the
+skulls of pilgrims; and right onwards are the sheepfolds and orchards of
+the Delectable Mountains.
+</p>
+<p>
+From the Delectable Mountains, the way lies through the logs and briers of
+the Enchanted Ground, with here and there a bed of soft cushions spread
+under a green arbour. And beyond is the land of Beulah, where the flowers,
+the grapes, and the songs of birds never cease, and where the sun shines
+night and day. Thence are plainly seen the golden pavements and streets of
+pearl,
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page79"
+  name="page79">
+  </a>[pg 79]
+</span>
+ on the other side of that black and cold river over which there is
+no bridge.
+</p>
+<p>
+All the stages of the journey,&mdash;all the forms which cross or overtake the
+pilgrims,&mdash;giants and hobgoblins, ill-favoured ones, and shining
+ones,&mdash;the tall, comely, swarthy Madam Bubble, with her great purse by her
+side, and her fingers playing with the money,&mdash;the black man in the bright
+vesture,&mdash;Mr. Worldly-Wiseman, and my Lord Hategood,&mdash;Mr. Talkative, and
+Mrs. Timorous,&mdash;all are actually existing beings to us. We follow the
+travellers through their allegorical progress with interest not inferior
+to that with which we follow Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, or Jeanie
+Deans from Edinburgh to London. Bunyan is almost the only writer that ever
+gave to the abstract the interest of the concrete. In the works of many
+celebrated authors, men are mere personifications. We have not an Othello,
+but jealousy; not an Iago but perfidy; not a Brutus, but patriotism. The
+mind of Bunyan, on the contrary, was so imaginative, that personifications,
+when he dealt with them, became men. A dialogue between two qualities, in
+his dream, has more dramatic effect than a dialogue between two human
+beings in most plays.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Pilgrim's Progress undoubtedly is not a perfect allegory. The types
+are often inconsistent with each other; and sometimes the allegorical
+disguise is altogether thrown off. The river, for example, is emblematic
+of death; and we are told that every human being must pass through the
+river. But Faithful does not pass through it. He is martyred, not in
+shadow, but in reality, at Vanity Fair. Hopeful talks to Christian about
+Esau's birthright, and about his own convictions of sin, as Bunyan might
+have talked with one of his own congregation. The damsels at the House
+Beautiful catechise Christiana's boys, as any good ladies might catechise
+any boys at a Sunday School. But we do not believe, that any man, whatever
+might be his genius, and whatever his good luck, could long continue a
+figurative history without falling into many inconsistencies.
+</p>
+<p>
+The passages which it is most difficult to defend, are those in which he
+altogether drops the allegory, and puts into the mouth of his pilgrims
+religious ejaculations and disquisitions, better suited to his own pulpit
+at Bedford or Reading, than to the Enchanted Ground or the Interpreter's
+Garden. Yet even these passages, though we will not undertake to defend
+them against the objection of critics, we feel that we could ill spare. We
+feel that the story owes much of its charm to these occasional glimpses of
+solemn and affecting subjects, which will not be hidden, which force
+themselves through the veil, and appear before us in their native aspect.
+The effect is not unlike that which is said to have been produced on the
+ancient stage, when the eyes of the actor were seen flaming through his
+mask, and giving life and expression to what would else have been an
+inanimate and uninteresting disguise.
+</p>
+<p>
+The style of Bunyan is delightful to every reader, and invaluable as a
+study to every person who wishes to obtain a wide command over the English
+language. The vocabulary is the vocabulary of the common people. There is
+not an expression, if we except a few technical terms of theology, which
+would puzzle the rudest peasant. We have observed several pages which do
+not contain a single word of more than two syllables. Yet no writer has
+said more exactly what he meant to say. For magnificence, for pathos, for
+vehement exhortation, for subtle disquisition, for every purpose of the
+poet, the orator, and the divine, this homely dialect&mdash;the dialect of
+plain working men&mdash;was perfectly sufficient. There is no book in our
+literature on which we would so readily stake the fame of the old
+unpolluted English language&mdash;no book which shows so well how rich that
+language is in its own proper wealth, and how little it has been improved
+by all that it has borrowed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Cowper said, forty or fifty years ago, that he dared not name John Bunyan
+in his verse, for fear of moving a sneer. To our refined forefathers, we
+suppose, Lord Roscommon's Essay on Translated Verse, and the Duke of
+Buckinghamshire's Essay on Poetry, appeared to be compositions infinitely
+superior to the allegory of the preaching tinker. We live in better times;
+and we are not afraid to say, that, though there were many clever men in
+England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only
+two great creative minds. One of those minds produced the Paradise Lost,
+the other the Pilgrim's Progress.&mdash;<i>Edinburgh Review</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+A London publisher advertises a collection of Nursery Tales as a "handsome
+present for <i>youth</i>." Here the schoolmaster is surely behind-hand.
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page80"
+  name="page80">
+  </a>[pg 80]
+</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h3>IMPROMPTU.&mdash;TO A LADY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>(From the Italian.)</i></h4>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+  <p>Think not thy <i>faults</i>, my pretty scold,</p>
+  <p class="i2">Like transient clouds will pass away;</p>
+  <p>Thine image in the rose behold,</p>
+  <p class="i2">Whose leaves fade ere the <i>thorns</i> decay.</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+E.L.J.
+</p>
+<p>
+This trifle was sent to the <i>Mirror</i> a few days since, and last Saturday
+it appeared in the <i>Literary Gazette</i>, with the same signature, E.L.J.&mdash;Is
+not this double-dealing?
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<i>Pantomimes</i>.&mdash;Four hundred persons are nightly employed in the pantomime
+at Covent Garden Theatre, on the stage, behind the scenes, and in the
+orchestra. Of this number are 90 carpenters in the machinery, property,
+and scenic department. The usual cost of one of these relics of olden
+Christmas at a patent theatre is £2,000.; and upwards of £10,000. are
+annually expended in producing pantomimes for the amusement of the large
+and little children of this great metropolis.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>How to keep away the Cholera</i>.&mdash;Fear has proved at all times, but more
+particularly during the prevalence of cholera, a fruitful predisposing
+cause of disease; be firm, therefore, and confident. Cheerfulness of
+disposition, equanimity and serenity of mind, are essential means of
+preservation from epidemic disorders, cholera especially. You have now the
+consoling assurance of the New Board of Health, in confirmation of what we,
+the anti-contagionists, in regard to cholera, had long before declared and
+contended for, that the disease <i>does not pass to those about the sick</i>,
+and seldom spreads in families. Cholera, therefore, is thus disarmed of
+one of its worst terrors. You only run the average share of risk of one in
+1,200,000 individual inhabitants of the metropolis, of being affected by
+the epidemic influence of the atmosphere, while that influence lasts; and
+as you are put in possession of several means to counteract that influence,
+the chances are greatly in your favour that you will not be attacked by
+cholera at all. To this conclusion I am authorized to come by my
+experience, which has been very considerable, and my observations, in more
+than one general epidemic, and by what I have read in all the authors
+(twenty or thirty of them) who have treated of cholera.&mdash;<i>Dr. Granville</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Cholera</i>.&mdash;An interesting experiment was tried at Newcastle last week,
+on the state of the atmosphere. A kite was sent up, having attached to it
+a piece of fresh butcher's meat, a fresh haddock, and a small loaf of
+bread. The kite ascended to a considerable height, and remained at that
+elevation for an hour and a quarter. When brought to the ground, it was
+found that the fish and the piece of meat were both in a putrid state,
+particularly the fish; and the loaf, when examined through, a microscope,
+was discovered to be pervaded with legions of animalculae. It may be worth
+while to repeat the experiment in other places to which cholera may
+unfortunately extend itself.&mdash;<i>Evening Paper.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Foreign Books.</i>&mdash;From official accounts it appears that the foreign books
+imported into the United Kingdom in the year 1830, weighed 3,441 cwt.
+3 qrs. 13 lbs. the amount of duty upon which was £11,865 4<i>s</i>. 4<i>d</i>.
+We find this in a paper on the Duties on Foreign Books in the <i>Foreign
+Quarterly Review</i>, just published; in which the imported old books have
+obtained a considerable ascendancy over the new ones.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+The lovers of the Fine Arts will hear with sorrow, the destruction by fire
+of Mr. Wilmshurst's splendid Painted Window of the Tournament of the Field
+of the Cloth of Gold, described at page 246, vol. xv. of <i>The Mirror</i>. It
+was completed about two years since at a cost of nearly 2,000<i>l</i>., and
+three years' labour of the artist.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>FAMILIAR SCIENCE.</h3>
+<hr />
+<p>
+This Day was published, with many Engravings, price 5<i>s</i>.,
+</p>
+<pre>
+  ARCANA OF SCIENCE,
+  AND
+  ANNUAL REGISTER of the USEFUL ARTS,
+  for 1832:
+</pre>
+<p>
+Abridged from the Transactions of Public Societies, and Scientific
+Journals, British and Foreign, for the past year.
+</p>
+<p>
+*** This volume will contain all the Important Facts in the year 1831&mdash;in
+the
+</p>
+<pre>
+  MECHANIC ARTS,
+  CHEMICAL SCIENCE,
+  ZOOLOGY,
+  BOTANY,
+  MINERALOGY,
+  GEOLOGY,
+  METEOROLOGY,
+  RURAL ECONOMY,
+  GARDENING.
+  DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
+  USEFUL AND ELEGANT ARTS,
+  GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES,
+  MISCELLANEOUS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.
+</pre>
+<p>
+Printing for John Limbird, 143, Strand; of whom may be had volumes (upon
+the same plan) for 1828, price 4<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>., 1829&mdash;30&mdash;31, price 5<i>s</i>. each.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>
+<i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,)
+London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic. G.G. Bennis,
+55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i>
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. XIX. No. 532. Saturday, February 4, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 8, 2004 [EBook #11515]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. XIX. No. 532.] SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1832. [PRICE 2_d_.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CASTLE OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.]
+
+[Illustration: CAVERN OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.]
+
+ROBERT THE DEVIL.
+
+All the town, and the country too, by paragraph circumstantial, and puff
+direct, must have learned that every theatre in this Metropolis, and
+consequently, every stage in the country, is to have its version of the
+splendid French opera _Robert le Diable_. Its success in Paris has been
+what the good folks there call _magnifique_, and playing the devil has
+been the theatrical order of day and night since the Revolution. As we
+know nothing of its merits, and do not write of what we neither see nor
+hear, nor believe any report of, we do not put up our hopes for its
+success. But, as the story of the opera is a pretty piece of Norman
+romance, some fair penciller has sent us the sketches of the annexed cuts,
+and our Engraver has thus pitted himself with Grieve, Stanfield, Roberts,
+and scores of minor scene-painters, who are building canvass castles, and
+scooping out caverns for the King's Theatre, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane
+Theatres. Theirs will be but candle-light glories: our scenes will be the
+same by all lights. But as scenes are of little use without actors, and
+cuts of less worth without description, we append our fair Correspondent's
+historical notices of the sites and the _dram. pers._ of "this our
+tragedy."
+
+CASTLE OF ROBERT LE DIABLE, OR ROBERT THE DEVIL.
+
+The founder of this ancient castle bears the name of _Robert the Devil_.
+It is a wonderful relic of old Norman fortification, being so defended by
+nature, as to bid defiance to its enemies, and could only have fallen by
+stratagem. It is situated on the left side of the River Seine and in the
+province of Normandy. The subterranean caverns by their amazing extent
+sufficiently attest the ancient importance of this structure; tradition
+says they extend to the banks of the Seine. Its antiquity is fully proved
+by some of the architectural fragments bearing the stamp of 912. On
+arriving at the summit of the mountain, the tourist receives an impression
+like enchantment: the castle seems to have been conveyed there by fairies;
+and at the base the eye is charmed by the fine and picturesque forest of
+Bourgtheroulde: villages elegantly grouped, enrich with their beautiful
+fabrics each bank of the Seine which majestically traverses a luxurious
+landscape. Romance, fable, and the tradition of shepherds and peasants
+describe Robert the Devil as Governor of Neustria, and a descendent of
+Rollo the celebrated Norman chief, whose name was changed to Robert, Duke
+of Normandy in 923, on his marriage with the daughter of Charles the
+simple, King of France. His great and valiant achievements are remembered
+in that country so renowned by his race, and where his name still awakens
+every sentiment of superstitious awe. All in the environs of the castle
+recount his wonderful and warlike exploits; his numerous amours; and his
+rigid penitence by which he hoped to appease the wrath of offended Heaven.
+The moans of his victims are said to resound in the Northern subterranean
+caverns; the peasantry also believe that the spirit of Robert is condemned
+to haunt the ruins of his castle, and the tombs of his "Ladies Fair." In
+justice to his memory be it remembered, that his acts of cruelty were
+alone aimed at the rapacious and guilty, and that in him helpless
+innocence ever found a protector.
+
+Robert the Devil was cotemporary with our Danish King Harold, 1065; he
+assisted Henry, the eldest son of Robert of Normandy, in gaining
+possession of the crown, and accompanied him with a large army into the
+capital of France, where they ravaged the territory of the rebels, by
+burning the towns and villages, and putting the inhabitants to the sword:
+on this account he was called Robert the Devil.
+
+When tranquillity was restored, and Henry freed from his enemies, Robert
+made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with other powerful potentates. On his
+return he was taken ill, and appointed an illegitimate son his successor,
+whose mother was the daughter of a dealer in skins at Falaise, and this
+son became that celebrated William of Normandy, our renowned conqueror!
+The Normans instigated the people to reject him, on the plea of his
+illegitimacy; but Henry I., then King of France, gratefully remembered the
+good offices of Robert the Devil, William's Father: therefore espoused his
+cause, and raised an army of three thousand men to invade Normandy; long
+and obstinate wars continued, which did not terminate till William had
+accomplished the successful invasion of England; he was the grandson of
+Rollo, known after his marriage as Robert the 1st., Duke of Normandy, who
+died 935. Thus from one of his numerous amours sprung our new dynasty of
+kings, which totally changed the aspect of the times. By some historians
+he is called Robert the IInd., Duke of Normandy, but the name by which he
+is generally known, is that dignified one of William the Conqueror.
+
+CAVERN OF ROBERT LE DIABLE.
+
+The remains of this cavern (situated in Normandy) command the attention of
+the lovers of history, not only from its antiquity, but also from its
+gloomy recesses, having afforded a safe shelter to our weak and cruel King
+John. Here he bade farewell to this province which he abandoned to the
+French Knights, and from whom he carefully concealed every trace of his
+retreat. The entrance is almost obscured, and tradition says it is so
+artfully managed as to have the appearance of a passage to another. The
+spot is barren, and it appears as if a thunder-bolt had burnt up the
+verdure. The spirit of _Robert le Diable_ is supposed to haunt the cavern
+in the form of a wolf, and advances uttering piteous cries, and
+steadfastly gazing on its place of defence (the caverns extending to the
+River Seine) reviews his former glory and conquests, and seems bitterly to
+lament the present decay. In vain the peasants commence the chase; they
+assert that the wolf though closely pursued always eludes the vigilance of
+the huntsman. On the death of Richard I. of England, 1199, his Brother
+John was proclaimed King of Normandy and Aquitaine; the Duchies of
+Brittany, the Counties of Anjou, Maine, Tours and others, acknowledged
+Arthur, John's nephew, as their sovereign, and claimed the protection of
+the King of France, Philip II., surnamed Augustus; but he despairing of
+being able to retain these provinces against the will of their inhabitants,
+sacrificed Arthur and his followers to John, who in a skirmish with some
+of the Norman Lords, carried them all prisoners into Normandy, where
+Arthur soon disappeared: the Britons assert that he was murdered by his
+uncle; and the Normans that he was accidentally killed in endeavouring to
+escape. The death of their favourite Prince stung the Britons to madness,
+as in him centered their last hope of regaining independence: an ardent
+imagination led them to believe their future destiny connected with this
+child, which inspired them with a wild affection for Philip, as being the
+enemy of his murderer. They accused John before the French King of
+Arthur's murder, and he was summoned as a Vassal of Normandy to appear and
+defend himself before the twelve Peers of France. This command being
+treated with contempt, the lands John held under the French crown were
+declared forfeit, and an army levied to put it into execution. It was on
+this emergency that John found a safe place of concealment in the cavern
+of Robert the Devil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LACONICS, &c.
+
+(_Continued from page 53_.)
+
+
+Generosity is not the virtue of the multitude, and for this reason:
+selfishness is often the consequence of ignorance, and it requires a
+cultivated mind to discern where the rights of others interfere with our
+own wishes.
+
+If commerce has benefited, it has also injured the human race; and the
+invention of the compass has brought disease as well as wealth in its
+train.
+
+The days of joy are as long and perhaps as frequent as those of grief; but
+either the memory is treacherous or the mind is too morbid to admit this
+to be the case.
+
+Without occasional seriousness and even melancholy, mirth loses its magic,
+and pleasure becomes unpalatable.
+
+It is unlucky that experience being our best teacher, we have only learnt
+its lessons perfectly, when we no longer stand in need of them; and have
+provided ourselves armour we can never wear.
+
+Chastity in women may be said to arise more from attention to worldly
+motives than deference to moral obligation: there is not so much
+continence amongst men, because there is not the same restriction.
+
+A resolution to put up calmly with misfortune, invariably has the effect
+of lightening the load.
+
+Conceit is usually seen during our first investigations after knowledge;
+but time and more accurate research teach us that not only is our
+comprehension limited, but knowledge itself is so imperfect, as not to
+warrant any vanity upon it at all.
+
+Extravagance is of course merely comparative: a man may be a spendthrift
+in copper as well as gold.
+
+We had rather be made acquainted at any time with the reality and
+certainty of distress, than be tortured by the feverish and restless
+anxiety of doubt.
+
+A too great nicety about diet is being over scrupulous, and is converting
+moderation into a fault; but on the other hand it is little better than
+gluttony, if we cannot refrain from what may by possibility be even
+slightly injurious.
+
+A celebrated traveller who had been twice round the world and visited
+every remarkable country, declared, that thought he had seen many
+wonderful things, he had never chanced to see a handsome old woman.
+
+It is difficult enough to persuade a tool, but persuasion is not all the
+difficulty: obstinacy still remains to be brought under subjection.
+
+A prejudiced person is universally condemned and yet many of our
+prejudices are excusable, and some of them necessary: if we do not indulge
+a few of our prejudices, we shall have to go on doubting and inquiring for
+ever.
+
+Scepticism has ever been the bugbear of youthful vanity, and it is
+considered knowing to quarrel with existing institutions and established
+truths; our experienced reflection regrets this inclination and we become
+weary of distracting ourselves with endless difficulties.
+
+In dreaming, it is remarkable how easily and yet imperceptibly the mind
+connects events altogether differing in their nature; and if we hear any
+noise during sleep, how instantaneously the sound is woven in with the
+events of our dream and as satisfactorily accounted.
+
+The unpleasant sensation that is produced by modesty, is amply compensated
+by the prepossession it creates in our favour.
+
+Public virtue prospers by the vices of individuals. The spendthrift gives
+a circulation to the coin of the realm, while the miser is equally useful
+in gleaning and scraping together what others have too profusely scattered.
+Luxury gives a livelihood to thousands, and the numbers supported by
+vanity are beyond calculation.
+
+There is a distinction to be drawn between self-love and selfishness,
+though they are usually confounded. Self-love is the effect of instinct,
+and is necessary for our preservation in common with other animals; but
+selfishness is a mental defect and is generated by narrowness of soul.
+
+The difference between honour and honesty is this: honour is dictated by a
+regard to character, honesty arises from a feeling of duty.
+
+It is difficult to avoid envy without laying ourselves open to contempt;
+for in being too scrupulous not to trespass on others we lay ourselves
+open to be trifled with and trampled on.
+
+That "familiarity breeds contempt" does not only mean, that he who is too
+familiar with us incurs our contempt; but also that novelty being
+indispensably necessary to our happiness we cease to admire what habit has
+familiarized.
+
+Poverty, like every thing else has its fair side. The poor man has the
+gratification of knowing that no one can have any interest in his death;
+and in his intercourse with the world he can be certain that wherever he
+is welcome, it is exclusively on his own account.
+
+If the poor have but few comforts, they are free from many miseries,
+mental as well as personal, that their superiors are subjected to: they
+have no physicians who live by their sufferings, and they never experience
+the curse of sensibility.
+
+Eloquence, engaging as it is, must always be regarded with suspicion. The
+great use made of it in the history of literature, has been to mislead the
+head by an appeal to the heart, and it was for this reason the Athenians
+forbid their orators the use of it.
+
+Conceit is generally proportionate with high station, and the greatest
+geniuses have not been entirely free from it: what indeed is ambition but
+an immoderate love of praise?
+
+When we call to mind the humiliating necessities of human nature as far as
+the body is concerned, and in our intellectual resolves the meanness or
+paltriness of many of our motives to action, we may well be surprised that
+man who has so much cause to be humble should indulge for a moment in
+pride.
+
+It is not so easy as philosophers tell us to lay aside our prejudices;
+mere volition cannot enable us to divest ourselves of long established
+feelings, and even reason is averse to laying aside theories it has once
+been taught to admire.
+
+A man may start at impending danger or wince at the sensation of pain: and
+yet he may be a true philosopher and not be afraid of death.
+
+The epicure, the drunkard, and the man of loose morals are equally
+contemptible: though the brutes obey instinct, they never exceed the
+bounds of moderation; and besides, it is beneath the dignity of man to
+place felicity in the service of his senses.
+
+A passionate man should be regarded with the same caution as a loaded
+blunderbuss, which may unexpectedly go off and do us an injury.
+
+There are many fools in the world and few wise men; at any rate there are
+more false than sound reasoners; wherefore it would seem more politic to
+adopt the opinion of the minority on most occasions.
+
+Those who are deficient in any particular accomplishment usually contrive
+either openly or indirectly to express their contempt for it: thus
+removing that obstacle which removes them from the same level.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSLATION OF DELLA CASA'S SONNET TO THE CITY OF VENICE.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+  Where these rich palaces and stately piles
+  Now rear their marble fronts, in sculptur'd pride,
+  Stood once a few rude scatter'd huts, beside
+  The desert shores of some poor clust'ring isles.
+  Yet here a hardy band, from vices free,
+  In fragile barks, rode fearless o'er the sea:
+  Not seeking over provinces to stride,
+  But here to dwell, afar from slavery.
+  They knew not fierce ambition's lust of power,
+  And while their hearts were free from thirst of gold,
+  Rather than falsehood--death they would behold.
+  If heaven hath granted thee a mightier dower,
+  I honour not the fruits that spring from thee
+  With thy new riches:--Death and Tyranny.
+
+E.L.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HOUSE OF UNDER.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+There are few families more ancient, more generally known, or more widely
+diffused throughout the known world, than that of Under: indeed, in every
+nation, though bearing different names, some branch of this family is
+extant; and there is no doubt that the _Dessous_ of France, the _Unters_
+of Germany, and the _Onders_ of the Land-_under_-water, belong to the same
+ancient and venerable house. The founders of the house, however, were of
+_low_ origin, and generally _down_ in the world. _Undergo_ was the job of
+the family, as patient as a lamb: he encouraged the blessed martyrs in
+times of yore, and is still in existence, though his patience has somewhat
+diminished. _Underhand_ is a far different character to the preceding, a
+double-dealing rascal, and as sly as a fox; he greets you with a smiling
+countenance, and while one hand is employed in shaking yours, he is
+disembarrassing you of the contents of your pocket with the other.
+_Underline_ is a gentleman of some literary attainments, though not
+entirely divested of quackery; he is particularly noted for the emphasis
+he gives to certain points in his discourse, and though in some cases,
+perhaps, he is a little too prodigal of this kind of effect, yet we could
+not well do without him. _Undermine_ is a greater rascal than Underhand,
+and had it not been for the counter-acting influence of _Underproof_, our
+house had fallen to the ground; to the ground it might have fallen, but
+had it gone farther, it would have been only to be revived in the person
+of _Underground_, a gentleman well known in the kitchens and pantries of
+the metropolis, the pantries in particular, he being a constant companion
+to the _Under-butler_. _Understand_ is the pride of the house, and by his
+shining qualities, has raised himself to an eminence never reached by any
+other member of the family. He is a conspicuous exception to the downcast
+looks of so many of his relations. _Undertake_ is an enterprising fellow,
+but he is often deceived and fails in his schemes; not so Undertaker,
+(whose similarity in name would make some folks believe there was some
+connexion;) no, _his_ affairs are calculated to a wonderful nicety, and
+every tear is priced. _Underwriter_ is a speculative genius, and--but the
+less we say of him the better. _Underrate_ is a character I cannot avoid
+mentioning, though I wish with all my heart he was dead: his greatest
+pleasure consists in detracting from the good qualities of his neighbours.
+
+I have only mentioned the English part of "Our House," although there are
+even some of that branch, whom I cannot at present call to mind, except
+_Underdone_, a lover of raw beef-steaks, and _Undervalue_, a person who
+has proved himself a great friend to custom-house officers, having some
+of the cunning of _Underhand_, but not quite so much luck, and subjecting
+his goods to seizure, for having tried to cheat the king. But I must leave
+this subject, and take my leave, till a fitter opportunity occurs for
+giving you further particulars of the "House of Under;" in the meanwhile,
+believe me, courteous reader, yours, sincerely,
+
+UNDER THE ROSE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830.
+
+We quote a page or two from the second and concluding volume of _Paris and
+its Historical Scenes_, in the _Library of Entertaining Knowledge_, which
+gives the best account of _la Grande Semaine_ that has yet appeared. The
+editor has taken Lord Bacon's advice--to read, not to take for
+granted--but to weigh and consider; and amidst the discrepancies of
+contemporary pamphleteers and journalists, his reader will not be
+surprised at the difficulty of obtaining correct information of what
+happens beneath our very window, as one of the great men of history
+confessed upwards of two centuries since. In this respect, mankind has
+scarcely progressed a jot, though men be more sceptical in not taking for
+granted.
+
+Our extract is, we hope, to the point:
+
+"It is curious to what an extent opposite feelings and opinions will
+colour even material scenes and objects to the eyes of different observers.
+Count Tasistro was also present at the capture of the Tuileries; and gives
+us in his narrative a description of what he witnessed of the conduct of
+the people after they had established themselves within the palace. Before
+presenting the reader, however, with what he says upon this subject, we
+will transcribe part of his account of his adventures in the earlier part
+of this day. 'The morning of the 29th,' he says, 'was ushered in by the
+dismal ringing of bells, the groans of distant guns, and the savage shouts
+of the populace; and I arose from a long train of dreams, which defied
+recollection as well as interpretation. The rabble, headed by a few
+beardless boys just let loose from the Polytechnic School and other
+seminaries, had been pleased to fix their head-quarters in our street.
+About half-past eleven, however, those of them who were collected here
+having heard that the popular forces who were fighting before the Louvre
+were nearly disabled by the cannon of the troops occupying that palace,
+their Polytechnic chief called upon them to follow him to the assistance
+of their brethren. Having entreated them to refrain from extravagant
+excesses, he rushed forward, and soon arrived at the scene of action. Here
+I saw him turn round and address his followers thus, 'Le cannon a deja
+extermine plusieurs de vos comarades; dans un instant il est a vous;
+suivez moi, et apprenez comme il faut mourir;' (_the cannon has already
+destroyed numbers of your brethren; the next instant it will be directed
+against you: follow me, and learn how to die_.) Having uttered these words,
+he darted forward, just as the gun which was pointed at him was discharged,
+and was blown into atoms. The people, however, following where he had led,
+in the enthusiasm of the moment seized the gun, and turned it immediately
+against the Swiss and the Guards that were stationed at the balconies of
+the Louvre. Other guns were afterwards taken--and the consequence was that
+the soldiers at last retreated with great precipitation, and concentrated
+their strength on the Place du Carrousel. The tricolour was already waving
+over the Louvre. I observed a little, insignificant urchin climb up the
+walls, and plant it during the contest.
+
+"The last struggle made by the Guards for their royal master was to save
+the proud palace of his ancestors; but, alas, the attempt was vain. A
+storm of balls was poured in upon them from so many sides, that the little
+presence of mind they had preserved until now, deserted them at this
+trying moment; and after a few ineffectual discharges, they retreated
+toward the Champs Elysees; and the populace, unchecked by any power but
+their own will, rushed _en masse_ into the regal mansion.
+
+"During this attack, short as it was, I happened to be in a situation far
+more critical than that of the generality of the combatants on either side.
+On entering the Place du Carrousel by the archway leading from the Quays,
+we found the confusion extreme--and, as the fire besides grew every moment
+hotter and hotter, I felt the necessity of taking refuge somewhere, and in
+my agitation ran forward and sheltered myself under the Triumphal Arch.
+Here I passed the short interval during which the combat lasted in a
+confusion of all the senses, which extended minutes to months, and gave to
+something less than half a quarter of an hour the importance of a century;
+for I was all the time between the two fires. Fortunately, as I have said,
+the affair did not last very long; and when the victorious rabble at last
+rushed into the Tuileries, I followed the general movement, and soon after
+found myself in the throne hall, where I was joined by my two missing
+friends."
+
+The Count now proceeds to inveigh in general terms against what he
+describes as the atrocious conduct of the unruly rabble--the devastation,
+pillage, and other enormities of which they were guilty. Having concluded
+this diatribe, he goes on with his narrative as follows: "Indeed the
+passion of mischief had taken such strong possession of the minds of
+all--the temptation was so widely thrown open wherever one went--that even
+I felt a touch of the desire; and, as I passed along the library hall,
+where a most splendid stock of books had been thrown on the floor, spying
+among many precious treasures a beautifully ornamented little volume,
+which, to say nothing of its gay appearance, promised to occupy no great
+room in the pocket, with the conviction that I was doing a good action, I
+picked it up. On opening it I found that it was neither a bible, nor a
+poem, nor a _congurare_ (_?_), as I had anticipated, but simply a pocket
+memorandum-book in which his Majesty had been accustomed to note his
+_parties de chasse_, and the numbers of game he killed. I immediately
+thrust it into my pocket, and have since preserved it as a keepsake--but
+shall be most happy to restore it to the owner, should that august
+personage at any time feel disposed to claim it. Would that all the rest
+of the many articles that were this day pilfered were held as sacred, and
+ready to be as punctually surrendered!
+
+"Tolerably tired at last of looking on the grim faces that surrounded us,
+we agreed to make our retreat; and descended into the garden, intending to
+pass out by the gate leading to the Quays. Here, however, we were met by a
+figure, at the sight of which we found it almost impossible to restrain
+our risibility. It was a man keeping watch at the gate as a sentinel,
+dressed for the most part as we commonly see the masters of chimney-sweeps,
+without a vestige of either shoes or shirt, and what were intended for
+coat and trousers having very doubtful pretensions to those
+designations--but, to make amends for this condition of his general
+habiliments, having a highly polished musket in his hand, a most splendid
+sword dangling by his side, and on his head a superb Marshal's hat! 'Ou
+allez vous?' was the imperious demand of this extraordinary looking
+personage. 'Ou nous voulons' was the instant and haughty reply of my
+friend M. The fellow, not being accustomed to such insubordination,
+ordered us to take off our hats to show whether we carried anything away
+with us. M. at this would have struck him down but for the sudden
+appearance of six men, whose looks and dress were not much better than
+those of the sentinel. These men, on being informed of our _hauteur_ (as
+it was termed), insisted on our helping them, by way of penalty for our
+offence, to carry off the dead. This was more than I, with all my
+disposition to forbearance, could submit to; so, addressing myself to the
+ugliest of them, who seemed to be the commanding officer of the party, I
+told him scornfully and in good French, that we were foreign gentlemen,
+who had nothing to do either with the dead or the living of their
+country--and that it was a very _despotic_ act to stop peaceable
+passengers in that manner. But this expostulation served only to irritate
+the raggamuffins; and one of them taking hold of my arm tried to force me
+into compliance with his orders. This was our trying moment; we all three
+made one desperate effort 'for liberty;' and, each of us having dealt his
+opponent a severe blow on the cheek, we broke from them, and ran off at
+our best speed. Three shots were immediately fired, and still we galloped
+on unhurt;--another went off, and I felt it--not that I was mortally
+wounded; it was only a spent ball that lodged itself in the flesh of my
+leg. The accident lamed me, however, for the time, and consequently put an
+end to my adventures. I was carried to my hotel, and the ball was
+extracted; but still the wound confined me to my room for two months."
+
+The battle-pieces, and head and tail-cuts, well bespeak the ups and downs
+and bursts of the Revolution. They are as plentiful in this volume, as the
+balls were about Paris in _La Grande Semaine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TIME'S TELESCOPE FOR 1832
+
+Is, as usual, a multifarious volume, and abounds with reading that must
+please all tastes. It has, moreover, to meet the exigencies of the day, a
+pretty sprinkling of cuts and plates, respecting the number of which we do
+not quarrel; in the choice of some of them we must, however, dissent from
+the editor. The Astronomical portion, by Mr. Barker, is unusually copious,
+and the cometary plates are well executed. We quote a passage:
+
+_On the probability of a concussion of a Comet with the earth_.
+
+It has been stated that the comet of 1770, passed through the system of
+the planet Jupiter, without in the slightest degree affecting the motions
+of either the primary or his satellites; also, that it passed sufficiently
+near our planet to have shortened the length of the year had its mass been
+equal to that of the earth. No effect whatever was produced, from whence
+it may be concluded, that the neighbourhood of a comet is not of
+sufficient importance to excite any alarming apprehensions for the safety
+of the habitation of man.
+
+Most of the calculations that have been made respecting the effect of the
+proximity of a comet to our earth have proceeded on erroneous
+principles,--over-rating the quantity of matter in comets, and losing
+sight of their great velocity when in this part of the system. For a comet
+to produce any direful effect, it ought to contain not merely a
+considerable quantity of matter, but also ought to be vertical and
+stationary to the earth's surface for several hours; instead of which, we
+have sufficient reason to believe that though vast in volume, comets
+contain but little matter in proportion, consequently, their attractive
+energy would be inconsiderable; also their velocity would, in a very short
+period, carry them beyond the limit of exerting any influence on the
+waters of the globe. Of course, this general statement would be modified
+by the rate and direction of a comet's motion, and also the earth's
+rotation.
+
+It may, then, be asserted with safety that the close appulse of a comet
+would not be attended with any fatal results; and that this security
+principally consists in its great velocity, which would so swiftly remove
+it to a distance. But, the very circumstance which, in the case of
+_proximity_, would be the security of our globe, (its velocity,) would, in
+the event of a _contact_, be attended with the direst effects. It is true
+that the probability of a contact is less, in an almost infinite degree,
+than the proximity of a comet, which, notwithstanding, is an event which
+every astronomer is fully aware, is within the verge of possibility.
+
+The effects of a contact would be greatly modified by circumstance. Should
+the comet strike the earth obliquely, it would glance off, and the
+consequences would be partial. If the point of collision were on a
+continent of the globe, mountains would be hurled from their bases, and
+new ones would elevate their ridges towards the clouds. Were the place of
+meeting on either of the great oceans, some regions would be deserted, and
+others would be inundated by the waters of the sea. These dreadful
+consequences would be increased, in an indefinite proportion, if the point
+of contact were in the direction of the earth's centre; the meeting would
+be terrific; the earth's period of revolution would, in all probability,
+be altered, either by carrying it nearer to or farther from the sun; a
+different inclination of the axis might be given, and there would be a
+consequent change of seasons; the diurnal motion might be either
+accelerated or retarded, by which the length of the day would be affected;
+the vast continents of the globe would be again covered with the ocean,
+which, deserting its bed, would rush towards the new equator.
+
+Infinitely more tremendous would be the catastrophe if the earth were
+struck by a _retrograde comet_ in the direction of the terrestrial centre,
+the comet making up, by its velocity, the deficiency of mass: in this case
+the centrifugal force of both bodies might be annihilated,--the
+centripetal principle alone obeyed, and both comet and earth rush to the
+sun!
+
+It must, however, be stated, that the probability of such an event is all
+but infinitely removed: the most likely of any that is known, to effect
+such a consummation, is the comet of Encke, which it has been calculated
+would come in collision with our earth after a lapse of 219 millions of
+years! This calculation proceeds on the soundest principles of reasoning,
+and proves not so much the safety of our globe from cometary destruction,
+(for some comet, hitherto unseen by mortal eyes, may _now_ be winging its
+flight directly towards our globe,) as the astonishing powers of the mind
+of man, which can thus essay to penetrate the veil of futurity, and read
+the destiny of a world.
+
+But destruction to this terrestrial orb and its teeming inhabitants, may
+be more speedily brought about than by a concussion with these celestial
+agents. A single principle of motion annihilated, evaporation suspended,
+or a component part of the atmosphere abstracted, and "final ruin would
+drive her ploughshare o'er creation;" universal conflagration would
+instantly ensue from the separation of the oxygen from the nitrogen of the
+atmosphere,--the former exerting its native energies without control
+wherever it extends,--solid rocks, ponderous marble, metals, and even
+water itself, would burst into an intensity of flame, and change the
+aspect of all sublunary things.
+
+But all these vast bodies of the universe are, doubtless, kept in their
+prescribed limits as with so many "reins and bridles," and when this earth
+has completed its destined circles, and fulfilled the purposes for which
+it was called out of nothing, it will need but the command of the glorious
+Creator who at first spoke this beautiful frame into being, bliss, and
+light, to return it to its primeval gloom, or bid it shine forth with new
+resplendent beauty and lustre.
+
+The "Notes of a Naturalist" are stated to be by Professor Rennie; but we
+question if they have been written expressly for this volume, as we
+recognise many passages from other works.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+SCOTTISH LITERARY DINNER.
+
+_As reported by Three Hands_.
+
+It is a miserable thing to quarrel or even differ over a dinner, although
+the whole affair be but a matter of taste. It is likewise a miserable
+thing to differ after dinner, since it lamentably disturbs the digestion
+of the food, as in this case it may the temper of the feeders. Yet
+respecting the dinner to celebrate the Birthday of Burns in Freemasons'
+Hall, there is a remarkable difference among the critical craft; which
+difference, by the way, no shades of opinion can reconcile. As we were not
+of the party, (and we congratulate ourselves on the escape from a Scottish
+half-dinner,) it may be well to quote from three of the reports that have
+appeared, rather than let the affair pass unnoticed in our pages. We do so
+from a wish to preserve certain traits and anecdotes which the occasion
+drew forth,--to give the pleasant rather than the "untoward" events of the
+day: though we must own the whole appears to have been a very droll
+business, always excepting the _semi-pransus_.
+
+We start with an extract from Dr. Granville's _Catechism of Health_:--
+
+_Q_. What should a dinner consist of?
+
+_A_. Of any wholesome food that is in season, plainly dressed.
+
+_Q_. Should the dinner be composed of many dishes?
+
+_A_. The most wholesome dinner is that which consists of a single dish of
+meat, with a proper quantity of vegetables.
+
+Whether the Scottish dinner was as aforesaid, we know not. Call the
+evidence.
+
+_Court Journal_.--A public dinner at a public-house (this is a court
+sneer)--provided by Scotch booksellers, presided at by a Scotch baronet,
+accompanied by Scotch bagpipes, and prepared for two hundred Scotch
+appetites, there being four hundred of the said appetites admitted to
+partake of it.
+
+_Athenaeum_.--Nearly five hundred persons were present at a dinner ordered
+for two hundred and fifty.
+
+_Literary Gazette_.--The stewards provided for 300 guests: another hundred
+coming without notice of their intention, were speedily accommodated; and
+surely the exertion to accomplish this is more to be praised, than any
+little partial failure or inconvenience (such as attends all large public
+dinners) is to be cavilled at and blamed. The dinner and wines were of the
+first order, and at least nine-tenths of those present were highly
+gratified by their entertainment.
+
+But we will first quote the _Athenaeum_ account, from its being the most
+brief as well as more circumstantial, and then add the _variorum_ opinions.
+
+"Little else has been talked of these ten days, in the literary world of
+London, but the Festival in memory of the birthday of Burns and the visit
+of the Ettrick Shepherd. The names of stewards, noble and learned, were
+announced in the newspapers: hopes were held out that verses in honour of
+the occasion, written by Campbell, would be recited by Reding: and it was
+moreover added, that Captain Burns was to be present, and that the
+punch-bowl of Murray marble, filled with the liquor which his great father
+loved, would be smoking on the table. The Festival took place in
+Freemasons' Hall on Wednesday last, and though arrangements were made for
+two hundred and fifty guests, such was the curiosity, and such the crush,
+that by six o' clock, four hundred and fifty tickets were disposed of, and
+the like number of gentlemen sat down, amid no little confusion, about
+seven o' clock, to dinner. Sir John Malcolm, well known for his 'History
+of Central India,' was in the chair; on his left hand sat the eldest and
+youngest sons of Burns; the former like his father, the latter more
+resembling his mother; and on the other hand sat James Hogg, accompanied
+by many gentlemen distinguished in science and literature. The punch-bowl
+of Burns, now the property of Mr. Hastie, stood before the chair, and
+beside it, a drinking quaigh, formed from the Wallace Oak of the Torwood,
+brimmed with silver, and bearing on the bottom the grim visage of the
+northern hero."
+
+"Sir John Malcolm having consumed some time in introductory toasts, which
+the company received with impatience, proceeded to propose 'the Memory of
+ROBERT BURNS:' he dwelt less on his history than on the wide influence of
+his works, and recited many verses with taste and feeling. He related how
+deeply his fame had taken root in the East, and instanced the admiration
+of Byron in proof of his wonderful genius: but no such testimony is at all
+wanting; the songs of Burns are sung in every quarter of the globe, and
+his poems are treasured in millions of memories, so that his fame may set
+fate at defiance. All this was rapturously received; nor was the
+approbation of the company less coldly manifested when the chairman
+proposed 'the health of the ETTRICK SHEPHERD;' it appeared, however, that
+he was much less familiar with his works than with those of Burns, and
+though a native of a pastoral district, made sad work among the romances
+and ballads of the imaginative shepherd. This want was, however, in some
+degree supplied, by a most characteristic speech from Hogg himself, in
+which he related how the inspiration of the muse came upon him, in
+consequence of his being born, like Burns, on the 25th of January; how, on
+the evening of his birth, a man and horse were dispatched for the midwife,
+but the night being wild, and Ettrick deep in flood, the rider was lost;
+nevertheless, the familiar spirit called Brownie--the Lubber-Fiend of
+Milton--supplied his place, and brought the marvelling midwife in time to
+achieve the adventure of the future poet of Kilmeny. All this, and much
+more he related in a way hovering between jest and earnest, and in a
+strong Ettrick tone, to the consternation of the English part of the
+meeting, for whom it was rather peculiar and learned. The audience
+evidently, one and all, regarded the Shepherd with wonder, and hundreds
+were on tiptoe to have a look at him as he stood on a table to relate his
+own varied fortunes.
+
+"But on the banks of Tweed the chairman was aware that a wizard, still
+more enchanting than him of Yarrow, lived, or rather, lately lived; and he
+accordingly gave the health of 'SIR WALTER SCOTT, and a safe return to his
+native country.' It is needless to say with what rapture the health of
+this most illustrious of all the sons of Scotland was drunk. This
+honour--such is the word--was acknowledged by Mr. Lockhart, in a speech
+worth any two chapters in the whole range of British Biography;--it was
+clear and concise--vigorous and picturesque--and abounding with anecdote.
+Of his illustrious father-in-law, he told how Burns predicted his future
+fame, in the house of Adam Ferguson; and of Hogg he related how Scott
+found him, thirty-five years ago, with his plaid and dog, watching his
+sheep on Ettrick Banks, with more old border ballads on his memory than
+any traditionary dame of the district, and with more true poetry in his
+heart than was usual to the lot of poets. Of Hogg himself he said much
+that was amusing and instructive: one anecdote will not soon be forgotten.
+The Shepherd was at the dinner-table of a duchess, when her Grace said,
+'Mr. Hogg, where you ever here before?' 'Madam,' said the poet, 'I have
+driven cattle often past your gates, but I never was within them till
+now.'"
+
+
+"But we must have done with this splendid Festival: we cannot, however,
+conclude without a remark:--the health of 'Lord Porchester and the Poets
+of England,' was drunk; and when his Lordship made his acknowledgments, he
+was interrupted by the titter of a hundred tongues and sat down, no doubt,
+feeling that the spirit of nationality was a little too exclusive. We
+forgot to mention that neither Campbell nor his poem made their appearance,
+which we regretted for several reasons, and also that the memory of Burns
+was not drunk out of his punch-bowl. For this relique of the bard, a Jew
+of the name of Isaac, gave 60_l_. in pledge, and begged the key to keep in
+memory of the poet, when it was bought by its present possessor; and an
+Irish gentleman, not long ago, sent a 300_l_. check for it, and threatened
+Mr. Hastie with the law when he refused to give him up the punch-bowl."
+
+"We are indebted to a friend for this very pleasant notice, and must, in
+our predominent love of truth, say so. As far as the presence of numbers
+could testify general affection for the memory of Burns and respect for
+the Ettrick Shepherd, the meeting was most satisfactory; in every other
+respect it was a failure."
+
+Now let us turn to the _Court Journal_, which in its first column
+decides the Burns' Dinner to have been "the most ill-conceived,
+ill-concocted, ill-managed, and ill-attended affair of its kind that
+ever flung disgrace and ridicule on the public hospitality of the most
+inhospitable public on record." The advertised list of stewards is
+described as "hoax the first." Their names were used as baits--their
+presence being represented under the ominous forms of half-a-dozen
+well-known illustrious unknowns, headed by two "enterprising"
+booksellers! there being not a single distinguished writer present,
+except Mr. Lockhart, and he evidently _cutting_ the whole affair,--so
+far I mean as relates to taking any part in the (mis)management of it.
+Nevertheless, I see by the Papers, that "all the leading characters of
+the Metropolis were present! the poetical department of them being
+represented by Lord Porchester, and the prose department by Lord Mahon."
+Our Court visiter bears his lot with good humour: but, observes he "not
+small must have been the contemptuous pity felt for me, by those
+superior intelligences who, on my entering the Dinner Room, I found had
+already secured their seats, probably by the only practical method--that
+of taking possession of them overnight! And there is no denying the wit
+of this proceeding, on the part of those who were in the secret, that
+the repast was ordered for two hundred individuals, (nine-tenths of them
+probably _Scotch_ individuals) and was to be partaken of by _four_
+hundred." This proportion is probably correct, since "nine-tenths," are
+the precise proportion of the company gratified.--(_See the Gazette_.)
+
+Among the _elite_, or the company at the upper table, "Sir Peter Laurie
+was one, and Mr. Lockhart was not _one_: for he sat among the
+undistinguished at a side table." Our _Court_ guest also sat at a side
+table though he pleads guilty to "foul" means--"that of displacing an
+engine-turned and satine-ed card, which had been deposited therein, as the
+worthy _locum tenens_ and representative of its owner."
+
+But the contradictions circumstantial appear to (dis)advantage in the
+_Literary Gazette_, as will be seen among our quotations. The health of
+Burns being drunk "Both the sons of the poet standing up, the eldest
+expressed their gratitude for the tribute to their father's genius." The
+_Gazette_ states the Shepherd's health to have been prefaced by an "apt
+and interesting address," but the _Athenaeum_ represents the chairman to
+have "made sad work among the romances, &c." Upon the health of the poets
+of England being drunk, Lord Porchester is stated in the Gazette to have
+spoken "eloquently in reply, and pronounced a beautiful eulogium upon the
+ameliorating effects produced upon individuals and communities by the
+cultivation of the Muses:" a very pretty subject for a school theme, to be
+sure, but unfortunate in comparison with the "titter of a hundred tongues"
+by which Lord Porchester is elsewhere stated to have been silenced.
+
+"The toast of 'Sir George Murray, and the military heroes of Scotland,'
+called up that gallant officer, who addressed his applauding countrymen in
+a manner which seemed to be peculiarly grateful to their feelings. While
+he disclaimed it for his own humble services, he nobly awarded the laurel
+to his glorious companions in arms,--a Hopetoun, an Abercrombie, a Moore,
+and a Graham. He then mentioned his early recollection of Burns, whom he
+considered his father's house to have been honoured by receiving within
+its walls; and playfully alluded to what the chairman had stated of his
+sister being the 'Phemy' of the poet,
+
+        "a bonnier lass
+  Than braes of Yarrow ever saw;"
+
+and expressed his hope, as every bard was in duty bound to maintain the
+peerless beauty of the fair whom he selected for his theme, that the
+Ettrick Shepherd (whose acquaintance he this night rejoiced to have made),
+would not be provoked to jealousy in consequence of this comparison above
+the beauties of Yarrow."
+
+After a few more toasts, the Gazette observes "the night was wearing late,
+and the rest of the proceedings were obliged to be hurried through in
+rather a tumultuous manner." The unluckiest occurrence of all followed by
+Captain Basil Hall's mention of the word "politics," which "let slip the
+dogs of war," or at least led to much confusion. This was explained away;
+but the Captain was "put out," and "he was again unfortunate in attempting
+to pay a pleasant compliment, upon the excellence of his dinners, to Sir
+George Warrender, whose health was next drunk, in conjunction with the
+Scottish members of the legislature.--Sir George Warrender said he had no
+claim to have his name introduced on this occasion, and, however kindly
+intended, it had been done in a manner alike unexpected and painful to him.
+He came there as a Scotchman, proud to assist at a festival in honour of
+one of those eminent men who, in giving an imperishable fame to the poetry
+of Scotland, obtained for their country triumphs far more noble, far more
+durable, than even those which his gallant friend, who had lately
+addressed them, or than any other statesman or warrior, could achieve; for
+when the contests of individuals, and even of nations, for power had
+passed away, and were heard of no more, the verses of Burns and Walter
+Scott would still live in every quarter of the globe, to perpetuate their
+own glory, and to inspire ardent patriotism and intense love of native
+land into every Scottish heart.--Mr. P.S. Stewart, as another of the
+Scottish members, addressed the company with much energy, and restored
+harmony by remarking, that if he was not tried by his dinners, he hoped to
+be always tried by his deserts. In conclusion, he drank the health of Mr.
+Galt, whose literary talents shed a lustre on the west of Scotland, with
+which he was particularly connected. It was now, however, near the
+witching hour of night, or we might say of night's black arch, the key
+stane; and many from the lower parts of the hall had crowded up to the top;
+so that regularity of speech, or bumper, or song, there could be none.
+Galt's thanks died in embryo; and the concluding toasts of Mr. Murchison
+and Mr. Sedgewick, and the sciences of Scotland and England; the London
+Burns' Club, the stewards, and even the ladies, had but their cheers, and
+passed away. At length the pipes droned forth, and the festive drama
+closed.
+
+"We ought to record that it was enlivened by many bowls of punch brewed by
+Hogg in Burns' bowl, and in general very kindly and socially helped into
+the many glasses sent up for it by Lord Mahon: there was also some
+beautiful singing by Broadhurst, Wilson, Templeton, and Messrs. Jolly,
+Stansbury, Chapman, and other vocalists. The Shepherd, too, treated us
+with an original song, the burden of which was 'Robin's awa.' It is a
+lament for Burns as the best of the minstrels; but it was brought in by a
+laugh, in consequence of the toast-master calling for silence for a song
+from _Mr_. Shepherd."
+
+By the _Gazette_ report we conclude the Festival must have ended as many
+such meetings do; and never better expressed than by Lord Byron in his
+facete moments--"then talky, then argumentative, then disputatious, then
+unintelligible, then altogethery, then inarticulate, and then"--but we
+have done.
+
+There is some talk of an annual national meeting on this day among the
+parties with whom this "Festival" originated: but we think others will say
+it were better to leave ill-done alone, lest it become worse. Probably the
+next "Noctes" of _Blackwood's Magazine_ will set the matter at rest by
+giving the world the only true and faithful account of this memorable
+meeting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+
+LACONIC JUSTICE.
+
+Over the door of the town-hall, in Zante, one of the Greek Islands (the
+better to instruct the magistrates in their public duty) these verses are
+inscribed:--
+
+Hic locus 1 odit, 2 amat, 3 punit, 4 conservat, 5 honorat,
+1 Nequitiam, 2 pacem, 3 crimina, 4 jura, 5 probos.
+
+
+_Thus Englished by G. Sandys_.
+
+This place doth 1 hate, 2 love, 3 punish, 4 keep, 5 requite,
+1 voluptuous not, 2 peace, 3 crimes, 4 laws, 5 th' upright
+
+_From Heylyn's Cosmographie_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FLOATING SCHEME.
+
+In George the Third's collection of tracts, now in the British Museum, is
+a broadside of one page, commencing thus:--"In the name of God, amen! John
+Bulmer, of London, esquire, Master and Surveyor of the King's Majesties
+Mines, &c. &c. propoundeth--by God's assistance, that he the said John
+Bulmer, shall and will, at and in a flowing water, set out a boat or
+vessel with an engine, floating with a man or boy, in and on board the
+said boat, in the River of Thames, over against the Tower-wharf, or lower.
+Which said boat, with the said man or boy, in or aboard her, shall the
+same tide before low-water again, by art of the said John Bulmer, and help
+of the said engine, be advanced and elevated so high, as that the same
+shall pass and be delivered over London Bridge, together with this said
+man or boy, in and on board her, and float again in the said River of
+Thames, on the other side the said bridge in safety." He then proceeds to
+covenant for himself, his heirs, &c., to perform this within the space of
+one month, &c., or so soon as the undertakers, wagering against him six
+for one, should have deposited in the assurance office such a sum as he
+should consider sufficient to countervail his charges of contriving the
+boat and engine. Captain Bulmer was also to deposit his proportion of
+money, &c. This scheme was brought out in 1643.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GREEK SAILORS
+
+Still preserve the custom mentioned by Homer, of hauling their vessels on
+shore with the prows resting on the beach; having done this, they place
+the mast lengthwise across the prow and the poop, and spread the sail over
+it, so as to form a tent; beneath these tents they sing their songs,
+drinking wine freely, and accompanying their voices with the lyre, or
+three-stringed viol.
+
+T.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BILLS OF MORTALITY.
+
+"Bills of Mortality took rise," says Pennant, "in 1592; in which year
+began a great pestilence; which continued till the 18th of December, 1595.
+During this period they were kept, in order to ascertain the number of
+persons who died; but, when the plague ceased, the bills were discontinued.
+They were resumed again in 1603. At their original institution there were
+only 109 in parishes; others were gradually added; and, by the year 1681,
+the number was 132. Since that time, 14 more have been added, so that the
+whole amounts to 146, viz. 97 within the walls; 16 without the walls; 23
+out-parishes in Middlesex and Surrey; and 10 in the City and Liberties of
+Westminster."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TAILORS.
+
+Sir John Hawkwood, (the first English general,) was usually styled Joannes
+Acutus, from the sharpness, it is said, of his needle or his sword. Fuller,
+the historian, says, he "turned his needle into a sword, and his thimble
+into a shield. He was the son of a tanner, and was bound apprentice to a
+tailor, and was pressed for a soldier." He served under Edward III., and
+was knighted, distinguished himself at the battle of Poictiers, where he
+gained the esteem of the Black Prince, and finished his military career in
+the pay of the Florentines, in 1394, at his native place, Hedingham, in
+Essex. There is a monument to his memory in the parish church.
+
+Sir Ralph Blackwell was his fellow apprentice, knighted for his bravery by
+Edward III.; married his master's daughter, and founded Blackwell Hall.
+
+John Speed, the historian, was a Cheshire tailor.
+
+John Stowe, the antiquary, was also a tailor; he was born in London, in
+1525, and lived to the age of 80.
+
+Benjamin Robins was the son of a tailor, of Bath; he compiled Lord Anson's
+Voyage round the World.
+
+Elliott's regiment of light-horse was chiefly composed of tailors; and the
+first man who suggested the idea of abolishing the Slave Trade, was Thomas
+Woolman, a quaker, and tailor, of New Jersey. He published many tracts on
+this species of traffic, went great distances to consult individuals on
+the subject, on which business he came to England, and went to York, where
+he caught the small-pox, and died October 7, 1772.
+
+T.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HINTS TO COCKNEY EQUESTRIANS.
+
+The following hints are offered "in the milk of human kindness" to all
+"young gentlemen" who hire a horse, or a horse and gig, to go the amazing
+distance of Kew or Richmond, on Sundays; and may be compelled to flog the
+"tired jade" the last three miles back, in order to get it home before
+midnight; also to prevent the annoying necessity of pulling up in a street
+adjacent to the livery-stables, to cut off the frayed end of the whip
+thong, that the ostler may not detect their flagellation.
+
+M.A.S.
+
+
+I. _How to make a horse go that is utterly tired._
+
+Dismount from thy horse and prick his sides all over with little holes
+with a nayle or fine awle, in the spurring place. Take then window glass
+and stamp it unto a subtile powder, which rub into his pricked sides; then
+mounting, but touch him not with the spur, and you shall have your desire,
+for be sure if he have any life in him he will not fayle to go.
+
+
+II. _Here followeth another torment._
+
+Dismount from thy horse and get a stick, which with your knife, jag and
+cut like unto the notches of a saw, make then a slit with your knife in
+the ear of the horse, thrust therein the stick, and when you find him to
+tyre, by working the stick backwards and forwards in the ear, you will
+have your desire, for be sure if he have any life in him, he will not
+fayle to go.
+
+
+III. _Another torment may be used as follows_.--
+
+Dismount from thy horse (or gig) and take two round, smooth pebbles, which
+put into one ear of your horse, and tye up the ear, that they escape not,
+then mounting and proceeding on thy journey, thou shall have thy desire,
+for the noise of the stones jingling in his ear, will not fayle to make
+him go, until he is utterly tired.--_Markham's Farriery_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+BEAUTIES OF THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.
+
+The characteristic peculiarity of the Pilgrim's Progress is, that it is
+the only work of its kind which possesses a strong human interest. Other
+allegories only amuse the fancy. The allegory of Bunyan has been read by
+many thousands with tears. There are some good allegories in Johnson's
+works, and some of still higher merit by Addison. In these performances
+there is, perhaps, as much wit and ingenuity as in the Pilgrim's Progress.
+But the pleasure which is produced by the Vision of Mirza, or the Vision
+of Theodore, the genealogy of Wit, or the contest between Rest and Labour,
+is exactly similar to the pleasure which we derive from one of Cowley's
+Odes, or from a Canto of Hudibras. It is a pleasure which belongs wholly
+to the understanding, and in which the feelings have no part whatever. Nay,
+even Spencer himself, though assuredly one of the greatest poets that ever
+lived, could not succeed in the attempt to make allegory interesting. It
+was in vain that he lavished the riches of his mind on the House of Pride,
+and the House of Temperance. One unpardonable fault, the fault of
+tediousness, pervades the whole of the Fairy Queen. We become sick of
+Cardinal Virtues and Deadly Sins, and long for the society of plain men
+and women. Of the persons who read the first Canto, not one in ten reaches
+the end of the first book, and not one in a hundred perseveres to the end
+of the poem. Very few and very weary are those who are in at the death of
+the Blatant Beast. If the last six books, which are said to have been
+destroyed in Ireland, had been preserved, we doubt whether any heart less
+stout than that of a commentator would have held out to the end.
+
+It is not so with the Pilgrim's Progress. That wonderful book, while it
+obtains admiration from the most fastidious critics, is loved by those who
+are too simple to admire it. Doctor Johnson, all whose studies were
+desultory, and who hated, as he said, to read books through, made an
+exception in favour of the Pilgrim's Progress. That work, he said, was one
+of the two or three works which he wished longer. It was by no common
+merit that the illiterate sectary extracted praise like this from the most
+pedantic of critics, and the most bigoted of tories. In the wildest parts
+of Scotland the Pilgrim's Progress is the delight of the peasantry. In
+every nursery the Pilgrim's Progress is a greater favourite than Jack the
+Giant-Killer. Every reader knows the straight and narrow path as well as
+he knows a road in which he has gone backward and forward a hundred times.
+This is the highest miracle of genius,--that things which are not should
+be as though they were,--that the imaginations of one mind should become
+the personal recollections of another. And this miracle the tinker has
+wrought. There is no ascent, no declivity, no resting-place, no turn-stile,
+with which we are not perfectly acquainted. The wicket gate, and the
+desolate swamp which separates it from the City of Destruction,--the long
+line of road, as straight as a rule can make it,--the Interpreter's house,
+and all its fair shows,--the prisoner in the iron cage,--the palace, at
+the doors of which armed men kept guard, and on the battlements of which
+walked persons clothed all in gold,--the cross and the sepulchre,--the
+steep hill and the pleasant arbour,--the stately front of the House
+Beautiful by the wayside,--the low green valley of Humiliation, rich with
+grass and covered with flocks,--all are as well known to us as the sights
+of our own street. Then we come to the narrow place where Apollyon strode
+right across the whole breadth of the way, to stop the journey of
+Christian, and where afterwards the pillar was set up to testify how
+bravely the pilgrim had fought the good fight. As we advance, the valley
+becomes deeper and deeper. The shade of the precipices on both sides falls
+blacker and blacker. The clouds gather overhead. Doleful voices, the
+clanking of chains, and the rushing of many feet to and fro, are heard
+through the darkness. The way, hardly discernible in gloom, runs close by
+the mouth of the burning pit, which sends forth its flames, its noisome
+smoke, and its hideous shapes, to terrify the adventurer. Thence he goes
+on, amidst the snares and pitfalls, with the mangled bodies of those who
+have perished lying in the ditch by his side. At the end of the long dark
+valley, he passes the dens in which the old giants dwelt, amidst the bones
+and ashes of those whom they had slain.
+
+Then the road passes straight on through a waste moor, till at length the
+towers of a distant city appear before the traveller; and soon he is in
+the midst of the innumerable multitudes of Vanity Fair. There are the
+jugglers and the apes, the shops and the puppet-shows. There are Italian
+Row, and French Row, and Spanish Row, and Britain Row, with their crowds
+of buyers, sellers, and loungers, jabbering all the languages of the earth.
+
+Thence we go on by the little hill of the silver mine, and through the
+meadow of lilies, along the bank of that pleasant river which is bordered
+on both sides by fruit-trees. On the left side, branches off the path
+leading to that horrible castle, the courtyard of which is paved with the
+skulls of pilgrims; and right onwards are the sheepfolds and orchards of
+the Delectable Mountains.
+
+From the Delectable Mountains, the way lies through the logs and briers of
+the Enchanted Ground, with here and there a bed of soft cushions spread
+under a green arbour. And beyond is the land of Beulah, where the flowers,
+the grapes, and the songs of birds never cease, and where the sun shines
+night and day. Thence are plainly seen the golden pavements and streets of
+pearl, on the other side of that black and cold river over which there is
+no bridge.
+
+All the stages of the journey,--all the forms which cross or overtake the
+pilgrims,--giants and hobgoblins, ill-favoured ones, and shining
+ones,--the tall, comely, swarthy Madam Bubble, with her great purse by her
+side, and her fingers playing with the money,--the black man in the bright
+vesture,--Mr. Worldly-Wiseman, and my Lord Hategood,--Mr. Talkative, and
+Mrs. Timorous,--all are actually existing beings to us. We follow the
+travellers through their allegorical progress with interest not inferior
+to that with which we follow Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, or Jeanie
+Deans from Edinburgh to London. Bunyan is almost the only writer that ever
+gave to the abstract the interest of the concrete. In the works of many
+celebrated authors, men are mere personifications. We have not an Othello,
+but jealousy; not an Iago but perfidy; not a Brutus, but patriotism. The
+mind of Bunyan, on the contrary, was so imaginative, that personifications,
+when he dealt with them, became men. A dialogue between two qualities, in
+his dream, has more dramatic effect than a dialogue between two human
+beings in most plays.
+
+The Pilgrim's Progress undoubtedly is not a perfect allegory. The types
+are often inconsistent with each other; and sometimes the allegorical
+disguise is altogether thrown off. The river, for example, is emblematic
+of death; and we are told that every human being must pass through the
+river. But Faithful does not pass through it. He is martyred, not in
+shadow, but in reality, at Vanity Fair. Hopeful talks to Christian about
+Esau's birthright, and about his own convictions of sin, as Bunyan might
+have talked with one of his own congregation. The damsels at the House
+Beautiful catechise Christiana's boys, as any good ladies might catechise
+any boys at a Sunday School. But we do not believe, that any man, whatever
+might be his genius, and whatever his good luck, could long continue a
+figurative history without falling into many inconsistencies.
+
+The passages which it is most difficult to defend, are those in which he
+altogether drops the allegory, and puts into the mouth of his pilgrims
+religious ejaculations and disquisitions, better suited to his own pulpit
+at Bedford or Reading, than to the Enchanted Ground or the Interpreter's
+Garden. Yet even these passages, though we will not undertake to defend
+them against the objection of critics, we feel that we could ill spare. We
+feel that the story owes much of its charm to these occasional glimpses of
+solemn and affecting subjects, which will not be hidden, which force
+themselves through the veil, and appear before us in their native aspect.
+The effect is not unlike that which is said to have been produced on the
+ancient stage, when the eyes of the actor were seen flaming through his
+mask, and giving life and expression to what would else have been an
+inanimate and uninteresting disguise.
+
+The style of Bunyan is delightful to every reader, and invaluable as a
+study to every person who wishes to obtain a wide command over the English
+language. The vocabulary is the vocabulary of the common people. There is
+not an expression, if we except a few technical terms of theology, which
+would puzzle the rudest peasant. We have observed several pages which do
+not contain a single word of more than two syllables. Yet no writer has
+said more exactly what he meant to say. For magnificence, for pathos, for
+vehement exhortation, for subtle disquisition, for every purpose of the
+poet, the orator, and the divine, this homely dialect--the dialect of
+plain working men--was perfectly sufficient. There is no book in our
+literature on which we would so readily stake the fame of the old
+unpolluted English language--no book which shows so well how rich that
+language is in its own proper wealth, and how little it has been improved
+by all that it has borrowed.
+
+Cowper said, forty or fifty years ago, that he dared not name John Bunyan
+in his verse, for fear of moving a sneer. To our refined forefathers, we
+suppose, Lord Roscommon's Essay on Translated Verse, and the Duke of
+Buckinghamshire's Essay on Poetry, appeared to be compositions infinitely
+superior to the allegory of the preaching tinker. We live in better times;
+and we are not afraid to say, that, though there were many clever men in
+England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only
+two great creative minds. One of those minds produced the Paradise Lost,
+the other the Pilgrim's Progress.--_Edinburgh Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+A London publisher advertises a collection of Nursery Tales as a "handsome
+present for _youth_." Here the schoolmaster is surely behind-hand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPROMPTU.--TO A LADY.
+
+(_From the Italian_.)
+
+  Think not thy _faults_, my pretty scold,
+    Like transient clouds will pass away;
+  Thine image in the rose behold,
+    Whose leaves fade ere the _thorns_ decay.
+
+E.L.J.
+
+This trifle was sent to the _Mirror_ a few days since, and last Saturday
+it appeared in the _Literary Gazette_, with the same signature, E.L.J.--Is
+not this double-dealing?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Pantomimes_.--Four hundred persons are nightly employed in the pantomime
+at Covent Garden Theatre, on the stage, behind the scenes, and in the
+orchestra. Of this number are 90 carpenters in the machinery, property,
+and scenic department. The usual cost of one of these relics of olden
+Christmas at a patent theatre is L2,000.; and upwards of L10,000. are
+annually expended in producing pantomimes for the amusement of the large
+and little children of this great metropolis.
+
+
+_How to keep away the Cholera_.--Fear has proved at all times, but more
+particularly during the prevalence of cholera, a fruitful predisposing
+cause of disease; be firm, therefore, and confident. Cheerfulness of
+disposition, equanimity and serenity of mind, are essential means of
+preservation from epidemic disorders, cholera especially. You have now the
+consoling assurance of the New Board of Health, in confirmation of what we,
+the anti-contagionists, in regard to cholera, had long before declared and
+contended for, that the disease _does not pass to those about the sick_,
+and seldom spreads in families. Cholera, therefore, is thus disarmed of
+one of its worst terrors. You only run the average share of risk of one in
+1,200,000 individual inhabitants of the metropolis, of being affected by
+the epidemic influence of the atmosphere, while that influence lasts; and
+as you are put in possession of several means to counteract that influence,
+the chances are greatly in your favour that you will not be attacked by
+cholera at all. To this conclusion I am authorized to come by my
+experience, which has been very considerable, and my observations, in more
+than one general epidemic, and by what I have read in all the authors
+(twenty or thirty of them) who have treated of cholera.--_Dr. Granville_.
+
+
+_The Cholera_.--An interesting experiment was tried at Newcastle last week,
+on the state of the atmosphere. A kite was sent up, having attached to it
+a piece of fresh butcher's meat, a fresh haddock, and a small loaf of
+bread. The kite ascended to a considerable height, and remained at that
+elevation for an hour and a quarter. When brought to the ground, it was
+found that the fish and the piece of meat were both in a putrid state,
+particularly the fish; and the loaf, when examined through, a microscope,
+was discovered to be pervaded with legions of animalculae. It may be worth
+while to repeat the experiment in other places to which cholera may
+unfortunately extend itself.--_Evening Paper._
+
+_Foreign Books._--From official accounts it appears that the foreign books
+imported into the United Kingdom in the year 1830, weighed 3,441 cwt.
+3 qrs. 13 lbs. the amount of duty upon which was L11,865 4_s_. 4_d_.
+We find this in a paper on the Duties on Foreign Books in the _Foreign
+Quarterly Review_, just published; in which the imported old books have
+obtained a considerable ascendancy over the new ones.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The lovers of the Fine Arts will hear with sorrow, the destruction by fire
+of Mr. Wilmshurst's splendid Painted Window of the Tournament of the Field
+of the Cloth of Gold, described at page 246, vol. xv. of _The Mirror_. It
+was completed about two years since at a cost of nearly 2,000_l_., and
+three years' labour of the artist.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FAMILIAR SCIENCE.
+
+
+
+This Day was published, with many Engravings, price 5_s_.,
+
+  ARCANA of SCIENCE,
+  AND
+  ANNUAL REGISTER of the USEFUL ARTS,
+  for 1832;
+
+Abridged from the Transactions of Public Societies, and Scientific
+Journals, British and Foreign, for the past year.
+
+*** This volume will contain all the Important Facts in the year 1831--in
+the
+
+  MECHANIC ARTS,
+  CHEMICAL SCIENCE,
+  ZOOLOGY,
+  BOTANY,
+  MINERALOGY,
+  GEOLOGY,
+  METEOROLOGY,
+  RURAL ECONOMY,
+  GARDENING.
+  DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
+  USEFUL AND ELEGANT ARTS,
+  GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES,
+  MISCELLANEOUS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.
+
+Printing for John Limbird, 143, Strand; of whom may be had volumes (upon
+the same plan) for 1828, price 4_s_. 6_d_., 1829--30--31, price 5_s_. each.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 11515.txt or 11515.zip *****
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. XIX. No. 532. Saturday, February 4, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 8, 2004 [EBook #11515]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. XIX. No. 532.] SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1832. [PRICE 2_d_.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CASTLE OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.]
+
+[Illustration: CAVERN OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.]
+
+ROBERT THE DEVIL.
+
+All the town, and the country too, by paragraph circumstantial, and puff
+direct, must have learned that every theatre in this Metropolis, and
+consequently, every stage in the country, is to have its version of the
+splendid French opera _Robert le Diable_. Its success in Paris has been
+what the good folks there call _magnifique_, and playing the devil has
+been the theatrical order of day and night since the Revolution. As we
+know nothing of its merits, and do not write of what we neither see nor
+hear, nor believe any report of, we do not put up our hopes for its
+success. But, as the story of the opera is a pretty piece of Norman
+romance, some fair penciller has sent us the sketches of the annexed cuts,
+and our Engraver has thus pitted himself with Grieve, Stanfield, Roberts,
+and scores of minor scene-painters, who are building canvass castles, and
+scooping out caverns for the King's Theatre, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane
+Theatres. Theirs will be but candle-light glories: our scenes will be the
+same by all lights. But as scenes are of little use without actors, and
+cuts of less worth without description, we append our fair Correspondent's
+historical notices of the sites and the _dram. pers._ of "this our
+tragedy."
+
+CASTLE OF ROBERT LE DIABLE, OR ROBERT THE DEVIL.
+
+The founder of this ancient castle bears the name of _Robert the Devil_.
+It is a wonderful relic of old Norman fortification, being so defended by
+nature, as to bid defiance to its enemies, and could only have fallen by
+stratagem. It is situated on the left side of the River Seine and in the
+province of Normandy. The subterranean caverns by their amazing extent
+sufficiently attest the ancient importance of this structure; tradition
+says they extend to the banks of the Seine. Its antiquity is fully proved
+by some of the architectural fragments bearing the stamp of 912. On
+arriving at the summit of the mountain, the tourist receives an impression
+like enchantment: the castle seems to have been conveyed there by fairies;
+and at the base the eye is charmed by the fine and picturesque forest of
+Bourgtheroulde: villages elegantly grouped, enrich with their beautiful
+fabrics each bank of the Seine which majestically traverses a luxurious
+landscape. Romance, fable, and the tradition of shepherds and peasants
+describe Robert the Devil as Governor of Neustria, and a descendent of
+Rollo the celebrated Norman chief, whose name was changed to Robert, Duke
+of Normandy in 923, on his marriage with the daughter of Charles the
+simple, King of France. His great and valiant achievements are remembered
+in that country so renowned by his race, and where his name still awakens
+every sentiment of superstitious awe. All in the environs of the castle
+recount his wonderful and warlike exploits; his numerous amours; and his
+rigid penitence by which he hoped to appease the wrath of offended Heaven.
+The moans of his victims are said to resound in the Northern subterranean
+caverns; the peasantry also believe that the spirit of Robert is condemned
+to haunt the ruins of his castle, and the tombs of his "Ladies Fair." In
+justice to his memory be it remembered, that his acts of cruelty were
+alone aimed at the rapacious and guilty, and that in him helpless
+innocence ever found a protector.
+
+Robert the Devil was cotemporary with our Danish King Harold, 1065; he
+assisted Henry, the eldest son of Robert of Normandy, in gaining
+possession of the crown, and accompanied him with a large army into the
+capital of France, where they ravaged the territory of the rebels, by
+burning the towns and villages, and putting the inhabitants to the sword:
+on this account he was called Robert the Devil.
+
+When tranquillity was restored, and Henry freed from his enemies, Robert
+made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with other powerful potentates. On his
+return he was taken ill, and appointed an illegitimate son his successor,
+whose mother was the daughter of a dealer in skins at Falaise, and this
+son became that celebrated William of Normandy, our renowned conqueror!
+The Normans instigated the people to reject him, on the plea of his
+illegitimacy; but Henry I., then King of France, gratefully remembered the
+good offices of Robert the Devil, William's Father: therefore espoused his
+cause, and raised an army of three thousand men to invade Normandy; long
+and obstinate wars continued, which did not terminate till William had
+accomplished the successful invasion of England; he was the grandson of
+Rollo, known after his marriage as Robert the 1st., Duke of Normandy, who
+died 935. Thus from one of his numerous amours sprung our new dynasty of
+kings, which totally changed the aspect of the times. By some historians
+he is called Robert the IInd., Duke of Normandy, but the name by which he
+is generally known, is that dignified one of William the Conqueror.
+
+CAVERN OF ROBERT LE DIABLE.
+
+The remains of this cavern (situated in Normandy) command the attention of
+the lovers of history, not only from its antiquity, but also from its
+gloomy recesses, having afforded a safe shelter to our weak and cruel King
+John. Here he bade farewell to this province which he abandoned to the
+French Knights, and from whom he carefully concealed every trace of his
+retreat. The entrance is almost obscured, and tradition says it is so
+artfully managed as to have the appearance of a passage to another. The
+spot is barren, and it appears as if a thunder-bolt had burnt up the
+verdure. The spirit of _Robert le Diable_ is supposed to haunt the cavern
+in the form of a wolf, and advances uttering piteous cries, and
+steadfastly gazing on its place of defence (the caverns extending to the
+River Seine) reviews his former glory and conquests, and seems bitterly to
+lament the present decay. In vain the peasants commence the chase; they
+assert that the wolf though closely pursued always eludes the vigilance of
+the huntsman. On the death of Richard I. of England, 1199, his Brother
+John was proclaimed King of Normandy and Aquitaine; the Duchies of
+Brittany, the Counties of Anjou, Maine, Tours and others, acknowledged
+Arthur, John's nephew, as their sovereign, and claimed the protection of
+the King of France, Philip II., surnamed Augustus; but he despairing of
+being able to retain these provinces against the will of their inhabitants,
+sacrificed Arthur and his followers to John, who in a skirmish with some
+of the Norman Lords, carried them all prisoners into Normandy, where
+Arthur soon disappeared: the Britons assert that he was murdered by his
+uncle; and the Normans that he was accidentally killed in endeavouring to
+escape. The death of their favourite Prince stung the Britons to madness,
+as in him centered their last hope of regaining independence: an ardent
+imagination led them to believe their future destiny connected with this
+child, which inspired them with a wild affection for Philip, as being the
+enemy of his murderer. They accused John before the French King of
+Arthur's murder, and he was summoned as a Vassal of Normandy to appear and
+defend himself before the twelve Peers of France. This command being
+treated with contempt, the lands John held under the French crown were
+declared forfeit, and an army levied to put it into execution. It was on
+this emergency that John found a safe place of concealment in the cavern
+of Robert the Devil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LACONICS, &c.
+
+(_Continued from page 53_.)
+
+
+Generosity is not the virtue of the multitude, and for this reason:
+selfishness is often the consequence of ignorance, and it requires a
+cultivated mind to discern where the rights of others interfere with our
+own wishes.
+
+If commerce has benefited, it has also injured the human race; and the
+invention of the compass has brought disease as well as wealth in its
+train.
+
+The days of joy are as long and perhaps as frequent as those of grief; but
+either the memory is treacherous or the mind is too morbid to admit this
+to be the case.
+
+Without occasional seriousness and even melancholy, mirth loses its magic,
+and pleasure becomes unpalatable.
+
+It is unlucky that experience being our best teacher, we have only learnt
+its lessons perfectly, when we no longer stand in need of them; and have
+provided ourselves armour we can never wear.
+
+Chastity in women may be said to arise more from attention to worldly
+motives than deference to moral obligation: there is not so much
+continence amongst men, because there is not the same restriction.
+
+A resolution to put up calmly with misfortune, invariably has the effect
+of lightening the load.
+
+Conceit is usually seen during our first investigations after knowledge;
+but time and more accurate research teach us that not only is our
+comprehension limited, but knowledge itself is so imperfect, as not to
+warrant any vanity upon it at all.
+
+Extravagance is of course merely comparative: a man may be a spendthrift
+in copper as well as gold.
+
+We had rather be made acquainted at any time with the reality and
+certainty of distress, than be tortured by the feverish and restless
+anxiety of doubt.
+
+A too great nicety about diet is being over scrupulous, and is converting
+moderation into a fault; but on the other hand it is little better than
+gluttony, if we cannot refrain from what may by possibility be even
+slightly injurious.
+
+A celebrated traveller who had been twice round the world and visited
+every remarkable country, declared, that thought he had seen many
+wonderful things, he had never chanced to see a handsome old woman.
+
+It is difficult enough to persuade a tool, but persuasion is not all the
+difficulty: obstinacy still remains to be brought under subjection.
+
+A prejudiced person is universally condemned and yet many of our
+prejudices are excusable, and some of them necessary: if we do not indulge
+a few of our prejudices, we shall have to go on doubting and inquiring for
+ever.
+
+Scepticism has ever been the bugbear of youthful vanity, and it is
+considered knowing to quarrel with existing institutions and established
+truths; our experienced reflection regrets this inclination and we become
+weary of distracting ourselves with endless difficulties.
+
+In dreaming, it is remarkable how easily and yet imperceptibly the mind
+connects events altogether differing in their nature; and if we hear any
+noise during sleep, how instantaneously the sound is woven in with the
+events of our dream and as satisfactorily accounted.
+
+The unpleasant sensation that is produced by modesty, is amply compensated
+by the prepossession it creates in our favour.
+
+Public virtue prospers by the vices of individuals. The spendthrift gives
+a circulation to the coin of the realm, while the miser is equally useful
+in gleaning and scraping together what others have too profusely scattered.
+Luxury gives a livelihood to thousands, and the numbers supported by
+vanity are beyond calculation.
+
+There is a distinction to be drawn between self-love and selfishness,
+though they are usually confounded. Self-love is the effect of instinct,
+and is necessary for our preservation in common with other animals; but
+selfishness is a mental defect and is generated by narrowness of soul.
+
+The difference between honour and honesty is this: honour is dictated by a
+regard to character, honesty arises from a feeling of duty.
+
+It is difficult to avoid envy without laying ourselves open to contempt;
+for in being too scrupulous not to trespass on others we lay ourselves
+open to be trifled with and trampled on.
+
+That "familiarity breeds contempt" does not only mean, that he who is too
+familiar with us incurs our contempt; but also that novelty being
+indispensably necessary to our happiness we cease to admire what habit has
+familiarized.
+
+Poverty, like every thing else has its fair side. The poor man has the
+gratification of knowing that no one can have any interest in his death;
+and in his intercourse with the world he can be certain that wherever he
+is welcome, it is exclusively on his own account.
+
+If the poor have but few comforts, they are free from many miseries,
+mental as well as personal, that their superiors are subjected to: they
+have no physicians who live by their sufferings, and they never experience
+the curse of sensibility.
+
+Eloquence, engaging as it is, must always be regarded with suspicion. The
+great use made of it in the history of literature, has been to mislead the
+head by an appeal to the heart, and it was for this reason the Athenians
+forbid their orators the use of it.
+
+Conceit is generally proportionate with high station, and the greatest
+geniuses have not been entirely free from it: what indeed is ambition but
+an immoderate love of praise?
+
+When we call to mind the humiliating necessities of human nature as far as
+the body is concerned, and in our intellectual resolves the meanness or
+paltriness of many of our motives to action, we may well be surprised that
+man who has so much cause to be humble should indulge for a moment in
+pride.
+
+It is not so easy as philosophers tell us to lay aside our prejudices;
+mere volition cannot enable us to divest ourselves of long established
+feelings, and even reason is averse to laying aside theories it has once
+been taught to admire.
+
+A man may start at impending danger or wince at the sensation of pain: and
+yet he may be a true philosopher and not be afraid of death.
+
+The epicure, the drunkard, and the man of loose morals are equally
+contemptible: though the brutes obey instinct, they never exceed the
+bounds of moderation; and besides, it is beneath the dignity of man to
+place felicity in the service of his senses.
+
+A passionate man should be regarded with the same caution as a loaded
+blunderbuss, which may unexpectedly go off and do us an injury.
+
+There are many fools in the world and few wise men; at any rate there are
+more false than sound reasoners; wherefore it would seem more politic to
+adopt the opinion of the minority on most occasions.
+
+Those who are deficient in any particular accomplishment usually contrive
+either openly or indirectly to express their contempt for it: thus
+removing that obstacle which removes them from the same level.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSLATION OF DELLA CASA'S SONNET TO THE CITY OF VENICE.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+  Where these rich palaces and stately piles
+  Now rear their marble fronts, in sculptur'd pride,
+  Stood once a few rude scatter'd huts, beside
+  The desert shores of some poor clust'ring isles.
+  Yet here a hardy band, from vices free,
+  In fragile barks, rode fearless o'er the sea:
+  Not seeking over provinces to stride,
+  But here to dwell, afar from slavery.
+  They knew not fierce ambition's lust of power,
+  And while their hearts were free from thirst of gold,
+  Rather than falsehood--death they would behold.
+  If heaven hath granted thee a mightier dower,
+  I honour not the fruits that spring from thee
+  With thy new riches:--Death and Tyranny.
+
+E.L.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HOUSE OF UNDER.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+There are few families more ancient, more generally known, or more widely
+diffused throughout the known world, than that of Under: indeed, in every
+nation, though bearing different names, some branch of this family is
+extant; and there is no doubt that the _Dessous_ of France, the _Unters_
+of Germany, and the _Onders_ of the Land-_under_-water, belong to the same
+ancient and venerable house. The founders of the house, however, were of
+_low_ origin, and generally _down_ in the world. _Undergo_ was the job of
+the family, as patient as a lamb: he encouraged the blessed martyrs in
+times of yore, and is still in existence, though his patience has somewhat
+diminished. _Underhand_ is a far different character to the preceding, a
+double-dealing rascal, and as sly as a fox; he greets you with a smiling
+countenance, and while one hand is employed in shaking yours, he is
+disembarrassing you of the contents of your pocket with the other.
+_Underline_ is a gentleman of some literary attainments, though not
+entirely divested of quackery; he is particularly noted for the emphasis
+he gives to certain points in his discourse, and though in some cases,
+perhaps, he is a little too prodigal of this kind of effect, yet we could
+not well do without him. _Undermine_ is a greater rascal than Underhand,
+and had it not been for the counter-acting influence of _Underproof_, our
+house had fallen to the ground; to the ground it might have fallen, but
+had it gone farther, it would have been only to be revived in the person
+of _Underground_, a gentleman well known in the kitchens and pantries of
+the metropolis, the pantries in particular, he being a constant companion
+to the _Under-butler_. _Understand_ is the pride of the house, and by his
+shining qualities, has raised himself to an eminence never reached by any
+other member of the family. He is a conspicuous exception to the downcast
+looks of so many of his relations. _Undertake_ is an enterprising fellow,
+but he is often deceived and fails in his schemes; not so Undertaker,
+(whose similarity in name would make some folks believe there was some
+connexion;) no, _his_ affairs are calculated to a wonderful nicety, and
+every tear is priced. _Underwriter_ is a speculative genius, and--but the
+less we say of him the better. _Underrate_ is a character I cannot avoid
+mentioning, though I wish with all my heart he was dead: his greatest
+pleasure consists in detracting from the good qualities of his neighbours.
+
+I have only mentioned the English part of "Our House," although there are
+even some of that branch, whom I cannot at present call to mind, except
+_Underdone_, a lover of raw beef-steaks, and _Undervalue_, a person who
+has proved himself a great friend to custom-house officers, having some
+of the cunning of _Underhand_, but not quite so much luck, and subjecting
+his goods to seizure, for having tried to cheat the king. But I must leave
+this subject, and take my leave, till a fitter opportunity occurs for
+giving you further particulars of the "House of Under;" in the meanwhile,
+believe me, courteous reader, yours, sincerely,
+
+UNDER THE ROSE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830.
+
+We quote a page or two from the second and concluding volume of _Paris and
+its Historical Scenes_, in the _Library of Entertaining Knowledge_, which
+gives the best account of _la Grande Semaine_ that has yet appeared. The
+editor has taken Lord Bacon's advice--to read, not to take for
+granted--but to weigh and consider; and amidst the discrepancies of
+contemporary pamphleteers and journalists, his reader will not be
+surprised at the difficulty of obtaining correct information of what
+happens beneath our very window, as one of the great men of history
+confessed upwards of two centuries since. In this respect, mankind has
+scarcely progressed a jot, though men be more sceptical in not taking for
+granted.
+
+Our extract is, we hope, to the point:
+
+"It is curious to what an extent opposite feelings and opinions will
+colour even material scenes and objects to the eyes of different observers.
+Count Tasistro was also present at the capture of the Tuileries; and gives
+us in his narrative a description of what he witnessed of the conduct of
+the people after they had established themselves within the palace. Before
+presenting the reader, however, with what he says upon this subject, we
+will transcribe part of his account of his adventures in the earlier part
+of this day. 'The morning of the 29th,' he says, 'was ushered in by the
+dismal ringing of bells, the groans of distant guns, and the savage shouts
+of the populace; and I arose from a long train of dreams, which defied
+recollection as well as interpretation. The rabble, headed by a few
+beardless boys just let loose from the Polytechnic School and other
+seminaries, had been pleased to fix their head-quarters in our street.
+About half-past eleven, however, those of them who were collected here
+having heard that the popular forces who were fighting before the Louvre
+were nearly disabled by the cannon of the troops occupying that palace,
+their Polytechnic chief called upon them to follow him to the assistance
+of their brethren. Having entreated them to refrain from extravagant
+excesses, he rushed forward, and soon arrived at the scene of action. Here
+I saw him turn round and address his followers thus, 'Le cannon a déjà
+exterminé plusieurs de vos comarades; dans un instant il est à vous;
+suivez moi, et apprenez comme il faut mourir;' (_the cannon has already
+destroyed numbers of your brethren; the next instant it will be directed
+against you: follow me, and learn how to die_.) Having uttered these words,
+he darted forward, just as the gun which was pointed at him was discharged,
+and was blown into atoms. The people, however, following where he had led,
+in the enthusiasm of the moment seized the gun, and turned it immediately
+against the Swiss and the Guards that were stationed at the balconies of
+the Louvre. Other guns were afterwards taken--and the consequence was that
+the soldiers at last retreated with great precipitation, and concentrated
+their strength on the Place du Carrousel. The tricolour was already waving
+over the Louvre. I observed a little, insignificant urchin climb up the
+walls, and plant it during the contest.
+
+"The last struggle made by the Guards for their royal master was to save
+the proud palace of his ancestors; but, alas, the attempt was vain. A
+storm of balls was poured in upon them from so many sides, that the little
+presence of mind they had preserved until now, deserted them at this
+trying moment; and after a few ineffectual discharges, they retreated
+toward the Champs Elysées; and the populace, unchecked by any power but
+their own will, rushed _en masse_ into the regal mansion.
+
+"During this attack, short as it was, I happened to be in a situation far
+more critical than that of the generality of the combatants on either side.
+On entering the Place du Carrousel by the archway leading from the Quays,
+we found the confusion extreme--and, as the fire besides grew every moment
+hotter and hotter, I felt the necessity of taking refuge somewhere, and in
+my agitation ran forward and sheltered myself under the Triumphal Arch.
+Here I passed the short interval during which the combat lasted in a
+confusion of all the senses, which extended minutes to months, and gave to
+something less than half a quarter of an hour the importance of a century;
+for I was all the time between the two fires. Fortunately, as I have said,
+the affair did not last very long; and when the victorious rabble at last
+rushed into the Tuileries, I followed the general movement, and soon after
+found myself in the throne hall, where I was joined by my two missing
+friends."
+
+The Count now proceeds to inveigh in general terms against what he
+describes as the atrocious conduct of the unruly rabble--the devastation,
+pillage, and other enormities of which they were guilty. Having concluded
+this diatribe, he goes on with his narrative as follows: "Indeed the
+passion of mischief had taken such strong possession of the minds of
+all--the temptation was so widely thrown open wherever one went--that even
+I felt a touch of the desire; and, as I passed along the library hall,
+where a most splendid stock of books had been thrown on the floor, spying
+among many precious treasures a beautifully ornamented little volume,
+which, to say nothing of its gay appearance, promised to occupy no great
+room in the pocket, with the conviction that I was doing a good action, I
+picked it up. On opening it I found that it was neither a bible, nor a
+poem, nor a _congurare_ (_?_), as I had anticipated, but simply a pocket
+memorandum-book in which his Majesty had been accustomed to note his
+_parties de chasse_, and the numbers of game he killed. I immediately
+thrust it into my pocket, and have since preserved it as a keepsake--but
+shall be most happy to restore it to the owner, should that august
+personage at any time feel disposed to claim it. Would that all the rest
+of the many articles that were this day pilfered were held as sacred, and
+ready to be as punctually surrendered!
+
+"Tolerably tired at last of looking on the grim faces that surrounded us,
+we agreed to make our retreat; and descended into the garden, intending to
+pass out by the gate leading to the Quays. Here, however, we were met by a
+figure, at the sight of which we found it almost impossible to restrain
+our risibility. It was a man keeping watch at the gate as a sentinel,
+dressed for the most part as we commonly see the masters of chimney-sweeps,
+without a vestige of either shoes or shirt, and what were intended for
+coat and trousers having very doubtful pretensions to those
+designations--but, to make amends for this condition of his general
+habiliments, having a highly polished musket in his hand, a most splendid
+sword dangling by his side, and on his head a superb Marshal's hat! 'Où
+allez vous?' was the imperious demand of this extraordinary looking
+personage. 'Où nous voulons' was the instant and haughty reply of my
+friend M. The fellow, not being accustomed to such insubordination,
+ordered us to take off our hats to show whether we carried anything away
+with us. M. at this would have struck him down but for the sudden
+appearance of six men, whose looks and dress were not much better than
+those of the sentinel. These men, on being informed of our _hauteur_ (as
+it was termed), insisted on our helping them, by way of penalty for our
+offence, to carry off the dead. This was more than I, with all my
+disposition to forbearance, could submit to; so, addressing myself to the
+ugliest of them, who seemed to be the commanding officer of the party, I
+told him scornfully and in good French, that we were foreign gentlemen,
+who had nothing to do either with the dead or the living of their
+country--and that it was a very _despotic_ act to stop peaceable
+passengers in that manner. But this expostulation served only to irritate
+the raggamuffins; and one of them taking hold of my arm tried to force me
+into compliance with his orders. This was our trying moment; we all three
+made one desperate effort 'for liberty;' and, each of us having dealt his
+opponent a severe blow on the cheek, we broke from them, and ran off at
+our best speed. Three shots were immediately fired, and still we galloped
+on unhurt;--another went off, and I felt it--not that I was mortally
+wounded; it was only a spent ball that lodged itself in the flesh of my
+leg. The accident lamed me, however, for the time, and consequently put an
+end to my adventures. I was carried to my hotel, and the ball was
+extracted; but still the wound confined me to my room for two months."
+
+The battle-pieces, and head and tail-cuts, well bespeak the ups and downs
+and bursts of the Revolution. They are as plentiful in this volume, as the
+balls were about Paris in _La Grande Semaine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TIME'S TELESCOPE FOR 1832
+
+Is, as usual, a multifarious volume, and abounds with reading that must
+please all tastes. It has, moreover, to meet the exigencies of the day, a
+pretty sprinkling of cuts and plates, respecting the number of which we do
+not quarrel; in the choice of some of them we must, however, dissent from
+the editor. The Astronomical portion, by Mr. Barker, is unusually copious,
+and the cometary plates are well executed. We quote a passage:
+
+_On the probability of a concussion of a Comet with the earth_.
+
+It has been stated that the comet of 1770, passed through the system of
+the planet Jupiter, without in the slightest degree affecting the motions
+of either the primary or his satellites; also, that it passed sufficiently
+near our planet to have shortened the length of the year had its mass been
+equal to that of the earth. No effect whatever was produced, from whence
+it may be concluded, that the neighbourhood of a comet is not of
+sufficient importance to excite any alarming apprehensions for the safety
+of the habitation of man.
+
+Most of the calculations that have been made respecting the effect of the
+proximity of a comet to our earth have proceeded on erroneous
+principles,--over-rating the quantity of matter in comets, and losing
+sight of their great velocity when in this part of the system. For a comet
+to produce any direful effect, it ought to contain not merely a
+considerable quantity of matter, but also ought to be vertical and
+stationary to the earth's surface for several hours; instead of which, we
+have sufficient reason to believe that though vast in volume, comets
+contain but little matter in proportion, consequently, their attractive
+energy would be inconsiderable; also their velocity would, in a very short
+period, carry them beyond the limit of exerting any influence on the
+waters of the globe. Of course, this general statement would be modified
+by the rate and direction of a comet's motion, and also the earth's
+rotation.
+
+It may, then, be asserted with safety that the close appulse of a comet
+would not be attended with any fatal results; and that this security
+principally consists in its great velocity, which would so swiftly remove
+it to a distance. But, the very circumstance which, in the case of
+_proximity_, would be the security of our globe, (its velocity,) would, in
+the event of a _contact_, be attended with the direst effects. It is true
+that the probability of a contact is less, in an almost infinite degree,
+than the proximity of a comet, which, notwithstanding, is an event which
+every astronomer is fully aware, is within the verge of possibility.
+
+The effects of a contact would be greatly modified by circumstance. Should
+the comet strike the earth obliquely, it would glance off, and the
+consequences would be partial. If the point of collision were on a
+continent of the globe, mountains would be hurled from their bases, and
+new ones would elevate their ridges towards the clouds. Were the place of
+meeting on either of the great oceans, some regions would be deserted, and
+others would be inundated by the waters of the sea. These dreadful
+consequences would be increased, in an indefinite proportion, if the point
+of contact were in the direction of the earth's centre; the meeting would
+be terrific; the earth's period of revolution would, in all probability,
+be altered, either by carrying it nearer to or farther from the sun; a
+different inclination of the axis might be given, and there would be a
+consequent change of seasons; the diurnal motion might be either
+accelerated or retarded, by which the length of the day would be affected;
+the vast continents of the globe would be again covered with the ocean,
+which, deserting its bed, would rush towards the new equator.
+
+Infinitely more tremendous would be the catastrophe if the earth were
+struck by a _retrograde comet_ in the direction of the terrestrial centre,
+the comet making up, by its velocity, the deficiency of mass: in this case
+the centrifugal force of both bodies might be annihilated,--the
+centripetal principle alone obeyed, and both comet and earth rush to the
+sun!
+
+It must, however, be stated, that the probability of such an event is all
+but infinitely removed: the most likely of any that is known, to effect
+such a consummation, is the comet of Encke, which it has been calculated
+would come in collision with our earth after a lapse of 219 millions of
+years! This calculation proceeds on the soundest principles of reasoning,
+and proves not so much the safety of our globe from cometary destruction,
+(for some comet, hitherto unseen by mortal eyes, may _now_ be winging its
+flight directly towards our globe,) as the astonishing powers of the mind
+of man, which can thus essay to penetrate the veil of futurity, and read
+the destiny of a world.
+
+But destruction to this terrestrial orb and its teeming inhabitants, may
+be more speedily brought about than by a concussion with these celestial
+agents. A single principle of motion annihilated, evaporation suspended,
+or a component part of the atmosphere abstracted, and "final ruin would
+drive her ploughshare o'er creation;" universal conflagration would
+instantly ensue from the separation of the oxygen from the nitrogen of the
+atmosphere,--the former exerting its native energies without control
+wherever it extends,--solid rocks, ponderous marble, metals, and even
+water itself, would burst into an intensity of flame, and change the
+aspect of all sublunary things.
+
+But all these vast bodies of the universe are, doubtless, kept in their
+prescribed limits as with so many "reins and bridles," and when this earth
+has completed its destined circles, and fulfilled the purposes for which
+it was called out of nothing, it will need but the command of the glorious
+Creator who at first spoke this beautiful frame into being, bliss, and
+light, to return it to its primeval gloom, or bid it shine forth with new
+resplendent beauty and lustre.
+
+The "Notes of a Naturalist" are stated to be by Professor Rennie; but we
+question if they have been written expressly for this volume, as we
+recognise many passages from other works.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+SCOTTISH LITERARY DINNER.
+
+_As reported by Three Hands_.
+
+It is a miserable thing to quarrel or even differ over a dinner, although
+the whole affair be but a matter of taste. It is likewise a miserable
+thing to differ after dinner, since it lamentably disturbs the digestion
+of the food, as in this case it may the temper of the feeders. Yet
+respecting the dinner to celebrate the Birthday of Burns in Freemasons'
+Hall, there is a remarkable difference among the critical craft; which
+difference, by the way, no shades of opinion can reconcile. As we were not
+of the party, (and we congratulate ourselves on the escape from a Scottish
+half-dinner,) it may be well to quote from three of the reports that have
+appeared, rather than let the affair pass unnoticed in our pages. We do so
+from a wish to preserve certain traits and anecdotes which the occasion
+drew forth,--to give the pleasant rather than the "untoward" events of the
+day: though we must own the whole appears to have been a very droll
+business, always excepting the _semi-pransus_.
+
+We start with an extract from Dr. Granville's _Catechism of Health_:--
+
+_Q_. What should a dinner consist of?
+
+_A_. Of any wholesome food that is in season, plainly dressed.
+
+_Q_. Should the dinner be composed of many dishes?
+
+_A_. The most wholesome dinner is that which consists of a single dish of
+meat, with a proper quantity of vegetables.
+
+Whether the Scottish dinner was as aforesaid, we know not. Call the
+evidence.
+
+_Court Journal_.--A public dinner at a public-house (this is a court
+sneer)--provided by Scotch booksellers, presided at by a Scotch baronet,
+accompanied by Scotch bagpipes, and prepared for two hundred Scotch
+appetites, there being four hundred of the said appetites admitted to
+partake of it.
+
+_Athenaeum_.--Nearly five hundred persons were present at a dinner ordered
+for two hundred and fifty.
+
+_Literary Gazette_.--The stewards provided for 300 guests: another hundred
+coming without notice of their intention, were speedily accommodated; and
+surely the exertion to accomplish this is more to be praised, than any
+little partial failure or inconvenience (such as attends all large public
+dinners) is to be cavilled at and blamed. The dinner and wines were of the
+first order, and at least nine-tenths of those present were highly
+gratified by their entertainment.
+
+But we will first quote the _Athenaeum_ account, from its being the most
+brief as well as more circumstantial, and then add the _variorum_ opinions.
+
+"Little else has been talked of these ten days, in the literary world of
+London, but the Festival in memory of the birthday of Burns and the visit
+of the Ettrick Shepherd. The names of stewards, noble and learned, were
+announced in the newspapers: hopes were held out that verses in honour of
+the occasion, written by Campbell, would be recited by Reding: and it was
+moreover added, that Captain Burns was to be present, and that the
+punch-bowl of Murray marble, filled with the liquor which his great father
+loved, would be smoking on the table. The Festival took place in
+Freemasons' Hall on Wednesday last, and though arrangements were made for
+two hundred and fifty guests, such was the curiosity, and such the crush,
+that by six o' clock, four hundred and fifty tickets were disposed of, and
+the like number of gentlemen sat down, amid no little confusion, about
+seven o' clock, to dinner. Sir John Malcolm, well known for his 'History
+of Central India,' was in the chair; on his left hand sat the eldest and
+youngest sons of Burns; the former like his father, the latter more
+resembling his mother; and on the other hand sat James Hogg, accompanied
+by many gentlemen distinguished in science and literature. The punch-bowl
+of Burns, now the property of Mr. Hastie, stood before the chair, and
+beside it, a drinking quaigh, formed from the Wallace Oak of the Torwood,
+brimmed with silver, and bearing on the bottom the grim visage of the
+northern hero."
+
+"Sir John Malcolm having consumed some time in introductory toasts, which
+the company received with impatience, proceeded to propose 'the Memory of
+ROBERT BURNS:' he dwelt less on his history than on the wide influence of
+his works, and recited many verses with taste and feeling. He related how
+deeply his fame had taken root in the East, and instanced the admiration
+of Byron in proof of his wonderful genius: but no such testimony is at all
+wanting; the songs of Burns are sung in every quarter of the globe, and
+his poems are treasured in millions of memories, so that his fame may set
+fate at defiance. All this was rapturously received; nor was the
+approbation of the company less coldly manifested when the chairman
+proposed 'the health of the ETTRICK SHEPHERD;' it appeared, however, that
+he was much less familiar with his works than with those of Burns, and
+though a native of a pastoral district, made sad work among the romances
+and ballads of the imaginative shepherd. This want was, however, in some
+degree supplied, by a most characteristic speech from Hogg himself, in
+which he related how the inspiration of the muse came upon him, in
+consequence of his being born, like Burns, on the 25th of January; how, on
+the evening of his birth, a man and horse were dispatched for the midwife,
+but the night being wild, and Ettrick deep in flood, the rider was lost;
+nevertheless, the familiar spirit called Brownie--the Lubber-Fiend of
+Milton--supplied his place, and brought the marvelling midwife in time to
+achieve the adventure of the future poet of Kilmeny. All this, and much
+more he related in a way hovering between jest and earnest, and in a
+strong Ettrick tone, to the consternation of the English part of the
+meeting, for whom it was rather peculiar and learned. The audience
+evidently, one and all, regarded the Shepherd with wonder, and hundreds
+were on tiptoe to have a look at him as he stood on a table to relate his
+own varied fortunes.
+
+"But on the banks of Tweed the chairman was aware that a wizard, still
+more enchanting than him of Yarrow, lived, or rather, lately lived; and he
+accordingly gave the health of 'SIR WALTER SCOTT, and a safe return to his
+native country.' It is needless to say with what rapture the health of
+this most illustrious of all the sons of Scotland was drunk. This
+honour--such is the word--was acknowledged by Mr. Lockhart, in a speech
+worth any two chapters in the whole range of British Biography;--it was
+clear and concise--vigorous and picturesque--and abounding with anecdote.
+Of his illustrious father-in-law, he told how Burns predicted his future
+fame, in the house of Adam Ferguson; and of Hogg he related how Scott
+found him, thirty-five years ago, with his plaid and dog, watching his
+sheep on Ettrick Banks, with more old border ballads on his memory than
+any traditionary dame of the district, and with more true poetry in his
+heart than was usual to the lot of poets. Of Hogg himself he said much
+that was amusing and instructive: one anecdote will not soon be forgotten.
+The Shepherd was at the dinner-table of a duchess, when her Grace said,
+'Mr. Hogg, where you ever here before?' 'Madam,' said the poet, 'I have
+driven cattle often past your gates, but I never was within them till
+now.'"
+
+
+"But we must have done with this splendid Festival: we cannot, however,
+conclude without a remark:--the health of 'Lord Porchester and the Poets
+of England,' was drunk; and when his Lordship made his acknowledgments, he
+was interrupted by the titter of a hundred tongues and sat down, no doubt,
+feeling that the spirit of nationality was a little too exclusive. We
+forgot to mention that neither Campbell nor his poem made their appearance,
+which we regretted for several reasons, and also that the memory of Burns
+was not drunk out of his punch-bowl. For this relique of the bard, a Jew
+of the name of Isaac, gave 60_l_. in pledge, and begged the key to keep in
+memory of the poet, when it was bought by its present possessor; and an
+Irish gentleman, not long ago, sent a 300_l_. check for it, and threatened
+Mr. Hastie with the law when he refused to give him up the punch-bowl."
+
+"We are indebted to a friend for this very pleasant notice, and must, in
+our predominent love of truth, say so. As far as the presence of numbers
+could testify general affection for the memory of Burns and respect for
+the Ettrick Shepherd, the meeting was most satisfactory; in every other
+respect it was a failure."
+
+Now let us turn to the _Court Journal_, which in its first column
+decides the Burns' Dinner to have been "the most ill-conceived,
+ill-concocted, ill-managed, and ill-attended affair of its kind that
+ever flung disgrace and ridicule on the public hospitality of the most
+inhospitable public on record." The advertised list of stewards is
+described as "hoax the first." Their names were used as baits--their
+presence being represented under the ominous forms of half-a-dozen
+well-known illustrious unknowns, headed by two "enterprising"
+booksellers! there being not a single distinguished writer present,
+except Mr. Lockhart, and he evidently _cutting_ the whole affair,--so
+far I mean as relates to taking any part in the (mis)management of it.
+Nevertheless, I see by the Papers, that "all the leading characters of
+the Metropolis were present! the poetical department of them being
+represented by Lord Porchester, and the prose department by Lord Mahon."
+Our Court visiter bears his lot with good humour: but, observes he "not
+small must have been the contemptuous pity felt for me, by those
+superior intelligences who, on my entering the Dinner Room, I found had
+already secured their seats, probably by the only practical method--that
+of taking possession of them overnight! And there is no denying the wit
+of this proceeding, on the part of those who were in the secret, that
+the repast was ordered for two hundred individuals, (nine-tenths of them
+probably _Scotch_ individuals) and was to be partaken of by _four_
+hundred." This proportion is probably correct, since "nine-tenths," are
+the precise proportion of the company gratified.--(_See the Gazette_.)
+
+Among the _élite_, or the company at the upper table, "Sir Peter Laurie
+was one, and Mr. Lockhart was not _one_: for he sat among the
+undistinguished at a side table." Our _Court_ guest also sat at a side
+table though he pleads guilty to "foul" means--"that of displacing an
+engine-turned and satine-ed card, which had been deposited therein, as the
+worthy _locum tenens_ and representative of its owner."
+
+But the contradictions circumstantial appear to (dis)advantage in the
+_Literary Gazette_, as will be seen among our quotations. The health of
+Burns being drunk "Both the sons of the poet standing up, the eldest
+expressed their gratitude for the tribute to their father's genius." The
+_Gazette_ states the Shepherd's health to have been prefaced by an "apt
+and interesting address," but the _Athenaeum_ represents the chairman to
+have "made sad work among the romances, &c." Upon the health of the poets
+of England being drunk, Lord Porchester is stated in the Gazette to have
+spoken "eloquently in reply, and pronounced a beautiful eulogium upon the
+ameliorating effects produced upon individuals and communities by the
+cultivation of the Muses:" a very pretty subject for a school theme, to be
+sure, but unfortunate in comparison with the "titter of a hundred tongues"
+by which Lord Porchester is elsewhere stated to have been silenced.
+
+"The toast of 'Sir George Murray, and the military heroes of Scotland,'
+called up that gallant officer, who addressed his applauding countrymen in
+a manner which seemed to be peculiarly grateful to their feelings. While
+he disclaimed it for his own humble services, he nobly awarded the laurel
+to his glorious companions in arms,--a Hopetoun, an Abercrombie, a Moore,
+and a Graham. He then mentioned his early recollection of Burns, whom he
+considered his father's house to have been honoured by receiving within
+its walls; and playfully alluded to what the chairman had stated of his
+sister being the 'Phemy' of the poet,
+
+        "a bonnier lass
+  Than braes of Yarrow ever saw;"
+
+and expressed his hope, as every bard was in duty bound to maintain the
+peerless beauty of the fair whom he selected for his theme, that the
+Ettrick Shepherd (whose acquaintance he this night rejoiced to have made),
+would not be provoked to jealousy in consequence of this comparison above
+the beauties of Yarrow."
+
+After a few more toasts, the Gazette observes "the night was wearing late,
+and the rest of the proceedings were obliged to be hurried through in
+rather a tumultuous manner." The unluckiest occurrence of all followed by
+Captain Basil Hall's mention of the word "politics," which "let slip the
+dogs of war," or at least led to much confusion. This was explained away;
+but the Captain was "put out," and "he was again unfortunate in attempting
+to pay a pleasant compliment, upon the excellence of his dinners, to Sir
+George Warrender, whose health was next drunk, in conjunction with the
+Scottish members of the legislature.--Sir George Warrender said he had no
+claim to have his name introduced on this occasion, and, however kindly
+intended, it had been done in a manner alike unexpected and painful to him.
+He came there as a Scotchman, proud to assist at a festival in honour of
+one of those eminent men who, in giving an imperishable fame to the poetry
+of Scotland, obtained for their country triumphs far more noble, far more
+durable, than even those which his gallant friend, who had lately
+addressed them, or than any other statesman or warrior, could achieve; for
+when the contests of individuals, and even of nations, for power had
+passed away, and were heard of no more, the verses of Burns and Walter
+Scott would still live in every quarter of the globe, to perpetuate their
+own glory, and to inspire ardent patriotism and intense love of native
+land into every Scottish heart.--Mr. P.S. Stewart, as another of the
+Scottish members, addressed the company with much energy, and restored
+harmony by remarking, that if he was not tried by his dinners, he hoped to
+be always tried by his deserts. In conclusion, he drank the health of Mr.
+Galt, whose literary talents shed a lustre on the west of Scotland, with
+which he was particularly connected. It was now, however, near the
+witching hour of night, or we might say of night's black arch, the key
+stane; and many from the lower parts of the hall had crowded up to the top;
+so that regularity of speech, or bumper, or song, there could be none.
+Galt's thanks died in embryo; and the concluding toasts of Mr. Murchison
+and Mr. Sedgewick, and the sciences of Scotland and England; the London
+Burns' Club, the stewards, and even the ladies, had but their cheers, and
+passed away. At length the pipes droned forth, and the festive drama
+closed.
+
+"We ought to record that it was enlivened by many bowls of punch brewed by
+Hogg in Burns' bowl, and in general very kindly and socially helped into
+the many glasses sent up for it by Lord Mahon: there was also some
+beautiful singing by Broadhurst, Wilson, Templeton, and Messrs. Jolly,
+Stansbury, Chapman, and other vocalists. The Shepherd, too, treated us
+with an original song, the burden of which was 'Robin's awa.' It is a
+lament for Burns as the best of the minstrels; but it was brought in by a
+laugh, in consequence of the toast-master calling for silence for a song
+from _Mr_. Shepherd."
+
+By the _Gazette_ report we conclude the Festival must have ended as many
+such meetings do; and never better expressed than by Lord Byron in his
+facete moments--"then talky, then argumentative, then disputatious, then
+unintelligible, then altogethery, then inarticulate, and then"--but we
+have done.
+
+There is some talk of an annual national meeting on this day among the
+parties with whom this "Festival" originated: but we think others will say
+it were better to leave ill-done alone, lest it become worse. Probably the
+next "Noctes" of _Blackwood's Magazine_ will set the matter at rest by
+giving the world the only true and faithful account of this memorable
+meeting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+
+LACONIC JUSTICE.
+
+Over the door of the town-hall, in Zante, one of the Greek Islands (the
+better to instruct the magistrates in their public duty) these verses are
+inscribed:--
+
+Hic locus 1 odit, 2 amat, 3 punit, 4 conservat, 5 honorat,
+1 Nequitiam, 2 pacem, 3 crimina, 4 jura, 5 probos.
+
+
+_Thus Englished by G. Sandys_.
+
+This place doth 1 hate, 2 love, 3 punish, 4 keep, 5 requite,
+1 voluptuous not, 2 peace, 3 crimes, 4 laws, 5 th' upright
+
+_From Heylyn's Cosmographie_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FLOATING SCHEME.
+
+In George the Third's collection of tracts, now in the British Museum, is
+a broadside of one page, commencing thus:--"In the name of God, amen! John
+Bulmer, of London, esquire, Master and Surveyor of the King's Majesties
+Mines, &c. &c. propoundeth--by God's assistance, that he the said John
+Bulmer, shall and will, at and in a flowing water, set out a boat or
+vessel with an engine, floating with a man or boy, in and on board the
+said boat, in the River of Thames, over against the Tower-wharf, or lower.
+Which said boat, with the said man or boy, in or aboard her, shall the
+same tide before low-water again, by art of the said John Bulmer, and help
+of the said engine, be advanced and elevated so high, as that the same
+shall pass and be delivered over London Bridge, together with this said
+man or boy, in and on board her, and float again in the said River of
+Thames, on the other side the said bridge in safety." He then proceeds to
+covenant for himself, his heirs, &c., to perform this within the space of
+one month, &c., or so soon as the undertakers, wagering against him six
+for one, should have deposited in the assurance office such a sum as he
+should consider sufficient to countervail his charges of contriving the
+boat and engine. Captain Bulmer was also to deposit his proportion of
+money, &c. This scheme was brought out in 1643.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GREEK SAILORS
+
+Still preserve the custom mentioned by Homer, of hauling their vessels on
+shore with the prows resting on the beach; having done this, they place
+the mast lengthwise across the prow and the poop, and spread the sail over
+it, so as to form a tent; beneath these tents they sing their songs,
+drinking wine freely, and accompanying their voices with the lyre, or
+three-stringed viol.
+
+T.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BILLS OF MORTALITY.
+
+"Bills of Mortality took rise," says Pennant, "in 1592; in which year
+began a great pestilence; which continued till the 18th of December, 1595.
+During this period they were kept, in order to ascertain the number of
+persons who died; but, when the plague ceased, the bills were discontinued.
+They were resumed again in 1603. At their original institution there were
+only 109 in parishes; others were gradually added; and, by the year 1681,
+the number was 132. Since that time, 14 more have been added, so that the
+whole amounts to 146, viz. 97 within the walls; 16 without the walls; 23
+out-parishes in Middlesex and Surrey; and 10 in the City and Liberties of
+Westminster."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TAILORS.
+
+Sir John Hawkwood, (the first English general,) was usually styled Joannes
+Acutus, from the sharpness, it is said, of his needle or his sword. Fuller,
+the historian, says, he "turned his needle into a sword, and his thimble
+into a shield. He was the son of a tanner, and was bound apprentice to a
+tailor, and was pressed for a soldier." He served under Edward III., and
+was knighted, distinguished himself at the battle of Poictiers, where he
+gained the esteem of the Black Prince, and finished his military career in
+the pay of the Florentines, in 1394, at his native place, Hedingham, in
+Essex. There is a monument to his memory in the parish church.
+
+Sir Ralph Blackwell was his fellow apprentice, knighted for his bravery by
+Edward III.; married his master's daughter, and founded Blackwell Hall.
+
+John Speed, the historian, was a Cheshire tailor.
+
+John Stowe, the antiquary, was also a tailor; he was born in London, in
+1525, and lived to the age of 80.
+
+Benjamin Robins was the son of a tailor, of Bath; he compiled Lord Anson's
+Voyage round the World.
+
+Elliott's regiment of light-horse was chiefly composed of tailors; and the
+first man who suggested the idea of abolishing the Slave Trade, was Thomas
+Woolman, a quaker, and tailor, of New Jersey. He published many tracts on
+this species of traffic, went great distances to consult individuals on
+the subject, on which business he came to England, and went to York, where
+he caught the small-pox, and died October 7, 1772.
+
+T.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HINTS TO COCKNEY EQUESTRIANS.
+
+The following hints are offered "in the milk of human kindness" to all
+"young gentlemen" who hire a horse, or a horse and gig, to go the amazing
+distance of Kew or Richmond, on Sundays; and may be compelled to flog the
+"tired jade" the last three miles back, in order to get it home before
+midnight; also to prevent the annoying necessity of pulling up in a street
+adjacent to the livery-stables, to cut off the frayed end of the whip
+thong, that the ostler may not detect their flagellation.
+
+M.A.S.
+
+
+I. _How to make a horse go that is utterly tired._
+
+Dismount from thy horse and prick his sides all over with little holes
+with a nayle or fine awle, in the spurring place. Take then window glass
+and stamp it unto a subtile powder, which rub into his pricked sides; then
+mounting, but touch him not with the spur, and you shall have your desire,
+for be sure if he have any life in him he will not fayle to go.
+
+
+II. _Here followeth another torment._
+
+Dismount from thy horse and get a stick, which with your knife, jag and
+cut like unto the notches of a saw, make then a slit with your knife in
+the ear of the horse, thrust therein the stick, and when you find him to
+tyre, by working the stick backwards and forwards in the ear, you will
+have your desire, for be sure if he have any life in him, he will not
+fayle to go.
+
+
+III. _Another torment may be used as follows_.--
+
+Dismount from thy horse (or gig) and take two round, smooth pebbles, which
+put into one ear of your horse, and tye up the ear, that they escape not,
+then mounting and proceeding on thy journey, thou shall have thy desire,
+for the noise of the stones jingling in his ear, will not fayle to make
+him go, until he is utterly tired.--_Markham's Farriery_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+BEAUTIES OF THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.
+
+The characteristic peculiarity of the Pilgrim's Progress is, that it is
+the only work of its kind which possesses a strong human interest. Other
+allegories only amuse the fancy. The allegory of Bunyan has been read by
+many thousands with tears. There are some good allegories in Johnson's
+works, and some of still higher merit by Addison. In these performances
+there is, perhaps, as much wit and ingenuity as in the Pilgrim's Progress.
+But the pleasure which is produced by the Vision of Mirza, or the Vision
+of Theodore, the genealogy of Wit, or the contest between Rest and Labour,
+is exactly similar to the pleasure which we derive from one of Cowley's
+Odes, or from a Canto of Hudibras. It is a pleasure which belongs wholly
+to the understanding, and in which the feelings have no part whatever. Nay,
+even Spencer himself, though assuredly one of the greatest poets that ever
+lived, could not succeed in the attempt to make allegory interesting. It
+was in vain that he lavished the riches of his mind on the House of Pride,
+and the House of Temperance. One unpardonable fault, the fault of
+tediousness, pervades the whole of the Fairy Queen. We become sick of
+Cardinal Virtues and Deadly Sins, and long for the society of plain men
+and women. Of the persons who read the first Canto, not one in ten reaches
+the end of the first book, and not one in a hundred perseveres to the end
+of the poem. Very few and very weary are those who are in at the death of
+the Blatant Beast. If the last six books, which are said to have been
+destroyed in Ireland, had been preserved, we doubt whether any heart less
+stout than that of a commentator would have held out to the end.
+
+It is not so with the Pilgrim's Progress. That wonderful book, while it
+obtains admiration from the most fastidious critics, is loved by those who
+are too simple to admire it. Doctor Johnson, all whose studies were
+desultory, and who hated, as he said, to read books through, made an
+exception in favour of the Pilgrim's Progress. That work, he said, was one
+of the two or three works which he wished longer. It was by no common
+merit that the illiterate sectary extracted praise like this from the most
+pedantic of critics, and the most bigoted of tories. In the wildest parts
+of Scotland the Pilgrim's Progress is the delight of the peasantry. In
+every nursery the Pilgrim's Progress is a greater favourite than Jack the
+Giant-Killer. Every reader knows the straight and narrow path as well as
+he knows a road in which he has gone backward and forward a hundred times.
+This is the highest miracle of genius,--that things which are not should
+be as though they were,--that the imaginations of one mind should become
+the personal recollections of another. And this miracle the tinker has
+wrought. There is no ascent, no declivity, no resting-place, no turn-stile,
+with which we are not perfectly acquainted. The wicket gate, and the
+desolate swamp which separates it from the City of Destruction,--the long
+line of road, as straight as a rule can make it,--the Interpreter's house,
+and all its fair shows,--the prisoner in the iron cage,--the palace, at
+the doors of which armed men kept guard, and on the battlements of which
+walked persons clothed all in gold,--the cross and the sepulchre,--the
+steep hill and the pleasant arbour,--the stately front of the House
+Beautiful by the wayside,--the low green valley of Humiliation, rich with
+grass and covered with flocks,--all are as well known to us as the sights
+of our own street. Then we come to the narrow place where Apollyon strode
+right across the whole breadth of the way, to stop the journey of
+Christian, and where afterwards the pillar was set up to testify how
+bravely the pilgrim had fought the good fight. As we advance, the valley
+becomes deeper and deeper. The shade of the precipices on both sides falls
+blacker and blacker. The clouds gather overhead. Doleful voices, the
+clanking of chains, and the rushing of many feet to and fro, are heard
+through the darkness. The way, hardly discernible in gloom, runs close by
+the mouth of the burning pit, which sends forth its flames, its noisome
+smoke, and its hideous shapes, to terrify the adventurer. Thence he goes
+on, amidst the snares and pitfalls, with the mangled bodies of those who
+have perished lying in the ditch by his side. At the end of the long dark
+valley, he passes the dens in which the old giants dwelt, amidst the bones
+and ashes of those whom they had slain.
+
+Then the road passes straight on through a waste moor, till at length the
+towers of a distant city appear before the traveller; and soon he is in
+the midst of the innumerable multitudes of Vanity Fair. There are the
+jugglers and the apes, the shops and the puppet-shows. There are Italian
+Row, and French Row, and Spanish Row, and Britain Row, with their crowds
+of buyers, sellers, and loungers, jabbering all the languages of the earth.
+
+Thence we go on by the little hill of the silver mine, and through the
+meadow of lilies, along the bank of that pleasant river which is bordered
+on both sides by fruit-trees. On the left side, branches off the path
+leading to that horrible castle, the courtyard of which is paved with the
+skulls of pilgrims; and right onwards are the sheepfolds and orchards of
+the Delectable Mountains.
+
+From the Delectable Mountains, the way lies through the logs and briers of
+the Enchanted Ground, with here and there a bed of soft cushions spread
+under a green arbour. And beyond is the land of Beulah, where the flowers,
+the grapes, and the songs of birds never cease, and where the sun shines
+night and day. Thence are plainly seen the golden pavements and streets of
+pearl, on the other side of that black and cold river over which there is
+no bridge.
+
+All the stages of the journey,--all the forms which cross or overtake the
+pilgrims,--giants and hobgoblins, ill-favoured ones, and shining
+ones,--the tall, comely, swarthy Madam Bubble, with her great purse by her
+side, and her fingers playing with the money,--the black man in the bright
+vesture,--Mr. Worldly-Wiseman, and my Lord Hategood,--Mr. Talkative, and
+Mrs. Timorous,--all are actually existing beings to us. We follow the
+travellers through their allegorical progress with interest not inferior
+to that with which we follow Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, or Jeanie
+Deans from Edinburgh to London. Bunyan is almost the only writer that ever
+gave to the abstract the interest of the concrete. In the works of many
+celebrated authors, men are mere personifications. We have not an Othello,
+but jealousy; not an Iago but perfidy; not a Brutus, but patriotism. The
+mind of Bunyan, on the contrary, was so imaginative, that personifications,
+when he dealt with them, became men. A dialogue between two qualities, in
+his dream, has more dramatic effect than a dialogue between two human
+beings in most plays.
+
+The Pilgrim's Progress undoubtedly is not a perfect allegory. The types
+are often inconsistent with each other; and sometimes the allegorical
+disguise is altogether thrown off. The river, for example, is emblematic
+of death; and we are told that every human being must pass through the
+river. But Faithful does not pass through it. He is martyred, not in
+shadow, but in reality, at Vanity Fair. Hopeful talks to Christian about
+Esau's birthright, and about his own convictions of sin, as Bunyan might
+have talked with one of his own congregation. The damsels at the House
+Beautiful catechise Christiana's boys, as any good ladies might catechise
+any boys at a Sunday School. But we do not believe, that any man, whatever
+might be his genius, and whatever his good luck, could long continue a
+figurative history without falling into many inconsistencies.
+
+The passages which it is most difficult to defend, are those in which he
+altogether drops the allegory, and puts into the mouth of his pilgrims
+religious ejaculations and disquisitions, better suited to his own pulpit
+at Bedford or Reading, than to the Enchanted Ground or the Interpreter's
+Garden. Yet even these passages, though we will not undertake to defend
+them against the objection of critics, we feel that we could ill spare. We
+feel that the story owes much of its charm to these occasional glimpses of
+solemn and affecting subjects, which will not be hidden, which force
+themselves through the veil, and appear before us in their native aspect.
+The effect is not unlike that which is said to have been produced on the
+ancient stage, when the eyes of the actor were seen flaming through his
+mask, and giving life and expression to what would else have been an
+inanimate and uninteresting disguise.
+
+The style of Bunyan is delightful to every reader, and invaluable as a
+study to every person who wishes to obtain a wide command over the English
+language. The vocabulary is the vocabulary of the common people. There is
+not an expression, if we except a few technical terms of theology, which
+would puzzle the rudest peasant. We have observed several pages which do
+not contain a single word of more than two syllables. Yet no writer has
+said more exactly what he meant to say. For magnificence, for pathos, for
+vehement exhortation, for subtle disquisition, for every purpose of the
+poet, the orator, and the divine, this homely dialect--the dialect of
+plain working men--was perfectly sufficient. There is no book in our
+literature on which we would so readily stake the fame of the old
+unpolluted English language--no book which shows so well how rich that
+language is in its own proper wealth, and how little it has been improved
+by all that it has borrowed.
+
+Cowper said, forty or fifty years ago, that he dared not name John Bunyan
+in his verse, for fear of moving a sneer. To our refined forefathers, we
+suppose, Lord Roscommon's Essay on Translated Verse, and the Duke of
+Buckinghamshire's Essay on Poetry, appeared to be compositions infinitely
+superior to the allegory of the preaching tinker. We live in better times;
+and we are not afraid to say, that, though there were many clever men in
+England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only
+two great creative minds. One of those minds produced the Paradise Lost,
+the other the Pilgrim's Progress.--_Edinburgh Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+A London publisher advertises a collection of Nursery Tales as a "handsome
+present for _youth_." Here the schoolmaster is surely behind-hand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPROMPTU.--TO A LADY.
+
+(_From the Italian_.)
+
+  Think not thy _faults_, my pretty scold,
+    Like transient clouds will pass away;
+  Thine image in the rose behold,
+    Whose leaves fade ere the _thorns_ decay.
+
+E.L.J.
+
+This trifle was sent to the _Mirror_ a few days since, and last Saturday
+it appeared in the _Literary Gazette_, with the same signature, E.L.J.--Is
+not this double-dealing?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Pantomimes_.--Four hundred persons are nightly employed in the pantomime
+at Covent Garden Theatre, on the stage, behind the scenes, and in the
+orchestra. Of this number are 90 carpenters in the machinery, property,
+and scenic department. The usual cost of one of these relics of olden
+Christmas at a patent theatre is £2,000.; and upwards of £10,000. are
+annually expended in producing pantomimes for the amusement of the large
+and little children of this great metropolis.
+
+
+_How to keep away the Cholera_.--Fear has proved at all times, but more
+particularly during the prevalence of cholera, a fruitful predisposing
+cause of disease; be firm, therefore, and confident. Cheerfulness of
+disposition, equanimity and serenity of mind, are essential means of
+preservation from epidemic disorders, cholera especially. You have now the
+consoling assurance of the New Board of Health, in confirmation of what we,
+the anti-contagionists, in regard to cholera, had long before declared and
+contended for, that the disease _does not pass to those about the sick_,
+and seldom spreads in families. Cholera, therefore, is thus disarmed of
+one of its worst terrors. You only run the average share of risk of one in
+1,200,000 individual inhabitants of the metropolis, of being affected by
+the epidemic influence of the atmosphere, while that influence lasts; and
+as you are put in possession of several means to counteract that influence,
+the chances are greatly in your favour that you will not be attacked by
+cholera at all. To this conclusion I am authorized to come by my
+experience, which has been very considerable, and my observations, in more
+than one general epidemic, and by what I have read in all the authors
+(twenty or thirty of them) who have treated of cholera.--_Dr. Granville_.
+
+
+_The Cholera_.--An interesting experiment was tried at Newcastle last week,
+on the state of the atmosphere. A kite was sent up, having attached to it
+a piece of fresh butcher's meat, a fresh haddock, and a small loaf of
+bread. The kite ascended to a considerable height, and remained at that
+elevation for an hour and a quarter. When brought to the ground, it was
+found that the fish and the piece of meat were both in a putrid state,
+particularly the fish; and the loaf, when examined through, a microscope,
+was discovered to be pervaded with legions of animalculae. It may be worth
+while to repeat the experiment in other places to which cholera may
+unfortunately extend itself.--_Evening Paper._
+
+_Foreign Books._--From official accounts it appears that the foreign books
+imported into the United Kingdom in the year 1830, weighed 3,441 cwt.
+3 qrs. 13 lbs. the amount of duty upon which was £11,865 4_s_. 4_d_.
+We find this in a paper on the Duties on Foreign Books in the _Foreign
+Quarterly Review_, just published; in which the imported old books have
+obtained a considerable ascendancy over the new ones.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The lovers of the Fine Arts will hear with sorrow, the destruction by fire
+of Mr. Wilmshurst's splendid Painted Window of the Tournament of the Field
+of the Cloth of Gold, described at page 246, vol. xv. of _The Mirror_. It
+was completed about two years since at a cost of nearly 2,000_l_., and
+three years' labour of the artist.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FAMILIAR SCIENCE.
+
+
+
+This Day was published, with many Engravings, price 5_s_.,
+
+  ARCANA of SCIENCE,
+  AND
+  ANNUAL REGISTER of the USEFUL ARTS,
+  for 1832;
+
+Abridged from the Transactions of Public Societies, and Scientific
+Journals, British and Foreign, for the past year.
+
+*** This volume will contain all the Important Facts in the year 1831--in
+the
+
+  MECHANIC ARTS,
+  CHEMICAL SCIENCE,
+  ZOOLOGY,
+  BOTANY,
+  MINERALOGY,
+  GEOLOGY,
+  METEOROLOGY,
+  RURAL ECONOMY,
+  GARDENING.
+  DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
+  USEFUL AND ELEGANT ARTS,
+  GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES,
+  MISCELLANEOUS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.
+
+Printing for John Limbird, 143, Strand; of whom may be had volumes (upon
+the same plan) for 1828, price 4_s_. 6_d_., 1829--30--31, price 5_s_. each.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 11515-8.txt or 11515-8.zip *****
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+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+
+  <title>The Mirror of Literature, Volume XIX. No. 532.</title>
+
+  <style type="text/css">
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+
+  span.pagenum
+  {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;}
+
+  .poem
+  {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+  .poem .stanza        {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+  .poem p              {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+  .poem p.i2           {margin-left: 1em;}
+  .poem p.i4           {margin-left: 2em;}
+  .poem p.i6           {margin-left: 3em;}
+  .poem p.i8           {margin-left: 4em;}
+  .poem p.i10          {margin-left: 5em;}
+  .poem p.i14          {margin-left: 9em;}
+
+  .figure
+  {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
+  .figure img
+                       {border: none;}
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+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. XIX. No. 532. Saturday, February 4, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 8, 2004 [EBook #11515]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+ <hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page65"
+  name="page65">
+  </a>[pg 65]
+</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>Vol. XIX. No. 532.]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1832.</b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>CAVERN OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.</h3>
+
+<div class="figure" style="width:100%;"><a href="images/532-001.png">
+<img width = "100%" src="images/532-001.png" alt="CASTLE OF ROBERT THE DEVIL." /></a></div>
+
+<h3>CASTLE OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.</h3>
+
+<div class="figure" style="width:100%;"><a href="images/532-002.png">
+<img width = "100%" src="images/532-002.png" alt="CAVERN OF ROBERT THE DEVIL." /></a></div>
+
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page66"
+  name="page66">
+  </a>[pg 66]
+</span>
+
+<h2>ROBERT THE DEVIL.</h2>
+<p>
+All the town, and the country too, by paragraph circumstantial, and puff
+direct, must have learned that every theatre in this Metropolis, and
+consequently, every stage in the country, is to have its version of the
+splendid French opera <i>Robert le Diable</i>. Its success in Paris has been
+what the good folks there call <i>magnifique</i>, and playing the devil has
+been the theatrical order of day and night since the Revolution. As we
+know nothing of its merits, and do not write of what we neither see nor
+hear, nor believe any report of, we do not put up our hopes for its
+success. But, as the story of the opera is a pretty piece of Norman
+romance, some fair penciller has sent us the sketches of the annexed cuts,
+and our Engraver has thus pitted himself with Grieve, Stanfield, Roberts,
+and scores of minor scene-painters, who are building canvass castles, and
+scooping out caverns for the King's Theatre, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane
+Theatres. Theirs will be but candle-light glories: our scenes will be the
+same by all lights. But as scenes are of little use without actors, and
+cuts of less worth without description, we append our fair Correspondent's
+historical notices of the sites and the <i>dram. pers.</i> of "this our
+tragedy."
+</p>
+
+<h3>CASTLE OF ROBERT LE DIABLE, OR ROBERT THE DEVIL.</h3>
+
+<p>
+The founder of this ancient castle bears the name of <i>Robert the Devil</i>.
+It is a wonderful relic of old Norman fortification, being so defended by
+nature, as to bid defiance to its enemies, and could only have fallen by
+stratagem. It is situated on the left side of the River Seine and in the
+province of Normandy. The subterranean caverns by their amazing extent
+sufficiently attest the ancient importance of this structure; tradition
+says they extend to the banks of the Seine. Its antiquity is fully proved
+by some of the architectural fragments bearing the stamp of 912. On
+arriving at the summit of the mountain, the tourist receives an impression
+like enchantment: the castle seems to have been conveyed there by fairies;
+and at the base the eye is charmed by the fine and picturesque forest of
+Bourgtheroulde: villages elegantly grouped, enrich with their beautiful
+fabrics each bank of the Seine which majestically traverses a luxurious
+landscape. Romance, fable, and the tradition of shepherds and peasants
+describe Robert the Devil as Governor of Neustria, and a descendent of
+Rollo the celebrated Norman chief, whose name was changed to Robert, Duke
+of Normandy in 923, on his marriage with the daughter of Charles the
+simple, King of France. His great and valiant achievements are remembered
+in that country so renowned by his race, and where his name still awakens
+every sentiment of superstitious awe. All in the environs of the castle
+recount his wonderful and warlike exploits; his numerous amours; and his
+rigid penitence by which he hoped to appease the wrath of offended Heaven.
+The moans of his victims are said to resound in the Northern subterranean
+caverns; the peasantry also believe that the spirit of Robert is condemned
+to haunt the ruins of his castle, and the tombs of his "Ladies Fair." In
+justice to his memory be it remembered, that his acts of cruelty were
+alone aimed at the rapacious and guilty, and that in him helpless
+innocence ever found a protector.
+</p>
+<p>
+Robert the Devil was cotemporary with our Danish King Harold, 1065; he
+assisted Henry, the eldest son of Robert of Normandy, in gaining
+possession of the crown, and accompanied him with a large army into the
+capital of France, where they ravaged the territory of the rebels, by
+burning the towns and villages, and putting the inhabitants to the sword:
+on this account he was called Robert the Devil.
+</p>
+<p>
+When tranquillity was restored, and Henry freed from his enemies, Robert
+made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with other powerful potentates. On his
+return he was taken ill, and appointed an illegitimate son his successor,
+whose mother was the daughter of a dealer in skins at Falaise, and this
+son became that celebrated William of Normandy, our renowned conqueror!
+The Normans instigated the people to reject him, on the plea of his
+illegitimacy; but Henry I., then King of France, gratefully remembered the
+good offices of Robert the Devil, William's Father: therefore espoused his
+cause, and raised an army of three thousand men to invade Normandy; long
+and obstinate wars continued, which did not terminate till William had
+accomplished the successful invasion of England; he was the grandson of
+Rollo, known after his marriage as Robert the 1st., Duke of Normandy, who
+died 935. Thus from one of his numerous amours sprung our new dynasty of
+kings, which totally changed the aspect of the times. By some historians
+he is called Robert the IInd., Duke of Normandy, but the name by which he
+is generally known, is that dignified one of William the Conqueror.
+</p>
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page67"
+  name="page67">
+  </a>[pg 67]
+</span>
+<h3>CAVERN OF ROBERT LE DIABLE.</h3>
+
+<p>
+The remains of this cavern (situated in Normandy) command the attention of
+the lovers of history, not only from its antiquity, but also from its
+gloomy recesses, having afforded a safe shelter to our weak and cruel King
+John. Here he bade farewell to this province which he abandoned to the
+French Knights, and from whom he carefully concealed every trace of his
+retreat. The entrance is almost obscured, and tradition says it is so
+artfully managed as to have the appearance of a passage to another. The
+spot is barren, and it appears as if a thunder-bolt had burnt up the
+verdure. The spirit of <i>Robert le Diable</i> is supposed to haunt the cavern
+in the form of a wolf, and advances uttering piteous cries, and
+steadfastly gazing on its place of defence (the caverns extending to the
+River Seine) reviews his former glory and conquests, and seems bitterly to
+lament the present decay. In vain the peasants commence the chase; they
+assert that the wolf though closely pursued always eludes the vigilance of
+the huntsman. On the death of Richard I. of England, 1199, his Brother
+John was proclaimed King of Normandy and Aquitaine; the Duchies of
+Brittany, the Counties of Anjou, Maine, Tours and others, acknowledged
+Arthur, John's nephew, as their sovereign, and claimed the protection of
+the King of France, Philip II., surnamed Augustus; but he despairing of
+being able to retain these provinces against the will of their inhabitants,
+sacrificed Arthur and his followers to John, who in a skirmish with some
+of the Norman Lords, carried them all prisoners into Normandy, where
+Arthur soon disappeared: the Britons assert that he was murdered by his
+uncle; and the Normans that he was accidentally killed in endeavouring to
+escape. The death of their favourite Prince stung the Britons to madness,
+as in him centered their last hope of regaining independence: an ardent
+imagination led them to believe their future destiny connected with this
+child, which inspired them with a wild affection for Philip, as being the
+enemy of his murderer. They accused John before the French King of
+Arthur's murder, and he was summoned as a Vassal of Normandy to appear and
+defend himself before the twelve Peers of France. This command being
+treated with contempt, the lands John held under the French crown were
+declared forfeit, and an army levied to put it into execution. It was on
+this emergency that John found a safe place of concealment in the cavern
+of Robert the Devil.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>LACONICS, &amp;c.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Continued from page 53.)</i></h4>
+
+<p>
+Generosity is not the virtue of the multitude, and for this reason:
+selfishness is often the consequence of ignorance, and it requires a
+cultivated mind to discern where the rights of others interfere with our
+own wishes.
+</p>
+<p>
+If commerce has benefited, it has also injured the human race; and the
+invention of the compass has brought disease as well as wealth in its
+train.
+</p>
+<p>
+The days of joy are as long and perhaps as frequent as those of grief; but
+either the memory is treacherous or the mind is too morbid to admit this
+to be the case.
+</p>
+<p>
+Without occasional seriousness and even melancholy, mirth loses its magic,
+and pleasure becomes unpalatable.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is unlucky that experience being our best teacher, we have only learnt
+its lessons perfectly, when we no longer stand in need of them; and have
+provided ourselves armour we can never wear.
+</p>
+<p>
+Chastity in women may be said to arise more from attention to worldly
+motives than deference to moral obligation: there is not so much
+continence amongst men, because there is not the same restriction.
+</p>
+<p>
+A resolution to put up calmly with misfortune, invariably has the effect
+of lightening the load.
+</p>
+<p>
+Conceit is usually seen during our first investigations after knowledge;
+but time and more accurate research teach us that not only is our
+comprehension limited, but knowledge itself is so imperfect, as not to
+warrant any vanity upon it at all.
+</p>
+<p>
+Extravagance is of course merely comparative: a man may be a spendthrift
+in copper as well as gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+We had rather be made acquainted at any time with the reality and
+certainty of distress, than be tortured by the feverish and restless
+anxiety of doubt.
+</p>
+<p>
+A too great nicety about diet is being over scrupulous, and is converting
+moderation into a fault; but on the other hand it is little better than
+gluttony, if we cannot refrain from what may by possibility be even
+slightly injurious.
+</p>
+<p>
+A celebrated traveller who had been twice round the world and visited
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page68"
+  name="page68">
+  </a>[pg 68]
+</span>
+every remarkable country, declared, that thought he had seen many
+wonderful things, he had never chanced to see a handsome old woman.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is difficult enough to persuade a tool, but persuasion is not all the
+difficulty: obstinacy still remains to be brought under subjection.
+</p>
+<p>
+A prejudiced person is universally condemned and yet many of our
+prejudices are excusable, and some of them necessary: if we do not indulge
+a few of our prejudices, we shall have to go on doubting and inquiring for
+ever.
+</p>
+<p>
+Scepticism has ever been the bugbear of youthful vanity, and it is
+considered knowing to quarrel with existing institutions and established
+truths; our experienced reflection regrets this inclination and we become
+weary of distracting ourselves with endless difficulties.
+</p>
+<p>
+In dreaming, it is remarkable how easily and yet imperceptibly the mind
+connects events altogether differing in their nature; and if we hear any
+noise during sleep, how instantaneously the sound is woven in with the
+events of our dream and as satisfactorily accounted.
+</p>
+<p>
+The unpleasant sensation that is produced by modesty, is amply compensated
+by the prepossession it creates in our favour.
+</p>
+<p>
+Public virtue prospers by the vices of individuals. The spendthrift gives
+a circulation to the coin of the realm, while the miser is equally useful
+in gleaning and scraping together what others have too profusely scattered.
+Luxury gives a livelihood to thousands, and the numbers supported by
+vanity are beyond calculation.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is a distinction to be drawn between self-love and selfishness,
+though they are usually confounded. Self-love is the effect of instinct,
+and is necessary for our preservation in common with other animals; but
+selfishness is a mental defect and is generated by narrowness of soul.
+</p>
+<p>
+The difference between honour and honesty is this: honour is dictated by a
+regard to character, honesty arises from a feeling of duty.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is difficult to avoid envy without laying ourselves open to contempt;
+for in being too scrupulous not to trespass on others we lay ourselves
+open to be trifled with and trampled on.
+</p>
+<p>
+That "familiarity breeds contempt" does not only mean, that he who is too
+familiar with us incurs our contempt; but also that novelty being
+indispensably necessary to our happiness we cease to admire what habit has
+familiarized.
+</p>
+<p>
+Poverty, like every thing else has its fair side. The poor man has the
+gratification of knowing that no one can have any interest in his death;
+and in his intercourse with the world he can be certain that wherever he
+is welcome, it is exclusively on his own account.
+</p>
+<p>
+If the poor have but few comforts, they are free from many miseries,
+mental as well as personal, that their superiors are subjected to: they
+have no physicians who live by their sufferings, and they never experience
+the curse of sensibility.
+</p>
+<p>
+Eloquence, engaging as it is, must always be regarded with suspicion. The
+great use made of it in the history of literature, has been to mislead the
+head by an appeal to the heart, and it was for this reason the Athenians
+forbid their orators the use of it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Conceit is generally proportionate with high station, and the greatest
+geniuses have not been entirely free from it: what indeed is ambition but
+an immoderate love of praise?
+</p>
+<p>
+When we call to mind the humiliating necessities of human nature as far as
+the body is concerned, and in our intellectual resolves the meanness or
+paltriness of many of our motives to action, we may well be surprised that
+man who has so much cause to be humble should indulge for a moment in
+pride.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is not so easy as philosophers tell us to lay aside our prejudices;
+mere volition cannot enable us to divest ourselves of long established
+feelings, and even reason is averse to laying aside theories it has once
+been taught to admire.
+</p>
+<p>
+A man may start at impending danger or wince at the sensation of pain: and
+yet he may be a true philosopher and not be afraid of death.
+</p>
+<p>
+The epicure, the drunkard, and the man of loose morals are equally
+contemptible: though the brutes obey instinct, they never exceed the
+bounds of moderation; and besides, it is beneath the dignity of man to
+place felicity in the service of his senses.
+</p>
+<p>
+A passionate man should be regarded with the same caution as a loaded
+blunderbuss, which may unexpectedly go off and do us an injury.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are many fools in the world
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page69"
+  name="page69">
+  </a>[pg 69]
+</span>
+ and few wise men; at any rate there are
+more false than sound reasoners; wherefore it would seem more politic to
+adopt the opinion of the minority on most occasions.
+</p>
+<p>
+Those who are deficient in any particular accomplishment usually contrive
+either openly or indirectly to express their contempt for it: thus
+removing that obstacle which removes them from the same level.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>(To be concluded in our next.)</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>TRANSLATION OF DELLA CASA'S SONNET TO THE CITY OF VENICE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+  <p>Where these rich palaces and stately piles</p>
+  <p>Now rear their marble fronts, in sculptur'd pride,</p>
+  <p>Stood once a few rude scatter'd huts, beside</p>
+  <p>The desert shores of some poor clust'ring isles.</p>
+  <p>Yet here a hardy band, from vices free,</p>
+  <p>In fragile barks, rode fearless o'er the sea:</p>
+  <p>Not seeking over provinces to stride,</p>
+  <p>But here to dwell, afar from slavery.</p>
+  <p>They knew not fierce ambition's lust of power,</p>
+  <p>And while their hearts were free from thirst of gold,</p>
+  <p>Rather than falsehood&mdash;death they would behold.</p>
+  <p>If heaven hath granted thee a mightier dower,</p>
+  <p>I honour not the fruits that spring from thee</p>
+  <p>With thy new riches:&mdash;Death and Tyranny.</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>
+E.L.J.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>THE HOUSE OF UNDER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+<p>
+There are few families more ancient, more generally known, or more widely
+diffused throughout the known world, than that of Under: indeed, in every
+nation, though bearing different names, some branch of this family is
+extant; and there is no doubt that the <i>Dessous</i> of France, the <i>Unters</i>
+of Germany, and the <i>Onders</i> of the Land-<i>under</i>-water, belong to the same
+ancient and venerable house. The founders of the house, however, were of
+<i>low</i> origin, and generally <i>down</i> in the world. <i>Undergo</i> was the job of
+the family, as patient as a lamb: he encouraged the blessed martyrs in
+times of yore, and is still in existence, though his patience has somewhat
+diminished. <i>Underhand</i> is a far different character to the preceding, a
+double-dealing rascal, and as sly as a fox; he greets you with a smiling
+countenance, and while one hand is employed in shaking yours, he is
+disembarrassing you of the contents of your pocket with the other.
+<i>Underline</i> is a gentleman of some literary attainments, though not
+entirely divested of quackery; he is particularly noted for the emphasis
+he gives to certain points in his discourse, and though in some cases,
+perhaps, he is a little too prodigal of this kind of effect, yet we could
+not well do without him. <i>Undermine</i> is a greater rascal than Underhand,
+and had it not been for the counter-acting influence of <i>Underproof</i>, our
+house had fallen to the ground; to the ground it might have fallen, but
+had it gone farther, it would have been only to be revived in the person
+of <i>Underground</i>, a gentleman well known in the kitchens and pantries of
+the metropolis, the pantries in particular, he being a constant companion
+to the <i>Under-butler</i>. <i>Understand</i> is the pride of the house, and by his
+shining qualities, has raised himself to an eminence never reached by any
+other member of the family. He is a conspicuous exception to the downcast
+looks of so many of his relations. <i>Undertake</i> is an enterprising fellow,
+but he is often deceived and fails in his schemes; not so Undertaker,
+(whose similarity in name would make some folks believe there was some
+connexion;) no, <i>his</i> affairs are calculated to a wonderful nicety, and
+every tear is priced. <i>Underwriter</i> is a speculative genius, and&mdash;but the
+less we say of him the better. <i>Underrate</i> is a character I cannot avoid
+mentioning, though I wish with all my heart he was dead: his greatest
+pleasure consists in detracting from the good qualities of his neighbours.
+</p>
+<p>
+I have only mentioned the English part of "Our House," although there are
+even some of that branch, whom I cannot at present call to mind, except
+<i>Underdone</i>, a lover of raw beef-steaks, and <i>Undervalue</i>, a person who
+has proved himself a great friend to custom-house officers, having some
+of the cunning of <i>Underhand</i>, but not quite so much luck, and subjecting
+his goods to seizure, for having tried to cheat the king. But I must leave
+this subject, and take my leave, till a fitter opportunity occurs for
+giving you further particulars of the "House of Under;" in the meanwhile,
+believe me, courteous reader, yours, sincerely,
+</p>
+<p>
+UNDER THE ROSE.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2>
+<hr />
+
+<h3>FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830.</h3>
+
+<p>
+We quote a page or two from the second and concluding volume of <i>Paris and
+its Historical Scenes</i>, in the <i>Library of Entertaining Knowledge</i>, which
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page70"
+  name="page70">
+  </a>[pg 70]
+</span>
+gives the best account of <i>la Grande Semaine</i> that has yet appeared. The
+editor has taken Lord Bacon's advice&mdash;to read, not to take for
+granted&mdash;but to weigh and consider; and amidst the discrepancies of
+contemporary pamphleteers and journalists, his reader will not be
+surprised at the difficulty of obtaining correct information of what
+happens beneath our very window, as one of the great men of history
+confessed upwards of two centuries since. In this respect, mankind has
+scarcely progressed a jot, though men be more sceptical in not taking for
+granted.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our extract is, we hope, to the point:
+</p>
+<p>
+"It is curious to what an extent opposite feelings and opinions will
+colour even material scenes and objects to the eyes of different observers.
+Count Tasistro was also present at the capture of the Tuileries; and gives
+us in his narrative a description of what he witnessed of the conduct of
+the people after they had established themselves within the palace. Before
+presenting the reader, however, with what he says upon this subject, we
+will transcribe part of his account of his adventures in the earlier part
+of this day. 'The morning of the 29th,' he says, 'was ushered in by the
+dismal ringing of bells, the groans of distant guns, and the savage shouts
+of the populace; and I arose from a long train of dreams, which defied
+recollection as well as interpretation. The rabble, headed by a few
+beardless boys just let loose from the Polytechnic School and other
+seminaries, had been pleased to fix their head-quarters in our street.
+About half-past eleven, however, those of them who were collected here
+having heard that the popular forces who were fighting before the Louvre
+were nearly disabled by the cannon of the troops occupying that palace,
+their Polytechnic chief called upon them to follow him to the assistance
+of their brethren. Having entreated them to refrain from extravagant
+excesses, he rushed forward, and soon arrived at the scene of action. Here
+I saw him turn round and address his followers thus, 'Le cannon a déjà
+exterminé plusieurs de vos comarades; dans un instant il est à vous;
+suivez moi, et apprenez comme il faut mourir;' (<i>the cannon has already
+destroyed numbers of your brethren; the next instant it will be directed
+against you: follow me, and learn how to die</i>.) Having uttered these words,
+he darted forward, just as the gun which was pointed at him was discharged,
+and was blown into atoms. The people, however, following where he had led,
+in the enthusiasm of the moment seized the gun, and turned it immediately
+against the Swiss and the Guards that were stationed at the balconies of
+the Louvre. Other guns were afterwards taken&mdash;and the consequence was that
+the soldiers at last retreated with great precipitation, and concentrated
+their strength on the Place du Carrousel. The tricolour was already waving
+over the Louvre. I observed a little, insignificant urchin climb up the
+walls, and plant it during the contest.
+</p>
+<p>
+"The last struggle made by the Guards for their royal master was to save
+the proud palace of his ancestors; but, alas, the attempt was vain. A
+storm of balls was poured in upon them from so many sides, that the little
+presence of mind they had preserved until now, deserted them at this
+trying moment; and after a few ineffectual discharges, they retreated
+toward the Champs Elysées; and the populace, unchecked by any power but
+their own will, rushed <i>en masse</i> into the regal mansion.
+</p>
+<p>
+"During this attack, short as it was, I happened to be in a situation far
+more critical than that of the generality of the combatants on either side.
+On entering the Place du Carrousel by the archway leading from the Quays,
+we found the confusion extreme&mdash;and, as the fire besides grew every moment
+hotter and hotter, I felt the necessity of taking refuge somewhere, and in
+my agitation ran forward and sheltered myself under the Triumphal Arch.
+Here I passed the short interval during which the combat lasted in a
+confusion of all the senses, which extended minutes to months, and gave to
+something less than half a quarter of an hour the importance of a century;
+for I was all the time between the two fires. Fortunately, as I have said,
+the affair did not last very long; and when the victorious rabble at last
+rushed into the Tuileries, I followed the general movement, and soon after
+found myself in the throne hall, where I was joined by my two missing
+friends."
+</p>
+<p>
+The Count now proceeds to inveigh in general terms against what he
+describes as the atrocious conduct of the unruly rabble&mdash;the devastation,
+pillage, and other enormities of which they were guilty. Having concluded
+this diatribe, he goes on with his narrative as follows: "Indeed the
+passion of mischief had taken such strong possession of the minds of
+all&mdash;the temptation was so widely thrown open wherever one went&mdash;that even
+I felt a touch of the desire;
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page71"
+  name="page71">
+  </a>[pg 71]
+</span>
+ and, as I passed along the library hall,
+where a most splendid stock of books had been thrown on the floor, spying
+among many precious treasures a beautifully ornamented little volume,
+which, to say nothing of its gay appearance, promised to occupy no great
+room in the pocket, with the conviction that I was doing a good action, I
+picked it up. On opening it I found that it was neither a bible, nor a
+poem, nor a <i>congurare</i> (<i>?</i>), as I had anticipated, but simply a pocket
+memorandum-book in which his Majesty had been accustomed to note his
+<i>parties de chasse</i>, and the numbers of game he killed. I immediately
+thrust it into my pocket, and have since preserved it as a keepsake&mdash;but
+shall be most happy to restore it to the owner, should that august
+personage at any time feel disposed to claim it. Would that all the rest
+of the many articles that were this day pilfered were held as sacred, and
+ready to be as punctually surrendered!
+</p>
+<p>
+"Tolerably tired at last of looking on the grim faces that surrounded us,
+we agreed to make our retreat; and descended into the garden, intending to
+pass out by the gate leading to the Quays. Here, however, we were met by a
+figure, at the sight of which we found it almost impossible to restrain
+our risibility. It was a man keeping watch at the gate as a sentinel,
+dressed for the most part as we commonly see the masters of chimney-sweeps,
+without a vestige of either shoes or shirt, and what were intended for
+coat and trousers having very doubtful pretensions to those
+designations&mdash;but, to make amends for this condition of his general
+habiliments, having a highly polished musket in his hand, a most splendid
+sword dangling by his side, and on his head a superb Marshal's hat! 'Où
+allez vous?' was the imperious demand of this extraordinary looking
+personage. 'Où nous voulons' was the instant and haughty reply of my
+friend M. The fellow, not being accustomed to such insubordination,
+ordered us to take off our hats to show whether we carried anything away
+with us. M. at this would have struck him down but for the sudden
+appearance of six men, whose looks and dress were not much better than
+those of the sentinel. These men, on being informed of our <i>hauteur</i> (as
+it was termed), insisted on our helping them, by way of penalty for our
+offence, to carry off the dead. This was more than I, with all my
+disposition to forbearance, could submit to; so, addressing myself to the
+ugliest of them, who seemed to be the commanding officer of the party, I
+told him scornfully and in good French, that we were foreign gentlemen,
+who had nothing to do either with the dead or the living of their
+country&mdash;and that it was a very <i>despotic</i> act to stop peaceable
+passengers in that manner. But this expostulation served only to irritate
+the raggamuffins; and one of them taking hold of my arm tried to force me
+into compliance with his orders. This was our trying moment; we all three
+made one desperate effort 'for liberty;' and, each of us having dealt his
+opponent a severe blow on the cheek, we broke from them, and ran off at
+our best speed. Three shots were immediately fired, and still we galloped
+on unhurt;&mdash;another went off, and I felt it&mdash;not that I was mortally
+wounded; it was only a spent ball that lodged itself in the flesh of my
+leg. The accident lamed me, however, for the time, and consequently put an
+end to my adventures. I was carried to my hotel, and the ball was
+extracted; but still the wound confined me to my room for two months."
+</p>
+<p>
+The battle-pieces, and head and tail-cuts, well bespeak the ups and downs
+and bursts of the Revolution. They are as plentiful in this volume, as the
+balls were about Paris in <i>La Grande Semaine</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>TIME'S TELESCOPE FOR 1832</h3>
+
+<p>
+Is, as usual, a multifarious volume, and abounds with reading that must
+please all tastes. It has, moreover, to meet the exigencies of the day, a
+pretty sprinkling of cuts and plates, respecting the number of which we do
+not quarrel; in the choice of some of them we must, however, dissent from
+the editor. The Astronomical portion, by Mr. Barker, is unusually copious,
+and the cometary plates are well executed. We quote a passage:
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>On the probability of a concussion of a Comet with the earth</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+It has been stated that the comet of 1770, passed through the system of
+the planet Jupiter, without in the slightest degree affecting the motions
+of either the primary or his satellites; also, that it passed sufficiently
+near our planet to have shortened the length of the year had its mass been
+equal to that of the earth. No effect whatever was produced, from whence
+it may be concluded, that the neighbourhood of a comet is not of
+sufficient importance to excite any alarming apprehensions for the safety
+of the habitation of man.
+</p>
+<p>
+Most of the calculations that have
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page72"
+  name="page72">
+  </a>[pg 72]
+</span>
+ been made respecting the effect of the
+proximity of a comet to our earth have proceeded on erroneous
+principles,&mdash;over-rating the quantity of matter in comets, and losing
+sight of their great velocity when in this part of the system. For a comet
+to produce any direful effect, it ought to contain not merely a
+considerable quantity of matter, but also ought to be vertical and
+stationary to the earth's surface for several hours; instead of which, we
+have sufficient reason to believe that though vast in volume, comets
+contain but little matter in proportion, consequently, their attractive
+energy would be inconsiderable; also their velocity would, in a very short
+period, carry them beyond the limit of exerting any influence on the
+waters of the globe. Of course, this general statement would be modified
+by the rate and direction of a comet's motion, and also the earth's
+rotation.
+</p>
+<p>
+It may, then, be asserted with safety that the close appulse of a comet
+would not be attended with any fatal results; and that this security
+principally consists in its great velocity, which would so swiftly remove
+it to a distance. But, the very circumstance which, in the case of
+<i>proximity</i>, would be the security of our globe, (its velocity,) would, in
+the event of a <i>contact</i>, be attended with the direst effects. It is true
+that the probability of a contact is less, in an almost infinite degree,
+than the proximity of a comet, which, notwithstanding, is an event which
+every astronomer is fully aware, is within the verge of possibility.
+</p>
+<p>
+The effects of a contact would be greatly modified by circumstance. Should
+the comet strike the earth obliquely, it would glance off, and the
+consequences would be partial. If the point of collision were on a
+continent of the globe, mountains would be hurled from their bases, and
+new ones would elevate their ridges towards the clouds. Were the place of
+meeting on either of the great oceans, some regions would be deserted, and
+others would be inundated by the waters of the sea. These dreadful
+consequences would be increased, in an indefinite proportion, if the point
+of contact were in the direction of the earth's centre; the meeting would
+be terrific; the earth's period of revolution would, in all probability,
+be altered, either by carrying it nearer to or farther from the sun; a
+different inclination of the axis might be given, and there would be a
+consequent change of seasons; the diurnal motion might be either
+accelerated or retarded, by which the length of the day would be affected;
+the vast continents of the globe would be again covered with the ocean,
+which, deserting its bed, would rush towards the new equator.
+</p>
+<p>
+Infinitely more tremendous would be the catastrophe if the earth were
+struck by a <i>retrograde comet</i> in the direction of the terrestrial centre,
+the comet making up, by its velocity, the deficiency of mass: in this case
+the centrifugal force of both bodies might be annihilated,&mdash;the
+centripetal principle alone obeyed, and both comet and earth rush to the
+sun!
+</p>
+<p>
+It must, however, be stated, that the probability of such an event is all
+but infinitely removed: the most likely of any that is known, to effect
+such a consummation, is the comet of Encke, which it has been calculated
+would come in collision with our earth after a lapse of 219 millions of
+years! This calculation proceeds on the soundest principles of reasoning,
+and proves not so much the safety of our globe from cometary destruction,
+(for some comet, hitherto unseen by mortal eyes, may <i>now</i> be winging its
+flight directly towards our globe,) as the astonishing powers of the mind
+of man, which can thus essay to penetrate the veil of futurity, and read
+the destiny of a world.
+</p>
+<p>
+But destruction to this terrestrial orb and its teeming inhabitants, may
+be more speedily brought about than by a concussion with these celestial
+agents. A single principle of motion annihilated, evaporation suspended,
+or a component part of the atmosphere abstracted, and "final ruin would
+drive her ploughshare o'er creation;" universal conflagration would
+instantly ensue from the separation of the oxygen from the nitrogen of the
+atmosphere,&mdash;the former exerting its native energies without control
+wherever it extends,&mdash;solid rocks, ponderous marble, metals, and even
+water itself, would burst into an intensity of flame, and change the
+aspect of all sublunary things.
+</p>
+<p>
+But all these vast bodies of the universe are, doubtless, kept in their
+prescribed limits as with so many "reins and bridles," and when this earth
+has completed its destined circles, and fulfilled the purposes for which
+it was called out of nothing, it will need but the command of the glorious
+Creator who at first spoke this beautiful frame into being, bliss, and
+light, to return it to its primeval gloom, or bid it shine forth with new
+resplendent beauty and lustre.
+</p>
+<p>
+The "Notes of a Naturalist" are stated to be by Professor Rennie; but
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page73"
+  name="page73">
+  </a>[pg 73]
+</span>
+ we question if they have been written expressly for this volume, as we
+recognise many passages from other works.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>NOTES OF A READER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>SCOTTISH LITERARY DINNER.</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>As reported by Three Hands</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is a miserable thing to quarrel or even differ over a dinner, although
+the whole affair be but a matter of taste. It is likewise a miserable
+thing to differ after dinner, since it lamentably disturbs the digestion
+of the food, as in this case it may the temper of the feeders. Yet
+respecting the dinner to celebrate the Birthday of Burns in Freemasons'
+Hall, there is a remarkable difference among the critical craft; which
+difference, by the way, no shades of opinion can reconcile. As we were not
+of the party, (and we congratulate ourselves on the escape from a Scottish
+half-dinner,) it may be well to quote from three of the reports that have
+appeared, rather than let the affair pass unnoticed in our pages. We do so
+from a wish to preserve certain traits and anecdotes which the occasion
+drew forth,&mdash;to give the pleasant rather than the "untoward" events of the
+day: though we must own the whole appears to have been a very droll
+business, always excepting the <i>semi-pransus</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+We start with an extract from Dr. Granville's <i>Catechism of Health</i>:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Q</i>. What should a dinner consist of?
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>A</i>. Of any wholesome food that is in season, plainly dressed.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Q</i>. Should the dinner be composed of many dishes?
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>A</i>. The most wholesome dinner is that which consists of a single dish of
+meat, with a proper quantity of vegetables.
+</p>
+<p>
+Whether the Scottish dinner was as aforesaid, we know not. Call the
+evidence.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Court Journal</i>.&mdash;A public dinner at a public-house (this is a court
+sneer)&mdash;provided by Scotch booksellers, presided at by a Scotch baronet,
+accompanied by Scotch bagpipes, and prepared for two hundred Scotch
+appetites, there being four hundred of the said appetites admitted to
+partake of it.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Athenaeum</i>.&mdash;Nearly five hundred persons were present at a dinner ordered
+for two hundred and fifty.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Literary Gazette</i>.&mdash;The stewards provided for 300 guests: another hundred
+coming without notice of their intention, were speedily accommodated; and
+surely the exertion to accomplish this is more to be praised, than any
+little partial failure or inconvenience (such as attends all large public
+dinners) is to be cavilled at and blamed. The dinner and wines were of the
+first order, and at least nine-tenths of those present were highly
+gratified by their entertainment.
+</p>
+<p>
+But we will first quote the <i>Athenaeum</i> account, from its being the most
+brief as well as more circumstantial, and then add the <i>variorum</i> opinions.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Little else has been talked of these ten days, in the literary world of
+London, but the Festival in memory of the birthday of Burns and the visit
+of the Ettrick Shepherd. The names of stewards, noble and learned, were
+announced in the newspapers: hopes were held out that verses in honour of
+the occasion, written by Campbell, would be recited by Reding: and it was
+moreover added, that Captain Burns was to be present, and that the
+punch-bowl of Murray marble, filled with the liquor which his great father
+loved, would be smoking on the table. The Festival took place in
+Freemasons' Hall on Wednesday last, and though arrangements were made for
+two hundred and fifty guests, such was the curiosity, and such the crush,
+that by six o' clock, four hundred and fifty tickets were disposed of, and
+the like number of gentlemen sat down, amid no little confusion, about
+seven o' clock, to dinner. Sir John Malcolm, well known for his 'History
+of Central India,' was in the chair; on his left hand sat the eldest and
+youngest sons of Burns; the former like his father, the latter more
+resembling his mother; and on the other hand sat James Hogg, accompanied
+by many gentlemen distinguished in science and literature. The punch-bowl
+of Burns, now the property of Mr. Hastie, stood before the chair, and
+beside it, a drinking quaigh, formed from the Wallace Oak of the Torwood,
+brimmed with silver, and bearing on the bottom the grim visage of the
+northern hero."
+</p>
+<p>
+"Sir John Malcolm having consumed some time in introductory toasts, which
+the company received with impatience, proceeded to propose 'the Memory of
+ROBERT BURNS:' he dwelt less on his history than on the wide influence of
+his works, and recited many verses with taste and feeling. He related how
+deeply his fame had taken root in the East, and instanced the admiration
+of Byron in proof of his wonderful genius: but no such testimony is at all
+wanting; the songs of Burns are sung in every quarter of the globe, and
+his poems are treasured in millions of memories, so that his fame may set
+fate at defiance. All
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page74"
+  name="page74">
+  </a>[pg 74]
+</span>
+ this was rapturously received; nor was the
+approbation of the company less coldly manifested when the chairman
+proposed 'the health of the ETTRICK SHEPHERD;' it appeared, however, that
+he was much less familiar with his works than with those of Burns, and
+though a native of a pastoral district, made sad work among the romances
+and ballads of the imaginative shepherd. This want was, however, in some
+degree supplied, by a most characteristic speech from Hogg himself, in
+which he related how the inspiration of the muse came upon him, in
+consequence of his being born, like Burns, on the 25th of January; how, on
+the evening of his birth, a man and horse were dispatched for the midwife,
+but the night being wild, and Ettrick deep in flood, the rider was lost;
+nevertheless, the familiar spirit called Brownie&mdash;the Lubber-Fiend of
+Milton&mdash;supplied his place, and brought the marvelling midwife in time to
+achieve the adventure of the future poet of Kilmeny. All this, and much
+more he related in a way hovering between jest and earnest, and in a
+strong Ettrick tone, to the consternation of the English part of the
+meeting, for whom it was rather peculiar and learned. The audience
+evidently, one and all, regarded the Shepherd with wonder, and hundreds
+were on tiptoe to have a look at him as he stood on a table to relate his
+own varied fortunes.
+</p>
+<p>
+"But on the banks of Tweed the chairman was aware that a wizard, still
+more enchanting than him of Yarrow, lived, or rather, lately lived; and he
+accordingly gave the health of 'SIR WALTER SCOTT, and a safe return to his
+native country.' It is needless to say with what rapture the health of
+this most illustrious of all the sons of Scotland was drunk. This
+honour&mdash;such is the word&mdash;was acknowledged by Mr. Lockhart, in a speech
+worth any two chapters in the whole range of British Biography;&mdash;it was
+clear and concise&mdash;vigorous and picturesque&mdash;and abounding with anecdote.
+Of his illustrious father-in-law, he told how Burns predicted his future
+fame, in the house of Adam Ferguson; and of Hogg he related how Scott
+found him, thirty-five years ago, with his plaid and dog, watching his
+sheep on Ettrick Banks, with more old border ballads on his memory than
+any traditionary dame of the district, and with more true poetry in his
+heart than was usual to the lot of poets. Of Hogg himself he said much
+that was amusing and instructive: one anecdote will not soon be forgotten.
+The Shepherd was at the dinner-table of a duchess, when her Grace said,
+'Mr. Hogg, where you ever here before?' 'Madam,' said the poet, 'I have
+driven cattle often past your gates, but I never was within them till
+now.'"
+</p>
+<p>
+"But we must have done with this splendid Festival: we cannot, however,
+conclude without a remark:&mdash;the health of 'Lord Porchester and the Poets
+of England,' was drunk; and when his Lordship made his acknowledgments, he
+was interrupted by the titter of a hundred tongues and sat down, no doubt,
+feeling that the spirit of nationality was a little too exclusive. We
+forgot to mention that neither Campbell nor his poem made their appearance,
+which we regretted for several reasons, and also that the memory of Burns
+was not drunk out of his punch-bowl. For this relique of the bard, a Jew
+of the name of Isaac, gave 60<i>l</i>. in pledge, and begged the key to keep in
+memory of the poet, when it was bought by its present possessor; and an
+Irish gentleman, not long ago, sent a 300<i>l</i>. check for it, and threatened
+Mr. Hastie with the law when he refused to give him up the punch-bowl."
+</p>
+<p>
+"We are indebted to a friend for this very pleasant notice, and must, in
+our predominent love of truth, say so. As far as the presence of numbers
+could testify general affection for the memory of Burns and respect for
+the Ettrick Shepherd, the meeting was most satisfactory; in every other
+respect it was a failure."
+</p>
+<p>
+Now let us turn to the <i>Court Journal</i>, which in its first column
+decides the Burns' Dinner to have been "the most ill-conceived,
+ill-concocted, ill-managed, and ill-attended affair of its kind that
+ever flung disgrace and ridicule on the public hospitality of the most
+inhospitable public on record." The advertised list of stewards is
+described as "hoax the first." "Their names were used as baits&mdash;their
+presence being represented under the ominous forms of half-a-dozen
+well-known illustrious unknowns, headed by two "enterprising"
+booksellers! there being not a single distinguished writer present,
+except Mr. Lockhart, and he evidently <i>cutting</i> the whole affair,&mdash;so
+far I mean as relates to taking any part in the (mis)management of it.
+Nevertheless, I see by the Papers, that "all the leading characters of
+the Metropolis were present! the poetical department of them being
+represented by Lord Porchester, and the prose department by Lord Mahon."
+Our Court visiter bears his lot with good humour: but, observes he "not
+small must have
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page75"
+  name="page75">
+  </a>[pg 75]
+</span>
+ been the contemptuous pity felt for me, by those
+superior intelligences who, on my entering the Dinner Room, I found had
+already secured their seats, probably by the only practical method&mdash;that
+of taking possession of them overnight! And there is no denying the wit
+of this proceeding, on the part of those who were in the secret, that
+the repast was ordered for two hundred individuals, (nine-tenths of them
+probably <i>Scotch</i> individuals) and was to be partaken of by <i>four</i>
+hundred." This proportion is probably correct, since "nine-tenths," are
+the precise proportion of the company gratified.&mdash;(<i>See the Gazette</i>.)
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the <i>élite</i>, or the company at the upper table, "Sir Peter Laurie
+was one, and Mr. Lockhart was not <i>one</i>: for he sat among the
+undistinguished at a side table." Our <i>Court</i> guest also sat at a side
+table though he pleads guilty to "foul" means&mdash;"that of displacing an
+engine-turned and satine-ed card, which had been deposited therein, as the
+worthy <i>locum tenens</i> and representative of its owner."
+</p>
+<p>
+But the contradictions circumstantial appear to (dis)advantage in the
+<i>Literary Gazette</i>, as will be seen among our quotations. The health of
+Burns being drunk "Both the sons of the poet standing up, the eldest
+expressed their gratitude for the tribute to their father's genius." The
+<i>Gazette</i> states the Shepherd's health to have been prefaced by an "apt
+and interesting address," but the <i>Athenaeum</i> represents the chairman to
+have "made sad work among the romances, &amp;." Upon the health of the poets
+of England being drunk, Lord Porchester is stated in the Gazette to have
+spoken "eloquently in reply, and pronounced a beautiful eulogium upon the
+ameliorating effects produced upon individuals and communities by the
+cultivation of the Muses:" a very pretty subject for a school theme, to be
+sure, but unfortunate in comparison with the "titter of a hundred tongues"
+by which Lord Porchester is elsewhere stated to have been silenced.
+</p>
+<p>
+"The toast of 'Sir George Murray, and the military heroes of Scotland,'
+called up that gallant officer, who addressed his applauding countrymen in
+a manner which seemed to be peculiarly grateful to their feelings. While
+he disclaimed it for his own humble services, he nobly awarded the laurel
+to his glorious companions in arms,&mdash;a Hopetoun, an Abercrombie, a Moore,
+and a Graham. He then mentioned his early recollection of Burns, whom he
+considered his father's house to have been honoured by receiving within
+its walls; and playfully alluded to what the chairman had stated of his
+sister being the 'Phemy' of the poet,
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+  <p class="i14">"a bonnier lass</p>
+  <p>Than braes of Yarrow ever saw;"</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>
+and expressed his hope, as every bard was in duty bound to maintain the
+peerless beauty of the fair whom he selected for his theme, that the
+Ettrick Shepherd (whose acquaintance he this night rejoiced to have made),
+would not be provoked to jealousy in consequence of this comparison above
+the beauties of Yarrow."
+</p>
+<p>
+After a few more toasts, the Gazette observes "the night was wearing late,
+and the rest of the proceedings were obliged to be hurried through in
+rather a tumultuous manner." The unluckiest occurrence of all followed by
+Captain Basil Hall's mention of the word "politics," which "let slip the
+dogs of war," or at least led to much confusion. This was explained away;
+but the Captain was "put out," and "he was again unfortunate in attempting
+to pay a pleasant compliment, upon the excellence of his dinners, to Sir
+George Warrender, whose health was next drunk, in conjunction with the
+Scottish members of the legislature.&mdash;Sir George Warrender said he had no
+claim to have his name introduced on this occasion, and, however kindly
+intended, it had been done in a manner alike unexpected and painful to him.
+He came there as a Scotchman, proud to assist at a festival in honour of
+one of those eminent men who, in giving an imperishable fame to the poetry
+of Scotland, obtained for their country triumphs far more noble, far more
+durable, than even those which his gallant friend, who had lately
+addressed them, or than any other statesman or warrior, could achieve; for
+when the contests of individuals, and even of nations, for power had
+passed away, and were heard of no more, the verses of Burns and Walter
+Scott would still live in every quarter of the globe, to perpetuate their
+own glory, and to inspire ardent patriotism and intense love of native
+land into every Scottish heart.&mdash;Mr. P.S. Stewart, as another of the
+Scottish members, addressed the company with much energy, and restored
+harmony by remarking, that if he was not tried by his dinners, he hoped to
+be always tried by his deserts. In conclusion, he drank the health of Mr.
+Galt, whose literary talents shed a lustre on the west of Scotland, with
+which he was particularly connected. It was now, however, near the
+witching hour of
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page76"
+  name="page76">
+  </a>[pg 76]
+</span>
+ night, or we might say of night's black arch, the key
+stane; and many from the lower parts of the hall had crowded up to the top;
+so that regularity of speech, or bumper, or song, there could be none.
+Galt's thanks died in embryo; and the concluding toasts of Mr. Murchison
+and Mr. Sedgewick, and the sciences of Scotland and England; the London
+Burns' Club, the stewards, and even the ladies, had but their cheers, and
+passed away. At length the pipes droned forth, and the festive drama
+closed.
+</p>
+<p>
+"We ought to record that it was enlivened by many bowls of punch brewed by
+Hogg in Burns' bowl, and in general very kindly and socially helped into
+the many glasses sent up for it by Lord Mahon: there was also some
+beautiful singing by Broadhurst, Wilson, Templeton, and Messrs. Jolly,
+Stansbury, Chapman, and other vocalists. The Shepherd, too, treated us
+with an original song, the burden of which was 'Robin's awa.' It is a
+lament for Burns as the best of the minstrels; but it was brought in by a
+laugh, in consequence of the toast-master calling for silence for a song
+from <i>Mr</i>. Shepherd."
+</p>
+<p>
+By the <i>Gazette</i> report we conclude the Festival must have ended as many
+such meetings do; and never better expressed than by Lord Byron in his
+facete moments&mdash;"then talky, then argumentative, then disputatious, then
+unintelligible, then altogethery, then inarticulate, and then"&mdash;but we
+have done.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is some talk of an annual national meeting on this day among the
+parties with whom this "Festival" originated: but we think others will say
+it were better to leave ill-done alone, lest it become worse. Probably the
+next "Noctes" of <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i> will set the matter at rest by
+giving the world the only true and faithful account of this memorable
+meeting.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>LACONIC JUSTICE.</h3>
+
+<p>
+Over the door of the town-hall, in Zante, one of the Greek Islands (the
+better to instruct the magistrates in their public duty) these verses are
+inscribed:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+  <p>Hic locus 1 odit, 2 amat, 3 punit, 4 conservat, 5 honorat,</p>
+  <p>1 Nequitiam, 2 pacem, 3 crimina, 4 jura, 5 probos.</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>
+<i>Thus Englished by G. Sandys</i>.
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+  <p>This place doth 1 hate, 2 love, 3 punish, 4 keep, 5 requite,</p>
+  <p>1 voluptuous not, 2 peace, 3 crimes, 4 laws, 5 th' upright</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>
+<i>From Heylyn's Cosmographie</i>.
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<h3>FLOATING SCHEME.</h3>
+<p>
+In George the Third's collection of tracts, now in the British Museum, is
+a broadside of one page, commencing thus:&mdash;"In the name of God, amen! John
+Bulmer, of London, esquire, Master and Surveyor of the King's Majesties
+Mines, &amp;. &amp;. propoundeth&mdash;by God's assistance, that he the said John
+Bulmer, shall and will, at and in a flowing water, set out a boat or
+vessel with an engine, floating with a man or boy, in and on board the
+said boat, in the River of Thames, over against the Tower-wharf, or lower.
+Which said boat, with the said man or boy, in or aboard her, shall the
+same tide before low-water again, by art of the said John Bulmer, and help
+of the said engine, be advanced and elevated so high, as that the same
+shall pass and be delivered over London Bridge, together with this said
+man or boy, in and on board her, and float again in the said River of
+Thames, on the other side the said bridge in safety." He then proceeds to
+covenant for himself, his heirs, &amp;., to perform this within the space of
+one month, &amp;., or so soon as the undertakers, wagering against him six
+for one, should have deposited in the assurance office such a sum as he
+should consider sufficient to countervail his charges of contriving the
+boat and engine. Captain Bulmer was also to deposit his proportion of
+money, &amp;. This scheme was brought out in 1643.
+</p>
+<p>
+W.G.C.
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>THE GREEK SAILORS</h3>
+<p>
+Still preserve the custom mentioned by Homer, of hauling their vessels on
+shore with the prows resting on the beach; having done this, they place
+the mast lengthwise across the prow and the poop, and spread the sail over
+it, so as to form a tent; beneath these tents they sing their songs,
+drinking wine freely, and accompanying their voices with the lyre, or
+three-stringed viol.
+</p>
+<p>
+T.G.
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<h3>BILLS OF MORTALITY.</h3>
+<p>
+"Bills of Mortality took rise," says Pennant, "in 1592; in which year
+began a great pestilence; which continued till the 18th of December, 1595.
+During this period they were kept, in order to ascertain the number of
+persons who died; but, when the plague ceased, the bills were discontinued.
+They were resumed again in 1603. At their original institution there were
+only 109 in parishes; others were gradually
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page77"
+  name="page77">
+  </a>[pg 77]
+</span>
+ added; and, by the year 1681,
+the number was 132. Since that time, 14 more have been added, so that the
+whole amounts to 146, viz. 97 within the walls; 16 without the walls; 23
+out-parishes in Middlesex and Surrey; and 10 in the City and Liberties of
+Westminster."
+</p>
+<p>
+W.G.C.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h3>TAILORS.</h3>
+
+<p>
+Sir John Hawkwood, (the first English general,) was usually styled Joannes
+Acutus, from the sharpness, it is said, of his needle or his sword. Fuller,
+the historian, says, he "turned his needle into a sword, and his thimble
+into a shield. He was the son of a tanner, and was bound apprentice to a
+tailor, and was pressed for a soldier." He served under Edward III., and
+was knighted, distinguished himself at the battle of Poictiers, where he
+gained the esteem of the Black Prince, and finished his military career in
+the pay of the Florentines, in 1394, at his native place, Hedingham, in
+Essex. There is a monument to his memory in the parish church.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sir Ralph Blackwell was his fellow apprentice, knighted for his bravery by
+Edward III.; married his master's daughter, and founded Blackwell Hall.
+</p>
+<p>
+John Speed, the historian, was a Cheshire tailor.
+</p>
+<p>
+John Stowe, the antiquary, was also a tailor; he was born in London, in
+1525, and lived to the age of 80.
+</p>
+<p>
+Benjamin Robins was the son of a tailor, of Bath; he compiled Lord Anson's
+Voyage round the World.
+</p>
+<p>
+Elliott's regiment of light-horse was chiefly composed of tailors; and the
+first man who suggested the idea of abolishing the Slave Trade, was Thomas
+Woolman, a quaker, and tailor, of New Jersey. He published many tracts on
+this species of traffic, went great distances to consult individuals on
+the subject, on which business he came to England, and went to York, where
+he caught the small-pox, and died October 7, 1772.
+</p>
+<p>
+T.G.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>HINTS TO COCKNEY EQUESTRIANS.</h3>
+
+<p>
+The following hints are offered "in the milk of human kindness" to all
+"young gentlemen" who hire a horse, or a horse and gig, to go the amazing
+distance of Kew or Richmond, on Sundays; and may be compelled to flog the
+"tired jade" the last three miles back, in order to get it home before
+midnight; also to prevent the annoying necessity of pulling up in a street
+adjacent to the livery-stables, to cut off the frayed end of the whip
+thong, that the ostler may not detect their flagellation.
+</p>
+<p>
+M.A.S.
+</p>
+<p>
+I. <i>How to make a horse go that is utterly tired.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+Dismount from thy horse and prick his sides all over with little holes
+with a nayle or fine awle, in the spurring place. Take then window glass
+and stamp it unto a subtile powder, which rub into his pricked sides; then
+mounting, but touch him not with the spur, and you shall have your desire,
+for be sure if he have any life in him he will not fayle to go.
+</p>
+<p>
+II. <i>Here followeth another torment.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+Dismount from thy horse and get a stick, which with your knife, jag and
+cut like unto the notches of a saw, make then a slit with your knife in
+the ear of the horse, thrust therein the stick, and when you find him to
+tyre, by working the stick backwards and forwards in the ear, you will
+have your desire, for be sure if he have any life in him, he will not
+fayle to go.
+</p>
+<p>
+III. <i>Another torment may be used as follows</i>.&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+Dismount from thy horse (or gig) and take two round, smooth pebbles, which
+put into one ear of your horse, and tye up the ear, that they escape not,
+then mounting and proceeding on thy journey, thou shall have thy desire,
+for the noise of the stones jingling in his ear, will not fayle to make
+him go, until he is utterly tired.&mdash;<i>Markham's Farriery</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>BEAUTIES OF THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p>
+The characteristic peculiarity of the Pilgrim's Progress is, that it is
+the only work of its kind which possesses a strong human interest. Other
+allegories only amuse the fancy. The allegory of Bunyan has been read by
+many thousands with tears. There are some good allegories in Johnson's
+works, and some of still higher merit by Addison. In these performances
+there is, perhaps, as much wit and ingenuity as in the Pilgrim's Progress.
+But the pleasure which is produced by the Vision of Mirza, or the Vision
+of Theodore, the genealogy of Wit, or the contest between Rest and Labour,
+is exactly similar to the pleasure which we derive from one of Cowley's
+Odes, or from a Canto of Hudibras. It is a pleasure which belongs wholly
+to the understanding,
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page78"
+  name="page78">
+  </a>[pg 78]
+</span>
+ and in which the feelings have no part whatever. Nay,
+even Spencer himself, though assuredly one of the greatest poets that ever
+lived, could not succeed in the attempt to make allegory interesting. It
+was in vain that he lavished the riches of his mind on the House of Pride,
+and the House of Temperance. One unpardonable fault, the fault of
+tediousness, pervades the whole of the Fairy Queen. We become sick of
+Cardinal Virtues and Deadly Sins, and long for the society of plain men
+and women. Of the persons who read the first Canto, not one in ten reaches
+the end of the first book, and not one in a hundred perseveres to the end
+of the poem. Very few and very weary are those who are in at the death of
+the Blatant Beast. If the last six books, which are said to have been
+destroyed in Ireland, had been preserved, we doubt whether any heart less
+stout than that of a commentator would have held out to the end.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is not so with the Pilgrim's Progress. That wonderful book, while it
+obtains admiration from the most fastidious critics, is loved by those who
+are too simple to admire it. Doctor Johnson, all whose studies were
+desultory, and who hated, as he said, to read books through, made an
+exception in favour of the Pilgrim's Progress. That work, he said, was one
+of the two or three works which he wished longer. It was by no common
+merit that the illiterate sectary extracted praise like this from the most
+pedantic of critics, and the most bigoted of tories. In the wildest parts
+of Scotland the Pilgrim's Progress is the delight of the peasantry. In
+every nursery the Pilgrim's Progress is a greater favourite than Jack the
+Giant-Killer. Every reader knows the straight and narrow path as well as
+he knows a road in which he has gone backward and forward a hundred times.
+This is the highest miracle of genius,&mdash;that things which are not should
+be as though they were,&mdash;that the imaginations of one mind should become
+the personal recollections of another. And this miracle the tinker has
+wrought. There is no ascent, no declivity, no resting-place, no turn-stile,
+with which we are not perfectly acquainted. The wicket gate, and the
+desolate swamp which separates it from the City of Destruction,&mdash;the long
+line of road, as straight as a rule can make it,&mdash;the Interpreter's house,
+and all its fair shows,&mdash;the prisoner in the iron cage,&mdash;the palace, at
+the doors of which armed men kept guard, and on the battlements of which
+walked persons clothed all in gold,&mdash;the cross and the sepulchre,&mdash;the
+steep hill and the pleasant arbour,&mdash;the stately front of the House
+Beautiful by the wayside,&mdash;the low green valley of Humiliation, rich with
+grass and covered with flocks,&mdash;all are as well known to us as the sights
+of our own street. Then we come to the narrow place where Apollyon strode
+right across the whole breadth of the way, to stop the journey of
+Christian, and where afterwards the pillar was set up to testify how
+bravely the pilgrim had fought the good fight. As we advance, the valley
+becomes deeper and deeper. The shade of the precipices on both sides falls
+blacker and blacker. The clouds gather overhead. Doleful voices, the
+clanking of chains, and the rushing of many feet to and fro, are heard
+through the darkness. The way, hardly discernible in gloom, runs close by
+the mouth of the burning pit, which sends forth its flames, its noisome
+smoke, and its hideous shapes, to terrify the adventurer. Thence he goes
+on, amidst the snares and pitfalls, with the mangled bodies of those who
+have perished lying in the ditch by his side. At the end of the long dark
+valley, he passes the dens in which the old giants dwelt, amidst the bones
+and ashes of those whom they had slain.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then the road passes straight on through a waste moor, till at length the
+towers of a distant city appear before the traveller; and soon he is in
+the midst of the innumerable multitudes of Vanity Fair. There are the
+jugglers and the apes, the shops and the puppet-shows. There are Italian
+Row, and French Row, and Spanish Row, and Britain Row, with their crowds
+of buyers, sellers, and loungers, jabbering all the languages of the earth.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thence we go on by the little hill of the silver mine, and through the
+meadow of lilies, along the bank of that pleasant river which is bordered
+on both sides by fruit-trees. On the left side, branches off the path
+leading to that horrible castle, the courtyard of which is paved with the
+skulls of pilgrims; and right onwards are the sheepfolds and orchards of
+the Delectable Mountains.
+</p>
+<p>
+From the Delectable Mountains, the way lies through the logs and briers of
+the Enchanted Ground, with here and there a bed of soft cushions spread
+under a green arbour. And beyond is the land of Beulah, where the flowers,
+the grapes, and the songs of birds never cease, and where the sun shines
+night and day. Thence are plainly seen the golden pavements and streets of
+pearl,
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page79"
+  name="page79">
+  </a>[pg 79]
+</span>
+ on the other side of that black and cold river over which there is
+no bridge.
+</p>
+<p>
+All the stages of the journey,&mdash;all the forms which cross or overtake the
+pilgrims,&mdash;giants and hobgoblins, ill-favoured ones, and shining
+ones,&mdash;the tall, comely, swarthy Madam Bubble, with her great purse by her
+side, and her fingers playing with the money,&mdash;the black man in the bright
+vesture,&mdash;Mr. Worldly-Wiseman, and my Lord Hategood,&mdash;Mr. Talkative, and
+Mrs. Timorous,&mdash;all are actually existing beings to us. We follow the
+travellers through their allegorical progress with interest not inferior
+to that with which we follow Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, or Jeanie
+Deans from Edinburgh to London. Bunyan is almost the only writer that ever
+gave to the abstract the interest of the concrete. In the works of many
+celebrated authors, men are mere personifications. We have not an Othello,
+but jealousy; not an Iago but perfidy; not a Brutus, but patriotism. The
+mind of Bunyan, on the contrary, was so imaginative, that personifications,
+when he dealt with them, became men. A dialogue between two qualities, in
+his dream, has more dramatic effect than a dialogue between two human
+beings in most plays.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Pilgrim's Progress undoubtedly is not a perfect allegory. The types
+are often inconsistent with each other; and sometimes the allegorical
+disguise is altogether thrown off. The river, for example, is emblematic
+of death; and we are told that every human being must pass through the
+river. But Faithful does not pass through it. He is martyred, not in
+shadow, but in reality, at Vanity Fair. Hopeful talks to Christian about
+Esau's birthright, and about his own convictions of sin, as Bunyan might
+have talked with one of his own congregation. The damsels at the House
+Beautiful catechise Christiana's boys, as any good ladies might catechise
+any boys at a Sunday School. But we do not believe, that any man, whatever
+might be his genius, and whatever his good luck, could long continue a
+figurative history without falling into many inconsistencies.
+</p>
+<p>
+The passages which it is most difficult to defend, are those in which he
+altogether drops the allegory, and puts into the mouth of his pilgrims
+religious ejaculations and disquisitions, better suited to his own pulpit
+at Bedford or Reading, than to the Enchanted Ground or the Interpreter's
+Garden. Yet even these passages, though we will not undertake to defend
+them against the objection of critics, we feel that we could ill spare. We
+feel that the story owes much of its charm to these occasional glimpses of
+solemn and affecting subjects, which will not be hidden, which force
+themselves through the veil, and appear before us in their native aspect.
+The effect is not unlike that which is said to have been produced on the
+ancient stage, when the eyes of the actor were seen flaming through his
+mask, and giving life and expression to what would else have been an
+inanimate and uninteresting disguise.
+</p>
+<p>
+The style of Bunyan is delightful to every reader, and invaluable as a
+study to every person who wishes to obtain a wide command over the English
+language. The vocabulary is the vocabulary of the common people. There is
+not an expression, if we except a few technical terms of theology, which
+would puzzle the rudest peasant. We have observed several pages which do
+not contain a single word of more than two syllables. Yet no writer has
+said more exactly what he meant to say. For magnificence, for pathos, for
+vehement exhortation, for subtle disquisition, for every purpose of the
+poet, the orator, and the divine, this homely dialect&mdash;the dialect of
+plain working men&mdash;was perfectly sufficient. There is no book in our
+literature on which we would so readily stake the fame of the old
+unpolluted English language&mdash;no book which shows so well how rich that
+language is in its own proper wealth, and how little it has been improved
+by all that it has borrowed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Cowper said, forty or fifty years ago, that he dared not name John Bunyan
+in his verse, for fear of moving a sneer. To our refined forefathers, we
+suppose, Lord Roscommon's Essay on Translated Verse, and the Duke of
+Buckinghamshire's Essay on Poetry, appeared to be compositions infinitely
+superior to the allegory of the preaching tinker. We live in better times;
+and we are not afraid to say, that, though there were many clever men in
+England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only
+two great creative minds. One of those minds produced the Paradise Lost,
+the other the Pilgrim's Progress.&mdash;<i>Edinburgh Review</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+A London publisher advertises a collection of Nursery Tales as a "handsome
+present for <i>youth</i>." Here the schoolmaster is surely behind-hand.
+<span class="pagenum">
+  <a id="page80"
+  name="page80">
+  </a>[pg 80]
+</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h3>IMPROMPTU.&mdash;TO A LADY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>(From the Italian.)</i></h4>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+  <p>Think not thy <i>faults</i>, my pretty scold,</p>
+  <p class="i2">Like transient clouds will pass away;</p>
+  <p>Thine image in the rose behold,</p>
+  <p class="i2">Whose leaves fade ere the <i>thorns</i> decay.</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+E.L.J.
+</p>
+<p>
+This trifle was sent to the <i>Mirror</i> a few days since, and last Saturday
+it appeared in the <i>Literary Gazette</i>, with the same signature, E.L.J.&mdash;Is
+not this double-dealing?
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<i>Pantomimes</i>.&mdash;Four hundred persons are nightly employed in the pantomime
+at Covent Garden Theatre, on the stage, behind the scenes, and in the
+orchestra. Of this number are 90 carpenters in the machinery, property,
+and scenic department. The usual cost of one of these relics of olden
+Christmas at a patent theatre is £2,000.; and upwards of £10,000. are
+annually expended in producing pantomimes for the amusement of the large
+and little children of this great metropolis.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>How to keep away the Cholera</i>.&mdash;Fear has proved at all times, but more
+particularly during the prevalence of cholera, a fruitful predisposing
+cause of disease; be firm, therefore, and confident. Cheerfulness of
+disposition, equanimity and serenity of mind, are essential means of
+preservation from epidemic disorders, cholera especially. You have now the
+consoling assurance of the New Board of Health, in confirmation of what we,
+the anti-contagionists, in regard to cholera, had long before declared and
+contended for, that the disease <i>does not pass to those about the sick</i>,
+and seldom spreads in families. Cholera, therefore, is thus disarmed of
+one of its worst terrors. You only run the average share of risk of one in
+1,200,000 individual inhabitants of the metropolis, of being affected by
+the epidemic influence of the atmosphere, while that influence lasts; and
+as you are put in possession of several means to counteract that influence,
+the chances are greatly in your favour that you will not be attacked by
+cholera at all. To this conclusion I am authorized to come by my
+experience, which has been very considerable, and my observations, in more
+than one general epidemic, and by what I have read in all the authors
+(twenty or thirty of them) who have treated of cholera.&mdash;<i>Dr. Granville</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Cholera</i>.&mdash;An interesting experiment was tried at Newcastle last week,
+on the state of the atmosphere. A kite was sent up, having attached to it
+a piece of fresh butcher's meat, a fresh haddock, and a small loaf of
+bread. The kite ascended to a considerable height, and remained at that
+elevation for an hour and a quarter. When brought to the ground, it was
+found that the fish and the piece of meat were both in a putrid state,
+particularly the fish; and the loaf, when examined through, a microscope,
+was discovered to be pervaded with legions of animalculae. It may be worth
+while to repeat the experiment in other places to which cholera may
+unfortunately extend itself.&mdash;<i>Evening Paper.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Foreign Books.</i>&mdash;From official accounts it appears that the foreign books
+imported into the United Kingdom in the year 1830, weighed 3,441 cwt.
+3 qrs. 13 lbs. the amount of duty upon which was £11,865 4<i>s</i>. 4<i>d</i>.
+We find this in a paper on the Duties on Foreign Books in the <i>Foreign
+Quarterly Review</i>, just published; in which the imported old books have
+obtained a considerable ascendancy over the new ones.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+The lovers of the Fine Arts will hear with sorrow, the destruction by fire
+of Mr. Wilmshurst's splendid Painted Window of the Tournament of the Field
+of the Cloth of Gold, described at page 246, vol. xv. of <i>The Mirror</i>. It
+was completed about two years since at a cost of nearly 2,000<i>l</i>., and
+three years' labour of the artist.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>FAMILIAR SCIENCE.</h3>
+<hr />
+<p>
+This Day was published, with many Engravings, price 5<i>s</i>.,
+</p>
+<pre>
+  ARCANA OF SCIENCE,
+  AND
+  ANNUAL REGISTER of the USEFUL ARTS,
+  for 1832:
+</pre>
+<p>
+Abridged from the Transactions of Public Societies, and Scientific
+Journals, British and Foreign, for the past year.
+</p>
+<p>
+*** This volume will contain all the Important Facts in the year 1831&mdash;in
+the
+</p>
+<pre>
+  MECHANIC ARTS,
+  CHEMICAL SCIENCE,
+  ZOOLOGY,
+  BOTANY,
+  MINERALOGY,
+  GEOLOGY,
+  METEOROLOGY,
+  RURAL ECONOMY,
+  GARDENING.
+  DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
+  USEFUL AND ELEGANT ARTS,
+  GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES,
+  MISCELLANEOUS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.
+</pre>
+<p>
+Printing for John Limbird, 143, Strand; of whom may be had volumes (upon
+the same plan) for 1828, price 4<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>., 1829&mdash;30&mdash;31, price 5<i>s</i>. each.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>
+<i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,)
+London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic. G.G. Bennis,
+55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i>
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 11515-h.htm or 11515-h.zip *****
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. XIX. No. 532. Saturday, February 4, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 8, 2004 [EBook #11515]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. XIX. No. 532.] SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1832. [PRICE 2_d_.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CASTLE OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.]
+
+[Illustration: CAVERN OF ROBERT THE DEVIL.]
+
+ROBERT THE DEVIL.
+
+All the town, and the country too, by paragraph circumstantial, and puff
+direct, must have learned that every theatre in this Metropolis, and
+consequently, every stage in the country, is to have its version of the
+splendid French opera _Robert le Diable_. Its success in Paris has been
+what the good folks there call _magnifique_, and playing the devil has
+been the theatrical order of day and night since the Revolution. As we
+know nothing of its merits, and do not write of what we neither see nor
+hear, nor believe any report of, we do not put up our hopes for its
+success. But, as the story of the opera is a pretty piece of Norman
+romance, some fair penciller has sent us the sketches of the annexed cuts,
+and our Engraver has thus pitted himself with Grieve, Stanfield, Roberts,
+and scores of minor scene-painters, who are building canvass castles, and
+scooping out caverns for the King's Theatre, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane
+Theatres. Theirs will be but candle-light glories: our scenes will be the
+same by all lights. But as scenes are of little use without actors, and
+cuts of less worth without description, we append our fair Correspondent's
+historical notices of the sites and the _dram. pers._ of "this our
+tragedy."
+
+CASTLE OF ROBERT LE DIABLE, OR ROBERT THE DEVIL.
+
+The founder of this ancient castle bears the name of _Robert the Devil_.
+It is a wonderful relic of old Norman fortification, being so defended by
+nature, as to bid defiance to its enemies, and could only have fallen by
+stratagem. It is situated on the left side of the River Seine and in the
+province of Normandy. The subterranean caverns by their amazing extent
+sufficiently attest the ancient importance of this structure; tradition
+says they extend to the banks of the Seine. Its antiquity is fully proved
+by some of the architectural fragments bearing the stamp of 912. On
+arriving at the summit of the mountain, the tourist receives an impression
+like enchantment: the castle seems to have been conveyed there by fairies;
+and at the base the eye is charmed by the fine and picturesque forest of
+Bourgtheroulde: villages elegantly grouped, enrich with their beautiful
+fabrics each bank of the Seine which majestically traverses a luxurious
+landscape. Romance, fable, and the tradition of shepherds and peasants
+describe Robert the Devil as Governor of Neustria, and a descendent of
+Rollo the celebrated Norman chief, whose name was changed to Robert, Duke
+of Normandy in 923, on his marriage with the daughter of Charles the
+simple, King of France. His great and valiant achievements are remembered
+in that country so renowned by his race, and where his name still awakens
+every sentiment of superstitious awe. All in the environs of the castle
+recount his wonderful and warlike exploits; his numerous amours; and his
+rigid penitence by which he hoped to appease the wrath of offended Heaven.
+The moans of his victims are said to resound in the Northern subterranean
+caverns; the peasantry also believe that the spirit of Robert is condemned
+to haunt the ruins of his castle, and the tombs of his "Ladies Fair." In
+justice to his memory be it remembered, that his acts of cruelty were
+alone aimed at the rapacious and guilty, and that in him helpless
+innocence ever found a protector.
+
+Robert the Devil was cotemporary with our Danish King Harold, 1065; he
+assisted Henry, the eldest son of Robert of Normandy, in gaining
+possession of the crown, and accompanied him with a large army into the
+capital of France, where they ravaged the territory of the rebels, by
+burning the towns and villages, and putting the inhabitants to the sword:
+on this account he was called Robert the Devil.
+
+When tranquillity was restored, and Henry freed from his enemies, Robert
+made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with other powerful potentates. On his
+return he was taken ill, and appointed an illegitimate son his successor,
+whose mother was the daughter of a dealer in skins at Falaise, and this
+son became that celebrated William of Normandy, our renowned conqueror!
+The Normans instigated the people to reject him, on the plea of his
+illegitimacy; but Henry I., then King of France, gratefully remembered the
+good offices of Robert the Devil, William's Father: therefore espoused his
+cause, and raised an army of three thousand men to invade Normandy; long
+and obstinate wars continued, which did not terminate till William had
+accomplished the successful invasion of England; he was the grandson of
+Rollo, known after his marriage as Robert the 1st., Duke of Normandy, who
+died 935. Thus from one of his numerous amours sprung our new dynasty of
+kings, which totally changed the aspect of the times. By some historians
+he is called Robert the IInd., Duke of Normandy, but the name by which he
+is generally known, is that dignified one of William the Conqueror.
+
+CAVERN OF ROBERT LE DIABLE.
+
+The remains of this cavern (situated in Normandy) command the attention of
+the lovers of history, not only from its antiquity, but also from its
+gloomy recesses, having afforded a safe shelter to our weak and cruel King
+John. Here he bade farewell to this province which he abandoned to the
+French Knights, and from whom he carefully concealed every trace of his
+retreat. The entrance is almost obscured, and tradition says it is so
+artfully managed as to have the appearance of a passage to another. The
+spot is barren, and it appears as if a thunder-bolt had burnt up the
+verdure. The spirit of _Robert le Diable_ is supposed to haunt the cavern
+in the form of a wolf, and advances uttering piteous cries, and
+steadfastly gazing on its place of defence (the caverns extending to the
+River Seine) reviews his former glory and conquests, and seems bitterly to
+lament the present decay. In vain the peasants commence the chase; they
+assert that the wolf though closely pursued always eludes the vigilance of
+the huntsman. On the death of Richard I. of England, 1199, his Brother
+John was proclaimed King of Normandy and Aquitaine; the Duchies of
+Brittany, the Counties of Anjou, Maine, Tours and others, acknowledged
+Arthur, John's nephew, as their sovereign, and claimed the protection of
+the King of France, Philip II., surnamed Augustus; but he despairing of
+being able to retain these provinces against the will of their inhabitants,
+sacrificed Arthur and his followers to John, who in a skirmish with some
+of the Norman Lords, carried them all prisoners into Normandy, where
+Arthur soon disappeared: the Britons assert that he was murdered by his
+uncle; and the Normans that he was accidentally killed in endeavouring to
+escape. The death of their favourite Prince stung the Britons to madness,
+as in him centered their last hope of regaining independence: an ardent
+imagination led them to believe their future destiny connected with this
+child, which inspired them with a wild affection for Philip, as being the
+enemy of his murderer. They accused John before the French King of
+Arthur's murder, and he was summoned as a Vassal of Normandy to appear and
+defend himself before the twelve Peers of France. This command being
+treated with contempt, the lands John held under the French crown were
+declared forfeit, and an army levied to put it into execution. It was on
+this emergency that John found a safe place of concealment in the cavern
+of Robert the Devil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LACONICS, &c.
+
+(_Continued from page 53_.)
+
+
+Generosity is not the virtue of the multitude, and for this reason:
+selfishness is often the consequence of ignorance, and it requires a
+cultivated mind to discern where the rights of others interfere with our
+own wishes.
+
+If commerce has benefited, it has also injured the human race; and the
+invention of the compass has brought disease as well as wealth in its
+train.
+
+The days of joy are as long and perhaps as frequent as those of grief; but
+either the memory is treacherous or the mind is too morbid to admit this
+to be the case.
+
+Without occasional seriousness and even melancholy, mirth loses its magic,
+and pleasure becomes unpalatable.
+
+It is unlucky that experience being our best teacher, we have only learnt
+its lessons perfectly, when we no longer stand in need of them; and have
+provided ourselves armour we can never wear.
+
+Chastity in women may be said to arise more from attention to worldly
+motives than deference to moral obligation: there is not so much
+continence amongst men, because there is not the same restriction.
+
+A resolution to put up calmly with misfortune, invariably has the effect
+of lightening the load.
+
+Conceit is usually seen during our first investigations after knowledge;
+but time and more accurate research teach us that not only is our
+comprehension limited, but knowledge itself is so imperfect, as not to
+warrant any vanity upon it at all.
+
+Extravagance is of course merely comparative: a man may be a spendthrift
+in copper as well as gold.
+
+We had rather be made acquainted at any time with the reality and
+certainty of distress, than be tortured by the feverish and restless
+anxiety of doubt.
+
+A too great nicety about diet is being over scrupulous, and is converting
+moderation into a fault; but on the other hand it is little better than
+gluttony, if we cannot refrain from what may by possibility be even
+slightly injurious.
+
+A celebrated traveller who had been twice round the world and visited
+every remarkable country, declared, that thought he had seen many
+wonderful things, he had never chanced to see a handsome old woman.
+
+It is difficult enough to persuade a tool, but persuasion is not all the
+difficulty: obstinacy still remains to be brought under subjection.
+
+A prejudiced person is universally condemned and yet many of our
+prejudices are excusable, and some of them necessary: if we do not indulge
+a few of our prejudices, we shall have to go on doubting and inquiring for
+ever.
+
+Scepticism has ever been the bugbear of youthful vanity, and it is
+considered knowing to quarrel with existing institutions and established
+truths; our experienced reflection regrets this inclination and we become
+weary of distracting ourselves with endless difficulties.
+
+In dreaming, it is remarkable how easily and yet imperceptibly the mind
+connects events altogether differing in their nature; and if we hear any
+noise during sleep, how instantaneously the sound is woven in with the
+events of our dream and as satisfactorily accounted.
+
+The unpleasant sensation that is produced by modesty, is amply compensated
+by the prepossession it creates in our favour.
+
+Public virtue prospers by the vices of individuals. The spendthrift gives
+a circulation to the coin of the realm, while the miser is equally useful
+in gleaning and scraping together what others have too profusely scattered.
+Luxury gives a livelihood to thousands, and the numbers supported by
+vanity are beyond calculation.
+
+There is a distinction to be drawn between self-love and selfishness,
+though they are usually confounded. Self-love is the effect of instinct,
+and is necessary for our preservation in common with other animals; but
+selfishness is a mental defect and is generated by narrowness of soul.
+
+The difference between honour and honesty is this: honour is dictated by a
+regard to character, honesty arises from a feeling of duty.
+
+It is difficult to avoid envy without laying ourselves open to contempt;
+for in being too scrupulous not to trespass on others we lay ourselves
+open to be trifled with and trampled on.
+
+That "familiarity breeds contempt" does not only mean, that he who is too
+familiar with us incurs our contempt; but also that novelty being
+indispensably necessary to our happiness we cease to admire what habit has
+familiarized.
+
+Poverty, like every thing else has its fair side. The poor man has the
+gratification of knowing that no one can have any interest in his death;
+and in his intercourse with the world he can be certain that wherever he
+is welcome, it is exclusively on his own account.
+
+If the poor have but few comforts, they are free from many miseries,
+mental as well as personal, that their superiors are subjected to: they
+have no physicians who live by their sufferings, and they never experience
+the curse of sensibility.
+
+Eloquence, engaging as it is, must always be regarded with suspicion. The
+great use made of it in the history of literature, has been to mislead the
+head by an appeal to the heart, and it was for this reason the Athenians
+forbid their orators the use of it.
+
+Conceit is generally proportionate with high station, and the greatest
+geniuses have not been entirely free from it: what indeed is ambition but
+an immoderate love of praise?
+
+When we call to mind the humiliating necessities of human nature as far as
+the body is concerned, and in our intellectual resolves the meanness or
+paltriness of many of our motives to action, we may well be surprised that
+man who has so much cause to be humble should indulge for a moment in
+pride.
+
+It is not so easy as philosophers tell us to lay aside our prejudices;
+mere volition cannot enable us to divest ourselves of long established
+feelings, and even reason is averse to laying aside theories it has once
+been taught to admire.
+
+A man may start at impending danger or wince at the sensation of pain: and
+yet he may be a true philosopher and not be afraid of death.
+
+The epicure, the drunkard, and the man of loose morals are equally
+contemptible: though the brutes obey instinct, they never exceed the
+bounds of moderation; and besides, it is beneath the dignity of man to
+place felicity in the service of his senses.
+
+A passionate man should be regarded with the same caution as a loaded
+blunderbuss, which may unexpectedly go off and do us an injury.
+
+There are many fools in the world and few wise men; at any rate there are
+more false than sound reasoners; wherefore it would seem more politic to
+adopt the opinion of the minority on most occasions.
+
+Those who are deficient in any particular accomplishment usually contrive
+either openly or indirectly to express their contempt for it: thus
+removing that obstacle which removes them from the same level.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSLATION OF DELLA CASA'S SONNET TO THE CITY OF VENICE.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+  Where these rich palaces and stately piles
+  Now rear their marble fronts, in sculptur'd pride,
+  Stood once a few rude scatter'd huts, beside
+  The desert shores of some poor clust'ring isles.
+  Yet here a hardy band, from vices free,
+  In fragile barks, rode fearless o'er the sea:
+  Not seeking over provinces to stride,
+  But here to dwell, afar from slavery.
+  They knew not fierce ambition's lust of power,
+  And while their hearts were free from thirst of gold,
+  Rather than falsehood--death they would behold.
+  If heaven hath granted thee a mightier dower,
+  I honour not the fruits that spring from thee
+  With thy new riches:--Death and Tyranny.
+
+E.L.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HOUSE OF UNDER.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+There are few families more ancient, more generally known, or more widely
+diffused throughout the known world, than that of Under: indeed, in every
+nation, though bearing different names, some branch of this family is
+extant; and there is no doubt that the _Dessous_ of France, the _Unters_
+of Germany, and the _Onders_ of the Land-_under_-water, belong to the same
+ancient and venerable house. The founders of the house, however, were of
+_low_ origin, and generally _down_ in the world. _Undergo_ was the job of
+the family, as patient as a lamb: he encouraged the blessed martyrs in
+times of yore, and is still in existence, though his patience has somewhat
+diminished. _Underhand_ is a far different character to the preceding, a
+double-dealing rascal, and as sly as a fox; he greets you with a smiling
+countenance, and while one hand is employed in shaking yours, he is
+disembarrassing you of the contents of your pocket with the other.
+_Underline_ is a gentleman of some literary attainments, though not
+entirely divested of quackery; he is particularly noted for the emphasis
+he gives to certain points in his discourse, and though in some cases,
+perhaps, he is a little too prodigal of this kind of effect, yet we could
+not well do without him. _Undermine_ is a greater rascal than Underhand,
+and had it not been for the counter-acting influence of _Underproof_, our
+house had fallen to the ground; to the ground it might have fallen, but
+had it gone farther, it would have been only to be revived in the person
+of _Underground_, a gentleman well known in the kitchens and pantries of
+the metropolis, the pantries in particular, he being a constant companion
+to the _Under-butler_. _Understand_ is the pride of the house, and by his
+shining qualities, has raised himself to an eminence never reached by any
+other member of the family. He is a conspicuous exception to the downcast
+looks of so many of his relations. _Undertake_ is an enterprising fellow,
+but he is often deceived and fails in his schemes; not so Undertaker,
+(whose similarity in name would make some folks believe there was some
+connexion;) no, _his_ affairs are calculated to a wonderful nicety, and
+every tear is priced. _Underwriter_ is a speculative genius, and--but the
+less we say of him the better. _Underrate_ is a character I cannot avoid
+mentioning, though I wish with all my heart he was dead: his greatest
+pleasure consists in detracting from the good qualities of his neighbours.
+
+I have only mentioned the English part of "Our House," although there are
+even some of that branch, whom I cannot at present call to mind, except
+_Underdone_, a lover of raw beef-steaks, and _Undervalue_, a person who
+has proved himself a great friend to custom-house officers, having some
+of the cunning of _Underhand_, but not quite so much luck, and subjecting
+his goods to seizure, for having tried to cheat the king. But I must leave
+this subject, and take my leave, till a fitter opportunity occurs for
+giving you further particulars of the "House of Under;" in the meanwhile,
+believe me, courteous reader, yours, sincerely,
+
+UNDER THE ROSE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830.
+
+We quote a page or two from the second and concluding volume of _Paris and
+its Historical Scenes_, in the _Library of Entertaining Knowledge_, which
+gives the best account of _la Grande Semaine_ that has yet appeared. The
+editor has taken Lord Bacon's advice--to read, not to take for
+granted--but to weigh and consider; and amidst the discrepancies of
+contemporary pamphleteers and journalists, his reader will not be
+surprised at the difficulty of obtaining correct information of what
+happens beneath our very window, as one of the great men of history
+confessed upwards of two centuries since. In this respect, mankind has
+scarcely progressed a jot, though men be more sceptical in not taking for
+granted.
+
+Our extract is, we hope, to the point:
+
+"It is curious to what an extent opposite feelings and opinions will
+colour even material scenes and objects to the eyes of different observers.
+Count Tasistro was also present at the capture of the Tuileries; and gives
+us in his narrative a description of what he witnessed of the conduct of
+the people after they had established themselves within the palace. Before
+presenting the reader, however, with what he says upon this subject, we
+will transcribe part of his account of his adventures in the earlier part
+of this day. 'The morning of the 29th,' he says, 'was ushered in by the
+dismal ringing of bells, the groans of distant guns, and the savage shouts
+of the populace; and I arose from a long train of dreams, which defied
+recollection as well as interpretation. The rabble, headed by a few
+beardless boys just let loose from the Polytechnic School and other
+seminaries, had been pleased to fix their head-quarters in our street.
+About half-past eleven, however, those of them who were collected here
+having heard that the popular forces who were fighting before the Louvre
+were nearly disabled by the cannon of the troops occupying that palace,
+their Polytechnic chief called upon them to follow him to the assistance
+of their brethren. Having entreated them to refrain from extravagant
+excesses, he rushed forward, and soon arrived at the scene of action. Here
+I saw him turn round and address his followers thus, 'Le cannon a deja
+extermine plusieurs de vos comarades; dans un instant il est a vous;
+suivez moi, et apprenez comme il faut mourir;' (_the cannon has already
+destroyed numbers of your brethren; the next instant it will be directed
+against you: follow me, and learn how to die_.) Having uttered these words,
+he darted forward, just as the gun which was pointed at him was discharged,
+and was blown into atoms. The people, however, following where he had led,
+in the enthusiasm of the moment seized the gun, and turned it immediately
+against the Swiss and the Guards that were stationed at the balconies of
+the Louvre. Other guns were afterwards taken--and the consequence was that
+the soldiers at last retreated with great precipitation, and concentrated
+their strength on the Place du Carrousel. The tricolour was already waving
+over the Louvre. I observed a little, insignificant urchin climb up the
+walls, and plant it during the contest.
+
+"The last struggle made by the Guards for their royal master was to save
+the proud palace of his ancestors; but, alas, the attempt was vain. A
+storm of balls was poured in upon them from so many sides, that the little
+presence of mind they had preserved until now, deserted them at this
+trying moment; and after a few ineffectual discharges, they retreated
+toward the Champs Elysees; and the populace, unchecked by any power but
+their own will, rushed _en masse_ into the regal mansion.
+
+"During this attack, short as it was, I happened to be in a situation far
+more critical than that of the generality of the combatants on either side.
+On entering the Place du Carrousel by the archway leading from the Quays,
+we found the confusion extreme--and, as the fire besides grew every moment
+hotter and hotter, I felt the necessity of taking refuge somewhere, and in
+my agitation ran forward and sheltered myself under the Triumphal Arch.
+Here I passed the short interval during which the combat lasted in a
+confusion of all the senses, which extended minutes to months, and gave to
+something less than half a quarter of an hour the importance of a century;
+for I was all the time between the two fires. Fortunately, as I have said,
+the affair did not last very long; and when the victorious rabble at last
+rushed into the Tuileries, I followed the general movement, and soon after
+found myself in the throne hall, where I was joined by my two missing
+friends."
+
+The Count now proceeds to inveigh in general terms against what he
+describes as the atrocious conduct of the unruly rabble--the devastation,
+pillage, and other enormities of which they were guilty. Having concluded
+this diatribe, he goes on with his narrative as follows: "Indeed the
+passion of mischief had taken such strong possession of the minds of
+all--the temptation was so widely thrown open wherever one went--that even
+I felt a touch of the desire; and, as I passed along the library hall,
+where a most splendid stock of books had been thrown on the floor, spying
+among many precious treasures a beautifully ornamented little volume,
+which, to say nothing of its gay appearance, promised to occupy no great
+room in the pocket, with the conviction that I was doing a good action, I
+picked it up. On opening it I found that it was neither a bible, nor a
+poem, nor a _congurare_ (_?_), as I had anticipated, but simply a pocket
+memorandum-book in which his Majesty had been accustomed to note his
+_parties de chasse_, and the numbers of game he killed. I immediately
+thrust it into my pocket, and have since preserved it as a keepsake--but
+shall be most happy to restore it to the owner, should that august
+personage at any time feel disposed to claim it. Would that all the rest
+of the many articles that were this day pilfered were held as sacred, and
+ready to be as punctually surrendered!
+
+"Tolerably tired at last of looking on the grim faces that surrounded us,
+we agreed to make our retreat; and descended into the garden, intending to
+pass out by the gate leading to the Quays. Here, however, we were met by a
+figure, at the sight of which we found it almost impossible to restrain
+our risibility. It was a man keeping watch at the gate as a sentinel,
+dressed for the most part as we commonly see the masters of chimney-sweeps,
+without a vestige of either shoes or shirt, and what were intended for
+coat and trousers having very doubtful pretensions to those
+designations--but, to make amends for this condition of his general
+habiliments, having a highly polished musket in his hand, a most splendid
+sword dangling by his side, and on his head a superb Marshal's hat! 'Ou
+allez vous?' was the imperious demand of this extraordinary looking
+personage. 'Ou nous voulons' was the instant and haughty reply of my
+friend M. The fellow, not being accustomed to such insubordination,
+ordered us to take off our hats to show whether we carried anything away
+with us. M. at this would have struck him down but for the sudden
+appearance of six men, whose looks and dress were not much better than
+those of the sentinel. These men, on being informed of our _hauteur_ (as
+it was termed), insisted on our helping them, by way of penalty for our
+offence, to carry off the dead. This was more than I, with all my
+disposition to forbearance, could submit to; so, addressing myself to the
+ugliest of them, who seemed to be the commanding officer of the party, I
+told him scornfully and in good French, that we were foreign gentlemen,
+who had nothing to do either with the dead or the living of their
+country--and that it was a very _despotic_ act to stop peaceable
+passengers in that manner. But this expostulation served only to irritate
+the raggamuffins; and one of them taking hold of my arm tried to force me
+into compliance with his orders. This was our trying moment; we all three
+made one desperate effort 'for liberty;' and, each of us having dealt his
+opponent a severe blow on the cheek, we broke from them, and ran off at
+our best speed. Three shots were immediately fired, and still we galloped
+on unhurt;--another went off, and I felt it--not that I was mortally
+wounded; it was only a spent ball that lodged itself in the flesh of my
+leg. The accident lamed me, however, for the time, and consequently put an
+end to my adventures. I was carried to my hotel, and the ball was
+extracted; but still the wound confined me to my room for two months."
+
+The battle-pieces, and head and tail-cuts, well bespeak the ups and downs
+and bursts of the Revolution. They are as plentiful in this volume, as the
+balls were about Paris in _La Grande Semaine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TIME'S TELESCOPE FOR 1832
+
+Is, as usual, a multifarious volume, and abounds with reading that must
+please all tastes. It has, moreover, to meet the exigencies of the day, a
+pretty sprinkling of cuts and plates, respecting the number of which we do
+not quarrel; in the choice of some of them we must, however, dissent from
+the editor. The Astronomical portion, by Mr. Barker, is unusually copious,
+and the cometary plates are well executed. We quote a passage:
+
+_On the probability of a concussion of a Comet with the earth_.
+
+It has been stated that the comet of 1770, passed through the system of
+the planet Jupiter, without in the slightest degree affecting the motions
+of either the primary or his satellites; also, that it passed sufficiently
+near our planet to have shortened the length of the year had its mass been
+equal to that of the earth. No effect whatever was produced, from whence
+it may be concluded, that the neighbourhood of a comet is not of
+sufficient importance to excite any alarming apprehensions for the safety
+of the habitation of man.
+
+Most of the calculations that have been made respecting the effect of the
+proximity of a comet to our earth have proceeded on erroneous
+principles,--over-rating the quantity of matter in comets, and losing
+sight of their great velocity when in this part of the system. For a comet
+to produce any direful effect, it ought to contain not merely a
+considerable quantity of matter, but also ought to be vertical and
+stationary to the earth's surface for several hours; instead of which, we
+have sufficient reason to believe that though vast in volume, comets
+contain but little matter in proportion, consequently, their attractive
+energy would be inconsiderable; also their velocity would, in a very short
+period, carry them beyond the limit of exerting any influence on the
+waters of the globe. Of course, this general statement would be modified
+by the rate and direction of a comet's motion, and also the earth's
+rotation.
+
+It may, then, be asserted with safety that the close appulse of a comet
+would not be attended with any fatal results; and that this security
+principally consists in its great velocity, which would so swiftly remove
+it to a distance. But, the very circumstance which, in the case of
+_proximity_, would be the security of our globe, (its velocity,) would, in
+the event of a _contact_, be attended with the direst effects. It is true
+that the probability of a contact is less, in an almost infinite degree,
+than the proximity of a comet, which, notwithstanding, is an event which
+every astronomer is fully aware, is within the verge of possibility.
+
+The effects of a contact would be greatly modified by circumstance. Should
+the comet strike the earth obliquely, it would glance off, and the
+consequences would be partial. If the point of collision were on a
+continent of the globe, mountains would be hurled from their bases, and
+new ones would elevate their ridges towards the clouds. Were the place of
+meeting on either of the great oceans, some regions would be deserted, and
+others would be inundated by the waters of the sea. These dreadful
+consequences would be increased, in an indefinite proportion, if the point
+of contact were in the direction of the earth's centre; the meeting would
+be terrific; the earth's period of revolution would, in all probability,
+be altered, either by carrying it nearer to or farther from the sun; a
+different inclination of the axis might be given, and there would be a
+consequent change of seasons; the diurnal motion might be either
+accelerated or retarded, by which the length of the day would be affected;
+the vast continents of the globe would be again covered with the ocean,
+which, deserting its bed, would rush towards the new equator.
+
+Infinitely more tremendous would be the catastrophe if the earth were
+struck by a _retrograde comet_ in the direction of the terrestrial centre,
+the comet making up, by its velocity, the deficiency of mass: in this case
+the centrifugal force of both bodies might be annihilated,--the
+centripetal principle alone obeyed, and both comet and earth rush to the
+sun!
+
+It must, however, be stated, that the probability of such an event is all
+but infinitely removed: the most likely of any that is known, to effect
+such a consummation, is the comet of Encke, which it has been calculated
+would come in collision with our earth after a lapse of 219 millions of
+years! This calculation proceeds on the soundest principles of reasoning,
+and proves not so much the safety of our globe from cometary destruction,
+(for some comet, hitherto unseen by mortal eyes, may _now_ be winging its
+flight directly towards our globe,) as the astonishing powers of the mind
+of man, which can thus essay to penetrate the veil of futurity, and read
+the destiny of a world.
+
+But destruction to this terrestrial orb and its teeming inhabitants, may
+be more speedily brought about than by a concussion with these celestial
+agents. A single principle of motion annihilated, evaporation suspended,
+or a component part of the atmosphere abstracted, and "final ruin would
+drive her ploughshare o'er creation;" universal conflagration would
+instantly ensue from the separation of the oxygen from the nitrogen of the
+atmosphere,--the former exerting its native energies without control
+wherever it extends,--solid rocks, ponderous marble, metals, and even
+water itself, would burst into an intensity of flame, and change the
+aspect of all sublunary things.
+
+But all these vast bodies of the universe are, doubtless, kept in their
+prescribed limits as with so many "reins and bridles," and when this earth
+has completed its destined circles, and fulfilled the purposes for which
+it was called out of nothing, it will need but the command of the glorious
+Creator who at first spoke this beautiful frame into being, bliss, and
+light, to return it to its primeval gloom, or bid it shine forth with new
+resplendent beauty and lustre.
+
+The "Notes of a Naturalist" are stated to be by Professor Rennie; but we
+question if they have been written expressly for this volume, as we
+recognise many passages from other works.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+SCOTTISH LITERARY DINNER.
+
+_As reported by Three Hands_.
+
+It is a miserable thing to quarrel or even differ over a dinner, although
+the whole affair be but a matter of taste. It is likewise a miserable
+thing to differ after dinner, since it lamentably disturbs the digestion
+of the food, as in this case it may the temper of the feeders. Yet
+respecting the dinner to celebrate the Birthday of Burns in Freemasons'
+Hall, there is a remarkable difference among the critical craft; which
+difference, by the way, no shades of opinion can reconcile. As we were not
+of the party, (and we congratulate ourselves on the escape from a Scottish
+half-dinner,) it may be well to quote from three of the reports that have
+appeared, rather than let the affair pass unnoticed in our pages. We do so
+from a wish to preserve certain traits and anecdotes which the occasion
+drew forth,--to give the pleasant rather than the "untoward" events of the
+day: though we must own the whole appears to have been a very droll
+business, always excepting the _semi-pransus_.
+
+We start with an extract from Dr. Granville's _Catechism of Health_:--
+
+_Q_. What should a dinner consist of?
+
+_A_. Of any wholesome food that is in season, plainly dressed.
+
+_Q_. Should the dinner be composed of many dishes?
+
+_A_. The most wholesome dinner is that which consists of a single dish of
+meat, with a proper quantity of vegetables.
+
+Whether the Scottish dinner was as aforesaid, we know not. Call the
+evidence.
+
+_Court Journal_.--A public dinner at a public-house (this is a court
+sneer)--provided by Scotch booksellers, presided at by a Scotch baronet,
+accompanied by Scotch bagpipes, and prepared for two hundred Scotch
+appetites, there being four hundred of the said appetites admitted to
+partake of it.
+
+_Athenaeum_.--Nearly five hundred persons were present at a dinner ordered
+for two hundred and fifty.
+
+_Literary Gazette_.--The stewards provided for 300 guests: another hundred
+coming without notice of their intention, were speedily accommodated; and
+surely the exertion to accomplish this is more to be praised, than any
+little partial failure or inconvenience (such as attends all large public
+dinners) is to be cavilled at and blamed. The dinner and wines were of the
+first order, and at least nine-tenths of those present were highly
+gratified by their entertainment.
+
+But we will first quote the _Athenaeum_ account, from its being the most
+brief as well as more circumstantial, and then add the _variorum_ opinions.
+
+"Little else has been talked of these ten days, in the literary world of
+London, but the Festival in memory of the birthday of Burns and the visit
+of the Ettrick Shepherd. The names of stewards, noble and learned, were
+announced in the newspapers: hopes were held out that verses in honour of
+the occasion, written by Campbell, would be recited by Reding: and it was
+moreover added, that Captain Burns was to be present, and that the
+punch-bowl of Murray marble, filled with the liquor which his great father
+loved, would be smoking on the table. The Festival took place in
+Freemasons' Hall on Wednesday last, and though arrangements were made for
+two hundred and fifty guests, such was the curiosity, and such the crush,
+that by six o' clock, four hundred and fifty tickets were disposed of, and
+the like number of gentlemen sat down, amid no little confusion, about
+seven o' clock, to dinner. Sir John Malcolm, well known for his 'History
+of Central India,' was in the chair; on his left hand sat the eldest and
+youngest sons of Burns; the former like his father, the latter more
+resembling his mother; and on the other hand sat James Hogg, accompanied
+by many gentlemen distinguished in science and literature. The punch-bowl
+of Burns, now the property of Mr. Hastie, stood before the chair, and
+beside it, a drinking quaigh, formed from the Wallace Oak of the Torwood,
+brimmed with silver, and bearing on the bottom the grim visage of the
+northern hero."
+
+"Sir John Malcolm having consumed some time in introductory toasts, which
+the company received with impatience, proceeded to propose 'the Memory of
+ROBERT BURNS:' he dwelt less on his history than on the wide influence of
+his works, and recited many verses with taste and feeling. He related how
+deeply his fame had taken root in the East, and instanced the admiration
+of Byron in proof of his wonderful genius: but no such testimony is at all
+wanting; the songs of Burns are sung in every quarter of the globe, and
+his poems are treasured in millions of memories, so that his fame may set
+fate at defiance. All this was rapturously received; nor was the
+approbation of the company less coldly manifested when the chairman
+proposed 'the health of the ETTRICK SHEPHERD;' it appeared, however, that
+he was much less familiar with his works than with those of Burns, and
+though a native of a pastoral district, made sad work among the romances
+and ballads of the imaginative shepherd. This want was, however, in some
+degree supplied, by a most characteristic speech from Hogg himself, in
+which he related how the inspiration of the muse came upon him, in
+consequence of his being born, like Burns, on the 25th of January; how, on
+the evening of his birth, a man and horse were dispatched for the midwife,
+but the night being wild, and Ettrick deep in flood, the rider was lost;
+nevertheless, the familiar spirit called Brownie--the Lubber-Fiend of
+Milton--supplied his place, and brought the marvelling midwife in time to
+achieve the adventure of the future poet of Kilmeny. All this, and much
+more he related in a way hovering between jest and earnest, and in a
+strong Ettrick tone, to the consternation of the English part of the
+meeting, for whom it was rather peculiar and learned. The audience
+evidently, one and all, regarded the Shepherd with wonder, and hundreds
+were on tiptoe to have a look at him as he stood on a table to relate his
+own varied fortunes.
+
+"But on the banks of Tweed the chairman was aware that a wizard, still
+more enchanting than him of Yarrow, lived, or rather, lately lived; and he
+accordingly gave the health of 'SIR WALTER SCOTT, and a safe return to his
+native country.' It is needless to say with what rapture the health of
+this most illustrious of all the sons of Scotland was drunk. This
+honour--such is the word--was acknowledged by Mr. Lockhart, in a speech
+worth any two chapters in the whole range of British Biography;--it was
+clear and concise--vigorous and picturesque--and abounding with anecdote.
+Of his illustrious father-in-law, he told how Burns predicted his future
+fame, in the house of Adam Ferguson; and of Hogg he related how Scott
+found him, thirty-five years ago, with his plaid and dog, watching his
+sheep on Ettrick Banks, with more old border ballads on his memory than
+any traditionary dame of the district, and with more true poetry in his
+heart than was usual to the lot of poets. Of Hogg himself he said much
+that was amusing and instructive: one anecdote will not soon be forgotten.
+The Shepherd was at the dinner-table of a duchess, when her Grace said,
+'Mr. Hogg, where you ever here before?' 'Madam,' said the poet, 'I have
+driven cattle often past your gates, but I never was within them till
+now.'"
+
+
+"But we must have done with this splendid Festival: we cannot, however,
+conclude without a remark:--the health of 'Lord Porchester and the Poets
+of England,' was drunk; and when his Lordship made his acknowledgments, he
+was interrupted by the titter of a hundred tongues and sat down, no doubt,
+feeling that the spirit of nationality was a little too exclusive. We
+forgot to mention that neither Campbell nor his poem made their appearance,
+which we regretted for several reasons, and also that the memory of Burns
+was not drunk out of his punch-bowl. For this relique of the bard, a Jew
+of the name of Isaac, gave 60_l_. in pledge, and begged the key to keep in
+memory of the poet, when it was bought by its present possessor; and an
+Irish gentleman, not long ago, sent a 300_l_. check for it, and threatened
+Mr. Hastie with the law when he refused to give him up the punch-bowl."
+
+"We are indebted to a friend for this very pleasant notice, and must, in
+our predominent love of truth, say so. As far as the presence of numbers
+could testify general affection for the memory of Burns and respect for
+the Ettrick Shepherd, the meeting was most satisfactory; in every other
+respect it was a failure."
+
+Now let us turn to the _Court Journal_, which in its first column
+decides the Burns' Dinner to have been "the most ill-conceived,
+ill-concocted, ill-managed, and ill-attended affair of its kind that
+ever flung disgrace and ridicule on the public hospitality of the most
+inhospitable public on record." The advertised list of stewards is
+described as "hoax the first." Their names were used as baits--their
+presence being represented under the ominous forms of half-a-dozen
+well-known illustrious unknowns, headed by two "enterprising"
+booksellers! there being not a single distinguished writer present,
+except Mr. Lockhart, and he evidently _cutting_ the whole affair,--so
+far I mean as relates to taking any part in the (mis)management of it.
+Nevertheless, I see by the Papers, that "all the leading characters of
+the Metropolis were present! the poetical department of them being
+represented by Lord Porchester, and the prose department by Lord Mahon."
+Our Court visiter bears his lot with good humour: but, observes he "not
+small must have been the contemptuous pity felt for me, by those
+superior intelligences who, on my entering the Dinner Room, I found had
+already secured their seats, probably by the only practical method--that
+of taking possession of them overnight! And there is no denying the wit
+of this proceeding, on the part of those who were in the secret, that
+the repast was ordered for two hundred individuals, (nine-tenths of them
+probably _Scotch_ individuals) and was to be partaken of by _four_
+hundred." This proportion is probably correct, since "nine-tenths," are
+the precise proportion of the company gratified.--(_See the Gazette_.)
+
+Among the _elite_, or the company at the upper table, "Sir Peter Laurie
+was one, and Mr. Lockhart was not _one_: for he sat among the
+undistinguished at a side table." Our _Court_ guest also sat at a side
+table though he pleads guilty to "foul" means--"that of displacing an
+engine-turned and satine-ed card, which had been deposited therein, as the
+worthy _locum tenens_ and representative of its owner."
+
+But the contradictions circumstantial appear to (dis)advantage in the
+_Literary Gazette_, as will be seen among our quotations. The health of
+Burns being drunk "Both the sons of the poet standing up, the eldest
+expressed their gratitude for the tribute to their father's genius." The
+_Gazette_ states the Shepherd's health to have been prefaced by an "apt
+and interesting address," but the _Athenaeum_ represents the chairman to
+have "made sad work among the romances, &c." Upon the health of the poets
+of England being drunk, Lord Porchester is stated in the Gazette to have
+spoken "eloquently in reply, and pronounced a beautiful eulogium upon the
+ameliorating effects produced upon individuals and communities by the
+cultivation of the Muses:" a very pretty subject for a school theme, to be
+sure, but unfortunate in comparison with the "titter of a hundred tongues"
+by which Lord Porchester is elsewhere stated to have been silenced.
+
+"The toast of 'Sir George Murray, and the military heroes of Scotland,'
+called up that gallant officer, who addressed his applauding countrymen in
+a manner which seemed to be peculiarly grateful to their feelings. While
+he disclaimed it for his own humble services, he nobly awarded the laurel
+to his glorious companions in arms,--a Hopetoun, an Abercrombie, a Moore,
+and a Graham. He then mentioned his early recollection of Burns, whom he
+considered his father's house to have been honoured by receiving within
+its walls; and playfully alluded to what the chairman had stated of his
+sister being the 'Phemy' of the poet,
+
+        "a bonnier lass
+  Than braes of Yarrow ever saw;"
+
+and expressed his hope, as every bard was in duty bound to maintain the
+peerless beauty of the fair whom he selected for his theme, that the
+Ettrick Shepherd (whose acquaintance he this night rejoiced to have made),
+would not be provoked to jealousy in consequence of this comparison above
+the beauties of Yarrow."
+
+After a few more toasts, the Gazette observes "the night was wearing late,
+and the rest of the proceedings were obliged to be hurried through in
+rather a tumultuous manner." The unluckiest occurrence of all followed by
+Captain Basil Hall's mention of the word "politics," which "let slip the
+dogs of war," or at least led to much confusion. This was explained away;
+but the Captain was "put out," and "he was again unfortunate in attempting
+to pay a pleasant compliment, upon the excellence of his dinners, to Sir
+George Warrender, whose health was next drunk, in conjunction with the
+Scottish members of the legislature.--Sir George Warrender said he had no
+claim to have his name introduced on this occasion, and, however kindly
+intended, it had been done in a manner alike unexpected and painful to him.
+He came there as a Scotchman, proud to assist at a festival in honour of
+one of those eminent men who, in giving an imperishable fame to the poetry
+of Scotland, obtained for their country triumphs far more noble, far more
+durable, than even those which his gallant friend, who had lately
+addressed them, or than any other statesman or warrior, could achieve; for
+when the contests of individuals, and even of nations, for power had
+passed away, and were heard of no more, the verses of Burns and Walter
+Scott would still live in every quarter of the globe, to perpetuate their
+own glory, and to inspire ardent patriotism and intense love of native
+land into every Scottish heart.--Mr. P.S. Stewart, as another of the
+Scottish members, addressed the company with much energy, and restored
+harmony by remarking, that if he was not tried by his dinners, he hoped to
+be always tried by his deserts. In conclusion, he drank the health of Mr.
+Galt, whose literary talents shed a lustre on the west of Scotland, with
+which he was particularly connected. It was now, however, near the
+witching hour of night, or we might say of night's black arch, the key
+stane; and many from the lower parts of the hall had crowded up to the top;
+so that regularity of speech, or bumper, or song, there could be none.
+Galt's thanks died in embryo; and the concluding toasts of Mr. Murchison
+and Mr. Sedgewick, and the sciences of Scotland and England; the London
+Burns' Club, the stewards, and even the ladies, had but their cheers, and
+passed away. At length the pipes droned forth, and the festive drama
+closed.
+
+"We ought to record that it was enlivened by many bowls of punch brewed by
+Hogg in Burns' bowl, and in general very kindly and socially helped into
+the many glasses sent up for it by Lord Mahon: there was also some
+beautiful singing by Broadhurst, Wilson, Templeton, and Messrs. Jolly,
+Stansbury, Chapman, and other vocalists. The Shepherd, too, treated us
+with an original song, the burden of which was 'Robin's awa.' It is a
+lament for Burns as the best of the minstrels; but it was brought in by a
+laugh, in consequence of the toast-master calling for silence for a song
+from _Mr_. Shepherd."
+
+By the _Gazette_ report we conclude the Festival must have ended as many
+such meetings do; and never better expressed than by Lord Byron in his
+facete moments--"then talky, then argumentative, then disputatious, then
+unintelligible, then altogethery, then inarticulate, and then"--but we
+have done.
+
+There is some talk of an annual national meeting on this day among the
+parties with whom this "Festival" originated: but we think others will say
+it were better to leave ill-done alone, lest it become worse. Probably the
+next "Noctes" of _Blackwood's Magazine_ will set the matter at rest by
+giving the world the only true and faithful account of this memorable
+meeting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+
+LACONIC JUSTICE.
+
+Over the door of the town-hall, in Zante, one of the Greek Islands (the
+better to instruct the magistrates in their public duty) these verses are
+inscribed:--
+
+Hic locus 1 odit, 2 amat, 3 punit, 4 conservat, 5 honorat,
+1 Nequitiam, 2 pacem, 3 crimina, 4 jura, 5 probos.
+
+
+_Thus Englished by G. Sandys_.
+
+This place doth 1 hate, 2 love, 3 punish, 4 keep, 5 requite,
+1 voluptuous not, 2 peace, 3 crimes, 4 laws, 5 th' upright
+
+_From Heylyn's Cosmographie_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FLOATING SCHEME.
+
+In George the Third's collection of tracts, now in the British Museum, is
+a broadside of one page, commencing thus:--"In the name of God, amen! John
+Bulmer, of London, esquire, Master and Surveyor of the King's Majesties
+Mines, &c. &c. propoundeth--by God's assistance, that he the said John
+Bulmer, shall and will, at and in a flowing water, set out a boat or
+vessel with an engine, floating with a man or boy, in and on board the
+said boat, in the River of Thames, over against the Tower-wharf, or lower.
+Which said boat, with the said man or boy, in or aboard her, shall the
+same tide before low-water again, by art of the said John Bulmer, and help
+of the said engine, be advanced and elevated so high, as that the same
+shall pass and be delivered over London Bridge, together with this said
+man or boy, in and on board her, and float again in the said River of
+Thames, on the other side the said bridge in safety." He then proceeds to
+covenant for himself, his heirs, &c., to perform this within the space of
+one month, &c., or so soon as the undertakers, wagering against him six
+for one, should have deposited in the assurance office such a sum as he
+should consider sufficient to countervail his charges of contriving the
+boat and engine. Captain Bulmer was also to deposit his proportion of
+money, &c. This scheme was brought out in 1643.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GREEK SAILORS
+
+Still preserve the custom mentioned by Homer, of hauling their vessels on
+shore with the prows resting on the beach; having done this, they place
+the mast lengthwise across the prow and the poop, and spread the sail over
+it, so as to form a tent; beneath these tents they sing their songs,
+drinking wine freely, and accompanying their voices with the lyre, or
+three-stringed viol.
+
+T.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BILLS OF MORTALITY.
+
+"Bills of Mortality took rise," says Pennant, "in 1592; in which year
+began a great pestilence; which continued till the 18th of December, 1595.
+During this period they were kept, in order to ascertain the number of
+persons who died; but, when the plague ceased, the bills were discontinued.
+They were resumed again in 1603. At their original institution there were
+only 109 in parishes; others were gradually added; and, by the year 1681,
+the number was 132. Since that time, 14 more have been added, so that the
+whole amounts to 146, viz. 97 within the walls; 16 without the walls; 23
+out-parishes in Middlesex and Surrey; and 10 in the City and Liberties of
+Westminster."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TAILORS.
+
+Sir John Hawkwood, (the first English general,) was usually styled Joannes
+Acutus, from the sharpness, it is said, of his needle or his sword. Fuller,
+the historian, says, he "turned his needle into a sword, and his thimble
+into a shield. He was the son of a tanner, and was bound apprentice to a
+tailor, and was pressed for a soldier." He served under Edward III., and
+was knighted, distinguished himself at the battle of Poictiers, where he
+gained the esteem of the Black Prince, and finished his military career in
+the pay of the Florentines, in 1394, at his native place, Hedingham, in
+Essex. There is a monument to his memory in the parish church.
+
+Sir Ralph Blackwell was his fellow apprentice, knighted for his bravery by
+Edward III.; married his master's daughter, and founded Blackwell Hall.
+
+John Speed, the historian, was a Cheshire tailor.
+
+John Stowe, the antiquary, was also a tailor; he was born in London, in
+1525, and lived to the age of 80.
+
+Benjamin Robins was the son of a tailor, of Bath; he compiled Lord Anson's
+Voyage round the World.
+
+Elliott's regiment of light-horse was chiefly composed of tailors; and the
+first man who suggested the idea of abolishing the Slave Trade, was Thomas
+Woolman, a quaker, and tailor, of New Jersey. He published many tracts on
+this species of traffic, went great distances to consult individuals on
+the subject, on which business he came to England, and went to York, where
+he caught the small-pox, and died October 7, 1772.
+
+T.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HINTS TO COCKNEY EQUESTRIANS.
+
+The following hints are offered "in the milk of human kindness" to all
+"young gentlemen" who hire a horse, or a horse and gig, to go the amazing
+distance of Kew or Richmond, on Sundays; and may be compelled to flog the
+"tired jade" the last three miles back, in order to get it home before
+midnight; also to prevent the annoying necessity of pulling up in a street
+adjacent to the livery-stables, to cut off the frayed end of the whip
+thong, that the ostler may not detect their flagellation.
+
+M.A.S.
+
+
+I. _How to make a horse go that is utterly tired._
+
+Dismount from thy horse and prick his sides all over with little holes
+with a nayle or fine awle, in the spurring place. Take then window glass
+and stamp it unto a subtile powder, which rub into his pricked sides; then
+mounting, but touch him not with the spur, and you shall have your desire,
+for be sure if he have any life in him he will not fayle to go.
+
+
+II. _Here followeth another torment._
+
+Dismount from thy horse and get a stick, which with your knife, jag and
+cut like unto the notches of a saw, make then a slit with your knife in
+the ear of the horse, thrust therein the stick, and when you find him to
+tyre, by working the stick backwards and forwards in the ear, you will
+have your desire, for be sure if he have any life in him, he will not
+fayle to go.
+
+
+III. _Another torment may be used as follows_.--
+
+Dismount from thy horse (or gig) and take two round, smooth pebbles, which
+put into one ear of your horse, and tye up the ear, that they escape not,
+then mounting and proceeding on thy journey, thou shall have thy desire,
+for the noise of the stones jingling in his ear, will not fayle to make
+him go, until he is utterly tired.--_Markham's Farriery_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+BEAUTIES OF THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.
+
+The characteristic peculiarity of the Pilgrim's Progress is, that it is
+the only work of its kind which possesses a strong human interest. Other
+allegories only amuse the fancy. The allegory of Bunyan has been read by
+many thousands with tears. There are some good allegories in Johnson's
+works, and some of still higher merit by Addison. In these performances
+there is, perhaps, as much wit and ingenuity as in the Pilgrim's Progress.
+But the pleasure which is produced by the Vision of Mirza, or the Vision
+of Theodore, the genealogy of Wit, or the contest between Rest and Labour,
+is exactly similar to the pleasure which we derive from one of Cowley's
+Odes, or from a Canto of Hudibras. It is a pleasure which belongs wholly
+to the understanding, and in which the feelings have no part whatever. Nay,
+even Spencer himself, though assuredly one of the greatest poets that ever
+lived, could not succeed in the attempt to make allegory interesting. It
+was in vain that he lavished the riches of his mind on the House of Pride,
+and the House of Temperance. One unpardonable fault, the fault of
+tediousness, pervades the whole of the Fairy Queen. We become sick of
+Cardinal Virtues and Deadly Sins, and long for the society of plain men
+and women. Of the persons who read the first Canto, not one in ten reaches
+the end of the first book, and not one in a hundred perseveres to the end
+of the poem. Very few and very weary are those who are in at the death of
+the Blatant Beast. If the last six books, which are said to have been
+destroyed in Ireland, had been preserved, we doubt whether any heart less
+stout than that of a commentator would have held out to the end.
+
+It is not so with the Pilgrim's Progress. That wonderful book, while it
+obtains admiration from the most fastidious critics, is loved by those who
+are too simple to admire it. Doctor Johnson, all whose studies were
+desultory, and who hated, as he said, to read books through, made an
+exception in favour of the Pilgrim's Progress. That work, he said, was one
+of the two or three works which he wished longer. It was by no common
+merit that the illiterate sectary extracted praise like this from the most
+pedantic of critics, and the most bigoted of tories. In the wildest parts
+of Scotland the Pilgrim's Progress is the delight of the peasantry. In
+every nursery the Pilgrim's Progress is a greater favourite than Jack the
+Giant-Killer. Every reader knows the straight and narrow path as well as
+he knows a road in which he has gone backward and forward a hundred times.
+This is the highest miracle of genius,--that things which are not should
+be as though they were,--that the imaginations of one mind should become
+the personal recollections of another. And this miracle the tinker has
+wrought. There is no ascent, no declivity, no resting-place, no turn-stile,
+with which we are not perfectly acquainted. The wicket gate, and the
+desolate swamp which separates it from the City of Destruction,--the long
+line of road, as straight as a rule can make it,--the Interpreter's house,
+and all its fair shows,--the prisoner in the iron cage,--the palace, at
+the doors of which armed men kept guard, and on the battlements of which
+walked persons clothed all in gold,--the cross and the sepulchre,--the
+steep hill and the pleasant arbour,--the stately front of the House
+Beautiful by the wayside,--the low green valley of Humiliation, rich with
+grass and covered with flocks,--all are as well known to us as the sights
+of our own street. Then we come to the narrow place where Apollyon strode
+right across the whole breadth of the way, to stop the journey of
+Christian, and where afterwards the pillar was set up to testify how
+bravely the pilgrim had fought the good fight. As we advance, the valley
+becomes deeper and deeper. The shade of the precipices on both sides falls
+blacker and blacker. The clouds gather overhead. Doleful voices, the
+clanking of chains, and the rushing of many feet to and fro, are heard
+through the darkness. The way, hardly discernible in gloom, runs close by
+the mouth of the burning pit, which sends forth its flames, its noisome
+smoke, and its hideous shapes, to terrify the adventurer. Thence he goes
+on, amidst the snares and pitfalls, with the mangled bodies of those who
+have perished lying in the ditch by his side. At the end of the long dark
+valley, he passes the dens in which the old giants dwelt, amidst the bones
+and ashes of those whom they had slain.
+
+Then the road passes straight on through a waste moor, till at length the
+towers of a distant city appear before the traveller; and soon he is in
+the midst of the innumerable multitudes of Vanity Fair. There are the
+jugglers and the apes, the shops and the puppet-shows. There are Italian
+Row, and French Row, and Spanish Row, and Britain Row, with their crowds
+of buyers, sellers, and loungers, jabbering all the languages of the earth.
+
+Thence we go on by the little hill of the silver mine, and through the
+meadow of lilies, along the bank of that pleasant river which is bordered
+on both sides by fruit-trees. On the left side, branches off the path
+leading to that horrible castle, the courtyard of which is paved with the
+skulls of pilgrims; and right onwards are the sheepfolds and orchards of
+the Delectable Mountains.
+
+From the Delectable Mountains, the way lies through the logs and briers of
+the Enchanted Ground, with here and there a bed of soft cushions spread
+under a green arbour. And beyond is the land of Beulah, where the flowers,
+the grapes, and the songs of birds never cease, and where the sun shines
+night and day. Thence are plainly seen the golden pavements and streets of
+pearl, on the other side of that black and cold river over which there is
+no bridge.
+
+All the stages of the journey,--all the forms which cross or overtake the
+pilgrims,--giants and hobgoblins, ill-favoured ones, and shining
+ones,--the tall, comely, swarthy Madam Bubble, with her great purse by her
+side, and her fingers playing with the money,--the black man in the bright
+vesture,--Mr. Worldly-Wiseman, and my Lord Hategood,--Mr. Talkative, and
+Mrs. Timorous,--all are actually existing beings to us. We follow the
+travellers through their allegorical progress with interest not inferior
+to that with which we follow Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, or Jeanie
+Deans from Edinburgh to London. Bunyan is almost the only writer that ever
+gave to the abstract the interest of the concrete. In the works of many
+celebrated authors, men are mere personifications. We have not an Othello,
+but jealousy; not an Iago but perfidy; not a Brutus, but patriotism. The
+mind of Bunyan, on the contrary, was so imaginative, that personifications,
+when he dealt with them, became men. A dialogue between two qualities, in
+his dream, has more dramatic effect than a dialogue between two human
+beings in most plays.
+
+The Pilgrim's Progress undoubtedly is not a perfect allegory. The types
+are often inconsistent with each other; and sometimes the allegorical
+disguise is altogether thrown off. The river, for example, is emblematic
+of death; and we are told that every human being must pass through the
+river. But Faithful does not pass through it. He is martyred, not in
+shadow, but in reality, at Vanity Fair. Hopeful talks to Christian about
+Esau's birthright, and about his own convictions of sin, as Bunyan might
+have talked with one of his own congregation. The damsels at the House
+Beautiful catechise Christiana's boys, as any good ladies might catechise
+any boys at a Sunday School. But we do not believe, that any man, whatever
+might be his genius, and whatever his good luck, could long continue a
+figurative history without falling into many inconsistencies.
+
+The passages which it is most difficult to defend, are those in which he
+altogether drops the allegory, and puts into the mouth of his pilgrims
+religious ejaculations and disquisitions, better suited to his own pulpit
+at Bedford or Reading, than to the Enchanted Ground or the Interpreter's
+Garden. Yet even these passages, though we will not undertake to defend
+them against the objection of critics, we feel that we could ill spare. We
+feel that the story owes much of its charm to these occasional glimpses of
+solemn and affecting subjects, which will not be hidden, which force
+themselves through the veil, and appear before us in their native aspect.
+The effect is not unlike that which is said to have been produced on the
+ancient stage, when the eyes of the actor were seen flaming through his
+mask, and giving life and expression to what would else have been an
+inanimate and uninteresting disguise.
+
+The style of Bunyan is delightful to every reader, and invaluable as a
+study to every person who wishes to obtain a wide command over the English
+language. The vocabulary is the vocabulary of the common people. There is
+not an expression, if we except a few technical terms of theology, which
+would puzzle the rudest peasant. We have observed several pages which do
+not contain a single word of more than two syllables. Yet no writer has
+said more exactly what he meant to say. For magnificence, for pathos, for
+vehement exhortation, for subtle disquisition, for every purpose of the
+poet, the orator, and the divine, this homely dialect--the dialect of
+plain working men--was perfectly sufficient. There is no book in our
+literature on which we would so readily stake the fame of the old
+unpolluted English language--no book which shows so well how rich that
+language is in its own proper wealth, and how little it has been improved
+by all that it has borrowed.
+
+Cowper said, forty or fifty years ago, that he dared not name John Bunyan
+in his verse, for fear of moving a sneer. To our refined forefathers, we
+suppose, Lord Roscommon's Essay on Translated Verse, and the Duke of
+Buckinghamshire's Essay on Poetry, appeared to be compositions infinitely
+superior to the allegory of the preaching tinker. We live in better times;
+and we are not afraid to say, that, though there were many clever men in
+England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only
+two great creative minds. One of those minds produced the Paradise Lost,
+the other the Pilgrim's Progress.--_Edinburgh Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+A London publisher advertises a collection of Nursery Tales as a "handsome
+present for _youth_." Here the schoolmaster is surely behind-hand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPROMPTU.--TO A LADY.
+
+(_From the Italian_.)
+
+  Think not thy _faults_, my pretty scold,
+    Like transient clouds will pass away;
+  Thine image in the rose behold,
+    Whose leaves fade ere the _thorns_ decay.
+
+E.L.J.
+
+This trifle was sent to the _Mirror_ a few days since, and last Saturday
+it appeared in the _Literary Gazette_, with the same signature, E.L.J.--Is
+not this double-dealing?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Pantomimes_.--Four hundred persons are nightly employed in the pantomime
+at Covent Garden Theatre, on the stage, behind the scenes, and in the
+orchestra. Of this number are 90 carpenters in the machinery, property,
+and scenic department. The usual cost of one of these relics of olden
+Christmas at a patent theatre is L2,000.; and upwards of L10,000. are
+annually expended in producing pantomimes for the amusement of the large
+and little children of this great metropolis.
+
+
+_How to keep away the Cholera_.--Fear has proved at all times, but more
+particularly during the prevalence of cholera, a fruitful predisposing
+cause of disease; be firm, therefore, and confident. Cheerfulness of
+disposition, equanimity and serenity of mind, are essential means of
+preservation from epidemic disorders, cholera especially. You have now the
+consoling assurance of the New Board of Health, in confirmation of what we,
+the anti-contagionists, in regard to cholera, had long before declared and
+contended for, that the disease _does not pass to those about the sick_,
+and seldom spreads in families. Cholera, therefore, is thus disarmed of
+one of its worst terrors. You only run the average share of risk of one in
+1,200,000 individual inhabitants of the metropolis, of being affected by
+the epidemic influence of the atmosphere, while that influence lasts; and
+as you are put in possession of several means to counteract that influence,
+the chances are greatly in your favour that you will not be attacked by
+cholera at all. To this conclusion I am authorized to come by my
+experience, which has been very considerable, and my observations, in more
+than one general epidemic, and by what I have read in all the authors
+(twenty or thirty of them) who have treated of cholera.--_Dr. Granville_.
+
+
+_The Cholera_.--An interesting experiment was tried at Newcastle last week,
+on the state of the atmosphere. A kite was sent up, having attached to it
+a piece of fresh butcher's meat, a fresh haddock, and a small loaf of
+bread. The kite ascended to a considerable height, and remained at that
+elevation for an hour and a quarter. When brought to the ground, it was
+found that the fish and the piece of meat were both in a putrid state,
+particularly the fish; and the loaf, when examined through, a microscope,
+was discovered to be pervaded with legions of animalculae. It may be worth
+while to repeat the experiment in other places to which cholera may
+unfortunately extend itself.--_Evening Paper._
+
+_Foreign Books._--From official accounts it appears that the foreign books
+imported into the United Kingdom in the year 1830, weighed 3,441 cwt.
+3 qrs. 13 lbs. the amount of duty upon which was L11,865 4_s_. 4_d_.
+We find this in a paper on the Duties on Foreign Books in the _Foreign
+Quarterly Review_, just published; in which the imported old books have
+obtained a considerable ascendancy over the new ones.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The lovers of the Fine Arts will hear with sorrow, the destruction by fire
+of Mr. Wilmshurst's splendid Painted Window of the Tournament of the Field
+of the Cloth of Gold, described at page 246, vol. xv. of _The Mirror_. It
+was completed about two years since at a cost of nearly 2,000_l_., and
+three years' labour of the artist.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FAMILIAR SCIENCE.
+
+
+
+This Day was published, with many Engravings, price 5_s_.,
+
+  ARCANA of SCIENCE,
+  AND
+  ANNUAL REGISTER of the USEFUL ARTS,
+  for 1832;
+
+Abridged from the Transactions of Public Societies, and Scientific
+Journals, British and Foreign, for the past year.
+
+*** This volume will contain all the Important Facts in the year 1831--in
+the
+
+  MECHANIC ARTS,
+  CHEMICAL SCIENCE,
+  ZOOLOGY,
+  BOTANY,
+  MINERALOGY,
+  GEOLOGY,
+  METEOROLOGY,
+  RURAL ECONOMY,
+  GARDENING.
+  DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
+  USEFUL AND ELEGANT ARTS,
+  GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES,
+  MISCELLANEOUS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.
+
+Printing for John Limbird, 143, Strand; of whom may be had volumes (upon
+the same plan) for 1828, price 4_s_. 6_d_., 1829--30--31, price 5_s_. each.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 532 ***
+
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